Tamils - Knowledge

1366: 3422: 1357: 3978: 2405: 2887: 4169: 4939: 3696: 4337: 3203: 1412: 4372: 4084: 1267: 2383:, the island's first British colonial secretary, wrote to the British government: "Two different nations from a very ancient period have divided between them the possession of the island. First the Sinhalese, inhabiting the interior in its Southern and Western parts, and secondly the Tamils who possess the Northern and Eastern districts. These two nations differ entirely in their religion, language, and manners." Irrespective of the ethnic differences, the British imposed a unitary state structure in 1527: 2674: 53: 3831: 3519: 4363: 2080: 19287: 19886: 19910: 4577: 3288: 19898: 2511: 277: 1605: 1703: 2222: 19377: 19874: 19849: 4591: 4328: 19922: 668: 3083: 2786: 8581: 3974:. The knowledge was then passed on orally and through palm leaf manuscripts to the later generations. Siddha practitioners believe that all objects including the human body is composed of five basic elements – earth, water, fire, air, sky which are present in food and other compounds, which is used as the basis for the drugs and other therapies. 8571: 5988:

There were three levels of redistribution corresponding to the three categories of chieftains, namely: the Ventar, Velir and Kilar in descending order. Ventar were the chieftains of the three major lineages, viz Cera, Cola and Pandya. Velir were mostly hill chieftains, while Kilar were the headmen of

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and is one of the largest industries of film production in India. Independent Tamil film production have also originated outside India in Sri Lanka, Singapore, Canada, and western Europe. The concept of "Tent Cinema" was introduced in the early 1900s, in which a tent was erected on a stretch of open

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is of considerable antiquity compared to the contemporary literature from other Indian languages and represents one of the oldest bodies of literature in South Asia. The earliest epigraphic records have been dated to around the 3rd century BCE. Early Tamil literature was composed in three successive

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is a traditional event held during the period attracting huge crowds in which a bull is released into a crowd of people, and multiple human participants attempt to grab the large hump on the bull's back with both arms and hang on to it while the bull attempts to escape. It has been practised since

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community, who were once feudatories of the three ancient Tamil kingdoms. The Kalabhra era is referred to as the "dark period" of Tamil history, and information about it is generally inferred from any mentions in the literature and inscriptions that are dated many centuries after their era ended.

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channels were built as early as the 3rd century BCE. The Sangam literature describe fertile lands and people organised into various occupational groups. The governance of the land was through hereditary monarchies, although the sphere of the state's activities and the extent of the ruler's powers

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who accounted for 11.2%, 4.1% and 9.3% respectively of the country's population in 2011. Indian Origin Tamils were separately classified from the 1911 census onwards and the Sri Lankan government lists a substantial Tamil-speaking Muslim population under the distinct ethnicity of Moors. However,

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As of the 21st century, majority of the Tamils are adherents of Hinduism. The migation of Tamils to other countries resulted in new Hindu temples being constructed in places with significant population of Tamil people and people of Tamil origin, and countries with significant Tamil migrants. Sri

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was followed by a crackdown against the Tamils, which curtailed their rights. Following the declaration of state of emergency in 1981, state-backed Sinhalese mobs turned on Tamils, which led many Tamils to leave the country as refugees resulting in an exodus more than half a million to India and

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used to make weapons, originated in the mid-1st millennium BCE in South India. Locals in Sri Lanka adopted the production methods of creating wootz steel from the Cheras and the later trade introduced it to other parts of the world. Since the early Sangam age, war was regarded as an honourable

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The Aryachakaravarthi dynasty continued to rule over large parts of northeast Sri Lanka until arrival of the Europeans on the island in the sixteenth century CE. Portuguese traders reached Sri Lanka by 1505 CE and the Jaffna kingdom came to the attention of Portuguese due to its presence as a

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and spread to other parts such as Sri Lanka. There are more than 34,000 temples in Tamil Nadu built across various periods some of which are several centuries old. The influence of Tamil culture had led to the construction of various temples outside India by the Tamil dispora. The

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in the Tamil language is still part of the Tamil tradition in Sri Lanka. Remains of settlements and megalithic burial sites of people culturally similar to those of present-day Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu in modern India have been excavated at Pomparippu on the west coast and in

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by the government. However, genealogical evidence suggests that most of the Sri Lankan Moor community are of Tamil ethnicity, and that the majority of their ancestors were also Tamils who had lived in the country for generations, and had converted to Islam from other faiths.

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captured the Anuradhapura Kingdom from 205 BCE to 161 BCE. Tamil soldiers from Tamilakam came to Anuradhapura in large numbers in the seventh century CE with the local chiefs and kings relying on them. In the eighth century CE, various Tamil villages collectively known as

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for better administration. During the British colonial rule, Tamils held higher positions in the government and were favoured by the British for their qualification in English education. In the northern highlands, the lands of the Sinhalese were seized by the British and

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originating from the Tamils and is one of the oldest systems of medicine in India. The word literally means perfection in Tamil and the system focuses on wholesome treatment based on various factors. As per Tamil tradition, the knowledge of Siddha medicine came from

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But Indian/south Indian history/archaeology has pushed the date back to 1500 B.C., and in Sri Lanka, there are definitely good radiometric dates coming from Anuradhapura that the non-Brahmi symbol-bearing black and red ware occur at least around 900 B.C. or 1000

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The island of Sri Lanka often saw attacks from the Indian mainland with the Cholas establishing their influence across the island and across several areas in Southeast Asia in the 10th century CE. This led to the spread of Tamil influence and contributed to the

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on the east coast of the island. These epigraphical evidence have been dated to a period between fifth century BCE and second century CE. Cultural similarities in burial practices in South India and Sri Lanka were dated by archeologists to the beginning of the

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and in support of continuing English as a medium of communication which eventually led to English being retained as an official language of India alongside Hindi. After experiencing fluctuations in the decades immediately after Indian independence, the

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patterns is the most common form of male attire in the countryside. People in urban areas generally wear tailored clothing, and western dress is popular. Western-style school uniforms are worn by both boys and girls in schools, even in rural areas.

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genealogical evidence suggests that most of the Sri Lankan Moor community are of Tamil ethnicity, and that the majority of their ancestors were also Tamils who had lived in the country for generations, and had converted to Islam from other faiths.

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from 2nd century CE describes music notes and instruments. A Pallava inscription dated to the 7th century CE has one of the earliest surviving examples of Indian music in notation. The Pallava inscriptions from the period describe the playing of

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as the only official language of Sri Lanka, which forced many Tamils to resign as civil servants because they were not fluent in the language. The Tamils saw the act as linguistic, cultural and economic discrimination against them. Anti-Tamil

2601:. The Indian Tamils (or Hill Country Tamils) are descendants of laborers who migrated from Tamil Nadu to Sri Lanka in the 19th century to work on tea plantations. Most Sri Lankan Tamils live in the Northern and Eastern provinces and around 3240:

were encased in clay and fired to melt the wax leaving a hollow mould, which would then be filled with molten metal and cooled to produce bronze statues. Tamil paintings are usually centered around natural, religious or aesthetic themes.

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A later chapter of the 'Great Chronicle' describes how the Chola prince Elara (Ellalan) of Thiruvarur invaded and captured the throne of Lanka in about 205 BCE but was later killed in battle by the Sinhala prince Dutugamunu in about

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in the region around twelfth century BCE. There were specific migration routes that extended from South India to the island. These people moved further to the South of the island, and intermingled with the existent people.

2605:, whereas most Indian Tamils live in the central highlands. Historically, both the Tamil ethnic groups have identified themselves as separate communities, although there has been a greater sense of unity since the 1980s. 2596:

who accounted for 11.2%, and 4.1% respectively of the country's population in 2011. The Sri Lankan Tamils (or Ceylon Tamils) are the descendants of the Tamils of the old Jaffna Kingdom and east coast chieftainships called

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later controlled the Tamil territory in the north of the Sri Lanka from 13th to 17th century CE. European colonization began in the 17th century CE, and continued for two centuries until the middle of the 20th century.

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by many Tamils, particularly in Sri Lanka. In the Sangam literature, there is a description of the rites performed by the priestesses in temples. Among the ancient Tamils, the practice of erecting memorial stones

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called the Tamils the last surviving classical civilization on Earth, because the Tamils have preserved substantial elements of their past regarding belief, culture, music, and literature despite the influence of

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in 1693. After several conflicts between the British and the French, the British established themselves as the major power in the eighteenth century CE. The British regained control of Madras in 1749 through the

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kings and chieftains ruled certain territories and maintained relationship with the larger kingdoms. Urbanisation and mercantile activity developed along the coasts during the later Sangam period with the Tamils

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is based on the same and is generally used in contemporary times to check auspicious times for cultural and religious events. The calendar follows a 60-year cycle. There are 12 months in a year starting with

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Those who ruled over small territories were called Kurunilamannar. The area ruled by such a small ruler usually corresponded to a geographical unit. In Purananuru a number of such chieftains are mentioned;..

10877: 18208: 7777: 17244: 15430: 12178: 8372: 5613: 18587: 13496: 12051: 4315:), are worshipped who are thought to protect the villages from harm. Their worship probably emanated from the hero stone worship and appears to be the surviving remnants of an ancient Tamil tradition. 3542:, a long staff of about 168 cm (66 in) in length, often made of wood such as bamboo. It was used for self-defense and to ward off animals and later evolved into a martial art and dance form. 16734: 14059: 14030: 12740: 5781: 2752:

for employment. A large emigration of Sri Lankan Tamils began in the 1980s, as they sought to escape the ethnic conflict there. The largest concentration of Eelam Tamils outside Sri Lanka is found in

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resulted in deaths of many Tamils and further escalated the conflict. More than a million Indian Tamil plantation workers were made stateless after Sri Lanka refused citizenship to them. In 1964, the

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from the 7th century CE, painted with vegetable and mineral dyes in over a thin wet surface of lime plaster. Similar murals are found in temple walls, the most notable examples are the murals on the

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as their capital. The Pallavas were noted for their patronage of architecture. Throughout their reign, the Pallavas remained in constant conflict with the Cholas, the Pandyas and other kingdoms of

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weakened them further. With the Hoysalas later siding with the Pandyas, the Pandyas consolidated control over the region. The Pandya empire reached its zenith in the thirteenth century CE under

12346: 2490: 18644: 8149: 13630: 2053: 2213:(Tamil villages and lands) were established. In the ninth and tenth centuries CE, Pandya and Chola incursions started in the island which culminated with the Chola annexation of the island. 14359: 14260: 13294: 13194: 4801: 2709:. The descendants of these Tamils continued to live in these countries, and practice their original culture, tradition and language. They form significant proportion of the population in 11793: 11552: 5730: 9770: 9646: 8272: 16039: 11836: 5457: 5435: 2095:

states that Tamil replaced a previous language of an indigenous mesolithic population, who later became the Eelam Tamils and the cultural diffusion happened well before the arrival of

11121: 2252:, who belonged to a feudal family from Kanchipuram that migrated to Sri Lanka in the previous century and converted to Buddhism. He served as the chief minister of the Sinhalese king 12311: 12200: 4526:, a syncretic form of Buddhism and Shaivism in northern Sri Lanka and Southern India. The religion lost its importance in the 14th century when conditions changed for the benefit of 16223: 15355: 14665: 12245: 11869: 16925: 14619: 18840: 15661: 11082: 2473:

for more than three decades. The conflict resulted in the deaths of at least 100,000 Tamils in the island and led to the flight of over 800,000 refugees. The war ended after the

18231: 16325: 13473: 11330: 11265: 10272: 4842: 1312:(Three glorified by heaven) in the Sangam literature. The Cheras controlled the western part of Tamilkam, the Pandyas controlled the south, and the Cholas had their base in the 16886: 13640: 10582: 1699:, Kulottunga avoided unnecessary wars and had a long and prosperous reign characterized by unparalleled success that laid the foundations of the empire for the next 150 years. 16385: 7135: 5676: 2482: 14697: 4554:

philosophies are also adhered by sizeable minorities, as a result of Tamil cultural revivalism in the 20th century, and its antipathy to what it saw as Brahminical Hinduism.

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Sri Lanka gained independence in 1948 and after the colonial rule ended, ethnic tension rose between the Sinhalese, who constituted a majority and the Tamils. In 1956, the

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which involve dancers balancing decorated pot(s) on their heads and arch shaped wooden sticks on their shoulders respectively while making dance movements with the body.

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in the eleventh century CE. Rajaraja brought in administrative reforms including the reorganisation of Tamil country into individual administrative units. Under his son

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of the ancient Tamil country. Epigraphical evidence of people identified as Damelas (the Prakrit word for Tamil people) from the second century CE have been found in

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traditionally consumed across the coast and other meat preferred in the interiors. The Chettinadu cuisine is popular for its meat based dishes and generous usage of

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There are regional sub-varieties namely Chettinadu, Kongunadu, Nanjilnadu, Pandiyanadu and Sri Lankan Tamil cuisines. There are both vegetarian and meat dishes with

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to go with various cereals and pulses grown in the region. Nanjilnadu cuisine is milder and is usually based on fish and vegetables. Sri Lankan Tamil cuisine uses

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Due to its long history, the Tamil culture has seen multiple influences over the years and have developed diversely. The Tamil visual art consists of a distinct

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It is necessary to draw attention to certain passages in early Tamil literature which throw a great deal of light upon this strange burial ceremonial ...

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Sangam period with the aim of keeping people fit. Proficiency in the sport was considered a virtue while untamable bulls were held as a pride of the owner.

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land close to a town or village to screen the films. The first silent film in South India was produced in Tamil in 1916 and the first Tamil talkie film was

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enacted in the 1970s further discriminated against the Tamils and various state-sponsored schemes led Sinhalese settlers into Tamil populated areas. The

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Theosophical Society provided the framework for action within which some of its Indian and British members worked to form the Indian National Congress.

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Around the seventh century CE, the Kalabhras were overthrown by the Pandyas and Cholas. Though they existed previously, the period saw the rise of the

1474:. There is evidence of emissaries sent to the Roman Emperor Augustus by the Pandya kings. An anonymous Greek traveler's account from first century CE, 12336: 7636: 3847:

is a major feature of Tamil culture. It was considered as a social obligation and offering food to guests was regarded as one of the highest virtues.

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peninsula and in parts of northern Sri Lanka. In the fourteenth century CE, the Aryacakaravarthi expansion into the south of the island was halted by

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is an ancient form of musical story-telling method where narration is interspersed with music played from a string bow and accompanying instruments.

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The Tamil literature that followed in the next 300 years after the Sangam period is generally called the "post-Sangam" literature which included the

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movement after a Theosophical convention held in Madras in December 1884. Various Tamils were contributors to the Independence movement including

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icons. The bronze statues of the Cholas are considered to be one of the greatest contributions of Tamil art. Models made of a special mixture of

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The British East India Company demanded tax collection rights, which led to constant conflicts with the local Palaiyakkarars and resulted in the

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Stokke, K. (2006). "Building the Tamil Eelam State: emerging state institutions and forms of governance in LTTE-controlled areas in Sri Lanka".

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were settled there as plantation workers. Tamils who migrated in the ninteenth century CE to work on tea plantations were later termed as the

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Knowledge of languages by age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts

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of the Sinhalese also accommodated Hindu immigrants from South India, which led to the emergence of new Sinhalese caste groups such as the

18074: 17598: 17390: 17352: 15619: 14956: 14746:"To Heal and/or To Harm: The Vital Spots (Marmmam/Varmam) in Two South Indian Martial Traditions Part I: Focus on Kerala's Kalarippayattu" 8058: 17065: 15049: 13842: 11519: 10071: 9396: 9286:"Genocide Against Tamil People: Massacres, Pogroms, Destruction of Property, Sexual Violence and Assassinations of Civil Society Leaders" 8628: 7816: 5522: 4604: 3706:

Ancient literature and epigraphical records describe the various types of dresses worn by Tamil people. Tamil women traditionally wear a

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The Chola influence lasted until the latter half of the eleventh century CE and the Chola decline was followed by the restoration of the

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governor under Raya briefly took control of Madurai before it was restored to the empire. The Vijayanagara empire was defeated in the

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Everywhere within Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi's domain, and among the people beyond the borders, the Cholas, the Pandyas, the

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which killed millions and the migration of many Tamils as bonded laborers to other British countries eventually forming the present

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entered into an agreement, based on which, about 300,000 would be granted Sri Lankan citizenship and about 975,000 Tamils would be

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Historical records mention that the three Tamil kingdoms were involved in the island's affairs from second century BCE. Chola king

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at Madurai. In the fourteenth century CE, the Pandyan empire was engulfed in a civil war and also faced repeated invasions by the

19835: 16292: 16095: 13911: 6096: 6066: 5432:"Science News : Archaeology – Anthropology : Sharp stones found in India signal surprisingly early toolmaking advances" 4763: 4411:

existed from the Sangam period with inscriptions and drip-ledges from 1st century BCE to 6th century CE describing the same. The

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is a form of street theater that consists of a play performance which consists of dance along with music, narration and singing.

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Widdess, D. R. (1979). "The Kudumiyamalai inscription: a source of early Indian music in notation". In Picken, Laurence (ed.).

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Lankan Tamils predominantly worship Murugan with numerous temples existing throughout the island. There are also followers of

1940:, which was the first instance of a large-scale mutiny by Indian sepoys against the British East India Company, took place in 1127: 19521: 19398: 19292: 18944: 18918: 18895: 18876: 18850: 18826: 18707: 18679: 18618: 18581: 18550: 18521: 18431: 18324: 18285: 17907: 17787: 17702: 17673: 17648: 17578: 17549: 17476: 17446: 17421: 17384: 17309: 17121: 17096: 17059: 17028: 16999: 16958: 16919: 16880: 16837: 16810: 16728: 16697: 16567: 16524: 16481: 16454: 16256: 16161: 16135: 16033: 16006: 15969: 15930: 15835: 15721: 15655: 15613: 15574: 15535: 15497: 15392: 15253: 15162: 15121: 15043: 14858: 14728: 14659: 14521: 14478: 14435: 14392: 14353: 14254: 14211: 14172: 14134: 14091: 14024: 13981: 13875: 13836: 13793: 13751: 13708: 13677: 13570: 13513: 13388: 13361: 13316: 13288: 13254: 13229: 13155: 13113: 13038: 12925: 12894: 12851: 12812: 12773: 12734: 12542: 12088: 11998: 11971: 11941: 11830: 11787: 11744: 11701: 11666: 11600: 11513: 11367: 11226: 11187: 11156: 11115: 11076: 11034: 10849: 10807: 10518: 10451: 10422: 10307: 10243: 9999: 9488: 9445: 9331: 9217: 9192: 9163: 9119: 9059: 9016: 8991: 8966: 8793: 8727: 8672: 8543: 8405: 8122: 8034: 7967: 7810: 7723: 7667: 7554: 7502: 7475: 7450: 7425: 7348: 7316: 7234: 7207: 7168: 7129: 7098: 7035: 6838: 6787: 6743: 6697: 6642: 6450: 6336: 5812: 5396: 5332: 5290: 5259: 5188: 5141: 5066: 19253: 18754: 18291: 16843: 16262: 16167: 15936: 15896: 15870: 15782: 12931: 9610: 9494: 9451: 9317: 9263: 9086: 8799: 8333: 7508: 6749: 5072: 2526:, there were 69 million Tamil speakers, constituting about 5.7% of the Indian population. Tamils formed the majority in the 1230:

have revealed a large urban settlement, with the earliest artefact dated to 580 BCE, during the time of urbanization in the

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Note:Includes 88,000 primary Tamil speakers and 86,708 speakers of English language who speak Tamil as secondary language.

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deities are organized during the month in temples across Tamil Nadu with much fanfare. Other festivals celebrated include

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respectively and headdresses perform movements imitating the animals. Other traditional dance forms include the war dance

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into the current shape. On 14 January 1969, Madras state was renamed Tamil Nadu, meaning "Tamil country". In 1965, Tamils

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The Tale of an Anklet: An Epic of South India – The Cilappatikaram of Ilanko Atikal, Translations from the Asian Classics

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Singapore Census of Population 2020, Statistical Release 1: Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion

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describes the public life and various unique cultural practices that existed during the period. The text talks about the

1161: 18733: 14921:"Reading the archaeometallurgical findings of Yodhawewa site, Sri Lanka: contextualizing with South Asian metal history" 10615: 10471: 9962: 1284:

lasted from 3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE with the main source of history during the period coming from the various

19962: 16125: 7379: 3546:(or Kuttu varisai) is a martial art specializing in empty-hand techniques and application on vital points of the body. 3187:

made its entry upon in the urban landscape. In the later part of the century, the architecture witnessed a rise in the

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in 2009. Since the end of the civil war, the Sri Lankan state has been subject to much global criticism for violating

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find mention in the Sangam literature and the traditional way of eating a meal involves having the food served on a

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is a Tamil traditional art of vital points which combines alternative medicine and martial arts, attributed to sage

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from Tamil Nadu indicates a continuous history of human occupation for more than 3,800 years. In the Sangam period,

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mentioned the Pandyas as the richest empire in existence. The Pandyas also built a number of temples including the

1261: 1186: 696: 330: 303: 18567: 17998: 15805: 10729:"Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using Archaeological Evidence to Identify the Tamil Kingdoms of Early Historic South India" 4235:("the suprement one") and is also known as Māyavan, Māmiyon, Netiyōn, and Māl in various Sangam literature. While 3183:

architecture with several institutions during the British era following the style. By the early 20th century, the

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the regional trade in the Indian Ocean region. Artifacts obtained from excavations indicate the presence of early

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meaning "self" and "-iz" having the connotation of "unfolding sound". Alternatively, he suggests a derivation of

800:(between 300 BCE and 300 CE). Tamils constitute about 5.7% of the Indian population and form the majority in the 18479:

Jain, Dhanesh (2003). "Sociolinguistics of the Indo-Aryan languages". In Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.).

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Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations

13420: 2905:, the earliest of which destroyed by floods. The Sangam literature was broadly classified into three divisions: 18400: 17691:

The Many Faces of Murukan: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God. With the Poem Prayers to Lord Murukan

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Lippe, Aschwin (December 1971). "Divine Images in Stone and Bronze: South India, Chola Dynasty (c. 850–1280)".

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Narayanan, M. G. S. (September 1988). "The Role of Peasants in the Early History of Tamilakam in South India".

5313: 2379:, the island came to the control of the British in the early nineteenth century CE. Upon arrival in June 1799, 1680: 1593:

evolved from Tamil in the region and the socio-cultural transformation was altered further by the migration of

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inscriptions from the second century BCE refers to a confederacy of the Tamil kingdoms. The three kings called

1204: 1107: 966: 15243: 10164: 10131: 2039:. The state was further re-organised as a state for Tamils when the boundaries were redrawn linguistically in 19516: 15378: 14750: 10015: 9936: 1486:

and their commercial activity in detail. It also describes that the chief exports of the ancient Tamils were

9852: 8304: 4802:

Census of Population and Housing of Sri Lanka, 2012 – Table A3: Population by district, ethnic group and sex

3681:, which released on 31 October 1931, barely seven months after the release of India's first talking picture 1928:

captured parts of the region and engaged in constant fighting with the British which culminated in the four

1356: 18988: 16599: 12433:"Krishna Rajamannar with His Wives, Rukmini and Satyabhama, and His Mount, Garuda | LACMA Collections" 7626: 6299:

The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century

3151: 3131: 3123: 3122:) and function as gateways through the walls that surround the temple complex. There are a number of early 3041: 2539: 2462: 2060:

economic policies and in the 2000s, the region has become one of the most urbanized states in the country.

1980: 1972: 1953: 1845: 1735: 1321: 1199:

points to the region being first inhabited by hominids more than 400 millennia ago. Artifacts recovered in

965:

is the major religion followed by the Tamils and the religious practices include the veneration of various

813: 654: 11861:

Cave-temples in the Regions of the Pāṇdya, Muttaraiya, Atiyamān̤ and Āy Dynasties in Tamil Nadu and Kerala

11632: 1956:, which transferred the governance of India from the East India Company to the British crown, forming the 19330: 17266: 15015: 12080: 11963: 11628: 8311: 5833: 4957: 3977: 3906:

along with coconut and spices, which differentiates it from the other culinary traditions in the island.

3665: 2881: 2805: 1968: 1668: 1430:

The kingdoms had significant diplomatic and trade contacts with other kingdoms to the north and with the

347: 3440:

that originated from the Tamils. It is one of the oldest classical dance forms of India. There are many

2681:

Significant emigration from Indian subcontinent began in the late 18th century, when the Tamils went as

2083:

A megalithic burial jar from north-western Sri Lanka, 5th-2nd century BCE, similar to the ones found in

19947: 19864: 19551: 19144: 19109: 17541: 17020: 14537: 14513: 13669: 12074: 10235: 10208: 7255: 6891: 6830: 5133: 4677: 4647: 4619: 4614: 4121: 3269:

is painted using dyes and then decorated with semi-precious stones, as well as silver or gold threads.

3147: 2730: 2593: 2575: 2393: 2389: 2134: 1869: 1821:

system and re-constructed some of the temples in Tamil Nadu including the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai.

1719: 892: 828:(5%). Tamils have migrated world-wide since the 19th century CE and a significant population exists in 621: 18966: 18171: 9730: 9292: 3421: 1932:. By the late eighteenth century CE, the British had conquered most of the region and established the 931:, scultpure and other art forms. Tamil sculpture ranges from stone sculptures in temples, to detailed 19237: 15489: 15154: 5904: 4279: 3416: 3025: 2865: 2780: 2630: 2478: 2449: 2372: 2265: 2057: 1853: 1381: 958: 492: 18353: 15151:

The Four Hundred Songs of War and Wisdom: An Anthology of Poems from Classical Tamil, the Purananuru

12519:

The bronze icons of the Early Chola period are one of India's greatest contributions to world art...

