Maudgalyayana - Knowledge

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work himself. After persistent urging from his mother, he eventually marries. His wife looks after his elderly parents, but after a short period becomes hostile to them. She complains to her husband, but he pays no attention to this. One day, when he is outside the house, she scatters rubbish around and when he returns, blames it on his blind parents. After continual complaints, he capitulates and agrees to deal with his parents. Telling his parents that their relatives in another region wish to see them, he leads his parents onto a carriage and begins driving the oxen cart through the forest. While in the depths of the forest, he dismounts and walks along with the carriage, telling his parents that he has to watch out for robbers, which are common in the area. He then impersonates the sounds and cries of thieves, pretending to attack the carriage. His parents tell him to fend for himself (as they are old and blind) and implore the imaginary thieves to leave their son. While they are crying out, the man beats and kills his parents, and throws their bodies into the forest before returning home. In another version recorded in the commentary to the Pali

1170:) for help, and the two form a dangerous combination. Maudgalyāyana therefore informs the Buddha of this. Later, when Devadatta has successfully created a split in the Buddhist community, the Buddha asks Maudgalyāyana and Śāriputra to convince Devadatta's following to reunite with the Buddha, which in the Pali account they are able to accomplish. Because Devadatta believes they come to join his following, he lets his guard down. They then persuade the other monks to return while Devadatta is asleep. After the split off party has successfully been returned to the Buddha, Maudgalyāyana expresses astonishment because of Devadatta's actions. The Buddha explains that Devadatta had acted like this habitually, throughout many lifetimes. In the Vinaya texts of some canons, the effort at persuading the split off monks is met with obstinacy and fails. French Buddhologist 944: 1793:

took notice, as well as societies in other Asian countries, it became a serious matter. Eventually, the museum was pressured by the British government to return the relics and their original caskets, for diplomatic reasons. After many requests and much correspondence, the museum had the relics brought back to the Sri Lankan Maha Bodhi Society in 1947. They were formally re-installed into a shrine at Sanchi, India, in 1952, after it had been agreed that Buddhists would continue to be their caretaker, and a long series of ceremonies had been held to pay due respect. The relics were paraded through many countries in South and Southeast Asia, in both Theravāda and Mahāyāna countries. At the same time, Indian Prime Minister

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Maudgalyāyana escaping from them in the same way. On the seventh day, Maudgalyāyana suddenly loses the psychic powers he has long wielded. Maudgalyāyana realizes that he is now unable to escape. The bandits enter, beat him repeatedly and leave him lying in his blood. Being keen on quickly getting their payment, they leave at once. Maudgalyāyana's great physical and mental strength is such that he is able to regain consciousness and is able to journey to the Buddha. In some accounts, he then returns to Kalasila and dies there, teaching his family before dying. In other accounts, he dies in the Buddha's presence.

1565:. Maudgalyāyana's account helped greatly to improve this problem, and has therefore been raised as a textbook example of the adaptive qualities of Buddhism. Other scholars have proposed, however, that the position of Buddhism in India versus China was not all that different, as Buddhism had to deal with the problem of filial piety and renunciation in India as well. Another impact the story of Maudgalyāyana's had was that, in East Asia, the account helped to shift the emphasis of filial piety towards the mother, and helped redefine motherhood and femininity. 1756: 1440: 1363: 44: 8429: 8440: 5838: 5825: 8728: 5815: 8718: 1291:, the food bursts into flames each time. Maudgalyāyana therefore asks the Buddha for advice, who recommends him to make merit to the Saṃgha and transfer it to his mother. The transfer not only helps his mother to be reborn in heaven, but can also be used to help seven generations of parents and ancestors. The offering was believed to be most effective when collectively done, which led to the arising of the 1271:). In most versions of the story, Maudgalyāyana uses his psychic powers to look for his deceased parents and see in what world they have been reborn. Although he can find his father in a heaven, he cannot find his mother and asks the Buddha for help. The Buddha brings him to his mother, who is located in a hell realm, but Maudgalyāyana cannot help her. The Buddha then advises him to 855:, the question is asked why the two disciples attain enlightenment more slowly than the other former students of Sañjaya. The answer given is that Śāriputra and Maudgalyāyana are like kings, who require a longer time to prepare for a journey than commoners. In other words, their attainment is of greater depth than the other students and therefore requires more time. 1545:, but in China this was a Summer Retreat). It was a time that the monastics completed their studies and meditation, which was celebrated. Up until the present day, people make merits and transfer merit through several ceremonies during the festival, so the spirits may be reborn in a better rebirth. The festival is also popular among non-Buddhists, and has led 1119:. Besides these, there are many passages that describe events in his life. He is seen as learned and wise in ethics, philosophy and meditation. When comparing Śāriputra with Maudgalyāyana, the Buddha uses the metaphor of a woman giving birth to a child for Śāriputra, in that he establishes new students in the first attainment on the spiritual path ( 1354:

areas and countries. Although the traditional accounts mentioned state that the Udāyana Buddha was the first image, there were probably several Buddha images preceding the Udāyana Buddha, made by both kings and commoners. It could also be that these accounts originate from the same common narrative about a first Buddha image.

517:. Traditional accounts relate that Maudgalyāyana and Śāriputra become spiritual wanderers in their youth. After having searched for spiritual truth for a while, they come into contact with the Buddhist teaching through verses that have become widely known in the Buddhist world. Eventually they meet the Buddha himself and 1692:

A shaft was sunk in the centre of this Tope, and after a few hours' labour we came to a large slab upwards of 5 feet in length, lying in a direction from north to south. On raising this slab we saw two large stone boxes each bearing a short inscription on its lid. That to the south bore Sariputasa, "

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At that time, Maudgalyāyana dwells alone in a forest hut. When he sees the bandits approaching, he makes himself vanish with psychic powers. The bandits find an empty hut, and although they search everywhere, they find nobody. They leave and return on the following day, for six consecutive days, with

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they show high appreciation and kindness to one another. For example, when Śāriputra falls ill, it is described that Maudgalyāyana used his psychic powers to obtain medicine for Śāriputra. Śāriputra is considered the wisest disciple of the Buddha, but Maudgalyāyana is second to him in wisdom. The one

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state power. Indeed, even for other countries, such as Burma, in which the relics were shown, it helped to legitimate the government, create unity, and revive religious practice: "those tiny pieces of bone moved not only millions of devotees worldwide, but national governments as well", as stated by

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in London in 1866. When the relics were given to the V&A Museum, pressure from Buddhists to return the relics to their country of origin arose. Although at first the museum dismissed the complaints as coming from a marginal community of English Buddhists, when several Buddhist societies in India

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Initially, Cunningham and Maisey divided the shares of the discovered items and had them shipped to Britain. Since some of Cunningham's discovered items were lost when one ship sank, some scholars have understood that the Sanchi relics were lost. However, in a 2007 study, the historian Torkel Brekke

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on a day outside of the yearly festival. Responding to critics, the head of the society stated that no pope had set foot inside a Buddhist temple since 1984, and added that "religious leaders have to play a positive role to unite communities instead of dividing". As for the original Sanchi site in

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ideals, in that it deals with filial piety. It has been observed that the account of rescuing the mother in hell has helped Buddhism to integrate into Chinese society. At the time, due to the Buddhist emphasis on the renunciant life, Buddhism was criticized by Confucianists. They felt Buddhism went

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Gifford speculates that Maudgalyāyana believes he is experiencing heavy karma from a past life. This awareness leads him to want to prevent others from making the same mistakes and leading an unethical life. This may be the reason why he is so intent on teaching about the law of karmic retribution.

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It is described that in a previous life, Maudgalyāyana is the only son born to his family. He is dutiful, and takes care of all the household duties. As his parents age, this increases his workload. His parents urge him to find a wife to help him, but he persistently refuses, insisting on doing the

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The lives of Maudgalyāyana and Śāriputra are closely connected. Maudgalyāyana and Śāriputra are born on the same day, and die in the same period. Their families have long been friends. In their student years, Maudgalyāyana and Śāriputra are co-pupils under the same teacher. After having helped each

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relate that Ānanda once told the Buddha about Maudgalyāyana's good qualities as a teacher. Maudgalyayana was a very popular teacher, and his sermons with regard to afterlife destinations were very popular. The Buddha said that in the future, a person like him would be hard to find. The Buddha then

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that reap the worst karma), so he could not avoid reaping the consequences. He therefore accepted the results. Further, the Buddha states that even psychic powers will be of no use in avoiding karma, especially when it is serious karma. Shortly after having left Maudgalyāyana for dead, the bandits

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misses the Buddha so much that he asks Maudgalyāyana to use his psychic powers to transport thirty-two craftsmen to the heaven, and make an image of the Buddha there. The image that is eventually made is from sandalwood, and many accounts have attempted to relate it to later Buddha images in other

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The account of Maudgalyāyana looking for his mother after her death is widespread. Apart from being used to illustrate the principles of karmic retribution and rebirth, in China, the story developed a new emphasis. There Maudgalyāyana was known as "Mulian", and his story was taught in a mixture of

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as to the merits of each disciple, in all Buddhist canons, Maudgalyāyana and Śāriputra are recognized as the two main disciples of the Buddha. This fact is also confirmed by iconography as discovered in archaeological findings, in which the two disciples tend to be pictured attending their master.

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as subject of study and reflection. The role of the stanza is not completely understood by scholars. Apart from the complex nature of the statement, it has also been noted it has not anywhere been attributed to the Buddha in this form, which indicates it was Aśvajit's own summary or paraphrasing.

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as the two disciples that accompany the Buddha, and they have complementing roles as teachers. As a teacher, Maudgalyayana is known for his psychic powers, and he is often depicted using these in his teaching methods. In many early Buddhist canons, Maudgalyāyana is instrumental in re-uniting the

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and other beings. One day some monks are making noise as they were sitting in the same building as the Buddha. Maudgalyāyana then shakes the building, to teach the monks to be more restrained. But the most-quoted example of Maudgalyāyana's demonstration of psychic powers is his victory over the

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and hell, the fruits of leading a moral life, and the dangers of leading an immoral life. These teachings make the number of followers from rivaling traditions decrease. Whoever kills Maudgalyāyana, the general agreement among different accounts is that he is killed in a violent fashion at the

1204:) in order to explain to them their horrific conditions. He helps them understand their own suffering, so they can be released from it or come to terms with it. He then reports this to the Buddha, who uses these examples in his teachings. Similarly, Maudgalyāyana is depicted as conversing with 982:

has had such a pair of chief disciples. As they have just ordained, some other monks feel offended that the Buddha gives such honor to them. The Buddha responds by pointing out that seniority in the monkhood is not the only criterion in such an appointment, and explains his decision further by

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from devotees. In the Mūlasarvāstivāda version, the Buddha has sent him there to teach Upatiṣya. Aśvajit's serene deportment inspires Upatiṣya to approach him and learn more. Aśvajit tells him he is still newly ordained and can only teach a little. He then expresses the essence of the Buddha's

843:, in a village called Kallavala. At that time, drowsiness is obstructing him from attaining further progress on the path. After he has a vision of the Buddha advising him how to overcome it, he has a breakthrough and attains enlightenment. In some accounts, it is said that he meditates on the 1591:

and the Prajñāptibhāsya, although in some Sanskrit and Tibetan scriptures the former is attributed to Śāriputra. Scholars have their doubts on whether Maudgalyāyana was really the author of these works. They do believe, however, that Maudgalyāyana and some other main disciples compiled lists

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what deeds they did to be reborn in heaven. In summary, Maudgalyāyana's meditative insights and psychic powers are not only to his own benefit, but benefit the public at large. In the words of historian Julie Gifford, he guides others "by providing a cosmological and karmic map of samsara".

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raises the example of the murder to prove another point: he points out that Maudgalyāyana is able to attain enlightenment, despite his heavy karma from a past life. This, he says, shows that the Buddha teaches everyone can attain enlightenment in the here and now, rather than enlightenment

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causes a schism. Furthermore, Maudgalyāyana is connected with accounts about the making of the first Buddha image. Maudgalyāyana dies at the age of eighty-four, killed through the efforts of a rival sect. This violent death is described in Buddhist scriptures as a result of Maudgalyāyana's

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After Maudgalyāyana's death, people ask why Maudgalyāyana had not protected himself, and why a great enlightened monk would suffer such a death. The Buddha then says that because Maudgalyāyana has contracted such karma in a previous life (the murder of one's own parents is one of the five

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are all executed. Religious Studies scholar James McDermott therefore concludes that there must have been "a confluence" of karma between Maudgalyāyana and the bandits, and cites the killing as evidence that in Buddhist doctrine the karma of different individuals can interact. Indologist

1279:, the ruler of the underworld, only to find the world abandoned. Yama then tells Maudgalyāyana that he allows the denizens of the hell to go out of the gates of hell to be free for one day, that is, on the full moon day of the ninth lunar month. On this day, the hell beings can receive 1783:

at Satdhāra, India. The caskets contained pieces of bone and objects of reverence, including sandalwood which Cunningham believed had once been used on the funeral pyre of Śāriputra. The finding was important in several ways, and was dated from the context to the second century BCE.

