Tamil language - Knowledge

2364: 2365: 975:, India, and the Northern and Eastern provinces of Sri Lanka. It has significant speaking populations in Malaysia, Singapore, and among diaspora communities. Tamil has been recognized as a classical language by the Indian government and holds official status in Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, and Singapore. The language has seen efforts to purify it by reducing the influence of Sanskrit and other foreign loanwords. Tamil maintains its classical literary tradition while adapting to modern changes in colloquial speech and writing. Its phonology is characterized by a rich set of consonants and vowels, and it has a script that differs from other Indic scripts by its use of visible marks to indicate vowel omission. 1167: 920: 72: 4859: 4790: 6558: 6540: 848: 2366: 2356: 9919: 1457: 9927: 4769: 2316: 1970: 9905: 2632: 1228: 5827:, which sought to remove the accumulated influence of Sanskrit on Tamil. As a result of this, Tamil in formal documents, literature and public speeches has seen a marked decline in the use Sanskrit loan words in the past few decades, under some estimates having fallen from 40 to 50% to about 20%. As a result, the Prakrit and Sanskrit loan words used in modern Tamil are, unlike in some other Dravidian languages, restricted mainly to some spiritual terminology and 2648: 10697: 1397: 15954: 1937: 1182: 13852: 7722:: "Dravidianism, too, lent its support to the contestatory classicist project, motivated principally by the political imperative of countering (Sanskritic) Indian nationalism... It was not until the DMK came to power in 1967 that such demands were fulfilled, and the pure Tamil cause received a boost, although purification efforts are not particularly high on the agenda of either the Dravidian movement or the Dravidianist idiom of tamiḻppaṟṟu." 4813: 3821: 1197: 2551: 10787: 4271: 15966: 11259: 6860:, p. 12: "...the most acceptable periodisation which has so far been suggested for the development of Tamil writing seems to me to be that of A Chidambaranatha Chettiar (1907–1967): 1. Sangam Literature – 200BC to AD 200; 2. Post Sangam literature – AD 200 – AD 600; 3. Early Medieval literature – AD 600 to AD 1200; 4. Later Medieval literature – AD 1200 to AD 1800; 5. Pre-Modern literature – AD 1800 to 1900" 4212: 49: 14099: 877: 4858: 4789: 1504:, which is generally taken to have been completed by the 8th century, was characterised by a number of phonological and grammatical changes. In phonological terms, the most important shifts were the virtual disappearance of the aytam (ஃ), an old phoneme, the coalescence of the alveolar and dental nasals, and the transformation of the alveolar 4850: 4781: 1571:

use in Modern Tamil – instead, negation is expressed either morphologically or syntactically. Modern spoken Tamil also shows a number of sound changes, in particular, a tendency to lower high vowels in initial and medial positions, and the disappearance of vowels between plosives and between a plosive and rhotic.

1158:

relatively close to the northern parts of India, Kannada also shares some Sanskrit words, similar to Malayalam. Many of the formerly used words in Tamil have been preserved with little change in Kannada. This shows a relative parallel to Tamil, even as Tamil has undergone some changes in modern ways of speaking.

2173:" meaning "that place". Although Tamil dialects do not differ significantly in their vocabulary, there are a few exceptions. The dialects spoken in Sri Lanka retain many words and grammatical forms that are not in everyday use in India, and use many other words slightly differently. Tamil dialects include 1154:; the two began diverging around the 9th century AD. Although many of the differences between Tamil and Malayalam demonstrate a pre-historic divergence of the western dialect, the process of separation into a distinct language, Malayalam, was not completed until sometime in the 13th or 14th century. 1570:

remains the standard normative grammar for modern literary Tamil, which therefore continues to be based on Middle Tamil of the 13th century rather than on Modern Tamil. Colloquial spoken Tamil, in contrast, shows a number of changes. The negative conjugation of verbs, for example, has fallen out of

5838:

and words derived from Tamil roots to replace loan words from English and other languages. As of 2019, the language had a listed vocabulary of over 470,000 unique words, including those from old literary sources. In November 2019, the state government issued an order to add 9,000 new words to the

1574:

Contact with European languages affected written and spoken Tamil. Changes in written Tamil include the use of European-style punctuation and the use of consonant clusters that were not permitted in Middle Tamil. The syntax of written Tamil has also changed, with the introduction of new aspectual

5808:

in the Tamil country. Tamil vocabulary never became quite as heavily Sanskritised as that of the other Dravidian languages, and unlike in those languages, it was and remains possible to express complex ideas (including in science, art, religion and law) without the use of Sanskrit loan words. In

1157:

Additionally Kannada is also relatively close to the Tamil language and shares the format of the formal ancient Tamil language. While there are some variations from the Tamil language, Kannada still preserves a lot from its roots. As part of the southern family of Indian languages and situated

2752:

to indicate a 'dead consonant' (a consonant without a vowel). In other Indic scripts, it is generally preferred to use a ligature or a half form to write a syllable or a cluster containing a dead consonant, although writing it with a visible virama is also possible. The Tamil script does not

8716:

The entire problem of the concept of "case" in Dravidian will be ignored in this paper. In fact, we might posit a great number of "cases" for perhaps any Dravidian language once we departed from the familiar types of paradigms forced upon us by traditional, indigenous and European grammars,

2247:

loanwords, has been influenced by Malayalam's syntax, and has a distinctive Malayalam accent. Similarly, Tamil spoken in Kanyakumari District has more unique words and phonetic style than Tamil spoken at other parts of Tamil Nadu. The words and phonetics are so different that a person from

4812: 808: 968:, consisting of over 2,000 poems. Tamil script evolved from Tamil Brahmi, and later, the vatteluttu script was used until the current script was standardized. The language has a distinct grammatical structure, with agglutinative morphology that allows for complex word formations. 2333: 2336: 921: 73: 13235: 6342:

mənid̪ə piriʋijinər səgələrum sud̪ən̪d̪irəmaːgəʋeː pirəkːin̺d̺ranər əvərgəɭ məd̪ipːilum uriməigəɭilum səməmaːnəʋərgəɭ əvərgəɭ nijaːjatːəijum mənətt͡ʃaːʈt͡ʃijəijum ijərpəɳbaːgə pet̺rəʋərgəɭ əvərgəɭ oruʋəruɖənoruʋər sagoːdəɾə uɳərʋɨ paːŋgil nəɖən̪d̪ʉkoɭɭəl

2334: 5740:

is found in Modern Tamil, which opposes the use of foreign loanwords. Nonetheless, a number of words used in classical and modern Tamil are loanwords from the languages of neighbouring groups, or with whom the Tamils had trading links, including

9157:": "Nevertheless, even impressionistically speaking, the marked decline in the use of foreign words, especially of Sanskritic origin, in Tamil literary, scholarly, and even bureaucratic circles over the past half century is quite striking." 6332:

Maṉitap piṟaviyiṉar cakalarum cutantiramākavē piṟakkiṉṟaṉar; avarkaḷ matippilum, urimaikaḷilum camamāṉavarkaḷ, avarkaḷ niyāyattaiyum maṉaccāṭciyaiyum iyaṟpaṇpākap peṟṟavarkaḷ. Avarkaḷ oruvaruṭaṉoruvar cakōtara uṇarvup pāṅkil naṭantukoḷḷal

2063:, a high register and a low one. Tamil dialects are primarily differentiated from each other by the fact that they have undergone different phonological changes and sound shifts in evolving from Old Tamil. For example, the word for "here"— 6323:மனிதப் பிறவியினர் சகலரும் சுதந்திரமாகவே பிறக்கின்றனர்; அவர்கள் மதிப்பிலும், உரிமைகளிலும் சமமானவர்கள், அவர்கள் நியாயத்தையும் மனச்சாட்சியையும் இயற்பண்பாகப் பெற்றவர்கள். அவர்கள் ஒருவருடனொருவர் சகோதர உணர்வுப் பாங்கில் நடந்துகொள்ளல் வேண்டும். 8914:"Literature in all Dravidian languages owes a great deal to Sanskrit, the magic wand whose touch raised each of the languages from a level of patois to that of a literary idiom" (Sastri 1955, p. 309); Trautmann, Thomas R. (2006). 1429:

Old Tamil is the period of the Tamil language spanning the 3rd century BC to the 8th century AD. The earliest records in Old Tamil are short inscriptions from 300 BC to 700 AD. These inscriptions are written in a variant of the

636: 4804: 5613:. Definiteness and indefiniteness are either indicated by special grammatical devices, such as using the number "one" as an indefinite article, or by the context. In the first person plural, Tamil makes a distinction between 2363: 5704:. Not all Tamil sentences have subjects, verbs, and objects. It is possible to construct grammatically valid and meaningful sentences which lack one or more of the three. For example, a sentence may only have a verb—such as 1688:. Tamil or dialects of it were used widely in the state of Kerala as the major language of administration, literature and common usage until the 12th century AD. Tamil was also used widely in inscriptions found in southern 1444:, an early work on Tamil grammar and poetics, whose oldest layers could be as old as the late 2nd century BC. Many literary works in Old Tamil have also survived. These include a corpus of 2,381 poems collectively known as 1377:

and on trade goods in Thailand and Egypt. In November 2007, an excavation at Quseir-al-Qadim revealed Egyptian pottery dating back to first century BC with ancient Tamil Brahmi inscriptions. There are a number of apparent

2806:

Apart from the usual numerals, Tamil has numerals for 10, 100 and 1000. Symbols for day, month, year, debit, credit, as above, rupee, and numeral are present as well. Tamil also uses several historical fractional signs.

2772:, and other languages. The traditional system prescribed by classical grammars for writing loan-words, which involves respelling them in accordance with Tamil phonology, remains, but is not always consistently applied. 5366:. Modern grammarians argue that this classification is artificial, and that Tamil usage is best understood if each suffix or combination of suffixes is seen as marking a separate case. Tamil nouns can take one of four 1087:, meaning in origin "the proper process (of speaking)". However, this is deemed unlikely by Southworth due to the contemporary use of the compound 'centamiḻ', which means refined speech in the earliest literature. 5447:

Tamil has three simple tenses—past, present, and future—indicated by the suffixes, as well as a series of perfects indicated by compound suffixes. Mood is implicit in Tamil, and is normally reflected by the same

8717:

especially of the literary languages. It is, for instance, sheer convention based on Tamil grammatical tradition (influenced no doubt by Sanskrit) that, as a rule, the number of cases in Tamil is given as eight.

4836: 2390: 2332: 6352:

Human beings all-of-them freely {are born}. They rights-in-and dignities-in-and equal-ones. They law-and conscience-and intrinsically possessed-ones. They among-one-another brotherly feeling share-in act

9315: 4857: 2009: 4788: 995:

is mentioned as Tamil, the period when the name "Tamil" came to be applied to the language is unclear, as is the precise etymology of the name. The earliest attested use of the name is found in

12577: 1988: 12442: 1881:

to provide education completely in Tamil language by the Tamils who settled there 200 years ago. Tamil language is available as a course in some local school boards and major universities in

953:

The term "Tamil" has its origins in the ancient Tamil Sangams, where it was first recorded in the Tholkappiyam around the 2nd century BCE. The language belongs to the southern branch of the

4834: 4811: 2389: 6688: 5195:

are classified as "rational", and all other nouns (animals, objects, abstract nouns) are classified as irrational. The "rational" nouns and pronouns belong to one of three classes (

1767:, which includes Tamil-speaking Hindus as well as Christians and Muslims – including some Tamil-speaking Muslim refugees from Sri Lanka. There are about 100 Tamil Hindu families in 8238:

Members of the committee felt that the pressure was being brought on it because of the compulsions of the Congress and the UPA government to appease its ally, M. Karunanidhi's DMK.

2007: 9873: 1986: 957:

family and shares close ties with Malayalam and Kannada. Despite external influences, Tamil has retained a sense of linguistic purism, especially in formal and literary contexts.

7043: 6359:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They possess conscience and reason. Therefore, everyone should act in a spirit of brotherhood towards each other.

5199:)—masculine singular, feminine singular, and rational plural. The "irrational" nouns and pronouns belong to one of two classes: irrational singular and irrational plural. The 4835: 609: 7833: 2391: 8162: 2280:

which most members of that caste traditionally used regardless of where they come from. It is often possible to identify a person's caste by their speech. For example,

11230: 2700:. The vowels and consonants combine to form 216 compound characters, giving a total of 247 characters (12 + 18 + 1 + (12 × 18)). All consonants have an inherent vowel 964:

for early maritime traders, with inscriptions found in places like Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Egypt. The language has a well-documented history with literary works like

8918:. Berkeley: University of California Press. "The author endeavours to demonstrate that the entire Sangam poetic corpus follows the "Kavya" form of Sanskrit poetry" – 7749:. Compiled and edited by Research, Reference and Training Division, Publications Division, New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. 2008: 1312:

Scholars categorise the attested history of the language into three periods: Old Tamil (300 BC – AD 700), Middle Tamil (700–1600) and Modern Tamil (1600–present).

2335: 1987: 8113: 12429: 16071: 6369: 1791:

have Tamil origins, but only a small number speak the language. In Reunion where the Tamil language was forbidden to be learnt and used in public space by

2768:, which was used in the Tamil region to write Sanskrit, are sometimes used to represent sounds not native to Tamil, that is, words adopted from Sanskrit, 13210: 10715: 8998:

Pollock, Sheldon (1996). "The Sanskrit Cosmopolis 300–1300: Transculturation, vernacularisation and the question of ideology" in Jan E. M. Houben (ed.),

6631: 5809:

addition, Sanskritisation was actively resisted by a number of authors of the late medieval period, culminating in the 20th century in a movement called

7681: 7412: 9427: 9790:, 3rd and 4th Edition Revised and Enlarged by David Bexell. Evangelical Lutheran Mission Publishing House, Tranquebar; called Tranquebar Dictionary. 8807: 5788:

The strongest effect of purism in Tamil has been on words taken from Sanskrit. During its history, Tamil, along with other Dravidian languages like

15754: 13692: 12782: 12749: 2325: 8251: 5853:

Words of Tamil origin occur in other languages. A notable example of a word in worldwide use with Dravidian (not specifically Tamil) etymology is

14410: 648: 7181: 16066: 13840: 9612: 9137:, transl. from Tamil by E. Sa. Viswanathan, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 1988. p. 12: "Since then the movement has been popularly known as the 7457: 14034: 13240: 11294: 8213: 7387: 6694: 5026:, which can lead to long words with many suffixes, which would require several words or a sentence in English. To give an example, the word 13818: 12150: 12101: 10813: 10290: 675: 12887: 8315: 7318: 5834:

In the 20th century, institutions and learned bodies have, with government support, generated technical dictionaries for Tamil containing

15603: 6374: 8668: 8644: 6950: 5785:, and Sinhala. During the modern period, words have also been adapted from European languages, such as Portuguese, French, and English. 1700:

until the 12th century AD. Tamil was used for inscriptions from the 10th through 14th centuries in southern Karnataka districts such as

11235: 10976: 991:, which researched, developed and made amendments in Tamil language. Even though the name of the language which was developed by these 7663: 14452: 11240: 8188: 6598: 9180: 7888: 10823: 10227: 10212: 9971: 5697:. Demonstratives and modifiers precede the noun within the noun phrase. Subordinate clauses precede the verb of the matrix clause. 2272:, a special form of Tamil developed in the 9th and 10th centuries that reflect Vaishnavite religious and spiritual values. Several 614: 6606:, National Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India., p. 155, archived from 13203: 12118: 11245: 8335: 4866:'அவள் அவலளந்தால், இவள் அவலளப்பாள். இவள் அவலளந்தால், அவள் அவலளப்பாள். அவளும் இவளும் அவல் அளக்காவிட்டால், எவள் அவலளப்பாள் ?' 1842: 5685:(SOV). However, word order in Tamil is also flexible, so that surface permutations of the SOV order are possible with different 7841: 3526:

are only found in loanwords and may be considered marginal phonemes, though they are traditionally not seen as fully phonemic.

1530:

to indicate that an action was micro-durative, non-sustained or non-lasting, usually in combination with a time marker such as

6795: 15237: 14493: 12744: 10931: 10808: 10702: 10460: 10455: 10179: 9760: 9726: 9708: 9690: 9670: 9652: 9634: 9601: 9581: 9563: 9539: 9521: 9503: 9469: 9444: 9384: 9366: 9344: 9304: 8777: 8738: 8579: 7258: 6960: 5964: 2288:. These dialects tend to have softer consonants (with consonant deletion also common). These dialects also tend to have many 10663: 9878: 16061: 16006: 15996: 15747: 13685: 12775: 10685: 10647: 8614: 3869: 3491: 885:

is written in a non-Latin script. Tamil text used in this article is transliterated into the Latin script according to the

604: 7122:

Menon, A. G. (2009), "Some observations on the sub-group Tamil-Malayalam: Differential realizations of the cluster * ṉt",

2418:

In addition to its dialects, Tamil exhibits different forms: a classical literary style modelled on the ancient language (

1994:

Oppaari song lamenting death, sung by women during a death ceremony. Here it is the death of a son lamented by the mother.

1512:. In grammar, the most important change was the emergence of the present tense. The present tense evolved out of the verb 14403: 9393:

Kuiper, F. B. J. (1958), "Two problems of old Tamil phonology I. The old Tamil āytam (with an appendix by K. Zvelebil)",

7855: 4752: 3479: 3321: 3237: 1301:

river basin. The material evidence suggests that the speakers of Proto-Dravidian were of the culture associated with the

827: 5602:, although modern grammarians tend to distinguish between them on morphological and syntactical grounds. Tamil has many 16041: 13833: 13196: 8729:

Steever, Sanford B. (2002), "Direct and indirect discourse in Tamil", in Güldemann, Tom; von Roncador, Manfred (eds.),

7431: 6394: 5848: 3879: 1575:

auxiliaries and more complex sentence structures, and with the emergence of a more rigid word order that resembles the

1379: 10270: 8097: 2757:. Instead, plosives are articulated with voice depending on their position in a word, in accordance with the rules of 1912:

and following a political campaign supported by several Tamil associations, Tamil became the first legally recognised

14027: 11287: 11222: 9007: 8986: 8602: 6985: 6480: 4123: 3996: 3884: 2590: 2046: 1874: 1832: 861: 398: 175: 6808: 6786:, p. 6. "one of India's two classical languages, alongside the more widely known Indo-Aryan language Sanskrit". 1913: 16056: 16036: 15991: 15497: 13230: 12094: 10729: 7819: 4240: 3874: 3847: 3243: 660: 8259: 8043: 6809:"Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using Archaeological Evidence to Identify the Tamil Kingdoms of Early Historic South India" 5330:. Traditional grammarians tried to group the various suffixes into eight cases corresponding to the cases used in 16051: 16046: 16031: 16016: 16011: 15740: 13678: 12768: 11019: 10818: 10803: 10622: 7536:

Rajam, V. S. (1985), "The Duration of an Action-Real or Aspectual? The Evolution of the Present Tense in Tamil",

5972: 3675: 3661: 3277: 2568: 817: 10379: 9909: 6600:

Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India: 50th report (delivered to the Lokh Sabha in 2014)

6571: 1339:

script, and some contained skeletons of Tamil origin. Between 2017 and 2018, 5,820 artifacts have been found in

16026: 14942: 14396: 10019: 9324: 8138: 7343: 4465: 3424: 2572: 2293: 2234: 1321: 7871: 1940: 13826: 12979: 12838: 10926: 10465: 8058:

Language Shift in the Tamil Communities of Malaysia and Singapore: the Paradox of Egalitarian Language Policy

4827: 3307: 2230: 1352: 798: 698: 13848: 9092:

Ramaswamy, S. (1998), "Language of the People in the World of Gods: Ideologies of Tamil before the Nation",

5413:

Tamil verbs are also inflected through the use of suffixes. A typical Tamil verb form will have a number of

2517:

in modern times has led to the emergence of unofficial 'standard' spoken dialects. In India, the 'standard'

759: 716: 16021: 16001: 15507: 14937: 14377: 14020: 13756: 13455: 13425: 12734: 11280: 9964: 4307: 4198: 3746: 3732: 3707: 3693: 3440: 3287: 2446:). These styles shade into each other, forming a stylistic continuum. For example, it is possible to write 1890: 1846: 1637: 1633: 1120: 546: 241: 160: 110: 8056: 5777:, reflecting groups that have influenced the Tamil area at times, and from neighbouring languages such as 3782: 3771: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 2501:. Most contemporary cinema, theatre and popular entertainment on television and radio, for example, is in 2481:

is generally used in formal writing and speech. For instance, it is the language of textbooks, of much of

14318: 13645: 12729: 12087: 10740: 10496: 10255: 8813: 6670: 5682: 3891: 3608: 3594: 3344: 3225: 2382: 1850: 1685: 1677: 1641: 1166: 1008: 594: 536: 170: 165: 134: 8225: 1235: 15944: 14977: 13289: 13177: 12003: 11882: 10961: 10637: 10475: 9358: 6389: 6384: 4165: 3452: 3212: 3187: 1620:

According to a 2001 survey, there were 1,863 newspapers published in Tamil, of which 353 were dailies.

1297:, which was most likely spoken around the third millennium BC, possibly in the region around the lower 1175: 9892: 1324:

in India are in Tamil Nadu. Of them, most are in Tamil, with only about 5 percent in other languages.

