1201:
708:
1027:
they sought
Soreyya-Revata, and together they consulted SabbakÄmi at VÄlikÄrÄma. In the Council that followed the Ten Points were declared invalid, and this decision was conveyed to the monks. Soon after was held a recital of the Doctrine in which seven hundred monks took part under the leadership of Soreyya-Revata. The recital lasted eight months. The Vajjiputtakas refused to accept the finding of Revataās Council and formed a separate sect, the MahÄsanghikas, numbering ten thousand monks, who held a recital of their own. Accordingly, TheravÄda Buddhism suggests that MahÄsÄį¹ghikas tried to change the traditional Vinaya by adding the above ten points to it.
966:. While inevitably disagreeing on points of details, these schools nevertheless agree that the bhikkhus at Vaisali were accepting monetary donations and following other lax practices (which led to a controversy when other monks discovered this). The lax practices are often described as "ten points". The main issue though was accepting money from laypersons. These practices were first noticed by a monk named Yasa KÄkandakaputta, who alerted other elders and called out the monks. In response, both the monks of VaiÅÄlÄ« and Yasa gathered senior members of the Sangha from the region to consult in order to fully settle the issue. This dispute about
1216:
810:
sources state that
Mahakasyapa criticized Ananda in various ways. Analayo quotes one passage from a Chinese parallel to the MahÄparinibbÄna-sutta (T 1428 at T XXII 966b18), in which MahÄkassapa says: "Änanda is a lay person. I am afraid that, being with covetousness in his mind, he will not recite the discourses completely." Analayo writes there may have been "actual conflict between two contending factions in the monastic community after the Buddhaās decease, with the more ascetically inclined faction emerging as the winning party in the accounts of the first saį¹
gīti".
1262:) which had only joined because they were attracted by the royal patronage of the sangha. Due to the increased royal support of the sangha, large numbers of faithless, greedy men espousing wrong views tried to join the order improperly and caused many divisions in the sangha. Because of this the third council of one thousand monks were convened, led by Moggaliputtatissa. The emperor himself was in attendance and asked the suspect monks what the Buddha taught. They claimed he taught wrong views such as eternalism, etc., which are condemned in the canonical
1699:
1317:
1836:
40:
6500:
6511:
2192:
3909:
3896:
621:
3886:
1071:). The king considered that were both the work of the Buddha, and since their preferences were not the same, should not live together. As those who studied the old Vinaya were in the majority, they were called the MahÄsÄį¹ghika; those who studied the new were in the minority, but they were all Sthaviras; thus they were named Sthavira.
1026:
The orthodox monks refused to agree to these points, and one of their leaders, Yasa KÄkandakaputta, publicly condemned the action of the
Vajjiputtakas. Yasa then left KosambÄ«, and, having summoned monks from PÄvÄ in the west and Avanti in the south, sought SambhÅ«ta SÄnavÄsi in Ahoganga. On his advice
1649:
The
Dipavamsa states that during the reign of Valagamba (Vattagamani Abhaya) (29ā17 BCE) the monks who had previously remembered the Tipitaka and its commentary orally, wrote them down in books, because of the threat posed by famine and war. The Mahavamsa also refers briefly to the writing down of
2018:
and its allied literature in all the scripts were painstakingly examined and their differences noted down and the necessary corrections made and all the versions were then collated. It was found that there was not much difference in the content of any of the texts. Finally, after the council had
1129:
According to the
Sthavira accounts, the majority (MahÄsaį¹gha) sided with MahÄdeva, and a minority of righteous elders (Sthaviras) were opposed to it, thus causing the first schism in the Buddhist community. According to this account, Mahadeva was criticized and opposed by Sthavira elders, and he
809:
Numerous
Vinayas also depict various disagreements in the first council. Various monks disagreed on whether to keep or get rid of some of the minor rules (since the Buddha had told Ananda that this may be done). Some monks even argued all the minor rules should be abolished. Also, numerous early
1191:
sect over 200 years later. Some scholars have concluded that an association of "MahÄdeva" with the first schism was a later sectarian interpolation based on much later events. Jan
Nattier and Charles Prebish argue that the five points of Mahadeva are unlikely to have been the cause of the first
1130:
eventually went on to become the founder of the MahÄsÄį¹ghika school. Mahasamghika sources do not claim
Mahadeva as a founder and do not agree with this account. As such, most scholars think that the MahÄdeva incident was a later event and that it was not the root cause of the first schism.
1957:
As in the case of the preceding councils, its first objective was to affirm and preserve the genuine Dhamma and Vinaya. However it was unique insofar as the monks who took part in it came from eight countries. These two thousand five hundred learned
Theravada monks came from
690:
as having begun immediately following the death of the Buddha and have continued into the modern era. The earliest councils are regarded as real events by every
Buddhist tradition. However, the historicity and details of these councils remains a matter of dispute in modern
806:. Even though the Buddha had said that the Sangha could abolish the minor rules after his passing, the council made the unanimous decision to keep all the rules intact. According to Charles Prebish, almost all scholars have questioned the historicity of this first council.
892:
Several modern scholars doubt whether the entire canon was really recited during the First Council, because the early texts contain different accounts on important subjects such as meditation. It may be, though, that early versions were recited of what is now known as the
861:, which depict PurÄį¹a and another monk, Gavampati which were not present at the council and who worry about what will happen to the Dharma after the death of the Buddha. This account is described in the Chinese versions of the Dharmagupta and MahÄ«sÄsaka Vinayas and in the
1559:
considers the Theravada account of the Third Council and the Sarvastivada account of the Fourth Council "equally tendentious," illustrating the uncertain veracity of much of these histories. The Milindapanho, a non-canonical Pali Buddhist text, is a dialogue between King
1644:
there is a major discrepancy between the sources which cite the death of Valagamba of Anuradhapura as occurring in 77 BCE and his supposed patronization of the effort to commit the Buddhist oral traditions to writing in the period 29 to 17 BCE. Norman
1352:). The fact that the Buddhist sangha was heavily involved in missionary activities across Asia at the time of Ashoka is well supported by the archeological sources, including numerous Indian inscriptions that match the claims of the Theravada sources.
852:
mentions there was an arhat named PurÄį¹a who stated that he and his followers preferred to remember the Buddha's teachings in the manner he had heard it and so did not rely on the textual collections of the council. This figure is also found in the
1097:
as imperfect and fallible. Sthavira sources claim the schism was caused by MahÄdeva, who often depicted as an evil figure (who killed his parents). The "five points" describe an arhat as one still characterized by impurity due to being affected by
1192:
schism and see this event as "emerging in a historical period considerably later than previously supposed and taking his place in the sectarian movement by instigating an internal schism within the already existing MahÄsÄį¹ghika school."
1954:. He authorized the construction of the Maha Passana Guha, the "great cave", an artificial cave very much like India's Sattapanni Cave where the first Buddhist Council had been held. Upon its completion The Council met on 17 May 1954.
1919:
before its recitation. This monumental task was done by the monks and many skilled craftsmen who upon completion of each slab had them housed in beautiful miniature 'pitaka' pagodas on a special site in the grounds of King Mindon's
1689:
reciters), the surviving monks recognized the danger of not writing it down so that even if some of the monks whose duty it was to study and remember parts of the Canon for later generations died, the teachings would not be lost.
1906:
It was presided over by three Elders, the Venerable Mahathera Jagarabhivamsa, the Venerable Narindabhidhaja, and the Venerable Mahathera Sumangalasami in the company of some two thousand four hundred monks (2,400). Their joint
909:
and D.P. Minayeff, thought there must have been assemblies after the Buddha's death, but considered only the main characters and some events before or after the First Council historical. Other scholars, such as Buddhologist
1765:
vice-president. They examined ancient theological literature and created detailed commentaries on the Canon's three main divisions. After the council, these commentaries were inscribed on copper sheets and stored in a
2039:
The Thai Theravada tradition has a different way of counting the history of Buddhist councils and names many other councils besides the ones listed above. A common Thai historical source for the early councils is the
832:, modern academic scholarship holds that it was likely composed at a later date because of its contents and differences in language and style. According to Theravada tradition, the Abhidhamma Pitaka, and the ancient
2010:
who answered all of them learnedly and satisfactorily. By the time this council met, all the participating countries had had the Pali Tripiį¹aka rendered into their native scripts, with the exception of India.
3714:
1851:
The new VaibhÄį¹£ika texts were not accepted by all SarvÄstivÄdins. Some "Western masters" from Gandhara and Bactria had divergent views which disagreed with the new orthodoxy. These disagreements from the
3806:
933:, Indologist E. E. Obermiller and to some extent Indologist Nalinaksha Dutt thought the account of the First Council was authentic, because of the correspondences between the PÄli texts and the
2109:
was written, which explains the PÄli translation by Buddhaghosa of the original Sinhalese commentaries. ParÄkkamabÄhu also unified the Sri Lankan sangha into one single Theravada community.
884:(Collection of the Great Assembly) was compiled by an Arhat named Baspa and his followers. Xuanzang reports visiting a stupa near Rajgir which marked the site of this alternate council.
2106:
2023:. This notable achievement was made possible through the dedicated efforts of the two thousand five hundred monks and numerous lay people. Their work came to an end on the evening of
1145:
that led to the first schism was over the five heretical points of MahÄdeva which degrades the attainment of arhats. These same points are discussed and condemned in the Theravadin
1051:
1633:
1328:
Theravada sources mention that another function of this council was to send Buddhist missionaries to various countries in order to spread Buddhism. These reached as far as the
1034:("Elders") wanted to 'add' more rules to the Vinaya. Vinaya texts associated with the Sthaviras do contain more rules than those of the MahÄsÄį¹ghika Vinaya. The MahÄsÄį¹ghika
836:(commentary) were also included at the first Buddhist council in the Sutta category, but its literature is different from Sutta because the Abhidhamma Pitaka was authored by
991:
The Cullavagga of the Pali Canon of TheravÄda Buddhism holds that the VaiÅÄlÄ« (VajjiputtakÄ) monks practiced ten points (dasa vatthÅ«ni) which were against the Vinaya rules.
1950:(formerly Rangoon) in 1954, 83 years after the fifth one was held in Mandalay. It was sponsored by the Burmese Government led by the then Prime Minister, the Honourable
905:. Nevertheless, many scholars, from the late 19th century onward, have considered the historicity of the First Council improbable. Some scholars, such as orientalists
1523:, they seemed to have been less successful. However, some scholars hold that it is possible some Buddhist communities were established for a limited time in Egyptian
3737:
2128:, which was attended by several monks. The MahÄthera DhammadinnÄ of TÄlavana MahÄvihÄra (Wat PÄ TÄn) presided over the council, which was patronized by the King of
1075:
Due to the conflicting claims from both sects, a clear conclusion cannot be reached on whether the Sthaviras' or the MahÄsÄį¹ghikas' Vinaya was the original Vinaya.
