3837:
519:, a text written to justify this school's departure from the disciplinary code of the elder monks, asserts that the council was convened at Pāṭaliputra over matters of vinaya, and it is explained that the schism resulted from the majority (Mahāsaṃgha) refusing to accept the addition of rules to the Vinaya by the minority (Sthaviras). The Mahāsāṃghikas therefore saw the Sthaviras as being a breakaway group which was attempting to modify the original Vinaya.
3848:
1246:
1233:
56:
1223:
522:
Scholars have generally agreed that the matter of dispute was indeed a matter of vinaya, and have noted that the account of the Mahāsāṃghikas is bolstered by the vinaya texts themselves, as vinayas associated with the
Sthaviras do contain more rules than those of the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya. Modern
756:
was closed those taking the side of junior monks did not accept the verdict but held an assembly of their own attended by ten thousand calling it a
Mahasangiti (Great Convocation) from which the school derived its name Mahāsāṃghika. However, such popular explanations of
523:
scholarship therefore generally agrees that the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya is the oldest. According to
Skilton, future scholars may determine that a study of the Mahāsāṃghika school will contribute to a better understanding of the early Dhamma-Vinaya than the
787:, the "Teaching of the Elders." The original Sthaviras, however, are by no means identical with the modern school called Theravāda. Rather, the Sthaviras are the ancestor of a group of related schools, one of which is the Theravāda.
652:
The
Vibhajyavāda school is believed to have split into other schools as well, such as the Mahīśāsaka school and the ancestor of the Theravada school. According to
1987:
656:, there is no historical evidence that the Theravada school arose until around two centuries after the Great Schism which occurred at the Third Council.
2902:
1377:
2906:
3130:
1347:
641:. This has led early Western historians to assume that the two parties are identical. However, this is not the case, and by the time of
1455:
1190:
1212:
436:
1179:
3722:
3174:
3377:
1357:
1540:
1382:
3717:
3614:
3164:
1259:
1163:
1141:
1102:
1084:
1062:
1037:
1460:
1019:
3707:
3392:
3137:
3883:
3784:
3774:
1603:
3729:
3382:
3184:
3075:
3020:
1593:
454:
682:
refers to the "old" teachings, making no indication that it refers to the Second
Council. Similarly, the name
3699:
3397:
3080:
1372:
1205:
3282:
3154:
3125:
2827:
429:
65:
2973:
2882:
2352:
1997:
1510:
1405:
1125:
2517:
94:
3822:
3302:
2778:
2264:
1387:
1220:
1076:
2712:
3712:
3525:
3515:
3387:
2370:
1950:
1711:
1686:
1736:
3817:
3169:
2983:
2961:
2954:
2857:
2390:
2010:
1826:
1771:
1392:
1198:
17:
3878:
3873:
3754:
3734:
3065:
3045:
2802:
2532:
1776:
1054:
753:
505:
480:
422:
36:
3764:
3604:
3272:
3242:
3015:
2966:
2807:
2755:
2750:
2512:
2333:
2230:
1982:
1977:
1726:
992:
797:
497:
472:
255:
246:
209:
2094:
674:
in Sri Lanka attempted to identify themselves with the original
Sthavira sect. The Theravādin
3769:
3739:
3320:
3252:
3085:
3000:
2995:
2919:
2914:
2832:
1362:
779:(meaning "elder") is the Sanskrit version of the term better known today in its Pali version
501:
476:
260:
2385:
3792:
3759:
3744:
3262:
3159:
3105:
2990:
2929:
2897:
2892:
2877:
2862:
2852:
2817:
2730:
2422:
2345:
1648:
1588:
1337:
1304:
1254:
185:
73:
3632:
2247:
2116:
2042:
1918:
1656:
1115:
633:
and
Southeast Asia has identified itself exclusively with the Sthaviras, as the Pali word
8:
3599:
3478:
3312:
3287:
3277:
3237:
3214:
3097:
3070:
3030:
2949:
2939:
2867:
2794:
2225:
2082:
1863:
1841:
1793:
1613:
1413:
1269:
1249:
802:
265:
165:
160:
1573:
1500:
89:
3662:
3567:
3409:
3372:
3367:
3297:
3247:
3194:
3189:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3040:
3025:
3010:
3005:
2944:
2924:
2887:
2812:
2617:
2318:
2242:
2120:
2062:
1903:
1803:
1731:
1706:
1352:
1282:
536:
287:
3461:
596:
390:
340:
3840:
3802:
3498:
3483:
3446:
3431:
3204:
3120:
3035:
2872:
2837:
2822:
2549:
2539:
2220:
2067:
2052:
1923:
1846:
1766:
1701:
1633:
1520:
1277:
1159:
1137:
1098:
1080:
1058:
1033:
1015:
807:
576:
571:
232:
227:
2784:
1578:
1478:
606:
556:
383:
365:
333:
99:
3488:
3441:
3436:
3292:
3257:
3232:
3227:
2978:
2934:
2847:
2522:
2178:
2171:
1955:
1945:
1831:
1495:
1367:
360:
282:
124:
2567:
552:
317:
270:
3852:
3797:
3749:
3677:
3547:
3345:
3325:
3267:
3179:
2842:
2740:
2587:
2323:
2306:
2291:
2269:
1821:
1691:
1525:
1505:
2597:
1751:
1741:
581:
372:
3807:
3510:
3360:
3142:
2722:
2702:
2622:
2311:
2301:
2235:
2072:
1558:
1421:
150:
355:
3867:
3577:
3426:
2735:
2637:
2495:
2296:
2274:
2210:
1881:
1676:
1671:
1563:
1232:
1111:
988:
768:
601:
397:
347:
195:
79:
2035:
2025:
1397:
3667:
3652:
3622:
3572:
3562:
3404:
3199:
2692:
2527:
2405:
2193:
2188:
2015:
1886:
1761:
1222:
1046:
653:
544:
324:
109:
55:
2450:
2435:
2395:
2092:
1756:
1332:
155:
119:
3637:
3466:
2607:
2592:
2375:
2183:
2111:
1891:
1721:
1623:
1470:
1342:
646:
309:
170:
3627:
2087:
845:
An
Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices (2nd ed.).
832:
An
Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices (2nd ed.).
698:" and dismissively portrays the other early Buddhist schools as thorns (
3582:
3540:
3416:
3222:
3147:
2761:
2745:
2707:
2687:
2582:
2557:
2465:
2400:
2380:
2126:
2057:
1928:
1811:
1781:
1716:
1666:
1324:
1314:
1287:
771:
explains the relationship between the
Sthavira sect and the Theravāda:
671:
104:
2602:
1598:
3557:
3530:
2697:
2572:
2284:
2200:
2077:
1967:
1940:
1933:
1896:
1853:
1816:
1583:
1548:
1515:
1490:
1445:
1155:
1133:
666:
630:
612:
524:
377:
190:
3330:
2166:
2020:
1786:
1568:
1437:
1429:
175:
3847:
3687:
3642:
3587:
3552:
3456:
3115:
2682:
2677:
2627:
2562:
2480:
2445:
2440:
2101:
1972:
1960:
1871:
1530:
1227:
277:
47:
2672:
2662:
2647:
2470:
2340:
1608:
592:
The Vibhajyavāda branch gave rise to a number of schools such as:
180:
3592:
3535:
3520:
2667:
2657:
2632:
2507:
2502:
2460:
2430:
2362:
2328:
2215:
2156:
2151:
2005:
1908:
1746:
1696:
1483:
1309:
548:
540:
294:
217:
130:
114:
84:
2279:
2047:
1073:
Essential Buddhism: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice
3672:
3657:
3493:
3355:
3335:
3110:
2772:
2652:
2642:
2577:
2205:
2161:
2146:
2136:
2106:
2030:
1913:
1681:
1553:
1297:
1292:
695:
687:
642:
509:
462:
222:
1012:
A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna
3812:
3647:
3505:
3471:
3451:
3421:
3350:
2767:
2612:
2490:
2485:
2455:
2410:
2257:
2252:
2131:
1836:
1661:
1628:
1618:
959:
957:
955:
3682:
2475:
2141:
1638:
915:
913:
911:
909:
3340:
1876:
1180:
Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools
1130:
Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, vol. 2.