10695: 9532: 7838: 7662:. Oxford University Press, Delhi. p. xix, 349 p., p. of plates : ill., maps; 22 cm. 4938: 2816:

script originated in South India in the 3rd century BCE. Though the old Tamil preserved features of

19757: 19471: 19385: 19268: 19227: 19063: 18452: 17838: 17271: 17206: 17174: 17142: 16288: 15922: 14286: 13785: 10622: 10510: 10267: 10171: 9437: 8719: 8577: 8466: 5366: 4984: 4952: 4387: 4129: 3465: 2100: 2091:

There are various theories from scholars over the presence of Tamil people in Sri Lanka. Historian

1992: 1984: 1945: 1227: 1006: 497: 313: 17466: 10949: 8081: 7898:

Yang, Anand A (2007). "Bandits and Kings:Moral Authority and Resistance in Early Colonial India".

6228: 1856:. Europeans started to establish trade centres from the 16th century along the eastern coast. The 1422:

Agriculture was an important occupation during the period, and there is evidence that networks of

19782: 19717: 19687: 19541: 19526: 19501: 18981: 18868: 15527: 14470: 14290: 14246: 14240: 14126: 13434: 13221: 13013: 11461: 11359: 9931: 7090: 6973: 6328:

The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties

5388: 5099: 5024: 4847: 4809: 4157: 3033: 2682: 2434: 2320: 1695:

and maintained its influence over the various kingdoms of Southeast Asia. According to historian

1476: 1196: 1103: 986: 859: 17724:

A Note on the Muruku Sign of the Indus Script in light of the Mayiladuthurai Stone Axe Discovery

17299: 16866: 14341:

Images of the Body in India: South Asian and European Perspectives on Rituals and Performativity

12880: 3367:

There are many traditional instruments from the region dating back to the Sangam period such as

3108:, which are monumental ornate towers at the entrance of the temples form a prominent feature of 2685:

and established businesses in other territories under the control of the British empire such as

2334:

to take over the lucrative pearl fisheries from the Jaffna kings. The wrested Mannar during the

1797:

was forced to intervene in the conflict between their vassals, the Cholas and the Pandyas. The

1211:

urn burials, dating from back to 1500 BCE., which are also described in later Tamil literature.

19536: 19511: 18668:

They Do What: A Cultural Encyclopedia of Extraordinary and Exotic Customs from Around the World

18084: 17876: 17761: 17374: 17338: 16389: 16099: 13940: 13700: 13141: 12697: 12660: 12341: 12039: 11548: 11402: 10990: 9527: 8050: 3437: 3099: 3093: 2919: 2453: 2430: 2404: 2237: 1755: 1632:. After the defeat of the Pallavas, the Cholas became the dominant kingdom with the capital at 1515: 951: 928: 639: 594: 584: 357: 18726:"Skandakumara and Kataragama: An Aspect of the Relation of Hinduism and Buddhism in Sri Lanka" 17594: 17045: 16714: 16510: 16471: 16023: 15959: 15825: 15645: 15033: 14339: 14162: 14053: 14010: 13967: 13737: 13631:"On International Dance Day, a look at some of India's famous dance forms and their exponents" 12953: 12724: 11957: 11816: 11773: 11499: 10079: 10045: 8638: 7800: 7713: 7684: 7197: 7084: 5532: 5276: 5251: 4423:

had an influence in Tamil Nadu before the later Middle Ages with ancient texts referring to a

3786:

and the number of days in a month varies between 29 and 32. The new year starts following the

19942: 19802: 19692: 19657: 19622: 19546: 19466: 19283: 19206: 18671: 18314: 17833: 16991: 16061: 15684: 15521: 14848: 14645: 14382: 13378: 11779: 11148: 11066: 9518: 9360: 8112: 7957: 6326: 6153: 6001:

Sivathamby, K. (December 1974). "Early South Indian Society and Economy: The Tinai Concept".

5363:

The Jātaka: together with its commentary, being tales of the anterior births of Gotama Buddha

5094: 4665: 4639: 4416: 3699: 3002:

in 15th century CE. In 1578, the Portuguese published a Tamil book in old Tamil script named

2937: 2845: 2718: 2585: 2542:(1.1 million). There were also significant Tamil population in other states of India such as 2044: 2020: 1834: 1763: 1182: 777: 644: 599: 487: 293: 14745: 13274: 11730: 10904: 8830:

Spencer, George W (1976). "The politics of plunder: The Cholas in eleventh century Ceylon".

7868: 19762: 19752: 19712: 19677: 19667: 19662: 19506: 19360: 19232: 19211: 19042: 18611:

Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-cultural Exchange

17728: 17201: 15286: 15072: 11434: 10329: 9967: 9642: 9082: 9051: 8693: 8633: 8187: 7051: 6942: 5975: 5703: 5698: 5527: 4989: 4563: 4447:, who patronized Buddhism and Jainism, became patrons of Hinduism following the revival of 4095: 3956: 3554:

and might form part of the training of other martial arts such as silambattam, adimurai or

3349: 3013: 2886: 2640: 2523: 2470: 2426: 2355: 2138: 2004: 1988: 1585:, the Tamil country was divided between the Pallavas and the Pandyas. The area west of the 689: 531: 298: 18024: 17169: 10796:

Love in Sanskrit and Tamil Literature: A Study of Characters and Nature, 200 B.C.-A.D. 500

7943:

A Political and General History of the District of Tinnevelly, in the Presidency of Madras

6919:

Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia

2664: 2256:(1344–59 CE) and his descendant Vira Alakeshwara briefly became the king later before the 1039:

and precise etymology of the word Tamil is unclear with multiple theories attested to it.

8: 19797: 19777: 19767: 19707: 19642: 19632: 19491: 19448: 19421: 19342: 19261: 19242: 18639: 17871: 17718: 17640: 16720: 16629: 16559: 15902: 15811: 14541: 14427: 14345: 13973: 13828: 13533: 13280: 11822: 11693: 11658: 10799: 9890: 8710: 8471: 8340: 7872: 6808: 5462: 5282: 5216: 4771: 3533: 3303: 3282: 3278: 3029: 2809: 2801: 2714: 2438: 2048: 2008: 1917: 1857: 1814: 1779: 1679:

and across Southeast Asia. The Cholas built many temples with the most notable being the

1392:

and sponsored some of the earliest Tamil literature with the oldest surviving work being

1293: 1231: 1068: 1036: 936: 900: 867: 825: 785: 555: 412: 16189: 12267: 5307: 3261:

and the Brihadeeswarar temple at Thanjavur. One of the major forms of Tamil painting is

19787: 19742: 19732: 19637: 19139: 19068: 18354:"Marine archaeological explorations of Tranquebar-Poompuhar region on Tamil Nadu coast" 18267: 17990: 17982: 17953:

Cutler, Norman (1983). Clothey, Fred W.; Ramanujan, A. K.; Shulman, David Dean (eds.).

17347: 16781: 16356: 15183: 14983: 14948: 14817: 14651: 14614: 13635: 12886: 12510: 12502: 12205: 12173: 12141: 11959:

Sacred Places of a Lifetime: 500 of the World's Most Peaceful and Powerful Destinations

11926: 10761: 10676: 10668: 10024: 9822: 9673: 9582: 9545: 9388: 8855: 8847: 8439: 8207: 7923: 7332: 6885: 6596: 6588: 6456: 6411: 6297: 6191: 6135: 6018: 5587: 5494: 4168: 4020: 3262: 2741: 2737: 2469:

of Sri Lanka, developed into a violent secessionist insurgency. This led to the bloody

2000: 1949: 1901: 1802: 1747: 1598: 1142: 994: 789: 547: 417: 392: 16284: 13903: 12104: 7418:

Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900

6430: 6394:

Hirsh, Marilyn (1987). "Mahendravarman I Pallava: Artist and Patron of Mamallapuram".

6088: 6058: 4231:(desert). Thirumal is indicated as a deity during the Sangam era, who was regarded as 3444:

forms that originated and are practiced in the region. Major folk dance forms include

2177:

in the north of the island have yielded several inscriptions including the mention of

1824: 19772: 19702: 19697: 19647: 19617: 19599: 19438: 19433: 19201: 19129: 19078: 19037: 18940: 18914: 18910: 18891: 18872: 18846: 18822: 18675: 18614: 18577: 18546: 18517: 18488: 18427: 18320: 18281: 17994: 17974: 17903: 17783: 17698: 17694: 17669: 17644: 17574: 17545: 17472: 17442: 17417: 17380: 17305: 17117: 17092: 17055: 17024: 16995: 16954: 16915: 16876: 16833: 16806: 16773: 16724: 16693: 16563: 16520: 16477: 16450: 16353:"India's pluralism: Traditional cuisines of Tamil Nadu largely about meat & fish" 16252: 16157: 16131: 16029: 16002: 15965: 15926: 15831: 15717: 15651: 15609: 15570: 15531: 15493: 15388: 15249: 15215: 15158: 15117: 15080: 15039: 14952: 14940: 14854: 14809: 14724: 14655: 14578: 14517: 14474: 14431: 14388: 14349: 14250: 14207: 14168: 14130: 14087: 14020: 13977: 13871: 13832: 13789: 13747: 13704: 13673: 13566: 13509: 13384: 13357: 13284: 13250: 13225: 13151: 13109: 13034: 12921: 12890: 12847: 12808: 12769: 12730: 12726:

Rajaraja Chola: Interplay Between an Imperial Regime and Productive Forces of Society

12538: 12514: 12084: 11994: 11967: 11937: 11826: 11783: 11740: 11697: 11662: 11596: 11509: 11505: 11469: 11363: 11222: 11183: 11152: 11111: 11072: 11030: 10914: 10845: 10803: 10765: 10680: 10542: 10514: 10447: 10418: 10362: 10239: 9586: 9484: 9441: 9392: 9380: 9327: 9213: 9188: 9159: 9140: 9115: 9055: 9012: 8987: 8962: 8859: 8789: 8723: 8668: 8629:"Reading the past in a more inclusive way: Interview with Dr. Sudharshan Seneviratne" 8539: 8401: 8118: 8030: 7995: 7963: 7915: 7806: 7719: 7663: 7550: 7498: 7471: 7446: 7421: 7371: 7344: 7312: 7230: 7203: 7164: 7125: 7094: 7031: 6834: 6783: 6739: 6693: 6638: 6600: 6460: 6446: 6442: 6332: 5808: 5773: 5523:"Reading the past in a more inclusive way: Interview with Dr. Sudharshan Seneviratne" 5392: 5286: 5255: 5240: 5184: 5137: 5062: 4643: 3996: 3918:

are popular breakfast dishes and other dishes cooked by to the Tamil people include

3318: 3265:, which originated in the 16th century CE where a base made of cloth and coated with 3242: 3070:(beautiful art forms) which include architecture, sculpture, painting and poetry and 3021: 2925: 2917:(drama). The early Tamil literature was compiled and classified into two categories: 2897: 2589: 2571: 2339: 2301: 2069: 1933: 1925: 1924:, which fought the British in the Second Polygar War. In the later 18th century, the 1810: 1806: 1767: 1692: 1285: 1223: 817: 774: 649: 551: 519: 503: 457: 9549: 8273:"An inspiring saga of the Tamil diaspora's contribution to India's freedom struggle" 8211: 7028:

The Millennium Maritime Trade Revolution, 700–1700: How Asia Lost Maritime Supremacy

6262: 5899: 5458:"Very old, very sophisticated tools found in India. The question is: Who made them?" 4895: 4266:

is treated as an indication of a society which venerated femininity. The worship of

4247:("God of the Tamils"). In Tamil tradition, Murugan is the youngest son of Shiva and 3202: 2830: 2099:

in Sri Lanka. Eelam Tamils consider themselves lineal descendants of the aboriginal

19914: 19890: 19792: 19737: 19722: 19682: 19627: 19486: 19426: 19366: 19348: 19160: 19134: 19124: 19114: 18936: 18860: 18814: 18789: 18542: 18039: 17966: 16765: 16689: 16625: 14932: 14899: 14801: 14016: 13743: 13505: 13353: 13189: 12990: 12917: 12494: 12043: 11933: 10910: 10751: 10743: 10660: 10550: 10503:

Ramasamy, Sumathi (1997). "Feminizing Language: Tamil as Goddess, Mother, Maiden".

10374: 9574: 9537: 9372: 8839: 8199: 7907: 7304: 6932: 6578: 6438: 6403: 6127: 6010: 5610:"How a recent archaeological discovery throws light on the history of Tamil script" 5579: 5247: 5180: 4651: 4527: 4515: 4463: 4412: 4383: 4180: 4056: 4000: 3910:

is a popular dish with several different versions prepared across various regions.

3891: 3807: 2945: 2877: 2825: 2710: 2656: 2636: 2579: 2413: 2295: 2096: 1996: 1929: 1909: 1794: 1696: 1661: 1653: 1621: 1613: 1570: 1558: 1545: 1257: 1035:

in Tamil language, which is eymologyically linked to the name of the language. The

974: 821: 793: 716: 507: 467: 462: 387: 190: 18699: 16756:

Beteille, Andre (1964). "89. A Note on the Pongal Festival in a Tanjore Village".

15772: 14805: 12047: 10297: 7308: 6533: 4371: 4083: 3695: 1411: 19902: 19589: 19170: 19088: 19058: 19027: 18794: 18777: 18748: 18695: 18271: 18106: 16827: 16800: 16683: 16553: 16246: 16151: 15916: 15863: 15603: 15564: 15111: 14507: 14464: 14421: 14201: 14120: 14081: 13934: 13907: 13865: 13822: 13779: 13694: 13663: 13560: 13147: 13105: 13099: 13028: 12911: 12841: 12802: 12763: 12691: 12571: 12532: 11988: 11892: 11859: 11687: 11590: 11542: 11396: 11353: 11216: 11173: 11105: 11020: 10839: 9600: 9474: 9431: 9255: 9076: 9045: 8783: 7492: 7224: 6936: 6779: 6729: 6634: 5671: 5417: 5052: 4673: 4456: 4336: 4267: 4036: 4032: 4024: 3952: 3947: 3882:. The Kongunadu cuisine uses less spices and are generally cooked fresh. It uses 3396: 3388: 3324:

as a form of exercise for the fingers and the practice of singing musical hymns (

3134:

in the 7th and 8th centuries has more than forty rock-cut temples, monoliths and

3037: 2999: 2971: 2817: 2726: 2652: 2644: 2613: 2612:

population in Sri Lanka. However, they are listed as a separate entity under the

2535: 2316: 2253: 1886: 1842: 1759: 1683:

at Thanjavur. The latter half of the eleventh century saw the union of Chola and

1625: 1554: 896: 809: 682: 539: 527: 523: 515: 407: 13598: 13066: 12994: 10987:

Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference of the South Indian History Congress

9792: 8114:

The Limits of Tolerance: Indian Secularism and the Politics of Religious Freedom

3344:

originated later which included rhythmic and structured music by composers such

19747: 19727: 19672: 19652: 19556: 19481: 19476: 19104: 19004: 18928: 18513: 18020: 17811: 16595: 15350: 14936: 14692: 13468: 11683: 11681: 10467: 10378: 10136: 9376: 8531: 7199:

Beyond Turk and Hindu: Rethinking Religious Identities in Islamicate South Asia

7086:

Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra

5172: 4735: 4718: 4698: 4474:

was introduced due to the influence of the Muslim rulers from the north in the

4284: 4275: 4263: 4044: 4016: 4008: 3759: 3750: 3677: 3598: 3522: 3473: 3353: 3341: 3312: 3180: 3176: 3164: 3155: 2797: 2776: 2744:

in 1947. Since the 20th century, Tamils have migrated to other regions such as

2686: 2660: 2626: 2547: 2515: 2384: 2368: 2309: 2264:

overthrew him in 1409 CE after which the influence of his family declined. The

2241: 2226: 2028: 1976: 1937: 1793:

and ruled for almost two centuries. In the sixteenth century, Vijaynagara king

1718:'s reign in the thirteenth century CE. The Pandyas again reigned supreme under 1715: 1447: 1435: 1317: 1305: 1266: 1131: 1040: 1026: 920: 916: 912: 879: 841: 781: 606: 535: 511: 480: 427: 402: 382: 260: 217: 131: 119: 17900:

The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Five Sasay To Zorgot), Volume 5

17047:

Interpreting Devotion: The Poetry and Legacy of a Female Bhakti Saint of India

10555: 9578: 9541: 8203: 7911: 6187:"The ancient history behind the maritime trade route between India and Europe" 4926: 2836: 2673: 1526: 1393: 52: 19936: 19461: 19185: 19165: 19073: 18725: 18721: 18263: 17978: 16872: 16777: 16321: 15109: 14944: 14920: 14813: 14582: 11473: 11179: 11026: 9972: 9384: 7919: 6813:

The mission which Rajendra sent to China was essentially a trade mission, ...

6735: 6725: 5777: 5764:"Keezhadi excavations: Sangam era older than previously thought, finds study" 4669: 4609: 4582: 4487: 4479: 3927: 3852: 3839: 3787: 3756: 3648: 3614: 3606: 3555: 3449: 3433: 3426: 3139: 3049: 3008: 2989: 2955: 2902: 2857: 2849: 2765: 2749: 2722: 2648: 2457:

other countries. By the 1970s, initial non-violent political struggle for an

2331: 2141:, indicate a similar cultural connection with the people of South India. The 1921: 1873: 1830: 1798: 1586: 1534: 1301: 1297: 1281: 1274: 1247: 1150: 1111: 1011: 1002: 990: 954: 908: 875: 871: 853: 797: 543: 422: 375: 308: 16555:

India, Sri Lanka and the SAARC Region: History, Popular Culture and Heritage

16386:"Flavours of Kongunadu: There are several Tamil Nadus when it comes to food" 15084: 11107:

Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamil nāḍu

6989:

The Land, Peasantry, and Peasant Life in India New Direction, Renewed Debate

3830: 3794:) in the Tamil calendar relate to the celestial bodies in the solar system: 1581:

towards the end of the sixth century CE and with the Cholas in obscurity in

19926: 19878: 19853: 19456: 19336: 19180: 19175: 18836: 18573: 18146: 17666:

Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu

16516: 14919:

Wijepala, W. M. T. B.; Young, Sansfica M.; Ishiga, Hiroaki (1 April 2022).

14781: 12436: 8505:(Report). Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations. 7375: 6039:

Kamil Zvelebil (1991). "Comments on the Tolkappiyam Theory of Literature".

4596: 4467: 4428: 4396: 4316: 4040: 3899: 3887: 3856: 3661: 3518: 3481: 3160: 3006:, thus making Tamil the first Indian language to be printed and published. 2994: 2861: 2813: 2790: 2694: 2609: 2408:

The northern and eastern areas of Sri Lanka with majority Tamil population.

2376: 2371:

captured the island later and ruled for more than a century. Following the

2305: 2257: 2249: 2186: 2142: 2129: 2108: 2092: 2024: 1941: 1893: 1861: 1786:. The Vijayanagara empire eventually conquered the entire Tamil country by 1731: 1723: 1688: 1676: 1649: 1609: 1574: 1487: 1431: 1235: 1219: 1200: 978: 829: 672: 616: 563: 559: 432: 397: 362: 165: 18865:

A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar

16764:(2). Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 73–75. 15073:"India's Legendary Wootz Steel: An Advanced Material of the Ancient World" 10747: 10504: 3407:

from the ancient Tamilakam which are played during events and functions.

3044:, many Tamil poets and writers sought to provoke national spirit, notably 18961: 18750:

Sri Vaikunda Swamigal and the Struggle for Social Equality in South India

15737: 15712:

C. Monahan, Susanne; Andrew Mirola, William; O. Emerson, Michael (2001).

12459: 7117:'How Best Do We Survive?' A Modern Political History of the Tamil Muslims 4547: 4503: 4452: 4362: 4319:

forms a part of the Tamil Hindu culture similar to the Hindu traditions.

4303:. It was customary for people who sought victory in war to worship these 4300: 4239:

worship existed in the Shaivite culture as a part of the Tamil pantheon,

4125: 4068: 3915: 3868: 3844: 3634: 3618: 3547: 3529: 3499: 3489: 3357: 3336: 3143: 3135: 2984: 2853: 2745: 2555: 2527: 2458: 2358:

arrived in the island in 1669 and described the Tamil settlements in the

2233: 2117: 2084: 1957: 1913: 1905: 1897: 1877: 1742:

and captured parts of Sri Lanka. The Pandyas ruled from their capital of

1566: 1562: 1491: 1451: 1215: 947: 845: 801: 589: 13529: 9563:

McConnell, D. (2008). "The Tamil people's right to self-determination".

8716:

Early Tamil Epigraphy From The Earliest Times To The Sixth Century A. D.

7927: 7365: 4729: 4709: 2216: 2079: 1030: 19579: 19531: 19296: 18044: 17986: 17954: 16785: 15777: 15742: 13603: 13071: 12506: 12109: 10756: 10672: 10302: 10028: 8851: 8499: 7056: 6592: 6538: 6415: 6158: 6139: 6022: 5591: 5058: 4931: 4519: 4491: 4475: 4408: 4304: 4295: 4133: 4117: 4113: 4100: 4087: 4060: 4004: 3765: 3713: 3639: 3507: 3469: 3461: 3445: 3441: 3384: 3345: 3266: 3214: 3045: 3017: 2959: 2950: 2931: 2868:

such as Batticaloa Tamil, Jaffna Tamil and Negombo Tamil in Sri Lanka.

2531: 2442: 2351: 2173:, which points to the presence of Tamils in the region. Excavations in 1751: 1665: 1637: 1423: 1344: 982: 805: 611: 227: 17940:Śaṅgam polity: the administration and social life of the Śaṅgam Tamils 14821: 14785: 7843:

History Net: Where History Comes Alive – World & US History Online

7660:

Symbols of substance : court and state in Nayaka period Tamilnadu

6854: 5570:

Codrington, K. De B. (October 1930). "Indian Cairn- and Urn-Burials".

3287: 2315:

logistical and strategic base for accessing the interior ruled by the

1983:

gathered momentum in the early 20th century with the formation of the

1963:

Failure of the summer monsoons and administrative shortcomings of the

1773: 19354: 18510:

Muslim identity, print culture and the Dravidian factor in Tamil Nadu

18484: 18277: 18236: 18203: 18079: 17758:

Tamil Civilization:Quarterly Research Journal of the Tamil University

17509: 17239: 17051: 16473:

Acceptable Genes? Religious Traditions and Genetically Modified Foods

16419: 15457: 15425: 15384: 15318: 14573: 13321: 12405: 12373: 11814: 11325: 11293: 11260: 10700: 10651:

Maloney, C. (1970). "The Beginnings of Civilization in South India".

10587: 10443: 10414: 10334: 10013:

Christophe Z Guilmoto (1993). "The Tamil Migration Cycle 1830–1950".

9637: 9480: 9323: 8367: 8277: 8245: 8144: 7772: 7658:

Rao, Velcheru Narayana; Shulman, David; Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1998).

7121: 6491: 6223: 5768: 5735: 4576: 4539: 4436: 4271: 4072: 4064: 4048: 4028: 3931: 3782: 3772: 3671: 3643: 3559: 3485: 3246: 3225:

Tamil sculpture ranges from stone sculptures in temples, to detailed

3188: 2979: 2963: 2706: 2702: 2551: 2543: 2510: 2327: 2174: 2032: 1739: 1672: 1641: 1633: 1590: 1503: 1450:

with the ancient Tamilakam. Much of the commerce from the Romans and

1416: 1289: 1270: 1253: 1212: 932: 863: 849: 833: 320: 276: 234: 18394: 17538:

Sports and Games of the Ancients: (Sports and Games Through History)

16769: 16416:"6 Breakfast Items From Tamil Nadu To Have Instead Of Idli and Dosa" 12498: 10664: 8843: 6883: 6583: 6566: 6407: 6131: 6014: 5583: 4435:

in 3rd century BCE and Buddhist relics from 4th century CE found in

4424: 4015:

is known as Tamil New Year which marks the first day of year on the

3646:

was glorified in ancient Tamil literature. Defeated kings committed

2074: 1967:

system resulted in two severe famines in the Madras Presidency, the

1589:

became increasingly distinct from the eastern parts. A new language

19594: 17970: 17017:

Divinity and Diversity: A Hindu Revitalization Movement in Malaysia

15901:. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 14904: 14888:"Wootz crucible steel: a newly discovered production site in India" 14887: 13380:

Problems and prospects of handicraft artisans in Thanjavur district

10506:

Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891-1970

9605: 9433:

The Political Economy of Armed Conflict: Beyond Greed and Grievance

7753:

The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company

4953:"Commuting Times, Median Rents and Language other than English Use" 4900: 4551: 4507: 4495: 4444: 4420: 4404: 4312: 4308: 4200: 4188: 4172: 4012: 3923: 3895: 3683: 3622: 3543: 3538: 3503: 3460:

are usually performed by women while singing songs. In dances like

3453: 3404: 3330: 3234: 3191: 3184: 2821: 2598: 2276: 2261: 2190: 2122: 2003:. The Tamils formed a significant percentage of the members of the 1964: 1825:

Later conflicts and European colonization (17th to 20th century CE)

1727: 1645: 1629: 1604: 1594: 1578: 1549: 1538: 1530: 1511: 1507: 1482: 1385: 1208: 1153: 962: 944: 170: 148: 15421:"From silent films to the digital era — Madras' tryst with cinema" 15380:

Tamil cinema: the cultural politics of India's other film industry

12201:"Five Hindu temples to visit outside India that are worth a visit" 5731:"Artifacts unearthed at Keeladi to find a special place in museum" 4881:. Delhi: Mittal Publications. pp. 9–14, 27–30, 67–74, 113–18. 3364:, a combination of various folk musics is sung mainly in Chennai. 2828:. The existent Tamil grammar is largely based on the grammar book 1222:

dated between 15th and 20th century BCE indicate the use of early

19584: 19574: 19376: 19310: 19032: 18973: 18700:"The guardian deities of Sri Lanka: Skanda-Murgan and Kataragama" 15711: 13696:

Kaṭṭaikkūttu: The Flexibility of a South Indian Theatre Tradition

11595:. Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. p. 123. 4638:

Tamils in Sri Lanka are classified into three ethnicities by the

4543: 4499: 4448: 4440: 4400: 4380: 4307:

to bless them with victory. In rural areas, local deities called

4289: 4252: 4248: 4240: 4192: 4141: 4137: 4105: 4052: 3971: 3966: 3935: 3907: 3903: 3883: 3864: 3860: 3811: 3551: 3230: 3210: 3206: 3172: 3114: 3104: 3088: 2890: 2668: 2602: 2417: 2324: 2221: 2197: 1818: 1743: 1707: 1702: 1582: 1455: 1443: 1389: 1380:

The Sangam period rulers patronized multiple religions including

1241: 1087: 175: 17565:

Finkel, Irving (2004). "Round and Round the Houses: The Game of

16512:

Tamilnadu A Journey in Time Part II People, Places and Potpourri

12234:"A Tradition Created: Indo-Saracenic Architecture under the Raj" 9231: 9229: 8397:

Migrant women and urban labour market: concepts and case studies

7299:"Rama Raya (1484–1565): élite mobility in a Persianized world". 4108:

is a traditional conatct sport that originated from the Tamils.