1805:. It is said that during the council three hundred thousand verses and over nine million statements were compiled, a process which took twelve years to complete.
1785:
The Fourth Council of Kashmir is not recognized as authoritative for the Theravadins. Reports of this council can be found in scriptures which were kept in the
1042:
section, while the TheravÄda version has 75 rules. The MahÄsÄį¹ghika Vinaya discusses how the MahÄsÄį¹ghika disagree with the Sthavira 'additions' to the Vinaya (
3407:
Willemen, Charles; Dessein, Bart; Cox, Collett. Sarvastivada Buddhist Scholasticism, Handbuch der Orientalistik. Zweite Abteilung. Indien. Brill, 1998, p. XII
3684:
3831:
1288:
responses to them. Only Theravadin sources mention this text. According to this account, this third council also seems to have led to the split between the
4650:
5565:
4040:
954:
The historical records for the Second Buddhist Council derive primarily from the canonical Vinayas of various schools. It was held 100 years after the
2507:
1658:, building the stupa there and offering it to Kuppikala Mahatissa thero. This seems to have caused a dispute between Abhayagiri and the monks of the
2019:
officially approved them, all of the books of the Tipitaka and their commentaries were prepared for printing on modern presses and published in the
1899:. In the Burmese tradition, it is commonly known as the "Fifth Council". The chief objective of this meeting was to recite all the teachings of the
3710:
1745:, troubled by conflicting doctrines among various sects. He advised with the venerable PƔrsva, who organized a general assembly of theologians in
1535:(c. 20 BCE ā 50 CE). Religious scholar Ullrich R. Kleinhempel argues that the most likely candidate for the religion of the Therapeutae is indeed
5569:
1779:
1762:
5793:
1605:
102:
1746:
4010:
1164:. According to this version of events, the king ends up supporting the Mahasanghikas. This version of events emphasizes the purity of the
3133:
1811:
1601:
813:
According to some traditional accounts, following the Buddha's death, 499 of the Buddha's top arhats were chosen to attend the council.
4118:
1597:
1300:). This doctrine seems to have been defended by a certain Katyayaniputra, who is seen as the founder of Sarvastivada. But according to
699:
contain conflicting accounts of these events and the narratives often serve to bolster the authority and prestige of specific schools.
3853:
1200:
3875:
1925:
821:, trained himself until the dawn of day of the council, at which point he attained arahatship and was allowed to join the council.
743:
councils. The story of the First Council seems to be a continuation of the story of the Buddha's final days and death told in the
6385:
5837:
3584:
707:
6040:
4020:
2785:
1568:
from the 2nd century B.C. It remains widely read in Buddhist regions. The Fourth Buddhist Council was held around 100 A.C. in
3701:
3674:
3653:
3601:
3425:
3358:
3331:
3304:
3280:
3068:
2800:
2480:
2357:
2271:
1231:
Theravada sources contain narratives of a Third council of the Theravara school which occurred during the reign of Ashoka at
865:. Gavampati is said to have also maintained a set of eight rules regarding food which are retained by the MahÄ«sÄsaka Vinaya.
3321:
1275:
The Theravadins say that council proceeded to recite the scriptures, adding to the canon Moggaliputta Tissa's own book, the
4203:
4045:
1336:, and possibly even farther according to the inscriptions left on stone pillars by Ashoka). Missionaries were also sent to
1258:. Its objective was to purify the Buddhist movement, particularly from opportunistic factions and heretical non-buddhists (
678:") have periodically convened to settle doctrinal and disciplinary disputes and to revise and correct the contents of the
6380:
2787:
6277:
5827:
3922:
2932:
2210:
2136:(r. 1441ā1487). During this council, the orthography of the Thai Pali Canon was corrected and it was rendered into the
651:
97:
54:
3462:
4123:
3825:
3731:
3243:
2972:
2495:
2055:
1519:
would continue to be major influential traditions for generations after. Regarding the missions to the Mediterranean
6370:
6055:
5800:
3375:
1168:
Sarvastivadins, who are portrayed as descended from the arahants who fled the persecution of MahÄdeva and, led by
1083:
The alternative view of what caused the first schism is found in several Sthavira sources including the Theravada
6447:
6437:
4266:
1297:
2062:. It was supposed to have been held under the presidency of the Venerable Ariį¹į¹ha, the first pupil of the Elder
6392:
6045:
5847:
5738:
5683:
4256:
3723:
2332:
2299:
2151:
and his brother. It was attended by 250 monks and scholars. A new edition of the Pali Canon was published, the
2117:
From this point onwards, the Thai tradition focuses on councils held in Thailand which were patronized by the
2054:
The fourth council is seen by the Thai tradition of Buddhist history as having taken place under the reign of
6541:
6362:
6060:
5743:
4035:
3868:
2786:
Devalegama Medananda Thero; Ganthune Assaji Thero; Mambulgoda Sumanarathana Thero; Uditha Garusinghe (2017).
2215:
580:
275:
2090:, comprises the activities of the PÄli translation of the Sinhalese commentaries, a project that was led by
1793:
in Kashmir, headed by Vasumitra, to systematize the Sarvastivadin canon, which were translated from earlier
906:
5945:
5817:
5788:
5490:
686:, literally meaning "reciting together" or "joint rehearsal"). Accounts of these councils are recorded in
525:
300:
260:
2884:
1868:
1055:
contains an account in which an old monk rearranges and augments the traditional Vinaya. As stated in the
5636:
5545:
5015:
4660:
4173:
4068:
3392:
3111:
2051:
The first three councils are the traditional councils in India (1. RÄjagaha, 2. VesÄlÄ«, 3. PatÄliputta).
978:. But some scholars think that a schism did not occur at this time and instead happened at a later date.
930:
752:
5180:
2418:
1093:. This was called to dispute five points held by a figure named MahÄdeva. The five points generally see
6536:
6485:
5965:
5441:
4927:
4050:
3883:
3693:
3593:
2349:
The First and Second Buddhist Councils: Five Versions : English Translations from PÄli and Chinese
1659:
1242:
According to the TheravÄda commentaries and chronicles, the Third Buddhist Council was convened by the
5375:
3553:
Thai Buddhism in the Buddhist World, A Survey of the Buddhist SituationAgainst a Historical Background
3514:
Thai Buddhism in the Buddhist World, A Survey of the Buddhist SituationAgainst a Historical Background
3492:
Thai Buddhism in the Buddhist World, A Survey of the Buddhist SituationAgainst a Historical Background
3134:
https://www.academia.edu/39841429/Traces_of_Buddhist_Presence_in_Alexandria_Philo_and_the_Therapeutae_
1227:. Three āMinor Pillar Edictsā (at Sarnath, SÄƱchÄ«, and Kosambi) discuss the divisions and unification.
6375:
6188:
6178:
6050:
5033:
4613:
4374:
4349:
1637:
400:
4399:
2757:
1798:
998:
Eating food when the shadow of the sun had passed two fingers' breadth beyond noon (duvangulakappa).
210:
6480:
5832:
5646:
5624:
5617:
5520:
5053:
4673:
4489:
4434:
4055:
3861:
3155:
3128:
Ullrich R . Kleinhempel, "Traces of Buddhist Presence in Alexandria: Philo and the "Therapeutae"",
1187:
also records a 'MahÄdeva' who seems to be a completely different figure who was the founder of the
1089:. According to these sources, some 35 years after the second council, there was another meeting in
405:
355:
3348:
6417:
6397:
5728:
5708:
5465:
5195:
4439:
2063:
1580:, who wrote many Sanskrit works in the 4th century A.C. Other significant Buddhist teachers from
1548:
1484:
1361:(XII, 1st paragraph), the council and Ashoka sent the following missionaries to various regions:
955:
919:
740:
565:
3212:
2828:
Prebish, Charles S. āÅaikį¹£a-Dharmas Revisited: Further Considerations of MahÄsÄį¹ghika Origins.ā
2711:
2006:
was appointed the noble task of asking the required questions about the Dhamma of the Venerable
1903:
and examine them in minute detail to see if any of them had been altered, distorted or dropped.
1223:
discusses divisions in the sangha and how the sangha was unified through the aid of the emperor
6427:
6267:
5935:
5905:
5678:
5629:
5470:
5418:
5413:
5175:
4996:
4893:
4645:
4640:
4389:
1937:
1886:
1444:
1333:
771:
736:
644:
380:
365:
345:
270:
265:
180:
87:
4757:
3814:
Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, 1: Early History in South and Southeast Asia
3294:
1994:
can only be counted as the nationality of the only two western monks in attendance: Venerable
1911:
recitation lasted for five months. It was also the work of this council to approve the entire
922:, and based on that of the second, since there were not any major problems to solve after the
6432:
6402:
5983:
5915:
5748:
5663:
5658:
5582:
5577:
5495:
4025:
3749:
3099:
2408:
Sri Lanka International Journal of Buddhist Studies (SIJBS) Volume IV (2015), ISSN- 20128878.
2080:
1666:
1629:
1516:
744:
585:
575:
530:
5048:
1495:
Some of these missions were very successful, such as the ones which established Buddhism in
755:
concluded that they had originated from a single narrative that was later split between the
6455:
6422:
6407:
5925:
5822:
5768:
5653:
5592:
5560:
5555:
5540:
5525:
5515:
5480:
5393:
5085:
5008:
4311:
4251:
4000:
3967:
3917:
2118:
2101:
The seventh council is believed to have taken place during the time of the Sri Lankan king
1268:
He asked the virtuous monks, and they replied that the Buddha was a "Teacher of Analysis" (
595:
555:
550:
515:
360:
240:
148:
133:
77:
49:
6295:
4910:
4779:
4705:
4581:
4319:
2079:, when the Pali Canon was first put into writing in Sri Lanka in the first century BCE at
1655:
1215:
1107:
8:
6262:
6141:
5975:
5950:
5940:
5900:
5877:
5760:
5733:
5693:
5612:
5602:
5530:
5457:
4888:
4745:
4526:
4504:
4456:
4276:
4076:
3932:
3912:
3580:
3564:
Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979). Thai Art with Indian Influences, p. 40. Abhinav Publications
1891:
Another Buddhist Council, this time presided by Theravada monks, took place in Mandalay,
1532:
1161:
696:
605:
560:
498:
438:
375:
320:
315:
70:
59:
4236:
4163:
1698:
1264:
1064:
941:
meanwhile holds that "large parts of the Pali Canon" do date back to the first council.