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stanza ("Of all phenomena..."), has traditionally been described as the essence of the Buddhist teaching, and is the most inscribed verse throughout the Buddhist world. It can be found in all Buddhist schools, is engraved in many materials, can be found on many Buddha statues and

3330: 1671:. The Buddha further decreed that a monk be stationed at the painting to explain the law of karma to visitors. Images of the Wheel of Becoming are widespread in Buddhist Asia, some of which confirm and depict the original connection with Maudgalyāyana. 1143:

The Buddha is described in the texts as placing great faith in Maudgalyāyana as a teacher. He often praises Maudgalyāyana for his teachings, and sometimes has Maudgalyāyana teach in his place. Maudgalyāyana is also given the responsibility to train

1148:, the Buddha's son. On another occasion, the Buddha has Maudgalyāyana announce a ban on a group of monks living in Kitigara, whose problematic behavior has become widely known in the area. Furthermore, Maudgalyāyana plays a crucial role during the 1242:(states in meditation). Many of his demonstrations of psychic powers are an indirect means of establishing the Buddha as a great teacher. People ask themselves, if the disciple has these powers, then how spiritually powerful will his teacher be? 991:, when Maudgalyāyana was a layman called Sirivadha. Sirivaddha felt inspired to become a chief disciple under a future Buddha after his friend, Śāriputra in a previous life, recommended that he do so. He then invited Buddha Aṇomadassī and the 1788:

used extensive historical documents to argument that it was Maisey who took all the relics with him, not Cunningham. This would imply that the relics reached Britain in their entirety. After the relics reached Britain, they were given to the

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Maudgalyāyana is able to use his powers of mind-reading in order to give good and fitting advice to his students, so they can attain spiritual fruits quickly. He is described as using his psychic powers to discipline not only monks, but also

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Contradicting the fact that the canons state Śāriputra was spiritually the superior of Maudgalyāyana, in the popular traditions of China, Maudgalyāyana was actually more popular than Śāriputra, Maudgalyāyana often being depicted as a

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In Buddhist history, Maudgalyāyana has been honored for several reasons. In some canons such as the Pali Tipiṭaka, Maudgalyāyana is held up by the Buddha as an example which monks should follow. The Pali name Moggallāna was used as a

1623:, the basis for psychic powers. French scholar André Migot has proposed that in most text traditions Maudgalyāyana was associated with meditation and psychic powers, as opposed to Śāriputra's specialization in wisdom and Abhidharma. 3651: 5125: 995:(Saṃgha) to have food at his house for seven days, during which he made his resolution to become a chief disciple for the first time. Afterwards, he and Śāriputra continued to do good deeds for many lifetimes, until the time of 1614:

devices. These lists formed the basis for what later became the Abhidharma. Despite these associations with Abhidharma texts, pilgrim Xuan Zang reports that during his visits in India, Śāriputra was honored by monks for his

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Post-canonical texts describe Maudgalyāyana as the second chief male disciple, next to Śāriputra. The early canons agree that Śāriputra is spiritually superior to Maudgalyāyana, and their specializations are described as

1309:, an influential legend in Thailand and Laos. Indeed, in some traditional accounts Phra Malai is compared to Maudgalyāyana. On a similar note, Maudgalyāyana's account is also thought to have influenced the Central Asian 741:

will tell the other. What follows is the account leading to Kolita and Upatiṣya taking refuge under the Buddha, which is considered an ancient element of the textual tradition. Upatiṣya meets a Buddhist monk named

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India, the relics are shown every year on the annual international Buddhist festival in November. As of 2016, the exhibition was visited by hundred thousands visitors from over the world, including Thai princess

4758: 4826: 2078: 692:; later to be known as Śāriputra), and the two are friends from childhood. Kolita and Upatiṣya develop an interest in the spiritual life when they are young. One day while they are watching a festival a 2530: 1572:

in Sri Lanka. On Māgha Pūjā, in Sri Lanka called Navam Full Moon Poya, Maudgalyāyana's appointment as a chief disciple of the Buddha is celebrated by various merit-making activities, and a pageant.

1373:, when Maudgalyāyana is traveling in Magadha. He dies at the age of eighty-four. Some accounts put forth that rivaling traditions stone him to death, others say that those people hire robbers. The 5447: 1427:

After Maudgalyāyana's and Śāriputra's death, the Buddha states the monastic community has now become less, just like a healthy tree has some branches that have died off. Then he adds to that all

4909:(1991), "Les agissements de Devadatta selon les chapitres relatifs au schisme dans les divers Vinayapitaka" [Devadatta's deeds according to the chapters relating the schism in the various 1802:

art historian Jack Daulton. For these reasons, Burma asked for a portion of the relics to keep there. In ceremonies attended by hundred of thousands people, the relics were installed in the

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and religious zeal. He falls ill though, and dies, causing the two disciples to look further. In some accounts, he even goes so far to predict the coming of the Buddha through his visions.

3733: 5150: 4793: 1813:, which is annually exhibited during a celebration in May. In 2015, the Catholic world was surprised to witness that the Maha Bodhi Society broke with tradition by showing the relics to 5207: 4933:

Berezkin, Rostislav (21 February 2015), "Pictorial Versions of the Mulian Story in East Asia (Tenth–Seventeenth Centuries): On the Connections of Religious Painting and Storytelling",

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tradition, as he does not believe in knowledge or logic, nor does he answer speculative questions. Since he cannot satisfy Kolita and Upatiṣya's spiritual needs, they leave. In the

3021: 1065:) at their side—in the case of Sakyamuni Buddha, the two disciples depicted are most often Maudgalyāyana and Śāriputra. Although there are different perspectives among different 4858: 1381:

monks persuade a group of robbers led by a Samaṇa-guttaka to kill Maudgalyāyana, out of jealousy for his success. Maudgalyāyana often teaches about the visits he has made to

643:, which would explain the name. Windisch believed the account of the diviner Maudgalya had influenced that of Maudgalyayana, since both relate to a journey to heaven. Author 4050: 5410: 900:

traditions, as it "repudiates miracles of supernatural interference by unreservedly recognising the law of cause and effect as irrefragable", whereas Japanese Zen teacher

5598: 4340: 791:. After this, Upatiṣya tells Kolita about his discovery and Kolita also attains the first stage. The two disciples, together with Sañjaya's five hundred students, go to 4748: 4816: 888:

believed the brief poem may have made a special impression on Maudgalyāyana and Sariputta, because of the emphasis on causation typical for Buddhism. Philosopher

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Regardless, Kolita and Upatiṣya leave and continue their spiritual search, splitting up in separate directions. They make an agreement that the first to find the

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In East Asia, Maudgalyāyana is honored as a symbol of filial piety and psychic powers. Maudgalyāyana has had an important role in many Mahāyāna traditions. The

605:, it is described that Maudgalyāyana had a skin color like a blue lotus or a rain cloud. Oral tradition in Sri Lanka says that this was because he was born in 2926: 1850:

According to some Chinese accounts, Maudgalyāyana waits until after his mother has died, and only after having mourned her for three years. But this may be a

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was reminded of the experience that is beyond the intellect, "in which one idea follows another in sequence finally to terminate in conclusion or judgment".

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emphasized this even more. Furthermore, Chinese accounts described merit-making practices and filial piety as two inseparable sides of the same coin. The

1129:). Maudgalyāyana, however, is compared with the master who trains the child up, in that he develops his students further along the path to enlightenment. 5219: 4176: 5470: 8686: 7494: 5969: 4144: 1333:

and the post-canonical Paññāsajātakā, was the production of what was described as the first Buddha image, the Udāyana Buddha. The account relates that

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There are several canonical and post-canonical texts that are traditionally connected to the person of Maudgalyāyana. In the Theravāda tradition, the

5194: 4116: 3517: 2602:. Translated by Akira, Yuyama (revised 2nd ed.). Berkeley, California: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research. pp. 109–11. 7498: 3774: 1523:(Japan) festivals. This festival probably spread from China to Japan in the seventh century, and similar festivals have been observed in India ( 7722: 4781: 3313: 2447: 1674:

Finally, there was also an entire tradition that traces its origins to Maudgalyayana, or to a follower of him, called Dharmagupta: this is the

1194:. In teaching, Maudgalyāyana relies much on such powers. Varying accounts in the Pali Canon show Maudgalyāyana travelling to and speaking with 2594: 1716:

in the gateway of the Veluvaḷa. In two other accounts, however, one from the Dharmaguptaka and the other from the Mūlasarvāstivāda tradition,

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and be liberated from hell, if such merit is transferred to them. In some other Chinese accounts, Maudgalyāyana finds his mother, reborn as a

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and Lieutenant Fred. C. Maisey discovered bone fragments in caskets, with Maudgalyāyana's and Śāriputra's names inscribed on it, both in the

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Traditions in contact and change: selected proceedings of the XIVth Congress of the International Association for the History of Religions

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had an image painted on the gate of the Veluvaḷa monastery to honor Maudgalyāyana, depicting the Wheel of Becoming. This wheel showed the

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religious instruction and entertainment, to remind people of their duties to deceased relatives. Its earliest version being the Sanskrit

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believes this latter version of the account to be historically authentic, which he further supports by the report of the Chinese pilgrim

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on his mother's behalf, which helps her to be reborn in a better place. In the Laotian version of the story, he travels to the world of

8593: 6047: 3741: 422: 5782: 943: 682:), after which he is named. His mother is Mogallāni, and his father is the village chief. Kolita is born on the same day as Upatiṣya ( 5804: 4848: 5631: 2094:

Saran, S.C.; Nikoshey, N.G.; Nayan, S.; Arif, A.; Saxena, N. (2008). "Excavations at Juafardih and its Identification with Kulika".

1752:, and in several other places in Northeast India. However, as of 1999, none of these had been confirmed by archaeological findings. 8477: 4878: 5449:

Early Buddhist transmission and trade networks: mobility and exchange within and beyond the northwestern borderlands of South Asia

4634:"Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India, Part I, 1915–1916; Archaeological Survey of India, Annual Report, 1913–1914" 1162:(god-like beings), he learns that Devadatta was acting inappropriately. He obtains information that Devadatta is enjoining Prince 8314: 7766: 5435: 4988: 1487:

was highly influential, judging from the more than sixty commentaries that were written about it. Although the original Sanskrit

5197:(1985). "The Origin of the Buddha Image: Early Image Traditions and the Concept of Buddhadarsanapunya". In Narain, A. K. (ed.). 1579:

is understood to be a collection of accounts related by Maudgalyayana to the Buddha, dealing with his visits to heavens. In the

1084:. Despite these widespread patterns in both scripture and archaeological research, it has been noted that in later iconography, 8782: 8642: 7969: 5949: 3688: 1305:

Several scholars have pointed out the similarities between the accounts of Maudgalyāyana helping his mother and the account of

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Canon, it is stated that he was "beautiful to look at, pleasant, wise, intelligent, full of merits ...", as translated by

8721: 5625: 5496: 5464: 5312: 5236: 5185: 5115: 5005: 4310: 4225: 3966: 3449: 2739: 2607: 2565: 715: 2653: 1527:), Laos and Vietnam. The festival is celebrated on the seventh lunar month (China; originally only on the full moon, on the 8762: 8691: 6132: 5974: 8731: 3643:

Historical perspectives and contemporary needs in the psychology of evil: Psychological and interdisciplinary perspectives

1667:. The wheel was depicted as being in the clutches of Māra, but at the same time included the symbol of a white circle for 8309: 5383:"Un grand disciple du Buddha: Sāriputra. Son rôle dans l'histoire du bouddhisme et dans le développement de l'Abhidharma" 674:, Maudgalyāyana is born in a family of the village Kolita (also known as Kulika, earlier thought to be modern day Kul in 17: 4961:

Brekke, Torkel (1 September 2007), "Bones of Contention: Buddhist Relics, Nationalism and the Politics of Archaeology",

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must perish. In some accounts of Maudgalyāyana's death, many of his students fall ill after his death, and die as well.

8206: 7756: 5851: 5754: 5385:[A great disciple of the Buddha: Sāriputra, his role in Buddhist history and in the development of Abhidharma] 5136: 1707: 696:

overcomes them: they wish to leave the worldly life behind and start their spiritual life under the mendicant wanderer

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The Visit of the Sacred Relics of the Buddha and the Two Chief Disciples to Tibet at the Invitation of the Government

4526: 3908: 3624: 2124: 807:). From the time of their ordination, Upatiṣya and Kolita become known as Śāriputra and Maudgalyāyana, respectively, 8299: 8662: 7984: 7729: 4518: 4112: 2914: 2731: 987:

many lifetimes ago to become chief disciples under him. They made such a resolution since the age of the previous

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On the day of Maudgalyāyana's ordination, the Buddha allows him and Śāriputra to take the seats of the chief male

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Several teachings in the Pali Canon are traditionally ascribed to Maudgalyāyana, including several verses in the

5038:"Sariputta and Moggallana in the Golden Land: The Relics of the Buddha's Chief Disciples at the Kaba Aye Pagoda" 1797:

used the opportunity to propagate a message of unity and religious tolerance, and from a political perspective,

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meaning 'great'. This epithet is given to him as an honor, and to distinguish him from others of the same name.

8772: 8647: 8321: 7974: 7776: 7667: 7612: 6185: 5331: 5018: 4504: 4302: 3360: 2689:"Mahāmaudgalyāyana Visits Another Planet: A Selection from the Scripture Which Is a Repository of Great Jewels" 1099:

thing that gives them a strong bond as spiritual friends is the love for the Buddha, which both express often.

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In a Pali Jātaka account, the Buddha is said to have had the ashes of Maudgalyāyana collected and kept in a

1322: 1261:, the story has been made popular in China, Japan, and Korea through edifying folktales such as the Chinese 8787: 8470: 7874: 7746: 7717: 7419: 5068: 3521: 1561:

against the principle of filial piety, because Buddhist monks did not have offspring to make offerings for

635:

is explained as referring to a legume, which was eaten by an ancestor of the clan. However, the Indologist

5577: 1771:

An important archaeological finding was made elsewhere, however. In the nineteenth century, archaeologist

8767: 8566: 8507: 7565: 7474: 6944: 6589: 6102: 5997: 5296: 4508: 4101: 3948: 1831: 1346: 639:

linked the figure of Maudgalyayana to the figure of Maudgalya (Mugdala) who appears in the Sanskrit epic

7109: 5716: 8701: 8622: 8414: 7894: 7370: 6856: 5979: 5812: 5672: 5382: 5304: 5177: 5107: 4997: 4629: 3958: 3525: 1929: 1789: 1334: 999:. After the Buddha appoints Maudgalyāyana as chief disciple, he becomes known as "Mahā-Maudgalyāyana", 7304: 5088:

The Fluidity and Adaptability of Buddhism: A Case Study of Maudgalyāyana and Chinese Buddhist identity

3678: 844: 8777: 8615: 8304: 8117: 8107: 7979: 6962: 6542: 6303: 6278: 5325: 4688: 4431: 3393: 1251: 522: 6328: 3715: 1417: 1190:, Maudgalyāyana is called foremost in psychic powers, a title he shares with his female counterpart 298: 8561: 8409: 7761: 7575: 7553: 7546: 7449: 6982: 6602: 6418: 6363: 5984: 5790: 5763: 4171: 2613: 2436: 836: 550: 220: 5133:

Constituting communities Theravada Buddhism and the religious cultures of South and Southeast Asia

1912: 719: 8539: 8463: 8346: 8326: 7657: 7637: 7394: 7124: 6368: 5272: 3647: 3441: 1925: 1369:

According to the Pali tradition, Maudgalyāyana's death comes in November of the same year as the

1088:

and Mahākasyapa are depicted much more, and Maudgalyāyana and Śāriputra are depicted much less.

8356: 8196: 7864: 7834: 7607: 7558: 7399: 7347: 7342: 7104: 6925: 6822: 6574: 6569: 6318: 5548: 5511:. From Xianghuan to Ceylon: The Life and Legacy of the Chinese Buddhist Monk Faxian (337–422). 4338:

Huber, E. (1906). "Etudes de littérature bouddhique" [Studies in Buddhist literature].