3399:

are the major musical instruments used in temples and weddings.

3062: 2296:

Later conflicts and European colonization (16th–20th century CE)

1675:

in South East Asia. The Cholas had trade links with the Chinese

19118: 18730:

Proceedings of the Third International Tamil Conference Seminar

13824:

Portals: Opening Doorways to Other Realities Through the Senses

12137:"Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh build temple ties to boost tourism" 11736: 8986:. Dynasty of Jaffna Kings' Historical Society. pp. 82–84. 8027:

Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj

6858: 6731:

The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300

6567:"Rubies and Coral: The Lapidary Crafting of Language in Kerala" 6495: 5923: 4511: 4432: 4345: 4327: 4216: 3879: 3819: 3716:

on traditional occasions. Young girls wear a long skirt called

3630: 3626: 3610: 3602: 3594: 3578: 3570: 3566: 3495: 3477: 3392: 3380: 3372: 3291: 3250: 3249:

and temple attributed to Pandyas and Pallavas which consist of

3226: 3218: 3119: 3102:

is the distinct style of architecture of the Tamils. The large

3082: 2975: 2753: 2584:

Tamils in Sri Lanka are classified into two ethnicities by the

2559: 2485:

through bombing civilian targets, usage of heavy weaponry, the

2422: 2288: 2282: 2270: 2245: 2104: 2036: 1872:

obtained a grant for land from the Vijayanager emperor and the

1657: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1330: 1313: 1191: 1146: 1134: 940: 935:. The ancient Tamil country had its own system of music called 919:, induced the development of many Southeast Asian scripts. The 18232:"2,200-year-old Tamil-Brahmi inscription found on Samanamalai" 13417:"Mathalam - Ancient music instruments mentioned in Thirumurai" 13261:..Thaarai and thappattai, native instruments of Tamil people.. 13215: 12635:"Sittanavasal – A passage to the Indian History and Monuments" 12369:"Chennai, a rich amalgamation of various architectural styles" 9156:

Sri Lanka: National Conflict and the Tamil Liberation Struggle

8029:. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. pp. 172–181. 7420:(Reprinted ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 48. 5943:

Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XX (1929–1930). Delhi, 1933, pp. 86–89

5160:

Tamilians, a group living in the southern state of Tamil Nadu.

4043:

is a Tamil cultural festival celebrated in the Tamil month of

2399: 1987:, which was based on an idea propagated by the members of the 1656:, the Chola empire reached its zenith and stretched as far as 1640:

conquering the entire Southern India and parts of present-day

1234:. Further epigraphical inscriptions found at Adichanallur use 18778:"Religious Beliefs and Social Hierarchy in Tamiḻ Nāḍu, India" 18199:"On the southern tip of India, a village steeped in the past" 17925:

Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh: Volume 100

17741: 17416:. Ming Li, Eric W. MacIntosh, Gonzalo A. Bravo. p. 106. 16825: 13383:. Archers & Elevators Publishing House. pp. 38, 43. 12804:

Thanjavur Paintings: Materials, Techniques & Conservation

11145:

Keywords for India: A Conceptual Lexicon for the 21st Century

10821: 10819: 9793:"The Sri Lankan Civil War and Its History, Revisited in 2020" 9226: 8866: 8665:

Sri Lanka: Ethnic Fratricide and the Dismantling of Democracy

6917:

Kulke, Hermann; Kesavapany, K.; Sakhuja, Vijay, eds. (2009).

5320: 4843:"A2: Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012" 4471: 4236: 4224: 4208: 4109: 3983: 3961: 3815: 3737: 3732: 3726: 3586: 3582: 3574: 3457: 3400: 3368: 3361: 3321: 3295: 3254: 3237: 3168: 3060:

According to Tamil literature, there are 64 art forms called

2967: 2785: 2690: 1865: 1838: 1714:

The eventual decline of Chola power began towards the end of

1684: 1499: 1495: 1439: 1405: 1401: 883: 816:. They also form significant proportion of the population in 749: 352: 242: 160: 18842:

The Evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils of Sri Lanka

15803: 10360: 9633:"UN rights chief seeks sanctions against Sri Lanka generals" 8890: 5667:"Keezhadi sixth phase: What do the findings so far tell us?" 5490:"Skeletons dating back 3,800 years throw light on evolution" 3126:

cave-temples established by the various Tamil kingdoms. The

1427:

were limited through the adherence to an established order.

1102:

was first used as a self designation or a by outsiders. The

784:

and trace their ancestry mainly to the southern part of the

14337: 11215:

Bergunder, Michael; Frese, Heiko; Schröder, Ulrike (2011).

9987: 9476:

Security And Development: Investing in Peace And Prosperity

8902: 8552: 8188:"Theosophy and the Origins of the Indian National Congress" 7226:

The position of Hindus under the Delhi Sultanate, 1206–1526

5305: 4531: 4483: 3919: 3911: 3875: 3848: 3803: 3799: 3708: 3638:

sacrifice and fallen heroes and kings were worshipped with

3376: 3109: 3016:

between 1924 and 1939, was amongst the first comprehensive

2834:

which incorporates facets from the old Tamil literary work

2698: 1471: 998: 837: 16508: 15830:. World Scientific Publishing Company. 2017. p. 226. 15110:

Peter J. Claus; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003).

14238: 10816: 10165:"Image and Identity: Tamil Migration to the United States" 8748: 7202:. University Press of Florida. pp. 300–306, 321–322. 6847: 4486:

as their mother tongue. Tamil Muslims in India follow the

2236:. In 1215, following Pandya invasions, the Tamil-dominant 2014: 1660:

in the north and across the Indian Ocean. He defeated the

1480:, describes the ports of the Pandya and Chera kingdoms in 15148: 12800: 12576:. International Institute of Tamil Studies. p. 459. 9735: 8938: 8736: 8363:"Tracing the demand to rename Madras State as Tamil Nadu" 7571:"Rhythms of the Portuguese presence in the Bay of Bengal" 6514: 6263:"The Medieval Spice Trade and the Diffusion of the Chile" 6243: 5197: 5125: 3795: 3777: 3590: 3565:

Tamil martial arts uses various types of weapons such as

3020:

published in the language. The 19th century gave rise to

2354:, who was helped by the Thanjavur Nayaks. English sailor 1726:. Though the Cholas were revived briefly with the aid of 911:

of the region. Scripts brought by Tamil traders like the

731: 725: 18025:"Horse Shrines in Tamil India: Reflections on Modernity" 17412:

Li, Ming; MacIntosh, Eric W.; Bravo, Gonzalo A. (2012).

16716:

Vegetarianism and Animal Ethics in Contemporary Buddhism

15957: 15566:

Saris: An Illustrated Guide to the Indian Art of Draping

13026: 11588: 11578:. International Institute of Tamil Studies. p. 554. 11006:

Ancient Tamil Country: Its Social and Economic Structure

10837: 9411: 9361:"Sri Lanka: racism and the politics of underdevelopment" 9025: 8926: 8914: 8608: 8596: 7445:. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. pp. 151, 154–158. 7252:

The New Cambridge History of India Vijayanagara Volume 1

6377: 6375: 5974:. Kerala Council for Historical Research. Archived from 5177:

The smile of Murugan: on Tamil literature of South India

4494:

schools while the Tamil Muslims in Sri Lanka follow the

2848:

of Tamil is spoken by the Tamils across regions such as

2130:

Anuradhapura period (4th century BCE to 10th century CE)

1544:

From the fourth century CE, the region was ruled by the

1338:. The rulers of smaller territories were referred to as 18539:

Handbook of Ethnic Conflict: International Perspectives

16551: 15827:

Singapore Ethnic Mosaic, The: Many Cultures, One People

14790:

and the Indian wrestler: the anatomy of a relationship"

12958:(in Tamil). Karanthai Tamil Sangam. 1976. p. 241. 11398:

Tamil Renaissance and the Dravidian Movement, 1905-1944

9291:. People's Tribunal on Sri Lanka (PTSL). Archived from 8878: 6921:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 11–12. 4255:

is regarded as the eldest son, who is venerated as the

3340:) were sung along with playing of musical instruments. 3074:(fine art forms) which include dance, music and drama. 2145:

inscriptions on them indicate Tamil clan names such as

1316:

delta. They are mentioned in the inscriptions from the

895:. The major kingdoms to rule the region later were the 18732:. Paris: International Association of Tamil Research. 17505:"Traditional sports and games mark Pongal festivities" 15569:. New York: Shakti Press International. p. 6,15. 11214: 7955: 7657: 6916: 4664:

Includes all speakers of the Tamil language oncluding

3328:) in temples. From the 9th century CE, Shaivite hymns 1746:

and expanded trade links with other maritime empires.

19862: 18613:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 138. 15070: 14381:

Wolf, Gita; Geetha, V.; Ravishankar, Anushka (2003).

14380: 14239:

Soneji, Devesh; Viswanathan Peterson, Indira (2008).

12882:

Music rituals in the temples of South India, Volume 1

12570:Ē. En̲ Perumāḷ (1983). Ca. Vē Cuppiramaṇiyan̲ (ed.). 12028:"The Tamil Gopura From Temple Gateway to Global Icon" 10363:"Ancestral Dravidian languages in Indus Civilization" 10012: 9601:"Sri Lanka's war 10 years on: Finding Father Francis" 9319:

Narratives of Gendered Dissent in South Asian Cinemas

8690:

Early Settlements in Jaffna: An Archaeological Survey

7715:

Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present

6372: 5868: 5382: 5274: 2217:

Polonnaruwa and Jaffna kingdom (11th–15th century CE)

2137:

potsherds found in Sri Lanka from the early reign of

1521: 1438:

and other epigraphical evidence from South India and

788:. The Tamil language is one of the longest-surviving 758: 737: 18933:

Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature

18609:

Manguin, Pierre-Yves; Mani, A.; Wade, Geoff (2011).

17341:

The ritual dates back as far as 2,000 years ...

17301:

A Western Journalist on India: The Ferengi's Columns

16832:. University of California Press. pp. 156–157. 15071:

Srinivasan, Sharada; Ranganathan, Srinivasa (2004).

14980:

Notes on prehistoric and early iron in the Old World

14743: 11634:

History of Indian and Eastern Architecture: Volume 1

11289:"Delay, howlers in Tamil Lexicon embarrass scholars" 11143:

Nair, Rukmini Bhaya; de Souza, Peter Ronald (2020).

10403: 8140:"The great famine of Madras and the men who made it" 7962:. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 94. 6986: 6706: 5945:. Missouri Southern State University. Archived from 5880: 5551: 4572: 3138:. The Pallavas, who built the group of monuments in 2982:. Notable work from the post-Bhakti period included 1334:

chiefs and settlements headed by clan chiefs called

746: 734: 722: 16988:

Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia

14918: 11923: 11218:

Ritual, Caste, and Religion in Colonial South India

9701:"Up to 100,000 killed in Sri Lanka's civil war: UN" 9210:

Sri Lanka: Current Issues and Historical Background

7113: 6089:"Poem: Purananuru - Part 231 by George L. III Hart" 6059:"Poem: Purananuru - Part 224 by George L. III Hart" 5414:

Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot

3066:. The art is classified into two broad categories: 2323:resisted contacts with the Portuguese and repelled 1900:was one of the earliest opponents, joined later by 1774:

Vijayanagar and Nayak period (14th–17th century CE)