868:
A similar event is described by Chinese sources like the writings of the Indian scholar
779:
748:
6325:
6230:
6072:
6035:
6030:
5960:
5910:
5857:
5852:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5703:
5688:
5673:
5668:
5607:
5587:
5550:
5475:
5280:
4981:
4905:
4783:
4725:
4566:
4466:
4394:
4369:
4015:
3945:
2837:
2205:
2076:
1840:
1508:
1255:
1208:
1099:
1004:
Holding of the uposatha separately by monks dwelling in the same district (ÄvÄsakappa).
669:
590:
570:
510:
505:
393:
295:
288:
215:
205:
112:
6124:
1487:, along with Utthiya, Ittiya, Sambala and Bhaddasala his disciples went to Lankadipa (
6503:
6465:
6161:
6146:
6109:
6094:
5867:
5698:
5535:
5500:
5485:
5212:
5202:
4883:
4730:
4715:
4586:
4509:
4429:
4364:
4296:
4183:
3940:
3821:
3727:
3697:
3670:
3649:
3597:
3421:
3354:
3327:
3300:
3276:
3239:
3064:
2968:
2928:
2796:
2476:
2353:
2328:
2320:
2295:
2287:
2267:
1999:
1425:
975:
959:
915:
825:
637:
535:
520:
325:
200:
143:
107:
23:
5447:
4241:
4141:
3503:
Ellawala, H. (1969). Social History of Early Ceylon. Department of Cultural Affairs.
1817:
6151:
6104:
6099:
5955:
5920:
5895:
5890:
5641:
5597:
5510:
5185:
4841:
4834:
4618:
4608:
4494:
4158:
4030:
3842:
3662:
3637:
2166:
1556:
1301:
1010:
Following a practice because it is so done by one's tutor or teacher (Äcinnakappa).
938:
934:
918:, considered it likely that the account of the First Council was written after the
692:
600:
545:
475:
465:
330:
5230:
1085:
6515:
6460:
6412:
6340:
6210:
6008:
5988:
5930:
5842:
5505:
5403:
5250:
4986:
4969:
4954:
4932:
4484:
4354:
4188:
4168:
3098:
Thai Art with Indian Influences, Promsak Jermsawatdi, Abhinav Publications, 1979
2470:
2347:
2261:
2197:
2137:
2102:
2095:
2068:
1921:
1674:
1670:
1448:
763:. In most schools, the account of the First Council is located at the end of the
625:
540:
340:
250:
195:
5260:
4414:
4404:
1816:
dates to the time of Kanishka. This massive text became the central text of the
1316:
1305:
1293:
1284:
911:
190:
6470:
6173:
6023:
5805:
5385:
5365:
5285:
4974:
4964:
4898:
4735:
4221:
4084:
2176:(1925ā1935). This council saw a new edition of the Pali Canon published in the
2020:
2007:
2003:
1916:
1900:
1512:
1469:
1345:
1308:
lineage of Moggaliputta were already present during the time of Emperor AÅoka.
1243:
1035:
1013:
Eating of sour milk by one who has already had his midday meal (amathitakappa).
687:
485:
415:
370:
228:
2014:
The traditional recitation of the Buddhist Scriptures took two years, and the
1928:, stands to this day. This council is not generally recognized outside Burma.
1853:
6530:
6240:
6089:
5398:
5300:
5158:
4959:
4937:
4873:
4544:
4339:
4334:
4226:
3895:
2960:
2920:
2158:
2015:
1915:
inscribed for posterity on seven hundred and twenty-nine marble slabs in the
1715:
1711:
1398:
1204:
895:
848:
The various Vinayas also recount another curious event during this time. The
795:
760:
724:
679:
310:
305:
245:
4698:
4688:
4060:
3081:
3037:
Berkwitz, Stephen C. South Asian Buddhism: A Survey, Routledge, 2012, p. 45.
3025:
Berkwitz, Stephen C. South Asian Buddhism: A Survey, Routledge, 2012, p. 44.
2390:
Berkwitz, Stephen C. South Asian Buddhism: A Survey, Routledge, 2012, p. 43.
1835:
1007:
Carrying out an official act when the assembly is incomplete (anumatikappa).
682:. These gatherings are often termed Buddhist "councils" (PÄli and Sanskrit:
450:
255:
6330:
6315:
6285:
6235:
6225:
6067:
5862:
5355:
5190:
5068:
4856:
4851:
4678:
4549:
4424:
3885:
2327:, Rome: Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, pp. 42ā45,
2294:. Rome: Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente. pp. 42ā45.
1857:
1821:
1806:
1707:
1641:
1609:
1289:
1251:
1152:
1138:
1031:
901:
791:
756:
350:
235:
153:
39:
5113:
5098:
5058:
4755:
4419:
3995:
3350:
Buddhist Art & Antiquities of Himachal Pradesh, Up to 8th Century A.D.
3296:
Buddhist Art & Antiquities of Himachal Pradesh, Up to 8th Century A.D.
1621:
818:
6300:
6129:
5270:
5255:
5038:
4846:
4774:
4554:
4384:
4286:
4133:
4005:
2379:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History, and Practices (2nd ed.).
2177:
2173:
2162:
2091:
2028:
1995:
1730:. The exact location of the vihara is presumed to be around Harwan, near
1551:, Buddhism had splintered into different schools in different regions of
1528:
1496:
1465:
1429:
1337:
1277:
1232:
1156:
1147:
1090:
923:
787:
775:
420:
6290:
4750:
2066:. This is not usually counted as a council in other traditions, but the
6245:
6203:
6079:
5885:
5810:
5424:
5408:
5370:
5350:
5245:
5220:
5128:
5063:
5043:
4789:
4720:
4591:
4474:
4444:
4379:
4329:
3987:
3977:
3950:
3144:
Indo-Tibetan Buddhism. Snellgrove, David. Shambhala. Boston:2003. p. 46
2841:
2263:
A Buddhist Approach to International Relations: Radical Interdependence
2125:
1896:
1825:
1577:
1569:
1524:
1435:
Maharakkhita (Maharaksita Thera) led the mission to the country of the
1387:
1078:
869:
833:
425:
185:
82:
5265:
4261:
2169:) and the canon was published in modern book form for the first time.
6220:
6193:
5360:
5235:
4947:
4863:
4740:
4630:
4603:
4596:
4559:
4516:
4479:
4246:
4211:
4178:
4153:
4108:
3817:
3645:
2795:(in Sinhala). Educational Publications Department. pp. 120ā123.
2133:
2059:
1979:
1912:
1758:
1735:
1734:. An alternate theory places its location in the Kuvana monastery in
1678:
1625:
1593:
1585:
1504:
1488:
1410:
1380:
1357:
1341:
963:
837:
782:, one of his most senior disciples, at a cave near RÄjagį¹ha (today's
720:
470:
445:
5993:
4829:
4683:
4449:
4231:
4100:
4092:
3476:
History of Pali Scriptures: Sangitiyavamsa by Somdet Phra Phonnarat.
2105:
and presided over by Kassapa Thera in 1176. During this council the
1723:
1063:
He copied and rearranged our Vinaya, developing and augmenting what
1001:
Eat once and then go again to the village for alms (gÄmantarakappa).
6510:
6350:
6305:
6250:
6215:
6119:
5778:
5345:
5340:
5290:
5225:
5143:
5108:
5103:
4764:
4635:
4623:
4534:
4193:
3890:
2191:
2147:
from November 13, 1788, to April 10, 1789, under the aegis of King
1967:
1963:
1943:
1829:
1802:
1786:
1771:
1750:
1742:
1731:
1719:
1565:
1555:. Scholars have also questioned the historicity of these councils.
1536:
1520:
1500:
1477:
1458:
1402:
1370:
1329:
1259:
1177:
1169:
877:
829:
716:
480:
460:
455:
335:
31:
5335:
5325:
5310:
5133:
5003:
4271:
3642:
How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings
2266:. Springer International Publishing, Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan.
1789:
tradition. It is said that emperor Kanishka gathered five hundred
1067:
had codified and which was called "Vinaya of the Great Assembly" (
6255:
6198:
6183:
5330:
5320:
5295:
5170:
5165:
5123:
5093:
5025:
4991:
4878:
4819:
4814:
4668:
4571:
4409:
4359:
4146:
3972:
3420:,p. 57. Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong Kong.
3063:,p. 55. Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong Kong.
3001:
NÄgÄrjuna in Context: MahÄyÄna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.
2988:
NÄgÄrjuna in Context: MahÄyÄna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.
2144:
2045:
1991:
1975:
1959:
1794:
1790:
1775:
1754:
1727:
1624:
school had a Fourth Buddhist Council in the first century BCE in
1561:
1473:
1406:
1366:
1349:
1220:
1188:
1173:
1165:
160:
4942:
4710:
3187:
Sihalavatthu Pakarana: Book of ancient Sinhala religious stories
1665:
Whatever the case, the sources state that a council was held at
751:. Based on correlations and continuity between these two texts,
6335:
6320:
6156:
6018:
5998:
5773:
5435:
5315:
5305:
5240:
4868:
4824:
4809:
4799:
4769:
4693:
4576:
4344:
4216:
3960:
3955:
2148:
2129:
2027:, 24 May 1956, exactly two and a half millennia after Buddha's
1947:
1908:
1844:
1686:
1589:
1581:
1573:
1440:
1414:
1376:
1321:
1296:
schools on the issue of the existence of the three times (i.e.
1247:
1236:
1224:
971:
967:
873:
814:
799:
783:
732:
712:
674:
665:
620:
175:
170:
165:
128:
3716:
A History of Indian Buddhism: From ÅÄkyamuni to Early MahÄyÄna
2172:
The next Thai council was held in Bangkok during the reign of
1453:
Majjhima Thera led the mission to the Himavant area (northern
1211:
at the Third Buddhist Council, at the Nava Jetavana, Shravasti
1016:
Use of the strong drink before it has fermented (jalogikappa).
6475:
6310:
6168:
6134:
6114:
6084:
6013:
5430:
5275:
5153:
5148:
5118:
5073:
4920:
4915:
4794:
4499:
4324:
4291:
4281:
3686:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
3630:
The Earliest Vinaya and the Beginnings of Buddhist Literature
3453:, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1975, pp. 276ff
2885:
MahÄsÄį¹ghika Origins: The Beginnings of Buddhist Sectarianism
2325:
The Earliest Vinaya and the Beginnings of Buddhist Literature
2292:
The Earliest Vinaya and the Beginnings of Buddhist Literature
2024:
1987:
1983:
1892:
1767:
1552:
1454:
1418:
1142:
1094:
880:. According to these sources, an alternative canon named the
803:
410:
3847:
Mahasamghika Origins History of Religions, pp. 237ā272.