2688: 2648: 1798: 1679: 1402:, Maudgalyāyana does not carry the murder through though, touched by the words of his parents. 723: 6686: 4633: 1568:

Apart from the Ghost Festival, Maudgalyāyana also has an important role in the celebration of

1472: 8679: 8361: 8331: 7912: 7844: 7677: 7592: 7587: 7511: 7506: 7424: 5954: 4789: 4440: 3900: 3888: 1744:

Thera. During the succeeding centuries, Xuan Zang and other Chinese pilgrims reported that a

1664: 1531:

Day), or from 13 to 15 July (Japan). It is believed that in this period ancestors reborn as

871:(structures with relics), and is used in their consecration rituals. According to Indologist 839:). Maudgalyāyana and Śāriputra attain enlightenment one to two weeks later, Maudgalyāyana in 697: 621: 302: 6977: 2080:

Remembering Stalwarts: Biographical Sketches of Scholars from Archaeological Survey of India

8627: 8517: 8384: 8351: 8336: 7854: 7751: 7697: 7582: 7521: 7489: 7484: 7469: 7454: 7444: 7409: 7322: 7014: 6937: 6240: 6180: 5929: 5896: 5846: 5777: 4749:"Sacred Relics of Lord Buddha brought to Sirasa Vesak Zone; thousands gather to pay homage" 4427: 3700: 3692: 1868: 1772: 1760: 1698: 928: 581:

were found attributed to him, which have been widely venerated. His female counterpart was

450: 8224: 6839: 6708: 6634: 6510: 6248: 5508:"Please Be Seated": Faxian's Account and Related Legends Concerning the First Buddha Image 1070:

Moreover, Maudgalyāyana is often included in traditional lists of 'four great disciples' (

513:), he is considered the second of the Buddha's two foremost male disciples, together with 8: 8576: 8191: 8070: 7904: 7879: 7869: 7829: 7806: 7689: 7662: 7622: 7541: 7531: 7459: 7386: 6817: 6674: 6455: 6433: 6385: 6205: 6005: 5861: 5841: 5558: 5524: 4984: 1737: 1038: 566: 436: 6165: 6092: 920: 502: 8556: 8254: 8159: 8001: 7964: 7959: 7889: 7839: 7786: 7781: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7632: 7617: 7602: 7597: 7536: 7516: 7479: 7404: 7209: 6910: 6834: 6712: 6654: 6495: 6395: 6323: 6298: 5944: 5874: 5727: 5532: 5367: 5264: 5060: 4950: 4895: 4705: 3766: 3416: 2432: 1810: 1656: 1310: 876: 338: 8053: 2200: 1880:

Most scholars lean towards the interpretation that Emperor Asoka referred to the text

1864: 8534: 8512: 8432: 8394: 8090: 8075: 8038: 8023: 7796: 7712: 7627: 7464: 7429: 7414: 7141: 7131: 6812: 6659: 6644: 6515: 6438: 6358: 6293: 6225: 6112: 5869: 5689: 5676: 5662: 5621: 5562: 5520: 5492: 5460: 5425: 5348:

McDermott, James P. (1 January 1976), "Is There Group Karma in Theravāda Buddhism?",

5335: 5308: 5232: 5181: 5140: 5111: 5064: 5001: 4954: 4522: 4306: 4221: 4042: 3962: 3904: 3770: 3758: 3620: 3445: 3420: 3326: 3309:"Visitors from hell: transformative hospitality to ghosts in a Lao Buddhist festival" 2735: 2603: 2561: 2441: 2120: 1915:

canons, it is their own proposal to go, for which they ask the Buddha his permission.

1908: 1755: 1631: 1627: 1594: 1508: 1504: 1448: 1382: 1280: 1209: 1055: 1043: 1013: 988: 919:, Chapter 6 (Bestowal of Prophecy), the Buddha is said to predict that the disciples 872: 780: 543: 260: 7376: 6170: 6070: 4298:

The Legend and Cult of Upagupta: Sanskrit Buddhism in North India and Southeast Asia

984: 8667: 8610: 8080: 8033: 8028: 7884: 7849: 7824: 7819: 7570: 7526: 7439: 7114: 6770: 6763: 6547: 6537: 6423: 6087: 5959: 5750: 5735: 5712: 5701: 5651: 5586: 5540: 5456: 5398: 5359: 5321: 5052: 4972: 4942: 4922: 4887: 4697: 4486: 4349: 4217: 3750: 3729: 3680:

Saccakiriyā: The Belief in the Power of True Speech in Theravāda Buddhist Tradition

3408: 3322: 2212: 1562: 1412: 1407: 1288: 1187: 1092:

other to find the essence of the spiritual life, their friendship remains. In many

996: 885: 880: 644: 554: 528:

Maudgalyayana and Śāriputra have a deep spiritual friendship. They are depicted in

366: 352: 234: 208: 7159: 1439: 8757: 8444: 8389: 8341: 8269: 8139: 7937: 7917: 7859: 7771: 7434: 7332: 7179: 6915: 6898: 6883: 6861: 6413: 6283: 6117: 6097: 5666: 5617: 5482: 5350: 5292: 5099: 4963: 4853: 4821: 4296: 4211: 3952: 3684: 3435: 2723: 2643: 2551: 2494: 2114: 1803: 1276: 1258: 1201: 1158: 1116: 606: 312: 7189: 6343: 6333: 5555:

The historical Buddha: the times, life, and teachings of the founder of Buddhism

4906: 4876:

Ashikaga, Ensho (1 January 1951), "Notes on Urabon ("Yü Lan P'ên, Ullambana")",

4466: 1428: 1171: 8581: 8399: 8102: 7952: 7734: 7314: 7294: 7214: 6903: 6893: 6827: 6664: 6150: 6013: 5723: 5528: 2557: 1513: 1350: 1326: 1292: 1066: 979: 947: 860: 675: 671: 665: 636: 562: 558: 557:

to his mother. This led to a tradition in many Buddhist countries known as the

514: 488: 480: 388: 286: 140: 58: 8455: 5378: 4946: 3754: 3412: 2437:"That the True Dhamma Might Last a Long Time: Readings Selected by King Asoka" 1178:, twelve centuries later, that Devadatta's sect had still continued to exist. 625: 565:

to their ancestors. Maudgalyāyana has also traditionally been associated with

8746: 8674: 8169: 8018: 7327: 7229: 7087: 6888: 6866: 6802: 6473: 6268: 6263: 5824: 5228: 5095: 4976: 4514: 4046: 3762: 1904: 1717: 1675: 1660: 1639: 1602: 1588: 1557: 1461: 1338: 1121: 1021: 748: 727: 702: 684: 586: 574: 506: 493: 462: 410: 8571: 6627: 6617: 5989: 5705: 5655: 5402: 4926: 4490: 4353: 1693:

of SARIPUTRA"; that to the north bore Maha Mogalanasa, " of MAHA MOGALANA".

1535:

or hungry ghosts wander around. In China, this was the time when the yearly

756:), one of the first five disciples of the Buddha, who is walking to receive 8527: 8259: 8244: 8214: 8164: 8154: 7996: 7791: 7284: 7119: 6997: 6785: 6780: 6607: 6478: 6353: 5814: 5421: 5279: 2547: 1814: 1580: 1576: 1492: 1452: 1362: 1330: 1284: 1272: 1034: 901: 893: 529: 7042: 7027: 6987: 6684: 6348: 5924: 5590: 5575:

Seidel, Anna (1989), "Chronicle of Taoist Studies in the West 1950–1990",

5131:, in Holt, John Clifford; Kinnard, Jacob N.; Walters, Jonathan S. (eds.), 5056: 4102:"Filial piety and Buddhism: The Indian antecedents to a "Chinese" problem" 2216: 2093: 1932:

stated that Cunningham had no interest in the relics, only in the caskets.

1269:

The Transformation Text on Mu-lien Saving His Mother from the Dark Regions

950:

and Maudgalyāyana, together with Sañjaya's five hundred students, went to

788: 43: 8546: 8229: 8058: 7199: 7184: 6967: 6775: 6703: 6483: 6313: 6215: 6062: 5934: 1651: 1370: 1191: 1163: 975: 916: 640: 582: 8219: 6679: 1149: 730:, however, he is depicted as a teacher with admirable qualities such as 8606: 8522: 8490: 8486: 8174: 8132: 8008: 7814: 7739: 7353: 7337: 7299: 7279: 7174: 7149: 7057: 6992: 6972: 6718: 6649: 6520: 6403: 6373: 6308: 6258: 5916: 5906: 5879: 5371: 5014: 4753: 4709: 4139: 2495:"Buddhist Inscription of King Priyadarśi: Translation and Observations" 1819: 1584: 1569: 1444: 1306: 1108: 1030: 951: 932: 889: 852: 848: 815:. After having ordained, all except Śāriputra and Maudgalyāyana attain 792: 602: 570: 518: 483:'s closest disciples. Described as a contemporary of disciples such as 7194: 6190: 4899: 4081: 328: 8602: 8149: 8122: 7289: 7164: 6876: 6792: 6669: 6559: 6532: 6525: 6488: 6445: 6408: 6175: 6140: 6107: 6082: 6037: 5488: 3896: 1851: 1764: 1553: 1175: 1153: 897: 711: 538: 8586: 7922: 6758: 6612: 6378: 6160: 6029: 6021: 5506: 5363: 5086: 4701: 1626:

Traditions have also connected Maudgalyāyana with the symbol of the

1085: 757: 272: 156: 8502: 8439: 8279: 8234: 8179: 8144: 8048: 7707: 7274: 7269: 7219: 7154: 7072: 7037: 7032: 6693: 6564: 6552: 6463: 6122: 5819: 5512: 4891: 4034: 3863: 3641: 3308: 2203:(1947). "La légende du Buddha" [The legend of the Buddha]. 1741: 1611: 1528: 1387: 912: 180: 109: 7264: 7254: 7239: 7062: 6932: 6200: 5100:"Tales of miraculous teachings: miracles in early Indian Buddhism" 4069: 2990: 714:

and Mahāsāṃghika canons, Sañjaya is described as a teacher in the

426: 48:

Statue of Moggallana, depicting his dark skin color (blue, black).

8598: 8184: 8127: 8112: 7259: 7249: 7224: 7099: 7094: 7052: 7022: 6954: 6920: 6807: 6748: 6743: 6597: 6500: 6338: 6288: 6075: 5901: 4035:"Popularization of Stories and Parables on Filial Piety in China" 3261: 2500:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

2145: 1749: 1748:

with Maudgalyāyana's relics could be found under the Indian city

1728:

in honor of Maudgalyāyana. According to the Divyāvadāna, emperor

1668: 1263: 1137: 924: 907:

Although in the Pali tradition, Maudgalyāyana is described as an

840: 731: 693: 679: 549:

Through post-canonical texts, Maudgalyāyana became known for his

484: 98: 78: 6871: 6639: 4473:

d'après les Vinayapitaka" [The construction and cult of the

2784: 2760: 2223: 1229: 8657: 8264: 8249: 8085: 7947: 7927: 7702: 7364: 7244: 7234: 7169: 6797: 6753: 6738: 6728: 6698: 6622: 6505: 6273: 6145: 5889: 5884: 4319: 4234: 3640:

Hoffman, L.; Patz-Clark, D.; Looney, D.; Knight, S. K. (2007).

1884:

instead. However, this consensus is still considered tentative.

1867:

school, relate this verse differently, with one line about the

1776: 1729: 1647: 1546: 1399: 1196: 1145: 1071: 992: 971: 743: 738: 534: 246: 3648:

115th Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association

2398: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2169: 1663:

in the mind (greed, hatred and delusion), and the teaching of

1060: 616:). Sri Lankan scholar Karaluvinna believes that originally a 8637: 8632: 8404: 8239: 8097: 8063: 8043: 8013: 7942: 7359: 7204: 7082: 7077: 7047: 7002: 6849: 6844: 6723: 6428: 6253: 6220: 6210: 5455:. Dynamics in the History of Religions. Vol. 2. Leiden: 5170:

An introduction to Buddhism: teachings, history and practices

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traditions this is sometimes interpreted differently. In the

867: 817: 812: 82: 4817:"Relics of the Buddha's chief disciples exhibited in Sanchi" 4782:"Buddhist center breaks tradition, shows pope revered relic" 4408: 4261: 2919:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

2133: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 983:

relating a story from the past. He says that both disciples

8274: 7067: 6733: 6230: 3975: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3583: 3581: 3482: 3053: 2748: 2474: 2340: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1519: 1475:

in which Maudgalyāyana's rescue of his mother is described

1378: 1374: 956: 823: 797: 194: 5557:] (in German), translated by Walshe, M. O' C., Delhi: 4728: 4660: 4002: 3614: 3544: 3542: 3195: 3176: 3152: 3140: 3038: 3011:"The Amazing Transformations of Arahant Theri Uppalavanna" 2882: 2859: 2847: 2832: 2796: 2301: 2280: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1763:

discovered bone fragments attributed to Maudgalyāyana and

7932: 6468: 4648: 4598: 4433:

The Bhilsa topes, or, Buddhist monuments of central India

4191: 3992: 3990: 3077: 2808: 2388: 2386: 2371: 2316: 1996: 1041:, Buddhas are commonly depicted with two main disciples ( 4552: 4550: 4384: 4251: 4249: 3808: 3578: 3342: 3340: 3290: 3288: 3118: 3116: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 1321:

Another account involving Maudgalyayana, related in the

1287:. When Maudgalyāyana tries to offer her food through an 5603:

as a Means of Communicating Buddhist Philosophy in the

4586: 4574: 4535: 4360: 4014: 3893:

Encyclopedia of religious rites, rituals, and festivals

3554: 3539: 3225: 3065: 2933: 2894: 2415: 2413: 2328: 2259: 1945: 1418:

being a gradual process built up through many lifetimes

4562: 4447: 4372: 4273: 4057: 3987: 3917: 3851: 3827: 3784: 3215: 3213: 2703: 2383: 1583:

tradition, Maudgalyāyana is said to have composed the

1048: 378: 371: 5301:

Buddhist funeral cultures of Southeast Asia and China

4610: 4547: 4396: 4246: 3954:

Buddhist funeral cultures of Southeast Asia and China

3839: 3796: 3658: 3593: 3337: 3285: 3249: 3237: 3164: 3128: 3113: 3101: 3089: 2978: 2957: 2051: 1619:

teachings, whereas Maudgalyāyana was honored for his

1541:

for monastics came to an end (normally translated as

546:

of having killed his own parents in a previous life.