1620:The Cholas were revived in the ninth century CE by 743: 728: 719: 17864: 17780:Ayyanar and Mariamman, Folk Deities in South India 17637:Viraha Bhakti: The Early History of Krsna Devotion 15211:"Tamil, Telugu film industries outshine Bollywood" 14055:Jhal Muri: Embracing Life's Unpredictable Flavours 11925: 10162: 8771:. Associated Newspapers of Ceylon. pp. 24–25. 7331: 7007: 6995: 6898: 6658:Jouveau-Dubreuil, Gabriel (1995). "The Pallavas". 6631:Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections 5239: 4274:, is thought to have been derived from an ancient 3510:manipulated by rods and strings attached to them. 1442:with Tamil writing found in excavations along the 13692: 13661: 12843:Tanjavur Painting of the Maratha Period: Volume 1 11427: 10102:"Strangers to their roots, and those around them" 8984:The Jaffna Dynasty: Vijayakalingan to Narasinghan 7195: 6884:John Allan; Wolseley Haig; Henry Dodwell (1934). 6184: 5345: 4542:in Tamil Nadu, mainly in the southern districts. 3154:, was later expanded by the Vijayanagara and the 2075:Pre-Anuradhapura period (before fifth century CE) 2027:, comprising present-day Tamil Nadu and parts of 1936:with Madras as the capital. On 10 July 1806, the 1636:. The Chola influence expanded subsequently with 939:. Tamil performing arts include the theatre form 19934: 17436: 17411: 16798: 16656:(Report). National Siddha Council. August 2020. 15999:Tamil Culture: Religion, Culture, and Literature 15519: 14012:Kudiyattam Theatre and the Actor's Consciousness 12025: 11890: 11815:Susan L. Huntington; John C. Huntington (2014). 11253: 10260:Tamil among the classical languages of the world 9472: 9137:Britain: losing and gaining an empire, 1763–1914 8175:. Working Committee of the Congress. p. 11. 7682: 7288:. Navakerala Co-op Publishing House. p. 47. 6931: 6657: 6368:. South Indian History Congress. pp. 28–34. 5862:Tamil culture: religion, culture, and literature 5126:Frank Rennie, Robin Mason, ed. (December 2008). 2056:of the Tamils have consistently improved due to 1762:. In 1335, the Pandyan capital was conquered by 18608: 18262: 17624:. Directorate of Census Operations. p. 74. 17569:". In Mackenzie, Colin; Finkel, Irving (eds.). 16907: 15996: 15894: 14846: 14051: 13936:Tamil Culture in Ceylon: A General Introduction 13216:Jeff Todd Titon; Svanibor Pettan, eds. (2015). 13185:"Torching prejudice through gumption and Gaana" 13101:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments 12980: 12722: 11818:The Art of Ancient India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain 11771: 11573: 11351: 11068:The Bhakti Movement: Renaissance or Revivalism? 11003: 10984: 9960: 7363: 7271:Sri Brihadisvara, the Great Temple of Thanjavur 7268: 6363: 5859: 4140:are played across the region. In modern times, 1848:several times and defeated the Nawab after the 19953:Ethnic groups divided by international borders 18635:Census 2001 – Statewise population by Religion 17955:"Tamil Religion: Melting Pot or Battleground?" 17014: 16908:Spagnoli, Cathy; Samanna, Paramasivam (1999). 16829:The art of rice: spirit and sustenance in Asia 16216:"The Benefits of Eating Food on Banana Leaves" 16021: 14643: 13965: 13279:. Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, 13272: 13218:The Oxford Handbook of Applied Ethnomusicology 12573:Heritage of the Tamils: Art & Architecture 12569: 12337:"Art Deco Style Remains, But Elements Missing" 11540: 10613: 10466: 10361:Bahata Ansumali Mukhopadhyay (3 August 2021). 9043: 8241:"Subramania Bharati: The poet and the patriot" 7468:Political history of Carnatic under the Nawabs 7400: 7082: 6038: 5360: 5237: 5221:International Journal of Dravidial Linguistics 4415:, who were patrons of Jainism, ruled over the 3964:, which was passed on to 18 holy men known as 1601:from Northern India in the eighth century CE. 1348:mentioning the names of many such chieftains. 1242:Sangam period (3rd century BCE–3rd century CE) 1067:, meaning "the proper process (of speaking)". 19269: 18989: 18704:The Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies 17773: 17771: 16712: 16062:"Hospitality Characteristics of Tamil People" 15483: 15245:After Empire: The Birth of a Multipolar World 14538:"Martial Arts (Silambam & Kalaripayattu)" 14505: 14384:Masks and Performance with Everyday Materials 13863: 13498:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M 13097: 12530: 11928:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M 11647: 10367:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 9924:Population by Ethnicity according to District 9731:"Sri Lankan president declares war 'victory'" 9006: 8785:Coromandel: A Personal History of South India 8705: 8703: 8400:. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 105. 7959:History of Modern India:1707 A.D. to 2000 A.D 7683:Thilakavathy, M.; Maya, R. K. (5 June 2019). 7283: 7196:Gilmartin, David; Lawrence, Bruce B. (2000). 5331:sfn error: no target: CITEREFIndarapala2007 ( 4518:originated as a result of the trade with the 4183:was classified into five categories known as 3562:is the traditional form of combat-wrestling. 2948:. Another book of the post Sangam era is the 2923:("Eighteen Greater Texts") consisting of the 2346:in 1591. After the conflicts, the Portuguese 1817:were the most prominent. They introduced the 1328:ruled over several hill tribes headed by the 1114:dated to the second century BCE, describes a 690: 18694: 18536: 18483:. Routledge language family series. London: 17619: 17232: 16864: 16681: 15643: 14996: 14338:Axel Michaels; Christoph Wulf, eds. (2012). 14289:, South Zone Cultural Center. Archived from 13098:Alastair Dick (1984). Sadie, Stanley (ed.). 11171: 11142: 11018: 10616:Credentials of Tamil as a classical language 10540: 10229: 7534:. Madras: K. R. Subramanian. pp. 52–53. 7443:Battles of the Honourable East India Company 7249: 7025: 6613: 5805:Social and Cultural History of Ancient India 5054:A South Indian Journey: The Smile of Murugan 2518:speakers in South India and Sri Lanka (1981) 1612:at its greatest extent, during the reign of 1192:Pre-historic period (before 4th century BCE) 1079:meaning "self-speak", or "our own speech". 51: 18229: 18105: 17937: 17804:"Principles and Practice of Hindu Religion" 17235:"Governor clears ordinance on 'jallikattu'" 17111: 16469: 16251:. Crabtree Publishing Company. p. 29. 16156:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2023. p. 41. 15964:. Asian Educational Services. p. 631. 15515: 15513: 15511: 15509: 14999:"Technology of Iron and Steel in Kodumanal" 14850:Ashoka's Lions: The Warrior Spirit of India 14639: 14637: 12689: 10693: 10201:"New Beginnings: Tamil Heritage in Toronto" 9998:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 ( 9853:"Sri Lanka: New Evidence of Wartime Abuses" 9473:Picciotto, Robert; Weaving, Rachel (2006). 9153: 9111:An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon 9009:A critical history of Jaffna: the Tamil era 8825: 8823: 8821: 8658: 8656: 8626: 8173:The History of the Indian National Congress 8170: 8117:. Oxford University Press. pp. 23–25. 7529: 7490: 7337:Politics and Social Conflict in South India 6366:Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference 6324: 6295: 5219:(1998). "On the Origin of the word tamiz". 4723: 4668:individuals do not speak the language as a 4605:List of languages by first written accounts 3112:of the Dravidian style. They are topped by 2400:Post Sri Lankan independence (1948–present) 2361:An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon 1648:, and increased Chola influence across the 1404:performed by the kings as described in the 19276: 19262: 18996: 18982: 18424:Survey of Buddhist temples and monasteries 18197:Nagarajan, Saraswathy (17 November 2011). 17777: 17768: 15918:Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions 15682: 15376: 14885: 14718: 14610:"Dravidian martial art on a comeback mode" 14242:Reinventing the Arts in Modern South India 14086:. Parragon Publishing. 2012. p. 206. 13870:. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 60–65. 13735: 13494: 12983:"Orality, writing and music in South Asia" 12761: 12307:Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority 12272:Henry Irwin, Architect in India, 1841–1922 12169:"Ten Hindu temples to visit outside India" 11986: 11728: 11466:Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 11060: 11058: 10543:"Diglossia and Tamil varieties in Chennai" 10437: 9358: 8956: 8700: 7768:"Madras Miscellany: When Pondy was wasted" 7711: 7222: 7163:. Discovery Publishing House. p. 82. 6802: 6769: 6767: 6677:. Numismatic Society of India. p. 34. 6000: 5762:Jesudasan, Dennis S. (20 September 2019). 5569: 5378: 5376: 5326: 5215: 4502:are Tamils who were converted to Islam by 4299:) was prevalent and it continued till the 3981:Tamils decorate their homes with colorful 3834:A traditional meal served on a banana leaf 3790:in the middle of April. The days of week ( 3197: 3024:and writings and poems by authors such as 2970:literature became prominent following the 2500: 697: 683: 18835: 18793: 18316:The First Spring: The Golden Age of India 18196: 18043: 18019: 17717: 17379:. Human Kinetics. May 2010. p. 183. 16153:The Bloomsbury Handbook of Indian Cuisine 15767: 15765: 15639: 15637: 15562: 14903: 14721:Kalarippayat: India's Ancient Martial Art 14199: 14118: 13347: 12909: 12878: 12493:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art: 29–79. 11627: 11589:Jose Joseph; L. Stanislaus, eds. (2007). 10944: 10942: 10902: 10844:. Asian Educational Services. p. 2. 10793: 10755: 10696:"Palani excavation triggers fresh debate" 10554: 9566:Cambridge Review of International Affairs 9562: 9531: 8944: 8872: 8788:. Little, Brown Book Group. p. 154. 8742: 8687: 8614: 8558: 7545:Bhosle, Pratap Sinh Serfoji Raje (2017). 7465: 7301:A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761 7156: 6968:Aiyangar, Sakkottai Krishnaswami (1921). 6692:. Harvard University Press. p. 104. 6582: 6117: 5761: 5385:Jesus of Nazareth: The Deep State of Rome 4470:to the Tamils between 52 and 70 CE. 3633:(discus) and theepandam (flaming baton). 3525:, a dagger that originated in South India 2974:in 7th century CE with hymns composed by 2445:to India over a period of fifteen years. 1908:in the first series of Polygar wars. The 18927: 18813: 18746: 18396:Role of Archaeology on Maritime Buddhism 17742:Steven Rosen; Graham M. Schweig (2006). 17336: 17086: 17043: 16911:Jasmine and Coconuts: South Indian Tales 16826:Roy W. Hamilton; Aurora Ammayao (2003). 16755: 16318:"Big, bold flavours from a small island" 16001:. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan. p. 77. 15506: 14892:Papers from the Institute of Archaeology 14886:Srinivasan, Sharada (15 November 1994). 14634: 14008: 13932: 13739:Ritual, State, and History in South Asia 13565:. Abhinav Publications. pp. 42–43. 13558: 13376: 13244: 12839: 12765:The World of Indian murals and paintings 12637:. 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Gupta; Mrinalini Mani (2005). 12466:from the original on 16 October 2006 12413:from the original on 8 December 2023 12349:from the original on 8 December 2023 12231: 11442:from the original on 21 October 2023 11110:. Abhinav Publications. p. 47. 11071:. Taylor & Francis. p. 46. 10694:Subramaniam, T.S. 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Harper Collins. p. 31-36. 7744: 7732:from the original on 3 June 2024 7705: 7693:from the original on 3 June 2024 7676: 7651: 7619: 7589: 7563: 7538: 7523: 7484: 7459: 7434: 7409: 7394: 7177:from the original on 26 May 2023 6443:10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00499 5912:from the original on 11 May 2011 5784:from the original on 3 June 2024 4937: 4908:from the original on 8 June 2014 4589: 4575: 4370: 4361: 4335: 4326: 4164:Vaishnavism in Ancient Tamilakam 4023:. Other major festivals include 3310:. Sangam literature such as the 2608:There also exists a significant 1860:arrived in 1522 followed by the 1364: 1355: 1262:Economy of ancient Tamil country 1187:Sources of ancient Tamil history 1029:. The people are referred to as 1025:is derived from the name of the 981:, and a small percentage follow 715: 666: 304:Sources of ancient Tamil history 275: 19836:Revenue divisions in Tamil Nadu 18806: 17571:Asian Games: The Art of Contest 16868:Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide 15248:. Public Affairs. p. 248. 15116:. Routledge. pp. 21, 386. 14203:Traditions of Indian Folk Dance 12807:. National Museum. p. 14. 12768:. Chillbreeze. pp. 55–57. 11686:; Vikramaditya Prakash (2017). 10878:"Overview of Sangam literature" 10472:Pre-history of Tamil literature 10404:R.E.Asher; E.Annamalai (2002). 9863:from the original on 9 May 2021 9212:. Nova Publishers. p. 87. 8688:Ragupathy, Ponnampalam (1987). 8334:States Reorganisation Act, 1956 8152:from the original on 9 May 2021 8138:Kolappan, B. (22 August 2013). 8092:from the original on 1 May 2015 7956:Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (2002). 7802:A global chronology of conflict 7780:from the original on 1 May 2023 7403:Hinduism and the Religious Arts 7357: 7325: 7292: 7277: 7262: 7243: 7223:Srivastava, Kanhaiya L (1980). 7216: 7189: 7150: 7107: 7076: 7044: 7019: 6980: 6961: 6925: 6910: 6877: 6818: 6796: 6718: 6681: 6666: 6651: 6622: 6607: 6565:Freeman, Rich (February 1998). 6558: 6526: 6422: 6387: 6357: 6318: 6289: 6255: 6211: 6178: 6146: 6111: 6081: 6051: 6032: 5994: 5961: 5931: 5892: 5853: 5821: 5796: 5755: 5723: 5691: 5658: 5628: 5601: 5563: 5514: 5482: 5450: 5424: 5405: 5354: 5339: 5299: 5268: 5231: 5209: 5165: 5119: 5087: 5051:Wood, Michael (2 August 2007). 5044: 4896:"Analysis: Tamil-Muslim divide" 4692: 4683: 4658: 4522:. Mercantile groups introduced 4466:, is believed to have preached 4187:, which were associated with a 4175:, guardian folk deity of Tamils 3513: 3298:, traditional music instruments 3077: 2063: 1137:texts, there is a mention of a 1082:It is unknown whether the term 893:trade relations with the Romans 16:Dravidian ethnolinguistic group 19821:Districts in Tamil Nadu by HDI 18753:. Ram Publishers. p. 98. 18083:. 22 July 2006. Archived from 17414:International Sport Management 17376:International Sport Management 16805:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 547–548. 15346:"Farewell to old cinema halls" 14206:. Clarion Books. p. 337. 14119:Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2016). 11899:Archaeological Survey of India 11866:Archaeological Survey of India 10614:George L. Hart (August 2018). 10547:Acta Linguistica Petropolitana 10234:. Cambridge Language Surveys. 10048:. Institute of Asian Studies. 9185:University of California Press 8171:Sitaramayya, Pattabhi (1935). 7689:. MJP Publisher. p. 583. 7686:Facets of Contemporary history 7341:University of California Press 6774:Smith, Vincent Arthur (1904). 5971:Perspectives on Kerala History 5521:John, Vino (27 January 2006). 5383:Tomás Morales y Durán (2020). 5314:Archaeological Survey of India 5275:Rama Shankar Tripathi (1942). 4920: 4632: 4459:led by Alwars and Nayanmars. 3655: 2929:("Eight Anthologies") and the 2491:massacres of Sri Lankan Tamils 1722:and defeated the Cholas under 1577:. The Pandyas were revived by 1557:in the sixth century CE under 1205:Archaeological Survey of India 899:(3rd–9th century CE), and the 1: 18361:Journal of Marine Archaeology 17622:Arts and Crafts of Tamil Nadu 17089:Holiday Symbols & Customs 15716:. Prentice Hall. p. 83. 15686:Exploring The Riches Of India 15608:. New York: Harry N. Abrams. 15453:"Weaving through the threads" 15377:Velayutham, Selvaraj (2008). 14806:10.1525/ae.1992.19.2.02a00070 14751:Journal of Asian Martial Arts 14744:Zarrilli, Phillip B. (1992). 13437:(in Tamil). Project Madurai. 12602:A centre for Arts and Culture 12268:"Indo-saracenic Architecture" 12048:10.3998/ars.13441566.0045.004 11287:Kolappan, B. (22 June 2014). 11221:. Primus Books. p. 107. 10906:Tamil Love Poetry and Poetics 10016:Economic and Political Weekly 9963:"In search of a new identity" 8538:. Vijitha Yapa. p. 129. 7309:10.1017/CHOL9780521254847.006 5636:"the eternal harappan script" 4746: 3652:, a form of ritual suicide. 2871: 2824:from other languages such as 2677:Distribution of Tamils (2013) 2475:Sri Lankan military offensive 1876:established trading posts at 1787: 1624:and the last Pallavas ruler 1047:might have been derived from 959:other traditional dance forms 44: 18886:Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). 18795:10.1525/ae.1975.2.1.02a00100 18111:"Philosophy of Idol Worship" 17808:Hindu Heritage Study Program 17778:Neuenhofer, Christa (2012). 16600:National Institute of Siddha 16066:International Tamil Research 15038:. Vol. 2. p. 365. 13966:Allison Arnold, ed. (2017). 13464:"An ode to Aadi and Ayyanar" 13276:Musical Instruments of India 12910:Nijenhuis, Emmie te (1974). 12401:"Chennai looks to the skies" 11924:James G. Lochtefeld (2002). 11894:Cave-temples of the Pallavas 11544:Āya kalaikaḷ ar̲upattunān̲ku 11430:"Seeds of Tamil Renaissance" 10903:Takahashi, Takanobu (1995). 10653:The Journal of Asian Studies 9827:Council on Foreign Relations 9797:Harvard International Review 9359:Sivanandan, A. (July 1984). 9158:. Tamil Information Centre. 9154:Ponnambalam, Satchi (1983). 8832:The Journal of Asian Studies 7900:The Journal of Asian Studies 7532:The Maratha Rajas of Tanjore 7114:Kenneth McPherson · (2012). 6855:"Great Living Chola Temples" 6629:Paniker, K. Ayyappa (1997). 6571:The Journal of Asian Studies 5348:The Pali Literature of Burma 3991: 3042:Indian Independence Movement 2941:("Eighteen Lesser Texts"). 2740:, notably settled since the 2565: 2373:1795 invasion of the British 1981:Indian Independence movement 1954:Government of India Act 1858 1852:. This led to a short-lived 1805:in 1565 by a confederacy of 1736:Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I 1548:, warriors belonging to the 1320:dated to third century BCE. 1156:received an ambassador from 1017: 973:. A smaller number are also 655:Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism 286: 7: 19973:Ethnic groups in South Asia 16476:. SUNY Press. p. 170. 15563:Boulanger, Chantal (1997). 12995:10.13140/RG.2.2.31623.96169 12487:Metropolitan Museum Journal 12081:University of Chicago Press 11964:National Geographic Society 11172:P.S.Sundaram (3 May 2002). 10583:"Several dialects of Tamil" 9044:Vriddhagirisan, V. (1942). 8982:Kunaraca, Kantaiya (2003). 8959:Jaffna Under the Portuguese 8957:Abeysinghe, Tikiri (1986). 8433:V. Shoba (14 August 2011). 8312:Madras Legislative Assembly 7799:Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). 7597:"Origin of the Name Madras" 7549:. Notion press. p. 3. 7530:Subramanian, K. R. (1928). 6803:Srivastava, Balram (1973). 5900:"The Edicts of King Ashoka" 5834:National Geographic Society 5309:Epigraphia Indica Volume XX 4958:Government of United States 4730: 4710: 4568: 4419:in the 3rd–7th century CE. 4278:, and is also very common. 4147: 4144:is the most popular sport. 3941: 3863:as a part of a Tamil meal. 3744: 3690: 3666:Tamil television soap opera 2901:poetic assemblies known as 2882:Sri Lankan Tamil literature 2864:, Kumari Tamil and various 2808:. According to epigraphist 2770: 2738:Tamil community in Pakistan 1396:, a book of Tamil grammar. 1176: 1031: 1001:items, usually spiced with 348:Chronology of Tamil history 10: 19994: 19978:Ethnic groups in Sri Lanka 19968:Ethnic groups in Singapore 19552:Kaveri River water dispute 19233:Pondicherry Tamil diaspora 18776:Maloney, Clarence (1975). 18172:"Tamil Virtual University" 17542:Greenwood Publishing Group 17304:. Har-Anand Publications. 17298:Gautier, François (2001). 17267:"Jallikattu bull festival" 17021:University of Hawaii Press 16190:"Serving on a banana leaf" 15683:Nick Huyes (10 May 2024). 15484:Parthasarathy, R. (1993). 15035:Ancient and Medieval India 15032:Manning, Charlotte Speir. 14937:10.1007/s41826-022-00046-0 14514:Cambridge University Press 14200:Vatsyayan, Kapila (1987). 14058:. Blue Rose. p. 207. 13781:Ethical Life in South Asia 13736:Heesterman, J. C. (1992). 13693:Hanne M. de Bruin (1999). 13670:University of Pennsylvania 13662:Richard Schechner (2010). 13559:Banerjee, Projesh (1983). 13495:Lochtefeld, James (2002). 13245:Ramkumar, Nithyau (2016). 12879:Rajagopal, Geetha (2009). 12693:Tamil Nadu, a Real History 12534:Art of the Imperial Cholas 11775:History of Interior Design 11395:Arooran, K. Nambi (1980). 10379:10.1057/s41599-021-00868-w 10236:Cambridge University Press 9377:10.1177/030639688402600102 9075:de Silva, Chandra (1972). 9011:. Gyan. pp. 113–117. 9007:Gnanaprakasar, S. (2020). 8769:Ceylon Today and Yesterday 8667:. I.B.Tauris. p. 90. 8435:"Chennai says it in Hindi" 7635:. India. 6 November 2009. 7256:Cambridge University Press 6892:Cambridge University Press 6831:Cambridge University Press 6825:Curtin, Philip D. (1984). 6776:The Early History of India 6660:Asian Educational Services 6325:Chakrabarty, D.K. (2010). 5346:Mabel Haynes Bode (1909). 5134:Information Age Publishing 4993:(Report). 17 August 2022. 4877:Mohan, Vasundhara (1987). 4620:Tamil population by nation 4615:Tamil population by cities 4561: 4506:while other clans such as 4395:During the Sangam period, 4161: 4151: 4093: 3945: 3837: 3748: 3659: 3414: 3276: 2958:. In the beginning of the 2875: 2844:("Tamil mother"). Various 2774: 2763: 2759: 2634: 2624: 2576:Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka 2569: 2481:as a result of committing 2299: 2067: 1916:, formed a coalition with 1870:British East India Company 1251: 1245: 1180: 1171: 622:Christianity in Tamil Nadu 19963:Ethnic groups in Malaysia 19844: 19811: 19608: 19565: 19447: 19384: 19373: 19318: 19303: 19243:Tamil Nadu Tamil diaspora 19238:Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora 19220: 19194: 19153: 19145:Sri Lanka (Indian Tamils) 19110:India (Sri Lankan Tamils) 19097: 19051: 19020: 19011: 18890:. New Age International. 17727:. Harappa. Archived from 17689:Clothey, Fred W. (2019). 17635:Hardy, Friedhelm (2015). 17620:Chandramouli, C. (2004). 17437:Murray, H. J. R. (1913). 17202:"Christmas in Tamil Nadu" 16799:J. Gordon Melton (2011). 16651:Siddha system of medicine 16470:Conrad Bunk, ed. (2009). 15520:Vijaya Ramaswamy (2017). 15490:Columbia University Press 15155:Columbia University Press 14997:Sasisekharan, B. (1999). 14853:. VIJ Books. p. 38. 14719:Luijendijk, D.H. (2005). 13348:Kiruṣṇan̲, Rājam (2002). 12661:"The Ajanta of TamilNadu" 12026:Crispin Branfoot (2015). 11990:Cultural History of India 11891:K. R. Srinivasan (1964). 10556:10.30842/alp2306573714317 9823:"The Sri Lankan Conflict" 9579:10.1080/09557570701828592 9542:10.1080/01436590600850434 9181:Ethnic Groups in Conflict 9179:Horowitz, Donald (2001). 8204:10.1007/s11407-003-0005-4 7941:Caldwell, Robert (1881). 7912:10.1017/S0021911807001234 7805:. ABC—CLIO. p. 756. 7466:Ramaswami, N. S. (1984). 7303:. 2005. pp. 78–104. 7273:. Nile Books. p. 24. 6614:Subrahmanian, N. (1993). 