2679:
2157:
The third Thai council was held in 1878 during the reign of
2002:. They both were invited from Sri Lanka. The late Venerable
1572:, Punjab. Notable Buddhist philosophers from Punjab include
1365:
Elder Majjhantika (Sanskrit: Mahyantika) led the mission to
1160:
develops this story into against the Mahasanghika founder,
774:
is traditionally said to have been held just after Buddha's
6345:
5138:
4804:
4301:
3014:
Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, Volume 2.
2871:
Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, Volume 2.
2747:
Skilton, Andrew. A Concise History of Buddhism. 2004. p. 48
2494:
DÄ«.A. (sumaį¹
gala.1) Sumaį¹
galavilÄsinÄ« dÄ«ghanikÄyaį¹į¹hakathÄ
2235:
2034:
1971:
1951:
1436:
1394:
2616:
1654:
Valagamba is also associated with patronizing the site of
1282:
a discussion of various dissenting Buddhist views and the
1118:), reaching enlightenment through the guidance of others (
1019:
Use of blankets which have unstitched hem (nisīdanakappa).
970:, according to traditional sources, resulted in the first
6003:
4539:
2965:
Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools
2925:
Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools
695:. This is because various sources belonging to different
2729:
2628:
2592:
2556:
2165:
was used to make copies of the Pali Canon (instead of a
1924:
at the foot of Mandalay Hill where it and the so-called
1195:
739:
contain accounts, in whole or in part, of the first and
3440:(Kuiper Festschrift), pub Mouton, The Hague/Paris, 1968
3323:
Buddhist Western Himalaya: A politico-religious history
2440:
2438:
2124:
The first of these was held in the MahÄĀbĀoĀdhÄrÄma at
1673:. Because at this time the Pali texts were strictly an
1272:), an answer that was confirmed by Moggaliputta Tissa.
790:. Its objective was to preserve the Buddha's sayings (
2640:
2604:
2580:
2568:
2236:"The Tradition Of Saį¹
gÄ«ti And PÄįø·i Literature | IATBU"
1542:
2450:
2381:
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 88ā90.
1527:, and this may have been the origin of the so-called
3786:
3777:
3202:, Volume VII, page 10, Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.
2889:
History of Religions Volume 16, Number 3. Feb., 1977
2435:
2187:
3377:
The Indian Empire its peoples, history and products
3157:
Buddhism in the Punjab Haryana and Himachal Pradesh
3046:Charles Willemen, Bart Dessein, Collett Cox (1998)
2946:Charles Willemen, Bart Dessein, Collett Cox (1998)
2901:Charles Willemen, Bart Dessein, Collett Cox (1998)
2856:Charles Willemen, Bart Dessein, Collett Cox (1998)
2658:Charles Willemen, Bart Dessein, Collett Cox (1998)
2419:"Life of Buddha: The 1st Buddhist Council (Part 2)"
1824:are no longer extant as an independent school, its
1022:
Accepting of gold and silver (jÄtarÅ«parajatakappa).
926:, or any other need to organize the First Council.
3529:p. 42. Greenwood History of Modern Nations Series.
2058:(247ā207 BCE), when Buddhism was first brought to
944:
711:A mural depicting the first Buddhist Council near
2094:and involved numerous bhikkhus of the Sri Lankan
2031:, according to the traditional Theravada dating.
1757:. All 500 members were from the HinƔyana School.
1375:Elder Mahadeva led the mission to Mahisamandala (
1320:Map of the Buddhist missions during the reign of
767:section of the Vinaya but before any appendices.
6528:
3390:
1875:
1706:Another Fourth Buddhist Council was held by the
1931:
1880:
1122:), and speaking of suffering while in samÄdhi (
3394:Early Hindu India A Dynastic Study - Vol - Iii
2662:pp. 40, 43. Brill, Handbuch Der Orientalistik.
2315:
2313:
2311:
2180:which was distributed throughout the country.
1843:and monastery ruins, a major Buddhist site in
3869:
3551:Phra Brahmagunabhorn (P. A. Payutto) (2000).
3512:Phra Brahmagunabhorn (P. A. Payutto) (2000).
3490:Phra Brahmagunabhorn (P. A. Payutto) (2000).
2905:pp. 45-46. Brill, Handbuch Der Orientalistik.
2083:under the presidency of MahÄtthera Rakkhita.
645:
4651:Basic points unifying TheravÄda and MahÄyÄna
3807:"Review of Scholarship on Buddhist Councils"
3578:
2468:
2462:
2406:The First Saį¹
gÄ«ti and TheravÄda Monasticism.
2112:
1778:to the church before returning home via the
1650:the canon and the commentaries at this time.
1531:sect mentioned by some ancient sources like
1464:Sona Thera and Uttara Thera led missions to
1386:Elder Rakkhita led the mission to Vanavasi (
3632:, Buddhist Studies Review, 18 (2), 131ā182.
3627:
3623:, Buddhist Studies Review, 18 (2), 131ā182.
3198:Gonda, Jane (editor), Norman, K.R. (1983).
2319:
2308:
2286:
1856:" can be seen in later works, such as the *
1714:, and is said to have been convened by the
1332:in the West (in particular the neighboring
3876:
3862:
3346:
3319:
3292:
3271:Buswell, Robert; Lopez, Donald S. (2013).
2280:
1847:, one of the capitals of the Kushan empire
1405:("Western border", consisting of Northern
1079:The MahÄdeva episode and the "five points"
652:
638:
3750:"The Riddle of the First Buddhist Council
3747:
3233:
3112:"Clement of Alexandria: Stromata, Book 1"
3050:p. 56. Brill, Handbuch Der Orientalistik.
2950:p. 46. Brill, Handbuch Der Orientalistik.
2860:p. 45. Brill, Handbuch Der Orientalistik.
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2634:
2622:
2598:
1809:sources also claim that the encyclopedic
1741:The 4th Buddhist Council was convened by
702:
3709:
3661:
3636:
3189:The Island, Thursday 07th December, 2001
3170:
2646:
2574:
2562:
2456:
2035:Theravada Councils in the Thai tradition
1834:
1697:
1693:
1315:
1214:
1199:
995:Storing salt in a horn (singilonakappa).
794:) and the monastic discipline or rules (
706:
5838:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
3804:
3768:
2610:
2586:
2506:Saį¹
gaį¹i.A. (aį¹į¹hasÄlinÄ«) Dhammasaį¹
giį¹Ä«
2044:(c. 1789) by Somdet Wannarat, abbot of
1311:
16:Convention of Buddhist monastic leaders
6529:
6041:List of Buddhist architecture in China
3682:
3474:Santi Pakdeekham (Translator) (2020).
3373:
3347:Handa, O. C.; HÄį¹įøÄ, Omacanda (1994).
3320:Handa, O. C.; HÄį¹įøÄ, Omacanda (2001).
3293:Handa, O. C.; HÄį¹įøÄ, Omacanda (1994).
2959:
2919:
2781:
2779:
2758:"Dhamma Sangayana (Buddhist Councils)"
2743:
2741:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2665:
2475:, Oxford University Press, p. 2,
2444:
1615:
3857:
3486:
3484:
3273:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism,
3079:
3033:
3031:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2897:
2895:
2852:
2850:
2545:
2543:
2529:
2527:
2072:does mention a recital at this time.
1722:(c. 158ā176), in 78 AD at Kundalvana
1632:(Aloka Leį¹a) during the time of King
1254:), under the leadership of the elder
1196:Theravada accounts of a third council
1030:However, MahÄsÄį¹ghikas hold that the
843:
3787:de La VallƩe Poussin, Louis (1976),
3778:de La VallƩe Poussin, Louis (1905),
3618:
3275:p. 200. Princeton University Press.
3262:p. 63. Vikas Publishing House, 1997.
3238:. Dayawansa Jayakodi & Company.
3153:
3048:SarvÄstivÄda Buddhist Scholasticism,
3012:Williams, Jane, and Williams, Paul.
2948:SarvÄstivÄda Buddhist Scholasticism,
2903:SarvÄstivÄda Buddhist Scholasticism,
2869:Williams, Jane, and Williams, Paul.
2858:SarvÄstivÄda Buddhist Scholasticism,
2832:, vol. 35, no. 3, 1996, pp. 258ā70.
2660:SarvÄstivÄda Buddhist Scholasticism,
2496:sÄ«lakkhandhavaggavaį¹į¹anÄ nidÄnakathÄ
2400:
2398:
2396:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2259:
2140:. This council was held in 1477 CE.
2086:The sixth council, according to the
1038:(list of rules) has 67 rules in the
3841:
3795:
3609:
2776:
2738:
2697:
1820:tradition in Kashmir. Although the
1304:, the Sarvastivada lineage and the
13:
5828:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
3532:
3481:
3227:
3164:
3092:
3028:
2908:
2892:
2882:Nattier, Jan; Prebish, Charles S.
2847:
2540:
2524:
2411:
2211:Index of Buddhism-related articles
2143:A second Thai council was held in
2075:The fifth council is that of King
828:, the third major division of the
672:, Buddhist monastic communities ("
664:Since the death of the historical
103:Decline in the Indian subcontinent
98:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
14:
6553:
3614:, Motilal Banarsidass (New Delhi)
3586:Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism.
3380:. W.H. Allen,London. p. 192.
3175:. Department of Cultural Affairs.
2508:Abhidhamma-AtthakathÄ NidÄnakathÄ
2393:
2366:
1774:then renewed Asoka's donation of
1662:(the ancient Theravada lineage).
986:
949:
929:On the other hand, archaeologist
6509:
6499:
6498:
6056:Thai temple art and architecture
5801:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
4041:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
3907:
3894:
3884:
3540:Thai Art with Indian Influences,
3326:. Indus Publishing. p. 38.
2537:, pp. 38-39. Motilal Banarsidass
2190:
1942:The Sixth Council was called at
1828:tradition were inherited by the
802:, and the Vinaya was recited by
619:
38:
3908:
3571:
3558:
3545:
3519:
3506:
3497:
3478:Fragile Palm Leaves Foundation.
3468:
3456:
3443:
3430:
3410:
3401:
3384:
3374:Hunter, William Wilson (1893).
3367:
3353:Indus Publishing. p. 142.
3340:
3313:
3286:
3265:
3252:
3205:
3192:
3179:
3147:
3138:
3122:
3104:
3073:
3053:
3040:
3019:
3006:
2993:
2980:
2953:
2940:
2876:
2863:
2822:
2809:
2750:
2652:
2512:
2500:
2488:
1895:, in 1871 in the reign of King
1814:("Great Abhidharma Commentary")
1428:led the mission to Maharattha (
981:
962:and was patronised by the king
945:Second council and first schism
6046:Japanese Buddhist architecture
5848:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
4928:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
4119:Places where the Buddha stayed
3724:Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
3299:Indus Publishing. p. 50.