1117:
Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools
952:
567:
The Sthaviras later divided into other schools such as:
942:
940:
925:
906:
872:
870:
857:
855:
853:
847:
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pg. 89-90.
834:
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pg. 89-90.
670:
chronicle in the 4th century, the Theravādins of the
937:
867:
850:
969:
894:
500:. The Sthavira nikāya split away from the majority
686:is in reference to those who follow the original
645:, the Sthavira sect had split into the Sammitīya
3865:
882:
1009:
649:, Sarvāstivāda, and the Vibhajyavāda schools.
539:(1290–1364) wrote that the Mahāsāṃghikas used
1206:
430:
1988:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
619:
765:are generally considered folk etymologies.
1213:
1199:
694:chronicle lauds the Theravāda as a "great
437:
423:
1124:
963:
3175:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
1092:
919:
876:
861:
14:
3866:
3378:List of Buddhist architecture in China
1110:
1070:
1010:Hirakawa, Akira; Groner, Paul (1998),
975:
946:
900:
659:
1194:
1152:The Buddhist Theory of Self-Cognition
1045:
931:
624:
508:resulting in the first schism in the
1027:
1149:
888:
496:The Sthavira nikāya was one of the
24:
3165:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
987:
728:The Dispensation of the Conqueror,
547:used Sanskrit, the Sthaviras used
486:
25:
3895:
1173:
752:, a Theravādin source, after the
731:complete, without lack or excess.
3846:
3836:
3835:
3393:Thai temple art and architecture
3138:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
1378:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
1244:
1231:
1221:
453:(Sanskrit "Sect of the Elders";
54:
1245:
981:
475:. They split from the majority
3383:Japanese Buddhist architecture
3185:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
2265:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
1456:Places where the Buddha stayed
1182:, Santi Forest Monastery, 2006
837:
824:
710:These 17 sects are schismatic,
637:is equivalent to the Sanskrit
467:
458:
13:
1:
3398:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
1095:A Concise History of Buddhism
813:
716:With the non-schismatic sect,
690:of the undivided Saṃgha. The
3155:Buddhism and the Roman world
3131:Decline of Buddhism in India
3126:History of Buddhism in India
1226: Topics in
993:"Why Devadatta Was No Saint"
611:Tāmraparnīya, later called "
7:
2353:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
2093:
791:
713:only one is non-schismatic.
530:
10:
3900:
3303:The unanswerable questions
1097:, Windhorse Publications,
719:there are eighteen in all.
3831:
3783:
3698:
3613:
3388:Buddhist temples in Korea
3311:
3213:
3096:
2793:
2721:
2548:
2421:
2361:
1996:
1951:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
1862:
1854:Three planes of existence
1802:
1647:
1539:
1469:
1461:Buddha in world religions
1323:
1268:
1240:
1028:Dutt, Nalinaksha (2007),
725:the Theravāda is supreme,
722:Like a great banyan tree,
620:Relationship to Theravāda
562:
491:
3170:Persecution of Buddhists
2391:Four stages of awakening
1772:Three marks of existence
1358:Physical characteristics
1120:, Santi Forest Monastery
1093:Skilton, Andrew (2004),
1051:A Dictionary of Buddhism
737:like thorns on the tree.