14832: 14498: 14183: 13766: 13736: 13475: 13334: 13219: 11978: 11453: 11354: 11311: 10642: 10099: 8458: 8441: 7195: 4475: 4283: 4036: 3335: 3298: 3075: 2108: 2042: 1796: 1135:

that, alongside Tamil proper, includes the languages of about 35 ethno-linguistic groups such as the

578: 353: 6914: 6557: 6539: 1094:

defines the word "Tamil" as "sweetness". S. V. Subramanian suggests the meaning "sweet sound", from

14862: 14518: 14323: 13746: 13371: 13280: 12739: 11167: 10881: 10795: 10678: 10480: 10384: 10112: 10064: 10014: 9777: 4999: 4694: 4470: 4286: 4041: 3857: 3640: 3626: 3199: 2198: 1582:

In 1578, Portuguese Christian missionaries published a Tamil prayer book in old Tamil script named

1340: 1294: 1185: 792: 363: 9549: 9154: 8352:

Steever, S. B.; Britto, F. (1988), "Diglossia: A Study of the Theory, with Application to Tamil",

8274: 5030:(போகமுடியாதவர்களுக்காக) means "for the sake of those who cannot go" and consists of the following 2509:, and many politicians use it to bring themselves closer to their audience. The increasing use of 15986: 15925: 15675: 15588: 15319: 15072: 15022: 15002: 14922: 14907: 14842: 14476: 14364: 14287: 13297: 13257: 12008: 11683: 11192: 11127: 11097: 10951: 10936: 10911: 10632: 10606: 10280: 9957: 9682:

Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the present – Vol. 1: 600 B.C. to the early twentieth century

9461: 8479: 4745: 4494: 3255: 2561: 1869:, though there was no attested Tamil-speaking population in the state, and was later replaced by 1000: 510: 9794:

Freeman, Rich (February 1998), "Rubies and Coral: The Lapidary Crafting of Language in Kerala",

7994: 7631:

Kandiah, T. (1978), "Standard Language and Socio-Historical Parameters: Standard Lankan Tamil",

1908:

In addition, with the creation in October 2004 of a legal status for classical languages by the

15763: 15703: 15640: 15166: 14827: 14732: 14687: 14627: 14488: 14198: 14193: 14188: 13870: 13701: 13046: 12866: 12791: 12295: 11897: 11646: 11374: 11369: 10946: 10921: 10369: 10174: 7328: 4925:

Much of Tamil grammar is extensively described in the oldest known grammar book for Tamil, the

4437: 4427: 4398: 4302: 4183: 4138: 4128: 3901: 3136: 2000: 558: 553: 281: 89: 15137: 8114:"Canada officially declares pride in its Tamils, passes Bill calling for Tamil Heritage Month" 1609:

which called for removal of all Sanskritic elements from Tamil. It received some support from

1253:

Ujjain/Sātavāhana symbol, crescented six-arch chaitya hill and river with Tamil Brahmi script

15545: 15047: 14927: 14672: 14525: 14419: 14220: 14205: 14158: 13620: 13270: 12892: 12173: 12155: 12053: 11750: 11722: 11629: 11514: 11504: 11407: 11212: 11102: 11067: 11032: 10956: 10876: 10693: 10400: 10107: 10069: 9496:

Essays on Indian History and culture: Felicitation volume in Honour of Professor B. Sheik Ali

6715: 5882: 5820: 5701: 5440:

the action named by the verb stem, and the second indicates that the subject of the sentence

4709: 4408: 4403: 4188: 4143: 4031: 3837: 3418: 3397: 3124: 3098: 2206: 2174: 1979: 1491: 1306: 583: 403: 338: 253: 10428: 10423: 10245: 8569: 7922: 1771:

colony in Karachi. They speak impeccable Tamil along with Urdu, Punjabi and Sindhi. Many in

1648:. The language is spoken among small minority groups in other states of India which include 15698: 15680: 15422: 15401: 14992: 14682: 14513: 14503: 14267: 14001: 13941: 13856: 13650: 13101: 13004: 12652: 12547: 11887: 11727: 11666: 11364: 11172: 11162: 11122: 11087: 11077: 11072: 10916: 10770: 10222: 10117: 8690:

Zvelebil, K. V. (April–June 1972), "Dravidian Case-Suffixes: Attempt at a Reconstruction",

7970: 5721: 5426: 5367: 4919: 4432: 4233: 4075: 3842: 3148: 2656: 2525:, rather than on any one dialect, but has been significantly influenced by the dialects of 2493:

has been making inroads into areas that have traditionally been considered the province of

2249: 2202: 2060: 1886: 1816: 1808: 1740: 1595: 1479: 1362: 1091: 418: 9000:

The ideology and status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the history of the Sanskrit language

6607: 5203:

is often indicated through suffixes. The plural form for rational nouns may be used as an

1063:" having the connotation of "unfolding sound". Alternatively, he suggests a derivation of 8: 15884: 15650: 15598: 15563: 15396: 15290: 15181: 15027: 14972: 14717: 14572: 14547: 14354: 14143: 13963: 13787: 13521: 13470: 13157: 13079: 13074: 12987: 12962: 12597: 11799: 11794: 11624: 11609: 11549: 11303: 11207: 11187: 11177: 11117: 11052: 11042: 10901: 10858: 10831: 10752: 10671: 10511: 10470: 10306: 9453: 7996:

Amazing Andamans and North-East India: A Panoramic View of States, Societies and Cultures

7946: 4623: 4460: 4343: 4099: 3956: 3270: 3181: 3111: 3070: 2667: 2398: 2297: 1948: 1925: 1909: 1788: 1606: 1128: 1124: 1111: 939: 447: 233: 115: 1873:, in 2010. In Malaysia, 543 primary education government schools are available fully in 15364: 15270: 15112: 15077: 15042: 14897: 14877: 14847: 14587: 14359: 14338: 14227: 14173: 14123: 13741: 12992: 12552: 12512: 12405: 12110: 11860: 11641: 11619: 11614: 11582: 11494: 11197: 11152: 11142: 11047: 10627: 10580: 10207: 9821: 9813: 9410: 9117: 9109: 9037: 8949: 8874: 8707: 8526: 8369: 7644: 7553: 7139: 6895: 6887: 6841: 6766: 6758: 6409: 5811: 5804:

in terms of vocabulary, grammar and literary styles, reflecting the increased trend of

5606:

that act as adverbs indicating the way the object in a given state "says" or "sounds".

5011: 5007: 4899: 4738: 4699: 4338: 4091: 3961: 3936: 3161: 3065: 1917: 1756: 1584: 1527: 1391: 1262: 954: 927: 624: 333: 286: 277: 85: 14592: 783: 776: 15889: 15819: 15615: 15593: 15487: 15386: 15381: 15369: 15359: 15324: 15122: 15087: 14917: 14887: 14757: 14657: 14647: 14508: 14447: 14434: 14308: 14292: 14242: 14210: 14168: 14138: 13985: 13914: 13511: 13465: 13450: 13137: 13132: 13122: 13096: 13091: 13086: 13054: 13014: 12932: 12897: 12828: 12707: 12502: 12487: 12482: 12390: 12290: 12208: 12198: 12183: 12163: 11959: 11760: 11678: 11635: 11604: 11594: 11539: 11524: 11182: 11112: 11107: 11057: 11027: 11009: 10848: 10843: 10418: 10202: 9825: 9756: 9740: 9722: 9704: 9686: 9680: 9666: 9648: 9630: 9597: 9577: 9559: 9535: 9517: 9499: 9483: 9465: 9440: 9421: 9414: 9380: 9362: 9340: 9334: 9320: 9300: 9121: 9041: 9003: 8982: 8878: 8773: 8734: 8598: 8575: 8332: 7896: 7648: 7254: 7187: 7143: 6981: 6956: 6899: 6845: 6770: 6671:"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 1: Founding Provisions" 5824: 5737: 5610: 5355: 5019: 4907: 4714: 4704: 4573: 4442: 4261: 4193: 4095: 4063: 4047: 4001: 3469: 3085: 2748:, but the Tamil script is somewhat different in that it nearly always uses a visible 2052: 1838: 1820: 1693: 1610: 1602: 1445: 1140: 1023: 965: 459: 393: 388: 119: 14867: 14707: 9781: 8302: 5728:). The word is included in the translations only to convey the meaning more easily. 4943:, with some modifications. Traditional Tamil grammar consists of five parts, namely 823: 15899: 15879: 15859: 15849: 15844: 15834: 15803: 15798: 15777: 15610: 15578: 15573: 15432: 15406: 15391: 15334: 15265: 15107: 15067: 14987: 14982: 14962: 14952: 14912: 14902: 14892: 14837: 14807: 14797: 14752: 14722: 14632: 14597: 14481: 14328: 14277: 14257: 14247: 14215: 14178: 14118: 14068: 13951: 13924: 13919: 13898: 13715: 13127: 13069: 13034: 13024: 13009: 12924: 12662: 12532: 12517: 12497: 12477: 12457: 12375: 12340: 12330: 12249: 12239: 12224: 12203: 12168: 11866: 11839: 11789: 11781: 11755: 11712: 11672: 11656: 11534: 11529: 11509: 11499: 11487: 11359: 11336: 11202: 11147: 11132: 11092: 11037: 10896: 10836: 10776: 10758: 10554: 10285: 9841: 9803: 9591: 9402: 9101: 9029: 8941: 8866: 8699: 8518: 8491: 8407: 8361: 7636: 7545: 7230: 7221:

Panneerselvam, R (1969), "Further light on the bilingual coin of the Sātavāhanas",

7131: 6879: 6831: 6823: 6750: 6439: 5774: 5425:

of the relevant pronoun. The suffixes to indicate tenses and voice are formed from

5323: 5015: 4903: 4629: 4358: 4348: 4051: 4011: 4006: 3931: 3060: 3055: 2777: 2482: 2214: 2167:

in some northern dialects. Even now, in the Coimbatore area, it is common to hear "

1897:

province. Recently, it has been rolled out as a subject of study in schools in the

1889:. Tamil enjoys a special status of protection under Article 6(b), Chapter 1 of the 1870: 1858: 1697: 1526:), meaning "to be possible" or "to befall". In Old Tamil, this verb was used as an 1509: 1407: 1205: 1026:

dated to the 3rd century BC contains a reference to a Tamil script named 'Damili'.

984: 619: 292: 247: 196: 9887: 6774:. "Tamil is one of the two longest-surviving classical languages in India" (p. 7). 1795:

it is now being relearnt by students and adults. Tamil is also spoken by migrants

1448:. These poems are usually dated to between the 1st century BC and 5th century AD. 15904: 15894: 15874: 15869: 15854: 15839: 15829: 15782: 15630: 15620: 15474: 15442: 15437: 15427: 15374: 15312: 15305: 15254: 15097: 15012: 15007: 14947: 14852: 14817: 14812: 14802: 14792: 14747: 14737: 14727: 14667: 14662: 14642: 14637: 14468: 14442: 14333: 14262: 14252: 14237: 14232: 14163: 14153: 14148: 14083: 14058: 13973: 13929: 13563: 13537: 13501: 13480: 13379: 13326: 13313: 13147: 13142: 13064: 13059: 13029: 12997: 12967: 12712: 12677: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12607: 12602: 12592: 12567: 12542: 12537: 12452: 12415: 12410: 12400: 12360: 12350: 12345: 12320: 12305: 12264: 12254: 12229: 12218: 12046: 12023: 11993: 11964: 11954: 11933: 11849: 11826: 11809: 11804: 11734: 11717: 11661: 11651: 11577: 11567: 11519: 11474: 11448: 11422: 11387: 11349: 10999: 10652: 10575: 10516: 10217: 10133: 9868: 9264: 8339: 6399: 5805: 5789: 5778: 5339: 5335: 4689: 4383: 4368: 4363: 4353: 4333: 4226: 4083: 4071: 4067: 4059: 3951: 3387: 3080: 3042: 2785: 2758: 2253: 2210: 1898: 1804: 1800: 1132: 855: 497: 358: 268: 225: 215: 9295:

Annamalai, E.; Steever, S.B. (1998), "Modern Tamil", in Steever, Sanford (ed.),

8622: 8275:"Tradition, Modernity and Impact of Globalization – Whither Will Tamil Go?" 8163:"Five Indian languages reinstated as official subjects in South African schools" 5681:

language. The verb comes at the end of the clause, with a typical word order of

5002:

suffixes, which either change the part of speech of the word or its meaning, or

1588:, thus making Tamil the first Indian language to be printed and published. The 15909: 15864: 15583: 15242: 15210: 15205: 15127: 15117: 15102: 15062: 15037: 15032: 15017: 14997: 14967: 14957: 14932: 14882: 14857: 14787: 14782: 14742: 14712: 14652: 14612: 14607: 14602: 14582: 14562: 14542: 14313: 14282: 14133: 14128: 14113: 13875: 13792: 13761: 13635: 13625: 13597: 13526: 13506: 13445: 13440: 13398: 13350: 13342: 13305: 12957: 12833: 12812: 12692: 12682: 12672: 12667: 12642: 12617: 12612: 12527: 12507: 12492: 12472: 12462: 12395: 12380: 12365: 12355: 12325: 12178: 12140: 12069: 12037: 11998: 11938: 11902: 11854: 11834: 11599: 11589: 11443: 11427: 11157: 11137: 11082: 11062: 10966: 10886: 10559: 10326: 9898: 9033: 8834: 8411: 8079: 7806: 7388:"Archaeologists Unearth Ancient Dagger Linked to Enigmatic Indian Civilization" 7235: 6741:

Stein, B. (1977), "Circulation and the Historical Geography of Tamil Country",

6404: 6379: 5742: 5347: 4588: 4378: 4373: 4150: 4079: 4055: 4024: 3971: 3946: 3804: 3177: 2801: 2765: 2679: 2675: 2622: 2618: 2301: 1866: 1857:. Tamil is one of the official and national languages of Sri Lanka, along with 1812: 1720: 1701: 1689: 1657: 1246: 1144: 1136: 1042: 914: 465: 453: 432: 272: 210: 147: 99: 66: 10374: 9846: 9701:

Precolonial India in practice: Society, Region and Identity in Medieval Andhra

9553: 9336:

The poems of ancient Tamil : their milieu and their Sanskrit counterparts

8870: 8857:

Ramaswamy, S. (2009), "En/gendering Language: The Poetics of Tamil Identity",

8757:, Pondicherry: Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture, pp. 9–11 8495: 7135: 4927: 4514: 2773: 2744:(without a vowel). Many Indic scripts have a similar sign, generically called 1456: 1440: 983:

The earliest extant Tamil literary works and their commentaries celebrate the

15980: 15958: 15660: 15645: 15635: 15460: 15190: 15132: 15092: 15082: 15057: 15052: 14872: 14777: 14767: 14530: 14272: 14088: 13485: 13460: 13358: 13152: 12947: 12702: 12697: 12687: 12657: 12647: 12622: 12557: 12385: 12370: 12300: 12234: 11892: 11844: 11707: 11572: 11402: 10871: 10585: 10549: 10526: 10321: 10149: 10084: 10079: 10034: 10024: 9918: 9863: 9721:, Gonda Indological Studies, Volume X, Groningen: Egbert Forsten Publishing, 9487: 7900: 7191: 5828: 5453: 5387: 5363: 5359: 5351: 5023: 4891: 4885: 4670: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4603: 4593: 4578: 4393: 4388: 4328: 4323: 4087: 3966: 3919: 3852: 3544: 3358: 2781: 2705: 2608: 2285: 2281: 2186: 2182: 2016: 1894: 1590: 1431: 1411: 1366: 1209: 992: 988: 961: 752: 669: 493: 477: 408: 383: 378: 368: 259: 13188: 9936: 9744: 8480:"Standardization or restandardization: The case for 'Standard' Spoken Tamil" 7640: 7251:

Religion and Public Culture: Encounters and Identities in Modern South India

1227: 15970: 15625: 15535: 15249: 15227: 14822: 14692: 12587: 11263: 10866: 10746: 10521: 10501: 10341: 10089: 10039: 10029: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9930: 9205: 7972:

Multilingualism and Second Language Acquisition and Learning in Pondicherry

7476:

Proceedings of the Second International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies

5968: 5694: 5690: 5432:

Tamil has two voices. The first indicates that the subject of the sentence

5422: 5327: 4911: 4719: 4665: 4660: 4635: 4583: 4519: 4216: 4160: 4107: 4103: 3976: 3941: 3906: 2789: 2683: 2663: 2640: 2636: 2604: 2462:, or to use forms associated with one of the other variants while speaking 2347: 2190: 1952: 1944: 1768: 1501: 1468: 1460: 1435: 1403: 1370: 1356: 1336: 1332: 1231: 1171: 996: 931: 517: 487: 442: 54: 9926: 9316:

A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages

8425: 6827: 6545: 6527: 5860: 5812: 5764: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5714: 5706: 5663: 5650: 5637: 5624: 5461: 5173: 5165: 4977: 4969: 4961: 4953: 4945: 4933: 2714: 2668: 2631: 2519: 2511: 2503: 2495: 2487: 2475: 2464: 2456: 2448: 2440: 2428: 2420: 2168: 2161: 2149: 2141: 2129: 2121: 2113: 2101: 2077: 2065: 1546: 1532: 1514: 1082: 1076: 1070: 1064: 1058: 1052: 1046: 1036: 1030: 742: 735: 15732: 15555: 15517: 15512: 15222: 15200: 15195: 15171: 14702: 14697: 14622: 14617: 13880: 13670: 13589: 12952: 12760: 12310: 10275: 10250: 10074: 8932:

Vaidyanathan, S. (1967), "Indo-Aryan Loan Words in the Cīvakacintāmaṇi",

5343: 4613: 4543: 4133: 3588: 3539: 3530: 2373: 2261: 2178: 2136: 1921: 1885:

and the month of January has been declared "Tamil Heritage Month" by the

1732: 1665: 373: 14388: 9904: 9494:

Murthy, Srinivasa; Rao, Surendra; Veluthat, Kesavan; Bari, S.A. (1990),

9084: 7351:

International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management

5950: 5940: 5930: 5920: 5910: 5900: 5890: 5876: 5866: 5855: 5181: 4914:

terminology and scholarly vocabulary is itself Tamil, as opposed to the

2784:

into Latin characters. It uses diacritics to map the much larger set of

2647: 1628:

Tamil is the primary language of the majority of the people residing in

904: 29: 15502: 14677: 12882: 12315: 10989: 10941: 10706: 10506: 10260: 9817: 9406: 9113: 8509:

Fowler, Murray (1954), "The Segmental Phonemes of Sanskritized Tamil",

6891: 6836: 6762: 6550: 6532: 5686: 5678: 5003: 4895: 4876: 4843:ஏழை கிழவன் வாழைப் பழத் தோல் மேல் சருசருக்கி வழுவழுக்கி கீழே விழுந்தான். 4554: 4155: 3830: 3722: 3549: 3092: 2652: 2614: 2575: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2435: 2410: 2284:

tend to speak a variety of dialects that are all collectively known as

2084: 2028: 1924:, who was a Tamilian himself, in a joint sitting of both houses of the 1629: 1576: 1464: 1396: 1270: 972: 935: 541: 471: 104: 14012: 11272: 9458:

Early Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D

8981:. Brill's Indological Library, v. 9. Leiden: E. J. Brill, pp. 16, 18. 8953: 8711: 8530: 8373: 7557: 6657: 2764:

In addition to the standard characters, six characters taken from the

1936: 1902: 1772: 1598:, was one of the earliest dictionaries published in Indian languages. 1181: 15953: 15482: 15295: 15217: 15176: 14073: 13968: 13603: 13265: 12942: 12937: 12907: 12213: 12079: 11557: 10764: 10601: 10359: 10316: 10265: 9994: 8731:

Reported Discourse: A Meeting Ground for Different Linguistic Domains

7323: 6870:

Maloney, C. (1970), "The Beginnings of Civilization in South India",

6577: 5963:

The following is a sample text in literary Tamil of Article 1 of the

5835: 5797: 5769:

from Greek ὥρα). In more modern times, Tamil has imported words from

5614: 5603: 5591: 5204: 4549: 3864: 3820: 3767: 3655: 2691: 2526: 2277: 2265: 2244: 2092: 2056: 1854: 1736: 1728: 1713: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1544:). In Middle Tamil, this usage evolved into a present tense marker – 1497: 1483: 1374: 1302: 1196: 1151: 1004: 886: 769: 726: 708: 690: 642: 630: 155: 139: 10364: 9808: 9643:

Steever, Sanford (1998), "Introduction", in Steever, Sanford (ed.),

9105: 7368: 6883: 6754: 4931:. Modern Tamil writing is largely based on the 13th-century grammar 2550: 1567: 1293:

Tamil, like other Dravidian languages, ultimately descends from the

15540: 15492: 13630: 13568: 12902: 12335: 12244: 11004: 10433: 9610:

Southworth, Franklin C. (1998), "On the Origin of the word tamiz",

9555:

Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891–1970

9254:. 2nd ed. 1989. OED Online. Oxford University Press. 14 August 2009 9066:

Ellis, F. W. (1820), "Note to the introduction" in Campbell, A.D.,

8945: 8703: 8522: 8365: 7549: 6734: 5801: 5712:("completed")—or only a subject and object, without a verb such as 5449: 5331: 5031: 4915: 4598: 4524: 4509: 4499: 2289: 2240: 2096: 1877:. The establishment of Tamil-medium schools has been in process in 1861:. It was once given nominal official status in the Indian state of 1784: 1764: 1752: 1724: 1614: 1400: 1298: 1201: 943: 865: 835: 654: 13236:

Commission for Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Community Rights

8020: 5163:

Tamil nouns (and pronouns) are classified into two super-classes (

2792:, and thus the alphabets of various languages, including English. 2696: 1845:. It is one of the official languages of the union territories of 868:, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text. 15232: 14063: 13851: 12522: 12467: 12193: 11344: 10994: 10984: 10786: 10720: 10336: 9949: 8221: 5793: 5782: 5149: 5097: 4504: 2769: 2754: 2530: 2343: 2257: 2218: 2156: 1878: 1862: 1760: 1748: 1681: 1669: 1505: 1382:

dating to before 500 BC, the oldest attestation of the language.

1348: 1282: 1278: 1258: 831: 9435:

Lehmann, Thomas (1998), "Old Tamil", in Steever, Sanford (ed.),

4270: 1327:

In 2004, a number of skeletons were found buried in earthenware

1234:

script in the reverse side of the bilingual silver coin of king

15568: 14044: 13934: 13640: 13558: 13117: 12285: 11562: 10906: 10331: 9882: 9739:, translated by E.Sa. Viswanathan, New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 5736:

The vocabulary of Tamil is mainly Dravidian. A strong sense of

5595: 5457: 5414: 4995: 4987: 4640: 4618: 4608: 3989: 3812: 2745: 2709: 2534: 1916:

of India. The recognition was announced by the contemporaneous

1882: 1792: 1776: 1755:, along with English, Malay and Mandarin. A large community of 1709: 1705: 1661: 807: 666: 191: 126: 5871:'fragrant fruit'. One suggestion as to the origin of the word 5022:, etc. There is no absolute limit on the length and extent of 1305:

complexes of South India, but it has also been related to the

15329: 13946: 13655: 13516: 13019: 12562: 12188: 12135: 10311: 9464:

vol. 62, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,

8916:

Languages and nations: the Dravidian proof in colonial Madras

8733:, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, p. 105, 7948:

Indentured immigration and social accommodation in La Réunion

6469: 5192: 4991: 3896: 2687: 2485:

and of public speaking and debate. In recent times, however,

2273: 2194: 1744: 1673: 1344: 1320:

About of the approximately 100,000 inscriptions found by the

1274: 599: 48: 14098: 9227: 8309: 3792:, the latter of which is restricted to a few lexical items. 1269:

According to Hindu legend, Tamil or in personification form

610:

Department of Tamil Development and Information (Tamil Nadu)

15339: 13956: 13782: 13751: 13542: 12269: 10531: 10154: 5770: 2626: 1780: 1617:

loanwords by Tamil equivalents, though many others remain.

481: 413: 7730: 7728: 7014: 7012: 3367: 2342:

Literary Tamil in hymn 'Umbartharu' (Hamsadhwani) on lord

1843:

22 languages under schedule 8 of the constitution of India

876: 834:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

9187:. Chennai: Kasturi & Sons. 9 November 2019. p. 2 8770:

The metamorphosis of English: versions of other languages

8139:"Constitutional Court of South Africa – The Constitution" 7072:, International Institute of Tamil Studies, pp. 7–12 6454: 6448: 5590:

Traditional grammars of Tamil do not distinguish between

4820:கொக்கு நெட்ட கொக்கு. நெட்ட கொக்கு இட்ட முட்ட, கட்ட முட்ட. 4797:'குலை குலையாய் வாழைப்பழம், மழையில் அழுகி கீழே விழுந்தது.' 2666:

fell out of use, Tamil was written using a script called

1613:. This led to the replacement of a significant number of 1328: 9020:

Trautmann, Thomas R. (1999), "Hullabaloo About Telugu",

8333:

Writing and Diglossic: A Case Study of Tamil Radio Plays

8099:

Statement by the Prime Minister of Canada on Thai Pongal

6952:

The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India

5643:(our) that include the addressee and exclusive pronouns 2533:. In Sri Lanka, the standard is based on the dialect of 1751:. Tamil is used as one of the languages of education in 12072:(no surviving native speakers and no spoken descendant) 9181:"By govt. order: 9,000 words to enter Tamil vocabulary" 8473: 8471: 7820:

UN Chronicle – National Identity and Minority Languages

7725: 7266: 7009: 5472:; (அழிந்துக்கொண்டிருந்தேன்); "(I) was being destroyed". 4983:. Of these, the last two are mostly applied in poetry. 2635:

Historical evolution of Tamil writing from the earlier

2019:'s short story 'Pon Nagaram' (showing a few loanwords). 1359:

inscriptions was claimed to be dated to around 580 BC.

1003:, inscribed around a similar time period (150 BCE), by 9375:

Kesavapany, K.; Mani, A; Ramasamy, Palanisamy (2008),

9374: 8398:

Zvelebil, K. (1966), "Some features of Ceylon Tamil",

8295: 7794: 7124:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

5763:"skiff" from Chinese san-pan) and Greek (for example, 2372:

Literary Tamil pronunciation. Reading an excerpt from

1605:

emerged in the early 20th century, culminating in the

999:, which is dated as early as late 2nd century BC. The 16:

Dravidian language native to South India and Sri Lanka

15942: 9493: 9141:

or the Pure Tamil movement among the Tamil scholars."