5939:"Hathigumpha Inscription" 5905:Colorado State University 5061:. pp. x, xiii, xvi. 4724: 4702: 4078: 3999:is a major and multi-day 3417:Dance forms of Tamil Nadu 3026:Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai 2866:Sri Lankan Tamil dialects 2804:and is one of the oldest 2781:Sri Lankan Tamil dialects 2631:Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora 1883:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1854:Thanjavur Maratha kingdom 1829:In the 18th century, the 1782:was founded in 1336 1446:indicate the presence of 903:(14th–17th century CE). 493:Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora 223: 213: 205: 200: 189: 184: 142: 137: 130: 125: 114: 106: 98: 90: 82: 74: 66: 61: 43: 38: 29: 19228:Malaysian Tamil diaspora 18566:Abraham, George (2020). 18481:The Indo-Aryan Languages 18453:Government of Tamil Nadu 18276:(4th ed.). London: 18075:"'Hero stone' unearthed" 17938:Subramanium, N. (1980). 17839:Government of Tamil Nadu 17272:Government of Tamil Nadu 17207:Government of Tamil Nadu 17175:Government of Tamil Nadu 17143:Government of Tamil Nadu 17087:Chambers, James (2015). 16289:Government of Tamil Nadu 16025:Social Problems in India 15997:A. Kiruṭṭin̲an̲ (2000). 15923:Encyclopaedia Britannica 15895:S.K. Chatterjee (1998). 15647:Indian Art & Culture 15528:Rowman & Littlefield 14847:Henry Jesuadian (2021). 14287:Government of Tamil Nadu 14127:Rowman & Littlefield 14052:Gaurab Dasgupta (2024). 13933:Raghavan, M. D. (1971). 13786:Indiana University Press 13435:"11th TirumuRai Paurams" 12073:Michell, George (1988). 11772:Jeannie Ireland (2018). 11592:Communication as Mission 11355:The embodiment of bhakti 11352:Karen Prechilis (1999). 11004:S. Sundararajan (1991). 10985:T.V. Mahalingam (1981). 10623:Tamil Virtual University 10511:University of California 10268:Tamil Virtual University 10172:University of California 10163:Kelsey Clark Underwood. 9961:V. Suryanarayan (2001). 9935:(Report). Archived from 9438:Lynne Rienner Publishers 9135:Christie, Nikki (2016). 8720:Harvard University Press 8578:University of California 8467:Demography of Tamil Nadu 8025:Naravane, M. S. (2014). 7269:Ē. Kē Cēṣāttiri (1998). 7160:Essays on Medieval India 7052:"Meenakshi Amman Temple" 6364:T.V. Mahalingam (1981). 5860:A. Kiruṭṭin̲an̲ (2000). 5412:Lal, Mohan, ed. (1992). 5367:University of California 5278:History of Ancient India 5242:A Brief History of India 4813:(Report). Archived from 4625: 4482:speak Tamil rather than 4388:Nallur Kandaswamy temple 3755:The Tamil calendar is a 3609:(spiked knuckleduster), 3272: 2935:("Ten Idylls"), and the 2505: 2338:in 1560 and killed king 1993:V. O. Chidambaram Pillai 1985:Indian National Congress 1973:Indian famine of 1896–97 1946:Indian Rebellion of 1857 1130:have been found. In the 1003:locally available spices 498:Malaysian Tamil diaspora 314:Keezhadi excavation site 30: 18967:Encyclopædia Britannica 18905:Singh, Upinder (2008). 18869:Oxford University Press 18319:. Penguin Books India. 18313:Eraly, Abraham (2011). 18118:Hindu Temple of Florida 17782:. Blurb, Incorporated. 17465:Russ, Laurence (1984). 17091:. Infobase Publishing. 17015:Alexandra Kent (2005). 16986:Roy, Christian (2005). 16245:Kalman, Bobbie (2009). 16022:Selwyn Stanley (2004). 15898:Indian Calendric System 14644:Chris Crudelli (2008). 14471:Oxford University Press 14247:Oxford University Press 14009:Madhavan, Arya (2010). 13350:When the Kurinji Blooms 13273:S.Krishnaswami (2017). 13222:Oxford University Press 13014:Oxford University Press 13012:. Vol. 2. London: 12840:Appasamy, Jaya (1980). 12762:Nayanthara, S. (2006). 11541:Centur̲aimuttu (1978). 11360:Oxford University Press 11008:. Navrang. p. 233. 10727:Abraham, S. A. (2003). 10232:The Dravidian Languages 9932:Government of Sri Lanka 8086:Encyclopædia Britannica 7441:Naravane, M.S. (2014). 7401:Heather Elgood (2000). 7091:Oxford University Press 7083:Cynthia Talbot (2001). 6974:Oxford University Press 5389:Amazon Digital Services 5361:Dines Andersen (1992). 5129:Bhutan: Ways of Knowing 5100:Oxford University Press 5025:Government of Singapore 4848:Government of Sri Lanka 4810:Government of Sri Lanka 4462:The Christian apostle, 4243:became regarded as the 4158:Dravidian folk religion 4120:in the 7th century CE. 3334:and Vaishnavite hymns ( 3198:Sculpture and paintings 3040:and others. During the 2992:in 12th century CE and 2954:, a book on ethics, by 2800:, which belongs to the 2534:(63.8 million) and the 2501:Geographic distribution 2459:independent Tamil state 2107:people of Sri Lanka. A 2054:Human Development Index 1969:Great Famine of 1876–78 1477:Periplus Maris Erytraei 1296:of monarchical states, 1197:Archaeological evidence 1104:Hathigumpha inscription 1086:and its equivalents in 1043:suggests that the term 860:Archaeological evidence 780:who natively speak the 19958:Ethnic groups in India 19404:Deputy chief ministers 18422:Malik, Akhtar (2007). 17762:University of Michigan 16713:James Stewart (2015). 16390:The New Indian Express 16100:The New Indian Express 15602:Lynton, Linda (1995). 14647:The Way of the Warrior 13941:University of Michigan 13864:Shobana Gupta (2010). 13701:University of Michigan 13150:. 1988. p. 1314. 12698:University of Michigan 12531:Vidya Dehejia (1990). 12342:The New Indian Express 12040:University of Michigan 11648:Francis Ching (1995). 11549:University of Michigan 11403:University of Michigan 10991:University of Michigan 10477:(Report). p. 16. 9763:"War on the Displaced" 9430:Sherman, Jake (2003). 9208:Nubin, Walter (2002). 8536:A History of Sri Lanka 8305:Andhra State Act, 1953 7284:P. K. S. Raja (1966). 6690:Atlas of the year 1000 6331:. Oxford. p. 84. 5803:Joshi, Anjali (2017). 4176: 4091: 3988: 3835: 3703: 3700:Kanchipuram silk saris 3526: 3438:Indian classical dance 3430: 3405:percussion instruments 3299: 3222: 3221:(12th–13th century CE) 3100:Dravidian architecture 3096: 3094:Dravidian architecture 2894: 2793: 2719:subsequent generations 2678: 2519: 2454:1977 anti-Tamil pogrom 2409: 2238:Aryacakravarti dynasty 2229: 2209:(Tamil villages), and 2088: 1756:Meenakshi Amman Temple 1711: 1617: 1541: 1419: 1277: 1160:. An inscription from 909:cultural Indianisation 640:Politics of Tamil Nadu 595:Hinduism in Tamil Nadu 585:Religion in Tamil Nadu 56: 18819:Sri Lanka – A History 18672:Bloomsbury Publishing 18666:Javier, A.G. (2014). 18508:More, J.B.P. (2007). 18393:Duraiswamy, Dayalan. 17942:. Ennes Publications. 17927:. Anmol Publications. 17923:Shashi, S.S. (1996). 17536:Craig, Steve (2002). 16992:Bloomsbury Publishing 16865:Roshen Dalal (2010). 16682:Abbie Mercer (2007). 16447:The Story of Our Food 15925:. 2008. p. 809. 15714:Sociology of Religion 15644:Anurag Kumar (2016). 15314:"Cinema and the city" 13788:. 2010. p. 105. 13562:Indian Ballet Dancing 12723:Raghavan Srinivasan. 11966:. 2008. p. 154. 11780:Bloomsbury Publishing 11508:. 2005. p. 125. 11149:Bloomsbury Publishing 11019:P.S.Sundaram (2005). 10748:10.1353/asi.2003.0031 10132:"Irregular migration" 9519:Third World Quarterly 9326:. 2012. p. 126. 9108:Knox, Robert (1681). 9047:The Nayaks of Tanjore 8111:Adcock, C.S. (2013). 7601:Corporation of Madras 7416:Bayly, Susan (2004). 7367:The Nayaks of Madurai 7250:Burton Stein (1990). 7026:Nick Collins (2024). 6618:. Ennes. p. 209. 4736:[t̪amiɻaɾɡaɭ] 4640:Sri Lankan government 4417:ancient Tamil country 4282:, the heroine of the 4171: 4086: 3980: 3833: 3698: 3521: 3472:, dancers dress like 3424: 3290: 3205: 3085: 2889: 2788: 2676: 2586:Sri Lankan government 2570:Further information: 2513: 2407: 2224: 2082: 2021:Independence of India 1835:Nawab of the Carnatic 1764:Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan 1705: 1607: 1561:, who ruled parts of 1529: 1414: 1269: 1252:Further information: 1183:History of Tamil Nadu 929:style of architecture 796:, dating back to the 778:ethnolinguistic group 769:), also known as the 645:Dravidian nationalism 600:Hinduism in Sri Lanka 488:Indian Tamil diaspora 294:History of Tamil Nadu 185:Related ethnic groups 55: 19409:Legislative Assembly 18782:American Ethnologist 18448:"Santhome Cathedral" 17959:History of Religions 17731:on 4 September 2006. 17719:Mahadevan, Iravatham 17664:Padmaja, T. (2002). 17112:Subodh Kant (2002). 16994:. pp. 462–463. 16947:Gajrani, S. (2004). 16721:Taylor & Francis 16560:Taylor & Francis 15242:Hiro, Dilip (2010). 14794:American Ethnologist 14696:. 18 February 2023. 14473:. pp. 71, 433. 14463:Lal, Ananda (2009). 14428:Taylor & Francis 14420:Liu, Siyuan (2016). 14346:Taylor & Francis 14249:. pp. 334–335. 13974:Taylor & Francis 13943:. pp. 274–275. 13829:Taylor & Francis 13821:Hume, Lynne (2020). 13508:. pp. 103–104. 13317:"Secular and sacred" 12889:. pp. 111–112. 12690:K. Rajayyan (2005). 12667:. 27 November 2005. 12345:. 2 September 2014. 12232:Metcalfe, Thomas R. 12083:. pp. 151–153. 11858:Dayalan, D. (2014). 11104:Padmaja, T. (2002). 10446:. pp. 129–132. 10330:"A rare inscription" 9769:. 19 February 2009. 9643:Agence France-Presse 9238:, pp. 177, 181. 9083:University of London 9052:Annamalai University 8711:Mahadevan, Iravatham 8694:University of Jaffna 8394:Sundari, S. (2007). 8186:Bevir, Mark (2003). 8051:"July, 1806 Vellore" 7491:Tony Jaques (2007). 7093:. pp. 281–282. 7060:. 30 November 2023. 6943:University of Madras 6782:. pp. 336–358. 6738:. pp. 364–365. 6637:. pp. 299–300. 6296:W.H. Schoff (1912). 6219:"On the Roman Trail" 5989:settlements ... 5968:P.J. Cherian (ed.). 5739:. 19 February 2023. 5699:"A rare inscription" 5642:. 27 November 2014. 5285:. pp. 199–201. 5217:Southworth, Franklin 4990:Government of Canada 4820:on 24 September 2015 4648:Indian Origin Tamils 4564:List of Tamil people 4478:and the majority of 4116:which originated as 4096:Sports in Tamil Nadu 4009:Tamil solar calendar 3957:traditional medicine 3826:Food and hospitality 3436:is a major genre of 3350:Muthuswami Dikshitar 3056:Art and architecture 3014:University of Madras 2683:indentured labourers 2641:Tamil South Africans 2594:Indian Origin Tamils 2471:Sri Lankan Civil War 2364:published in 1681. 2234:Polonnaruwa monarchy 2181:, a name related to 2139:Anuradhapura kingdom 2005:Indian National Army 1989:Theosophical Society 1887:French siege attempt 1780:Vijayanagara kingdom 1766:and the short-lived 1720:Maravarman Sundara I 556:Tamil New Zealanders 532:Tamil South Africans 299:History of Sri Lanka 19084:Trinidad and Tobago 18640:Government of India 18268:Rothermund, Dietmar 17898:Lal, Mohan (2006). 17879:on 10 December 2006 17872:The Hindustan Times 17814:on 14 November 2006 17641:Motilal Banarsidass 17513:. 17 January 2011. 17114:Indian Encyclopedia 16630:Government of India 16359:. 11 October 2015. 16324:. 28 January 2024. 15903:Government of India 15812:Motilal Banarsidass 15807:The Indian Calendar 15773:"Clothing in India" 15290:. 18 October 2013. 15219:. 25 January 2006. 15014:(4). Archived from 14569:"A stick in time …" 14542:Government of India 14083:Spirit of the Tiger 13534:Government of India 13423:on 19 January 2013. 13281:Government of India 13016:. pp. 115–150. 12409:. 31 October 2014. 12297:Jeyaraj, George J. 12209:. 29 October 2021. 12177:. 23 October 2021. 11987:Om Prakash (2005). 11823:Motilal Banarsidass 11729:David Rose (1995). 11694:John Wiley and Sons 11659:John Wiley and Sons 11321:"The Tamil Lexicon" 10950:Early Tamil society 10800:Motilal Banarsidass 10591:. 31 October 2023. 10513:. pp. 79–134. 9891:Government of India 9677:. 1 February 2021. 9645:. 27 January 2021. 9262:. 16 October 2023. 8472:Government of India 8343:. 14 September 1953 8341:Parliament of India 8314:. 14 September 1953 8281:. 7 November 2023. 8249:. 9 December 2019. 8080:Pletcher, Kenneth. 7996:"Madras Presidency" 7873:Government of India 7751:Keay, John (1993). 6809:National Book Trust 6675:Coins of the Cholas 6273:. 26 October 2021. 6231:on 10 November 2012 5949:on 17 November 2006 5463:The Washington Post 5434:. 31 January 2018. 5283:Motilal Banarsidass 5095:"Tamil, n. and adj" 4772:Government of India 4722:in the singular or 4672:, but instead as a 4350:Velankanni basilica 4288:is worshipped as a 4259:("foremost god"). 4047:and the worship of 3403:is from a group of 3283:Ancient Tamil music 3279:Music of Tamil Nadu 3152:Pandya architecture 3030:U.V.Swaminatha Iyer 3012:, published by the 3004:Thambiraan Vanakkam 2810:Iravatham Mahadevan 2806:classical languages 2802:Dravidian languages 2796:Tamil people speak 2725:, but instead as a 2558:(0.5 million), and 2205:(Tamil allotment), 2049:imposition of Hindi 2009:Subhas Chandra Bose 1918:Dheeran Chinnamalai 1815:Nayaks of Thanjavur 1681:Brihadisvara Temple 1571:Chalukyas of Badami 1232:Indo-Gangetic plain 1069:Franklin Southworth 993:consist of various 901:Vijayanagara Empire 868:Three Crowned Kings 790:classical languages 786:Indian subcontinent 26: 18698:(September 1999). 18352:Rao, S.R. (1991). 18273:A History of India 18045:10.1353/fta.0.0031 17764:. 1987. p. 9. 17744:Essential Hinduism 17441:. Benjamin Press. 17439:A History of Chess 17348:The New York Times 16357:The Economic Times 16248:India: The Culture 15864:"Sixty year cycle" 15429:. 30 August 2020. 15322:. 9 January 2009. 15187:. 22 August 2013. 15184:The Times of India 14986:. pp. 99–100. 14984:Pitt Rivers Museum 14652:Dorling Kindersley 14615:The Economic Times 14129:. pp. 26–27. 13636:The Indian Express 13325:. 3 January 2013. 12887:Dorling Kindersley 12377:. 27 August 2020. 12206:The Times of India 12174:The Economic Times 12145:. 10 August 2010. 12142:The Times of India 10736:Asian Perspectives 10704:. Chennai, India. 9996:, pp. 3–5, 9. 9857:Human Rights Watch 9799:. 31 August 2020. 9767:Human Rights Watch 9674:Human Rights Watch 8899:, p. 100–102. 8875:, p. 214–215. 8782:Allen, C. (2017). 8440:The Indian Express 7845:. 21 August 2006. 7333:Eugene F. Irschick 7157:Raj Kumar (2003). 6523:, p. 135-140. 6252:, p. 125-127. 6192:The Indian Express 5535:on 2 February 2009 5498:. 1 January 2006. 5495:The Times of India 5329:, p. 155-156. 5183:. pp. 11–12. 4719:[t̪amiɻaɾ] 4257:Mudanmudar kadavul 4177: 4092: 4021:Gregorian calendar 3989: 3836: 3704: 3527: 3506:that uses various 3431: 3300: 3263:Thanjavur painting 3223: 3097: 2895: 2812:, the rudimentary 2794: 2679: 2520: 2439:Indian governments 2410: 2230: 2135:Black and red ware 2089: 2007:(INA), founded by 1950:British Parliament 1902:Rani Velu Nachiyar 1803:Battle of Talikota 1712: 1618: 1542: 1420: 1278: 1158:Pandyan of Dramira 971:ancient Tamil gods 57: 24: 19948:Dravidian peoples 19860: 19859: 19542:Sexual minorities 19527:Radio on Internet 19414:Political parties 19251: 19250: 18946:978-9-00409-365-2 18920:978-8-131-71120-0 18911:Pearson Education 18897:978-8-12241-198-0 18878:978-0-19560-686-7 18861:Sastri, Nilakanta 18852:978-9-55126-672-1 18828:978-0-95107-102-1 18815:de Silva, Chandra 18747:R. Ponnu (2000). 18681:979-8-21615-549-2 18620:978-9-81434-510-1 18583:978-1-64899-659-7 18552:978-1-4614-0447-7 18523:978-8-12502-632-7 18433:978-8-12613-259-1 18326:978-0-6700-8478-4 18287:978-0-415-32920-0 18087:on 1 October 2007 17909:978-81-260-1221-3 17789:978-1-457-99010-6 17704:978-3-11080-410-2 17695:Walter de Gruyter 17675:978-81-7017-398-4 17650:978-8-12083-816-1 17580:978-0-878-48099-9 17551:978-0-313-31600-5 17478:978-0-917-25619-6 17448:978-0-93631-701-4 17423:978-0-736-08273-0 17386:978-0-73608-273-0 17311:978-81-241-0795-9 17123:978-8-177-55257-7 17098:978-0-780-81365-6 17061:978-1-136-50704-5 17030:978-8-79111-489-2 17001:978-1-85109-689-3 16960:978-8-18205-061-7 16921:978-1-56308-576-5 16882:978-0-14341-421-6 16839:978-0-93074-198-3 16812:978-1-59884-206-7 16730:978-1-31762-398-4 16699:978-1-4042-3808-4 16569:978-1-00020-581-7 16526:978-1-63806-520-3 16483:978-1-43842-894-9 16456:978-8-17371-293-7 16422:. 27 March 2024. 16258:978-0-7787-9287-1 16163:978-1-350-12864-4 16137:978-8-18866-164-0 16035:978-8-17764-708-2 16008:978-8-18605-052-1 15971:978-8-12060-264-9 15932:978-1-59339-491-2 15837:978-9-81323-475-8 15814:. pp. 11–12. 15723:978-0-13025-380-4 15657:978-9-35094-484-4 15615:978-0-50028-378-3 15576:978-0-96614-961-6 15537:978-1-53810-686-0 15499:978-0-23107-849-8 15461:. 30 March 2012. 15394:978-0-415-39680-6 15255:978-1-56858-427-0 15216:Business Standard 15164:978-0-23151-252-7 15123:978-0-415-93919-5 15045:978-0-543-92943-3 14925:Asian Archaeology 14860:978-9-39043-993-5 14730:978-1-40922-626-0 14723:. Paladin Press. 14661:978-1-40533-750-2 14523:978-0-521-58822-5 14480:978-0-19569-917-3 14437:978-1-317-27886-3 14394:978-8-18621-147-2 14355:978-1-13670-392-8 14256:978-0-19569-084-2 14213:978-8-18512-022-5 14174:978-8-18205-061-7 14136:978-1-44225-749-8 14093:978-1-44545-472-6 14026:978-9-04202-799-2 13983:978-1-35154-438-2 13877:978-8-12411-337-0 13838:978-1-00018-987-2 13795:978-0-25335-528-7 13753:978-9-00409-467-3 13710:978-9-06980-103-2 13679:978-0-81227-929-0 13639:. 29 April 2023. 13572:978-0-391-02716-9 13515:978-0-82393-179-8 13390:978-8-11965-350-8 13363:978-8-12501-619-9 13290:978-8-12302-494-3 13256:978-9-352-01769-0 13231:978-0-199-35171-8 13157:978-8-12601-194-0 13115:978-0-943818-05-4 13040:978-9-38060-7-061 12927:978-9-00403-978-0 12896:978-8-12460-538-7 12853:978-8-17017-127-0 12814:978-8-18583-223-4 12775:978-8-19040-551-5 12736:978-9-35458-2-233 12641:on 14 August 2012 12544:978-0-23151-524-5 12090:978-0-22653-230-1 12000:978-8-12241-5-872 11973:978-1-42620-336-7 11943:978-0-82393-179-8 11832:978-8-12083-617-4 11789:978-1-50131-989-1 11746:978-1-85276-770-9 11703:978-1-11898-161-0 11668:978-0-4712-8451-2 11602:978-8-18458-006-8 11515:978-8-13170-520-9 11506:Pearson Education 11369:978-0-19512-813-0 11329:. 27 March 2011. 11228:978-9-380-60721-4 11189:978-9-351-18100-2 11158:978-1-35003-925-4 11117:978-8-17017-398-4 11078:978-1-00078-039-0 11036:978-9-35118-015-9 10993:. pp. 28–34. 10851:978-8-12060-955-6 10809:978-8-12081-215-4 10520:978-0-520-20804-9 10453:978-0-41533-323-8 10424:978-0-41518-788-6 10245:978-0-52177-111-5 9490:978-0-415-35364-9 9447:978-1-58826-172-4 9333:978-0-41596-117-2 9219:978-1-59033-573-4 9194:978-0-52092-631-8 9165:978-0-86232-198-7 9141:Pearson Education 9121:978-1-40691-141-1 9061:978-8-12060-996-9 9018:978-8-12122-063-7 8993:978-9-55845-500-5 8968:978-9-55552-000-3 8911:, p. 102–04. 8795:978-1-40870-540-7 8757:, pp. 30–32. 8729:978-0-67401-227-1 8674:978-1-85043-026-1 8545:978-9-55809-592-8 8407:978-8-176-29966-4 8124:978-0-199-99543-1 8036:978-8-131-30034-3 7969:978-8-126-90085-5 7871:(Press release). 7812:978-1-851-09667-1 7725:978-0-198-26377-7 7669:978-0-195-64399-2 7556:978-1-948-23095-7 7504:978-0-313-33538-9 7477:978-0-836-41262-8 7452:978-8-131-30034-3 7427:978-0-52189-103-5 7350:978-0-520-00596-9 7318:978-0-52125-484-7 7236:978-8-12150-224-5 7209:978-0-813-03099-9 7170:978-8-17141-683-7 7131:978-1-13619-833-5 7100:978-0-198-03123-9 7037:978-1-39906-016-5 7030:. Pen and Sword. 6840:978-0-521-26931-5 6789:978-8-17156-618-1 6745:978-0-143-02989-2 6699:978-0-674-54187-0 6688:John Man (1999). 6644:978-8-12600-365-5 6452:978-1-119-39991-9 6338:978-0-199-08832-4 6041:Archiv Orientální 5978:on 26 August 2006 5814:978-9-386-35269-9 5398:979-8-56272-624-7 5316:. pp. 86–89. 5292:978-8-12080-018-2 5261:978-1-59477-794-3 5190:978-3-447-01582-0 5143:978-1-60752-824-1 5068:978-0-14193-527-0 4935:(19th ed., 2016) 4708: 4644:Sri Lankan Tamils 4431:from the time of 4122:Traditional games 4007:according to the 3822:, in that order. 3780:enters the first 3724:. The men wear a 3617:(bow and arrow), 3585:(curling blade), 3319:string instrument 3092:is a hallmark of 3022:Tamil Renaissance 2938:Patinenkilkanakku 2920:Patinenmelkanakku 2789:Tamil written in 2736:There is a small 2665:Tamils in Réunion 2590:Sri Lankan Tamils 2572:Sri Lankan Tamils 2344:second expedition 2340:Puvirasa Pandaram 2302:Portuguese Ceylon 2207:Demelat-valademin 2070:Sri Lankan Tamils 1934:Madras Presidency 1930:Anglo-Mysore Wars 1920:and Kerala Varma 1837:with his seat at 1811:Nayaks of Madurai 1807:Deccan sultanates 1770:was established. 1768:Madurai Sultanate 1710:(13th century CE) 1693:Western Chalukyas 1662:Eastern Chalukyas 1286:Sangam literature 1226:. Excavations at 1224:Harappan language 1141:(Tamil dynasty). 1128:ancient Sri Lanka 866:was ruled by the 852:and parts of the 707: 706: 650:Tamil Nationalism 552:Tamil Seychellois 520:Tamil Indonesians 504:Tamil Australians 458:Sri Lankan Tamils 254: 253: 247: 239: 196: 195: 70:69,026,881 (2011) 48: 77 million 19985: 19925: 19924: 19923: 19913: 19912: 19911: 19901: 19900: 19899: 19889: 19888: 19887: 19877: 19876: 19875: 19868: 19854:India portal 19852: 19851: 19850: 19379: 19367:Cirrochroa Thais 19290: 19289: 19288: 19278: 19271: 19264: 19255: 19254: 18998: 18991: 18984: 18975: 18974: 18950: 18937:Brill Publishers 18924: 18901: 18882: 18856: 18845:. Vijitha Yapa. 18832: 18800: 18799: 18797: 18773: 18767: 18766: 18764: 18762: 18744: 18738: 18737: 18718: 18712: 18711: 18692: 18686: 18685: 18663: 18657: 18656: 18654: 18652: 18631: 18625: 18624: 18606: 18600: 18599: 18597: 18595: 18563: 18557: 18556: 18543:Springer Science 18534: 18528: 18527: 18505: 18499: 18498: 18476: 18470: 18469: 18467: 18465: 18444: 18438: 18437: 18419: 18413: 18412: 18410: 18408: 18390: 18384: 18383: 18381: 18379: 18373: 18358: 18349: 18343: 18342: 18340: 18338: 18310: 18304: 18303: 18301: 18299: 18260: 18254: 18253: 18251: 18249: 18227: 18221: 18220: 18218: 18216: 18194: 18188: 18187: 18185: 18183: 18168: 18162: 18161: 18159: 18157: 18143: 18137: 18136: 18134: 18132: 18126: 18115: 18103: 18097: 18096: 18094: 18092: 18071: 18065: 18064: 18062: 18060: 18054: 18047: 18029: 18017: 18011: 18010: 18008: 18006: 17950: 17944: 17943: 17935: 17929: 17928: 17920: 17914: 17913: 17895: 17889: 17888: 17886: 17884: 17875:. Archived from 17862: 17856: 17855: 17853: 17851: 17830: 17824: 17823: 17821: 17819: 17810:. Archived from 17800: 17794: 17793: 17775: 17766: 17765: 17754: 17748: 17747: 17739: 17733: 17732: 17715: 17709: 17708: 17686: 17680: 17679: 17661: 17655: 17654: 17632: 17626: 17625: 17617: 17611: 17610: 17608: 17606: 17591: 17585: 17584: 17562: 17556: 17555: 17533: 17527: 17526: 17524: 17522: 17501: 17495: 17494: 17492: 17490: 17462: 17456: 17455: 17434: 17428: 17427: 17409: 17403: 17402: 17400: 17398: 17371: 17365: 17364: 17362: 17360: 17334: 17328: 17327: 17325: 17323: 17295: 17289: 17288: 17286: 17284: 17263: 17257: 17256: 17254: 17252: 17230: 17224: 17223: 17221: 17219: 17198: 17192: 17191: 17189: 17187: 17166: 17160: 17159: 17157: 17155: 17146:. 14 June 2023. 17134: 17128: 17127: 17109: 17103: 17102: 17084: 17078: 17077: 17075: 17073: 17041: 17035: 17034: 17012: 17006: 17005: 16983: 16977: 16976: 16974: 16972: 16944: 16938: 16937: 16935: 16933: 16905: 16899: 16898: 16896: 16894: 16862: 16856: 16855: 16853: 16851: 16823: 16817: 16816: 16796: 16790: 16789: 16753: 16747: 16746: 16744: 16742: 16710: 16704: 16703: 16690:Rosen Publishing 16679: 16673: 16672: 16670: 16668: 16662: 16655: 16647: 16641: 16640: 16638: 16636: 16622: 16616: 16615: 16613: 16611: 16592: 16586: 16585: 16583: 16581: 16549: 16543: 16542: 16540: 16538: 16506: 16500: 16499: 16497: 16495: 16467: 16461: 16460: 16442: 16436: 16435: 16433: 16431: 16412: 16406: 16405: 16403: 16401: 16392:. 