3200:A History of Indian Literature
3173:Social History of Early Ceylon
3116:www.earlychristianwritings.com
2817:A Concise History of Buddhism.
2384:
2340:
2253:
2228:
1797:vernacular languages (such as
1141:source) claims the dispute in
1046:T.1425, p. 493a28-c22.).
887:
798:). The Suttas were recited by
1:
6061:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
3805:Prebish, Charles S. (2005) ,
3538:Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979).
2221:
2216:World Fellowship of Buddhists
1876:Theravada Councils in Myanmar
1812:Abhidharma MahÄvibhÄį¹£Ä ÅÄstra
1738:, though this is improbable.
1667:the cave temple of Alu VihÄra
5818:Buddhism and the Roman world
5794:Decline of Buddhism in India
5789:History of Buddhism in India
3889: Topics in
3791:, Calcutt : K.P. Bagchi
2159:King Chulalongkorn (Rama V).
2008:Bhadanta Vicittasarabhivamsa
1932:Sixth Burmese Council (1954)
1881:Fifth Burmese Council (1871)
1172:, established themselves in
301:Buddhist Paths to liberation
7:
5016:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
4756:
3812:, in Williams, Paul (ed.),
3542:p. 37. Abhinav Publications
3525:Patit Paban Mishra (2010).
3258:De Silva, Chandra Richard.
3130:ŠŠ°ŃŃŠ½Š¾-ŃŠµŠ¾ŃŠµŃŠøŃŠµŃŠŗŠøŠ¹ Š¶ŃŃŠ½Š°Š»
2735:Harvey, Peter (2013) p. 89.
2551:History of Indian Buddhism,
2183:
1926:'largest book in the world'
1761:was elected president, and
786:) with the support of king
747:and its equivalents in the
10:
6558:
5966:The unanswerable questions
3771:History of Indian Buddhism
3758:Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal
3694:Cambridge University Press
3692:(2nd ed.), New York:
3594:Princeton University Press
1935:
1884:
1443:), which likely refers to
1219:The minor pillar edict of
907:Louis de La VallƩe-Poussin
6494:
6446:
6361:
6276:
6051:Buddhist temples in Korea
5974:
5876:
5759:
5456:
5384:
5211:
5084:
5024:
4659:
4614:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
4525:
4517:Three planes of existence
4465:
4310:
4202:
4132:
4124:Buddha in world religions
3986:
3931:
3903:
3769:Lamotte, Etienne (1976),
3451:Sangha and State in Burma
3416:Dhammajoti, K.L. (2009).
3391:A.kumar Mazumdar (1917).
3234:Siriweera, W. I. (2004).
3185:D. Amarasiri Weeraratne,
3059:Dhammajoti, K.L. (2009).
2967:, Santipada, p. 78,
2549:Lamotte, Etienne (1988),
2533:Dutt, Nalinaksha (1978).
2352:. Chi Lin Nunnery. 2008.
2260:Long, William J. (2021).
2161:During this council, the
2113:Councils held in Thailand
1543:The two "fourth councils"
1348:(possibly to neighboring
731:All six of the surviving
715:, Nava. Jetavana temple,
5833:Persecution of Buddhists
5054:Four stages of awakening
4435:Three marks of existence
4021:Physical characteristics
3780:Les conciles bouddhiques
3628:Frauwallner, E. (1956),
3579:Buswell, Robert E. Jr.;
3527:The History of Thailand,
2472:A Dictionary of Buddhism
2153:Tipitaka Chabab Tongyai.
1998:Mahathera and Venerable
1866:a (T no. 1550), and the
1604:(3rd century A.C.), and
1549:Fourth Buddhist Councils
1250:at PÄtaliputra (today's
1185:Samayabhedoparacanacakra
1135:Samayabhedoparacanacakra
5196:Ten principal disciples
4079:(aunt, adoptive mother)
3773:, Paris: Peeters Press.
3621:Buddhist Sects in India
3418:SarvÄstivÄda Abhidharma
3061:SarvÄstivÄda Abhidharma
2844:. Accessed 6 July 2023.
2535:Buddhist Sects In India
2518:Barman, Sibani (2017).
1457:, the foothills of the
778:, and presided over by
321:Philosophical reasoning
5906:Buddhism and democracy
5419:Tibetan Buddhist canon
5414:Chinese Buddhist canon
4646:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
4641:Early Buddhist schools
3798:The Debates Commentary
3748:Mukherjee, B. (1994),
3683:Harvey, Peter (2013),
2377:Harvey, Peter (2013).
1938:Sixth Buddhist council
1887:Fifth Buddhist council
1848:
1703:
1677:maintained in several
1652:
1334:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1325:
1228:
1212:
1073:
772:first Buddhist council
737:early Buddhist schools
728:
703:First Buddhist council
88:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
5916:Eight Consciousnesses
4026:Life of Buddha in art
3789:The Buddhist Councils
3782:, Louvain, J.B. Istas
3612:On the Vibhajjavadins
3260:Sri Lanka, a History,
3215:. Sacred Destinations
3171:Ellawala, H. (1969).
2520:A Study of Dipavamsa.
2469:Damien Keown (2004),
2167:modified Khmer script
2056:King DevÄnampiyatissa
1838:
1701:
1694:Kashmiri SarvÄstivÄda
1647:
1319:
1218:
1203:
1061:
958:in the Valukarama of
956:parinirvana of Buddha
745:Mahaparinibbana Sutta
710:
356:Aids to Enlightenment
181:Dependent Origination
6542:Buddhist monasticism
6393:East Asian religions
5823:Buddhism in the West
5394:Early Buddhist texts
5009:Four Right Exertions
4475:Ten spiritual realms
3968:Noble Eightfold Path
3800:, Pali Text Society.
3743:on 11 September 2015
3581:Lopez, Donald S. Jr.
3236:History of Sri Lanka
3154:Ahir, D. C. (1971).
2830:History of Religions
1869:AbhidharmakoÅakÄrikÄ
1660:Mahavihara monastery
1612:(7th century A.C.).
1600:(1st century A.C.),
1521:Hellenistic kingdoms
1330:Hellenistic kingdoms
1312:The Ashokan missions
859:Tibetan DulvÄ Vinaya
326:Devotional practices
149:Noble Eightfold Path
6516:Religion portal
6263:Temple of the Tooth
6142:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
5181:UpÄsaka and UpÄsikÄ
4674:BodhipakkhiyÄdhammÄ
4457:Two truths doctrine
4277:Mahapajapati Gotamī
4077:Mahapajapati Gotamī
3843:Prebish, Charles S.
3820:, pp. 224ā43,
2092:Äcariya Buddhaghosa
1859:Tattvasiddhi-ÅÄstra
1770:built by Kanishka.
1616:Sinhalese TheravÄda
1547:By the time of the
1533:Philo of Alexandria
1401:led the mission to
1298:temporal eternalism
1100:nocturnal emissions
1057:ÅÄriputraparipį¹cchÄ
1052:ÅÄriputraparipį¹cchÄ
1044:MahÄsÄį¹ghikavinaya,
935:Sanskrit traditions
863:VinayamÄtrika SÅ«tra
735:sources of various
626:Buddhism portal
499:Buddhism by country
261:Sanskrit literature
6438:Western philosophy
6036:Dzong architecture
5858:Vipassana movement
5853:Buddhist modernism
5281:Emperor Wen of Sui
5049:PratyekabuddhayÄna
4982:Threefold Training
4784:Vipassana movement
4500:Hungry Ghost realm
4320:AvidyÄ (Ignorance)
4267:Puį¹į¹a MantÄnÄ«putta
4016:Great Renunciation
4011:Eight Great Events
3893:
3837:on 20 October 2015
3796:Law, B.C. (1940),
2404:AnÄlayo, Bhikkhu.
2321:Frauwallner, Erich
2288:Frauwallner, Erich
2206:Ecumenical council
2077:VattagÄmanÄ« Abhaya
1849:
1841:Dharmarajika Stupa
1704:
1702:Emperor Kanishka I
1634:Vattagamani-Abhaya
1517:Sinhalese Buddhism
1509:Gandharan Buddhism
1326:
1256:Moggaliputta Tissa
1229:
1213:
1209:Moggaliputta-Tissa
1104:asucisukhavisaį¹į¹hi
882:Mahasamghikanikaya
876:, and the pilgrim
844:Alternative groups
729:
717:Nava Jetavana Park
670:Siddhartha Gautama
113:Buddhist modernism
6537:Buddhist councils
6524:
6523:
6162:Om mani padme hum
5868:Women in Buddhism
5784:Buddhist councils
5654:Western countries
5442:MadhyamakÄlaį¹kÄra
5203:Shaolin Monastery
4780:Samatha-vipassanÄ
4390:PratÄ«tyasamutpÄda
4194:Metteyya/Maitreya
4112:
4104:
4096:
4088:
4080:
4072:
4064:
3941:Four Noble Truths
3703:978-0-521-85942-4
3676:978-0-9934770-4-1
3669:, Mud Pie Books,
3667:Buddhism and Pali
3655:978-0-415-37123-0
3638:Gombrich, Richard
3619:Dutt, N. (1998),
3603:978-0-691-15786-3
3463:Chattha Sangayana
3426:978-988-99296-5-7
3360:978-81-85182-99-5
3333:978-81-7387-124-5
3306:978-81-85182-99-5
3281:978-0-691-15786-3
3069:978-988-99296-5-7
2815:Skilton, Andrew.
2802:978-955-25-0358-0
2625:, pp. 454ā6.
2482:978-0-19-157917-2
2423:www.buddhanet.net
2359:978-962-7714-42-2
2273:978-3-030-68043-5
2000:Nyanaponika Thera
1710:tradition in the
1426:Mahadharmaraksita
1355:According to the
1265:Brahmajala Sutta.
1049:The MahÄsÄį¹ghika
916:Hermann Oldenberg
826:Abhidhamma Pitaka
662:
661:
144:Four Noble Truths
6549:
6514:
6513:
6502:
6501:
6341:Sacred languages
6189:Maya Devi Temple
6152:Mahabodhi Temple
5956:Secular Buddhism
5921:Engaged Buddhism
4761:
4609:Tibetan Buddhism
4560:Vietnamese Thiį»n
4159:MahÄsthÄmaprÄpta
4110:
4102:
4094:
4086:
4078:
4070:
4062:
3911:
3910:
3898:
3888:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3838:
3836:
3830:, archived from
3811:
3801:
3792:
3783:
3774:
3765:
3754:A Retrospection"
3753:
3744:
3742:
3736:, archived from
3721:
3706:
3691:
3679:
3658:
3644:(2nd ed.),
3633:
3624:
3615:
3606:
3591:
3565:
3562:
3556:
3549:
3543:
3536:
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3364:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3290:
3284:
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3249:
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3225:
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3220:
3209:
3203:
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3190:
3183:
3177:
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3142:
3136:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3077:
3071:
3057:
3051:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3026:
3023:
3017:
3010:
3004:
2999:Walser, Joseph.