8722: 8561: 7770: 7458:"An epigraphic perspective on the antiquity of Tamil" 7344:"A Study About Archaeological Survey in Adichanallur" 7161: 6481: 6370:

List of countries where Tamil is an official language

5417:, which show person, number, mood, tense, and voice. 1680:

in India and in certain regions of Sri Lanka such as

9753:

Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature

9534:, Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, 8468: 7682:"Delay, howlers in Tamil Lexicon embarrass scholars" 6466: 6457: 6445: 1558:) – which combined the old aspect and time markers. 421: 9379:, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 9170:, Sarvodaya Ilakkiya Pannai. (translated) pp. 241–2 8683: 8607: 7938: 6978:

Coromandel : a personal history of South India

6472: 6463: 6451: 6442: 5452:which mark tense categories. Tamil verbs also mark 4910:and other grammatical categories. Tamil's standard 9572:Shapiro, Michael C.; Schiffman, Harold F. (1983), 8790: 8788: 8660: 7914: 7633:International Journal of the Sociology of Language 7327:, Chennai, India, 22 November 2005, archived from 7301: 7299: 7297: 7295: 7293: 6650: 5971:; the second is romanized Tamil; the third is the 9834:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 9477: 8902: 8636: 8080:"Myanmar's Tamils seek to protect their identity" 7704: 7702: 7618: 7606: 7511: 7449: 7373:Government of Tamil Nadu Department of Archeology 6656:Republic of Singapore Independence Act 1965 ( 5421:Person and number are indicated by suffixing the 2268:in the 11th century, retain many features of the 1853:. Tamil is also one of the official languages of 1841:of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and one of the 1373:written in Brahmi script have been discovered in 15978: 9571: 9377:Rising India and Indian Communities in East Asia 9294: 8794: 8385: 7834:"Strangers to Their Roots and Those Around Them" 7661: 7582: 7570: 6944: 6942: 6940: 2397:Literary Tamil pronunciation in song written by 1127:, a family of around 26 languages native to the 661:Malaysian Tamil Language Standardisation Council 8785: 8593:Ramanujam, A. K.; Dharwadker, V. (eds.) (2000) 8266: 8243: 7831: 7290: 7115: 2307: 9613:International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics 7809:. Indianmalaysian.com. Retrieved 28 July 2013. 7699: 7109:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World 5394:(வழி) meaning "way" can take these to produce 5322:Suffixes are used to perform the functions of 5191:, which literally means "gender"). Humans and 4939:which restated and clarified the rules of the 2252:is easily identifiable by their spoken Tamil. 2059:: there are two separate registers varying by 16072:Languages attested from the 1st millennium BC 15748: 14404: 14028: 13834: 13686: 13218: 13204: 12776: 12095: 11288: 10679: 9965: 9941: 9719:Kavya in South India: Old Tamil Cankam Poetry 9532:A Reference Grammar of Classical Tamil Poetry 9426:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 ( 8800: 8772:, New York: Bergin & Garvey, p. 61, 8351: 8013: 7800: 7220: 7058:(Online edition at the University of Chicago) 6937: 5468:Verb inflection is shown below using example 4746: 4234: 2708:. This inherent vowel is removed by adding a 2036: 1438:. The earliest long text in Old Tamil is the 1029:Southworth suggests that the name comes from 11319: 9558:, Berkeley: University of California Press, 9352: 9339:, Berkeley: University of California Press, 8931: 8890: 8746: 8316:"Sanskrit to be declared classical language" 8205: 7734: 7082: 5598:, including both of them under the category 2401:, 'Senthamizh naadennum pothinile' (1900s ). 2217:in Karnataka has been heavily influenced by 1281:, revered as the Tamil God, along with sage 676:Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America 11986: 9734: 9678: 9319:, New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corp., 9082:Ramaswamy's analysis of one such text, the 8465:. London: Basil Blackwell, Ltd. pp. 205 ff. 8249: 8189:"For these islanders, a reunion with Tamil" 7968: 7067: 7001:Jain, Sagarmal (1998). "Jain Literature ". 6912: 6863: 6375:List of languages by first written accounts 5657: 5644: 5631: 5618: 3786: 3775: 3751: 3737: 3712: 3698: 3680: 3666: 3645: 3631: 3613: 3599: 3495: 3483: 3456: 3444: 3428: 3401: 3370: 3349: 3326: 3312: 3291: 3259: 3247: 3229: 3216: 3203: 3191: 3166: 3152: 3140: 3128: 3116: 3102: 3026: 3019: 3012: 3005: 2998: 2991: 2984: 2977: 2938: 2931: 2924: 2917: 2910: 2903: 2896: 2889: 2882: 2875: 2868: 2861: 2854: 2735: 2721: 2292:loanwords. Tamil in Sri Lanka incorporates 1553: 1539: 1521: 1131:. It is also classified as being part of a 898: 38: 15762: 15755: 15741: 14411: 14397: 14035: 14021: 13841: 13827: 13700: 13693: 13679: 13211: 13197: 12790: 12783: 12769: 12102: 12088: 11295: 11281: 10686: 10672: 9972: 9958: 9624: 9609: 9244: 8971: 8908: 8859:Comparative Studies in Society and History 8272: 7284: 7018: 6796:Definitive Editions of Ancient Tamil Works 6658:No. 9 of 1965, 1985 Rev. Ed. 5720:("That my house"). Tamil does not have a 4753: 4739: 4241: 4227: 1623: 1335:. Some of these urns contained writing in 806: 47: 14418: 9845: 9807: 9596:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 9589: 9547: 9452: 9150: 9091: 9019: 8959: 8856: 8767: 8477: 7719: 7708: 7487: 7455: 7405: 7272: 7234: 7208: 7179: 7167: 6915:"Palani excavation triggers fresh debate" 6851: 6835: 5386:which are functionally equivalent to the 5187:)—which include a total of five classes ( 4894:grammar, where suffixes are used to mark 2591:Learn how and when to remove this message 2001:Pudumaipithan's short story 'Pon Nagaram' 1893:and is taught as a subject in schools in 938:. It is one of the two longest-surviving 11335: 10228:Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition 9872:) is being considered for deletion. See 9750: 9511: 9312: 9285: 9054: 8965: 8934:Journal of the American Oriental Society 8692:Journal of the American Oriental Society 8689: 8666: 8642: 8567: 8459:Diglossia as a Sociolinguistic Situation 8397: 8186: 7782: 7679: 7538:Journal of the American Oriental Society 7468: 7426: 7424: 7155: 7149: 7070:Heritage of Tamils; Language and Grammar 7030: 6948: 6931: 6857: 5819:(meaning "pure Tamil movement"), led by 5444:the action referred to by the verb stem. 5276: 5228: 5219: 5212: 5006:suffixes, which mark categories such as 2720:, to the consonantal sign. For example, 2646: 2630: 1935: 1723:descended from colonial-era migrants in 1455: 1395: 1226: 1195: 1180: 1165: 615:International Institute of Tamil Studies 14433: 14042: 11302: 9793: 9679:Tharu, Susie; Lalita, K., eds. (1991), 9660: 9642: 9434: 9299:, London: Routledge, pp. 100–128, 9222: 9220: 9218: 8752: 8728: 8434: 8187:Srivatsa, Sharath S. (8 January 2017), 8072: 7992: 7822:. United Nations, accessed 28 Jan 2021. 7630: 7594: 7341: 7305: 7048:, Madras: University of Madras, 1924–36 6869: 6806: 6783: 6576:, Tamil Nadu Government, archived from 5724:(a linking verb equivalent to the word 2795: 2426:), a modern literary and formal style ( 2326:Thiruppugazh – Umbartharu – Hamsadhwani 2075:(the classic variety)—has evolved into 2055:situation of Tamil is characterised by 1369:for early maritime traders from India. 1150:The closest major relative of Tamil is 828:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 15979: 12109: 9716: 9698: 9392: 8919: 8595:The collected essays of A.K. Ramanujam 8508: 8214:"Classic case of politics of language" 7758: 7523: 7499: 7248: 6906: 6512: 5865:from a Dravidian predecessor of Tamil 5456:, through the addition of the hearsay 2383:Bharathi's 'Senthamil nadu ennum' song 2224: 1343:. These were sent to Beta Analytic in 1204:Tamil Brahmi inscription in Mangulam, 15736: 15238:Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien 14392: 14016: 13822: 13674: 13192: 12764: 12083: 11276: 10667: 10180:World Classical Tamil Conference 2010 9953: 9940: 9831: 9703:, New York: Oxford University Press, 9529: 9439:, London: Routledge, pp. 75–99, 8555: 8543: 8211: 7944: 7889:"For Tamil cuisine, away in Pakistan" 7535: 7456:Mahadevan, Iravatham (24 June 2010), 7421: 7121: 6975: 6969: 6740: 6523: 6521: 5965:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 5110: 4994:are attached. Most Tamil affixes are 2776:is an international standard for the 1288: 1057:meaning "self" or "one's self", and " 913: 65: 9647:, London: Routledge, pp. 1–39, 9627:Linguistic archaeology of South Asia 9332: 9215: 9002:. E. J. Brill, Leiden. pp. 209–217. 7951:, University of California, Berkeley 7927:, University of California, Berkeley 7924:Overview of the South Asian Diaspora 7886: 7795:Kesavapany, Mani & Ramasamy 2008 7414:Scroll.in – News. Politics. Culture. 7000: 6980:. London: Little, Brown. p. 9. 6913:Subramaniam, T.S. (29 August 2011), 2573:adding citations to reliable sources 2544: 2260:dialects, spoken by groups of Tamil 1355:(AMS) dating. One sample containing 1191: 987:for the organization of long-termed 605:Central Institute of Classical Tamil 11568:Arabi Malayalam (Mappila Malayalam) 9593:A Reference Grammar of Spoken Tamil 9068:A grammar of the Teloogoo language. 8597:, Oxford University Press, p. 111. 8303:"India sets up classical languages" 7920: 7864: 7854:Sunny, Sanjesh (21 September 2010) 7848: 7825: 7747:India 2001: A Reference Annual 2001 7385: 7335: 5278:Example: the Tamil words for "doer" 4805:(பேச்சுத் தமிழில்) ந-கரம், ட-கரம். 2376:'s book 'Arivuk kadhaigal' (1900s). 1273:(Mother Tamil) was created by Lord 1041:"self-speak", or "our own speech". 13: 11236:Cities in Tamil Nadu by population 9979: 9770: 9574:Language and society in South Asia 9228:"Oxford English Dictionary Online" 8423:Thiru. Mu (1978). Kovintācāriyar, 8379: 8212:Dutta, Sujan (28 September 2004), 8044:Punjabi edges out Tamil in Haryana 7993:Sunwani, Vijay K (February 2007), 7664:"Tamil saw its first book in 1578" 7319:"Students get glimpse of heritage" 6638:. Department of Official Languages 6518: 6395:Tamil Loanwords in other languages 5849:Tamil loanwords in other languages 5390:in English. For example, the word 5084: 5071: 4875:Problems playing these files? See 4767: 2753:differentiate voiced and unvoiced 2409:Problems playing these files? See 2314: 2027:Problems playing these files? See 1968: 1875:Tamil as the medium of instruction 1380:Tamil loanwords in Biblical Hebrew 14: 16083: 11241:Towns in Tamil Nadu by population 10741:Srivilliputhur Andal temple tower 10643:Ancient manuscript digitalisation 9876:to help reach a consensus. › 9855: 9353:Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003), 9070:Madras: College Press, pp. 29–30. 7832:Shahbazi, Ammar (20 March 2012), 7662:Karthik Madhavan (20 June 2010), 7253:, Routledge Curzon, p. 235, 6681: 6564: 5207:, gender-neutral, singular form. 4124:Religion in ancient Tamil country 3745: 3731: 3706: 3692: 3674: 3660: 3639: 3625: 3607: 3593: 3490: 3478: 3451: 3439: 3423: 3396: 3343: 3334: 3320: 3306: 3297: 3286: 3276: 3254: 3242: 3236: 3224: 3211: 3198: 3186: 3160: 3147: 3135: 3123: 3110: 3097: 2540: 2047:Indian Tamil dialect of Sri Lanka 1833:States of India by Tamil speakers 1105: 971:Tamil is predominantly spoken in 15964: 15952: 15498:Malay trade and creole languages 14097: 13850: 13231:Pan South African Language Board 11257: 10785: 10695: 9925: 9917: 9903: 9625:Southworth, Franklin C. (2005), 9478:Meenakshisundaran, T.P. (1965), 9257: 9206:"Origin and Meaning of Anaconda" 9199: 9173: 9166:Meenakshisundaram, T. P. (1982) 9160: 9144: 9127: 9073: 9060: 9048: 9013: 8992: 8925: 8896: 8884: 8850: 8827: 8761: 8587: 8549: 8537: 8502: 8463:The Handbook of Sociolinguistics 8448:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online 8440:Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2013) 8273:Thirumalai, MS (November 2004), 8250:Viswanathan, S. (October 2004), 8022:Department of Official Languages 7969:Ramamoorthy, L (February 2004), 6573:Official languages of Tamil Nadu 6556: 6538: 6438: 5145: 5067: 4855: 4832: 4809: 4786: 4269: 4210: 3848:Sources of ancient Tamil history 3819: 2549: 2387: 2361: 2357:Sivagnanam's 'Arivuk kadhaigal'. 2330: 2005: 1984: 1951:, Tamil Nadu dated to the early 1315: 875: 846: 637:Department of Official Languages 14453:comparison with British English 13804:Recognized as a "link" language 11246:Revenue divisions in Tamil Nadu 10623:Standardisation of Tamil script 9832:Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil", 9663:The Tamil auxiliary verb system 9278: 8451: 8417: 8391: 8345: 8325: 8180: 8155: 8131: 8106: 8090: 8049: 8042:Bharadwaj, Ajay (7 March 2010) 8036: 7986: 7962: 7887:Paul, Sumit (3 November 2018). 7880: 7812: 7788: 7776: 7764: 7752: 7740: 7713: 7673: 7655: 7624: 7612: 7600: 7588: 7576: 7564: 7529: 7517: 7505: 7493: 7481: 7379: 7361: 7311: 7278: 7242: 7214: 7202: 7173: 7101: 7088: 7076: 7061: 7036: 7024: 7003:Aspects of Jainology: Volume VI 6994: 6925: 6800: 6789: 6777: 6708: 6431: 5973:International Phonetic Alphabet 5475: 5209: 5141:pōka muṭi āt a var kaḷ ukku āka 5138:போக முடி ஆத் அ வர் கள் உக்கு ஆக 2694:and one special character, the 2560:needs additional citations for 2239:The dialect of the district of 1980:Colloquial Tamil 'Oppaari song' 1941:Jambai Tamil Brahmi inscription 1826: 1561: 1451: 1331:dating from at least 696 BC in 13241:Department of Arts and Culture 11231:Districts in Tamil Nadu by HDI 9357:, Cambridge Language Surveys, 8809:Tamil is a head-final language 8768:Swiderski, Richard M. (1996), 8143:www.constitutionalcourt.org.za 7432:"Tamil Brahmi script in Egypt" 6663: 6624: 6591: 6506: 6422: 5958: 5429:, which are added to the stem. 5406:(உவ்வழி) "the medial way" and 4730:Portal:Dravidian civilizations 4466:History of Dravidian languages 2235:Loan words in Sri Lankan Tamil 2127:means place) is the source of 1322:Archaeological Survey of India 1: 16067:Subject–object–verb languages 12750:Scheduled languages in states 9908:The dictionary definition of 9899:Tamil language and literature 9861: 9737:A History of Tamil Literature 9590:Schiffman, Harold F. (1999), 9252:The Oxford English Dictionary 9135:A History of Tamil Literature 8979:Tamil love poetry and poetics 8977:Takahashi, Takanobu. (1995). 8461:", in Florian Coulmas (ed.), 7680:Kolappan, B. (22 June 2014), 7111:, Elsevier, 2010, p. 297 6499: 5955:'rice porridge' or 'gruel'). 5881:'having killed an elephant'. 5731: 5158: 2786:Brahmic consonants and vowels 2454:with a vocabulary drawn from 2231:Indo-Aryan loanwords in Tamil 1956: 1865:, purportedly as a rebuff to 1719:There are currently sizeable 1472: 1415: 1410:, Tamil Nadu, dated to Tamil 1353:Accelerator Mass Spectrometry 1239: 1213: 1208:, Tamil Nadu, dated to Tamil 947: 213:: 79 million (2011–2019) 13757:Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole 9933:travel guide from Wikivoyage 9796:The Journal of Asian Studies 9783:Tamil and English Dictionary 9514:Hinduism in modern Indonesia 9094:The Journal of Asian Studies 8795:Annamalai & Steever 1998 8615:"Five fold grammar of Tamil" 8386:Annamalai & Steever 1998 7872:Osama's shadow on Sri Lanka? 7583:Annamalai & Steever 1998 7571:Shapiro & Schiffman 1983 7417:, scroll.in, 6 February 2015 6872:The Journal of Asian Studies 6743:The Journal of Asian Studies 6415: 5842: 5577: 5570: 5563: 5556: 5549: 5542: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5311: 5304: 5297: 5290: 5283: 5267: 5260: 5253: 5246: 5239: 4308:Ancient history of Sri Lanka 4199:Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism 3036: 2639:near the top to the current 2308:Spoken and literary variants 1891:Constitution of South Africa 1577:syntactic argument structure 1385: 1285:, brought it to the people. 978: 7: 16062:Official languages of India 16007:Languages of Andhra Pradesh 15997:Classical Language in India 14319:Cannanore Portuguese creole 14302:Other languages and creoles 13776:Formerly spoken and extinct 10497:Megalithic graffiti symbols 10256:Nālāyira Tivviya Pirapantam 9922:Tamil language at Wikibooks 9548:Ramaswamy, Sumathy (1997), 9480:A History of Tamil Language 9210:Online Etymology Dictionary 9168:A History of Tamil Language 9085: 8457:Schiffman, Harold (1997). " 8426: 6693:, LINGUAMON, archived from 6632:"Official Languages Policy" 6363: 6306: 6292: 6278: 6264: 6250: 6236: 6222: 6208: 6194: 6180: 6166: 6152: 6138: 6124: 6110: 6096: 6082: 6068: 6054: 6040: 6026: 6006: 5984: 5975:; the fourth is the gloss. 5951: 5941: 5931: 5921: 5911: 5901: 5891: 5877: 5867: 5861: 5813: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5715: 5707: 5664: 5651: 5638: 5625: 5462: 5182: 5174: 5166: 4978: 4970: 4962: 4954: 4946: 4934: 3892:Chronology of Tamil history 2715: 2669: 2520: 2512: 2504: 2496: 2488: 2476: 2465: 2457: 2449: 2441: 2429: 2421: 2169: 2162: 2150: 2142: 2130: 2122: 2114: 2102: 2078: 2066: 1931: 1851:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1678:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1547: 1533: 1515: 1371:Tamil language inscriptions 1083: 1077: 1071: 1065: 1059: 1053: 1047: 1037: 1031: 905: 135:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 30: 10: 16088: 10962:Kaveri River water dispute 10638:Printing in Tamil language 9788:Malabar-English Dictionary 9786:. based on J.P. Fabricius 9409:(inactive 29 March 2024), 9359:Cambridge University Press 9313:Caldwell, Robert (1974) , 9034:10.1177/026272809901900104 8619:University of Pennsylvania 8478:Schiffman, Harold (1998), 8412:10.1163/000000066790086440 7236:10.1163/000000069790078428 6677:, South African Government 6390:Tamil population by nation 6385:Tamil population by cities 5846: 4918:that is standard for most 4883: 4166:Christianity in Tamil Nadu 3795: 3040: 2799: 2612: 2602: 2228: 2040: 2037:Region-specific variations 1899:French overseas department 1830: 1721:Tamil-speaking populations 1489: 1389: 1365:states that Tamil was the 1176:Government Museum, Chennai 1161: 1109: 16042:Languages of South Africa 15918: 15812: 15791: 15770: 15716: 15691: 15668: 15659: 15604:comparison with Malaysian 15554: 15528: 15473: 15453: 15415: 15350: 15283: 15159: 15150: 14766: 14571: 14555: 14541: 14467: 14426: 14373: 14347: 14301: 14106: 14095: 14051: 13994: 13907: 13891: 13863: 13801: 13775: 13767:Sri Lankan sign languages 13729: 13708: 13613: 13588: 13581: 13551: 13494: 13433: 13418: 13391: 13370: 13325: 13288: 13279: 13256: 13249: 13226: 13220:Languages of South Africa 13178:Singaporean Sign Language 13170: 13110: 13045: 12978: 12923: 12916: 12875: 12856: 12821: 12805: 12798: 12725: 12576: 12441: 12428: 12278: 12149: 12128: 12117: 12063: 12036: 12019: 11977: 11947: 11926: 11919: 11875: 11825: 11818: 11780: 11773: 11743: 11700: 11548: 11473: 11464: 11436: 11415: 11396: 11326: 11310: 11254: 11221: 11018: 10975: 10857: 10794: 10783: 10728: 10713: 10615: 10594: 10568: 10540: 10489: 10446: 10409: 10393: 10350: 10299: 10236: 10195: 10188: 10167: 10142: 10126: 10098: 10057: 10050: 9987: 9947: 9942:Links to related articles 9847:10.1017/S0025100304001549 9735:Varadarajan, Mu. (1988), 9661:Steever, Sanford (2005), 9512:Ramstedt, Martin (2004), 9482:, Poona: Deccan College, 9232:Oxford English Dictionary 8871:10.1017/S0010417500018673 8755:A Grammar of Modern Tamil 8670:Classes of nouns in Tamil 8667:Caldwell, Robert (1875), 8646:Classes of nouns in Tamil 8643:Caldwell, Robert (1875), 8496:10.1017/S0047404598003030 8431:Lifco, Madras, pp. 26–39. 8338:28 September 2007 at the 8025:, Government of Sri Lanka 7870:Raman, B. (15 July 2002) 7136:10.1017/S0041977X00021285 7068:Subramanian, S.V (1980), 6722:. Oxford University Press 5757:), Chinese (for example, 5672: 5658: 5645: 5632: 5619: 5179:), and the "irrational" ( 4986:Tamil words consist of a 4476:Elamo-Dravidian languages 4284:Indus Valley Civilisation 4037:Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora 3787: 3776: 3752: 3738: 3713: 3699: 3681: 3667: 3646: 3632: 3614: 3600: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3536: 3496: 3484: 3457: 3445: 3429: 3402: 3371: 3350: 3327: 3313: 3292: 3260: 3248: 3230: 3217: 3204: 3192: 3167: 3153: 3141: 3129: 3117: 3103: 3027: 3020: 3013: 3006: 2999: 2992: 2985: 2978: 2939: 2932: 2925: 2918: 2911: 2904: 2897: 2890: 2883: 2876: 2869: 2862: 2855: 2736: 2722: 2043:Sri Lankan Tamil dialects 1554: 1540: 1522: 1406:inscription in Mangulam, 1045:suggests an etymology of 899: 814: 805: 791: 767: 750: 739: – Modern Tamil 724: 706: 688: 683: 593: 566: 530:Official language in 528: 523: 507: 429: 347: 326: 222: 204: 185: 95: 81: 61: 46: 39: 37: 28: 23: 15723:Nearly extinct languages 14324:Cochin Portuguese creole 10385:Tamil Lexicon dictionary 10065:Bangalore Tamil dialects 9874:templates for discussion 9778:Fabricius, Johann Philip 9751:Zvelebil, Kamil (1992), 9699:Talbot, Cynthia (2001), 9333:Hart, George L. (1975), 9290:, Nauka Publishing House 8753:Lehmann, Thomas (1989), 8568:Zvelebil, Kamil (1973), 7818:Ghazali, Kamila (2010). 7342:Christy, Agatha (2019). 6949:Zvelebil, Kamil (1973). 