22 July 2023. 16382: 16373: 16372: 16370: 16368: 16349: 16338: 16337: 16335: 16333: 16314: 16305: 16304: 16302: 16300: 16281: 16275: 16274: 16272: 16270: 16242: 16236: 16235: 16233: 16231: 16222:. 9 March 2015. 16212: 16206: 16205: 16203: 16201: 16186: 16180: 16179: 16177: 16175: 16148: 16142: 16141: 16122: 16116: 16115: 16113: 16111: 16092: 16086: 16085: 16083: 16081: 16058: 16052: 16051: 16049: 16047: 16019: 16013: 16012: 15994: 15988: 15987: 15985: 15983: 15961:Tamil dictionary 15955: 15949: 15948: 15946: 15944: 15913: 15907: 15906: 15905:. pp. 9–12. 15892: 15886: 15885: 15883: 15881: 15875: 15868: 15860: 15854: 15853: 15851: 15849: 15822: 15816: 15815: 15801: 15795: 15794: 15792: 15790: 15769: 15760: 15759: 15757: 15755: 15734: 15728: 15727: 15709: 15703: 15702: 15700: 15698: 15680: 15674: 15673: 15671: 15669: 15641: 15632: 15631: 15629: 15627: 15599: 15593: 15592: 15590: 15588: 15560: 15554: 15553: 15551: 15549: 15517: 15504: 15503: 15481: 15475: 15474: 15472: 15470: 15449: 15443: 15442: 15440: 15438: 15417: 15411: 15410: 15408: 15406: 15374: 15368: 15367: 15365: 15363: 15342: 15336: 15335: 15333: 15331: 15310: 15304: 15303: 15301: 15299: 15278: 15272: 15271: 15269: 15267: 15239: 15233: 15232: 15230: 15228: 15207: 15201: 15200: 15198: 15196: 15175: 15169: 15168: 15146: 15140: 15139: 15137: 15135: 15107: 15101: 15100: 15098: 15096: 15068: 15062: 15061: 15059: 15057: 15029: 15023: 15022: 15021:on 24 July 2015. 15020: 15003: 14994: 14988: 14987: 14982:(2nd ed.). 14975: 14969: 14968: 14966: 14964: 14916: 14910: 14909: 14907: 14883: 14877: 14876: 14874: 14872: 14844: 14838: 14837: 14835: 14833: 14782:Alter, Joseph S. 14778: 14772: 14771: 14769: 14767: 14741: 14735: 14734: 14716: 14710: 14709: 14707: 14705: 14684: 14678: 14677: 14675: 14673: 14641: 14632: 14631: 14629: 14627: 14605: 14599: 14598: 14596: 14594: 14564: 14558: 14557: 14555: 14553: 14534: 14528: 14527: 14503: 14497: 14496: 14494: 14492: 14460: 14454: 14453: 14451: 14449: 14417: 14411: 14410: 14408: 14406: 14378: 14372: 14371: 14369: 14367: 14335: 14329: 14328: 14326: 14324: 14309: 14303: 14302: 14300: 14298: 14279: 14273: 14272: 14270: 14268: 14236: 14230: 14229: 14227: 14225: 14197: 14191: 14190: 14188: 14186: 14159: 14153: 14152: 14150: 14148: 14116: 14110: 14109: 14107: 14105: 14078: 14072: 14071: 14069: 14067: 14049: 14043: 14042: 14040: 14038: 14017:Brill Publishers 14006: 14000: 13999: 13997: 13995: 13963: 13957: 13956: 13954: 13952: 13930: 13924: 13923: 13921: 13919: 13900: 13894: 13893: 13891: 13889: 13861: 13855: 13854: 13852: 13850: 13818: 13812: 13811: 13809: 13807: 13776: 13770: 13769: 13767: 13765: 13744:Brill Publishers 13733: 13727: 13726: 13724: 13722: 13690: 13684: 13683: 13659: 13653: 13652: 13650: 13648: 13627: 13621: 13620: 13618: 13616: 13599:"Bharata-natyam" 13595: 13589: 13588: 13586: 13584: 13556: 13550: 13549: 13547: 13545: 13526: 13520: 13519: 13506:Rosen Publishing 13503: 13492: 13486: 13485: 13483: 13481: 13472:. 26 July 2022. 13460: 13451: 13450: 13448: 13446: 13431: 13425: 13424: 13413: 13407: 13406: 13404: 13402: 13374: 13368: 13367: 13354:Orient BlackSwan 13345: 13339: 13338: 13336: 13334: 13313: 13307: 13306: 13304: 13302: 13270: 13264: 13263: 13249:. Frog in well. 13242: 13236: 13235: 13213: 13207: 13206: 13204: 13202: 13190:Deccan Chronicle 13180: 13174: 13173: 13171: 13169: 13138: 13132: 13131: 13129: 13127: 13095: 13089: 13088: 13086: 13084: 13067:"Karnatak music" 13063: 13057: 13056: 13054: 13052: 13024: 13018: 13017: 13005: 12999: 12998: 12978: 12972: 12971: 12969: 12967: 12950: 12944: 12943: 12941: 12939: 12920:. pp. 4–5. 12918:Brill Publishers 12907: 12901: 12900: 12876: 12870: 12869: 12867: 12865: 12837: 12831: 12830: 12828: 12826: 12798: 12792: 12791: 12789: 12787: 12759: 12753: 12752: 12750: 12748: 12720: 12714: 12713: 12711: 12709: 12687: 12681: 12680: 12678: 12676: 12657: 12651: 12650: 12648: 12646: 12631: 12625: 12624: 12622: 12620: 12614: 12607: 12596: 12590: 12589: 12587: 12585: 12567: 12561: 12560: 12558: 12556: 12528: 12522: 12521: 12482: 12476: 12475: 12473: 12471: 12455: 12449: 12448: 12446: 12444: 12429: 12423: 12422: 12420: 12418: 12397: 12391: 12390: 12388: 12386: 12365: 12359: 12358: 12356: 12354: 12333: 12327: 12326: 12324: 12322: 12316: 12303: 12294: 12288: 12287: 12285: 12283: 12264: 12258: 12257: 12255: 12253: 12229: 12223: 12222: 12220: 12218: 12197: 12191: 12190: 12188: 12186: 12165: 12159: 12158: 12156: 12154: 12133: 12127: 12126: 12124: 12122: 12101: 12095: 12094: 12076:The Hindu Temple 12070: 12064: 12063: 12061: 12059: 12023: 12017: 12016: 12014: 12012: 11984: 11978: 11977: 11954: 11948: 11947: 11934:Rosen Publishing 11931: 11921: 11915: 11914: 11912: 11910: 11888: 11882: 11881: 11879: 11877: 11855: 11849: 11848: 11846: 11844: 11812: 11806: 11805: 11803: 11801: 11769: 11763: 11762: 11760: 11758: 11726: 11720: 11719: 11717: 11715: 11679: 11673: 11672: 11656: 11645: 11639: 11638: 11629:Fergusson, James 11625: 11619: 11618: 11616: 11614: 11586: 11580: 11579: 11571: 11565: 11564: 11562: 11560: 11538: 11532: 11531: 11529: 11527: 11496: 11490: 11489: 11487: 11485: 11458: 11452: 11451: 11449: 11447: 11425: 11419: 11418: 11416: 11414: 11392: 11386: 11385: 11383: 11381: 11349: 11343: 11342: 11340: 11338: 11317: 11311: 11310: 11308: 11306: 11284: 11278: 11277: 11275: 11273: 11251: 11245: 11244: 11242: 11240: 11212: 11206: 11205: 11203: 11201: 11182:. pp. 18–. 11169: 11163: 11162: 11140: 11134: 11133: 11131: 11129: 11101: 11095: 11094: 11092: 11090: 11062: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11048: 11016: 11010: 11009: 11001: 10995: 10994: 10982: 10976: 10975: 10973: 10971: 10965: 10954: 10946: 10937: 10936: 10934: 10932: 10913:. pp. 1–3. 10911:Brill Publishers 10900: 10894: 10893: 10891: 10889: 10880:. Tamil Sangam. 10874: 10868: 10867: 10865: 10863: 10841:Tamil Literature 10835: 10829: 10828:, p. 12-13. 10823: 10814: 10813: 10791: 10785: 10784: 10782: 10780: 10774: 10759: 10733: 10724: 10718: 10717: 10715: 10713: 10691: 10685: 10684: 10648: 10642: 10641: 10639: 10637: 10631: 10620: 10611: 10605: 10604: 10602: 10600: 10579: 10573: 10572: 10570: 10568: 10558: 10538: 10532: 10531: 10529: 10527: 10509:. Vol. 29. 10500: 10494: 10493: 10491: 10489: 10483: 10476: 10464: 10458: 10457: 10435: 10429: 10428: 10412: 10407:Colloquial Tamil 10401: 10395: 10394: 10392: 10390: 10358: 10352: 10351: 10349: 10347: 10326: 10320: 10319: 10317: 10315: 10298:"Tamil language" 10294: 10288: 10287: 10285: 10283: 10277: 10264: 10256: 10250: 10249: 10227: 10221: 10220: 10218: 10216: 10207:. Archived from 10205:Heritage Toronto 10197: 10191: 10190: 10188: 10186: 10180: 10169: 10160: 10154: 10153: 10151: 10149: 10128: 10122: 10121: 10119: 10117: 10108:. Archived from 10097: 10091: 10090: 10089: 10087: 10078:, archived from 10068: 10062: 10061: 10059: 10057: 10046:"Tamil Diaspora" 10042: 10033: 10032: 10010: 10004: 10003: 9991: 9985: 9984: 9982: 9980: 9971:. Archived from 9958: 9952: 9951: 9949: 9947: 9941: 9928: 9920: 9911: 9910: 9908: 9906: 9900: 9887: 9879: 9873: 9872: 9870: 9868: 9849: 9843: 9842: 9840: 9838: 9819: 9813: 9812: 9810: 9808: 9789: 9783: 9782: 9780: 9778: 9759: 9753: 9752: 9750: 9748: 9727: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9716: 9697: 9691: 9690: 9688: 9686: 9665: 9659: 9658: 9656: 9654: 9629: 9623: 9622: 9620: 9618: 9597: 9591: 9590: 9560: 9554: 9553: 9535: 9513: 9507: 9506: 9504: 9502: 9470: 9464: 9463: 9461: 9459: 9427: 9421: 9415: 9409: 9408: 9406: 9404: 9365:Race & Class 9356: 9350: 9349: 9347: 9345: 9314: 9308: 9307: 9305: 9303: 9298:on 28 April 2016 9297: 9290: 9282: 9276: 9275: 9273: 9271: 9252: 9239: 9233: 9224: 9223: 9205: 9199: 9198: 9176: 9170: 9169: 9151: 9145: 9144: 9132: 9126: 9125: 9105: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9094: 9072: 9066: 9065: 9041: 9035: 9029: 9023: 9022: 9004: 8998: 8997: 8979: 8973: 8972: 8954: 8948: 8942: 8936: 8930: 8924: 8918: 8912: 8906: 8900: 8894: 8888: 8882: 8876: 8870: 8864: 8863: 8827: 8816: 8815: 8809: 8807: 8779: 8773: 8772: 8764: 8758: 8752: 8746: 8740: 8734: 8733: 8707: 8698: 8697: 8685: 8679: 8678: 8660: 8651: 8650: 8648: 8646: 8637:. Archived from 8624: 8618: 8612: 8606: 8600: 8594: 8593: 8591: 8589: 8568: 8562: 8561:, p. 53–54. 8556: 8550: 8549: 8528: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8511: 8504: 8495: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8463: 8457: 8456: 8454: 8452: 8430: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8419: 8391: 8385: 8384: 8382: 8380: 8359: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8348: 8338: 8330: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8319: 8309: 8301: 8295: 8294: 8292: 8290: 8269: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8258: 8237: 8231: 8230: 8225: 8223: 8183: 8177: 8176: 8168: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8157: 8135: 8129: 8128: 8108: 8102: 8101: 8099: 8097: 8082:"Vellore Mutiny" 8077: 8071: 8070: 8068: 8066: 8057:. 17 July 2006. 8047: 8041: 8040: 8022: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8011: 7992: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7953: 7947: 7946: 7938: 7932: 7931: 7895: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7884: 7865: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7835: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7824: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7763: 7757: 7756: 7748: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7737: 7709: 7703: 7702: 7700: 7698: 7680: 7674: 7673: 7655: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7627:"Danish flavour" 7623: 7617: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7593: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7582: 7567: 7561: 7560: 7542: 7536: 7535: 7527: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7516: 7488: 7482: 7481: 7463: 7457: 7456: 7438: 7432: 7431: 7413: 7407: 7406: 7398: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7361: 7355: 7354: 7329: 7323: 7322: 7296: 7290: 7289: 7286:Mediaeval Kerala 7281: 7275: 7274: 7266: 7260: 7259: 7247: 7241: 7240: 7220: 7214: 7213: 7193: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7154: 7148: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7023: 7017: 7011: 7005: 6999: 6993: 6992: 6984: 6978: 6977: 6965: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6933:Nilakanta Sastri 6929: 6923: 6922: 6914: 6908: 6902: 6896: 6895: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6851: 6845: 6844: 6822: 6816: 6815: 6800: 6794: 6793: 6771: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6704: 6703: 6685: 6679: 6678: 6670: 6664: 6663: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6626: 6620: 6619: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6586: 6562: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6534:"Pandya dynasty" 6530: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6488: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6426: 6420: 6419: 6402:(1/2): 109–130. 6391: 6385: 6379: 6370: 6369: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6322: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6293: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6259: 6253: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6215: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6150: 6144: 6143: 6120:Social Scientist 6115: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6085: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6003:Social Scientist 5998: 5992: 5991: 5985: 5983: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5919: 5917: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5567: 5561: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5542: 5540: 5531:. Archived from 5518: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5380: 5371: 5370: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5248:Inner Traditions 5245: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5213: 5207: 5206:, p. 10-16. 5201: 5195: 5194: 5181:Brill Publishers 5169: 5163: 5162: 5157: 5155: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5016: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4941: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4892: 4883: 4882: 4874: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4855:on 28 April 2017 4851:. Archived from 4839: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4819: 4806: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4781: 4768: 4760: 4740: 4738: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4713: 4707:romanized: 4706: 4704: 4696: 4690: 4687: 4681: 4666:multi-generation 4662: 4656: 4652:Sri Lankan Moors 4636: 4599: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4585: 4580: 4579: 4413:Kalabhra dynasty 4384:Meenakshi Temple 4374: 4365: 4339: 4330: 4262:The cult of the 4181:Sangam landscape 4057:Ganesh Chaturthi 4025:Karthikai Deepam 4001:harvest festival 3508:doll marionettes 3411:Performance arts 3034:Damodaram Pillai 2946:Five Great Epics 2898:Tamil literature 2878:Tamil literature 2657:Tamil Indonesian 2637:Tamil Malaysians 2580:Sri Lankan Moors 2514:Distribution of 2414:Sinhala Only Act 2240:established the 2097:Sinhalese people 1997:Subramaniya Siva 1910:Maruthu brothers 1795:Krishnadeva Raya 1792: 1789: 1785: 1697:Nilakanta Sastri 1673:Srivijaya Empire 1654:Rajendra Chola I 1622:Vijayalaya Chola 1614:Rajendra Chola I 1559:Mahendravarman I 1402:Vedic Sacrifices 1368: 1359: 1258:Sangam landscape 1168:(Tamil trader). 1034: 765: 761: 756: 755: 752: 751: 748: 745: 740: 739: 736: 733: 730: 727: 724: 721: 699: 692: 685: 673:Tamil portal 671: 670: 669: 548:Tamil Pakistanis 540:Tamil Mauritians 468:Singapore Tamils 463:Malaysian Tamils 279: 256: 255: 245: 237: 198: 197: 86:1,800,000 (2016) 78:3,108,770 (2012) 49: 46: 39:Total population 33: 27: 23: 19993: 19992: 19988: 19987: 19986: 19984: 19983: 19982: 19933: 19932: 19931: 19921: 19919: 19909: 19907: 19897: 19895: 19885: 19883: 19873: 19871: 19863: 19861: 19856: 19848: 19846: 19840: 19807: 19758:Tiruchirappalli 19604: 19590:Tiruchirappalli 19561: 19522:Protected areas 19443: 19399:Chief ministers 19380: 19371: 19321: 19314: 19299: 19286: 19284: 19282: 19252: 19247: 19216: 19190: 19149: 19093: 19047: 19016: 19007: 19002: 18958: 18953: 18947: 18929:Zvelebil, Kamil 18921: 18898: 18879: 18853: 18829: 18809: 18804: 18803: 18774: 18770: 18760: 18758: 18745: 18741: 18719: 18715: 18696:Pathmanathan, S 18693: 18689: 18682: 18664: 18660: 18650: 18648: 18633: 18632: 18628: 18621: 18607: 18603: 18593: 18591: 18584: 18576:. p. 104. 18564: 18560: 18553: 18545:. p. 150. 18535: 18531: 18524: 18506: 18502: 18495: 18477: 18473: 18463: 18461: 18446: 18445: 18441: 18434: 18420: 18416: 18406: 18404: 18391: 18387: 18377: 18375: 18371: 18356: 18350: 18346: 18336: 18334: 18327: 18311: 18307: 18297: 18295: 18288: 18280:. p. 105. 18261: 18257: 18247: 18245: 18228: 18224: 18214: 18212: 18195: 18191: 18181: 18179: 18170: 18169: 18165: 18155: 18153: 18145: 18144: 18140: 18130: 18128: 18124: 18113: 18107:Swami Sivananda 18104: 18100: 18090: 18088: 18073: 18072: 18068: 18058: 18056: 18052: 18032:Future Anterior 18027: 18021:Jarzombek, Mark 18018: 18014: 18004: 18002: 17951: 17947: 17936: 17932: 17921: 17917: 17910: 17896: 17892: 17882: 17880: 17863: 17859: 17849: 17847: 17834:"Amman temples" 17832: 17831: 17827: 17817: 17815: 17802: 17801: 17797: 17790: 17776: 17769: 17760:. Vol. 5. 17756: 17755: 17751: 17740: 17736: 17716: 17712: 17705: 17687: 17683: 17676: 17662: 17658: 17651: 17643:. p. 156. 17633: 17629: 17618: 17614: 17604: 17602: 17597:. Sporteology. 17593: 17592: 17588: 17581: 17563: 17559: 17552: 17534: 17530: 17520: 17518: 17503: 17502: 17498: 17488: 17486: 17479: 17463: 17459: 17449: 17435: 17431: 17424: 17410: 17406: 17396: 17394: 17387: 17373: 17372: 17368: 17358: 17356: 17335: 17331: 17321: 17319: 17312: 17296: 17292: 17282: 17280: 17265: 17264: 17260: 17250: 17248: 17231: 17227: 17217: 17215: 17200: 17199: 17195: 17185: 17183: 17168: 17167: 17163: 17153: 17151: 17136: 17135: 17131: 17124: 17110: 17106: 17099: 17085: 17081: 17071: 17069: 17062: 17054:. p. 155. 17042: 17038: 17031: 17013: 17009: 17002: 16984: 16980: 16970: 16968: 16961: 16945: 16941: 16931: 16929: 16922: 16906: 16902: 16892: 16890: 16883: 16875:. p. 406. 16863: 16859: 16849: 16847: 16840: 16824: 16820: 16813: 16797: 16793: 16770:10.2307/2797924 16754: 16750: 16740: 16738: 16731: 16723:. p. 126. 16711: 16707: 16700: 16680: 16676: 16666: 16664: 16660: 16653: 16649: 16648: 16644: 16634: 16632: 16624: 16623: 16619: 16609: 16607: 16594: 16593: 16589: 16579: 16577: 16570: 16550: 16546: 16536: 16534: 16527: 16507: 16503: 16493: 16491: 16484: 16468: 16464: 16457: 16443: 16439: 16429: 16427: 16414: 16413: 16409: 16399: 16397: 16384: 16383: 16376: 16366: 16364: 16351: 16350: 16341: 16331: 16329: 16316: 16315: 16308: 16298: 16296: 16283: 16282: 16278: 16268: 16266: 16259: 16243: 16239: 16229: 16227: 16214: 16213: 16209: 16199: 16197: 16188: 16187: 16183: 16173: 16171: 16164: 16150: 16149: 16145: 16138: 16124: 16123: 16119: 16109: 16107: 16102:. 9 July 2024. 16094: 16093: 16089: 16079: 16077: 16060: 16059: 16055: 16045: 16043: 16036: 16020: 16016: 16009: 15995: 15991: 15981: 15979: 15972: 15956: 15952: 15942: 15940: 15933: 15915: 15914: 15910: 15893: 15889: 15879: 15877: 15873: 15866: 15862: 15861: 15857: 15847: 15845: 15838: 15824: 15823: 15819: 15802: 15798: 15788: 15786: 15771: 15770: 15763: 15753: 15751: 15736: 15735: 15731: 15724: 15710: 15706: 15696: 15694: 15681: 15677: 15667: 15665: 15658: 15642: 15635: 15625: 15623: 15616: 15600: 15596: 15586: 15584: 15577: 15561: 15557: 15547: 15545: 15538: 15518: 15507: 15500: 15482: 15478: 15468: 15466: 15451: 15450: 15446: 15436: 15434: 15419: 15418: 15414: 15404: 15402: 15395: 15375: 15371: 15361: 15359: 15344: 15343: 15339: 15329: 15327: 15312: 15311: 15307: 15297: 15295: 15282:"A way of life" 15280: 15279: 15275: 15265: 15263: 15256: 15240: 15236: 15226: 15224: 15209: 15208: 15204: 15194: 15192: 15177: 15176: 15172: 15165: 15157:. p. 217. 15147: 15143: 15133: 15131: 15124: 15108: 15104: 15094: 15092: 15069: 15065: 15055: 15053: 15046: 15030: 15026: 15018: 15001: 14995: 14991: 14976: 14972: 14962: 14960: 14917: 14913: 14884: 14880: 14870: 14868: 14861: 14845: 14841: 14831: 14829: 14779: 14775: 14765: 14763: 14742: 14738: 14731: 14717: 14713: 14703: 14701: 14686: 14685: 14681: 14671: 14669: 14662: 14642: 14635: 14625: 14623: 14606: 14602: 14592: 14590: 14565: 14561: 14551: 14549: 14536: 14535: 14531: 14524: 14504: 14500: 14490: 14488: 14481: 14461: 14457: 14447: 14445: 14438: 14430:. p. 182. 14418: 14414: 14404: 14402: 14395: 14379: 14375: 14365: 14363: 14356: 14336: 14332: 14322: 14320: 14311: 14310: 14306: 14296: 14294: 14293:on 19 June 2009 14281: 14280: 14276: 14266: 14264: 14257: 14237: 14233: 14223: 14221: 14214: 14198: 14194: 14184: 14182: 14175: 14161: 14160: 14156: 14146: 14144: 14137: 14117: 14113: 14103: 14101: 14094: 14080: 14079: 14075: 14065: 14063: 14050: 14046: 14036: 14034: 14027: 14019:. p. 113. 14007: 14003: 13993: 13991: 13984: 13976:. p. 990. 13964: 13960: 13950: 13948: 13931: 13927: 13917: 13915: 13908:Merriam Webster 13902: 13901: 13897: 13887: 13885: 13878: 13867:Dances Of India 13862: 13858: 13848: 13846: 13839: 13819: 13815: 13805: 13803: 13796: 13778: 13777: 13773: 13763: 13761: 13754: 13746:. p. 465. 13734: 13730: 13720: 13718: 13711: 13703:. p. 344. 13691: 13687: 13680: 13660: 13656: 13646: 13644: 13629: 13628: 13624: 13614: 13612: 13597: 13596: 13592: 13582: 13580: 13573: 13557: 13553: 13543: 13541: 13528: 13527: 13523: 13516: 13501: 13493: 13489: 13479: 13477: 13462: 13461: 13454: 13444: 13442: 13433: 13432: 13428: 13415: 13414: 13410: 13400: 13398: 13391: 13375: 13371: 13364: 13356:. p. 124. 13346: 13342: 13332: 13330: 13315: 13314: 13310: 13300: 13298: 13291: 13271: 13267: 13257: 13243: 13239: 13232: 13224:. p. 370. 13214: 13210: 13200: 13198: 13181: 13177: 13167: 13165: 13158: 13148:Sahitya Akademi 13140: 13139: 13135: 13125: 13123: 13116: 13108:. p. 727. 13106:Macmillan Press 13104:. Vol. 3. 13096: 13092: 13082: 13080: 13065: 13064: 13060: 13050: 13048: 13041: 13025: 13021: 13010:Musica Asiatica 13006: 13002: 12979: 12975: 12965: 12963: 12952: 12951: 12947: 12937: 12935: 12928: 12908: 12904: 12897: 12877: 12873: 12863: 12861: 12854: 12838: 12834: 12824: 12822: 12815: 12799: 12795: 12785: 12783: 12776: 12760: 12756: 12746: 12744: 12737: 12721: 12717: 12707: 12705: 12700:. p. 188. 12688: 12684: 12674: 12672: 12659: 12658: 12654: 12644: 12642: 12633: 12632: 12628: 12618: 12616: 12612: 12605: 12597: 12593: 12583: 12581: 12568: 12564: 12554: 12552: 12545: 12529: 12525: 12499:10.2307/1512615 12483: 12479: 12469: 12467: 12456: 12452: 12442: 12440: 12439:on 16 July 2014 12431: 12430: 12426: 12416: 12414: 12399: 12398: 12394: 12384: 12382: 12367: 12366: 12362: 12352: 12350: 12335: 12334: 12330: 12320: 12318: 12314: 12301: 12295: 12291: 12281: 12279: 12266: 12265: 12261: 12251: 12249: 12230: 12226: 12216: 12214: 12199: 12198: 12194: 12184: 12182: 12167: 12166: 12162: 12152: 12150: 12135: 12134: 12130: 12120: 12118: 12103: 12102: 12098: 12091: 12071: 12067: 12057: 12055: 12024: 12020: 12010: 12008: 12001: 11985: 11981: 11974: 11956: 11955: 11951: 11944: 11936:. p. 399. 11922: 11918: 11908: 11906: 11889: 11885: 11875: 11873: 11856: 11852: 11842: 11840: 11833: 11825:. p. 313. 11813: 11809: 11799: 11797: 11790: 11782:. p. 224. 11770: 11766: 11756: 11754: 11747: 11727: 11723: 11713: 11711: 11704: 11696:. p. 320. 11682:Francis Ching; 11680: 11676: 11669: 11661:. p. 253. 11654: 11646: 11642: 11626: 11622: 11612: 11610: 11603: 11587: 11583: 11572: 11568: 11558: 11556: 11539: 11535: 11525: 11523: 11516: 11498: 11497: 11493: 11483: 11481: 11460: 11459: 11455: 11445: 11443: 11426: 11422: 11412: 11410: 11393: 11389: 11379: 11377: 11370: 11350: 11346: 11336: 11334: 11319: 11318: 11314: 11304: 11302: 11285: 11281: 11271: 11269: 11252: 11248: 11238: 11236: 11229: 11213: 11209: 11199: 11197: 11190: 11170: 11166: 11159: 11141: 11137: 11127: 11125: 11118: 11102: 11098: 11088: 11086: 11079: 11063: 11056: 11046: 11044: 11037: 11017: 11013: 11002: 10998: 10983: 10979: 10969: 10967: 10963: 10952: 10948: 10947: 10940: 10930: 10928: 10921: 10901: 10897: 10887: 10885: 10876: 10875: 10871: 10861: 10859: 10852: 10836: 10832: 10824: 10817: 10810: 10792: 10788: 10778: 10776: 10772: 10731: 10725: 10721: 10711: 10709: 10692: 10688: 10665:10.2307/2943246 10649: 10645: 10635: 10633: 10629: 10618: 10612: 10608: 10598: 10596: 10581: 10580: 10576: 10566: 10564: 10539: 10535: 10525: 10523: 10521: 10501: 10497: 10487: 10485: 10481: 10474: 10465: 10461: 10454: 10436: 10432: 10425: 10417:. p. 157. 10410: 10402: 10398: 10388: 10386: 10359: 10355: 10345: 10343: 10338:. 1 July 2009. 10328: 10327: 10323: 10313: 10311: 10296: 10295: 10291: 10281: 10279: 10275: 10262: 10258: 10257: 10253: 10246: 10238:. p. 480. 