5692:(2008), "The Wheel of Rebirth in Buddhist Temples", 5084: 4682:

Miller, Roy Andrew (February 1954). "Book review of

4087: 4075: 3929: 3869: 3566: 2945: 2820: 2574: 2462: 2410: 2247: 2235: 2181: 2157: 2151: 2027: 1464:

by Buddhist monks up until the twelfth century C.E.

1136:

Maudgalyāyana and Devadatta in hell.Illustration by

57:

Foremost disciple, left hand side chief disciple of

4935:

Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences

3494: 3470: 3273: 3210: 2772: 2623: 2083:. Director General, Archaeological Survey of India. 2039: 2015: 771:And he tells, too, how each shall come to its end, 5762:, History of Civilization (2nd ed.), London: 5599:"Character, Disposition, and the Qualities of the 5282:(1996), "Karma, character, and consequentialism", 1335:the Buddha pays a visit to the Trāyastriṃśa Heaven 1181: 553:through a popular account of him transferring his 5293:"Feeding the dead: ghosts, materiality and merit" 5085:Ditzler, E.; Pearce, S.; Wheeler, C. (May 2015), 3394:"Tai Khun Buddhism And Ethnic–Religious Identity" 2668: 1443:Floating lanterns made from lotus leaves: people 1390:, which might be equated with modern Udaya Hill. 8744: 5642:Skilling, Peter (2003), "Traces of the Dharma", 441: 8485: 4290: 4288: 1809:Sri Lanka also obtained a portion, kept at the 1549:to integrate it in their own funeral services. 343: 5778:Vivid report about Ghost festival in Singapore 5644:Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient 5391:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient 4915:Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient 4638:Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient 4479:Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient 4341:Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient 3947: 3314:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 2116:Buddha and Buddhist synods in India and abroad 938: 789:the first stage on the Buddhist spiritual path 276: 265: 185: 8471: 5798: 2507:. West Strand: John W. Parker and Son: 363–4. 1924:At the time, the museum was still called the 694:sense of disenchantment and spiritual urgency 647:considered this improbable, though. Windisch 357: 250: 239: 224: 213: 6580:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 5330:, vol. 2 (1st Indian ed.), Delhi: 5320: 4982: 4414: 4285: 4267: 4240: 4197: 4167:"The Majestic Navam Perahera of Gangaramaya" 3464: 3437:The Oxford Handbook of Religion and the Arts 3361:"Buddhicizing the Warrior-King Gesar in the 3267: 3059: 2766: 2726:. In Kieschnick, John; Shahar, Meir (eds.). 2520:"Expansion of Buddhism into South-east Asia" 2365: 2310: 2175: 1990: 1313:, Maudgalyāyana being a model for the king. 1236:Nandopananda, which requires mastery of the 651:consider Maudgalyāyana a historical person. 317: 5616:(first ed.), Chichester, West Sussex: 5519: 5258: 4510:Encyclopedia of ancient Asian civilizations 3882: 3880: 3878: 3047: 2888: 2876: 2853: 2841: 2802: 2517: 2334: 2295: 2139: 2009: 1316: 911:who will no longer be reborn again, in the 400: 393: 291: 8478: 8464: 5805: 5791: 5193: 4426: 3742:Comparative Studies in Society and History 3610: 3608: 3488: 1657:different realms of the cycle of existence 1552:The festival has striking similarities to 1156:. Through his ability to communicate with 960: 829: 801: 415: 199: 42: 5347: 4469:(1962). "La construction et le culte des 3587: 3560: 3511: 3509: 2641: 2592: 1495:, later Chinese accounts inspired by the 892:explained that the stanza was a bold and 61:; second chief disciple of Gautama Buddha 5641: 5546: 5019:"Ashvajit's Stanza and Its Significance" 4932: 4879:Journal of the American Oriental Society 4875: 4746: 4020: 3981: 3875: 3728: 3650:. San Francisco, California. p. 7. 3619:. Singaport Buddhist Meditation Centre. 3548: 3391: 3204: 3189: 3158: 3146: 2939: 2900: 2642:Epasinghe, Premasara (29 January 2010). 2274: 2076: 2064: 1754: 1478: 1438: 1386:Kālasilā Cave, on the Isigili Hill near 1361: 1131: 1102: 942: 879:, the verses were recommended in one of 858:Aśvajit's brief statement, known as the 631:In some Chinese accounts, the clan name 7767:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 5123: 5035: 4814: 4734: 4696:(2). The Government of Tibet: 223–225. 4669: 4592: 4580: 4541: 4279: 4209: 3790: 3605: 3346: 3306: 3122: 3083: 3071: 2686: 2431: 2199: 14: 8745: 8727: 7970:List of Buddhist architecture in China 5749: 5711: 5688: 5661: 5574: 5504: 5480: 5445: 5420:, New York : Macmillan Reference USA, 5408: 5290: 5166: 5094: 4960: 4905: 4796:from the original on 30 September 2017 4779: 4761:from the original on 30 September 2017 4722: 4681: 4654: 4616: 4604: 4568: 4503: 4465: 4453: 4390: 4378: 4366: 4294: 4179:from the original on 27 September 2017 4147:from the original on 27 September 2017 4099: 4063: 4008: 3996: 3923: 3857: 3833: 3821: 3695:. p. 211 n.2. uk.bl.ethos.428120. 3689:School of Oriental and African Studies 3617:Parents and Children: Key to Happiness 3515: 3506: 3500: 3476: 3358: 3294: 3279: 3255: 3243: 3219: 3170: 3134: 3107: 3095: 2996: 2984: 2972: 2951: 2912: 2546: 2492: 2480: 2163: 2112: 2045: 2033: 1245: 27:One of the Buddha's foremost disciples 8459: 5786: 5377: 5278: 5217: 5200:Studies in Buddhist Art of South Asia 5106:, Cambridge Companions to Religions, 5013: 4628: 4556: 4402: 4337: 4325: 4255: 3935: 3845: 3802: 3664: 3599: 3572: 3433: 3231: 2826: 2814: 2790: 2754: 2709: 2674: 2656:from the original on 13 February 2017 2580: 2468: 2419: 2404: 2392: 2377: 2322: 2253: 2241: 2229: 2187: 2021: 765:Of all phenomena sprung from a cause 678:but now identified as Juafardih near 659: 119:Mother: Moggalī, father: name unknown 8753:Foremost disciples of Gautama Buddha 8717: 5732:Encyclopaedia of religion and ethics 5668:The ghost festival in medieval China 5596: 5537:Encyclopaedia of religion and ethics 4815:Santosh, Neeraj (27 November 2016). 4132: 4032: 3676: 3359:Mikles, Natasha L. (December 2016). 2778: 2721: 2629: 2450:from the original on 28 October 2017 2119:. Abhinav Publications. p. 66. 1646:). Accounts in the Mūlasarvāstivāda 787:These words help Upatiṣya to attain 5104:The Cambridge companion to miracles 4135:"Today is Navam Full Moon Poya Day" 4107:. In Slater, P.; Wiebe, D. (eds.). 3734:"Buddhist karma and social control" 3615:Weragoda Sarada Maha Thero (1994). 2077:Ray, Purnima; Patil, C. B. (2014). 1759:In the 19th century, archaeologist 1451:through several ceremonies, so the 577:school. In the nineteenth century, 24: 7757:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 5614:A companion to Buddhist philosophy 5137:State University of New York Press 4133:Dias, Keshala (10 February 2017). 4088:Ditzler, Pearce & Wheeler 2015 4076:Ditzler, Pearce & Wheeler 2015 3886: 3870:Ditzler, Pearce & Wheeler 2015 3002: 2152:Ditzler, Pearce & Wheeler 2015 1708:Relics of Sariputta and Moggallana 1455:may be reborn in a better rebirth. 25: 8799: 8697:Gautama Buddha in world religions 5771: 5671:(2nd ed.), Princeton, N.J.: 5102:, in Twelftree, Graham H. (ed.), 4990:Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. 3008: 2205:Revue de l'histoire des religions 774:For such is the word of the Sage. 768:The Teacher the cause hath told; 620:skin was meant, not blue. In the 521:under him. Maudgalyāyana attains 8726: 8716: 8438: 8428: 8427: 7985:Thai temple art and architecture 7730:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 5970:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 5836: 5823: 5813: 5745:from the original on 2013-09-25. 5612:, in Emmanuel, Steven M. (ed.), 5213:from the original on 2017-11-11. 4861:from the original on 6 May 2017. 4841: 4808: 4780:Akkara, Anto (15 January 2015). 4773: 4747:Santiago, Melanie (3 May 2015). 4740: 4675: 4622: 4497: 4459: 4420: 4331: 4203: 4159: 4126: 4122:from the original on 2017-05-06. 4113:Wilfrid Laurier University Press 4093: 4053:from the original on 2015-01-20. 4026: 3941: 3722: 3670: 3654:from the original on 2017-05-06. 3633: 3434:Brown, Frank Burch, ed. (2013). 3381:from the original on 2017-04-27. 3333:from the original on 2017-05-10. 3327:10.1111/j.1467-9655.2012.01765.x 2929:from the original on 2017-05-06. 2915:"The Early Saṃgha and the Laity" 2732:University of Pennsylvania Press 2728:India in the Chinese imagination 2699:from the original on 2017-05-02. 2536:from the original on 2017-02-20. 1918: 931:, and Maudgalyāyana will become 739:"ambrosia" of the spiritual life 5837: 5756:The History of Buddhist Thought 5717:"Saints and martyrs (Buddhist)" 5416:, in Buswell, Robert E. (ed.), 5327:Dictionary of Pāli proper names 5284:The Journal of Religious Ethics 4829:from the original on 6 May 2017 3891:. In Salamone, Frank A. (ed.). 3427: 3385: 3352: 3300: 3027:from the original on 2015-10-17 2906: 2724:"Transformation as Imagination" 2715: 2680: 2635: 2586: 2540: 2511: 2486: 2425: 2193: 1897: 1887: 1874: 1857: 1844: 1182:Teaching through psychic powers 94:before the Buddha's parinibbana 7975:Japanese Buddhist architecture 7777:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 6857:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 6048:Places where the Buddha stayed 5505:Revire, Nicolas (March 2017). 5332:Motilal Banarsidass Publishers 4303:Motilal Banarsidass Publishers 4213:Buddhism: A Modern Perspective 3392:Karlsson, Klemens (May 2009). 3307:Ladwig, Patrice (June 2012a). 2730:(1st ed.). Philadelphia: 2644:"Why Navam Poya is important?" 2106: 2087: 2070: 1214:(heavenly beings), and asking 1076: 954:under the Buddha in Veṇuvana ( 795:under the Buddha in Veṇuvana ( 81:(today in the Indian State of 13: 1: 8783:5th-century BC Buddhist monks 7990:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 5206:. Delhi: Kanak Publications. 5176:(second ed.), New York: 4868: 4849:"Thai princess visits Sanchi" 4477:after the Vinayapitaka]. 3363:dMyal gling rDzogs pa Chen po 2687:Epstein, Ron (October 2005). 1806:, in the same year as India. 1298: 7747:Buddhism and the Roman world 7723:Decline of Buddhism in India 7718:History of Buddhism in India 5818: Topics in 5267:; Weeraratne, W. G. (eds.), 4857:. Bhopal. 22 November 2016. 4210:Prebish, Charles S. (2010). 3522:Buddhist Publication Society 2999:, pp. 92, 103–104, 124. 1939: 1511:, and Korea, and led to the 7: 8763:5th-century BC Indian monks 6945:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 6685: 5734:. Vol. 11. Edinburgh: 5126:"The Insight Guide to Hell" 4039:Journal of Buddhist Studies 3685:published as a book in 2012 2793:, pp. 417–9, 477, 535. 2232:, pp. 430–2, 440, 448. 1832:The ten principal disciples 1825: 1476: 1434: 1296: 1061: 1049: 939:Śāriputra and Maudgalyāyana 811:being the name of Kolita's 610: 427: 401: 379: 329: 303: 277: 251: 225: 10: 8804: 7895:The unanswerable questions 5726:; Selbie, John Alexander; 5673:Princeton University Press 5539:, vol. 8, Edinburgh: 5531:; Selbie, John Alexander; 5305:Cambridge University Press 5299:; Ladwig, Patrice (eds.), 5178:Cambridge University Press 5108:Cambridge University Press 4998:Princeton University Press 3959:Cambridge University Press 3951:; Ladwig, Patrice (2012). 3895:(new ed.). New York: 2518:De Casparis, J.G. (1990). 1863:Some schools, such as the 1790:Victoria and Albert Museum 1705: 1479:§ Rescuing his mother 1249: 663: 612: 8712: 8498: 8423: 8375: 8290: 8205: 7980:Buddhist temples in Korea 7903: 7805: 7688: 7385: 7313: 7140: 7013: 6953: 6588: 6543:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 6454: 6446:Three planes of existence 6394: 6239: 6131: 6061: 6053:Buddha in world religions 5915: 5860: 5832: 5269:Encyclopaedia of Buddhism 4947:10.1007/s40647-015-0060-4 4689:The Far Eastern Quarterly 4328:, pp. 509, 514, 517. 3889:"China: Popular Religion" 3755:10.1017/S0010417500007751 3516:Hecker, Hellmuth (1979). 3413:10.1080/14639940902968939 3372:Revue d'Études Tibétaines 2407:, pp. 435, 438, 451. 2113:Thakur, Amarnath (1996). 1685: 1643: 1635: 1606: 1598: 1342: 1252:Mulian Rescues His Mother 1167: 1125: 1025: 1017: 761:teaching in these words: 752: 706: 688: 596: 590: 510: 497: 466: 449: 435: 416: 409: 394: 387: 380:Mo'u 'gal gy i bu chen po 372: 365: 358: 351: 337: 318: 311: 292: 285: 266: 259: 252:Mùlián/Móhēmùjiānqiánlián 240: 233: 214: 207: 193: 179: 170: 146: 136: 131: 123: 115: 105: 90: 70: 65: 53: 41: 34: 8643:Physical characteristics 7762:Persecution of Buddhists 6983:Four stages of awakening 6364:Three marks of existence 5950:Physical characteristics 5764:Routledge and Kegan Paul 5547:Schumann, H.W. (2004) , 5418:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 5409:Mrozik, Suzanne (2004), 5291:Ladwig, Patrice (2012), 5259:Karaluvinna, M. (2002), 5221:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 5045:Journal of Burma Studies 4983:Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; 4977:10.1163/156852707X211564 4415:Buswell & Lopez 2013 4295:Strong, John S. (1994). 4268:Buswell & Lopez 2013 4241:Buswell & Lopez 2013 4198:Buswell & Lopez 2013 3465:Buswell & Lopez 2013 3268:Buswell & Lopez 2013 3060:Buswell & Lopez 2013 2767:Buswell & Lopez 2013 2722:Mair, Victor H. (2014). 2593:Tsugunari, Kubo (2007). 