678:clarifies that the name
629:The Theravāda school of
2533:Ten principal disciples
1416:(aunt, adoptive mother)
1055:Oxford University Press
1032:, Motilal Banarsidass,
1030:Buddhist Sects in India
1014:, Motilal Banarsidass,
506:Second Buddhist council
481:Second Buddhist council
3884:Early Buddhist schools
3243:Buddhism and democracy
2756:Tibetan Buddhist canon
2751:Chinese Buddhist canon
1983:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
1978:Early Buddhist schools
1071:Morgan, Diane (2010),
843:Harvey, Peter (2013).
830:Harvey, Peter (2013).
798:Early Buddhist schools
789:
535:The Tibetan historian
498:early Buddhist schools
473:early Buddhist schools
256:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
247:Early Buddhist schools
210:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
3253:Eight Consciousnesses
1363:Life of Buddha in art
773:
734:The other sects arose
27:Early Buddhist school
3730:East Asian religions
3160:Buddhism in the West
2731:Early Buddhist texts
2346:Four Right Exertions
1812:Ten spiritual realms
1305:Noble Eightfold Path
1150:Yao, Zhihua (2012),
129:Tibetan EBTs in the
74:Early Buddhist Texts
3853:Religion portal
3600:Temple of the Tooth
3479:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
2518:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
2011:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
1794:Two truths doctrine
1614:Mahapajapati Gotamī
1414:Mahapajapati Gotamī
803:Schools of Buddhism
660:Theravādin accounts
517:Śāriputraparipṛcchā
479:at the time of the
166:Mahāpajāpatī Gotamī
3775:Western philosophy
3373:Dzong architecture
3195:Vipassana movement
3190:Buddhist modernism
2618:Emperor Wen of Sui
2386:Pratyekabuddhayāna
2319:Threefold Training
2121:Vipassana movement
1837:Hungry Ghost realm
1657:Avidyā (Ignorance)
1604:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
1353:Great Renunciation
1348:Eight Great Events
1230:
934:, p. 279-280.
664:Starting with the
625:Scholarly accounts
537:Buton Rinchen Drub
218:Kingdom of Magadha
3861:
3860:
3499:Om mani padme hum
3205:Women in Buddhism
3121:Buddhist councils
2991:Western countries
2779:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
2540:Shaolin Monastery
2117:Samatha-vipassanā
1727:Pratītyasamutpāda
1531:Metteyya/Maitreya
1449:
1441:
1433:
1425:
1417:
1409:
1401:
1278:Four Noble Truths
1186:by Bhikkhu Sujato
808:Buddhist councils
748:According to the
515:The Mahāsāṃghika
471:) was one of the
447:
446:
233:Buddhist councils
228:Moggaliputtatissa
16:(Redirected from
3891:
3851:
3850:
3839:
3838:
3678:Sacred languages
3526:Maya Devi Temple
3489:Mahabodhi Temple
3293:Secular Buddhism
3258:Engaged Buddhism
2098:
1946:Tibetan Buddhism
1897:Vietnamese Thiền
1496:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
1447:
1439:
1431:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1399:
1248:
1247:
1235:
1225:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1192:
1191:
1168:
1146:
1121:
1107:
1089:
1067:
1042:
1024:
997:
996:
985:
979:
973:
967:
966:, p. 56-57.
961:
950:
944:
935:
929:
923:
922:, p. 66-67.