10228: 10224: 10214: 10212: 10211:on 5 March 2016 10199: 10198: 10194: 10184: 10182: 10178: 10167: 10161: 10157: 10147: 10145: 10130: 10129: 10125: 10115: 10113: 10112:on 17 June 2013 10098: 10094: 10085: 10083: 10082:on 21 July 2011 10070: 10069: 10065: 10055: 10053: 10044: 10043: 10036: 10011: 10007: 9997: 9992: 9988: 9978: 9976: 9959: 9955: 9945: 9943: 9942:on 13 July 2017 9939: 9926: 9922: 9921: 9914: 9904: 9902: 9898: 9885: 9881: 9880: 9876: 9866: 9864: 9859:. 20 May 2010. 9851: 9850: 9846: 9836: 9834: 9821: 9820: 9816: 9806: 9804: 9791: 9790: 9786: 9776: 9774: 9761: 9760: 9756: 9746: 9744: 9729: 9728: 9724: 9714: 9712: 9707:. 20 May 2009. 9699: 9698: 9694: 9684: 9682: 9667: 9666: 9662: 9652: 9650: 9631: 9630: 9626: 9616: 9614: 9609:. 18 May 2019. 9599: 9598: 9594: 9561: 9557: 9533:10.1.1.466.5940 9514: 9510: 9500: 9498: 9491: 9483:. p. 171. 9471: 9467: 9457: 9455: 9448: 9440:. p. 198. 9428: 9424: 9416: 9412: 9402: 9400: 9357: 9353: 9343: 9341: 9334: 9316: 9315: 9311: 9301: 9299: 9295: 9288: 9284: 9283: 9279: 9269: 9267: 9260:Minority Rights 9254: 9253: 9242: 9234: 9227: 9220: 9206: 9202: 9195: 9187:. p. 224. 9177: 9173: 9166: 9152: 9148: 9133: 9129: 9122: 9106: 9102: 9092: 9090: 9073: 9069: 9062: 9042: 9038: 9030: 9026: 9019: 9005: 9001: 8994: 8980: 8976: 8969: 8955: 8951: 8943: 8939: 8931: 8927: 8919: 8915: 8907: 8903: 8895: 8891: 8883: 8879: 8871: 8867: 8844:10.2307/2053272 8828: 8819: 8805: 8803: 8796: 8780: 8776: 8765: 8761: 8753: 8749: 8741: 8737: 8730: 8708: 8701: 8686: 8682: 8675: 8661: 8654: 8644: 8642: 8641:on 12 June 2008 8625: 8621: 8613: 8609: 8601: 8597: 8587: 8585: 8570: 8569: 8565: 8557: 8553: 8546: 8532:de Silva, K. M. 8529: 8525: 8515: 8513: 8509: 8502: 8496: 8492: 8482: 8480: 8465: 8464: 8460: 8450: 8448: 8431: 8427: 8417: 8415: 8408: 8392: 8388: 8378: 8376: 8371:. 6 July 2023. 8361: 8360: 8356: 8346: 8344: 8336: 8332: 8331: 8327: 8317: 8315: 8307: 8303: 8302: 8298: 8288: 8286: 8271: 8270: 8266: 8256: 8254: 8239: 8238: 8234: 8221: 8219: 8184: 8180: 8169: 8165: 8155: 8153: 8136: 8132: 8125: 8109: 8105: 8095: 8093: 8078: 8074: 8064: 8062: 8049: 8048: 8044: 8037: 8023: 8019: 8009: 8007: 7994: 7993: 7989: 7979: 7977: 7970: 7954: 7950: 7939: 7935: 7896: 7892: 7882: 7880: 7867: 7866: 7862: 7852: 7850: 7837: 7836: 7832: 7822: 7820: 7813: 7797: 7793: 7783: 7781: 7764: 7760: 7749: 7745: 7735: 7733: 7726: 7710: 7706: 7696: 7694: 7681: 7677: 7670: 7656: 7652: 7642: 7640: 7625: 7624: 7620: 7610: 7608: 7595: 7594: 7590: 7580: 7578: 7569: 7568: 7564: 7557: 7543: 7539: 7528: 7524: 7514: 7512: 7505: 7489: 7485: 7478: 7464: 7460: 7453: 7439: 7435: 7428: 7414: 7410: 7399: 7395: 7385: 7383: 7362: 7358: 7351: 7330: 7326: 7319: 7298: 7297: 7293: 7282: 7278: 7267: 7263: 7248: 7244: 7237: 7221: 7217: 7210: 7194: 7190: 7180: 7178: 7171: 7155: 7151: 7141: 7139: 7132: 7112: 7108: 7101: 7081: 7077: 7067: 7065: 7050: 7049: 7045: 7038: 7024: 7020: 7012: 7008: 7000: 6996: 6985: 6981: 6966: 6962: 6952: 6950: 6945:. p. 301. 6930: 6926: 6915: 6911: 6903: 6899: 6882: 6878: 6868: 6866: 6853: 6852: 6848: 6841: 6833:. p. 101. 6823: 6819: 6801: 6797: 6790: 6780:Clarendon Press 6772: 6765: 6755: 6753: 6746: 6723: 6719: 6711: 6707: 6700: 6686: 6682: 6671: 6667: 6656: 6652: 6645: 6635:Sahitya Akademi 6627: 6623: 6612: 6608: 6584:10.2307/2659023 6563: 6559: 6549: 6547: 6532: 6531: 6527: 6519: 6515: 6505: 6503: 6490: 6489: 6480: 6470: 6468: 6453: 6427: 6423: 6408:10.2307/3249854 6392: 6388: 6380: 6373: 6362: 6358: 6348: 6346: 6339: 6323: 6319: 6309: 6307: 6294: 6290: 6280: 6278: 6261: 6260: 6256: 6248: 6244: 6234: 6232: 6217: 6216: 6212: 6202: 6200: 6183: 6179: 6169: 6167: 6154:"Grand Anaicut" 6152: 6151: 6147: 6132:10.2307/3517170 6116: 6112: 6102: 6100: 6087: 6086: 6082: 6072: 6070: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6037: 6033: 6015:10.2307/3516448 5999: 5995: 5981: 5979: 5966: 5962: 5952: 5950: 5937: 5936: 5932: 5915: 5913: 5898: 5897: 5893: 5885: 5881: 5873: 5869: 5858: 5854: 5844: 5842: 5827: 5826: 5822: 5815: 5801: 5797: 5787: 5785: 5760: 5756: 5746: 5744: 5729: 5728: 5724: 5714: 5712: 5707:. 1 July 2009. 5697: 5696: 5692: 5682: 5680: 5672:The News Minute 5663: 5659: 5649: 5647: 5634: 5633: 5629: 5619: 5617: 5606: 5602: 5584:10.2307/2790468 5578:(30): 190–196. 5568: 5564: 5556: 5552: 5538: 5536: 5519: 5515: 5505: 5503: 5488: 5487: 5483: 5473: 5471: 5456: 5455: 5451: 5441: 5439: 5430: 5429: 5425: 5420:. p. 4283. 5418:Sahitya Akademi 5410: 5406: 5399: 5381: 5374: 5359: 5355: 5344: 5340: 5330: 5327:Indarapala 2007 5325: 5321: 5304: 5300: 5293: 5273: 5269: 5262: 5236: 5232: 5214: 5210: 5202: 5198: 5191: 5173:Zvelebil, Kamil 5170: 5166: 5153: 5151: 5144: 5136:. p. 247. 5124: 5120: 5110: 5108: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5078: 5076: 5069: 5049: 5045: 5035: 5033: 5018: 5017: 5010: 5000: 4998: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4968: 4966: 4951: 4950: 4946: 4936: 4925: 4921: 4911: 4909: 4894: 4893: 4886: 4875: 4868: 4858: 4856: 4841: 4840: 4833: 4823: 4821: 4817: 4804: 4800: 4799: 4795: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4766: 4762: 4761: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4743: 4714: 4697: 4693: 4688: 4684: 4663: 4659: 4637: 4633: 4628: 4595: 4590: 4588: 4581: 4574: 4571: 4566: 4560: 4457:Bhakti movement 4393: 4392: 4391: 4390: 4377: 4376: 4375: 4367: 4366: 4355: 4354: 4353: 4352: 4342: 4341: 4340: 4332: 4331: 4166: 4160: 4150: 4098: 4081: 4037:Vaikasi Visakam 4033:Panguni Uthiram 3994: 3953:Siddha medicine 3950: 3948:Siddha medicine 3944: 3842: 3828: 3753: 3747: 3693: 3668: 3660:Main articles: 3658: 3569:(iron sickle), 3516: 3419: 3413: 3397:drum instrument 3389:reed instrument 3304:system of music 3285: 3275: 3200: 3130:, built by the 3080: 3058: 3038:V. Kanakasabhai 3000:Arunagirinathar 2972:Bhakti movement 2884: 2876:Main articles: 2874: 2818:Proto-Dravidian 2783: 2775:Main articles: 2773: 2768: 2762: 2671: 2653:Tamil Americans 2645:Tamil Canadians 2633: 2625:Main articles: 2623: 2582: 2568: 2562:(0.5 million). 2554:(0.7 million), 2546:(2.1 million), 2536:union territory 2508: 2503: 2495:sexual violence 2402: 2317:Kandyan kingdom 2312: 2298: 2266:caste structure 2254:Parakramabahu V 2219: 2132: 2111:totem known as 2077: 2072: 2066: 2058:reform-oriented 2017: 1885:and resisted a 1868:. In 1639, the 1827: 1790: 1776: 1760:Delhi Sultanate 1687:kingdoms under 1626:Aparajitavarman 1524: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1361: 1360: 1292:was ruled by a 1264: 1250: 1244: 1207:(ASI) indicate 1194: 1189: 1179: 1174: 1116:Tamira samghata 1020: 967:village deities 952:classical dance 917:Pallava scripts 810:union territory 794:written history 763: 759: 742: 718: 714: 703: 667: 665: 660: 659: 635: 627: 626: 575: 567: 566: 528:Tamil Americans 524:Tamil Canadians 502: 483: 473: 472: 448: 438: 437: 378: 368: 367: 289: 250: 230: 180: 156: 151: 147: 94:238,699+ (2017) 50: 47: 34: 31: 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 19991: 19981: 19980: 19975: 19970: 19965: 19960: 19955: 19950: 19945: 19930: 19929: 19917: 19905: 19893: 19881: 19858: 19857: 19845: 19842: 19841: 19839: 19838: 19833: 19828: 19823: 19817: 19815: 19809: 19808: 19806: 19805: 19800: 19795: 19790: 19785: 19783:Tiruvannamalai 19780: 19775: 19770: 19765: 19760: 19755: 19750: 19745: 19740: 19735: 19730: 19725: 19720: 19718:Ramanathapuram 19715: 19710: 19705: 19700: 19695: 19690: 19688:Mayiladuthurai 19685: 19680: 19675: 19670: 19665: 19660: 19655: 19650: 19645: 19640: 19635: 19630: 19625: 19620: 19614: 19612: 19606: 19605: 19603: 19602: 19597: 19592: 19587: 19582: 19577: 19571: 19569: 19563: 19562: 19560: 19559: 19554: 19549: 19544: 19539: 19534: 19529: 19524: 19519: 19514: 19509: 19504: 19499: 19494: 19489: 19484: 19479: 19474: 19469: 19464: 19459: 19453: 19451: 19445: 19444: 19442: 19441: 19436: 19431: 19430: 19429: 19424: 19416: 19411: 19406: 19401: 19396: 19390: 19388: 19382: 19381: 19374: 19372: 19370: 19369: 19363: 19357: 19351: 19345: 19339: 19333: 19326: 19324: 19316: 19315: 19304: 19301: 19300: 19281: 19280: 19273: 19266: 19258: 19249: 19248: 19246: 19245: 19240: 19235: 19230: 19224: 19222: 19218: 19217: 19215: 19214: 19209: 19204: 19198: 19196: 19192: 19191: 19189: 19188: 19186:United Kingdom 19183: 19178: 19173: 19168: 19163: 19157: 19155: 19151: 19150: 19148: 19147: 19142: 19137: 19132: 19127: 19122: 19112: 19107: 19101: 19099: 19095: 19094: 19092: 19091: 19086: 19081: 19076: 19071: 19066: 19061: 19055: 19053: 19049: 19048: 19046: 19045: 19040: 19035: 19030: 19024: 19022: 19018: 19017: 19012: 19009: 19008: 19005:Tamil diaspora 19001: 19000: 18993: 18986: 18978: 18972: 18971: 18957: 18956:External links 18954: 18952: 18951: 18945: 18925: 18919: 18902: 18896: 18883: 18877: 18857: 18851: 18833: 18827: 18810: 18808: 18805: 18802: 18801: 18788:(1): 169–191. 18768: 18739: 18722:Bechert, Heinz 18713: 18687: 18680: 18658: 18626: 18619: 18601: 18582: 18558: 18551: 18529: 18522: 18514:Orient Longman 18500: 18493: 18487:. p. 57. 18471: 18439: 18432: 18414: 18385: 18344: 18325: 18305: 18286: 18264:Kulke, Hermann 18255: 18222: 18189: 18163: 18147:"Idol worship" 18138: 18098: 18066: 18012: 17971:10.1086/462931 17965:(4): 381–391. 17945: 17930: 17915: 17908: 17890: 17857: 17825: 17795: 17788: 17767: 17749: 17734: 17710: 17703: 17697:. p. 34. 17681: 17674: 17656: 17649: 17627: 17612: 17586: 17579: 17557: 17550: 17544:. p. 63. 17528: 17496: 17477: 17457: 17447: 17429: 17422: 17404: 17385: 17366: 17329: 17310: 17290: 17258: 17225: 17193: 17161: 17129: 17122: 17104: 17097: 17079: 17060: 17036: 17029: 17007: 17000: 16978: 16959: 16939: 16920: 16900: 16881: 16857: 16838: 16818: 16811: 16791: 16748: 16729: 16705: 16698: 16692:. p. 22. 16685:Happy New Year 16674: 16642: 16626:"About Siddha" 16617: 16587: 16568: 16544: 16525: 16501: 16482: 16462: 16455: 16437: 16407: 16374: 16339: 16306: 16285:"Food recipes" 16276: 16257: 16237: 16207: 16181: 16162: 16143: 16136: 16117: 16087: 16053: 16034: 16014: 16007: 15989: 15970: 15950: 15931: 15908: 15887: 15855: 15836: 15817: 15796: 15761: 15729: 15722: 15704: 15675: 15656: 15633: 15614: 15594: 15575: 15555: 15536: 15530:. p. 34. 15505: 15498: 15476: 15444: 15412: 15393: 15369: 15354:. 9 May 2011. 15351:Times of India 15337: 15305: 15273: 15254: 15234: 15202: 15170: 15163: 15141: 15122: 15102: 15063: 15044: 15024: 14989: 14970: 14911: 14905:10.5334/pia.60 14878: 14859: 14839: 14800:(2): 317–336. 14773: 14736: 14729: 14711: 14693:The Hans India 14679: 14660: 14654:. p. 36. 14633: 14600: 14559: 14529: 14522: 14516:. p. 84. 14498: 14479: 14455: 14436: 14412: 14393: 14373: 14354: 14330: 14304: 14274: 14255: 14231: 14212: 14192: 14173: 14154: 14135: 14111: 14092: 14073: 14044: 14025: 14001: 13982: 13958: 13925: 13895: 13876: 13856: 13837: 13831:. p. 88. 13813: 13794: 13771: 13752: 13728: 13709: 13685: 13678: 13672:. p. 65. 13654: 13622: 13590: 13571: 13551: 13530:"Bhartanatyam" 13521: 13514: 13487: 13469:Indian Express 13452: 13426: 13408: 13389: 13377:K.Leelavathy. 13369: 13362: 13340: 13308: 13289: 13265: 13255: 13237: 13230: 13208: 13175: 13156: 13133: 13114: 13090: 13058: 13039: 13019: 13000: 12973: 12945: 12926: 12902: 12895: 12871: 12852: 12832: 12813: 12793: 12774: 12754: 12735: 12715: 12682: 12652: 12626: 12591: 12562: 12543: 12523: 12477: 12458:Ganapathi, V. 12450: 12424: 12392: 12360: 12328: 12289: 12259: 12224: 12192: 12160: 12128: 12096: 12089: 12065: 12032:Ars Orientalis 12018: 11999: 11979: 11972: 11949: 11942: 11916: 11883: 11850: 11831: 11807: 11788: 11764: 11745: 11721: 11702: 11684:Mark Jarzombek 11674: 11667: 11640: 11620: 11601: 11581: 11566: 11533: 11514: 11491: 11453: 11420: 11387: 11368: 11344: 11312: 11279: 11246: 11227: 11207: 11188: 11175:Kamba Ramayana 11164: 11157: 11135: 11116: 11096: 11077: 11054: 11035: 11011: 10996: 10977: 10938: 10919: 10895: 10869: 10850: 10830: 10815: 10808: 10786: 10719: 10686: 10659:(3): 603–616. 10643: 10606: 10574: 10549:(3): 318–334. 10533: 10519: 10495: 10468:Kamil Zvelebil 10459: 10452: 10430: 10423: 10396: 10353: 10321: 10289: 10251: 10244: 10222: 10192: 10155: 10137:United Nations 10123: 10092: 10063: 10034: 10005: 9986: 9975:on 29 May 2008 9953: 9912: 9874: 9844: 9814: 9784: 9754: 9722: 9692: 9660: 9624: 9592: 9555: 9526:(6): 1021–40. 9508: 9489: 9465: 9446: 9422: 9420:, p. 262. 9410: 9351: 9332: 9309: 9277: 9240: 9225: 9218: 9200: 9193: 9171: 9164: 9146: 9127: 9120: 9100: 9085:. p. 96. 9067: 9060: 9054:. p. 80. 9036: 9034:, p. 166. 9024: 9017: 8999: 8992: 8974: 8967: 8949: 8947:, p. 275. 8945:Indrapala 2007 8937: 8935:, p. 121. 8925: 8923:, p. 104. 8913: 8901: 8889: 8877: 8873:Indrapala 2007 8865: 8838:(3): 405–419. 8817: 8794: 8774: 8759: 8747: 8745:, p. 157. 8743:Indrapala 2007 8735: 8728: 8722:. p. 48. 8699: 8696:. p. 223. 8680: 8673: 8652: 8619: 8615:Indrapala 2007 8607: 8605:, p. 129. 8595: 8563: 8559:Indrapala 2007 8551: 8544: 8523: 8490: 8458: 8425: 8406: 8386: 8354: 8325: 8296: 8264: 8232: 8178: 8163: 8130: 8123: 8103: 8072: 8042: 8035: 8017: 7987: 7968: 7948: 7933: 7906:(4): 881–896. 7890: 7860: 7830: 7811: 7791: 7758: 7743: 7724: 7718:. OUP Oxford. 7704: 7675: 7668: 7650: 7618: 7588: 7562: 7555: 7537: 7522: 7503: 7483: 7476: 7458: 7451: 7433: 7426: 7408: 7393: 7356: 7349: 7324: 7317: 7291: 7276: 7261: 7242: 7235: 7215: 7208: 7188: 7169: 7149: 7130: 7124:. p. 14. 7106: 7099: 7075: 7043: 7036: 7018: 7016:, p. 459. 7006: 7004:, p. 487. 6994: 6979: 6960: 6924: 6909: 6907:, p. 485. 6897: 6894:. p. 191. 6876: 6846: 6839: 6817: 6811:. p. 80. 6805:Rajendra Chola 6795: 6788: 6763: 6744: 6726:Thapar, Romila 6717: 6715:, p. 590. 6705: 6698: 6680: 6665: 6650: 6643: 6621: 6606: 6557: 6525: 6513: 6478: 6451: 6421: 6386: 6384:, p. 333. 6371: 6356: 6337: 6317: 6288: 6254: 6242: 6210: 6177: 6145: 6110: 6080: 6050: 6031: 5993: 5960: 5930: 5891: 5889:, p. 425. 5879: 5877:, p. 109. 5867: 5852: 5820: 5813: 5795: 5754: 5722: 5690: 5657: 5627: 5600: 5562: 5550: 5513: 5481: 5449: 5423: 5404: 5397: 5391:. p. 27. 5372: 5353: 5338: 5319: 5298: 5291: 5267: 5260: 5230: 5208: 5196: 5189: 5164: 5142: 5118: 5086: 5067: 5043: 5008: 4976: 4944: 4919: 4884: 4866: 4831: 4793: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4691: 4682: 4678:third language 4657: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4586: 4570: 4567: 4562:Main article: 4559: 4558:Notable people 4556: 4437:Kaveripattinam 4379: 4378: 4369: 4368: 4360: 4359: 4358: 4357: 4356: 4344: 4343: 4334: 4333: 4325: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4321: 4285:Cilappatikaram 4276:mother goddess 4270:, also called 4264:mother goddess 4149: 4146: 4094:Main article: 4080: 4077: 4017:Tamil calendar 3993: 3990: 3946:Main article: 3943: 3940: 3838:Main article: 3827: 3824: 3760:solar calendar 3751:Tamil calendar 3749:Main article: 3746: 3743: 3692: 3689: 3657: 3654: 3601:(fist blade), 3573:(deer horns), 3515: 3512: 3415:Main article: 3412: 3409: 3354:Shyama Shastri 3342:Carnatic music 3313:Silappatikaram 3308:Tamil Pannisai 3274: 3271: 3245:is a rock-cut 3217:and his mount 3199: 3196: 3181:Indo-Saracenic 3177:Gothic revival 3079: 3076: 3068:kavin kalaigal 3057: 3054: 2873: 2870: 2777:Tamil language 2772: 2769: 2764:Main article: 2761: 2758: 2731:third language 2661:Myanmar Tamils 2627:Tamil diaspora 2622: 2621:Tamil diaspora 2619: 2567: 2564: 2548:Andhra Pradesh 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2401: 2398: 2385:British Ceylon 2336:first invasion 2310:British Ceylon 2297: 2294: 2242:Jaffna Kingdom 2227:Jaffna kingdom 2218: 2215: 2131: 2128: 2076: 2073: 2068:Main article: 2065: 2062: 2029:Andhra Pradesh 2016: 2013: 1977:Tamil diaspora 1938:Vellore mutiny 1926:Mysore kingdom 1826: 1823: 1819:palayakkararar 1775: 1772: 1716:Kulottunga III 1523: 1520: 1448:Roman commerce 1382:vedic religion 1373: 1372: 1363: 1362: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1340:Kurunilamannar 1318:Mauryan Empire 1310:Vāṉpukaḻ Mūvar 1246:Main article: 1243: 1240: 1193: 1190: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1166:Dhamila-vaniya 1041:Kamil Zvelebil 1019: 1016: 957:, and various 937:Tamil Pannisai 921:Jaffna Kingdom 842:Southeast Asia 782:Tamil language 705: 704: 702: 701: 694: 687: 679: 676: 675: 662: 661: 658: 657: 652: 647: 642: 636: 633: 632: 629: 628: 625: 624: 619: 614: 609: 607:Tamil Buddhism 604: 603: 602: 597: 587: 582: 576: 573: 572: 569: 568: 536:Myanmar Tamils 516:Tamil Italians 512:British Tamils 501: 500: 495: 490: 484: 481:Tamil diaspora 479: 478: 475: 474: 471: 470: 465: 460: 455: 449: 444: 443: 440: 439: 436: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 403:Numeral system 400: 395: 390: 385: 379: 374: 373: 370: 369: 366: 365: 360: 358:Tamil Kingdoms 355: 350: 345: 344: 343: 338: 333: 328: 318: 317: 316: 306: 301: 296: 290: 285: 284: 281: 280: 272: 271: 265: 264: 252: 251: 249: 248: 240: 231: 225: 221: 220: 215: 211: 210: 207: 203: 202: 194: 193: 187: 186: 182: 181: 179: 178: 173: 168: 163: 157: 140: 139: 135: 134: 128: 127: 123: 122: 120:Tamil diaspora 116: 112: 111: 110:174,708 (2020) 108: 104: 103: 102:237,890 (2021) 100: 96: 95: 92: 88: 87: 84: 80: 79: 76: 72: 71: 68: 64: 63: 59: 58: 41: 40: 36: 35: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19990: 19979: 19976: 19974: 19971: 19969: 19966: 19964: 19961: 19959: 19956: 19954: 19951: 19949: 19946: 19944: 19941: 19940: 19938: 19928: 19918: 19916: 19906: 19904: 19894: 19892: 19882: 19880: 19870: 19869: 19866: 19855: 19843: 19837: 19834: 19832: 19829: 19827: 19824: 19822: 19819: 19818: 19816: 19814: 19810: 19804: 19801: 19799: 19796: 19794: 19791: 19789: 19786: 19784: 19781: 19779: 19776: 19774: 19771: 19769: 19766: 19764: 19761: 19759: 19756: 19754: 19751: 19749: 19746: 19744: 19741: 19739: 19736: 19734: 19731: 19729: 19726: 19724: 19721: 19719: 19716: 19714: 19711: 19709: 19706: 19704: 19701: 19699: 19696: 19694: 19691: 19689: 19686: 19684: 19681: 19679: 19676: 19674: 19671: 19669: 19666: 19664: 19661: 19659: 19656: 19654: 19651: 19649: 19646: 19644: 19641: 19639: 19636: 19634: 19631: 19629: 19626: 19624: 19621: 19619: 19616: 19615: 19613: 19611: 19607: 19601: 19598: 19596: 19593: 19591: 19588: 19586: 19583: 19581: 19578: 19576: 19573: 19572: 19570: 19568: 19564: 19558: 19555: 19553: 19550: 19548: 19545: 19543: 19540: 19538: 19535: 19533: 19532:Highest point 19530: 19528: 19525: 19523: 19520: 19518: 19515: 19513: 19510: 19508: 19505: 19503: 19500: 19498: 19495: 19493: 19490: 19488: 19485: 19483: 19480: 19478: 19475: 19473: 19470: 19468: 19465: 19463: 19460: 19458: 19455: 19454: 19452: 19450: 19446: 19440: 19437: 19435: 19432: 19428: 19425: 19423: 19420: 19419: 19417: 19415: 19412: 19410: 19407: 19405: 19402: 19400: 19397: 19395: 19392: 19391: 19389: 19387: 19383: 19378: 19368: 19364: 19362: 19358: 19356: 19352: 19350: 19349:Gloriosa lily 19346: 19344: 19340: 19338: 19334: 19332: 19328: 19327: 19325: 19323: 19317: 19313: 19312: 19307: 19302: 19298: 19294: 19279: 19274: 19272: 19267: 19265: 19260: 19259: 19256: 19244: 19241: 19239: 19236: 19234: 19231: 19229: 19226: 19225: 19223: 19219: 19213: 19210: 19208: 19205: 19203: 19200: 19199: 19197: 19193: 19187: 19184: 19182: 19179: 19177: 19174: 19172: 19169: 19167: 19164: 19162: 19159: 19158: 19156: 19152: 19146: 19143: 19141: 19138: 19136: 19133: 19131: 19128: 19126: 19123: 19120: 19116: 19113: 19111: 19108: 19106: 19103: 19102: 19100: 19096: 19090: 19089:United States 19087: 19085: 19082: 19080: 19077: 19075: 19072: 19070: 19067: 19065: 19064:French Guiana 19062: 19060: 19057: 19056: 19054: 19050: 19044: 19041: 19039: 19036: 19034: 19031: 19029: 19026: 19025: 19023: 19019: 19015: 19010: 19006: 18999: 18994: 18992: 18987: 18985: 18980: 18979: 18976: 18969: 18968: 18963: 18960: 18959: 18948: 18942: 18938: 18934: 18930: 18926: 18922: 18916: 18912: 18908: 18903: 18899: 18893: 18889: 18884: 18880: 18874: 18870: 18866: 18862: 18858: 18854: 18848: 18844: 18843: 18838: 18837:Indrapala, K. 18834: 18830: 18824: 18820: 18816: 18812: 18811: 18796: 18791: 18787: 18783: 18779: 18772: 18756: 18752: 18751: 18743: 18735: 18731: 18727: 18723: 18717: 18709: 18705: 18701: 18697: 18691: 18683: 18677: 18673: 18669: 18662: 18646: 18642: 18641: 18636: 18630: 18622: 18616: 18612: 18605: 18589: 18585: 18579: 18575: 18571: 18570: 18562: 18554: 18548: 18544: 18540: 18533: 18525: 18519: 18515: 18511: 18504: 18496: 18494:0-70071-130-9 18490: 18486: 18482: 18475: 18459: 18455: 18454: 18449: 18443: 18435: 18429: 18425: 18418: 18402: 18398: 18397: 18389: 18370: 18366: 18362: 18355: 18348: 18332: 18328: 18322: 18318: 18317: 18309: 18293: 18289: 18283: 18279: 18275: 18274: 18269: 18265: 18259: 18243: 18239: 18238: 18233: 18226: 18210: 18206: 18205: 18200: 18193: 18177: 18173: 18167: 18152: 18148: 18142: 18123: 18119: 18112: 18108: 18102: 18086: 18082: 18081: 18076: 18070: 18051: 18046: 18041: 18037: 18033: 18026: 18022: 18016: 18000: 17996: 17992: 17988: 17984: 17980: 17976: 17972: 17968: 17964: 17960: 17956: 17949: 17941: 17934: 17926: 17919: 17911: 17905: 17901: 17894: 17878: 17874: 17873: 17868: 17861: 17845: 17841: 17840: 17835: 17829: 17813: 17809: 17805: 17799: 17791: 17785: 17781: 17774: 17772: 17763: 17759: 17753: 17745: 17738: 17730: 17726: 17725: 17720: 17714: 17706: 17700: 17696: 17692: 17685: 17677: 17671: 17667: 17660: 17652: 17646: 17642: 17638: 17631: 17623: 17616: 17600: 17596: 17590: 17582: 17576: 17572: 17568: 17561: 17553: 17547: 17543: 17539: 17532: 17516: 17512: 17511: 17506: 17500: 17484: 17480: 17474: 17470: 17469: 17468:Mancala Games 17461: 17454: 17450: 17444: 17440: 17433: 17425: 17419: 17415: 17408: 17392: 17388: 17382: 17378: 17377: 17370: 17354: 17350: 17349: 17344: 17342: 17333: 17317: 17313: 17307: 17303: 17302: 17294: 17278: 17274: 17273: 17268: 17262: 17246: 17242: 17241: 17236: 17229: 17213: 17209: 17208: 17203: 17197: 17181: 17177: 17176: 17171: 17165: 17149: 17145: 17144: 17139: 17133: 17125: 17119: 17115: 17108: 17100: 17094: 17090: 17083: 17067: 17063: 17057: 17053: 17049: 17048: 17040: 17032: 17026: 17022: 17018: 17011: 17003: 16997: 16993: 16989: 16982: 16966: 16962: 16956: 16952: 16951: 16943: 16927: 16923: 16917: 16913: 16912: 16904: 16888: 16884: 16878: 16874: 16873:Penguin Books 16870: 16869: 16861: 16845: 16841: 16835: 16831: 16830: 16822: 16814: 16808: 16804: 16803: 16795: 16787: 16783: 16779: 16775: 16771: 16767: 16763: 16759: 16752: 16736: 16732: 16726: 16722: 16718: 16717: 16709: 16701: 16695: 16691: 16687: 16686: 16678: 16659: 16652: 16646: 16631: 16627: 16621: 16605: 16601: 16597: 16591: 16575: 16571: 16565: 16561: 16557: 16556: 16548: 16532: 16528: 16522: 16518: 16514: 16513: 16505: 16489: 16485: 16479: 16475: 16474: 16466: 16458: 16452: 16448: 16441: 16425: 16421: 16417: 16411: 16395: 16391: 16387: 16381: 16379: 16362: 16358: 16354: 16348: 16346: 16344: 16327: 16323: 16322:Deccan Herald 16319: 16313: 16311: 16294: 16290: 16286: 16280: 16264: 16260: 16254: 16250: 16249: 16241: 16225: 16221: 16217: 16211: 16195: 16191: 16185: 16169: 16165: 16159: 16155: 16154: 16147: 16139: 16133: 16129: 16128: 16121: 16105: 16101: 16097: 16091: 16075: 16071: 16067: 16063: 16057: 16041: 16037: 16031: 16027: 16026: 16018: 16010: 16004: 16000: 15993: 15977: 15973: 15967: 15963: 15962: 15954: 15938: 15934: 15928: 15924: 15920: 15919: 15912: 15904: 15900: 15899: 15891: 15872: 15865: 15859: 15843: 15839: 15833: 15829: 15828: 15821: 15813: 15809: 15808: 15800: 15784: 15780: 15779: 15774: 15768: 15766: 15749: 15745: 15744: 15739: 15738:"About Dhoti" 15733: 15725: 15719: 15715: 15708: 15692: 15688: 15687: 15679: 15663: 15659: 15653: 15649: 15648: 15640: 15638: 15621: 15617: 15611: 15607: 15606: 15598: 15582: 15578: 15572: 15568: 15567: 15559: 15543: 15539: 15533: 15529: 15525: 15524: 15516: 15514: 15512: 15510: 15501: 15495: 15491: 15487: 15480: 15464: 15460: 15459: 15454: 15448: 15432: 15428: 15427: 15422: 15416: 15400: 15396: 15390: 15387:. p. 2. 