2997:
2991:
2986:Walser, Joseph.
2984:
2978:
2977:
2957:
2951:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2917:
2906:
2899:
2890:
2880:
2874:
2867:
2861:
2854:
2845:
2826:
2820:
2819:2004. pp. 49, 64
2813:
2807:
2806:
2794:
2789:Buddhism Grade 9
2783:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2736:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
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2694:
2692:
2690:
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2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2565:, pp. 96ā7.
2560:
2554:
2547:
2538:
2531:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2485:
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2375:
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2363:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2317:
2306:
2305:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2232:
2200:
2195:
2194:
1557:David Snellgrove
1069:MahÄsÄį¹ghavinaya
939:Richard Gombrich
697:Buddhist schools
693:Buddhist studies
654:
647:
640:
624:
623:
351:Sublime abidings
42:
19:
18:
6557:
6556:
6552:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6547:
6546:
6527:
6526:
6525:
6520:
6508:
6490:
6442:
6357:
6272:
6009:Ordination hall
5970:
5872:
5843:Buddhist crisis
5755:
5452:
5404:Mahayana sutras
5380:
5376:ThĆch Nhįŗ„t Hįŗ”nh
5207:
5080:
5020:
4970:Bodhisattva vow
4655:
4521:
4461:
4420:Taį¹hÄ (Craving)
4355:Five hindrances
4306:
4198:
4128:
3982:
3927:
3899:
3882:
3852:
3834:
3828:
3809:
3751:
3740:
3734:
3719:
3711:Hirakawa, Akira
3704:
3689:
3677:
3656:
3610:Cousins, L.S.,
3604:
3589:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3550:
3546:
3537:
3533:
3524:
3520:
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3402:
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3368:
3361:
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3307:
3291:
3287:
3270:
3266:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3197:
3193:
3184:
3180:
3169:
3165:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3127:
3123:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3078:
3074:
3058:
3054:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3011:
3007:
2998:
2994:
2990:2005. pp. 49ā50
2985:
2981:
2975:
2958:
2954:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2918:
2909:
2900:
2893:
2881:
2877:
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2864:
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2848:
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2823:
2814:
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2767:
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2756:
2755:
2751:
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2730:
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2698:
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2677:
2666:
2657:
2653:
2645:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2609:
2605:
2601:, pp. 453.
2597:
2593:
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2573:
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2557:
2548:
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2274:
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2242:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2198:Religion portal
2196:
2189:
2186:
2115:
2107:Atthavaį¹Āį¹ĀaĀnÄ
2103:ParÄkkamabÄhu I
2069:SamantapÄsÄdikÄ
2037:
1940:
1934:
1922:Kuthodaw Pagoda
1889:
1883:
1878:
1872:of Vasubandhu.
1864:Abhidharmahį¹day
1726:(Kundalban) in
1696:
1675:oral literature
1671:Beminitiya Seya
1669:in response to
1640:. According to
1618:
1545:
1314:
1302:K.L. Dhammajoti
1198:
1081:
989:
984:
952:
947:
914:and Indologist
890:
846:
705:
680:Buddhist canons
658:
618:
611:
610:
501:
491:
490:
441:
431:
430:
396:
386:
385:
291:
281:
280:
251:Mahayana Sutras
231:
221:
220:
161:Five Aggregates
139:
138:
118:
117:
108:Later Buddhists
73:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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6076:
6075:
6073:Greco-Buddhist
6065:
6064:
6063:
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6048:
6043:
6038:
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6027:
6026:
6024:Burmese pagoda
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5806:Greco-Buddhism
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5739:United Kingdom
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5448:Abhidharmadīpa
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5366:B. R. Ambedkar
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5286:Songtsen Gampo
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4965:Eight precepts
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4736:Five Strengths
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4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4531:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4477:
4471:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4375:Mental factors
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4316:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4227:MahamoggallÄna
4224:
4219:
4214:
4208:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4142:AvalokiteÅvara
4138:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4106:
4098:
4090:
4082:
4074:
4066:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3992:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3881:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3858:
3851:
3850:
3839:
3826:
3802:
3793:
3784:
3775:
3766:
3745:
3732:
3707:
3702:
3680:
3675:
3659:
3654:
3634:
3625:
3616:
3607:
3602:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3557:
3544:
3531:
3518:
3505:
3496:
3480:
3467:
3465:pariyatti.org
3455:
3442:
3429:
3409:
3400:
3397:. p. 656.
3383:
3366:
3359:
3339:
3332:
3312:
3305:
3285:
3264:
3251:
3244:
3226:
3213:"Anuradhapura"
3204:
3191:
3178:
3163:
3146:
3137:
3121:
3103:
3091:
3072:
3052:
3039:
3027:
3018:
3005:
2992:
2979:
2973:
2961:Sujato, Bhante
2952:
2939:
2934:978-1921842085
2933:
2921:Sujato, Bhante
2907:
2891:
2875:
2862:
2846:
2821:
2808:
2801:
2775:
2749:
2737:
2728:
2712:"VajjiputtakÄ"
2696:
2680:"SuttaCentral"
2664:
2651:
2639:
2637:, p. 457.
2635:Mukherjee 1994
2627:
2623:Mukherjee 1994
2615:
2613:, p. 231.
2603:
2599:Mukherjee 1994
2591:
2589:, p. 226.
2579:
2567:
2555:
2539:
2523:
2511:
2499:
2487:
2481:
2461:
2449:
2434:
2410:
2392:
2383:
2365:
2358:
2339:
2333:
2307:
2300:
2279:
2272:
2252:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2185:
2182:
2114:
2111:
2088:Saį¹
gÄ«tiyavaį¹sa
2042:Saį¹
gÄ«tiyavaį¹sa
2036:
2033:
2021:Burmese script
2004:Mahasi Sayadaw
1936:Main article:
1933:
1930:
1917:Burmese script
1885:Main article:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1695:
1692:
1636:also known as
1617:
1614:
1564:and Venerable
1544:
1541:
1513:Greco-Buddhism
1493:
1492:
1481:
1470:Southeast Asia
1468:(somewhere in
1462:
1451:
1449:Seleucid realm
1447:and maybe the
1433:
1422:
1397:(Greek) elder
1391:
1384:
1373:
1346:Southeast Asia
1313:
1310:
1197:
1194:
1080:
1077:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
988:
987:Vinaya dispute
985:
983:
980:
951:
950:Second council
948:
946:
943:
924:Buddha's death
920:Second Council
889:
886:
845:
842:
824:Regarding the
704:
701:
688:Buddhist texts
660:
659:
657:
656:
649:
642:
634:
631:
630:
629:
628:
613:
612:
609:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
502:
497:
496:
493:
492:
489:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
442:
437:
436:
433:
432:
429:
428:
423:
418:
416:Pratyekabuddha
413:
408:
403:
397:
392:
391:
388:
387:
384:
383:
378:
373:
371:Buddhist chant
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
292:
287:
286:
283:
282:
279:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
232:
229:Buddhist texts
227:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
157:
156:
146:
140:
137:
136:
131:
125:
124:
123:
120:
119:
116:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
74:
69:
68:
65:
64:
63:
62:
57:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6554:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6505:
6497:
6496:
6493:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6449:
6445:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6364:
6360:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6279:
6278:Miscellaneous
6275:
6269:
6268:Vegetarianism
6266:
6264:
6261:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6090:Buddha in art
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6069:
6066:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5977:
5973:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5875:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5758:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5744:United States
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5652:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5635:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5571:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5443:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5383:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5301:Padmasambhava
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5213:Major figures
5210:
5204:
5201:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5160:
5159:Western tulku
5157:
5156:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5005:
5002:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4960:Five precepts
4958:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4938:Dhamma vicaya
4936:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4706:BuddhÄbhiį¹£eka
4704:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4350:Enlightenment
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4340:Dhamma theory
4338:
4336:
4335:Buddha-nature
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4174:Samantabhadra
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4091:
4089:
4083:
4081:
4075:
4073:
4067:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3879:
3874:
3872:
3867:
3865:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3829:
3827:0-415-33227-3
3823:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3746:
3739:
3735:
3733:9788120809550
3729:
3725:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3699:
3695:
3688:
3687:
3681:
3678:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3605:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3561:
3554:
3548:
3541:
3535:
3528:
3522:
3515:
3509:
3500:
3493:
3487:
3485:
3477:
3471:
3464:
3459:
3452:
3446:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3404:
3396:
3395:
3387:
3379:
3378:
3370:
3362:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3343:
3335:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3316:
3308:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3289:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3261:
3255:
3247:
3245:955-551-257-4
3241:
3237:
3230:
3214:
3208:
3201:
3195:
3188:
3182:
3174:
3167:
3159:
3158:
3150:
3141:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3082:"Chapter XII"
3076:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3049:
3043:
3034:
3032:
3022:
3015:
3009:
3002:
2996:
2989:
2983:
2976:
2974:9781921842085
2970:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2949:
2943:
2936:
2930:
2927:, Santipada,
2926:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2888:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2866:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2818:
2812:
2804:
2798:
2791:
2790:
2782:
2780:
2764:. 28 May 2008
2763:
2762:The Mahavamsa
2759:
2753:
2744:
2742:
2732:
2717:
2716:palikanon.com
2713:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2661:
2655:
2649:, p. 73.
2648:
2647:Gombrich 2018
2643:
2636:
2631:
2624:
2619:
2612:
2607:
2600:
2595:
2588:
2583:
2577:, p. 69.
2576:
2575:Hirakawa 1993
2571:
2564:
2563:Gombrich 2006
2559:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2484:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2465:
2458:
2457:Gombrich 2006
2453:
2447:, p. 88.
2446:
2441:
2439:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2387:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2303:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2275:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2256:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2138:Lan Na script
2135:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2119:Thai monarchy
2110:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1832:tradition.