5967:. The first line is the 5800:etc., was influenced by 5677:Tamil is a consistently 5028:pōkamuṭiyātavarkaḷukkāka 4998:. Tamil suffixes can be 4695:Tulu Nadu state movement 4471:Proto-Dravidian language 4287:Keezhadi excavation site 4042:Malaysian Tamil diaspora 3858:Keezhadi excavation site 2778:transliteration of Tamil 2199:Batticaloa Tamil dialect 2083:in the Kongu dialect of 1636:, (in India) and in the 1295:Proto-Dravidian language 1236:Vashishtiputra Sātakarni 1186:Keezhadi excavation site 53:The word "Tamil" in the 16057:Languages of Tamil Nadu 16037:Languages of Puducherry 15992:Agglutinative languages 15926:Mauritian Sign Language 15676:Malaysian Sign Language 14365:Languages of South Asia 10633:Simplified Tamil script 10281:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam 9893:Encyclopædia Britannica 9717:Tieken, Herman (2001), 9645:The Dravidian Languages 9550:"Laboring for language" 9462:Harvard Oriental Series 9437:The Dravidian Languages 9355:The Dravidian Languages 9297:The Dravidian Languages 9286:Andronov, M.S. (1970), 8252:"Recognising a classic" 8224:, India, archived from 7876:The Hindu Business Line 7856:Tamil Hindus in Karachi 7641:10.1515/ijsl.1978.16.59 6976:Allen, Charles (2017). 4690:Kannada language rights 4495:Dravidian folk religion 2674:amongst others such as 1743:, Indonesia, Thailand, 1624:Geographic distribution 1001:Hathigumpha inscription 930:natively spoken by the 866:question marks or boxes 16052:Languages of Sri Lanka 16047:Languages of Singapore 16032:Languages of Mauritius 16017:Languages of Karnataka 16012:Languages of Indonesia 15764:Languages of Mauritius 15704:Selangor Sign Language 14823:Bruneian/Kedayan Malay 14628:Kelantan-Pattani Malay 13702:Languages of Sri Lanka 12792:Languages of Singapore 10814:Deputy chief ministers 10370:Purapporul Venbamaalai 10175:World Tamil Conference 8903:Meenakshisundaran 1965 7945:Ghasarian, Christian, 7619:Meenakshisundaran 1965 7607:Meenakshisundaran 1965 7512:Meenakshisundaran 1965 7249:Yandel, Keith (2000), 7094:Perumal, A. K. (2005) 6807:Abraham, S.A. (2003), 6303: 6289: 6275: 6261: 6247: 6233: 6219: 6205: 6191: 6177: 6163: 6149: 6135: 6121: 6107: 6093: 6079: 6065: 6051: 6037: 6023: 6001: 5979: 5895:meaning 'rolled up'), 5410:(எவ்வழி) "which way". 5214:peyarccol (Name-words) 4777:Tamil tongue twisters. 4772: 4438:Dravidian architecture 4428:Dravidian civilization 4303:History of South India 4184:Politics of Tamil Nadu 4139:Hinduism in Tamil Nadu 4129:Religion in Tamil Nadu 2659: 2644: 2319: 1973: 1963: 1487: 1426: 1266: 1224: 1188: 1178: 854:This article contains 816:This article contains 746: – Old Tamil 649:Tamil Language Council 176:North-Western Province 16027:Languages of Malaysia 14943:Kota Marudu Talantang 14673:Negeri Sembilan Malay 14420:Languages of Malaysia 13892:Semiofficial language 13807:a liturgical language 13621:Tsotsitaal and Camtho 12156:Constitution of India 12054:Proto-South Dravidian 10401:Yāḻpāna Vaipava Mālai 10070:Central Tamil dialect 10020:Proto-South Dravidian 9665:, London: Routledge, 9516:, London: Routledge, 9498:, New Delhi: Mittal, 9155:Laboring for language 7180:Nagaswamy, N (1995), 7098:(Tamil), pp. 302–318. 6828:10.1353/asi.2003.0031 6184:mənətt͡ʃaːʈt͡ʃijəijum 5945:'bundled logs'), and 5821:Parithimaar Kalaignar 5702:null-subject language 5427:grammatical particles 5402:(அவ்வழி) "that way", 5398:(இவ்வழி) "this way", 5316:Those ones which did 4990:to which one or more 4771: 4710:Dravidian nationalism 4189:Dravidian nationalism 4144:Hinduism in Sri Lanka 4032:Indian Tamil diaspora 3838:History of Tamil Nadu 2650: 2634: 2318: 2207:Negombo Tamil dialect 2175:Central Tamil dialect 2109:dialects of Sri Lanka 1972: 1939: 1492:Middle Tamil language 1459: 1399: 1307:Harappan civilization 1230: 1199: 1184: 1169: 1133:Tamil language family 1090:The Tamil Lexicon of 942:in India, along with 15792:Vernacular languages 15699:Penang Sign Language 15681:Manually Coded Malay 14052:Non-tribal languages 14002:Arabic Sign Language 13857:Languages of Bahrain 13810:a dialect of Sinhala 13421:unofficial languages 12857:Indigenous languages 10819:Legislative Assembly 10466:Indo-Aryan languages 10291:Tamil Ganaptya texts 10223:List of Sangam poets 10168:Global organizations 9576:, Dordrecht: Foris, 9454:Mahadevan, Iravatham 9395:Indo-Iranian Journal 8816:on 19 September 2003 8574:, BRILL, p. 4, 8571:The Smile of Murugan 8400:Indo-Iranian Journal 8305:. 17 September 2004. 8262:on 26 September 2007 8061:, Ccat.sas.upenn.edu 7392:Smithsonian Magazine 7223:Indo-Iranian Journal 7186:, Brahad Prakashan, 6636:languagesdept.gov.lk 6072:sud̪ən̪d̪irəmaːgəʋeː 5609:Tamil does not have 4920:Indo-Aryan languages 4433:South Indian culture 4100:Tamil New Zealanders 4076:Tamil South Africans 3843:History of Sri Lanka 2796:Numerals and symbols 2657:palm leaf manuscript 2569:improve this article 2250:Kanyakumari district 2203:Jaffna Tamil dialect 2061:socioeconomic status 1887:Parliament of Canada 1809:United Arab Emirates 1596:University of Madras 1480:Brahadeeswara temple 1092:University of Madras 16022:Languages of Kerala 16002:Dravidian languages 15813:Immigrant languages 15182:Malaysian Cantonese 14938:Klias River Kadazan 14355:Dravidian languages 13788:Ceylon Creole Dutch 12917:Immigrant languages 12578:100,000 – 1 million 11304:Dravidian languages 10471:Dravidian languages 10271:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai 9288:Dravidian Languages 9022:South Asia Research 8484:Language in Society 8002:, Language in India 7975:, Language in India 7860:Pakistan Hindu Post 7838:The News (Pakistan) 6716:"Tamil, n. and adj" 6697:on 2 September 2015 5883:Examples in English 5814:taṉit tamiḻ iyakkam 5689:effects. Tamil has 5683:subject–object–verb 5669:(our) that do not. 5551:transitivity marker 4461:Dravidian languages 4316:Dravidian dynasties 4264:culture and history 4256:Part of a series on 3533: 3470:Lateral approximant 3049: 2730:(with the inherent 2399:Subramanya Bharathi 2270:Vaishnava paribasai 2243:in Kerala has many 2225:Loanword variations 2091:in the dialects of 2015:Audio recording of 1949:Villupuram district 1910:Government of India 1789:Trinidad and Tobago 1759:speakers exists in 1607:Pure Tamil Movement 1601:A strong strain of 1594:, published by the 1129:Indian subcontinent 1125:Dravidian languages 1112:Dravidian languages 1011:, also refers to a 1007:, the Jain king of 940:classical languages 780: Modern Tamil 568:Recognised minority 448:Tamil-Brahmi script 116:Puducherry district 109:Union territory of 15771:Official languages 15529:Mixed & Others 15271:Malaysian Mandarin 14360:Languages of India 14339:Suriyani Malayalam 13908:Minority languages 13742:Sri Lankan English 13709:Official languages 13300:(Sesotho sa Leboa) 12730:Linguistic history 12111:Languages of India 11583:Suriyani Malayalam 10628:Tanittamil Iyakkam 10581:Tamil onomatopoeia 10208:Tamil books of Law 9685:, Feminist Press, 9530:Rajam, VS (1992), 9407:10.1007/BF00162818 9139:tanittamil iyakkam 8905:, pp. 169–193 8322:. 28 October 2005. 8228:on 3 February 2013 7921:McMahon, Suzanne, 7771:Murthy et al. 1990 7621:, pp. 122–123 7526:, pp. 213–215 7514:, pp. 132–133 7438:, 21 November 2007 7287:, pp. 249–250 7211:, pp. 199–205 7021:, pp. 129–132 6816:Asian Perspectives 6580:on 21 October 2012 6428:protected language 6410:Language geography 5751:"sago" from Malay 5470:aḻintukkoṇṭiruntēṉ 5171:)—the "rational" ( 4773: 4700:Telugu Desam Party 3529: 3047: 2660: 2645: 2320: 2209:in Sri Lanka; and 2193:, Kumari Tamil in 2155:in the dialect of 2135:in the dialect of 1974: 1964: 1918:President of India 1914:Classical language 1585:Thambiran Vanakkam 1488: 1427: 1392:Old Tamil language 1289:Historical origins 1267: 1225: 1189: 1179: 955:Dravidian language 928:Dravidian language 625:World Tamil Sangam 218:: 8 million (2011) 15940: 15939: 15934: 15933: 15730: 15729: 15720:Extinct languages 15712: 15711: 15469: 15468: 15146: 15145: 14978:Mainstream Kenyah 14463: 14462: 14386: 14385: 14010: 14009: 13864:Official language 13816: 13815: 13668: 13667: 13664: 13663: 13577: 13576: 13426:1996 constitution 13414: 13413: 13410: 13409: 13335:Southern Ndebele 13186: 13185: 13166: 13165: 12852: 12851: 12758: 12757: 12721: 12720: 12424: 12423: 12077: 12076: 12070:extinct languages 12032: 12031: 12004:Kumarbhag Paharia 11973: 11972: 11915: 11914: 11911: 11910: 11769: 11768: 11696: 11695: 11692: 11691: 11383: 11382: 11270: 11269: 10952:Sexual minorities 10937:Radio on Internet 10824:Political parties 10661: 10660: 10648:Formation of CICT 10442: 10441: 10419:Asthana Kolahalam 10203:Sangam literature 10163: 10162: 9780:(1933 and 1972), 9762:978-90-04-09365-2 9755:, Leiden: Brill, 9728:978-90-6980-134-6 9710:978-0-19-513661-6 9692:978-1-55861-027-9 9672:978-0-415-34672-6 9654:978-0-415-10023-6 9636:978-0-415-33323-8 9603:978-0-521-64074-9 9583:978-90-70176-55-6 9565:978-0-585-10600-7 9541:978-0-87169-199-6 9523:978-0-7007-1533-6 9505:978-81-7099-211-0 9471:978-0-674-01227-1 9446:978-0-415-10023-6 9386:978-981-230-799-6 9368:978-0-521-77111-5 9346:978-0-520-02672-8 9306:978-0-415-10023-6 8891:Krishnamurti 2003 8779:978-0-89789-468-5 8740:978-90-272-2958-8 8581:978-90-04-03591-1 8388:, pp. 100–28 8342:. ciil-ebooks.net 8331:Arokianathan, S. 8279:Language in India 8102:, 13 January 2017 7773:, pp. 85–106 7735:Krishnamurti 2003 7260:978-0-7007-1101-7 7096:Manorama Yearbook 7083:Krishnamurti 2003 6962:978-90-04-03591-1 6554:(27th ed., 2024) 6536:(27th ed., 2024) 6243:among-one-another 5915:'pepper water'), 5825:Maraimalai Adigal 5738:linguistic purism 5588: 5587: 5334:. These were the 5320: 5319: 4867: 4860: 4844: 4837: 4821: 4814: 4798: 4791: 4763: 4762: 4715:Dravidian parties 4705:Tamil nationalism 4574:Dravidian peoples 4443:Dravidian studies 4251: 4250: 4194:Tamil Nationalism 4096:Tamil Seychellois 4064:Tamil Indonesians 4048:Tamil Australians 4002:Sri Lankan Tamils 3764: 3763: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3509: 3508: 3048:Tamil consonants 3034: 3033: 2946: 2945: 2601: 2600: 2593: 2473:In modern times, 2392: 2367: 2337: 2147:is the source of 2010: 1989: 1926:Indian Parliament 1839:official language 1611:Dravidian parties 1603:linguistic purism 1496:The evolution of 1465:Vatteluttu script 1446:Sangam literature 1192:Legendary origins 1024:Samavayanga Sutra 1017:Tamil confederacy 966:Sangam literature 946:, attested since 862:rendering support 842: 841: 824:rendering support 820:phonetic symbols. 595:Regulated by 472:Kolezhuthu script 460:Vatteluttu script 161:Northern Province 152: 144: 131: 123: 120:Karaikal district 16079: 15969: 15968: 15967: 15957: 15956: 15948: 15804:Rodriguan creole 15799:Mauritian Creole 15757: 15750: 15743: 15734: 15733: 15666: 15665: 15266:Mandarin Chinese 15157: 15156: 14753:Terengganu Malay 14553: 14552: 14431: 14430: 14413: 14406: 14399: 14390: 14389: 14184:Attapady Kurumba 14107:Tribal languages 14101: 14037: 14030: 14023: 14014: 14013: 13855: 13854: 13843: 13836: 13829: 13820: 13819: 13747:Sri Lankan Malay 13737:Sri Lankan Tamil 13695: 13688: 13681: 13672: 13671: 13646:SA Sign Language 13586: 13585: 13476:Northern Ndebele 13431: 13430: 13423:mentioned in the 13286: 13285: 13254: 13253: 13213: 13206: 13199: 13190: 13189: 12921: 12920: 12876:Creole languages 12863:Johor-Riau Malay 12803: 12802: 12785: 12778: 12771: 12762: 12761: 12439: 12438: 12279:State-level only 12126: 12125: 12104: 12097: 12090: 12081: 12080: 11984: 11983: 11924: 11923: 11823: 11822: 11778: 11777: 11471: 11470: 11454:Attapady Kurumba 11355:Maundadan Chetti 11333: 11332: 11324: 11323: 11317: 11316: 11297: 11290: 11283: 11274: 11273: 11264:India portal 11262: 11261: 11260: 10789: 10777:Cirrochroa Thais 10700: 10699: 10698: 10688: 10681: 10674: 10665: 10664: 10555:Tamil honorifics 10286:Vinayagar Agaval 10251:Kampa Irāmāyaṉam 10213:Five Great Epics 10193: 10192: 10055: 10054: 9974: 9967: 9960: 9951: 9950: 9938: 9937: 9929: 9921: 9907: 9850: 9849: 9828: 9811: 9765: 9747: 9731: 9713: 9695: 9675: 9657: 9639: 9621: 9606: 9586: 9568: 9544: 9526: 9508: 9490: 9474: 9449: 9431: 9425: 9417: 9389: 9371: 9349: 9329: 9309: 9291: 9272: 9271: 9261: 9255: 9248: 9242: 9241: 9240: 9238: 9224: 9213: 9203: 9197: 9196: 9194: 9192: 9177: 9171: 9164: 9158: 9148: 9142: 9133:Varadarajan, M. 9131: 9125: 9124: 9088: 9077: 9071: 9064: 9058: 9052: 9046: 9044: 9017: 9011: 8996: 8990: 8975: 8969: 8968:, pp. 87–88 8963: 8957: 8956: 8929: 8923: 8912: 8906: 8900: 8894: 8888: 8882: 8881: 8854: 8848: 8847: 8846: 8844: 8831: 8825: 8824: 8823: 8821: 8812:, archived from 8804: 8798: 8792: 8783: 8782: 8765: 8759: 8758: 8750: 8744: 8743: 8726: 8720: 8719: 8687: 8681: 8680: 8679: 8677: 8664: 8658: 8657: 8656: 8654: 8640: 8634: 8633: 8632: 8630: 8621:, archived from 8611: 8605: 8591: 8585: 8584: 8565: 8559: 8553: 8547: 8541: 8535: 8533: 8506: 8500: 8499: 8475: 8466: 8455: 8449: 8442:"Tamil dialects" 8438: 8432: 8429: 8421: 8415: 8414: 8395: 8389: 8383: 8377: 8376: 8349: 8343: 8329: 8323: 8313: 8307: 8306: 8299: 8293: 8292: 8291: 8289: 8270: 8264: 8263: 8258:, archived from 8247: 8241: 8240: 8235: 8233: 8209: 8203: 8202: 8201: 8199: 8184: 8178: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8159: 8153: 8152: 8151: 8149: 8135: 8129: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8120:, 8 October 2016 8110: 8104: 8103: 8094: 8088: 8087: 8076: 8070: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8053: 8047: 8040: 8034: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8017: 8011: 8010: 8009: 8007: 8001: 7990: 7984: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7966: 7960: 7959: 7958: 7956: 7942: 7936: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7918: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7884: 7878: 7868: 7862: 7852: 7846: 7845: 7840:, archived from 7829: 7823: 7816: 7810: 7804: 7798: 7792: 7786: 7780: 7774: 7768: 7762: 7761:, pp. 27–37 7756: 7750: 7744: 7738: 7732: 7723: 7717: 7711: 7706: 7697: 7696: 7695: 7693: 7677: 7671: 7670: 7659: 7653: 7651: 7628: 7622: 7616: 7610: 7604: 7598: 7597:, pp. 107–8 7592: 7586: 7580: 7574: 7568: 7562: 7560: 7533: 7527: 7521: 7515: 7509: 7503: 7497: 7491: 7490:, pp. 90–95 7485: 7479: 7472: 7466: 7465: 7464:, Chennai, India 7453: 7447: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7428: 7419: 7418: 7409: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7398: 7386:Gershon, Livia. 7383: 7377: 7376: 7365: 7359: 7358: 7348: 7339: 7333: 7332: 7315: 7309: 7308:, pp. 75–76 7303: 7288: 7282: 7276: 7270: 7264: 7263: 7246: 7240: 7239: 7238: 7218: 7212: 7206: 7200: 7199: 7194:, archived from 7177: 7171: 7165: 7159: 7153: 7147: 7146: 7119: 7113: 7112: 7105: 7099: 7092: 7086: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7065: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7053: 7040: 7034: 7033:, p. ix–xvi 7028: 7022: 7016: 7007: 7006: 6998: 6992: 6991: 6973: 6967: 6966: 6946: 6935: 6929: 6923: 6922: 6921:, Chennai, India 6910: 6904: 6902: 6867: 6861: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6839: 6813: 6804: 6798: 6793: 6787: 6781: 6775: 6773: 6738: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6690:School languages 6685: 6679: 6678: 6667: 6661: 6654: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6612: 6605: 6595: 6589: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6560: 6543: 6542: 6525: 6516: 6515:, pp. 27–37 6510: 6493: 6488: 6484: 6479: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6471: 6468: 6465: 6460: 6459: 6456: 6453: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6435: 6429: 6426: 6240:oruʋəruɖənoruʋər 6237:oruvaruṭaṉoruvar 6181:maṉaccāṭciyaiyum 6178:மனச்சாட்சியையும் 6131:dignities-in-and 6086:pirəkːin̺d̺ranər 5954: 5944: 5934: 5924: 5914: 5904: 5894: 5880: 5870: 5864: 5816: 5768: 5762: 5756: 5750: 5718: 5710: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5476: 5465: 5438:is the object of 5210: 5185: 5177: 5169: 5151: 5147: 5112: 5099: 5086: 5073: 5069: 4981: 4973: 4965: 4957: 4949: 4937: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4770: 4755: 4748: 4741: 4273: 4253: 4252: 4243: 4236: 4229: 4217:Tamil portal 4215: 4214: 4213: 4092:Tamil Pakistanis 4084:Tamil Mauritians 4012:Singapore Tamils 4007:Malaysian Tamils 3823: 3800: 3799: 3790: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3778: 3773: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3741: 3740: 3735: 3716: 3715: 3710: 3702: 3701: 3696: 3684: 3683: 3678: 3670: 3669: 3664: 3649: 3648: 3643: 3635: 3634: 3629: 3617: 3616: 3611: 3603: 3602: 3597: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3534: 3528: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3374: 3373: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3338: 3330: 3329: 3324: 3316: 3315: 3310: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3280: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3170: 3169: 3164: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3120: 3119: 3114: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3050: 3046: 3030: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2948: 2947: 2942: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2810: 2809: 2739: 2738: 2725: 2724: 2718: 2704:, as with other 2672: 2596: 2589: 2585: 2582: 2576: 2553: 2545: 2523: 2515: 2507: 2499: 2491: 2483:Tamil literature 2479: 2468: 2460: 2452: 2444: 2434:), and a modern 2432: 2424: 2394: 2393: 2369: 2368: 2339: 2338: 2317: 2264:who migrated to 2215:Sankethi dialect 2172: 2165: 2153: 2145: 2133: 2125: 2117: 2105: 2081: 2069: 2053:socio-linguistic 2012: 2011: 1991: 1990: 1971: 1961: 1958: 1928:on 6 June 2004. 1757:Pakistani Tamils 1686:the hill country 1557: 1556: 1550: 1543: 1542: 1536: 1525: 1524: 1518: 1477: 1474: 1467:in stone during 1463:inscriptions in 1424: 1420: 1417: 1408:Madurai district 1244: 1241: 1222: 1218: 1215: 1206:Madurai district 1200:Explanation for 1086: 1080: 1074: 1068: 1062: 1056: 1050: 1040: 1034: 1013:Tamira Samghatta 949: 925: 924: 923: 917: 915:[t̪amiɻ] 912: 908: 902: 901: 879: 850: 849: 810: 801: 787: Old Tamil 786: 779: 762: 745: 738: 729: 720: 719: 711: 702: 701: 693: 620:Tamil University 570:language in 513: 435: 423: 228: 197:Sri Lankan Moors 171:Central Province 166:Eastern Province 150: 142: 129: 113: 77: 76: 75: 69: 67:[t̪amiɻ] 51: 42: 41: 33: 21: 20: 16087: 16086: 16082: 16081: 16080: 16078: 16077: 16076: 15977: 15976: 15975: 15965: 15963: 15951: 15943: 15941: 15936: 15935: 15930: 15914: 15808: 15787: 15766: 15761: 15731: 15726: 15708: 15687: 15655: 15550: 15524: 15465: 15449: 15411: 15352: 15346: 15306:Malaysian Tamil 15279: 15152: 15142: 14863:Eastern Kadazan 14843:Coastal Kadazan 14769: 14762: 14574: 14567: 14546: 14537: 14459: 14422: 14417: 14387: 14382: 14369: 14343: 14334:Judeo-Malayalam 14297: 14102: 14093: 14059:Arabi Malayalam 14047: 14041: 14011: 14006: 13990: 13903: 13887: 13859: 13849: 13847: 13817: 13812: 13797: 13771: 13725: 13704: 13699: 13669: 13660: 13609: 13573: 13547: 13490: 13424: 13422: 13420: 13406: 13387: 13366: 13321: 13306:Southern Sotho 13298:Northern Sotho 13275: 13245: 13222: 13217: 13187: 13182: 13162: 13106: 13041: 12974: 12912: 12871: 12848: 12817: 12794: 12789: 12759: 12754: 12740:Multilingualism 12717: 12579: 12572: 12444: 12433: 12431: 12420: 12274: 12154: 12145: 12120: 12113: 12108: 12078: 12073: 12059: 12047:Proto-Dravidian 12038:Proto-languages 12028: 12015: 11969: 11943: 11907: 11871: 11814: 11765: 11739: 11688: 11578:Judeo-Malayalam 11544: 11466: 11460: 11432: 11411: 11392: 11379: 11328: 11306: 11301: 11271: 11266: 11258: 11256: 11250: 11217: 11168:Tiruchirappalli 11014: 11000:Tiruchirappalli 10971: 10932:Protected areas 10853: 10809:Chief ministers 10790: 10781: 10731: 10724: 10709: 10696: 10694: 10692: 10662: 10657: 10653:Project Madurai 10611: 10595:Transliteration 10590: 10576:Tamil phonology 10564: 10542: 10536: 10517:Pallava grantha 10485: 10449:other languages 10448: 10438: 10412:natural science 10411: 10410:Mathematics and 10405: 10389: 10352: 10346: 10295: 10238: 10232: 10218:Ponniyin Selvan 10184: 10159: 10138: 10134:Malaysian Tamil 10127:Southeast Asian 10122: 10094: 10046: 10015:Proto-Dravidian 9983: 9978: 9943: 9877: 9858: 9853: 9809:10.2307/2659023 9773: 9771:Further reading 9768: 9763: 9729: 9711: 9693: 9673: 9655: 9637: 9604: 9584: 9566: 9542: 9524: 9506: 9472: 9447: 9419: 9418: 9387: 9369: 9347: 9327: 9307: 9281: 9276: 9275: 9263: 9262: 9258: 9249: 9245: 9236: 9234: 9226: 9225: 9216: 9204: 9200: 9190: 9188: 9179: 9178: 9174: 9165: 9161: 9149: 9145: 9132: 9128: 9106:10.2307/2659024 9078: 9074: 9065: 9061: 9053: 9049: 9018: 9014: 8997: 8993: 8976: 8972: 8964: 8960: 8930: 8926: 8913: 8909: 8901: 8897: 8889: 8885: 8855: 8851: 8842: 8840: 8833: 8832: 8828: 8819: 8817: 8806: 8805: 8801: 8793: 8786: 8780: 8766: 8762: 8751: 8747: 8741: 8727: 8723: 8688: 8684: 8675: 8673: 8665: 8661: 8652: 8650: 8641: 8637: 8628: 8626: 8613: 8612: 8608: 8592: 8588: 8582: 8566: 8562: 8554: 8550: 8542: 8538: 8507: 8503: 8476: 8469: 8456: 8452: 8439: 8435: 8427:Vāḻaiyaṭi vāḻai 8422: 8418: 8396: 8392: 8384: 8380: 8350: 8346: 8340:Wayback Machine 8330: 8326: 8314: 8310: 8301: 8300: 8296: 8287: 8285: 8271: 8267: 8248: 8244: 8231: 8229: 8210: 8206: 8197: 8195: 8185: 8181: 8172: 8170: 8169:, 21 March 2014 8161: 8160: 8156: 8147: 8145: 8137: 8136: 8132: 8123: 8121: 8118:The News Minute 8112: 8111: 8107: 8096: 8095: 8091: 8086:. 