917:
904:
898:
892:
886:
880:
874:
865:
859:
848:
841:
835:
828:
706:, 4.90–91 says:
469:
460:
439:
432:
425:
361:Mulasarvastivada
125:Śālistamba Sūtra
58:
41:
35:
30:
29:
21:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3845:
3827:
3779:
3694:
3609:
3346:Ordination hall
3307:
3209:
3180:Buddhist crisis
3092:
2789:
2741:Mahayana sutras
2717:
2713:Thích Nhất Hạnh
2544:
2417:
2357:
2307:Bodhisattva vow
1992:
1858:
1798:
1757:Taṇhā (Craving)
1692:Five hindrances
1643:
1535:
1465:
1319:
1264:
1236:
1219:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1144:
1105:
1087:
1065:
1040:
1022:
1000:
986:
982:
974:
970:
962:
953:
945:
938:
930:
926:
918:
907:
899:
895:
887:
883:
875:
868:
860:
851:
842:
838:
829:
825:
816:
794:
662:
627:
622:
565:
533:
494:
489:
487:Scholarly views
451:Sthavira nikāya
443:
414:
413:
412:
411:
249:
239:
238:
237:
212:
202:
201:
200:
145:
137:
136:
135:
68:
39:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3897:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3874:Nikaya schools
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3843:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3789:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3710:
3704:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3410:Greco-Buddhist
3402:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3361:Burmese pagoda
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3317:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3219:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3143:Greco-Buddhism
3140:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3076:United Kingdom
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3021:Czech Republic
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2900:
2895:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2785:Abhidharmadīpa
2782:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2703:B. R. Ambedkar
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2623:Songtsen Gampo
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2302:Eight precepts
2299:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2090:
2080:
2075:
2073:Five Strengths
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2013:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1868:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1712:Mental factors
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1564:Mahamoggallāna
1561:
1556:
1551:
1545:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1479:Avalokiteśvara
1475:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1443:
1435:
1427:
1419:
1411:
1403:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1175:
1174:External links
1172:
1170:
1169:
1165:978-0415544382
1164:
1147:
1143:978-0415332262
1142:
1126:Williams, Paul
1122:
1112:Sujato, Bhante
1108:
1104:978-0904766929
1103:
1090:
1086:978-0313384523
1085:
1068:
1064:978-0198605607
1063:
1043:
1039:978-8120804289
1038:
1025:
1020:
1006:
1005:
1004:
999:
998:
989:Sujato, Bhante
980:
968:
951:
949:, p. 113.
936:
924:
905:
893:
881:
866:
849:
836:
822:
821:
820:
815:
812:
811:
810:
805:
800:
793:
790:
754:Second Council
746:
745:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
661:
658:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
616:
609:
604:
599:
590:
589:
579:
574:
564:
561:
545:Sarvāstivādins
532:
529:
493:
490:
488:
485:
445:
444:
442:
441:
434:
427:
419:
416:
415:
410:
409:
408:
407:
406:
405:
404:
403:
402:
401:
387:
380:
370:
369:
368:
363:
358:
353:
352:
351:
337:
330:
322:
321:
320:
315:
302:
301:
300:
297:
292:
291:
290:
285:
275:
274:
273:
266:Ekavyāvahārika
252:
251:
250:
245:
244:
241:
240:
236:
235:
230:
225:
220:
214:
213:
208:
207:
204:
203:
199:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
161:Mahāmoggallāna
158:
153:
151:Gautama Buddha
147:
146:
143:
142:
139:
138:
134:
133:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
95:Gandhāran EBTs
92:
87:
82:
77:
70:
69:
64:
63:
60:
59:
51:
50:
43:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3896:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3842:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3615:Miscellaneous
3612:
3606:
3605:Vegetarianism
3603:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3427:Buddha in art
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3081:United States
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2638:Padmasambhava
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2550:Major figures
2547:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2496:Western tulku
2494:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2297:Five precepts
2295:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:Dhamma vicaya
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2043:Buddhābhiṣeka
2041:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1687:Enlightenment
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1677:Dhamma theory
1675:
1673:
1672:Buddha-nature
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1511:Samantabhadra
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
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1047:Keown, Damien
1044:
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1021:9788120809550
1017:
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964:Williams 2004
960:
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910:
903:, p. 61.
902:
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864:, p. 48.