2366:Buswell & Lopez 2013 2311:Buswell & Lopez 2013 2176:Buswell & Lopez 2013 1930:archeologist Louis Finot 1837: 1699:Sir Alexander Cunningham 1357: 1317:Making the Udāyana image 1029:) for Maudgalyāyana and 974:. According to the Pali 359:මහමුගලන් මහ රහතන් වහන්සේ 159:Thera or Rāhula Sthavira 8540:ten principal disciples 7125:Ten principal disciples 6008:(aunt, adoptive mother) 5706:10.3406/arasi.2008.1666 5656:10.3406/befeo.2003.3615 5403:10.3406/befeo.1954.5607 5273:Government of Sri Lanka 5124:Gifford, Julie (2003), 4927:10.3406/befeo.1991.1769 4491:10.3406/befeo.1962.1534 4354:10.3406/befeo.1906.2077 3442:Oxford University Press 2913:Brekke, Torkel (1997). 1926:South Kensington Museum 1152:caused by the disciple 847:in the process. In the 654: 7835:Buddhism and democracy 7348:Tibetan Buddhist canon 7343:Chinese Buddhist canon 6575:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 6570:Early Buddhist schools 5578:Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie 5550:Der Historische Buddha 5446:Neelis, Jason (2011). 5218:Irons, Edward (2007), 5167:Harvey, Peter (2013), 4725:, pp. 295–7, 301. 4441:Smith, Elder & Co. 3780:on September 30, 2017. 2757:, pp. 407, 416–7. 2693:Religion East and West 2649:The Island (Sri Lanka) 2553:Essays in Zen Buddhism 1854:addition to the story. 1768: 1724:the Buddha to build a 1701:, The Bhilsa topes 1695: 1680:early Buddhist schools 1456: 1377:tradition states that 1366: 1140: 967: 961: 881:Emperor Asoka's edicts 830: 802: 785: 724:Chinese Buddhist Canon 573:texts, as well as the 561:, during which people 442: 344: 200: 187:Maudgalyāyana Sthavira 186: 8773:Indian Buddhist monks 7845:Eight Consciousnesses 5955:Life of Buddha in art 5591:10.3406/asie.1989.950 5481:Powers, John (2015), 5441:on September 12, 2015 5057:10.1353/jbs.1999.0002 4790:Catholic News Service 4428:Cunningham, Alexander 4100:Strong, John (1983). 3401:Contemporary Buddhism 3270:, pp. 499, 1045. 2483:, pp. 89–90 n72. 2217:10.3406/rhr.1947.5599 1758: 1690: 1665:dependent origination 1442: 1365: 1135: 1103:Role in the community 946: 763: 707:Sañjaya Belatthiputta 563:dedicate their merits 475:or by his birth name 8518:Noble Eightfold Path 8322:East Asian religions 7752:Buddhism in the West 7323:Early Buddhist texts 6938:Four Right Exertions 6404:Ten spiritual realms 5897:Noble Eightfold Path 5597:Shaw, Sarah (2013), 5487:, Routledge Worlds, 5036:Daulton, J. (1999), 4985:Lopez, Donald S. Jr. 4505:Higham, Charles F.W. 4175:. 22 February 2016. 4033:Xing, Guang (2010). 3693:University of London 3440:. Oxford Handbooks. 2817:, pp. 433, 475. 2769:, pp. 287, 456. 2734:. p. 221 n.16. 2380:, pp. 412, 433. 2325:, pp. 429, 439. 1773:Alexander Cunningham 1761:Alexander Cunningham 1720:and other laypeople 1202:unhappy destinations 698:Sañjaya Vairatiputra 525:shortly after that. 451:Glossary of Buddhism 8788:People from Magadha 8577:Mahapajapati Gotami 8445:Religion portal 8192:Temple of the Tooth 8071:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 7110:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 6603:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 6386:Two truths doctrine 6206:Mahapajapati Gotamī 6006:Mahapajapati Gotamī 5559:Motilal Banarsidass 5411:"Mahāmaudgalyāyana" 5265:Malalasekera, G. P. 4011:, pp. 7, 20–1. 3887:Wu, Fatima (2004). 3677:Kong, C.F. (2006). 2433:Bhikkhu, Thanissaro 1928:. Already in 1917, 1740:, on the advice of 1678:school, one of the 1491:already encouraged 1323:Chinese translation 1246:Rescuing his mother 609:in many lifetimes ( 330:Mongryŏn/Mokkŏllyŏn 8768:Buddhist mythology 8557:Great Renunciation 8552:Eight Great Events 8367:Western philosophy 7965:Dzong architecture 7787:Vipassana movement 7782:Buddhist modernism 7210:Emperor Wen of Sui 6978:Pratyekabuddhayāna 6911:Threefold Training 6713:Vipassana movement 6429:Hungry Ghost realm 6249:Avidyā (Ignorance) 6196:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 5945:Great Renunciation 5940:Eight Great Events 5822: 5690:Teiser, Stephen F. 5663:Teiser, Stephen F. 5484:The Buddhist World 5424:, pp. 487–8, 5322:Malalasekera, G.P. 4737:, pp. 115–20. 4672:, pp. 108–13. 4657:, pp. 277–95. 4607:, pp. 273–78. 4243:, pp. 7, 252. 3234:, pp. 54, 98. 3086:, pp. 72, 77. 3009:Therī, Tathālokā. 2178:, pp. 1012–3. 1811:Maha Bodhi Society 1769: 1610:) of teachings as 1503:became popular in 1457: 1429:impermanent things 1367: 1311:Epic of King Gesar 1141: 1033:for Śāriputra. In 993:monastic community 968: 877:Thanissaro Bhikkhu 660:Meeting the Buddha 535:monastic community 8740: 8739: 8513:Four Noble Truths 8453: 8452: 8091:Om mani padme hum 7797:Women in Buddhism 7713:Buddhist councils 7583:Western countries 7371:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 7132:Shaolin Monastery 6709:Samatha-vipassanā 6319:Pratītyasamutpāda 6123:Metteyya/Maitreya 6041: 6033: 6025: 6017: 6009: 6001: 5993: 5870:Four Noble Truths 5751:Thomas, Edward J. 5736:T. & T. Clark 5713:Thomas, Edward J. 5637:on March 16, 2015 5627:978-0-470-65877-2 5541:T. & T. Clark 5521:Rhys Davids, T.W. 5498:978-1-317-42017-0 5466:978-90-04-18159-5 5314:978-1-107-00388-0 5261:"Mahā-Moggallāna" 5238:978-0-8160-5459-6 5187:978-0-521-85942-4 5117:978-0-521-89986-4 5007:978-0-691-15786-3 4996:, Princeton, NJ: 4393:, pp. 145–6. 4312:978-81-208-1154-6 4227:978-0-271-03803-2 4090:, pp. 6, 13. 3984:, p. 71 n.2. 3968:978-1-107-00388-0 3824:, pp. 262–3. 3730:Gombrich, Richard 3708:External link in 3491:, pp. 48–49. 3467:, pp. 932–3. 3451:978-0-19-972103-0 2741:978-0-8122-0892-4 2712:, pp. 510–1. 2609:978-1-886439-39-9 2567:978-0-8021-9877-8 2442:Access to Insight 2395:, pp. 451–3. 2142:, pp. 768–9. 1991:Malalasekera 1937 1779:Stūpa and at the 1628:Wheel of Becoming 1587:texts called the 1281:merit transferred 1056:Classical Tibetan 989:Buddha Aṇomadassī 781:T. W. Rhys Davids 732:meditative vision 473:Mahāmaudgalyāyana 471:), also known as 456: 455: 278:Mokuren/Mokkenren 226:ʃɪ̀ɴməhàmaʊʔɡəlàɴ 215:ရှင်မဟာမောဂ္ဂလာန် 166: 165: 16:(Redirected from 8795: 8778:Buddhist martyrs 8730: 8729: 8720: 8719: 8616:pilgrimage sites 8611:Mahabodhi Temple 8480: 8473: 8466: 8457: 8456: 8443: 8442: 8431: 8430: 8270:Sacred languages 8118:Maya Devi Temple 8081:Mahabodhi Temple 7885:Secular Buddhism 7850:Engaged Buddhism 6690: 6538:Tibetan Buddhism 6489:Vietnamese Thiền 6088:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 6039: 6031: 6023: 6015: 6007: 5999: 5991: 5840: 5839: 5827: 5817: 5807: 5800: 5793: 5784: 5783: 5766: 5761: 5746: 5744: 5721: 5708: 5685: 5658: 5638: 5636: 5630:, archived from 5611: 5593: 5571: 5543: 5516: 5501: 5477: 5475: 5469:. Archived from 5457:Brill Publishers 5454: 5442: 5440: 5434:, archived from 5415: 5405: 5388: 5374: 5344: 5317: 5287: 5275: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5247: 5241:, archived from 5226: 5214: 5212: 5205: 5195:Huntington, J.C. 5190: 5175: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5155: 5149:, archived from 5130: 5120: 5091: 5081: 5080: 5079: 5073: 5067:, archived from 5042: 5032: 5010: 4995: 4979: 4957: 4929: 4902: 4863: 4862: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4545: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4438: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4369:, pp. 68–9. 4364: 4358: 4357: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4292: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4218:Penn State Press 4207: 4201: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4111:. Vol. 14. 4106: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3994: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3884: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3773:. Archived from 3738: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3706: 3704: 3696: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3612: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3533: 3524:. Archived from 3518:"Mahamoggallana" 3513: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3398: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3369: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3335: 3334: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3208: 3202: 3193: 3187: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3074:, pp. 74–5. 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3048:Karaluvinna 2002 3045: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3032: 3026: 3015: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2889:Karaluvinna 2002 2886: 2880: 2877:Rhys Davids 1908 2874: 2857: 2854:Karaluvinna 2002 2851: 2845: 2842:Karaluvinna 2002 2839: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2803:Karaluvinna 2002 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2612:. Archived from 2601: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2524: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2444:(Legacy Edition) 2429: 2423: 2417: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2338: 2335:Rhys Davids 1908 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2299: 2296:Rhys Davids 1908 2293: 2278: 2272: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2140:Rhys Davids 1908 2137: 2131: 2130: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2049: 2043: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2010:Karaluvinna 2002 2007: 1994: 1988: 1933: 1922: 1916: 1913:Mūlasarvāstivāda 1901: 1895: 1891: 1885: 1878: 1872: 1861: 1855: 1848: 1702: 1645: 1637: 1608: 1600: 1563:ancestor worship 1482: 1413:Richard Gombrich 1371:Buddha's passing 1344: 1301: 1289:ancestral shrine 1188:Aṅguttara Nikāya 1169: 1127: 1078: 1064: 1052: 1027: 1019: 997:Sakyamuni Buddha 964: 886:T.W. Rhys Davids 835:; last stage of 833: 805: 783: 754: 728:Tibetan accounts 720:Mūlasarvāstivāda 708: 690: 645:Edward J. Thomas 615: 592: 512: 499: 470: 445: 430: 428:Phra Mokkhanlana 419: 418: 404: 397: 396: 382: 375: 374: 373:མོའུ་འགལ་གྱི་བུ་ 361: 360: 347: 332: 321: 320: 306: 304:Preah Mokkealean 295: 294: 280: 269: 268: 254: 243: 242: 228: 217: 216: 203: 201:Moggallāna Thera 189: 168: 167: 155:many, including 77:Kolita village, 46: 32: 31: 21: 8803: 8802: 8798: 8797: 8796: 8794: 8793: 8792: 8743: 8742: 8741: 8736: 8708: 8494: 8484: 8454: 8449: 8437: 8419: 8371: 8286: 8201: 7938:Ordination hall 7899: 7801: 7772:Buddhist crisis 7684: 7381: 7333:Mahayana sutras 7309: 7305:Thích Nhất Hạnh 7136: 7009: 6949: 6899:Bodhisattva vow 6584: 6450: 6390: 6349:Taṇhā (Craving) 6284:Five hindrances 6235: 6127: 6057: 5911: 5856: 5828: 5811: 5774: 5769: 5759: 5742: 5724:Hastings, James 5719: 5694:Arts Asiatiques 5683: 5634: 5628: 5618:Wiley-Blackwell 5609: 5569: 5529:Hastings, James 5499: 5473: 5467: 5452: 5438: 5432: 5413: 5386: 5364:10.2307/3269557 5342: 5315: 5271:, vol. 6, 5251: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5224: 5210: 5203: 5188: 5173: 5159: 5157: 5153: 5147: 5128: 5118: 5077: 5075: 5071: 5040: 5008: 4993: 4871: 4866: 4854:Hindustan Times 4847: 4846: 4842: 4832: 4830: 4822:Hindustan Times 4813: 4809: 4799: 4797: 4786:Catholic Philly 4778: 4774: 4764: 4762: 4745: 4741: 4733: 4729: 4721: 4717: 4702:10.2307/2942082 4680: 4676: 4668: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4627: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4603: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4555: 4548: 4540: 4536: 4529: 4502: 4498: 4464: 4460: 4452: 4448: 4436: 4425: 4421: 4413: 4409: 4401: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4336: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4313: 4305:. p. 143. 4293: 4286: 4278: 4274: 4266: 4262: 4254: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4228: 4220:. p. 284. 4208: 4204: 4196: 4192: 4182: 4180: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4150: 4148: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4104: 4098: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4031: 4027: 4019: 4015: 4007: 4003: 3995: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3969: 3946: 3942: 3934: 3930: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3885: 3876: 3868: 3864: 3856: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3832: 3828: 3820: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3777: 3736: 3727: 3723: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3698: 3697: 3675: 3671: 3663: 3659: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3613: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3586: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3547: 3540: 3531: 3529: 3514: 3507: 3499: 3495: 3489:Huntington 1985 3487: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3452: 3444:. p. 371. 3432: 3428: 3396: 3390: 3386: 3378: 3367: 3357: 3353: 3345: 3338: 3321:(S1): S92–S93. 3305: 3301: 3293: 3286: 3278: 3274: 3266: 3262: 3254: 3250: 3242: 3238: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3211: 3203: 3196: 3188: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3145: 3141: 3133: 3129: 3121: 3114: 3106: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3046: 3039: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3013: 3007: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2958: 2950: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2911: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2875: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2840: 2833: 2825: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2789: 2785: 2777: 2773: 2765: 2761: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2720: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2685: 2681: 2673: 2669: 2659: 2657: 2640: 2636: 2628: 2624: 2619:on 21 May 2015. 