6 March 2014. 8078: 8077: 8073: 8064: 8062: 8055: 8054: 8050: 8041: 8037: 8028: 8026: 8019: 8018: 8014: 8005: 8003: 7999: 7991: 7987: 7978: 7976: 7967: 7963: 7954: 7952: 7943: 7939: 7930: 7928: 7919: 7915: 7905: 7903: 7885: 7881: 7869: 7865: 7853: 7849: 7844:on 17 June 2013 7830: 7826: 7817: 7813: 7805: 7801: 7793: 7789: 7781: 7777: 7769: 7765: 7757: 7753: 7745: 7741: 7733: 7726: 7718: 7714: 7707: 7700: 7691: 7689: 7678: 7674: 7660: 7656: 7629: 7625: 7617: 7613: 7605: 7601: 7593: 7589: 7581: 7577: 7569: 7565: 7534: 7530: 7522: 7518: 7510: 7506: 7498: 7494: 7486: 7482: 7473: 7469: 7454: 7450: 7441: 7439: 7430: 7429: 7422: 7411: 7410: 7406: 7396: 7394: 7384: 7380: 7367: 7366: 7362: 7346: 7340: 7336: 7317: 7316: 7312: 7304: 7291: 7285:Southworth 2005 7283: 7279: 7271: 7267: 7261: 7247: 7243: 7229:(11): 281–288, 7219: 7215: 7207: 7203: 7198:on 20 July 2011 7178: 7174: 7166: 7162: 7154: 7150: 7120: 7116: 7107: 7106: 7102: 7093: 7089: 7081: 7077: 7066: 7062: 7051: 7049: 7042: 7041: 7037: 7029: 7025: 7019:Southworth 1998 7017: 7010: 6999: 6995: 6988: 6974: 6970: 6963: 6947: 6938: 6930: 6926: 6911: 6907: 6884:10.2307/2943246 6868: 6864: 6856: 6852: 6811: 6805: 6801: 6794: 6790: 6782: 6778: 6755:10.2307/2053325 6739: 6735: 6725: 6723: 6714: 6713: 6709: 6700: 6698: 6687: 6686: 6682: 6669: 6668: 6664: 6655: 6651: 6641: 6639: 6630: 6629: 6625: 6616: 6614: 6610: 6603: 6597: 6596: 6592: 6583: 6581: 6570: 6569: 6565: 6555: 6544: 6537: 6526: 6519: 6511: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6496: 6486: 6482: 6462: 6441: 6437: 6436: 6432: 6427: 6423: 6418: 6400:Tamil Shorthand 6366: 6361: 6315: 6301: 6296:nəɖən̪d̪ʉkoɭɭəl 6287: 6273: 6259: 6245: 6231: 6217: 6215:possessed-ones. 6203: 6189: 6175: 6161: 6147: 6142:səməmaːnəʋərgəɭ 6139:camamāṉavarkaḷ, 6133: 6119: 6105: 6091: 6077: 6069:cutantiramākavē 6063: 6049: 6035: 6021: 5999: 5961: 5859:, via Sanskrit 5851: 5845: 5806:Sanskritisation 5734: 5675: 5583: 5581: 5574: 5567: 5560: 5553: 5546: 5315: 5309:That which did 5308: 5301: 5294: 5287: 5271: 5264: 5257: 5250: 5243: 5234: 5225: 5161: 5156: 5136: 5125: 5114: 5101: 5088: 5075: 5058: 5047: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4873: 4871: 4870: 4869: 4868: 4863: 4856: 4853: 4851:ல-கரம், ள-கரம். 4847: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4833: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4822: 4817: 4810: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4799: 4794: 4787: 4784: 4782:ல-கரம், ழ-கரம். 4778: 4774: 4768: 4759: 4725: 4724: 4685: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4568: 4560: 4559: 4539: 4531: 4530: 4529: 4489: 4481: 4480: 4456: 4448: 4447: 4423: 4415: 4414: 4413: 4312: 4298: 4290: 4289: 4281: 4247: 4211: 4209: 4204: 4203: 4179: 4171: 4170: 4119: 4111: 4110: 4072:Tamil Americans 4068:Tamil Canadians 4046: 4027: 4017: 4016: 3992: 3982: 3981: 3922: 3912: 3911: 3833: 3798: 3076:Alveolo-palatal 3045: 3043:Tamil phonology 3039: 2804: 2798: 2759:Tamil phonology 2686:consists of 12 2629: 2611: 2603:Main articles: 2597: 2586: 2580: 2577: 2566: 2554: 2543: 2416: 2415: 2407: 2405: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2395: 2388: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2377: 2370: 2362: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2351: 2340: 2331: 2328: 2321: 2315: 2310: 2304:, and English. 2276:have their own 2237: 2227: 2211:Malaysian Tamil 2049: 2039: 2034: 2033: 2025: 2023: 2022: 2021: 2020: 2013: 2006: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1985: 1982: 1975: 1969: 1959: 1934: 1835: 1829: 1626: 1564: 1494: 1475: 1454: 1422: 1418: 1394: 1388: 1318: 1291: 1242: 1220: 1216: 1194: 1164: 1143:languages (see 1119:belongs to the 1114: 1108: 981: 919: 918: 910: 892: 891: 890: 880: 871: 870: 869: 860:Without proper 851: 847: 822:Without proper 797: 782: 781: 775: 758: 755: 741: 740: 734: 733: 725: 715: 714: 707: 697: 696: 689: 589: 588: 571: 569: 531: 524:Official status 514: 509: 503: 436: 431: 343: 329: 322: 229: 226:Language family 224: 214: 207: 206:Native speakers 71: 70: 57: 17: 12: 11: 5: 16085: 16075: 16074: 16069: 16064: 16059: 16054: 16049: 16044: 16039: 16034: 16029: 16024: 16019: 16014: 16009: 16004: 15999: 15994: 15989: 15987:Tamil language 15974: 15973: 15961: 15938: 15937: 15932: 15931: 15929: 15928: 15922: 15920: 15919:Sign languages 15916: 15915: 15913: 15912: 15907: 15902: 15897: 15892: 15887: 15882: 15877: 15872: 15867: 15862: 15857: 15852: 15847: 15842: 15837: 15832: 15827: 15822: 15816: 15814: 15810: 15809: 15807: 15806: 15801: 15795: 15793: 15789: 15788: 15786: 15785: 15780: 15774: 15772: 15768: 15767: 15760: 15759: 15752: 15745: 15737: 15728: 15727: 15725: 15724: 15721: 15717: 15714: 15713: 15710: 15709: 15707: 15706: 15701: 15695: 15693: 15689: 15688: 15686: 15685: 15684: 15683: 15672: 15670: 15663: 15657: 15656: 15654: 15653: 15648: 15643: 15638: 15633: 15628: 15623: 15618: 15613: 15608: 15607: 15606: 15596: 15591: 15586: 15581: 15576: 15571: 15566: 15560: 15558: 15552: 15551: 15549: 15548: 15543: 15538: 15532: 15530: 15526: 15525: 15523: 15522: 15521: 15520: 15515: 15510: 15505: 15495: 15490: 15485: 15479: 15477: 15471: 15470: 15467: 15466: 15464: 15463: 15457: 15455: 15451: 15450: 15448: 15447: 15446: 15445: 15440: 15435: 15430: 15419: 15417: 15413: 15412: 15410: 15409: 15404: 15399: 15394: 15389: 15384: 15379: 15378: 15377: 15367: 15362: 15356: 15354: 15348: 15347: 15345: 15344: 15343: 15342: 15337: 15332: 15327: 15317: 15316: 15315: 15310: 15309: 15308: 15298: 15287: 15285: 15281: 15280: 15278: 15277: 15276: 15275: 15274: 15273: 15263: 15262: 15261: 15260: 15259: 15258: 15257: 15247: 15246: 15245: 15243:Penang Hokkien 15240: 15225: 15220: 15215: 15214: 15213: 15208: 15193: 15188: 15187: 15186: 15185: 15184: 15163: 15161: 15154: 15148: 15147: 15144: 15143: 15141: 15140: 15135: 15130: 15125: 15120: 15115: 15110: 15105: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15080: 15075: 15073:Selungai Murut 15070: 15065: 15060: 15055: 15050: 15045: 15040: 15035: 15030: 15025: 15023:Punan Bah-Biau 15020: 15015: 15010: 15005: 15003:Nonukan Tidong 15000: 14995: 14990: 14985: 14980: 14975: 14970: 14965: 14960: 14955: 14950: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14925: 14923:Keningau Murut 14920: 14915: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14840: 14835: 14830: 14825: 14820: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14780: 14774: 14772: 14764: 14763: 14761: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14745: 14740: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14705: 14700: 14695: 14690: 14685: 14680: 14675: 14670: 14665: 14660: 14655: 14650: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14600: 14595: 14590: 14585: 14579: 14577: 14569: 14568: 14566: 14565: 14559: 14557: 14550: 14539: 14538: 14536: 14535: 14534: 14533: 14523: 14522: 14521: 14516: 14511: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14486: 14485: 14484: 14473: 14471: 14465: 14464: 14461: 14460: 14458: 14457: 14456: 14455: 14445: 14439: 14437: 14428: 14424: 14423: 14416: 14415: 14408: 14401: 14393: 14384: 14383: 14381: 14380: 14374: 14371: 14370: 14368: 14367: 14362: 14357: 14351: 14349: 14348:Related topics 14345: 14344: 14342: 14341: 14336: 14331: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14305: 14303: 14299: 14298: 14296: 14295: 14290: 14288:Wayanad Chetti 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14260: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14225: 14224: 14223: 14213: 14208: 14203: 14202: 14201: 14196: 14191: 14186: 14176: 14171: 14166: 14161: 14156: 14151: 14146: 14141: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14121: 14116: 14110: 14108: 14104: 14103: 14096: 14094: 14092: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14055: 14053: 14049: 14048: 14040: 14039: 14032: 14025: 14017: 14008: 14007: 14005: 14004: 13998: 13996: 13995:Sign languages 13992: 13991: 13989: 13988: 13983: 13982: 13981: 13976: 13971: 13961: 13960: 13959: 13954: 13949: 13939: 13938: 13937: 13932: 13927: 13922: 13911: 13909: 13905: 13904: 13902: 13901: 13895: 13893: 13889: 13888: 13886: 13885: 13884: 13883: 13878: 13867: 13865: 13861: 13860: 13846: 13845: 13838: 13831: 13823: 13814: 13813: 13802: 13799: 13798: 13796: 13795: 13790: 13785: 13779: 13777: 13773: 13772: 13770: 13769: 13764: 13759: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13733: 13731: 13727: 13726: 13724: 13723: 13718: 13712: 13710: 13706: 13705: 13698: 13697: 13690: 13683: 13675: 13666: 13665: 13662: 13661: 13659: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13636:Pretoria Sotho 13633: 13628: 13626:Oorlams Creole 13623: 13617: 13615: 13611: 13610: 13608: 13607: 13600: 13594: 13592: 13583: 13579: 13578: 13575: 13574: 13572: 13571: 13566: 13561: 13555: 13553: 13549: 13548: 13546: 13545: 13540: 13535: 13530: 13524: 13519: 13514: 13509: 13504: 13498: 13496: 13492: 13491: 13489: 13488: 13483: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13437: 13435: 13428: 13416: 13415: 13412: 13411: 13408: 13407: 13405: 13404: 13395: 13393: 13389: 13388: 13386: 13385: 13376: 13374: 13368: 13367: 13365: 13364: 13356: 13348: 13340: 13331: 13329: 13323: 13322: 13320: 13319: 13311: 13303: 13294: 13292: 13283: 13281:Southern Bantu 13277: 13276: 13274: 13273: 13268: 13262: 13260: 13251: 13247: 13246: 13244: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13227: 13224: 13223: 13216: 13215: 13208: 13201: 13193: 13184: 13183: 13181: 13180: 13174: 13172: 13171:Sign languages 13168: 13167: 13164: 13163: 13161: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13114: 13112: 13108: 13107: 13105: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13084: 13083: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13062: 13057: 13051: 13049: 13043: 13042: 13040: 13039: 13038: 13037: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13002: 13001: 13000: 12995: 12984: 12982: 12976: 12975: 12973: 12972: 12971: 12970: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12950: 12945: 12940: 12929: 12927: 12918: 12914: 12913: 12911: 12910: 12905: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12885: 12879: 12877: 12873: 12872: 12870: 12869: 12864: 12860: 12858: 12854: 12853: 12850: 12849: 12847: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12825: 12823: 12819: 12818: 12816: 12815: 12809: 12807: 12800: 12799:Main languages 12796: 12795: 12788: 12787: 12780: 12773: 12765: 12756: 12755: 12753: 12752: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12732: 12726: 12723: 12722: 12719: 12718: 12716: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12665: 12660: 12655: 12650: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12625: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12584: 12582: 12574: 12573: 12571: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12535: 12530: 12525: 12520: 12515: 12510: 12505: 12500: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12449: 12447: 12443:Over 1 million 12436: 12426: 12425: 12422: 12421: 12419: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12282: 12280: 12276: 12275: 12273: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12160: 12158: 12147: 12146: 12144: 12143: 12138: 12132: 12130: 12123: 12115: 12114: 12107: 12106: 12099: 12092: 12084: 12075: 12074: 12064: 12061: 12060: 12058: 12057: 12050: 12042: 12040: 12034: 12033: 12030: 12029: 12027: 12026: 12020: 12017: 12016: 12014: 12013: 12012: 12011: 12009:Sauria Paharia 12006: 11996: 11990: 11988: 11981: 11975: 11974: 11971: 11970: 11968: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11951: 11949: 11945: 11944: 11942: 11941: 11936: 11930: 11928: 11921: 11917: 11916: 11913: 11912: 11909: 11908: 11906: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11879: 11877: 11873: 11872: 11870: 11869: 11864: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11831: 11829: 11820: 11816: 11815: 11813: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11786: 11784: 11775: 11771: 11770: 11767: 11766: 11764: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11747: 11745: 11741: 11740: 11738: 11737: 11732: 11731: 11730: 11725: 11715: 11710: 11704: 11702: 11698: 11697: 11694: 11693: 11690: 11689: 11687: 11686: 11684:Wayanad Chetti 11681: 11676: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11586: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11554: 11552: 11546: 11545: 11543: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11491: 11490: 11479: 11477: 11468: 11462: 11461: 11459: 11458: 11457: 11456: 11446: 11440: 11438: 11434: 11433: 11431: 11430: 11425: 11419: 11417: 11413: 11412: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11398: 11394: 11393: 11391: 11390: 11384: 11381: 11380: 11378: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11341: 11339: 11330: 11321: 11314: 11308: 11307: 11300: 11299: 11292: 11285: 11277: 11268: 11267: 11255: 11252: 11251: 11249: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11227: 11225: 11219: 11218: 11216: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11193:Tiruvannamalai 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11128:Ramanathapuram 11125: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11098:Mayiladuthurai 11095: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11024: 11022: 11016: 11015: 11013: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10981: 10979: 10973: 10972: 10970: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10863: 10861: 10855: 10854: 10852: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10840: 10839: 10834: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10800: 10798: 10792: 10791: 10784: 10782: 10780: 10779: 10773: 10767: 10761: 10755: 10749: 10743: 10736: 10734: 10726: 10725: 10714: 10711: 10710: 10691: 10690: 10683: 10676: 10668: 10659: 10658: 10656: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10619: 10617: 10613: 10612: 10610: 10609: 10604: 10598: 10596: 10592: 10591: 10589: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10572: 10570: 10566: 10565: 10563: 10562: 10560:Tamil numerals 10557: 10552: 10546: 10544: 10538: 10537: 10535: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10493: 10491: 10487: 10486: 10484: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10452: 10450: 10444: 10443: 10440: 10439: 10437: 10436: 10431: 10429:Kaṇita Tīpikai 10426: 10424:Kaṇakkatikāram 10421: 10415: 10413: 10407: 10406: 10404: 10403: 10397: 10395: 10391: 10390: 10388: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10356: 10354: 10348: 10347: 10345: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10303: 10301: 10297: 10296: 10294: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10242: 10240: 10234: 10233: 10231: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10199: 10197: 10190: 10186: 10185: 10183: 10182: 10177: 10171: 10169: 10165: 10164: 10161: 10160: 10158: 10157: 10152: 10146: 10144: 10140: 10139: 10137: 10136: 10130: 10128: 10124: 10123: 10121: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10104: 10102: 10096: 10095: 10093: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10061: 10059: 10052: 10048: 10047: 10045: 10044: 10043: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9991: 9989: 9985: 9984: 9981:Tamil language 9977: 9976: 9969: 9962: 9954: 9948: 9945: 9944: 9935: 9934: 9931:Tamil language 9923: 9915: 9911:Tamil language 9901: 9896: 9888:Tamil language 9885: 9879:Tamil language 9857: 9856:External links 9854: 9852: 9851: 9840:(1): 111–116, 9829: 9791: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9766: 9761: 9748: 9732: 9727: 9714: 9709: 9696: 9691: 9676: 9671: 9658: 9653: 9640: 9635: 9622: 9607: 9602: 9587: 9582: 9569: 9564: 9545: 9540: 9527: 9522: 9509: 9504: 9491: 9475: 9470: 9450: 9445: 9432: 9401:(3): 191–224, 9390: 9385: 9372: 9367: 9350: 9345: 9330: 9325: 9310: 9305: 9292: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9274: 9273: 9256: 9243: 9214: 9198: 9172: 9159: 9151:Ramaswamy 1997 9143: 9126: 9086:Tamiḻ viṭututu 9072: 9059: 9047: 9012: 8991: 8970: 8958: 8946:10.2307/597587 8940:(4): 430–434, 8924: 8907: 8895: 8893:, p. 480. 8883: 8849: 8826: 8799: 8784: 8778: 8760: 8745: 8739: 8721: 8704:10.2307/600654 8698:(2): 272–276, 8682: 8659: 8635: 8625:on 9 June 2007 8606: 8586: 8580: 8560: 8548: 8536: 8523:10.2307/410134 8517:(3): 360–367, 8501: 8490:(3): 359–385, 8467: 8450: 8446:Tamil language 8433: 8416: 8390: 8378: 8366:10.2307/414796 8360:(1): 152–155, 8344: 8324: 8308: 8294: 8265: 8242: 8204: 8179: 8167:Jagranjosh.com 8154: 8130: 8105: 8089: 8071: 8048: 8035: 8012: 7985: 7961: 7937: 7913: 7879: 7863: 7847: 7824: 7811: 7799: 7787: 7775: 7763: 7751: 7739: 7724: 7720:Ramaswamy 1997 7712: 7709:Ramaswamy 1997 7698: 7672: 7654: 7623: 7611: 7599: 7587: 7575: 7563: 7561:at pp. 284–285 7550:10.2307/601707 7544:(2): 277–291, 7528: 7516: 7504: 7492: 7488:Mahadevan 2003 7480: 7467: 7448: 7420: 7404: 7378: 7360: 7334: 7331:on 18 May 2006 7310: 7289: 7277: 7273:Ramaswamy 1997 7265: 7259: 7241: 7213: 7209:Mahadevan 2003 7201: 7172: 7168:Mahadevan 2003 7160: 7148: 7114: 7100: 7087: 7075: 7060: 7035: 7023: 7008: 6993: 6986: 6968: 6961: 6936: 6924: 6905: 6878:(3): 603–616, 6862: 6850: 6799: 6788: 6776: 6733: 6707: 6680: 6662: 6649: 6623: 6613:on 8 July 2016 6590: 6563: 6517: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6495: 6494: 6430: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6412: 6407: 6405:Geolinguistics 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6380:Tamil keyboard 6377: 6372: 6365: 6362: 6302: 6288: 6274: 6260: 6246: 6234:ஒருவருடனொருவர் 6232: 6218: 6204: 6190: 6187:conscience-and 6176: 6170:nijaːjatːəijum 6162: 6148: 6134: 6120: 6106: 6092: 6083:piṟakkiṉṟaṉar; 6080:பிறக்கின்றனர்; 6078: 6064: 6050: 6036: 6022: 6000: 5978: 5977: 5960: 5957: 5847:Main article: 5844: 5841: 5829:abstract nouns 5733: 5730: 5708:muṭintuviṭṭatu 5674: 5671: 5586: 5585: 5576: 5569: 5562: 5555: 5548: 5540: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5474: 5473: 5445: 5430: 5388:demonstratives 5318: 5317: 5310: 5303: 5296: 5289: 5281: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5266: 5259: 5252: 5245: 5237: 5236: 5227: 5217: 5216: 5160: 5157: 5144:go accomplish 5126: 5115: 5102: 5089: 5076: 5059: 5048: 5037: 5036: 4912:metalinguistic 4890:Tamil employs 4884:Main article: 4872: 4864: 4854: 4849: 4848: 4841: 4831: 4826: 4825: 4818: 4808: 4803: 4802: 4795: 4785: 4780: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4766: 4765: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4757: 4750: 4743: 4735: 4732: 4731: 4727: 4726: 4723: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4487: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4424: 4421: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4412: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4399:Aryacakravarti 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4318: 4311: 4310: 4305: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4266: 4265: 4258: 4257: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4245: 4238: 4231: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4206: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4173: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4151:Tamil Buddhism 4148: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4131: 4126: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4080:Myanmar Tamils 4060:Tamil Italians 4056:British Tamils 4045: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4028: 4025:Tamil diaspora 4023: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3993: 3988: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3947:Numeral system 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3923: 3918: 3917: 3914: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3904: 3902:Tamil Kingdoms 3899: 3894: 3889: 3888: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3862: 3861: 3860: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3834: 3829: 3828: 3825: 3824: 3816: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3797: 3794: 3766:Tamil has two 3762: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3743: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3704: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3672: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3637: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3605: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3488: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3449: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3340: 3331: 3317: 3303: 3284: 3282: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3252: 