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769:Bhante Sujato
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502:Mahāsāṃghikas
499:
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477:Mahāsāṃghikas
474:
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398:Dharmaguptaka
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288:Prajñaptivāda
286:
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271:Lokottaravāda
269:
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206:
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197:
196:Anāthapiṇḍika
194:
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189:
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186:Mahākātyāyana
184:
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67:
62:
61:
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
38:
32:
31:
19:
3879:Sthaviravāda
3793:Bodhisattvas
3713:Christianity
3708:Baháʼí Faith
3573:Dharmachakra
3563:Prayer wheel
3553:Prayer beads
3321:Architecture
3200:969 Movement
2984:Saudi Arabia
2962:Central Asia
2955:South Africa
2777:
2760:
2693:Panchen Lama
2598:Buddhapālita
2194:Satipatthana
2189:Mindful Yoga
2102:Recollection
2016:Brahmavihara
1887:Japanese Zen
1882:Chinese Chan
1842:Animal realm
1649:Key concepts
1471:Bodhisattvas
1283:Three Jewels
1185:
1181:
1151:
1129:
1116:
1094:
1072:
1050:
1029:
1011:
1003:Bibliography
983:
978:, p. i.
971:
927:
920:Skilton 2004
896:
891:, p. 9.
884:
877:Skilton 2004
862:Skilton 2004
844:
839:
831:
826:
784:
780:
776:
774:
767:
763:Mahāsāṃghika
762:
758:
749:
747:
741:
703:
699:
691:
684:Mahāsāṃghika
683:
679:
675:
665:
663:
654:Damien Keown
651:
638:
634:
628:
591:
586:Vibhajjavāda
585:
582:Vibhajyavāda
577:Vatsīputrīya
572:Sarvāstivāda
566:
534:
521:
516:
514:
495:
466:
450:
448:
373:Vibhajyavāda
325:Sarvāstivāda
314:Vātsīputrīya
304:
261:Mahāsāṃghika
144:Early sangha
3638:Dharma talk
3467:Asalha Puja
3263:Eschatology
3066:Switzerland
3046:New Zealand
2974:Middle East
2883:Philippines
2803:Afghanistan
2608:Bodhidharma
2593:Buddhaghosa
2513:Householder
2423:Monasticism
2376:Bodhisattva
2231:Prostration
2184:Mindfulness
2112:Anapanasati
2095:Kammaṭṭhāna
1892:Korean Seon
1832:Asura realm
1827:Human realm
1767:Ten Fetters
1722:Parinirvana
1624:Uppalavanna
1589:Mahākaccana
1574:Mahākassapa
1506:Kṣitigarbha
1501:Ākāśagarbha
1398:Suddhodāna
1343:Four sights
1270:Foundations
976:Sujato 2006
947:Morgan 2010
901:Sujato 2006
647:Pudgalavada
504:during the
468:Shàngzuò Bù
356:Sautrāntika
329:(Haimavata)
310:Pudgalavada
299:(Haimavata)
283:Bahuśrutīya
171:Mahakasyapa
3868:Categories