2616: 2610: 2599: 2596:The Lotus Sutra 2591: 2587: 2579: 2575: 2568: 2545: 2541: 2533: 2522: 2516: 2512: 2493:Wilson (1856). 2491: 2487: 2479: 2475: 2467: 2463: 2453: 2451: 2430: 2426: 2418: 2411: 2403: 2399: 2391: 2384: 2376: 2372: 2364: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2321: 2317: 2309: 2302: 2294: 2281: 2273: 2260: 2252: 2248: 2240: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2198: 2194: 2186: 2182: 2174: 2170: 2162: 2158: 2150: 2146: 2138: 2134: 2127: 2111: 2107: 2092: 2088: 2075: 2071: 2063: 2052: 2044: 2040: 2032: 2028: 2020: 2016: 2008: 1997: 1989: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1936: 1923: 1919: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1888: 1882:Sariputta Sutta 1879: 1875: 1862: 1858: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1828: 1804:Kaba Aye Pagoda 1710: 1704: 1697: 1688: 1469:Ullambana Sutra 1437: 1360: 1345:) to teach his 1319: 1299:§ Heritage 1259:Ullambana Sutra 1254: 1248: 1184: 1117:Samyutta Nikaya 1105: 1067:Buddhist canons 952:ordain as monks 941: 935:in the future. 875:and translator 793:ordain as monks 784: 778: 668: 662: 657: 599: 519:ordain as monks 420: 398: 376: 322: 296: 270: 244: 218: 172: 171:Translations of 162: 152: 151: 101: 97:Kālasilā Cave, 95: 86: 75: 49: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8801: 8791: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8738: 8737: 8735: 8734: 8724: 8713: 8710: 8709: 8707: 8706: 8705: 8704: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8683: 8682: 8672: 8671: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8619: 8618: 8613: 8591: 8590: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8543: 8542: 8532: 8531: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8508:Core teachings 8505: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8491:Gautama Buddha 8483: 8482: 8475: 8468: 8460: 8451: 8450: 8448: 8447: 8435: 8424: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8381: 8379: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8318: 8317: 8312: 8302: 8296: 8294: 8288: 8287: 8285: 8284: 8283: 8282: 8277: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8211: 8209: 8203: 8202: 8200: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8188: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8136: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8094: 8093: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8067: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8005: 8004: 8002:Greco-Buddhist 7994: 7993: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7956: 7955: 7953:Burmese pagoda 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7909: 7907: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7811: 7809: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7743: 7742: 7735:Greco-Buddhism 7732: 7727: 7726: 7725: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7694: 7692: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7682: 7681: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7668:United Kingdom 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7613:Czech Republic 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7580: 7579: 7578: 7573: 7563: 7562: 7561: 7551: 7550: 7549: 7544: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7503: 7502: 7492: 7487: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7391: 7389: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7379: 7377:Abhidharmadīpa 7374: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7319: 7317: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7295:B. R. Ambedkar 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7215:Songtsen Gampo 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7146: 7144: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7134: 7129: 7128: 7127: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7091: 7090: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7019: 7017: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7007: 7006: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6959: 6957: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6947: 6942: 6941: 6940: 6930: 6929: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6908: 6907: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6894:Eight precepts 6891: 6881: 6880: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6854: 6853: 6852: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6831: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6789: 6788: 6783: 6773: 6768: 6767: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6682: 6672: 6667: 6665:Five Strengths 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6605: 6600: 6594: 6592: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6556: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6460: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6406: 6400: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6383: 6382: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6304:Mental factors 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6245: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6156:Mahamoggallāna 6153: 6148: 6143: 6137: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6071:Avalokiteśvara 6067: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6044: 6043: 6035: 6027: 6019: 6011: 6003: 5995: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5921: 5919: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5872: 5866: 5864: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5810: 5809: 5802: 5795: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5773: 5772:External links 5770: 5768: 5767: 5747: 5728:Gray, Louis H. 5709: 5686: 5681: 5659: 5650:(1): 273–287, 5639: 5626: 5594: 5572: 5567: 5544: 5533:Gray, Louis H. 5517: 5502: 5497: 5478: 5476:on 2017-02-20. 5465: 5443: 5430: 5406: 5397:(2): 405–554, 5375: 5345: 5340: 5318: 5313: 5297:Williams, Paul 5288: 5276: 5256: 5237: 5215: 5191: 5186: 5164: 5145: 5121: 5116: 5096:Gethin, Rupert 5092: 5082: 5051:(1): 101–128, 5033: 5011: 5006: 4980: 4971:(3): 270–303, 4958: 4930: 4903: 4892:10.2307/595226 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4864: 4840: 4807: 4772: 4739: 4727: 4715: 4674: 4659: 4647: 4621: 4609: 4597: 4595:, p. 108. 4585: 4583:, p. 107. 4573: 4571:, p. 274. 4561: 4559:, p. 416. 4546: 4544:, p. 104. 4534: 4527: 4496: 4458: 4456:, p. 275. 4446: 4419: 4417:, p. 245. 4407: 4405:, p. 158. 4395: 4383: 4381:, p. 141. 4371: 4359: 4330: 4318: 4311: 4284: 4272: 4270:, p. 535. 4260: 4258:, p. 520. 4245: 4233: 4226: 4202: 4190: 4158: 4125: 4092: 4080: 4068: 4066:, p. 268. 4056: 4025: 4013: 4001: 3999:, p. 290. 3986: 3974: 3967: 3949:Williams, Paul 3940: 3928: 3926:, p. 262. 3916: 3909: 3874: 3862: 3860:, p. 263. 3850: 3848:, p. 335. 3838: 3836:, p. 488. 3826: 3807: 3805:, p. 475. 3795: 3783: 3749:(2): 215 n.7. 3721: 3669: 3667:, p. 341. 3657: 3632: 3625: 3604: 3602:, p. 476. 3592: 3588:McDermott 1976 3577: 3575:, p. 342. 3565: 3561:McDermott 1976 3553: 3551:, p. 244. 3538: 3505: 3493: 3481: 3469: 3457: 3450: 3426: 3384: 3351: 3336: 3299: 3297:, p. 295. 3284: 3272: 3260: 3258:, p. 127. 3248: 3246:, p. 289. 3236: 3224: 3209: 3194: 3175: 3173:, p. 137. 3163: 3151: 3139: 3137:, p. 128. 3127: 3112: 3110:, p. 226. 3100: 3098:, p. 222. 3088: 3076: 3064: 3062:, p. 498. 3052: 3050:, p. 449. 3037: 3001: 2989: 2987:, p. 111. 2977: 2975:, p. 487. 2956: 2944: 2942:, p. 233. 2932: 2905: 2903:, p. 232. 2893: 2891:, p. 250. 2881: 2879:, p. 769. 2858: 2856:, p. 451. 2846: 2844:, p. 450. 2831: 2829:, p. 478. 2819: 2807: 2805:, p. 448. 2795: 2783: 2781:, p. 452. 2771: 2759: 2747: 2740: 2714: 2702: 2679: 2667: 2634: 2632:, p. 455. 2622: 2608: 2585: 2583:, p. 449. 2573: 2566: 2558:Grove Atlantic 2539: 2527:Ancient Ceylon 2510: 2485: 2473: 2471:, p. 413. 2461: 2424: 2422:, p. 180. 2409: 2397: 2382: 2370: 2368:, p. 499. 2339: 2327: 2315: 2300: 2298:, p. 768. 2279: 2277:, p. 273. 2258: 2256:, p. 432. 2246: 2244:, p. 426. 2234: 2222: 2192: 2190:, p. 434. 2180: 2168: 2156: 2144: 2132: 2125: 2105: 2086: 2069: 2050: 2038: 2036:, p. 119. 2026: 2024:, p. 433. 2014: 2012:, p. 452. 1995: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1917: 1896: 1886: 1873: 1871:of the Dharma. 1856: 1842: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1827: 1824: 1706:Main article: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1473:Mahāyāna sūtra 1449:transfer merit 1436: 1433: 1359: 1356: 1329:, in the Thai 1327:Ekottara Agāma 1318: 1315: 1293:ghost festival 1267:(for example, 1250:Main article: 1247: 1244: 1183: 1180: 1104: 1101: 1009:psychic powers 940: 937: 861:Ye Dharma Hetu 779:Translated by 776: 716:Indian Sceptic 672:Buddhist texts 666:Ye Dharma Hetu 661: 658: 656: 653: 650: 637:Ernst Windisch 619: 598: 595: 569:and sometimes 559:ghost festival 454: 453: 447: 446: 439: 433: 432: 413: 407: 406: 391: 385: 384: 369: 363: 362: 355: 349: 348: 341: 335: 334: 315: 309: 308: 289: 283: 282: 263: 257: 256: 237: 231: 230: 211: 205: 204: 197: 191: 190: 183: 177: 176: 164: 163: 161: 160: 149: 148: 147: 144: 143: 141:Gautama Buddha 138: 134: 133: 132:Senior posting 129: 128: 125: 121: 120: 117: 113: 112: 107: 103: 102: 96: 92: 88: 87: 76: 72: 68: 67: 63: 62: 59:Gautama Buddha 55: 51: 50: 47: 39: 38: 35: 26: 18:Mahāmoggallāna 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8800: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8733: 8725: 8723: 8715: 8714: 8711: 8703: 8700: 8699: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8681: 8678: 8677: 8676: 8675:Buddha in art 8673: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8655: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8597: 8596: 8595: 8592: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8564: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8541: 8538: 8537: 8536: 8533: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8510: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8500: 8497: 8492: 8488: 8481: 8476: 8474: 8469: 8467: 8462: 8461: 8458: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8434: 8426: 8425: 8422: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8382: 8380: 8378: 8374: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8307: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8293: 8289: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8272: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8212: 8210: 8208: 8207:Miscellaneous 8204: 8198: 8197:Vegetarianism 8195: 8193: 8190: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8162: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8110: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8092: 8089: 8088: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8041: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8019:Buddha in art 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8003: 8000: 7999: 7998: 7995: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7954: 7951: 7950: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7915: 7914: 7911: 7910: 7908: 7906: 7902: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7804: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7741: 7738: 7737: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7724: 7721: 7720: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7687: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7673:United States 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7584: 7581: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7568: 7567: 7564: 7560: 7557: 7556: 7555: 7552: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7539: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7500: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7482: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7384: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7372: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7355: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7312: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7230:Padmasambhava 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7142:Major figures 7139: 7133: 7130: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7089: 7088:Western tulku 7086: 7085: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7016: 7012: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6946: 6943: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6934: 6931: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6912: 6909: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6889:Five precepts 6887: 6886: 6885: 6882: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6867:Dhamma vicaya 6865: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6858: 6855: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6714: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6635:Buddhābhiṣeka 6633: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6587: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6534: 6531: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6453: 