3234: 3222: 3208: 3196: 3184: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3157: 3145: 3133: 3121: 3107: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3041:Main article: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3031: 3024: 3017: 3010: 3003: 2996: 2989: 2982: 2974: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2944: 2943: 2936: 2929: 2922: 2915: 2908: 2901: 2894: 2887: 2880: 2873: 2866: 2859: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2802:Tamil numerals 2800:Main article: 2797: 2794: 2766:Grantha script 2682:. The current 2623:Pallava script 2619:Grantha script 2599: 2598: 2557: 2555: 2548: 2542: 2541:Writing system 2539: 2406: 2396: 2386: 2381: 2380: 2371: 2360: 2355: 2354: 2341: 2329: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2313: 2312: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2282:Tamil Brahmins 2226: 2223: 2111:. Old Tamil's 2038: 2035: 2024: 2014: 2004: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1983: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1967: 1966: 1965: 1933: 1930: 1828: 1825: 1813:United Kingdom 1797:from Sri Lanka 1690:Andhra Pradesh 1658:Andhra Pradesh 1625: 1622: 1563: 1560: 1490:Main article: 1453: 1450: 1390:Main article: 1387: 1384: 1317: 1314: 1290: 1287: 1261:legend in the 1257:Bust of king; 1193: 1190: 1170:Findings from 1163: 1160: 1145:SIL Ethnologue 1123:branch of the 1110:Main article: 1107: 1106:Classification 1104: 1098:– "sweet" and 1043:Kamil Zvelebil 985:Pandiyan Kings 980: 977: 960:Tamil was the 881: 874: 873: 872: 864:, you may see 852: 845: 844: 843: 840: 839: 826:, you may see 812: 811: 803: 802: 795: 789: 788: 773: 765: 764: 756: 751: 748: 747: 730: 722: 721: 712: 704: 703: 694: 686: 685: 684:Language codes 681: 680: 679: 678: 664: 663: 652: 651: 640: 639: 628: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 597: 591: 590: 587: 586: 581: 575: 574: 572: 567: 564: 563: 562: 561: 556: 551: 550: 549: 544: 532: 529: 526: 525: 521: 520: 515: 508: 505: 504: 502: 501: 491: 485: 475: 469: 466:Pallava script 463: 457: 454:Grantha script 451: 445: 439: 437: 433:Writing system 430: 427: 426: 425: 424: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 349: 345: 344: 342: 341: 332: 330: 327: 324: 323: 321: 320: 319: 318: 317: 316: 315: 314: 313: 312: 311: 310: 309: 308: 307: 306: 305: 304: 303: 302: 301: 300: 232: 230: 223: 220: 219: 208: 205: 202: 201: 200: 199: 194: 187: 183: 182: 181: 180: 179: 178: 173: 168: 163: 153: 148:Andhra Pradesh 145: 137: 132: 124: 107: 100:Southern India 97: 93: 92: 83: 82:Native to 79: 78: 63: 59: 58: 52: 44: 43: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16084: 16073: 16070: 16068: 16065: 16063: 16060: 16058: 16055: 16053: 16050: 16048: 16045: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16035: 16033: 16030: 16028: 16025: 16023: 16020: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15984: 15982: 15972: 15962: 15960: 15955: 15950: 15949: 15946: 15927: 15924: 15923: 15921: 15917: 15911: 15908: 15906: 15903: 15901: 15898: 15896: 15893: 15891: 15888: 15886: 15883: 15881: 15878: 15876: 15873: 15871: 15868: 15866: 15863: 15861: 15858: 15856: 15853: 15851: 15848: 15846: 15843: 15841: 15838: 15836: 15833: 15831: 15828: 15826: 15823: 15821: 15818: 15817: 15815: 15811: 15805: 15802: 15800: 15797: 15796: 15794: 15790: 15784: 15781: 15779: 15776: 15775: 15773: 15769: 15765: 15758: 15753: 15751: 15746: 15744: 15739: 15738: 15735: 15722: 15719: 15718: 15715: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15697: 15696: 15694: 15690: 15682: 15679: 15678: 15677: 15674: 15673: 15671: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15658: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15644: 15642: 15639: 15637: 15634: 15632: 15629: 15627: 15624: 15622: 15619: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15605: 15602: 15601: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15592: 15590: 15589:East Timorese 15587: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15575: 15572: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15561: 15559: 15557: 15553: 15547: 15544: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15533: 15531: 15527: 15519: 15516: 15514: 15511: 15509: 15506: 15504: 15501: 15500: 15499: 15496: 15494: 15491: 15489: 15486: 15484: 15481: 15480: 15478: 15476: 15472: 15462: 15459: 15458: 15456: 15452: 15444: 15441: 15439: 15436: 15434: 15431: 15429: 15426: 15425: 15424: 15421: 15420: 15418: 15414: 15408: 15405: 15403: 15400: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15390: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15380: 15376: 15373: 15372: 15371: 15368: 15366: 15363: 15361: 15358: 15357: 15355: 15349: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15333: 15331: 15328: 15326: 15323: 15322: 15321: 15320:Indo-European 15318: 15314: 15311: 15307: 15304: 15303: 15302: 15299: 15297: 15294: 15293: 15292: 15289: 15288: 15286: 15282: 15272: 15269: 15268: 15267: 15264: 15256: 15253: 15252: 15251: 15248: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15235: 15234: 15231: 15230: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15216: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15203: 15202: 15199: 15198: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15183: 15180: 15179: 15178: 15175: 15174: 15173: 15170: 15169: 15168: 15165: 15164: 15162: 15158: 15155: 15149: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15114: 15111: 15109: 15106: 15104: 15101: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15079: 15076: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15058:Sarawak Malay 15056: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14916: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14828:Brunei Bisaya 14826: 14824: 14821: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14775: 14773: 14771: 14765: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14733:Southern Thai 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14688:Orang Seletar 14686: 14684: 14681: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14580: 14578: 14576: 14570: 14564: 14561: 14560: 14558: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14544: 14540: 14532: 14529: 14528: 14527: 14524: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14494:North Bornean 14492: 14491: 14490: 14487: 14483: 14480: 14479: 14478: 14477:Austroasiatic 14475: 14474: 14472: 14470: 14466: 14454: 14451: 14450: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14440: 14438: 14436: 14432: 14429: 14425: 14421: 14414: 14409: 14407: 14402: 14400: 14395: 14394: 14391: 14379: 14376: 14375: 14372: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14353: 14352: 14350: 14346: 14340: 14337: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14306: 14304: 14300: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14222: 14219: 14218: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14200: 14199:Mullu Kurumba 14197: 14195: 14194:Jennu Kurumba 14192: 14190: 14189:Betta Kurumba 14187: 14185: 14182: 14181: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14162: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14111: 14109: 14105: 14100: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14056: 14054: 14050: 14046: 14043:Languages of 14038: 14033: 14031: 14026: 14024: 14019: 14018: 14015: 14003: 14000: 13999: 13997: 13993: 13987: 13984: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13966: 13965: 13962: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13944: 13943: 13940: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13917: 13916: 13913: 13912: 13910: 13906: 13900: 13897: 13896: 13894: 13890: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13873: 13872: 13869: 13868: 13866: 13862: 13858: 13853: 13844: 13839: 13837: 13832: 13830: 13825: 13824: 13821: 13811: 13808: 13805: 13800: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13780: 13778: 13774: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13734: 13732: 13728: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13713: 13711: 13707: 13703: 13696: 13691: 13689: 13684: 13682: 13677: 13676: 13673: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13618: 13616: 13612: 13606: 13605: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13595: 13593: 13591: 13587: 13584: 13580: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13556: 13554: 13550: 13544: 13541: 13539: 13536: 13534: 13531: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13499: 13497: 13493: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13438: 13436: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13417: 13403: 13402: 13397: 13396: 13394: 13390: 13384: 13383: 13378: 13377: 13375: 13373: 13369: 13363: 13362: 13357: 13355: 13354: 13349: 13347: 13346: 13341: 13339: 13338: 13333: 13332: 13330: 13328: 13324: 13318: 13317: 13312: 13310: 13309: 13304: 13302: 13301: 13296: 13295: 13293: 13291: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13278: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13263: 13261: 13259: 13258:West Germanic 13255: 13252: 13248: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13228: 13225: 13221: 13214: 13209: 13207: 13202: 13200: 13195: 13194: 13191: 13179: 13176: 13175: 13173: 13169: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13115: 13113: 13109: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13067: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13052: 13050: 13048: 13044: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13007: 13006: 13003: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12990: 12989: 12986: 12985: 12983: 12981: 12977: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12939: 12936: 12935: 12934: 12931: 12930: 12928: 12926: 12922: 12919: 12915: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12880: 12878: 12874: 12868: 12867:Orang Seletar 12865: 12862: 12861: 12859: 12855: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12826: 12824: 12820: 12814: 12811: 12810: 12808: 12804: 12801: 12797: 12793: 12786: 12781: 12779: 12774: 12772: 12767: 12766: 12763: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12727: 12724: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12661: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12585: 12583: 12581: 12575: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12450: 12448: 12446: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12427: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12296:Chhattisgarhi 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12283: 12281: 12277: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12161: 12159: 12157: 12152: 12148: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12133: 12131: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12116: 12112: 12105: 12100: 12098: 12093: 12091: 12086: 12085: 12082: 12071: 12067: 12062: 12056: 12055: 12051: 12049: 12048: 12044: 12043: 12041: 12039: 12035: 12025: 12022: 12021: 12018: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12001: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11991: 11989: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11976: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11952: 11950: 11946: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11931: 11929: 11925: 11922: 11918: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11880: 11878: 11874: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11862: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11832: 11830: 11828: 11824: 11821: 11817: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11787: 11785: 11783: 11779: 11776: 11774:South-Central 11772: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11748: 11746: 11742: 11736: 11733: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11720: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11705: 11703: 11699: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11674: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11647:Mullu Kurumba 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11637: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11560: 11559: 11556: 11555: 11553: 11551: 11547: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11489: 11486: 11485: 11484: 11481: 11480: 11478: 11476: 11472: 11469: 11463: 11455: 11452: 11451: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11441: 11439: 11435: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11420: 11418: 11414: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11395: 11389: 11386: 11385: 11376: 11375:Jennu Kurumba 11373: 11371: 11370:Betta Kurumba 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11342: 11340: 11338: 11334: 11331: 11325: 11322: 11320:Tamil–Kannada 11318: 11315: 11313: 11309: 11305: 11298: 11293: 11291: 11286: 11284: 11279: 11278: 11275: 11265: 11253: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11228: 11226: 11224: 11220: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11025: 11023: 11021: 11017: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10982: 10980: 10978: 10974: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10942:Highest point 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10864: 10862: 10860: 10856: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10829: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10801: 10799: 10797: 10793: 10788: 10778: 10774: 10772: 10768: 10766: 10762: 10760: 10759:Gloriosa lily 10756: 10754: 10750: 10748: 10744: 10742: 10738: 10737: 10735: 10733: 10727: 10723: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10708: 10704: 10689: 10684: 10682: 10677: 10675: 10670: 10669: 10666: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10620: 10618: 10614: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10599: 10597: 10593: 10587: 10586:Tamil prosody 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10573: 10571: 10567: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10550:Tamil grammar 10548: 10547: 10545: 10539: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10527:Tamil Braille 10525: 10523: 10522:Modern script 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10494: 10492: 10488: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10453: 10451: 10445: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10416: 10414: 10408: 10402: 10399: 10398: 10396: 10392: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10357: 10355: 10349: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10304: 10302: 10298: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10243: 10241: 10235: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10200: 10198: 10194: 10191: 10187: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10172: 10170: 10166: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10150:Brahmin Tamil 10148: 10147: 10145: 10141: 10135: 10132: 10131: 10129: 10125: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10105: 10103: 10101: 10097: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10085:Madurai Tamil 10083: 10081: 10080:Madras Bashai 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10062: 10060: 10056: 10053: 10049: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10035:Second Sangam 10033: 10031: 10028: 10027: 10026: 10025:Tamil Sangams 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9992: 9990: 9986: 9982: 9975: 9970: 9968: 9963: 9961: 9956: 9955: 9952: 9946: 9939: 9932: 9928: 9924: 9920: 9916: 9914:at Wiktionary 9913: 9912: 9906: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9894: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9880: 9875: 9871: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9859: 9848: 9843: 9839: 9835: 9830: 9827: 9823: 9819: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9801: 9797: 9792: 9789: 9785: 9784: 9779: 9776: 9775: 9764: 9758: 9754: 9749: 9746: 9742: 9738: 9733: 9730: 9724: 9720: 9715: 9712: 9706: 9702: 9697: 9694: 9688: 9684: 9683: 9677: 9674: 9668: 9664: 9659: 9656: 9650: 9646: 9641: 9638: 9632: 9629:, Routledge, 9628: 9623: 9619: 9615: 9614: 9608: 9605: 9599: 9595: 9594: 9588: 9585: 9579: 9575: 9570: 9567: 9561: 9557: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9543: 9537: 9533: 9528: 9525: 9519: 9515: 9510: 9507: 9501: 9497: 9492: 9489: 9485: 9481: 9476: 9473: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9448: 9442: 9438: 9433: 9429: 9423: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9391: 9388: 9382: 9378: 9373: 9370: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9351: 9348: 9342: 9338: 9337: 9331: 9328: 9322: 9318: 9317: 9311: 9308: 9302: 9298: 9293: 9289: 9284: 9283: 9270: 9266: 9260: 9253: 9250:"curry, n.", 9247: 9233: 9229: 9223: 9221: 9219: 9211: 9207: 9202: 9186: 9182: 9176: 9169: 9163: 9156: 9152: 9147: 9140: 9136: 9130: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9089: 9087: 9081: 9076: 9069: 9063: 9056: 9055:Caldwell 1974 9051: 9043: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9023: 9016: 9009: 9008:90-04-10613-8 9005: 9001: 8995: 8988: 8987:90-04-10042-3 8984: 8980: 8974: 8967: 8966:Caldwell 1974 8962: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8928: 8922:, p. 18. 8921: 8917: 8911: 8904: 8899: 8892: 8887: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8853: 8838: 8837: 8830: 8815: 8811: 8810: 8803: 8797:, p. 109 8796: 8791: 8789: 8781: 8775: 8771: 8764: 8756: 8749: 8742: 8736: 8732: 8725: 8718: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8686: 8672: 8671: 8663: 8648: 8647: 8639: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8610: 8604: 8603:0-19-563937-5 8600: 8596: 8590: 8583: 8577: 8573: 8572: 8564: 8557: 8552: 8545: 8540: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8505: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8474: 8472: 8464: 8460: 8454: 8447: 8443: 8437: 8430: 8428: 8420: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8394: 8387: 8382: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8348: 8341: 8337: 8334: 8328: 8321: 8317: 8312: 8304: 8298: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8269: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8246: 8239: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8218:The Telegraph 8215: 8208: 8194: 8190: 8183: 8168: 8164: 8158: 8144: 8140: 8134: 8119: 8115: 8109: 8101: 8100: 8093: 8085: 8081: 8075: 8060: 8059: 8052: 8045: 8039: 8024: 8023: 8016: 7998: 7997: 7989: 7974: 7973: 7965: 7950: 7949: 7941: 7926: 7925: 7917: 7902: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7883: 7877: 7873: 7867: 7861: 7857: 7851: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7828: 7821: 7815: 7808: 7807:Tamil Schools 7803: 7796: 7791: 7785:, p. 243 7784: 7783:Ramstedt 2004 7779: 7772: 7767: 7760: 7755: 7748: 7743: 7737:, p. 480 7736: 7731: 7729: 7721: 7716: 7710: 7705: 7703: 7687: 7683: 7676: 7669: 7665: 7658: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7627: 7620: 7615: 7609:, p. 125 7608: 7603: 7596: 7591: 7585:, p. 100 7584: 7579: 7572: 7567: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7532: 7525: 7520: 7513: 7508: 7502:, p. 194 7501: 7496: 7489: 7484: 7477: 7471: 7463: 7459: 7452: 7437: 7433: 7427: 7425: 7416: 7415: 7408: 7393: 7389: 7382: 7374: 7370: 7364: 7356: 7352: 7345: 7338: 7330: 7326: 7325: 7320: 7314: 7307: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7294: 7286: 7281: 7275:, p. 87. 