3755:Psychology
3735:Gnosticism
3723:Comparison
3718:Influences
3700:Comparison
3583:Bhavacakra
3541:Kushinagar
3516:Pilgrimage
3462:Māgha Pūjā
3417:Bodhi Tree
3233:Buddhology
3223:Abhidharma
3215:Philosophy
3148:Menander I
3016:Costa Rica
2967:Uzbekistan
2808:Bangladesh
2762:Dhammapada
2746:Pali Canon
2708:Ajahn Chah
2688:Dalai Lama
2588:Kumārajīva
2583:Vasubandhu
2558:The Buddha
2466:Zen master
2401:Sakadagami
2381:Buddhahood
2312:Pratimokṣa
2127:Shikantaza
2083:Meditation
2058:Deity yoga
1929:Madhyamaka
1822:Deva realm
1717:Mindstream
1667:Bodhicitta
1579:Aṅgulimāla
1446:Devadatta
1422:Yaśodharā
1325:The Buddha
1315:Middle Way
932:Keown 2003
814:References
672:Mahāvihāra
597:Mahīśāsaka
557:Apabhraṃśa
551:, and the
391:Mahīśāsaka
366:Vaibhāṣika
341:Mahīśāsaka
105:Abhidharma
100:Prātimokṣa
66:Scriptures
3823:Festivals
3803:Buddhists
3765:Theosophy
3568:Symbolism
3558:Hama yumi
3531:Bodh Gaya
3298:Socialism
3273:Evolution
3248:Economics
3086:Venezuela
3001:Australia
2996:Argentina
2920:Sri Lanka
2915:Singapore
2833:Indonesia
2795:Countries
2736:Tripiṭaka
2698:Ajahn Mun
2573:Nagarjuna
2568:Aśvaghoṣa
2451:Anagārika
2446:Śrāmaṇerī
2441:Śrāmaṇera
2436:Bhikkhunī
2396:Sotāpanna
2285:Passaddhi
2226:Offerings
2201:Nekkhamma
2078:Iddhipada
1998:Practices
1968:Theravada
1941:Vajrayana
1934:Yogachara
1904:Pure Land
1817:Six Paths
1804:Cosmology
1584:Anuruddha
1559:Sāriputta
1549:Kaundinya
1541:Disciples
1516:Vajrapāṇi
1368:Footprint
1333:Tathāgata
1156:Routledge
1134:Routledge
819:Citations
785:Theravāda
775:The term
750:Mahāvaṃsa
744:, 4.90–91
742:Dīpavaṃsa
704:Dīpavaṃsa
692:Dīpavaṃsa
680:Theravāda
676:Dīpavaṃsa
667:Dīpavaṃsa
631:Sri Lanka
613:Theravāda
607:Kāśyapīya
553:Saṃmitīya
525:Theravada
384:Kāśyapīya
378:Theravāda
334:Kāśyapīya
318:Saṃmitīya
305:Sthaviras
191:Devadatta
156:Sāriputta
120:Mahāvastu
80:Tripiṭaka
3841:Category
3770:Violence
3740:Hinduism
3688:Sanskrit
3643:Hinayana
3628:Amitābha
3588:Swastika
3457:Uposatha
3447:Holidays
3432:Calendar
3278:Humanism
3116:Kanishka
3106:Timeline
2930:Thailand
2898:Kalmykia
2893:Buryatia
2878:Pakistan
2863:Mongolia
2858:Maldives
2853:Malaysia
2818:Cambodia
2683:Shamarpa
2678:Nichiren
2628:Xuanzang
2563:Nagasena
2481:Rinpoche
2211:Pāramitā
2053:Devotion
1973:Navayana
1961:Dzogchen
1924:Nichiren
1872:Mahayana
1864:Branches
1742:Saṅkhāra
1491:Mañjuśrī
1448:(cousin)
1440:(cousin)
1408:(mother)
1400:(father)
1388:Miracles
1338:Birthday
1255:Glossary
1228:Buddhism
1128:(2004),
1114:(2006),
1049:(2003),
889:Yao 2012
792:See also
783:, as in
777:sthavira
759:Sthavira
639:sthavira
531:Language
527:school.