6447: 6444: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6387: 6384: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6279:Enlightenment 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6269:Dhamma theory 6267: 6265: 6264:Buddha-nature 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6238: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6130: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6103:Samantabhadra 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6042: 6036: 6034: 6028: 6026: 6020: 6018: 6012: 6010: 6004: 6002: 5996: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5859: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5835: 5834: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5808: 5803: 5801: 5796: 5794: 5789: 5788: 5785: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5765: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5748: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5682:0-691-02677-7 5678: 5674: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5660: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5640: 5633: 5629: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5595: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5579: 5573: 5570: 5568:81-208-1817-2 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5551: 5545: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5509: 5503: 5500: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5485: 5479: 5472: 5468: 5462: 5458: 5451: 5450: 5444: 5437: 5433: 5431:0-02-865720-9 5427: 5423: 5419: 5412: 5407: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5393:(in French), 5392: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5352: 5346: 5343: 5341:81-208-3022-9 5337: 5333: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5319: 5316: 5310: 5306: 5303:, Cambridge: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5257: 5248:on 2017-05-17 5244: 5240: 5234: 5230: 5229:Facts on File 5223: 5222: 5216: 5209: 5202: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5183: 5179: 5172: 5171: 5165: 5156:on 2020-04-14 5152: 5148: 5146:0-7914-5691-9 5142: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5122: 5119: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5089: 5083: 5074:on 2019-12-29 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5039: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5009: 5003: 4999: 4992: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4959: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4941:(1): 95–120, 4940: 4936: 4931: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4917:(in French), 4916: 4912: 4911:Vinayapitakas 4908: 4907:Bareau, André 4904: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4860: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4844: 4828: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4811: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4760: 4756: 4755: 4750: 4743: 4736: 4731: 4724: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4690: 4685: 4678: 4671: 4666: 4664: 4656: 4651: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4625: 4619:, p. 78. 4618: 4613: 4606: 4601: 4594: 4589: 4582: 4577: 4570: 4565: 4558: 4553: 4551: 4543: 4538: 4530: 4528:0-8160-4640-9 4524: 4520: 4516: 4515:Facts On File 4512: 4511: 4506: 4500: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4481:(in French). 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4467:Bareau, André 4462: 4455: 4450: 4442: 4435: 4434: 4429: 4423: 4416: 4411: 4404: 4399: 4392: 4387: 4380: 4375: 4368: 4363: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4344:(in French). 4343: 4342: 4334: 4327: 4322: 4314: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4299: 4291: 4289: 4282:, p. 78. 4281: 4276: 4269: 4264: 4257: 4252: 4250: 4242: 4237: 4229: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4214: 4206: 4199: 4194: 4178: 4174: 4173: 4168: 4162: 4146: 4142: 4141: 4136: 4129: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4103: 4096: 4089: 4084: 4077: 4072: 4065: 4060: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4029: 4023:, p. 72. 4022: 4021:Ashikaga 1951 4017: 4010: 4005: 3998: 3993: 3991: 3983: 3982:Ashikaga 1951 3978: 3970: 3964: 3961:. p. 8. 3960: 3957:. Cambridge: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3944: 3938:, p. 54. 3937: 3932: 3925: 3920: 3912: 3910:0-415-94180-6 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3872:, p. 13. 3871: 3866: 3859: 3854: 3847: 3842: 3835: 3830: 3823: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3804: 3799: 3793:, p. 82. 3792: 3787: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3725: 3717: 3702: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3683:(PhD thesis, 3682: 3681: 3673: 3666: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3644: 3636: 3628: 3626:981-00-6253-2 3622: 3618: 3611: 3609: 3601: 3596: 3590:, p. 78. 3589: 3584: 3582: 3574: 3569: 3563:, p. 77. 3562: 3557: 3550: 3549:Schumann 2004 3545: 3543: 3528:on 2006-02-18 3527: 3523: 3519: 3512: 3510: 3502: 3497: 3490: 3485: 3478: 3473: 3466: 3461: 3453: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3438: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3388: 3377: 3373: 3366: 3364: 3355: 3349:, p. 76. 3348: 3343: 3341: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3310: 3303: 3296: 3291: 3289: 3281: 3276: 3269: 3264: 3257: 3252: 3245: 3240: 3233: 3228: 3221: 3216: 3214: 3206: 3205:Berezkin 2015 3201: 3199: 3191: 3190:Berezkin 2015 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3172: 3167: 3160: 3159:Berezkin 2015 3155: 3148: 3147:Berezkin 2015 3143: 3136: 3131: 3125:, p. 74. 3124: 3119: 3117: 3109: 3104: 3097: 3092: 3085: 3080: 3073: 3068: 3061: 3056: 3049: 3044: 3042: 3023: 3019: 3012: 3005: 2998: 2993: 2986: 2981: 2974: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2954:, p. 93. 2953: 2948: 2941: 2940:Schumann 2004 2936: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2902: 2901:Schumann 2004 2897: 2890: 2885: 2878: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2855: 2850: 2843: 2838: 2836: 2828: 2823: 2816: 2811: 2804: 2799: 2792: 2787: 2780: 2775: 2768: 2763: 2756: 2751: 2743: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2718: 2711: 2706: 2698: 2695:(5). note 2. 2694: 2690: 2683: 2676: 2671: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2645: 2638: 2631: 2626: 2615: 2611: 2605: 2598: 2597: 2589: 2582: 2577: 2569: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2554: 2549: 2548:Suzuki, D. T. 2543: 2532: 2528: 2521: 2514: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2496: 2489: 2482: 2477: 2470: 2465: 2449: 2445: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2428: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2406: 2401: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2379: 2374: 2367: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2336: 2331: 2324: 2319: 2313:, p. 77. 2312: 2307: 2305: 2297: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2276: 2275:Skilling 2003 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2255: 2250: 2243: 2238: 2231: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2211:(1–3): 65–6. 2210: 2207:(in French). 2206: 2202: 2196: 2189: 2184: 2177: 2172: 2166:, p. 14. 2165: 2160: 2153: 2148: 2141: 2136: 2128: 2126:9788170173175 2122: 2118: 2117: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2090: 2082: 2081: 2073: 2067:, p. 94. 2066: 2065:Schumann 2004 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2048:, p. 50. 2047: 2042: 2035: 2030: 2023: 2018: 2011: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1944: 1931: 1927: 1921: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1905:Dharmaguptaka 1900: 1890: 1883: 1877: 1870: 1866: 1860: 1853: 1847: 1843: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1823: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1718:Anāthapiṇḍika 1715: 1709: 1703: 1700: 1694: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1676:Dharmaguptaka 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1661:three poisons 1658: 1653: 1649: 1641: 1633: 1629: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1596: 1590: 1589:Dharmaskandha 1586: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1559: 1558:Neo-Confucian 1555: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1543:rains retreat 1540: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1516: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1480: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1463: 1462:monastic name 1454: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1432: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1403: 1401: 1395: 1391: 1389: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1364: 1355: 1352: 1348: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1300: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1265: 1260: 1253: 1243: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1226: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1212: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1198: 1193: 1189: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1139: 1134: 1130: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1077:sida shengwen 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1057: 1051: 1046: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1015: 1010: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 981: 977: 973: 965: 963: 958: 953: 949: 945: 936: 934: 930: 929:Mahakatyayana 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 905: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 882: 878: 874: 870: 869: 863: 862: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 837:enlightenment 834: 832: 826: 825: 820: 819: 814: 810: 809:Maudgalyāyana 806: 804: 799: 794: 790: 782: 775: 772: 769: 766: 762: 759: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 704: 699: 695: 691: 686: 681: 677: 673: 670:According to 667: 652: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 633:Maudgalyāyana 629: 627: 623: 617: 614: 608: 604: 594: 588: 584: 580: 576: 575:Dharmaguptaka 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 547: 545: 540: 536: 531: 526: 524: 523:enlightenment 520: 516: 508: 504: 500: 495: 490: 486: 482: 479:, was one of 478: 474: 469: 464: 460: 459:Maudgalyāyana 452: 448: 444: 443:Mục-kiền-liên 440: 438: 434: 429: 424: 417:พระโมคคัลลานะ 414: 412: 408: 403: 392: 390: 386: 381: 370: 368: 364: 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 340: 336: 331: 326: 316: 314: 310: 305: 300: 290: 288: 284: 279: 274: 264: 262: 258: 253: 248: 238: 236: 232: 227: 222: 212: 210: 206: 202: 198: 196: 192: 188: 184: 182: 178: 175: 174:Maudgalyayana 169: 158: 154: 153: 145: 142: 139: 135: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 111: 108: 104: 100: 93: 89: 84: 80: 73: 69: 64: 60: 56: 52: 45: 40: 36:Maudgalyayana 33: 30: 19: 8385:Bodhisattvas 8305:Christianity 8300:Baháʼí Faith 8165:Dharmachakra 8155:Prayer wheel 8145:Prayer beads 7913:Architecture 7792:969 Movement 7576:Saudi Arabia 7554:Central Asia 7547:South Africa 7369: 7352: 7285:Panchen Lama 7190:Buddhapālita 6786:Satipatthana 6781:Mindful Yoga 6694:Recollection 6608:Brahmavihara 6479:Japanese Zen 6474:Chinese Chan 6434:Animal realm 6241:Key concepts 6155: 6063:Bodhisattvas 5875:Three Jewels 5755: 5731: 5697: 5693: 5667: 5647: 5643: 5632:the original 5613: 5604: 5600: 5582: 5576: 5554: 5549: 5536: 5525:"Moggallāna" 5507: 5483: 5471:the original 5448: 5436:the original 5422:Thomson Gale 5417: 5394: 5390: 5379:Migot, André 5358:(1): 67–80, 5355: 5349: 5326: 5300: 5283: 5268: 5250:, retrieved 5243:the original 5227:, New York: 5220: 5199: 5169: 5158:, retrieved 5151:the original 5132: 5103: 5087: 5076:, retrieved 5069:the original 5048: 5044: 5028: 5022: 4989: 4968: 4962: 4938: 4934: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4886:(1): 71–75, 4883: 4877: 4852: 4843: 4831:. Retrieved 4820: 4810: 4798:. Retrieved 4785: 4775: 4763:. Retrieved 4752: 4742: 4735:Daulton 1999 4730: 4718: 4693: 4687: 4683: 4677: 4670:Daulton 1999 4650: 4641: 4637: 4630:Finot, Louis 4624: 4612: 4600: 4593:Daulton 1999 4588: 4581:Daulton 1999 4576: 4564: 4542:Daulton 1999 4537: 4513:. New York: 4509: 4499: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4461: 4449: 4443:p. 191. 4432: 4422: 4410: 4398: 4386: 4374: 4362: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4321: 4297: 4280:Gifford 2003 4275: 4263: 4236: 4212: 4205: 4193: 4181:. Retrieved 4172:Daily Mirror 4170: 4161: 4149:. Retrieved 4138: 4128: 4108: 4095: 4083: 4078:, p. 5. 4071: 4059: 4038: 4028: 4016: 4004: 3977: 3953: 3943: 3931: 3919: 3892: 3865: 3853: 3841: 3829: 3798: 3791:Gifford 2003 3786: 3775:the original 3746: 3740: 3724: 3679: 3672: 3660: 3642: 3635: 3616: 3595: 3568: 3556: 3530:. Retrieved 3526:the original 3503:, p. 8. 3496: 3484: 3479:, p. 4. 3472: 3460: 3436: 3429: 3407:(1): 75–83. 3404: 3400: 3387: 3371: 3362: 3354: 3347:Gifford 2003 3318: 3312: 3302: 3282:, p. 7. 3275: 3263: 3251: 3239: 3227: 3222:, p. 6. 