7274: 7269: 7262: 7256: 7252: 7245: 7237: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7217: 7210: 7205: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7184: 7176: 7169: 7164: 7157: 7156:Andronov 1970 7152: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7118: 7110: 7104: 7097: 7091: 7084: 7079: 7071: 7064: 7047: 7046: 7045:Tamil lexicon 7039: 7032: 7031:Zvelebil 1992 7027: 7020: 7015: 7013: 7004: 6997: 6989: 6987:9781408705391 6983: 6979: 6972: 6964: 6958: 6954: 6953: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6933: 6932:Zvelebil 1992 6928: 6920: 6916: 6909: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6866: 6859: 6858:Zvelebil 1992 6854: 6847: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6810: 6803: 6797: 6792: 6785: 6780: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6737: 6721: 6717: 6711: 6696: 6692: 6691: 6684: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6659: 6653: 6637: 6633: 6627: 6609: 6602: 6601: 6594: 6579: 6575: 6574: 6567: 6559: 6553: 6552: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6522: 6514: 6509: 6505: 6491: 6490: 6477: 6434: 6425: 6421: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6360: 6358: 6354: 6351: 6348: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6314: 6311: 6308: 6305: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6293:naṭantukoḷḷal 6291: 6290:நடந்துகொள்ளல் 6286: 6283: 6280: 6277: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6263: 6258: 6255: 6252: 6249: 6244: 6241: 6238: 6235: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6216: 6213: 6210: 6207: 6202: 6201:intrinsically 6199: 6196: 6193: 6188: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6174: 6171: 6168: 6167:niyāyattaiyum 6165: 6164:நியாயத்தையும் 6160: 6157: 6154: 6151: 6146: 6143: 6140: 6137: 6132: 6129: 6128:uriməigəɭilum 6126: 6125:urimaikaḷilum 6123: 6118: 6117:rights-in-and 6115: 6112: 6109: 6104: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6090: 6087: 6084: 6081: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6066:சுதந்திரமாகவே 6062: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6039: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6020: 6019: 6015: 6014: 6010: 6009: 6005: 6004: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5988: 5987: 5983: 5982: 5976: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5956: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5912:miḷaku taṇṇīr 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5884: 5879: 5875:is the Tamil 5874: 5869: 5863: 5858: 5857: 5850: 5840: 5837: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5786: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5767: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5729: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5717: 5711: 5709: 5703: 5698: 5696: 5692: 5691:postpositions 5688: 5684: 5680: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5655: 5653: 5642: 5640: 5629: 5627: 5616: 5612: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5582:first person, 5580: 5579:person marker 5573: 5566: 5565:aspect marker 5559: 5558:aspect marker 5554:intransitive 5552: 5545: 5541: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5509: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5459: 5455: 5454:evidentiality 5451: 5446: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5328:postpositions 5325: 5314: 5307: 5302:They who did 5300: 5299:ceytavar(kaḷ) 5293: 5286: 5282: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5263: 5256: 5249: 5242: 5238: 5235:(irrational) 5233: 5232: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5184: 5178: 5176: 5170: 5168: 5155: 5153: 5142: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5124: 5121: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5079: 5074: 5065: 5062: 5057: 5054: 5051: 5046: 5043: 5040: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5024:agglutination 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4974: 4972: 4966: 4964: 4958: 4956: 4950: 4948: 4942: 4938: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4892:agglutinative 4887: 4886:Tamil grammar 4880: 4878: 4852: 4829: 4806: 4783: 4756: 4751: 4749: 4744: 4742: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4728: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4636:Cholanaikkans 4634: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4579:Brahui people 4577: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4564: 4563: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4485: 4484: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4410: 4409:Eastern Ganga 4407: 4405: 4404:Western Ganga 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4285: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4254: 4244: 4239: 4237: 4232: 4230: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4221: 4218: 4208: 4207: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4088:Tamil Germans 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4052:French Tamils 4049: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4029: 4026: 4021: 4020: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3997:Indian Tamils 3995: 3994: 3991: 3986: 3985: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3921: 3916: 3915: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3866: 3863: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3854: 3853:Sangam period 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3832: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3801: 3793: 3791: 3780: 3769: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3742: 3734: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3720: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3671: 3663: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3604: 3596: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3554: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3535: 3532: 3527: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3454: 3450: 3442: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3323: 3318: 3309: 3304: 3300: 3289: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3245: 3239: 3235: 3227: 3223: 3214: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3189: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3172: 3163: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3113: 3108: 3100: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3051: 3044: 3025: 3018: 3011: 3004: 2997: 2990: 2983: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2937: 2930: 2923: 2916: 2909: 2902: 2895: 2888: 2881: 2874: 2867: 2860: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2811: 2808: 2803: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2782:Indic scripts 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2733: 2729: 2719: 2717: 2711: 2707: 2706:Indic scripts 2703: 2699: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2671: 2665: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2649: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2610: 2609:Tamil braille 2606: 2595: 2592: 2584: 2574: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2558:This section 2556: 2552: 2547: 2546: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2522: 2516: 2514: 2508: 2506: 2500: 2498: 2492: 2490: 2484: 2480: 2478: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2461: 2459: 2453: 2451: 2445: 2443: 2437: 2433: 2431: 2425: 2423: 2414: 2412: 2400: 2384: 2375: 2358: 2349: 2345: 2327: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2286:Brahmin Tamil 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2232: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2213:in Malaysia. 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2187:Madurai Tamil 2184: 2183:Madras Bashai 2180: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2158: 2154: 2152: 2146: 2144: 2138: 2134: 2132: 2126: 2124: 2118: 2116: 2110: 2106: 2104: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2080: 2074: 2070: 2068: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2048: 2044: 2032: 2030: 2018: 2017:Pudumaipithan 2002: 1981: 1960: 400 BC 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1895:KwaZulu-Natal 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1837:Tamil is the 1834: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1805:United States 1802: 1799:and India in 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1692:districts of 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1644:provinces of 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1592: 1591:Tamil Lexicon 1587: 1586: 1580: 1579:of English. 1578: 1572: 1569: 1559: 1551: 1549: 1537: 1535: 1529: 1528:aspect marker 1519: 1517: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1493: 1485: 1481: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1442: 1437: 1433: 1432:Brahmi script 1423: 200 AD 1419: 400 BC 1413: 1412:Sangam period 1409: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1383: 1381: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1367:lingua franca 1364: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1316:Brahmi script 1313: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1243: AD 160 1237: 1233: 1229: 1221: 200 AD 1217: 400 BC 1211: 1210:Sangam period 1207: 1203: 1198: 1187: 1183: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1159: 1155: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1085: 1079: 1073: 1067: 1061: 1055: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1033: 1027: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 993:Tamil Sangams 990: 989:Tamil Sangams 986: 976: 974: 969: 967: 963: 962:lingua franca 958: 956: 951: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 922: 916: 907: 896: 888: 884: 878: 867: 863: 859: 857: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 819: 813: 809: 804: 800: 796: 794: 790: 785: 778: 774: 772: 771: 766: 761: 757: 754: 753:Linguist List 749: 744: 737: 731: 728: 723: 718: 713: 710: 705: 700: 695: 692: 687: 682: 677: 674: 673: 672: 671: 670:United States 668: 662: 659: 658: 657: 656: 650: 647: 646: 645: 644: 638: 635: 634: 633: 632: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 602: 601: 598: 596: 592: 585: 582: 580: 577: 576: 573: 565: 560: 557: 555: 552: 548: 545: 543: 540: 539: 538: 535: 534: 533: 527: 522: 519: 516: 512: 506: 499: 495: 494:Tamil Braille 492: 489: 486: 483: 479: 478:Arabic script 476: 473: 470: 467: 464: 461: 458: 455: 452: 449: 446: 444: 441: 440: 438: 434: 428: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 351: 350: 346: 340: 337: 336: 335: 331: 325: 299: 296: 295: 294: 290: 289: 288: 285: 284: 283: 279: 276: 275: 274: 270: 266: 265: 263: 262: 261: 257: 256: 255: 251: 250: 249: 245: 244: 243: 240: 239: 237: 236: 235: 231: 227: 221: 217: 212: 209: 203: 198: 195: 193: 190: 189: 188: 184: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 158: 157: 154: 149: 146: 141: 138: 136: 133: 128: 125: 121: 117: 112: 108: 106: 103: 102: 101: 98: 94: 91: 87: 84: 80: 74: 68: 64: 62:Pronunciation 60: 56: 50: 45: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 15824: 15508:Chetty Malay 15300: 15250:Chaoshan Min 15228:Southern Min 15167:Sino-Tibetan 15048:Sabah Bisaya 14928:Kinabatangan 14833:Bukar–Sadong 14693:Pahang Malay 14489:Austronesian 14221:Mala Malasar 14206:Malapandaram 14078: 13978: 13809: 13806: 13803: 13720: 13602: 13532: 13529:(historical) 13400: 13381: 13360: 13352: 13344: 13337:(isiNdebele) 13336: 13315: 13307: 13299: 13290:Sotho–Tswana 12893:Chitty Malay 12888:Bazaar Malay 12843: 12259: 12151:8th schedule 12065: 12052: 12045: 11987:Kurukh-Malto 11948:Parji–Gadaba 11927:Kolami-Naiki 11859: 11751:Cholanaikkan 11723:Korra Koraga 11671: 11634: 11630:Malankuravan 11550:Malayalamoid 11515:Malapandaram 11505:Mala Malasar 11482: 11213:Virudhunagar 11103:Nagapattinam 11068:Kallakurichi 11033:Chengalpattu 10977:Major cities 10891: 10753:Emerald dove 10747:Nilgiri tahr 10719: 10502:Tamil-Brahmi 10380:Caturakarāti 10353:dictionaries 10351:Grammars and 10246:Cīrappurānam 10090:Nellai Tamil 10040:Third Sangam 10030:First Sangam 10010:Manipravalam 10005:Modern Tamil 10000:Middle Tamil 9980: 9910: 9891: 9867: 9837: 9833: 9802:(1): 38–65, 9799: 9795: 9787: 9782: 9752: 9736: 9718: 9700: 9681: 9662: 9644: 9626: 9620:(1): 129–132 9617: 9611: 9592: 9573: 9554: 9531: 9513: 9495: 9479: 9457: 9436: 9398: 9394: 9376: 9354: 9335: 9314: 9296: 9287: 9279:Bibliography 9268: 9259: 9251: 9246: 9235:, retrieved 9231: 9209: 9201: 9189:. Retrieved 9184: 9175: 9167: 9162: 9146: 9138: 9134: 9129: 9100:(1): 66–92, 9097: 9093: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9067: 9062: 9057:, p. 50 9050: 9028:(1): 53–70, 9025: 9021: 9015: 8999: 8994: 8978: 8973: 8961: 8937: 8933: 8927: 8915: 8910: 8898: 8886: 8862: 8858: 8852: 8843:13 September 8841:, retrieved 8836:WALS – Tamil 8835: 8829: 8818:, retrieved 8814:the original 8808: 8802: 8769: 8763: 8754: 8748: 8730: 8724: 8715: 8695: 8691: 8685: 8674:, retrieved 8669: 8662: 8651:, retrieved 8645: 8638: 8627:, retrieved 8623:the original 8618: 8609: 8594: 8589: 8570: 8563: 8551: 8539: 8514: 8510: 8504: 8487: 8483: 8462: 8453: 8445: 8436: 8424: 8419: 8403: 8399: 8393: 8381: 8357: 8353: 8347: 8327: 8319: 8311: 8297: 8286:, retrieved 8282: 8278: 8268: 8260:the original 8255: 8245: 8237: 8230:, retrieved 8226:the original 8217: 8207: 8196:, retrieved 8192: 8182: 8171:, retrieved 8166: 8157: 8146:, retrieved 8142: 8133: 8122:, retrieved 8117: 8108: 8098: 8092: 8083: 8074: 8065:13 September 8063:, retrieved 8057: 8051: 8038: 8029:13 September 8027:, retrieved 8021: 8015: 8004:, retrieved 7995: 7988: 7977:, retrieved 7971: 7964: 7953:, retrieved 7947: 7940: 7929:, retrieved 7923: 7916: 7904:. Retrieved 7892: 7882: 7875: 7866: 7859: 7850: 7842:the original 7837: 7827: 7814: 7802: 7797:, p. 60 7790: 7778: 7766: 7754: 7746: 7742: 7715: 7690:, retrieved 7685: 7675: 7667: 7657: 7652:at pp. 65–69 7632: 7626: 7614: 7602: 7595:Steever 2005 7590: 7578: 7566: 7541: 7537: 7531: 7519: 7507: 7495: 7483: 7475: 7470: 7461: 7451: 7440:, retrieved 7435: 7413: 7407: 7395:. Retrieved 7391: 7381: 7372: 7363: 7354: 7350: 7337: 7329:the original 7322: 7313: 7306:Lehmann 1998 7280: 7268: 7250: 7244: 7226: 7222: 7216: 7204: 7196:the original 7182: 7175: 7163: 7158:, p. 21 7151: 7127: 7123: 7117: 7108: 7103: 7095: 7090: 7085:, p. 19 7078: 7069: 7063: 7050:, retrieved 7044: 7038: 7026: 7002: 6996: 6977: 6971: 6951: 6927: 6918: 6908: 6875: 6871: 6865: 6853: 6819: 6815: 6802: 6791: 6784:Steever 1998 6779: 6746: 6742: 6736: 6724:. Retrieved 6719: 6710: 6699:, retrieved 6695:the original 6689: 6683: 6674: 6665: 6652: 6640:. Retrieved 6635: 6626: 6615:, retrieved 6608:the original 6599: 6593: 6582:, retrieved 6578:the original 6572: 6566: 6549: 6531: 6528:Modern Tamil 6508: 6433: 6424: 6356: 6355: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6329: 6326: 6325: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6298: 6295: 6284: 6281: 6270: 6267: 6256: 6253: 6242: 6239: 6228: 6225: 6214: 6212:pet̺rəʋərgəɭ 6211: 6209:peṟṟavarkaḷ. 6206:பெற்றவர்கள். 6200: 6198:ijərpəɳbaːgə 6197: 6195:iyaṟpaṇpākap 6192:இயற்பண்பாகப் 6186: 6183: 6172: 6169: 6158: 6155: 6144: 6141: 6136:சமமானவர்கள், 6130: 6127: 6122:உரிமைகளிலும் 6116: 6113: 6108:மதிப்பிலும், 6102: 6099: 6088: 6085: 6074: 6071: 6060: 6057: 6046: 6043: 6032: 6029: 6017: 6016: 6012: 6011: 6007: 6002: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5989: 5985: 5980: 5969:Tamil script 5962: 5946: 5936: 5926: 5916: 5907:mulligatawny 5906: 5896: 5886: 5872: 5854: 5852: 5839:vocabulary. 5833: 5810: 5787: 5735: 5725: 5713: 5705: 5699: 5695:prepositions 5693:rather than 5676: 5662: 5649: 5636: 5623: 5608: 5599: 5589: 5578: 5572:tense marker 5571: 5564: 5557: 5550: 5543: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5469: 5460: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5423:oblique case 5412: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5356:instrumental 5321: 5312: 5305: 5298: 5295:She who did 5291: 5284: 5277: 5268: 5261: 5254: 5247: 5240: 5230: 5229: 5221: 5220: 5213: 5200: 5196: 5188: 5180: 5172: 5164: 5162: 5154: 5148:.IMPRS PTCP 5143: 5140: 5137: 5133: 5130: 5127: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5083: 5080: 5077: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5027: 5004:inflectional 5000:derivational 4988:lexical root 4985: 4976: 4968: 4960: 4952: 4944: 4940: 4932: 4926: 4924: 4889: 4874: 4720:Dravida Nadu 4584:Gondi people 4315: 4161:Tamil Muslim 4108:Dutch Tamils 4104:Swiss Tamils 3962:Architecture 3926: 3907:Tamilization 3785: 3774: 3765: 3750: 3736: 3711: 3697: 3679: 3665: 3644: 3630: 3612: 3598: 3531:Monophthongs 3510: 2805: 2790:Latin script 2763: 2749: 2741: 2731: 2727: 2713: 2701: 2695: 2684:Tamil script 2664:Tamil Brahmi 2661: 2651: 2641:Tamil script 2637:Tamil Brahmi 2605:Tamil script 2587: 2578: 2567:Please help 2562:verification 2559: 2518: 2510: 2502: 2494: 2486: 2474: 2472: 2463: 2455: 2447: 2439: 2427: 2419: 2417: 2408: 2348:Thiruppugazh 2269: 2262:Vaishnavites 2238: 2191:Nellai Tamil 2160: 2148: 2140: 2139:, Old Tamil 2128: 2120: 2112: 2100: 2088: 2076: 2072: 2064: 2050: 2026: 1953:Tamil Sangam 1945:Tirukkoyilur 1907: 1836: 1827:Legal status 1817:South Africa 1769:Madrasi Para 1741:South Africa 1718: 1627: 1619: 1600: 1589: 1583: 1581: 1573: 1565: 1562:Modern Tamil 1545: 1531: 1513: 1502:Middle Tamil 1495: 1486:, Tamil Nadu 1461:Middle Tamil 1452:Middle Tamil 1439: 1436:Tamil-Brahmi 1428: 1404:Tamil Brahmi 1361: 1357:Tamil-Brahmi 1337:Tamil Brahmi 1333:Adichanallur 1326: 1319: 1311: 1292: 1268: 1254: 1250: 1232:Tamil Brahmi 1172:Adichanallur 1156: 1149: 1116: 1115: 1099: 1095: 1089: 1028: 1021: 1016: 1012: 997:Tholkappiyam 982: 970: 959: 952: 932:Tamil people 894: 893: 882: 853: 815: 793:Linguasphere 768: 665: 653: 641: 629: 579:South Africa 518:Signed Tamil 511:Signed forms 488:Latin script 474:(historical) 468:(historical) 462:(historical) 456:(historical) 450:(historical) 443:Tamil script 339:Middle Tamil 297: 55:Tamil script 18: 15518:Sabah Malay 15513:Cocos Malay 15402:Minangkabau 15353:archipelago 15223:Pu-Xian Min 15201:Eastern Min 15151:Significant 14993:Murik Kayan 14703:Reman Malay 14698:Perak Malay 14683:Orang Kanaq 14623:Kedah Malay 14618:Judeo-Malay 14499:Kayan–Murik 14268:Thachanadan 13651:Angloromani 13590:LGBTQ slang 13401:(Tshivenḓa) 13102:Minangkabau 12129:Union-level 11728:Mudu Koraga 11701:Tulu-Koraga 11667:Thachanadan 11365:Alu Kurumba 11173:Tirunelveli 11163:Thoothukudi 11123:Pudukkottai 11088:Krishnagiri 11078:Kanyakumari 11073:Kanchipuram 10828:Raj Bhavan 10775:Butterfly: 10375:Tolkāppiyam 10276:Thiruppugal 10075:Kongu Tamil 9862:‹ The 9269:academic.ru 9191:29 December 8920:Tieken 2001 8839:, Wals.info 8556:Keane (2004 8544:Keane (2004 8288:17 November 8046:. DNA India 7759:Talbot 2001 7692:25 December 7573:, p. 2 7524:Kuiper 1958 7500:Kuiper 1958 7183:Roman Karur 6934:, p. x 6837:10125/17189 6749:(1): 7–26, 6513:Talbot 2001 6145:equal-ones. 6114:məd̪ipːilum 6111:matippilum, 6061:all-of-them 6044:piriʋijinər 6041:piṟaviyiṉar 5959:Sample text 5942:kaṭṭu maram 5716:atu eṉ vīṭu 5700:Tamil is a 5575:past tense 5568:continuous 5561:continuous 5288:He who did 5258:Collective 5226:(rational) 4941:Tolkāppiyam 4928:Tolkāppiyam 4544:South India 4344:Rashtrakuta 4134:Tamil Hindu 3870:Agriculture 3419:Approximant 2458:caṅkattamiḻ 2422:sankattamiḻ 2374:Ma. Po. Si. 2350:(c. 1400s). 2179:Kongu Tamil 2137:Tirunelveli 1922:Abdul Kalam 1733:Philippines 1666:Maharashtra 1476: 1000 1441:Tolkāppiyam 1102:– "sound". 830:instead of 328:Early forms 264:Tamil–Irula 15981:Categories 15885:Portuguese 15651:Vietnamese 15641:Sri Lankan 15599:Indonesian 15556:Immigrants 15503:Baba Malay 15423:Philippine 15416:Philippine 15397:Mandailing 15351:Indonesian 15138:Umaʼ Lasan 15028:Punan Batu 14973:Lun Bawang 14718:Semaq Beri 14573:Peninsular 14556:Nationwide 14548:Indigenous 14519:Sama–Bajaw 14514:Philippine 14504:Land Dayak 14144:Kanikkaran 13942:Indo Aryan 13522:Portuguese 13471:Nhlangwini 13434:Indigenous 13419:Recognised 13382:(Xitsonga) 13372:Tswa–Ronga 13353:(isiXhosa) 13316:(Setswana) 13158:Vietnamese 13075:Mandailing 13047:Indonesian 13005:Indo-Aryan 12883:Baba Malay 12745:Endangered 12548:Rajasthani 12432:unofficial 12391:Rajbangshi 12316:Kamatapuri 12221:(Manipuri) 11800:Mukha-Dora 11795:Manna-Dora 11625:Malamuthan 11610:Kanikkaran 11208:Viluppuram 11188:Tiruvallur 11178:Tirupathur 11118:Perambalur 11053:Dharmapuri 11043:Coimbatore 10990:Coimbatore 10897:Literature 10882:Government 10844:High Court 10796:Governance 10707:Tamil Nadu 10512:Vatteluttu 10239:literature 10237:Devotional 10189:Literature 10143:Sociolects 10113:Batticaloa 10100:Sri Lankan 9326:8170690382 8865:(4): 683, 8534:at p. 360. 8406:(2): 113, 7474:Rabin, C. 7397:29 January 7357:: 158–169. 7052:26 October 6822:(2): 207, 6726:24 January 6720:OED Online 6675:www.gov.za 6551:Ethnologue 6533:Ethnologue 6500:References 6357:Article 1: 6038:பிறவியினர் 5878:anaikkonda 5868:nārttaṅkāy 5836:neologisms 5732:Vocabulary 5679:head-final 5604:ideophones 5592:adjectives 5340:accusative 5336:nominative 5269:palaviṉpāl 5159:Morphology 5056:accomplish 4896:noun class 4877:media help 4630:Giraavarus 4589:Kannadigas 4555:South Asia 4339:Satavahana 4156:Tamil Jain 3937:Philosophy 3932:Literature 3768:diphthongs 2780:and other 2692:consonants 2670:vaṭṭeḻuttu 2653:Tirukkuṟaḷ 2615:Vatteluttu 2613:See also: 2521:koṭuntamiḻ 2513:koṭuntamiḻ 2505:koṭuntamiḻ 2489:koṭuntamiḻ 2466:koṭuntamiḻ 2442:koṭuntamiḻ 2436:colloquial 2411:media help 2298:Portuguese 2294:loan words 2278:sociolects 2229:See also: 2085:Coimbatore 2041:See also: 2029:media help 1847:Puducherry 1831:See also: 1634:Puducherry 1630:Tamil Nadu 1421: – c. 1271:Tamil Thāi 1219: – c. 973:Tamil Nadu 936:South Asia 911:pronounced 856:Indic text 547:Puducherry 542:Tamil Nadu 490:(informal) 389:Tiruneveli 242:Southern I 111:Puducherry 105:Tamil Nadu 15692:By states 15546:Esperanto 15483:Chavacano 15296:Malayalam 15291:Dravidian 15218:Hainanese 15177:Cantonese 15113:Tombonuwo 15078:Sembakung 14898:Kalabakan 14848:Daro-Matu 14588:Cheq Wong 14526:Tai-Kadai 14443:Malaysian 14228:Malavedan 14174:Kunduvadi 14124:Eravallan 14074:Malayalam 13969:Malayalam 13964:Dravidian 13604:IsiNgqumo 13552:Religious 13361:(isiZulu) 13345:(siSwati) 13308:(Sesotho) 13266:Afrikaans 13087:Baweanese 13060:Banjarese 12993:Malayalam 12988:Dravidian 12943:Hainanese 12938:Cantonese 12908:Singdarin 12735:Classical 12553:Surjapuri 12513:Khandeshi 12483:Dhundhari 12434:languages 12406:Sikkimese 12214:Malayalam 12121:languages 12068:indicate 11876:Konda-Kui 11861:Nagarchal 11819:Gondi-Kui 11642:Malavedan 11620:Kurichiya 11615:Kunduvadi 11558:Malayalam 11495:Eravallan 11467:Malayalam 11397:Toda-Kota 11337:Kannadoid 11198:Tiruvarur 11153:Thanjavur 11143:Sivaganga 11048:Cuddalore 11020:Districts 10967:State Day 10912:Education 10804:Governors 10771:Palm tree 10765:Jackfruit 10569:Phonology 10541:Lexis and 10507:Koleḻuttu 10447:Tamil and 10360:Agattiyam 10317:Iraichchi 10266:Tirumurai 10261:Tēmpāvaṉi 9995:Old Tamil 9826:162294036 9488:246076230 9415:161402102 9185:The Hindu 9122:162469583 9042:144334963 8879:145729544 8649:, Trübner 8558::114–115) 8320:The Hindu 8256:The Hindu 8193:The Hindu 8006:16 August 7979:16 August 7955:8 January 7901:0971-751X 7893:The Hindu 7688:, Chennai 7686:The Hindu 7668:The Hindu 7649:143499414 7462:The Hindu 7442:5 January 7436:The Hindu 7369:"KEELADI" 7324:The Hindu 7192:191007985 7144:131480876 6955:. BRILL. 