278:Gokulika
115:Avadanas
48:Buddhism
37:a series
18:Sthavira
3818:Temples
3798:Buddhas
3760:Science
3750:Judaism
3745:Jainism
3663:Lineage
3623:Abhijñā
3593:Thangka
3536:Sarnath
3521:Lumbini
3442:Funeral
3437:Cuisine
3313:Culture
3288:Reality
3238:Creator
3228:Atomism
3098:History
3071:Ukraine
3031:Germany
2950:Senegal
2940:Vietnam
2868:Myanmar
2668:Shinran
2658:Karmapa
2633:Shandao
2603:Dignāga
2528:Śrāvaka
2508:Donchee
2503:Kappiya
2461:Sayadaw
2431:Bhikkhu
2406:Anāgāmi
2363:Nirvana
2329:Samadhi
2216:Paritta
2157:Tonglen
2152:Mandala
2107:Smarana
2088:Mantras
2036:Upekkha
2006:Bhavana
1956:Shingon
1909:Tiantai
1762:Tathātā
1752:Śūnyatā
1747:Skandha
1737:Saṃsāra
1732:Rebirth
1707:Kleshas
1697:Indriya
1599:Subhūti
1484:Guanyin
1438:Ānanda
1430:Rāhula
1310:Nirvana
1250:Outline
1077:Praeger
700:kaṇṭaka
584:(Pali:
549:Paiśācī
541:Prakrit
455:Chinese
295:Caitika
131:Kangyur
110:Jatakas
85:Nikayas
34:Part of
3813:Sutras
3808:Suttas
3673:Siddhi
3658:Koliya
3633:Brahmā
3548:Poetry
3494:Mantra
3484:Kasaya
3356:Pagoda
3336:Kyaung
3331:Vihāra
3326:Temple
3268:Ethics
3111:Ashoka
3061:Sweden
3056:Poland
3051:Norway
3041:Mexico
3026:France
3011:Canada
3006:Brazil
2945:Africa
2925:Taiwan
2888:Russia
2813:Bhutan
2773:Vinaya
2653:Naropa
2643:Saraha
2578:Asanga
2334:Prajñā
2243:Refuge
2206:Nianfo
2167:Tertön
2162:Tantra
2147:Ganana
2137:Tukdam
2063:Dhyāna
2031:Mudita
2026:Karuṇā
1919:Risshū
1914:Huayan
1847:Naraka
1787:Anattā
1782:Dukkha
1777:Anicca
1682:Dharma
1634:Channa
1569:Ānanda
1554:Assaji
1521:Skanda
1424:(wife)
1393:Family
1373:Relics
1298:Sangha
1293:Dharma
1288:Buddha
1162:
1140:
1101:
1083:
1061:
1036:
1018:
696:banyan
688:Vinaya
643:Ashoka
563:Legacy
543:, the
510:Sangha
492:Origin
465::
463:pinyin
457::
223:Ashoka
176:Ānanda
90:Āgamas
46:Early
3785:Lists
3653:Kalpa
3648:Iddhi
3511:Music
3506:Mudra
3472:Vassa
3452:Vesak
3422:Budai
3368:Candi
3351:Stupa
3283:Logic
3036:Italy
2935:Tibet
2873:Nepal
2843:Korea
2838:Japan
2828:India
2823:China
2768:Sutra
2723:Texts
2673:Dōgen
2663:Hōnen
2648:Atiśa
2613:Zhiyi
2523:Achar
2491:Tulku
2486:Geshe
2471:Rōshi
2456:Ajahn
2411:Arhat
2371:Bodhi
2341:Vīrya
2258:Sacca
2253:Satya
2248:Sādhu
2236:Music
2179:Merit
2172:Terma
2132:Zazen
2068:Faith
2021:Mettā
1702:Karma
1662:Bardo
1629:Asita
1619:Khema
1609:Upāli
1594:Nanda
1432:(son)
1406:Māyā
1383:Films
1260:Index
781:thera
635:thera
555:used
181:Upāli
76:(EBT)
3683:Pāḷi
3668:Māra
3578:Flag
2979:Iran
2903:Tuva
2848:Laos
2476:Lama
2324:Śīla
2292:Śīla
2280:Pīti
2270:Sati
2221:Puja
2142:Koan
2048:Dāna
1639:Yasa
1526:Tārā
1160:ISBN
1138:ISBN
1099:ISBN
1081:ISBN
1059:ISBN
1034:ISBN
1016:ISBN
761:and
449:The
3405:Art
3341:Wat
1877:Zen
702:).
459:上座部
3870::
2907:ru
1158:,
1154:,
1136:,
1132:,
1079:,
1075:,
1057:,
1053:,
991:.
954:^
939:^
908:^
869:^
852:^
740:—
559:.
512:.
483:.
461:;
393:)
343:)
40:on
2909:)
2905:(
2123:)
2119:(
1214:e
1207:t
1200:v
995:.
615:"
588:)
438:e
431:t
424:v
400:)
396:(
389:(
386:)
382:(
350:)
346:(
339:(
336:)
332:(
20:)
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