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1780:Baramula Pass
1777:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1712:Kushan empire
1709:
1700:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1683:dhammabhÄį¹aka
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1620:The Southern
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1445:Greco-Bactria
1442:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1399:Dharmaraksita
1396:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1318:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1285:VibhajjavÄdin
1281:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1270:VibhajjavÄdin
1267:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1210:
1206:
1205:Emperor Asoka
1202:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1040:Åaikį¹£a-dharma
1037:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
993:
992:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
942:
940:
937:. Indologist
936:
932:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
904:
903:
898:
897:
896:Vinaya-piį¹aka
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
866:
864:
860:
856:
851:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
822:
820:
816:
811:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
776:final nirvana
773:
768:
766:
762:
761:Vinaya Pitaka
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
726:
725:Uttar Pradesh
722:
718:
714:
709:
700:
698:
694:
689:
685:
681:
677:
676:
671:
667:
655:
650:
648:
643:
641:
636:
635:
633:
632:
627:
622:
617:
616:
615:
614:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
503:
500:
495:
494:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
440:
435:
434:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
395:
390:
389:
382:
381:Vegetarianism
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
336:Recollections
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
306:Five precepts
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
290:
285:
284:
277:
274:
272:
271:Chinese canon
269:
267:
266:Tibetan canon
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
230:
225:
224:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
155:
152:
151:
150:
147:
145:
142:
141:
135:
132:
130:
127:
126:
122:
121:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
75:
72:
67:
66:
61:
58:
56:
53:
51:
48:
47:
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
6456:Bodhisattvas
6376:Christianity
6371:BahĆ”Ź¼Ć Faith
6236:Dharmachakra
6226:Prayer wheel
6216:Prayer beads
5984:Architecture
5863:969 Movement
5783:
5647:Saudi Arabia
5625:Central Asia
5618:South Africa
5440:
5423:
5356:Panchen Lama
5261:BuddhapÄlita
4857:Satipatthana
4852:Mindful Yoga
4765:Recollection
4679:Brahmavihara
4550:Japanese Zen
4545:Chinese Chan
4505:Animal realm
4312:Key concepts
4134:Bodhisattvas
3946:Three Jewels
3846:
3832:the original
3813:
3797:
3788:
3779:
3770:
3761:
3757:
3738:the original
3715:
3685:
3666:
3663:Gombrich, R.
3641:
3629:
3620:
3611:
3585:
3572:Bibliography
3560:
3552:
3547:
3539:
3534:
3526:
3521:
3513:
3508:
3499:
3491:
3475:
3470:
3458:
3450:
3445:
3437:
3432:
3417:
3412:
3403:
3393:
3386:
3376:
3369:
3349:
3342:
3322:
3315:
3295:
3288:
3272:
3267:
3259:
3254:
3235:
3229:
3217:. Retrieved
3207:
3199:
3194:
3186:
3181:
3172:
3166:
3156:
3149:
3140:
3129:
3124:
3115:
3106:
3094:
3085:
3075:
3060:
3055:
3047:
3042:
3021:
3016:2005. p. 188
3013:
3008:
3000:
2995:
2987:
2982:
2964:
2955:
2947:
2942:
2924:
2902:
2883:
2878:
2873:2005. p. 189
2870:
2865:
2857:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2816:
2811:
2788:
2766:. Retrieved
2761:
2752:
2731:
2719:. Retrieved
2715:
2687:. Retrieved
2684:SuttaCentral
2683:
2659:
2654:
2642:
2630:
2618:
2611:Prebish 2005
2606:
2594:
2587:Prebish 2005
2582:
2570:
2558:
2550:
2534:
2519:
2514:
2502:
2490:
2471:
2464:
2459:, p. 4.
2452:
2426:, retrieved
2422:
2413:
2405:
2386:
2378:
2348:
2342:
2324:
2291:
2282:
2262:
2255:
2243:. Retrieved
2239:
2230:
2171:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2123:
2116:
2100:
2087:
2085:
2074:
2067:
2053:
2050:
2041:
2038:
2013:
1956:
1941:
1905:
1890:
1867:
1863:
1862:(ęåƦč«), the *
1858:
1854:Sautrantikas
1850:
1822:Sarvastivada
1810:
1807:Sarvastivada
1784:
1740:
1708:Sarvastivada
1705:
1682:
1664:
1653:
1648:
1642:K. R. Norman
1619:
1610:Chandravarma
1606:Vinitiprabha
1546:
1494:
1466:Suvannabhumi
1356:
1354:
1327:
1306:VibhajyavÄda
1294:VibhajjavÄda
1290:Sarvastivada
1283:
1276:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1241:
1230:
1184:
1182:
1155:
1153:SarvÄstivÄda
1151:. The later
1146:
1139:SarvÄstivÄda
1134:
1133:Vasumitra's
1132:
1128:
1123:
1120:paravitÄraį¹a
1119:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1084:
1082:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1025:
990:
982:First Schism
953:
928:
912:AndrƩ Bareau
902:Sutta-piį¹aka
900:
894:
891:
881:
867:
862:
858:
854:
849:
847:
823:
812:
808:
769:
764:
757:Sutta Pitaka
730:
683:
673:
663:
331:Merit making
296:Three Jewels
236:Buddhavacana
166:Impermanence
154:Dharma wheel
92:
6301:Dharma talk
6130:Asalha Puja
5926:Eschatology
5729:Switzerland
5709:New Zealand
5637:Middle East
5546:Philippines
5466:Afghanistan
5271:Bodhidharma
5256:Buddhaghosa
5176:Householder
5086:Monasticism
5039:Bodhisattva
4894:Prostration
4847:Mindfulness
4775:Anapanasati
4758:Kammaį¹į¹hÄna
4555:Korean Seon
4495:Asura realm
4490:Human realm
4430:Ten Fetters
4385:Parinirvana
4287:Uppalavanna
4252:MahÄkaccana
4237:MahÄkassapa
4169:Kį¹£itigarbha
4164:ÄkÄÅagarbha
4061:SuddhodÄna
4006:Four sights
3933:Foundations
3449:Mendelson,
3086:lakdiva.org
3080:Mahavamsa.
3003:2005. p. 50
2445:Harvey 2013
2428:30 December
2178:Thai script
2163:Thai script
2098:tradition.
2029:Parinibbana
1996:Nyanatiloka
1747:Kundalabana
1529:Therapeutae
1497:Afghanistan
1472:, possibly
1430:Maharashtra
1338:South India
1278:Kathavatthu
1233:Pataliputra
1157:Mahavibhasa
1148:Kathavatthu
1143:PÄtaliputra
1091:PÄį¹aliputra
931:Louis Finot
888:Historicity
855:AÅokÄvadÄna
788:Ajatashatru
780:MahÄkÄÅyapa
753:Louis Finot
566:New Zealand
421:Bodhisattva
406:Four Stages
361:Monasticism
341:Mindfulness
311:Perfections
241:Early Texts
6531:Categories
6418:Psychology
6398:Gnosticism
6386:Comparison
6381:Influences
6363:Comparison
6246:Bhavacakra
6204:Kushinagar
6179:Pilgrimage
6125:MÄgha PÅ«jÄ
6080:Bodhi Tree
5896:Buddhology
5886:Abhidharma
5878:Philosophy
5811:Menander I
5679:Costa Rica
5630:Uzbekistan
5471:Bangladesh
5425:Dhammapada
5409:Pali Canon
5371:Ajahn Chah
5351:Dalai Lama
5251:KumÄrajÄ«va
5246:Vasubandhu
5221:The Buddha
5129:Zen master
5064:Sakadagami
5044:Buddhahood
4975:Pratimokį¹£a
4790:Shikantaza
4746:Meditation
4721:Deity yoga
4592:Madhyamaka
4485:Deva realm
4380:Mindstream
4330:Bodhicitta
4242:Aį¹
gulimÄla
4109:Devadatta
4085:YaÅodharÄ
3988:The Buddha
3978:Middle Way
3438:Pratidanam
3436:BollƩe in
2689:14 January
2334:8857526798
2301:8857526798
2222:References
2126:Chiang Mai
2096:Mahavihara
1826:Abhidharma
1818:VaibhÄį¹£ika
1720:Kanishka I
1679:recensions
1656:Abhayagiri
1630:Alu VihÄra
1578:Vasubandhu
1570:Jalandhara
1525:Alexandria
1483:The elder
1403:Aparantaka
1388:Tamil Nadu
1235:, emperor
1114:), doubt (
1036:PrÄtimokį¹£a
870:Paramartha
850:Cullavagga
834:AtthakathÄ
439:Traditions
376:Pilgrimage
316:Meditation
276:Post-canon
256:PÄli Canon
186:Middle Way
83:The Buddha
6486:Festivals
6466:Buddhists
6428:Theosophy
6231:Symbolism
6221:Hama yumi
6194:Bodh Gaya
5961:Socialism
5936:Evolution
5911:Economics
5749:Venezuela
5664:Australia
5659:Argentina
5583:Sri Lanka
5578:Singapore
5496:Indonesia
5458:Countries
5399:Tripiį¹aka
5361:Ajahn Mun
5236:Nagarjuna
5231:AÅvaghoį¹£a
5114:AnagÄrika
5109:ÅrÄmaį¹erÄ«
5104:ÅrÄmaį¹era
5099:Bhikkhunī
5059:SotÄpanna
4948:Passaddhi
4889:Offerings
4864:Nekkhamma
4741:Iddhipada
4661:Practices
4631:Theravada
4604:Vajrayana
4597:Yogachara
4567:Pure Land
4480:Six Paths
4467:Cosmology
4247:Anuruddha
4222:SÄriputta
4212:Kaundinya
4204:Disciples
4179:VajrapÄį¹i
4031:Footprint
3996:TathÄgata
3818:Routledge
3646:Routledge
2768:25 August
2721:25 August
2245:28 August
2134:Tilokaraj
2081:ÄluvihÄra
2060:Sri Lanka
2016:Tripiį¹aka
1980:Sri Lanka
1913:Tripitaka
1763:Asvaghoį¹£a
1759:Vasumitra
1736:Jalandhar
1638:Valagamba
1626:Sri Lanka
1622:TheravÄda
1602:Kumarlata
1594:Vasumitra
1586:Katyayana
1505:Sri Lanka
1489:Sri Lanka
1459:Himalayas
1411:Kathiawar
1381:Karnataka
1358:Mahavamsa
1342:Sri Lanka
1260:tirthikas
1239:capital.