3166: 3154: 3142: 3130: 3123:Gifford 2003 3103: 3091: 3084:Gifford 2003 3079: 3072:Gifford 2003 3067: 3055: 3029:. Retrieved 3018:bhikkhuni.et 3017: 3004: 2992: 2980: 2947: 2935: 2922: 2918: 2908: 2896: 2884: 2849: 2822: 2810: 2798: 2786: 2774: 2762: 2750: 2727: 2717: 2705: 2692: 2682: 2670: 2658:. Retrieved 2647: 2637: 2625: 2614:the original 2595: 2588: 2576: 2552: 2542: 2526: 2513: 2504: 2498: 2488: 2476: 2464: 2452:. Retrieved 2440: 2427: 2400: 2373: 2330: 2318: 2249: 2237: 2225: 2208: 2204: 2195: 2183: 2171: 2159: 2154:, p. 9. 2147: 2135: 2115: 2108: 2099: 2095: 2089: 2079: 2072: 2041: 2029: 2017: 1920: 1909:Sarvāstivāda 1899: 1889: 1881: 1876: 1859: 1846: 1815:Pope Francis 1808: 1786: 1780: 1770: 1745: 1736:and made an 1733: 1732:visited the 1725: 1721: 1713: 1711: 1696: 1691: 1673: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1593: 1581:Sarvāstivāda 1577:Vimānavatthu 1574: 1567: 1551: 1542: 1536: 1532: 1524: 1518: 1517:(China) and 1512: 1500: 1496: 1493:filial piety 1488: 1484: 1471:is the main 1468: 1466: 1458: 1426: 1422: 1416:necessarily 1408:heinous acts 1404: 1396: 1392: 1368: 1351:King Udāyana 1331:Jinakālamālī 1320: 1304: 1285:hungry ghost 1268: 1262: 1255: 1238: 1231: 1224: 1221: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200:(spirits in 1195: 1185: 1172:André Bareau 1157: 1142: 1120: 1112: 1106: 1093: 1090: 1081: 1080:) and eight 1075: 1054: 1042: 1035:Buddhist art 1012: 1005: 1000: 969: 955: 908: 906: 896:response to 894:iconoclastic 866: 859: 857: 851:to the Pali 828: 822: 816: 808: 796: 786: 773: 770: 767: 764: 747: 736: 701: 683: 669: 632: 630: 622:Mahāsāṃghika 613:§ Death 600: 551:filial piety 548: 530:Buddhist art 527: 492: 476: 472: 467: 458: 457: 293:ព្រះមោគ្គលាន 173: 74:year unknown 29: 8687:Iconography 8680:life in art 8547:Four sights 8230:Dharma talk 8059:Asalha Puja 7855:Eschatology 7658:Switzerland 7638:New Zealand 7566:Middle East 7475:Philippines 7395:Afghanistan 7200:Bodhidharma 7185:Buddhaghosa 7105:Householder 7015:Monasticism 6968:Bodhisattva 6823:Prostration 6776:Mindfulness 6704:Anapanasati 6687:Kammaṭṭhāna 6484:Korean Seon 6424:Asura realm 6419:Human realm 6359:Ten Fetters 6314:Parinirvana 6216:Uppalavanna 6181:Mahākaccana 6166:Mahākassapa 6098:Kṣitigarbha 6093:Ākāśagarbha 5990:Suddhodāna 5935:Four sights 5862:Foundations 5700:: 139–153, 5585:: 223–347, 5015:Carus, Paul 4723:Brekke 2007 4655:Brekke 2007 4617:Brekke 2007 4605:Brekke 2007 4569:Brekke 2007 4454:Brekke 2007 4391:Teiser 2008 4379:Teiser 2008 4367:Thomas 1953 4064:Seidel 1989 4009:Teiser 1996 3997:Powers 2015 3924:Harvey 2013 3858:Harvey 2013 3834:Mrozik 2004 3822:Harvey 2013 3711:|type= 3701:cite thesis 3501:Revire 2017 3477:Revire 2017 3374:(37): 236. 3295:Seidel 1989 3280:Teiser 1996 3256:Ladwig 2012 3244:Powers 2015 3220:Teiser 1996 3171:Ladwig 2012 3135:Ladwig 2012 3108:Gethin 2011 3096:Gethin 2011 2997:Bareau 1991 2985:Bareau 1991 2973:Mrozik 2004 2952:Bareau 1991 2481:Neelis 2011 2454:19 February 2201:Lamotte, E. 2164:Harvey 2013 2046:Thomas 1908 2034:Teiser 1996 1652:Divyāvadāna 1445:make merits 1273:make merits 1192:Utpalavarṇā 978:text, each 976:Buddhavaṃsa 921:Mahākasyapa 917:Lotus Sutra 884:Indologist 722:Canon, the 641:Mahabharata 591:Uppalavaṇṇā 583:Utpalavarṇā 511:Mahākassapa 503:Mahākāśyapa 345:Molun Toyin 8747:Categories 8607:Bodhi Tree 8572:Śuddhodana 8523:Middle Way 8487:The Buddha 8347:Psychology 8327:Gnosticism 8315:Comparison 8310:Influences 8292:Comparison 8175:Bhavacakra 8133:Kushinagar 8108:Pilgrimage 8054:Māgha Pūjā 8009:Bodhi Tree 7825:Buddhology 7815:Abhidharma 7807:Philosophy 7740:Menander I 7608:Costa Rica 7559:Uzbekistan 7400:Bangladesh 7354:Dhammapada 7338:Pali Canon 7300:Ajahn Chah 7280:Dalai Lama 7180:Kumārajīva 7175:Vasubandhu 7150:The Buddha 7058:Zen master 6993:Sakadagami 6973:Buddhahood 6904:Pratimokṣa 6719:Shikantaza 6675:Meditation 6650:Deity yoga 6521:Madhyamaka 6414:Deva realm 6309:Mindstream 6259:Bodhicitta 6171:Aṅgulimāla 6038:Devadatta 6014:Yaśodharā 5917:The Buddha 5907:Middle Way 5252:2017-03-02 5160:2017-05-05 5135:, Albany: 5078:2019-09-24 5024:Open Court 4921:: 87–132, 4869:References 4825:. Bhopal. 4754:News First 4557:Migot 1954 4517:. p. 4485:(2): 264. 4439:. London: 4403:Irons 2007 4326:Migot 1954 4256:Migot 1954 4140:News First 4041:(8): 131. 3936:Irons 2007 3899:. p. 3846:Irons 2007 3803:Migot 1954 3665:Keown 1996 3600:Migot 1954 3573:Keown 1996 3532:2006-07-16 3232:Irons 2007 3031:2019-09-26 2827:Migot 1954 2815:Migot 1954 2791:Migot 1954 2755:Migot 1954 2710:Migot 1954 2675:Migot 1954 2581:Migot 1954 2469:Migot 1954 2420:Carus 1905 2405:Migot 1954 2393:Migot 1954 2378:Migot 1954 2323:Migot 1954 2254:Migot 1954 2242:Migot 1954 2230:Migot 1954 2188:Migot 1954 2096:Purātattva 2022:Migot 1954 1865:Mahīśāsaka 1820:Sirindhorn 1799:legitimate 1644:bhavacakka 1636:bhavacakra 1621:meditation 1617:Abhidharma 1585:Abhidharma 1570:Māgha Pūjā 1307:Phra Malai 1168:Ajātasattu 1164:Ajātasattu 1109:Theragatha 1062:mchog zung 1039:literature 890:Paul Carus 853:Dhammapada 849:Commentary 710:). In the 664:See also: 603:Pali Canon 571:Abhidharma 567:meditation 481:the Buddha 468:Moggallāna 437:Vietnamese 402:Mukilannar 395:முகிலண்ணர் 8732:Wikiquote 8668:footprint 8603:Bodh Gaya 8582:Yaśodharā 8535:Disciples 8415:Festivals 8395:Buddhists 8357:Theosophy 8160:Symbolism 8150:Hama yumi 8123:Bodh Gaya 7890:Socialism 7865:Evolution 7840:Economics 7678:Venezuela 7593:Australia 7588:Argentina 7512:Sri Lanka 7507:Singapore 7425:Indonesia 7387:Countries 7328:Tripiṭaka 7290:Ajahn Mun 7165:Nagarjuna 7160:Aśvaghoṣa 7043:Anagārika 7038:Śrāmaṇerī 7033:Śrāmaṇera 7028:Bhikkhunī 6988:Sotāpanna 6877:Passaddhi 6818:Offerings 6793:Nekkhamma 6670:Iddhipada 6590:Practices 6560:Theravada 6533:Vajrayana 6526:Yogachara 6496:Pure Land 6409:Six Paths 6396:Cosmology 6176:Anuruddha 6151:Sāriputta 6141:Kaundinya 6133:Disciples 6108:Vajrapāṇi 5960:Footprint 5925:Tathāgata 5489:Routledge 5280:Keown, D. 5065:161183926 4955:146215342 4047:1391-8443 3897:Routledge 3771:145404006 3763:1475-2999 3421:143896245 3207:, sec. 6. 3192:, sec. 2. 3161:, sec. 7. 3149:, sec. 3. 2925:(2): 28. 2779:Shaw 2013 2630:Shaw 2013 2529:(14): 2. 1940:Citations 1894:sorcerer. 1869:emptiness 1852:Confucian 1765:Śāriputra 1722:requested 1554:Confucian 1529:Pravāraṇa 1514:Yulan Hui 1343:Tāvatiṃsa 1176:Xuan Zang 1154:Devadatta 1126:sotāpanna 1111:and many 972:disciples 948:Śāriputra 898:Brahmanic 873:Oldenberg 712:Theravāda 539:Devadatta 515:Śāriputra 498:Sāriputta 489:Śāriputra 339:Mongolian 241:目連/摩诃目犍乾连 116:Parent(s) 8702:Hinduism 8638:Prophecy 8628:Birthday 8623:Miracles 8503:Buddhism 8433:Category 8362:Violence 8332:Hinduism 8280:Sanskrit 8235:Hinayana 8220:Amitābha 8180:Swastika 8049:Uposatha 8039:Holidays 8024:Calendar 7870:Humanism 7708:Kanishka 7698:Timeline 7522:Thailand 7490:Kalmykia 7485:Buryatia 7470:Pakistan 7455:Mongolia 7450:Maldives 7445:Malaysia 7410:Cambodia 7275:Shamarpa 7270:Nichiren 7220:Xuanzang 7155:Nagasena 7073:Rinpoche 6803:Pāramitā 6645:Devotion 6565:Navayana 6553:Dzogchen 6516:Nichiren 6464:Mahayana 6456:Branches 6334:Saṅkhāra 6083:Mañjuśrī 6040:(cousin) 6032:(cousin) 6000:(mother) 5992:(father) 5980:Miracles 5930:Birthday 5847:Glossary 5820:Buddhism 5753:(1953), 5740:Archived 5730:(eds.). 5715:(1908). 5665:(1996), 5535:(eds.), 5523:(1908), 5513:Changzhi 5381:(1954), 5324:(1937), 5208:Archived 5098:(2011), 5017:(1905), 4987:(2013), 4859:Archived 4827:Archived 4794:Archived 4759:Archived 4632:(1917). 4507:(2004). 4430:(1854). 4348:: 27–8. 4177:Archived 4145:Archived 4117:Archived 4051:Archived 3732:(1975). 3652:Archived 3376:Archived 3331:Archived 3022:Archived 2927:Archived 2697:Archived 2654:Archived 2550:(2007). 2531:Archived 2448:Archived 2435:(1993). 2102:: 59–73. 1826:See also 1742:Upagupta 1738:offering 1650:and the 1632:Sanskrit 1612:mnemonic 1595:Sanskrit 1525:Avalamba 1435:Heritage 1388:Rājagaha 1230:dragon ( 1050:niky ōji 1044:Japanese 1014:Sanskrit 962:Veḷuvana 913:Mahayāna 845:elements 803:Veḷuvana 777:— 689:Upatissa 319:摩訶目犍連/目連 261:Japanese 181:Sanskrit 150:Students 110:Buddhism 106:Religion 66:Personal 8722:Commons 8599:Lumbini 8528:Sayings 8410:Temples 8390:Buddhas 8352:Science 8342:Judaism 8337:Jainism 8255:Lineage 8215:Abhijñā 8185:Thangka 8128:Sarnath 8113:Lumbini 8034:Funeral 8029:Cuisine 7905:Culture 7880:Reality 7830:Creator 7820:Atomism 7690:History 7663:Ukraine 7623:Germany 7542:Senegal 7532:Vietnam 7460:Myanmar 7260:Shinran 7250:Karmapa 7225:Shandao 7195:Dignāga 7120:Śrāvaka 7100:Donchee 7095:Kappiya 7053:Sayadaw 7023:Bhikkhu 6998:Anāgāmi 6955:Nirvana 6921:Samadhi 6808:Paritta 6749:Tonglen 6744:Mandala 6699:Smarana 6680:Mantras 6628:Upekkha 6598:Bhavana 6548:Shingon 6501:Tiantai 6354:Tathātā 6344:Śūnyatā 6339:Skandha 6329:Saṃsāra 6324:Rebirth 6299:Kleshas 6289:Indriya 6191:Subhūti 6076:Guanyin 6030:Ānanda 6022:Rāhula 5902:Nirvana 5842:Outline 5601:Arahats 5372:3269557 4913:], 4710:2942082 1903:In the 1750:Mathura 1669:Nirvana 1599:mātṛikā 1547:Taoists 1483:. The 1453:spirits 1325:of the 1264:bianwen 1211:brahmas 1186:In the 1166:(Pali: 1138:Hokusai 1115:in the 985:aspired 933:Buddhas 925:Subhuti 841:Magadha 831:arahant 744:Aśvajit 726:and in 680:Nalanda 601:In the 501:), and 485:Subhuti 367:Tibetan 353:Sinhala 235:Chinese 209:Burmese 137:Teacher 99:Magadha 79:Magadha 8758:Arhats 8658:Cetiya 8653:Relics 8594:Places 8587:Rāhula 8562:Family 8405:Sutras 8400:Suttas 8265:Siddhi 8250:Koliya 8225:Brahmā 8140:Poetry 8086:Mantra 8076:Kasaya 7948:Pagoda 7928:Kyaung 7923:Vihāra 7918:Temple 7860:Ethics 7703:Ashoka 7653:Sweden 7648:Poland 7643:Norway 7633:Mexico 7618:France 7603:Canada 7598:Brazil 7537:Africa 7517:Taiwan 7480:Russia 7405:Bhutan 7365:Vinaya 7245:Naropa 7235:Saraha 7170:Asanga 6926:Prajñā 6835:Refuge 6798:Nianfo 6759:Tertön 6754:Tantra 6739:Ganana 6729:Tukdam 6655:Dhyāna 6623:Mudita 6618:Karuṇā 6511:Risshū 6506:Huayan 6439:Naraka 6379:Anattā 6374:Dukkha 6369:Anicca 6274:Dharma 6226:Channa 6161:Ānanda 6146:Assaji 6113:Skanda 6016:(wife) 5985:Family 5965:Relics 5890:Sangha 5885:Dharma 5880:Buddha 5679: 5624: 5605:Suttas 5565: 5495: 5463: 5428: 5370: 5338: 5311: 5235: 5184: 5143: 5114: 5063: 5004: 4953: 4900:595226 4898: 4708: 4525: 4309: 4224: 4045: 3965: 3907: 3769: 3761: 3623: 3448: 3419: 2738: 2606: 2564: 2123: 1781:stūpas 1777:Sanchi 1730:Ashoka 1686:Relics 1659:, the 1648:Vinaya 1607:mātikā 1533:pretas 1400:Jātaka 1383:heaven 1347:mother 1239:jhānas 1197:pretas 1150:schism 1146:Rahula 1113:sutras 1095:sutras 1086:Ānanda 1082:arhats 1074:: 1072:pinyin 1031:wisdom 980:Buddha 902:Suzuki 868:stūpas 753:Assaji 597:Person 579:relics 555:merits 537:after 477:Kolita 313:Korean 299:UNGEGN 273:Rōmaji 247:Pinyin 157:Rāhula 124:School 8692:Films 8663:tooth 8648:Death 8633:Modak 8377:Lists 8245:Kalpa 8240:Iddhi 8103:Music 8098:Mudra 8064:Vassa 8044:Vesak 8014:Budai 7960:Candi 7943:Stupa 7875:Logic 7628:Italy 7527:Tibet 7465:Nepal 7435:Korea 7430:Japan 7420:India 7415:China 7360:Sutra 7315:Texts 7265:Dōgen 7255:Hōnen 7240:Atiśa 7205:Zhiyi 7115:Achar 7083:Tulku 7078:Geshe 7063:Rōshi 7048:Ajahn 7003:Arhat 6963:Bodhi 6933:Vīrya 6850:Sacca 6845:Satya 6840:Sādhu 6828:Music 6771:Merit 6764:Terma 6724:Zazen 6660:Faith 6613:Mettā 6294:Karma 6254:Bardo 6221:Asita 6211:Khema 6201:Upāli 6186:Nanda 6024:(son) 5998:Māyā 5975:Films 5852:Index 5760:(PDF) 5743:(PDF) 5722:. In 5720:(PDF) 5635:(PDF) 5610:(PDF) 5553:[ 5527:, in 5474:(PDF) 5453:(PDF) 5439:(PDF) 5414:(PDF) 5387:(PDF) 5368:JSTOR 5351:Numen 5295:, in 5263:, in 5246:(PDF) 5225:(PDF) 5211:(PDF) 5204:(PDF) 5174:(PDF) 5154:(PDF) 5129:(PDF) 5072:(PDF) 5061:S2CID 5041:(PDF) 4994:(PDF) 4964:Numen 4951:S2CID 4896:JSTOR 4833:1 May 4800:1 May 4765:1 May 4706:JSTOR 4644:: 12. 4475:stūpa 4471:stūpa 4437:(PDF) 4183:1 May 4151:1 May 4120:(PDF) 4105:(PDF) 3778:(PDF) 3767:S2CID 3737:(PDF) 3417:S2CID 3397:(PDF) 3379:(PDF) 3368:(PDF) 3025:(PDF) 3014:(PDF) 2660:1 May 2617:(PDF) 2600:(PDF) 2534:(PDF) 2523:(PDF) 1838:Notes 1795:Nehru 1746:stūpa 1734:stūpa 1726:stūpa 1714:stūpa 1538:varṣa 1509:Japan 1505:China 1501:sūtra 1497:sutra 1489:sutra 1485:sutra 1477:(see 1358:Death 1225:devas 1216:devas 1206:devas 1159:devas 1026:iddhi 1018:ṛddhi 909:arhat 818:arhat 676:Silao 626:Migot 544:karma 389:Tamil 287:Khmer 221:MLCTS 83:Bihar 54:Title 8567:Maya 8275:Pāḷi 8260:Māra 8170:Flag 7571:Iran 7495:Tuva 7440:Laos 7068:Lama 6916:Śīla 6884:Śīla 6872:Pīti 6862:Sati 6813:Puja 6734:Koan 6640:Dāna 6231:Yasa 6118:Tārā 5677:ISBN 5622:ISBN 5563:ISBN 5493:ISBN 5461:ISBN 5426:ISBN 5336:ISBN 5309:ISBN 5286:(24) 5233:ISBN 5182:ISBN 5141:ISBN 5112:ISBN 5002:ISBN 4835:2017 4802:2017 4767:2017 4523:ISBN 4307:ISBN 4222:ISBN 4185:2017 4153:2017 4043:ISSN 3963:ISBN 3905:ISBN 3759:ISSN 3716:help 3621:ISBN 3446:ISBN 2736:ISBN 2662:2017 2604:ISBN 2562:ISBN 2456:2017 2121:ISBN 1911:and 1640:Pali 1603:Pali 1556:and 1520:Obon 1447:and 1379:Jain 1375:Pali 1339:Pali 1297:see 1277:Yama 1232:naga 1208:and 1122:Pali 1022:Pali 1001:mahā 957:Pali 824:Pali 813:clan 798:Pali 758:alms 749:Pali 703:Pali 685:Pali 655:Life 618:dark 611:see 607:hell 587:Pali 507:Pali 494:Pali 463:Pali 423:RTGS 411:Thai 195:Pali 91:Died 71:Born 7997:Art 7933:Wat 6469:Zen 5702:doi 5652:doi 5587:doi 5399:doi 5360:doi 5053:doi 5031:(6) 4973:doi 4943:doi 4923:doi 4888:doi 4698:doi 4686:". 4519:215 4487:doi 4350:doi 3751:doi 3687:). 3409:doi 3323:doi 2213:doi 2209:134 1295:. 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