6919:The Hindu 6903:at p. 610 6900:162291987 6846:153420843 6771:144599197 6546:Old Tamil 6416:Footnotes 6337:urupːurai 6327:Uṟuppurai 6318:உறுப்புரை 6304:வேண்டும். 6257:brotherly 6254:sagoːdəɾə 6089:are born. 6058:səgələrum 6055:cakalarum 5991:urupːurai 5986:Uṟuppurai 5981:உறுப்புரை 5937:catamaran 5843:Influence 5798:Malayalam 5748:cavvarici 5687:pragmatic 5617:pronouns 5615:inclusive 5584:singular 5450:morphemes 5434:undergoes 5348:sociative 5222:uyartiṇai 5205:honorific 5175:uyartiṇai 5152:PL to for 5032:morphemes 4632:(Extinct) 4626:(Extinct) 4599:Malayalis 4550:Sri Lanka 4546:(Dravida) 4262:Dravidian 3880:Education 3865:Tamilakam 3271:Fricative 3182:Affricate 3071:Retroflex 3037:Phonology 2849:thousand 2774:ISO 15919 2712:called a 2643:at bottom 2581:June 2023 2527:Thanjavur 2266:Karnataka 2245:Malayalam 2093:Thanjavur 2057:diglossia 1855:Singapore 1821:Australia 1737:Mauritius 1729:Singapore 1714:Bengaluru 1654:Telangana 1650:Karnataka 1646:Sri Lanka 1498:Old Tamil 1484:Thanjavur 1386:Old Tamil 1375:Sri Lanka 1303:Neolithic 1152:Malayalam 1005:Kharavela 979:Etymology 950:300 BCE. 889:standard. 887:ISO 15919 770:Glottolog 763:Old Tamil 727:ISO 639-3 709:ISO 639-2 691:ISO 639-1 643:Singapore 631:Sri Lanka 559:Singapore 554:Sri Lanka 359:Malesiyat 334:Old Tamil 282:Malayalam 234:Dravidian 186:Ethnicity 156:Sri Lanka 140:Karnataka 90:Sri Lanka 15890:Japanese 15820:Bhojpuri 15631:Nepalese 15616:Japanese 15594:Filipino 15541:Tanglish 15493:Manglish 15488:Kristang 15387:Javanese 15382:Buginese 15370:Madurese 15360:Acehnese 15325:Gujarati 15153:minority 15123:Tringgus 15088:Serudung 14918:Kendayan 14888:Jangkang 14770:Malaysia 14658:Mah Meri 14648:Kristang 14575:Malaysia 14469:Families 14435:Official 14378:Category 14309:Aranadan 14293:Yerukala 14243:Muthuvan 14211:Malaryan 14169:Kumbaran 14139:Kalanadi 13986:Armenian 13631:Fanagalo 13569:Sanskrit 13512:Gujarati 13250:Official 13138:Japanese 13133:Filipino 13123:Armenian 13097:Javanese 13092:Buginese 13055:Acehnese 13015:Gujarati 12903:Singlish 12898:Kristang 12839:Mandarin 12822:Official 12806:National 12708:Tangkhul 12580:speakers 12503:Haryanvi 12488:Garhwali 12445:speakers 12336:Kokborok 12291:Bhojpuri 12245:Sanskrit 12209:Maithili 12199:Kashmiri 12184:Gujarati 12164:Assamese 12119:Official 11960:Kondekor 11782:Teluguic 11761:Kumbaran 11679:Vishavan 11636:Malaryan 11605:Kalanadi 11595:Eranadan 11540:Yerukala 11525:Muthuvan 11488:Sankethi 11475:Tamiloid 11465:Tamil - 11329:- Badaga 11327:Kannada 11183:Tiruppur 11113:Nilgiris 11108:Namakkal 11058:Dindigul 11028:Ariyalur 11005:Tiruppur 10947:Wildlife 10922:Politics 10892:Language 10757:Flower: 10745:Animal: 10434:Yerambam 10196:Classics 10051:Dialects 9864:template 9745:20170197 9456:(2003), 9422:citation 9265:"congee" 9237:14 April 9045:at p. 64 8511:Language 8354:Language 8336:Archived 8232:20 April 8198:6 August 8173:6 August 8148:5 August 8124:6 August 8084:BBC News 7931:23 April 7478:, p. 438 6701:26 March 6364:See also 6285:share-in 6276:பாங்கில் 6262:உணர்வுப் 6251:cakōtara 5922:paṟaiyar 5885:include 5873:anaconda 5802:Sanskrit 5611:articles 5547:destroy 5415:suffixes 5368:prefixes 5364:ablative 5360:locative 5352:genitive 5332:Sanskrit 5313:ceytavai 5292:ceytavaḷ 5285:ceytavaṉ 5262:oṉṟaṉpāl 5255:palarpāl 4996:suffixes 4916:Sanskrit 4684:Politics 4525:Charvaka 4510:Buddhism 4500:Hinduism 4488:Religion 4455:Language 4359:Kakatiya 4349:Chalukya 4178:Politics 4118:Religion 3972:Calendar 3952:Medicine 3927:Language 3885:Industry 3805:a series 3803:Part of 3066:Alveolar 2972:numeral 2966:as above 2755:plosives 2497:centamiḻ 2477:centamiḻ 2450:centamiḻ 2430:centamiḻ 2290:Sanskrit 2241:Palakkad 2107:in some 2097:Palakkad 2073:Centamil 1932:Dialects 1849:and the 1785:Suriname 1765:Pakistan 1753:Malaysia 1725:Malaysia 1694:Chittoor 1638:Northern 1615:Sanskrit 1401:Mangulam 1363:John Guy 1341:Keezhadi 1299:Godavari 1202:Mangulam 1141:Yerukula 1121:southern 944:Sanskrit 836:Help:IPA 799:49-EBE-a 784:oldt1248 777:tami1289 655:Malaysia 584:Malaysia 394:Sankethi 364:Bunagurr 348:Dialects 287:Tamiloid 238:Southern 15945:Portals 15900:Russian 15880:Chinese 15860:Italian 15850:Spanish 15845:Punjabi 15835:English 15778:English 15611:Persian 15579:Burmese 15574:Bengali 15564:African 15475:Creoles 15433:Maranao 15392:Kerinci 15335:Punjabi 15255:Teochew 15233:Hokkien 15160:Chinese 15108:Timugon 15068:Sekapan 14988:Momogun 14983:Melanau 14963:Lengilu 14953:Lahanan 14913:Kelabit 14903:Kanowit 14893:Kajaman 14838:Bukitan 14808:Bintulu 14798:Berawan 14723:Semelai 14633:Kenaboi 14598:Jah Hut 14543:Natives 14509:Malayic 14448:English 14329:English 14278:Ullatan 14258:Pathiya 14248:Paliyan 14216:Malasar 14179:Kurumba 14119:Bellari 14069:Konkani 14064:Kannada 13952:Punjabi 13925:Balochi 13920:Persian 13915:Iranian 13899:English 13876:Bahrani 13716:Sinhala 13495:Foreign 13451:Khoisan 13380:Tsonga 13314:Tswana 13271:English 13128:Burmese 13070:Angkola 13035:Sinhala 13025:Punjabi 13010:Bengali 12968:Teochew 12963:Hokkien 12958:Hokchew 12953:Henghwa 12933:Sinitic 12925:Chinese 12829:English 12663:Ladakhi 12568:Varhadi 12533:Marwari 12523:Lambadi 12518:Kumaoni 12498:Harauti 12478:Bundeli 12468:Bajjika 12458:Bagheli 12376:Mundari 12341:Kurmali 12331:Khortha 12250:Santali 12240:Punjabi 12225:Marathi 12204:Konkani 12194:Kannada 12169:Bengali 12141:English 12066:Italics 11920:Central 11867:Pardhan 11840:Khirwar 11790:Chenchu 11756:Kakkala 11713:Bellari 11673:Ullatan 11657:Pathiya 11535:Pattapu 11530:Paliyan 11510:Malasar 11500:Kaikadi 11360:Sholaga 11345:Kannada 11203:Vellore 11148:Tenkasi 11133:Ranipet 11093:Madurai 11038:Chennai 10995:Madurai 10985:Chennai 10957:Tourism 10927:Temples 10887:History 10877:Economy 10872:Cuisine 10832:Chennai 10763:Fruit: 10732:symbols 10721:Chennai 10716:Capital 10543:grammar 10490:Scripts 10461:Sinhala 10456:English 10394:History 10337:Ullurai 10108:Negombo 9988:History 9866:below ( 9818:2659023 9114:2659024 8222:Kolkata 7906:12 July 6892:2943246 6763:2053325 6347:Section 6343:veːɳɖum 6333:vēṇṭum. 6310:veːɳɖum 6307:vēṇṭum. 6282:paːŋgil 6271:feeling 6265:uṇarvup 6226:əvərgəɭ 6223:Avarkaḷ 6220:அவர்கள் 6173:law-and 6156:əvərgəɭ 6153:avarkaḷ 6150:அவர்கள் 6100:əvərgəɭ 6097:avarkaḷ 6094:அவர்கள் 6052:சகலரும் 6030:mənid̪ə 6027:Maṉitap 5996:Section 5892:curuṭṭu 5887:cheroot 5862:nāraṅga 5794:Kannada 5783:Kannada 5775:Marathi 5646:நாங்கள் 5600:uriccol 5596:adverbs 5442:directs 5408:evvazhi 5404:uvvazhi 5400:avvazhi 5396:ivvazhi 5306:ceytatu 5251:Female 5231:aḵṟiṇai 5193:deities 5183:akṟiṇai 4992:affixes 4906:, verb 4828:ழ-கரம். 4671:Koragas 4666:Soligas 4656:Paniyas 4651:Kurukhs 4646:Kodavas 4614:Tuluvas 4604:Telugus 4594:Kodavas 4538:Regions 4520:Ājīvika 4515:Śramaṇa 4505:Jainism 4422:Culture 4384:Aravidu 4369:Sangama 4364:Hoysala 4354:Pallava 4334:Pandyan 4297:History 3967:Cuisine 3920:Culture 3875:Economy 3831:History 3796:Grammar 3545:Central 3086:Glottal 2846:hundred 2770:Prakrit 2680:Pallava 2676:Grantha 2531:Madurai 2344:Ganesha 2258:Mandyam 2219:Kannada 2170:akkaṭṭa 2159:, and 2157:Madurai 2151:iṅkuṭṭu 2143:iṅkiṭṭu 2119:(where 2099:, and 1903:Réunion 1879:Myanmar 1871:Punjabi 1863:Haryana 1859:Sinhala 1773:Réunion 1761:Karachi 1749:Vietnam 1698:Nellore 1682:Colombo 1670:Gujarat 1642:Eastern 1508:into a 1506:plosive 1471:period 1434:called 1349:Florida 1283:Agastya 1279:Murugan 1259:Prakrit 1174:in the 1162:History 1051:, with 1032:tam-miḻ 1009:Kalinga 926:) is a 832:Unicode 732:Either: 498:Bharati 419:Malabar 409:Brahmin 404:Central 384:Madurai 379:Chennai 369:Iyengar 293:Paliyan 248:Kannada 151:(south) 143:(south) 15959:Tamils 15905:Danish 15895:Romani 15875:Arabic 15870:Hebrew 15855:German 15840:French 15830:Telugu 15783:French 15621:Korean 15569:Arabic 15454:Others 15438:Molbog 15428:Iranun 15375:Bawean 15365:Banjar 15313:Telugu 15284:Indian 15211:Fuzhou 15206:Fuqing 15098:Sungai 15043:Sa'ban 15013:Paluan 15008:Okolod 14948:Kuijau 14878:Ida'an 14853:Dumpas 14818:Bookan 14813:Bonggi 14803:Biatah 14793:Belait 14748:Temuan 14738:Temiar 14728:Semnam 14668:Mintil 14663:Minriq 14643:Kintaq 14638:Kensiu 14593:Duanoʼ 14482:Aslian 14263:Ravula 14253:Paniya 14238:Muduga 14233:Mannan 14164:Kudiya 14154:Koraga 14149:Kodava 14084:Telugu 14045:Kerala 13974:Telugu 13935:Pashto 13930:Achomi 13871:Arabic 13793:Rodiya 13730:Others 13641:Scamto 13564:Hebrew 13559:Arabic 13538:Telugu 13502:German 13481:Phuthi 13399:Venda 13351:Xhosa 13343:Swazi 13148:Nepali 13143:Korean 13118:Arabic 13030:Sindhi 12998:Telugu 12980:Indian 12713:Thadou 12678:Mising 12638:Konyak 12633:Kolami 12628:Kodava 12623:Khotta 12608:Dimasa 12603:Badaga 12593:Angami 12543:Nimadi 12538:Mewari 12508:Kangri 12453:Awadhi 12416:Tamang 12411:Sunwar 12401:Sherpa 12381:Newari 12361:Magahi 12351:Lepcha 12346:Kurukh 12321:Kharia 12306:Gurung 12286:Angika 12265:Telugu 12255:Sindhi 12230:Nepali 12219:Meitei 12153:to the 12024:Brahui 11994:Kurukh 11965:Ollari 11955:Duruwa 11934:Kolami 11850:Madiya 11810:Waddar 11805:Telugu 11744:Others 11735:Kudiya 11718:Koraga 11662:Ravula 11652:Paniya 11563:Jeseri 11520:Mannan 11449:Muduga 11423:Kodava 11416:Kodagu 11388:Badaga 11350:Holiya 10917:Sports 10907:People 10867:Cinema 10859:Topics 10849:Police 10769:Tree: 10751:Bird: 10739:Seal: 10730:State 10701: 10616:Events 10481:Korean 10365:Nannūl 10332:Thinai 10300:Poetry 10118:Jaffna 10058:Indian 9883:Curlie 9869:Curlie 9824: 9816: 9759: 9743: 9725: 9707: 9689: 9669: 9651: 9633: 9600: 9580: 9562: 9538: 9520: 9502: 9486: 9468: 9443: 9413: 9383: 9365: 9343: 9323: 9303: 9120: 9112: 9040: 9006: 8985: 8954:597587 8952: 8877: 8820:1 June 8776: 8737: 8712:600654 8710: 8676:1 June 8653:1 June 8629:1 June 8601: 8578: 8531:410134 8529: 8374:414796 8372: 7899: 7647: 7635:(16), 7558:601707 7556: 7257: 7190: 7142: 7130:: 87, 6984: 6959: 6898: 6890: 6844: 6769: 6761: 6660:), s7. 6642:20 May 6617:8 June 6340:ond̺rʉ 6279:pāṅkil 6268:uɳərʋɨ 6075:freely 6047:beings 6024:மனிதப் 6013:ond̺rʉ 5949:(from 5947:congee 5939:(from 5929:(from 5919:(from 5917:pariah 5909:(from 5902:māṅgāy 5899:(from 5856:orange 5790:Telugu 5779:Telugu 5760:campān 5745:(e.g. 5722:copula 5673:Syntax 5656:(we), 5652:nāṅkaḷ 5639:namatu 5630:(we), 5490:கொண்டு 5458:clitic 5382:, and 5362:, and 5344:dative 5248:peṇpāl 5012:number 5008:person 4947:eḻuttu 4935:Naṉṉūl 4902:, and 4900:number 4641:Khonds 4619:Irulas 4609:Tamils 4567:People 4379:Tuluva 4374:Saluva 4280:Origin 3990:People 3977:Cinema 3942:Script 3813:Tamils 3061:Dental 3056:Labial 2963:credit 2746:virama 2734:) and 2710:tittle 2688:vowels 2662:After 2625:, and 2535:Jaffna 2438:form ( 2274:castes 2254:Hebbar 2163:iṅkaṭe 2131:iṅkane 1883:Canada 1867:Punjab 1819:, and 1811:, the 1807:, the 1803:, the 1801:Canada 1793:France 1787:, and 1777:Guyana 1747:, and 1710:Mandya 1706:Mysore 1662:Kerala 1568:Nannūl 1510:rhotic 1478:AD at 1351:, for 1265:script 1263:Brahmi 1247:Deccan 1084:tak-iḻ 1081:< * 1078:tav-iḻ 1075:< * 1072:tam-iḻ 1048:tam-iḻ 1038:tam-iḻ 667:Canada 399:Estate 291:Tamil– 269:Kodava 267:Tamil– 258:Tamil– 252:Tamil– 246:Tamil– 192:Tamils 130:(east) 127:Kerala 118:, and 96:Region 15971:India 15910:Dutch 15865:Hindi 15825:Tamil 15661:Signs 15584:Khmer 15536:Rojak 15443:Suluk 15330:Hindi 15301:Tamil 15191:Hakka 15128:Tutoh 15118:Tring 15103:Tagol 15063:Sebop 15038:Remun 15033:Penan 15018:Papar 14998:Narom 14968:Lotud 14958:Lelak 14933:Kiput 14908:Kayan 14883:Jagoi 14868:Ganaʼ 14858:Dusun 14788:Bajau 14783:Bahau 14758:Wila' 14743:Temoq 14713:Semai 14708:Sabüm 14653:Lanoh 14613:Jedek 14608:Jakun 14603:Jahai 14583:Batek 14563:Malay 14545:& 14314:Beary 14283:Urali 14134:Kadar 14129:Irula 14114:Allar 14079:Tamil 13979:Tamil 13947:Hindi 13762:Vedda 13721:Tamil 13656:Kaaps 13614:Other 13598:Gayle 13582:Other 13533:Tamil 13527:Malay 13517:Hindi 13507:Greek 13441:Bhaca 13392:Venda 13359:Zulu 13327:Nguni 13111:Other 13065:Batak 13020:Hindi 12948:Hakka 12844:Tamil 12834:Malay 12813:Malay 12693:Rabha 12683:Nishi 12673:Malto 12668:Lotha 12643:Korku 12618:Karbi 12613:Halbi 12563:Wagdi 12528:Malvi 12493:Gondi 12473:Bhili 12463:Bagri 12430:Major 12396:Sadri 12366:Magar 12356:Limbu 12326:Khasi 12260:Tamil 12189:Hindi 12179:Dogri 12136:Hindi 11999:Malto 11979:North 11939:Naiki 11903:Pengo 11898:Manda 11883:Konda 11855:Muria 11835:Gondi 11827:Gondi 11600:Kadar 11590:Allar 11573:Byari 11483:Tamil 11444:Irula 11437:Irula 11428:Urali 11312:South 11223:Lists 11158:Theni 11138:Salem 11083:Karur 11063:Erode 11010:Salem 10902:Music 10703:State 10476:Malay 10327:Puram 10312:Venpa 10307:Kural 9822:S2CID 9814:JSTOR 9411:S2CID 9118:S2CID 9110:JSTOR 9090:, in 9038:S2CID 8950:JSTOR 8875:S2CID 8708:JSTOR 8546::111) 8527:JSTOR 8370:JSTOR 8000:(PDF) 7645:S2CID 7554:JSTOR 7347:(PDF) 7140:S2CID 6896:S2CID 6888:JSTOR 6842:S2CID 6812:(PDF) 6767:S2CID 6759:JSTOR 6611:(PDF) 6604:(PDF) 6584:1 May 6485:-il, 6353:must. 6313:must. 6248:சகோதர 6033:Human 5952:kañji 5927:curry 5897:mango 5743:Malay 5665:ematu 5522:koṇṭu 5392:vazhi 5324:cases 5272:Many 5244:Male 5241:āṇpāl 5167:tiṇai 5117:உக்கு 5072:IMPRS 5020:tense 4971:yāppu 4963:poruḷ 4908:tense 4661:Malar 4624:Nagas 4394:Reddy 4389:Nayak 4329:Chera 4324:Chola 3957:Music 3897:Eelam 3783:/aʊ̯/ 3772:/aɪ̯/ 3589:Close 3577:short 3567:short 3557:short 3540:Front 3388:Trill 3093:Nasal 3081:Velar 2969:rupee 2960:debit 2954:month 2837:eight 2834:seven 2822:three 2750:puḷḷi 2716:puḷḷi 2697:āytam 2690:, 18 2346:from 2302:Dutch 2296:from 2195:India 2115:iṅkaṇ 2103:iṅkai 1955:age ( 1943:near 1745:Burma 1702:Kolar 1674:Delhi 1555:கின்ற 1548:kiṉṟa 1500:into 1469:Chola 1345:Miami 1275:Shiva 1245:) of 1137:Irula 1117:Tamil 1069:< 1066:tamiḻ 1035:> 906:Tamiḻ 900:தமிழ் 895:Tamil 883:Tamil 600:India 537:India 374:Kongu 354:Eelam 298:Tamil 278:Tamil 273:Urali 86:India 40:தமிழ் 31:Tamiḻ 24:Tamil 15669:Main 15646:Thai 15636:Urdu 15461:Cham 15407:Rawa 15340:Urdu 15133:Ukit 15093:Sian 15083:Seru 15053:Sama 14873:Iban 14778:Abai 14768:East 14427:Main 14273:Toda 14159:Kota 14089:Tulu 13957:Urdu 13881:Gulf 13783:Arwi 13752:Pali 13543:Urdu 13466:Nama 13461:Lozi 13456:Lala 13446:Khoe 13153:Thai 13080:Toba 12703:Sora 12698:Sema 12688:Phom 12658:Kuvi 12648:Koya 12558:Tulu 12371:Mizo 12301:Garo 12270:Urdu 12235:Odia 12174:Bodo 11893:Kuvi 11845:Koya 11708:Tulu 11408:Kota 11403:Toda 10837:Ooty 10607:Moḻi 10532:Arwi 10322:Akam 10155:Arwi 9757:ISBN 9741:OCLC 9723:ISBN 9705:ISBN 9687:ISBN 9667:ISBN 9649:ISBN 9631:ISBN 9598:ISBN 9578:ISBN 9560:ISBN 9536:ISBN 9518:ISBN 9500:ISBN 9484:OCLC 9466:ISBN 9441:ISBN 9428:link 9381:ISBN 9363:ISBN 9341:ISBN 9321:ISBN 9301:ISBN 9239:2007 9193:2019 9004:ISBN 8983:ISBN 8845:2012 8822:2007 8774:ISBN 8735:ISBN 8678:2007 8655:2007 8631:2007 8599:ISBN 8576:ISBN 8290:2007 8234:2007 8200:2017 8175:2017 8150:2017 8126:2017 8067:2012 8031:2012 8008:2007 7981:2007 7957:2010 7933:2008 7908:2019 7897:ISSN 7694:2014 7444:2015 7399:2022 7255:ISBN 7188:OCLC 7054:2022 6982:ISBN 6957:ISBN 6728:2023 6703:2016 6644:2021 6619:2017 6586:2007 6487:TAHM 6229:They 6159:They 6103:They 5932:kaṟi 5823:and 5773:and 5771:Urdu 5754:sāgu 5659:எமது 5633:நமது 5620:நாம் 5594:and 5544:root 5500:ந்த் 5485:ந்து 5265:One 5150:NMLZ 5120:ukku 5098:NMLZ 5085:PTCP 5053:muṭi 5050:முடி 5042:pōka 5016:mood 4904:case 3781:and 3723:Open 3582:long 3572:long 3562:long 3550:Back 3522:and 3178:Stop 2957:year 2840:nine 2828:five 2825:four 2813:zero 2678:and 2627:Arwi 2607:and 2529:and 2256:and 2233:and 2095:and 2089:inga 2079:iṅkū 2067:iṅku 2051:The 2045:and 1781:Fiji 1712:and 1696:and 1684:and 1640:and 1566:The 1523:கில் 1329:urns 1255:Obv: 1251:Rev: 1139:and 1022:The 482:Arwi 414:Arwi 260:Toda 254:Kota 88:and 15626:Lao 15196:Min 15172:Yue 14678:Mos 14531:Tai 13486:Tuu 12653:Kui 12588:Adi 12386:Rai 11888:Kui 10705:of 10602:ISO 10342:Ulā 9890:at 9881:at 9842:doi 9804:doi 9403:doi 9153:, " 9102:doi 9080:See 9030:doi 8942:doi 8867:doi 8700:doi 8519:doi 8492:doi 8444:in 8408:doi 8362:doi 7637:doi 7546:doi 7542:105 7231:doi 7132:doi 6880:doi 6832:hdl 6824:doi 6751:doi 6548:at 6530:at 6483:TAM 6299:act 5935:), 5925:), 5905:), 5766:ora 5626:nām 5527:iru 5517:ntu 5512:aḻi 5505:ஏன் 5495:இரு 5480:அழி 5436:or 5326:or 5201:pāl 5197:pāl 5189:pāl 5146:NEG 5134:for 5131:āka 5107:kaḷ 5104:கள் 5094:var 5091:வர் 5068:NEG 5061:ஆத் 5039:போக 4979:aṇi 4955:col 3656:Mid 3524:/ɕ/ 3520:/ʂ/ 3516:/z/ 3512:/f/ 3359:Tap 3244:t͡ʃ 3238:t͡ɕ 3218:ற்ற 3213:tːr 2951:day 2843:ten 2831:six 2819:two 2816:one 2788:to 2740:is 2726:is 2571:by 2123:kaṇ 2071:in 1947:in 1901:of 1668:, 1516:kil 1482:in 1147:). 1096:tam 1060:-iḻ 1054:tam 934:of 818:IPA 760:oty 743:oty 736:tam 717:tam 15983:: 12598:Ao 12311:Ho 10718:: 9838:34 9836:, 9820:, 9812:, 9800:57 9798:, 9618:27 9616:, 9552:, 9460:, 9424:}} 9420:{{ 9397:, 9361:, 9267:, 9230:, 9217:^ 9208:. 9183:. 9116:, 9108:, 9098:57 9096:, 9036:, 9026:19 9024:, 8948:, 8938:87 8936:, 8873:, 8863:35 8861:, 8787:^ 8714:, 8706:, 8696:92 8694:, 8617:, 8525:, 8515:30 8513:, 8488:27 8486:, 8482:, 8470:^ 8402:, 8368:, 8358:64 8356:, 8318:. 8281:, 8277:, 8254:, 8236:, 8220:, 8216:, 8191:, 8165:, 8141:, 8116:, 8082:. 7895:. 7891:. 7874:. 7858:. 7836:, 7727:^ 7701:^ 7684:, 7666:, 7643:, 7552:, 7540:, 7460:, 7434:, 7423:^ 7390:. 7371:. 7353:. 7349:. 7321:, 7292:^ 7225:, 7138:, 7128:53 7126:, 7011:^ 6939:^ 6917:, 6894:, 6886:, 6876:29 6874:, 6840:, 6830:, 6820:42 6818:, 6814:, 6765:, 6757:, 6747:37 6745:, 6718:. 6673:, 6634:. 6520:^ 6476:-/ 6470:ɑː 6350:1: 6330:1: 6321:1: 6018:1: 6008:1: 6003:1: 5831:. 5796:, 5792:, 5781:, 5726:is 5537:ēn 5532:nt 5463:ām 5378:, 5374:, 5370:: 5358:, 5354:, 5350:, 5346:, 5342:, 5338:, 5128:ஆக 5123:to 5111:PL 5064:āt 5045:go 5034:: 5018:, 5014:, 5010:, 4975:, 4967:, 4959:, 4951:, 4922:. 4898:, 4106:, 4102:, 4098:, 4094:, 4090:, 4086:, 4082:, 4078:, 4074:, 4070:, 4066:, 4062:, 4058:, 4054:, 4050:, 3807:on 3770:: 3747:äː 3708:oː 3676:eː 3641:uː 3609:iː 3518:, 3514:, 3497:ள் 3485:ல் 3458:ய் 3446:ழ் 3430:வ் 3403:ற் 3372:ர் 3351:ஹ் 3348:) 3339:) 3328:ஶ் 3325:) 3314:ஷ் 3311:) 3302:) 3293:ஸ் 3281:) 3261:க் 3249:ச் 3241:~ 3231:ட் 3221:) 3205:த் 3200:t̪ 3193:ப் 3168:ங் 3165:) 3154:ஞ் 3142:ண் 3130:ன் 3118:ந் 3115:) 3112:n̪ 3104:ம் 2761:. 2737:ன் 2728:ṉa 2621:, 2617:, 2537:. 2470:. 2300:, 2221:. 2205:, 2201:, 2197:; 2189:, 2185:, 2181:, 2177:, 2087:, 1957:c. 1920:, 1905:. 1823:. 1815:, 1783:, 1779:, 1775:, 1763:, 1739:, 1735:, 1731:, 1727:, 1716:. 1708:, 1704:, 1676:, 1672:, 1664:, 1660:, 1656:, 1652:, 1632:, 1541:ன் 1473:c. 1416:c. 1347:, 1309:. 1277:. 1249:. 1240:c. 1214:c. 1100:il 1019:) 948:c. 909:, 903:, 699:ta 216:L2 211:L1 15947:: 15756:e 15749:t 15742:v 14412:e 14405:t 14398:v 14036:e 14029:t 14022:v 13842:e 13835:t 13828:v 13694:e 13687:t 13680:v 13212:e 13205:t 13198:v 12784:e 12777:t 12770:v 12103:e 12096:t 12089:v 11296:e 11289:t 11282:v 10687:e 10680:t 10673:v 9973:e 9966:t 9959:v 9844:: 9806:: 9430:) 9405:: 9399:2 9212:. 9195:. 9104:: 9032:: 9010:. 8989:. 8944:: 8869:: 8702:: 8521:: 8498:. 8494:: 8410:: 8404:9 8364:: 8283:4 7910:. 7639:: 7548:: 7401:. 7375:. 7355:2 7233:: 7227:4 7170:. 7134:: 7056:. 7005:. 6990:. 6965:. 6882:: 6834:: 6826:: 6753:: 6730:. 6646:. 6492:; 6489:- 6473:m 6467:t 6464:ˈ 6461:, 6458:l 6455:ɪ 6452:m 6449:æ 6446:t 6443:ˈ 6440:/ 5889:( 5466:. 5384:e 5380:u 5376:a 5372:i 5081:a 5078:அ 5070:. 4879:. 4754:e 4747:t 4740:v 4242:e 4235:t 4228:v 3788:ஔ 3777:ஐ 3753:ஆ 3739:அ 3733:ä 3714:ஓ 3700:ஒ 3694:o 3682:ஏ 3668:எ 3662:e 3647:ஊ 3633:உ 3627:u 3615:ஈ 3601:இ 3595:i 3492:ɭ 3480:l 3453:j 3441:ɻ 3425:ʋ 3398:r 3368:ɾ 3345:h 3342:( 3336:x 3333:( 3322:ɕ 3319:( 3308:ʂ 3305:( 3299:z 3296:( 3288:s 3278:f 3275:( 3256:k 3226:ʈ 3210:( 3188:p 3180:/ 3162:ŋ 3159:( 3149:ɲ 3137:ɳ 3125:n 3109:( 3099:m 3028:௺ 3021:௹ 3014:௸ 3007:௷ 3000:௶ 2993:௵ 2986:௴ 2979:௳ 2940:௲ 2933:௱ 2926:௰ 2919:௯ 2912:௮ 2905:௭ 2898:௬ 2891:௫ 2884:௪ 2877:௩ 2870:௨ 2863:௧ 2856:௦ 2742:ṉ 2732:a 2723:ன 2702:a 2594:) 2588:( 2583:) 2579:( 2565:. 2413:. 2031:. 1962:) 1552:( 1538:( 1534:ṉ 1520:( 1425:) 1414:( 1238:( 1223:) 1212:( 1015:( 897:( 858:. 838:. 500:) 496:( 484:) 480:( 422:† 280:– 271:– 122:) 114:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index