1124:vacibheda
1108:ignorance
1086:Dipavamsa
1032:Sthaviras
964:Kalashoka
838:SÄriputta
819:sotapanna
817:, then a
765:Skandhaka
721:Shravasti
586:Sri Lanka
576:Singapore
531:Indonesia
471:VajrayÄna
446:TheravÄda
401:Awakening
289:Practices
246:Tripiį¹aka
216:Cosmology
191:Emptiness
171:Suffering
6504:Category
6433:Violence
6403:Hinduism
6351:Sanskrit
6306:Hinayana
6291:AmitÄbha
6251:Swastika
6120:Uposatha
6110:Holidays
6095:Calendar
5941:Humanism
5779:Kanishka
5769:Timeline
5593:Thailand
5561:Kalmykia
5556:Buryatia
5541:Pakistan
5526:Mongolia
5521:Maldives
5516:Malaysia
5481:Cambodia
5346:Shamarpa
5341:Nichiren
5291:Xuanzang
5226:Nagasena
5144:Rinpoche
4874:PÄramitÄ
4716:Devotion
4636:Navayana
4624:Dzogchen
4587:Nichiren
4535:Mahayana
4527:Branches
4405:Saį¹
khÄra
4154:MaƱjuÅrÄ«
4111:(cousin)
4103:(cousin)
4071:(mother)
4063:(father)
4051:Miracles
4001:Birthday
3918:Glossary
3891:Buddhism
3764:: 452ā73
3713:(1993),
3665:(2018),
3640:(2006),
3583:(2013),
3555:, p. 28.
3494:, p. 38.
2963:(2012),
2923:(2012),
2323:(1956),
2290:(1956).
2240:atbu.org
2184:See also
2174:Rama VII
1968:Cambodia
1964:Thailand
1944:Kaba Aye
1830:Mahayana
1803:Sanskrit
1799:Gandhari
1791:Bhikkhus
1787:Mahayana
1772:Kanishka
1751:Srinagar
1743:Kanishka
1732:Srinagar
1718:emperor
1598:Manortha
1584:include
1566:Nagasena
1537:Buddhism
1501:Gandhara
1478:Thailand
1371:Gandhara
1292:and the
1237:Ashoka's
1178:Gandhara
1170:Upagupta
1162:MahÄdeva
878:Xuanzang
857:and the
830:Tipitaka
713:Rajagaha
596:Thailand
556:Mongolia
551:Malaysia
516:Cambodia
481:Navayana
461:Hinayana
456:MahÄyÄna
366:Lay life
196:Morality
176:Not-self
134:Concepts
93:Councils
78:Timeline
50:Glossary
32:Buddhism
24:a series
22:Part of
6481:Temples
6461:Buddhas
6423:Science
6413:Judaism
6408:Jainism
6326:Lineage
6286:AbhijƱÄ
6256:Thangka
6199:Sarnath
6184:Lumbini
6105:Funeral
6100:Cuisine
5976:Culture
5951:Reality
5901:Creator
5891:Atomism
5761:History
5734:Ukraine
5694:Germany
5613:Senegal
5603:Vietnam
5531:Myanmar
5331:Shinran
5321:Karmapa
5296:Shandao
5266:DignÄga
5191:ÅrÄvaka
5171:Donchee
5166:Kappiya
5124:Sayadaw
5094:Bhikkhu
5069:AnÄgÄmi
5026:Nirvana
4992:Samadhi
4879:Paritta
4820:Tonglen
4815:Mandala
4770:Smarana
4751:Mantras
4699:Upekkha
4669:Bhavana
4619:Shingon
4572:Tiantai
4425:TathÄtÄ
4415:ÅÅ«nyatÄ
4410:Skandha
4400:Saį¹sÄra
4395:Rebirth
4370:Kleshas
4360:Indriya
4262:Subhūti
4147:Guanyin
4101:Änanda
4093:RÄhula
3973:Nirvana
3913:Outline
3516:, p. 26
3219:17 July
2842:1062815
2553:p. 138.
2145:Bangkok
2064:Mahinda
2046:Wat Pho
1992:Germany
1976:Vietnam
1960:Myanmar
1801:) into
1795:Prakrit
1776:Kashmir
1755:Kashmir
1728:Kashmir
1645:writes:
1562:Milinda
1485:Mahinda
1474:Myanmar
1407:Gujarat
1367:Kashmir
1244:Mauryan
1221:Sarnath
1189:Caitika
1174:Kashmir
1166:Kasmiri
1065:KÄÅyapa
974:in the
960:VaiÅÄlÄ«
684:saį¹
gīti
606:Vietnam
561:Myanmar
476:Tibetan
466:Chinese
394:NirvÄį¹a
211:Saį¹sÄra
206:Rebirth
71:History
60:Outline
6476:Sutras
6471:Suttas
6336:Siddhi
6321:Koliya
6296:BrahmÄ
6211:Poetry
6157:Mantra
6147:Kasaya
6019:Pagoda
5999:Kyaung
5994:VihÄra
5989:Temple
5931:Ethics
5774:Ashoka
5724:Sweden
5719:Poland
5714:Norway
5704:Mexico
5689:France
5674:Canada
5669:Brazil
5608:Africa
5588:Taiwan
5551:Russia
5476:Bhutan
5436:Vinaya
5316:Naropa
5306:Saraha
5241:Asanga
4997:PrajƱÄ
4906:Refuge
4869:Nianfo
4830:Tertƶn
4825:Tantra
4810:Ganana
4800:Tukdam
4726:DhyÄna
4694:Mudita
4689:Karuį¹Ä
4582:Risshū
4577:Huayan
4510:Naraka
4450:AnattÄ
4445:Dukkha
4440:Anicca
4345:Dharma
4297:Channa
4232:Änanda
4217:Assaji
4184:Skanda
4087:(wife)
4056:Family
4036:Relics
3961:Sangha
3956:Dharma
3951:Buddha
3824:
3730:
3700:
3673:
3652:
3600:
3424:
3357:
3330:
3303:
3279:
3242:
3100:p.10ff
3067:
2971:
2931:
2840:
2799:
2479:
2356:
2331:
2298:
2270:
2149:RÄma I
2130:Lan Na
1986:, and
1948:Yangon
1909:Dhamma
1901:Buddha
1897:Mindon
1845:Taxila
1724:vihara
1716:Kushan
1687:dharma
1596:, and
1590:Parsva
1582:Punjab
1574:Asanga
1441:Greeks
1424:Elder
1415:Kachch
1377:Mysore
1322:Ashoka
1248:Ashoka
1225:Ashoka
1116:kaį¹
khÄ
1112:aƱƱÄį¹a
1095:arhats
976:Sangha
972:schism
968:vinaya
874:Jizang
815:Ananda
800:Ananda
796:Vinaya
792:suttas
784:Rajgir
749:Agamas
741:second
733:Vinaya
675:sangha
666:Buddha
591:Taiwan
571:Russia
511:Brazil
506:Bhutan
426:Buddha
346:Wisdom
129:Dharma
6448:Lists
6316:Kalpa
6311:Iddhi
6174:Music
6169:Mudra
6135:Vassa
6115:Vesak
6085:Budai
6031:Candi
6014:Stupa
5946:Logic
5699:Italy
5598:Tibet
5536:Nepal
5506:Korea
5501:Japan
5491:India
5486:China
5431:Sutra
5386:Texts
5336:DÅgen
5326:HÅnen
5311:AtiÅa
5276:Zhiyi
5186:Achar
5154:Tulku
5149:Geshe
5134:RÅshi
5119:Ajahn
5074:Arhat
5034:Bodhi
5004:VÄ«rya
4921:Sacca
4916:Satya
4911:SÄdhu
4899:Music
4842:Merit
4835:Terma
4795:Zazen
4731:Faith
4684:MettÄ
4365:Karma
4325:Bardo
4292:Asita
4282:Khema
4272:UpÄli
4257:Nanda
4095:(son)
4069:MÄyÄ
4046:Films
3923:Index
3835:(PDF)
3810:(PDF)
3741:(PDF)
3720:(PDF)
3690:(PDF)
3590:(PDF)
3132:2019
2838:JSTOR
2834:JSTOR
2793:(PDF)
2025:Vesak
1988:Nepal
1984:India
1893:Burma
1768:stupa
1749:near
1553:India
1455:Nepal
1419:Sindh
1350:Burma
1252:Patna
1246:king
804:Upali
601:Tibet
541:Korea
536:Japan
526:India
521:China
486:Newar
411:Arhat
201:Karma
55:Index
6346:PÄįø·i
6331:MÄra
6241:Flag
5642:Iran
5566:Tuva
5511:Laos
5139:Lama
4987:ÅÄ«la
4955:ÅÄ«la
4943:PÄ«ti
4933:Sati
4884:Puja
4805:Koan
4711:DÄna
4302:Yasa
4189:TÄrÄ
3822:ISBN
3728:ISBN
3698:ISBN
3671:ISBN
3650:ISBN
3598:ISBN
3422:ISBN
3355:ISBN
3328:ISBN
3301:ISBN
3277:ISBN
3240:ISBN
3221:2009
3065:ISBN
2969:ISBN
2929:ISBN
2797:ISBN
2770:2023
2723:2023
2691:2024
2477:ISBN
2430:2017
2354:ISBN
2329:ISBN
2296:ISBN
2268:ISBN
2247:2024
1972:Laos
1952:U Nu
1839:The
1608:and
1576:and
1515:and
1503:and
1437:Yona
1417:and
1395:Yona
1393:The
1369:and
1344:and
1207:and
1183:The
1176:and
899:and
770:The
759:and
546:Laos
451:PÄli
6068:Art
6004:Wat
4540:Zen
1946:in
1685:s (
1681:by
1628:at
1476:or
1137:(a
1126:).
1106:),
6533::
5570:ru
3845:,
3816:,
3760:,
3756:,
3726:,
3722:,
3696:,
3648:,
3596:,
3592:,
3483:^
3114:.
3084:.
3030:^
2910:^
2894:^
2849:^
2836:,
2778:^
2760:.
2740:^
2714:.
2699:^
2682:.
2667:^
2542:^
2526:^
2437:^
2421:,
2395:^
2368:^
2310:^
2238:.
2132:,
2121:.
2048:.
1990:.
1982:,
1978:,
1974:,
1970:,
1966:,
1962:,
1782:.
1753:,
1592:,
1588:,
1539:.
1511:,
1507:.
1499:,
1421:).
1413:,
1409:,
1379:,
1340:,
1180:.
1059::
872:,
840:.
723:,
719:,
668:,
581:US
26:on
5572:)
5568:(
4786:)
4782:(
3877:e
3870:t
3863:v
3762:7
3752:ā
3363:.
3336:.
3309:.
3283:.
3248:.
3223:.
3160:.
3118:.
3088:.
2887:,
2805:.
2772:.
2725:.
2693:.
2362:.
2304:.
2276:.
2249:.
1852:"
1491:)
1480:)
1461:)
1439:(
1432:)
1390:)
1383:)
1324:.
1280:,
1110:(
1102:(
727:.
653:e
646:t
639:v
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