15386: 15382: 15381: 15373: 15357: 15353: 15352: 15347: 15341: 15325: 15321: 15320: 15315: 15309: 15293: 15289: 15288: 15283: 15277: 15261: 15257: 15251: 15247: 15246: 15238: 15222: 15218: 15217: 15212: 15206: 15190: 15186: 15185: 15180: 15174: 15166: 15160: 15156: 15152: 15145: 15129: 15125: 15119: 15115: 15114: 15106: 15090: 15086: 15082: 15078: 15074: 15067: 15051: 15047: 15041: 15037: 15036: 15028: 15017: 15013: 15009: 15008: 15000: 14993: 14985: 14981: 14974: 14958: 14954: 14950: 14946: 14942: 14938: 14934: 14930: 14926: 14922: 14915: 14906: 14901: 14897: 14893: 14889: 14882: 14866: 14862: 14856: 14852: 14851: 14843: 14827: 14823: 14819: 14815: 14811: 14807: 14803: 14799: 14795: 14791: 14789: 14783: 14777: 14761: 14757: 14753: 14752: 14747: 14740: 14732: 14726: 14722: 14715: 14699: 14695: 14694: 14689: 14683: 14667: 14663: 14657: 14653: 14649: 14648: 14640: 14638: 14621: 14617: 14616: 14611: 14604: 14588: 14584: 14580: 14576: 14575: 14570: 14563: 14547: 14543: 14539: 14533: 14525: 14519: 14515: 14511: 14510: 14502: 14486: 14482: 14476: 14472: 14468: 14467: 14459: 14443: 14439: 14433: 14429: 14425: 14424: 14416: 14400: 14396: 14390: 14386: 14385: 14377: 14361: 14357: 14351: 14347: 14343: 14342: 14334: 14318: 14315:. Nathalaya. 14314: 14308: 14292: 14288: 14284: 14278: 14262: 14258: 14252: 14248: 14244: 14243: 14235: 14219: 14215: 14209: 14205: 14204: 14196: 14180: 14176: 14170: 14166: 14165: 14158: 14142: 14138: 14132: 14128: 14124: 14123: 14115: 14099: 14095: 14089: 14085: 14084: 14077: 14061: 14057: 14056: 14048: 14032: 14028: 14022: 14018: 14014: 14013: 14005: 13989: 13985: 13979: 13975: 13971: 13970: 13962: 13946: 13942: 13938: 13937: 13929: 13913: 13909: 13905: 13899: 13883: 13879: 13873: 13869: 13868: 13860: 13844: 13840: 13834: 13830: 13826: 13825: 13817: 13801: 13797: 13791: 13787: 13783: 13782: 13775: 13759: 13755: 13749: 13745: 13741: 13740: 13732: 13716: 13712: 13706: 13702: 13698: 13697: 13689: 13681: 13675: 13671: 13667: 13666: 13658: 13642: 13638: 13637: 13632: 13626: 13610: 13606: 13605: 13600: 13594: 13578: 13574: 13568: 13564: 13563: 13555: 13539: 13535: 13531: 13525: 13517: 13511: 13507: 13500: 13499: 13491: 13475: 13471: 13470: 13465: 13459: 13457: 13440: 13436: 13430: 13422: 13418: 13412: 13396: 13392: 13386: 13382: 13381: 13373: 13365: 13359: 13355: 13351: 13344: 13328: 13324: 13323: 13318: 13312: 13296: 13292: 13286: 13282: 13278: 13277: 13269: 13262: 13258: 13252: 13248: 13241: 13233: 13227: 13223: 13219: 13212: 13196: 13192: 13191: 13186: 13179: 13163: 13159: 13153: 13149: 13145: 13144: 13137: 13121: 13117: 13111: 13107: 13103: 13102: 13094: 13078: 13074: 13073: 13068: 13062: 13046: 13042: 13036: 13032: 13031: 13023: 13015: 13011: 13004: 12996: 12992: 12988: 12984: 12977: 12961: 12957: 12956: 12949: 12933: 12929: 12923: 12919: 12915: 12914: 12906: 12898: 12892: 12888: 12884: 12883: 12875: 12859: 12855: 12849: 12845: 12844: 12836: 12820: 12816: 12810: 12806: 12805: 12797: 12781: 12777: 12771: 12767: 12766: 12758: 12742: 12738: 12732: 12728: 12727: 12719: 12703: 12699: 12695: 12694: 12686: 12670: 12666: 12662: 12656: 12640: 12636: 12630: 12611: 12604: 12603: 12599:Sudharsanam. 12595: 12579: 12575: 12574: 12566: 12550: 12546: 12540: 12536: 12535: 12527: 12520: 12516: 12512: 12508: 12504: 12500: 12496: 12492: 12488: 12481: 12465: 12461: 12454: 12438: 12434: 12428: 12412: 12408: 12407: 12402: 12396: 12380: 12376: 12375: 12370: 12364: 12348: 12344: 12343: 12338: 12332: 12313: 12309: 12308: 12300: 12293: 12277: 12274:. higman.de. 12273: 12269: 12263: 12247: 12243: 12239: 12238:History Today 12235: 12228: 12212: 12208: 12207: 12202: 12196: 12180: 12176: 12175: 12170: 12164: 12148: 12144: 12143: 12138: 12132: 12116: 12112: 12111: 12106: 12100: 12092: 12086: 12082: 12078: 12077: 12069: 12053: 12049: 12045: 12041: 12037: 12033: 12029: 12022: 12006: 12002: 11996: 11992: 11991: 11983: 11975: 11969: 11965: 11961: 11960: 11953: 11945: 11939: 11935: 11930: 11929: 11920: 11904: 11900: 11896: 11895: 11887: 11871: 11867: 11863: 11862: 11854: 11838: 11834: 11828: 11824: 11820: 11819: 11811: 11795: 11791: 11785: 11781: 11777: 11776: 11768: 11752: 11748: 11742: 11739:. p. 6. 11738: 11734: 11733: 11725: 11709: 11705: 11699: 11695: 11691: 11690: 11685: 11678: 11670: 11664: 11660: 11653: 11652: 11644: 11636: 11635: 11630: 11624: 11608: 11604: 11598: 11594: 11593: 11585: 11577: 11570: 11554: 11551:. p. 2. 11550: 11546: 11545: 11537: 11521: 11517: 11511: 11507: 11503: 11502: 11495: 11479: 11475: 11471: 11467: 11463: 11457: 11441: 11437: 11436: 11431: 11424: 11408: 11404: 11400: 11399: 11391: 11375: 11371: 11365: 11362:. p. 8. 11361: 11357: 11356: 11348: 11332: 11328: 11327: 11322: 11316: 11300: 11296: 11295: 11290: 11283: 11267: 11263: 11262: 11257: 11250: 11234: 11230: 11224: 11220: 11219: 11211: 11195: 11191: 11185: 11181: 11180:Penguin Books 11177: 11176: 11168: 11160: 11154: 11150: 11146: 11139: 11123: 11119: 11113: 11109: 11108: 11100: 11084: 11080: 11074: 11070: 11069: 11061: 11059: 11042: 11038: 11032: 11028: 11027:Penguin Books 11024: 11023: 11015: 11007: 11000: 10992: 10988: 10981: 10962: 10959:. p. 2. 10958: 10951: 10945: 10943: 10926: 10922: 10920:90-04-10042-3 10916: 10912: 10908: 10907: 10899: 10883: 10879: 10873: 10857: 10853: 10847: 10843: 10842: 10834: 10827: 10826:Zvelebil 1992 10822: 10820: 10811: 10805: 10801: 10797: 10790: 10771: 10767: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10730: 10723: 10707: 10703: 10702: 10697: 10690: 10682: 10678: 10674: 10670: 10666: 10662: 10658: 10654: 10647: 10628: 10624: 10617: 10610: 10594: 10590: 10589: 10584: 10578: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10548: 10544: 10537: 10522: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10507: 10499: 10480: 10473: 10469: 10463: 10455: 10449: 10445: 10441: 10434: 10426: 10420: 10416: 10409: 10408: 10400: 10384: 10380: 10376: 10372: 10368: 10364: 10357: 10341: 10337: 10336: 10331: 10325: 10309: 10305: 10304: 10299: 10293: 10274: 10270: 10269: 10261: 10255: 10247: 10241: 10237: 10233: 10226: 10210: 10206: 10202: 10196: 10177: 10173: 10166: 10159: 10143: 10139: 10138: 10133: 10127: 10111: 10107: 10103: 10096: 10081: 10077: 10073: 10067: 10051: 10047: 10041: 10039: 10030: 10026: 10023:(3): 111–20. 10022: 10018: 10017: 10009: 10001: 9995: 9994:de Silva 1987 9990: 9974: 9970: 9969: 9964: 9957: 9938: 9934: 9933: 9925: 9919: 9917: 9897: 9893: 9892: 9884: 9878: 9862: 9858: 9854: 9848: 9832: 9828: 9824: 9818: 9802: 9798: 9794: 9788: 9772: 9768: 9764: 9758: 9742: 9738: 9737: 9732: 9726: 9710: 9706: 9702: 9696: 9680: 9676: 9675: 9670: 9664: 9648: 9644: 9640: 9639: 9634: 9628: 9612: 9608: 9607: 9602: 9596: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9567: 9559: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9525: 9521: 9520: 9512: 9496: 9492: 9486: 9482: 9478: 9477: 9469: 9453: 9449: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9434: 9426: 9419: 9418:de Silva 1997 9414: 9398: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9382: 9378: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9355: 9339: 9335: 9329: 9325: 9321: 9320: 9313: 9294: 9287: 9281: 9265: 9261: 9257: 9251: 9249: 9247: 9245: 9237: 9236:de Silva 1997 9232: 9230: 9221: 9215: 9211: 9204: 9196: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9175: 9167: 9161: 9157: 9150: 9143:. p. 53. 9142: 9138: 9131: 9123: 9117: 9113: 9112: 9104: 9088: 9084: 9080: 9079: 9071: 9063: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9048: 9040: 9033: 9032:de Silva 1997 9028: 9020: 9014: 9010: 9003: 8995: 8989: 8985: 8978: 8970: 8964: 8960: 8953: 8946: 8941: 8934: 8933:de Silva 1997 8929: 8922: 8921:de Silva 1997 8917: 8910: 8909:de Silva 1997 8905: 8898: 8897:de Silva 1997 8893: 8887:, p. 76. 8886: 8885:de Silva 1997 8881: 8874: 8869: 8861: 8857: 8853: 8849: 8845: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8826: 8824: 8822: 8814: 8801: 8797: 8791: 8787: 8786: 8778: 8770: 8767:Mendis, G.C. 8763: 8756: 8755:de Silva 1997 8751: 8744: 8739: 8731: 8725: 8721: 8718: 8717: 8712: 8706: 8704: 8695: 8691: 8684: 8676: 8670: 8666: 8659: 8657: 8640: 8636: 8635: 8630: 8623: 8617:, p. 91. 8616: 8611: 8604: 8603:de Silva 1997 8599: 8583: 8579: 8575: 8574: 8567: 8560: 8555: 8547: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8527: 8508: 8501: 8494: 8478: 8474: 8473: 8468: 8462: 8446: 8442: 8441: 8436: 8429: 8413: 8409: 8403: 8399: 8398: 8390: 8374: 8370: 8369: 8364: 8358: 8342: 8335: 8329: 8313: 8306: 8300: 8284: 8280: 8279: 8274: 8268: 8252: 8248: 8247: 8242: 8236: 8229: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8182: 8174: 8167: 8151: 8147: 8146: 8141: 8134: 8126: 8120: 8116: 8115: 8107: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8076: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8046: 8038: 8032: 8028: 8021: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7991: 7975: 7971: 7965: 7961: 7960: 7952: 7944: 7937: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7894: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7864: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7834: 7818: 7814: 7808: 7804: 7803: 7795: 7779: 7775: 7774: 7769: 7762: 7754: 7747: 7731: 7727: 7721: 7717: 7716: 7708: 7692: 7688: 7687: 7679: 7671: 7665: 7661: 7654: 7638: 7634: 7633: 7628: 7622: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7592: 7576: 7572: 7566: 7558: 7552: 7548: 7541: 7533: 7526: 7510: 7506: 7500: 7496: 7495: 7487: 7479: 7473: 7469: 7462: 7454: 7448: 7444: 7437: 7429: 7423: 7419: 7412: 7404: 7397: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7368: 7360: 7352: 7346: 7343:. p. 8. 7342: 7338: 7334: 7328: 7320: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7295: 7287: 7280: 7272: 7265: 7258:. p. 57. 7257: 7253: 7246: 7238: 7232: 7228: 7227: 7219: 7211: 7205: 7201: 7200: 7192: 7176: 7172: 7166: 7162: 7161: 7153: 7137: 7133: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7118: 7110: 7102: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7087: 7079: 7063: 7059: 7058: 7053: 7047: 7039: 7033: 7029: 7022: 7015: 7010: 7003: 6998: 6990: 6983: 6976:. p. 44. 6975: 6971: 6964: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6939: 6934: 6928: 6920: 6913: 6906: 6901: 6893: 6889: 6888: 6880: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6850: 6842: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6821: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6799: 6791: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6770: 6768: 6751: 6747: 6741: 6737: 6736:Penguin Books 6733: 6732: 6727: 6721: 6714: 6709: 6701: 6695: 6691: 6684: 6676: 6669: 6661: 6654: 6646: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6625: 6617: 6610: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6561: 6545: 6541: 6540: 6535: 6529: 6522: 6517: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6425: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6396:Artibus Asiae 6390: 6383: 6378: 6376: 6367: 6360: 6344: 6340: 6334: 6330: 6329: 6321: 6305: 6301: 6300: 6292: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6258: 6251: 6246: 6230: 6226: 6225: 6220: 6214: 6198: 6194: 6193: 6188: 6181: 6165: 6161: 6160: 6155: 6149: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6084: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6054: 6046: 6042: 6035: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 5997: 5990: 5977: 5973: 5972: 5964: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5934: 5927: 5925: 5911: 5907: 5906: 5901: 5895: 5888: 5883: 5876: 5871: 5863: 5856: 5840: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5824: 5816: 5810: 5806: 5799: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5770: 5765: 5758: 5742: 5738: 5737: 5732: 5726: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5700: 5694: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5668: 5661: 5645: 5641: 5640:Open magazine 5637: 5631: 5615: 5611: 5604: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5566: 5560:, p. 67. 5559: 5554: 5547: 5534: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5517: 5501: 5497: 5496: 5491: 5485: 5469: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5453: 5437: 5433: 5427: 5419: 5415: 5408: 5400: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5379: 5377: 5369:. p. 66. 5368: 5364: 5357: 5350:. p. 39. 5349: 5342: 5334: 5328: 5323: 5315: 5311: 5310: 5302: 5294: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5279: 5271: 5263: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5244: 5243: 5234: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5212: 5205: 5204:Zvelebil 1992 5200: 5192: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5161: 5149: 5145: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5122: 5106: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5090: 5074: 5070: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5055: 5047: 5031: 5027: 5026: 5021: 5015: 5013: 4996: 4992: 4991: 4986: 4980: 4964: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4948: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4907: 4903: 4902: 4897: 4891: 4889: 4880: 4873: 4871: 4854: 4850: 4849: 4844: 4838: 4836: 4816: 4812: 4811: 4803: 4797: 4778: 4774: 4773: 4765: 4759: 4757: 4752: 4739:in the plural 4737: 4732: 4720: 4712: 4700: 4695: 4686: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4670:mother tongue 4667: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4631: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4610:Kumari Kandam 4608: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4587: 4584: 4583:Tamils portal 4578: 4573: 4565: 4555: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4480:Tamil Muslims 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4429:Nākappaṭṭinam 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4389: 4385: 4382: 4373: 4364: 4351: 4347: 4346:Erwadi Dargah 4338: 4329: 4320: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4297: 4291: 4287: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4245:Tamil kadavul 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4223:(coasts) and 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4159: 4155: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4112:is a popular 4111: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3986: 3985: 3979: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3955:is a form of 3954: 3949: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3840:Tamil cuisine 3832: 3823: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3788:March equinox 3785: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3752: 3742: 3739: 3736:with typical 3735: 3734: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3710: 3701: 3697: 3688: 3686: 3685: 3680: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3663: 3653: 3651: 3650: 3649:Vatakkiruttal 3645: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3629:(boomerang), 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3540: 3535: 3534:martial dance 3531: 3524: 3520: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3502:is a type of 3501: 3497: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3434:Bharatanatyam 3428: 3427:Bharatanatyam 3423: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3338: 3333: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3320: 3315: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3195: 3193: 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Indrapala 2090: 2064:In Sri Lanka 2047:against the 2025:Madras state 2018: 1962: 1944:. After the 1942:Vellore Fort 1894:Polygar Wars 1891: 1828: 1777: 1732:Rajendra III 1724:Rajaraja III 1713: 1689:Kulottunga I 1677:Song Dynasty 1650:Indian Ocean 1619: 1610:Chola Empire 1575:Rashtrakutas 1543: 1481: 1475: 1429: 1421: 1397: 1379: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1329: 1325: 1309: 1279: 1236:Tamil Brahmi 1220:Indus script 1201:Adichanallur 1195: 1165: 1157: 1138: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1083: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1022: 1021: 1007:Michael Wood 933:bronze icons 926: 905: 858: 830:South Africa 802:South Indian 770: 710: 708: 617:Tamil Muslim 564:Dutch Tamils 560:Swiss Tamils 445: 418:Architecture 363:Tamilization 268: 166:Christianity 152: 143: 21:Ethnic group 18: 19763:Tirunelveli 19753:Thoothukudi 19713:Pudukkottai 19678:Krishnagiri 19668:Kanyakumari 19663:Kanchipuram 19418:Raj Bhavan 19365:Butterfly: 19212:New Zealand 19181:Switzerland 19176:Netherlands 18464:28 December 18298:7 September 17521:24 December 17489:24 December 17339:"NY Times: 17170:"Festivals" 16610:16 February 16220:India Times 15227:19 February 15056:15 November 14766:23 February 14593:11 February 14552:27 November 14283:"Oyilattam" 12665:The Tribune 12417:28 December 12353:28 December 12321:28 December 12282:28 December 12252:28 December 12079:. Chicago: 11305:25 December 10779:6 September 10757:10125/17189 10373:(1): 1–14. 10215:15 December 10116:8 September 10076:Tamilnation 9371:(1): 1–37. 8451:28 December 8289:15 November 8222:23 December 7980:23 December 7823:23 December 7784:28 December 7736:23 December 7697:23 December 7515:23 December 7386:23 December 6756:23 December 6521:Sastri 2002 6471:23 December 6382:Sastri 2002 6349:23 December 6250:Sastri 2002 5982:15 November 5953:15 November 5924:Satyaputras 5875:Sastri 2002 5620:26 February 5558:Sastri 2002 5250:. pp. 4824:29 February 4548:rationalist 4504:Nathar Shah 4476:middle ages 4455:during the 4453:Vaishnavism 4386:(left) and 4305:hero stones 4301:Middle ages 4207:(forests), 4126:Pallanguzhi 4118:Sathurangam 4069:Eid al-Fitr 3869:banana leaf 3845:Hospitality 3714:silk sarees 3656:Modern arts 3642:and heroic 3640:hero stones 3635:Wootz steel 3625:(trident), 3607:kuttu katai 3548:Varma kalai 3530:Silambattam 3500:Bommalattam 3450:Kavadiattam 3429:performance 3358:Villu Paatu 3337:Tiruvaymoli 3194:buildings. 3144:Kanchipuram 2985:Ramavataram 2932:Pattuppattu 2854:Kongu Tamil 2837:Tolkāppiyam 2746:Middle East 2556:Maharashtra 2524:2011 Census 2522:As per the 2443:repatriated 2416:designated 2356:Robert Knox 2342:during the 2118:Kathiraveli 2085:South India 1958:British Raj 1952:passed the 1914:Oomaithurai 1912:along with 1906:Kattabomman 1898:Puli Thevar 1791: 1370 1599:Indo-Aryans 1567:Kanchipuram 1563:South India 1492:malabathrum 1436:Roman coins 1394:Tolkāppiyam 1294:triumvirate 948:Bommalattam 889:influencing 846:Middle East 590:Tamil Hindu 326:Agriculture 19937:Categories 19798:Viluppuram 19778:Tiruvallur 19768:Tirupathur 19708:Perambalur 19643:Dharmapuri 19633:Coimbatore 19580:Coimbatore 19487:Literature 19472:Government 19434:High Court 19386:Governance 19297:Tamil Nadu 19079:Martinique 19069:Guadeloupe 19038:Seychelles 18643:(Report). 18407:9 February 18378:9 February 18337:8 February 18248:19 January 18091:5 December 17883:5 December 17850:1 December 17818:5 December 17605:16 October 17251:1 December 16971:8 February 16932:8 February 16850:30 October 16192:. ISCKON. 15789:12 January 15778:Britannica 15754:12 January 15743:Britannica 15405:20 October 15266:20 October 14688:"Adimurai" 14626:5 December 14323:1 December 13904:"Kolattam" 13615:1 December 13604:Britannica 13480:1 December 13072:Britannica 12675:1 December 12645:26 October 12619:26 October 12470:4 December 12462:. INTAMM. 12310:(Report). 12153:1 December 12121:20 January 12110:Britannica 11484:1 December 11337:1 December 10955:(Report). 10742:(2): 207. 10712:1 December 10621:(Report). 10599:1 December 10567:4 November 10526:8 February 10314:1 December 10303:Britannica 10271:(Report). 10086:4 December 9894:(Report). 9747:8 February 9479:. London: 9124:. 2596825. 8588:29 October 8483:1 December 8475:(Report). 8418:20 October 8379:1 December 8318:1 December 8257:1 December 8010:12 October 8000:Britannica 7611:25 January 7581:1 December 7068:1 December 7057:Britannica 6869:1 December 6713:Singh 2008 6550:1 December 6539:Britannica 6431:"Pallavas" 6310:7 December 6281:31 January 6159:Britannica 6093:Poetrynook 6063:Poetrynook 6047:: 345–359. 5916:1 November 5887:Singh 2008 5845:1 December 5747:1 December 5683:31 January 5474:9 February 5442:9 February 5179:. Leiden: 5111:24 January 5079:29 October 5059:Penguin UK 5028:(Report). 5001:12 October 4932:Ethnologue 4775:(Report). 4747:References 4731:Tamiḻarkaḷ 4715:pronounced 4520:Arab world 4508:Marakkayar 4464:St. Thomas 4233:Paramporul 4215:(plains), 4162:See also: 4152:See also: 4134:Gillidanda 4114:board game 4101:Jallikattu 4088:Jallikattu 4061:Navarathri 3766:Panchangam 3619:tantayutam 3613:(dagger), 3583:surul vaal 3581:(shield), 3490:Paraiattam 3470:Puliyattam 3462:Mayilattam 3446:Karakattam 3442:folk dance 3385:Nadaswaram 3346:Thyagaraja 3296:Thappattai 3277:See also: 3267:zinc oxide 3215:Satyabhama 3086:The large 3046:Bharathiar 2995:Tiruppugal 2960:middle age 2951:Tirukkural 2926:Ettuttokai 2909:(poetry), 2872:Literature 2842:Tamil̲taay 2705:, and the 2635:See also: 2540:Puducherry 2532:Tamil Nadu 2483:war crimes 2435:Sri Lankan 2352:Cankili II 2300:See also: 2225:Extent of 2019:After the 2001:Bharatiyar 1889:in 1759. 1878:Pondichéry 1858:Portuguese 1752:Marco Polo 1706:Extent of 1666:Chola navy 1638:Rajaraja I 1597:-speaking 1424:irrigation 1398:Purananuru 1345:Purananuru 1288:. Ancient 1209:megalithic 1181:See also: 1145:historian 995:vegetarian 975:Christians 882:. Smaller 814:Puducherry 806:Tamil Nadu 612:Tamil Jain 393:Philosophy 388:Literature 228:Tamiḻ Nāṭu 191:Dravidians 19915:Singapore 19891:Sri Lanka 19788:Tiruvarur 19743:Thanjavur 19733:Sivaganga 19638:Cuddalore 19610:Districts 19557:State Day 19502:Education 19394:Governors 19361:Palm tree 19355:Jackfruit 19202:Australia 19130:Indonesia 19125:Singapore 19028:Mauritius 18863:(2002) . 18485:Routledge 18278:Routledge 18237:The Hindu 18204:The Hindu 18182:15 August 18080:The Hindu 17995:162366616 17979:0018-2710 17510:The Hindu 17397:22 August 17240:The Hindu 17052:Routledge 16778:0025-1496 16420:Times Now 16200:1 January 15458:The Hindu 15426:The Hindu 15385:Routledge 15319:The Hindu 15287:Frontline 15079:: 69–82. 14953:247355036 14945:2520-8101 14898:: 49–59. 14814:0094-0496 14583:0971-751X 14574:The Hindu 13322:The Hindu 12515:192943206 12406:The Hindu 12374:The Hindu 12105:"Gopuram" 11526:6 October 11474:1305-578X 11435:Frontline 11326:The Hindu 11294:The Hindu 11272:8 October 11261:The Hindu 11022:The Kural 10766:153420843 10701:The Hindu 10681:162291987 10588:The Hindu 10444:Routledge 10415:Routledge 10335:The Hindu 9968:Frontline 9638:France 24 9587:154770852 9528:CiteSeerX 9481:Routledge 9393:143870163 9385:0306-3968 9324:Routledge 8860:154741845 8634:Frontline 8368:The Hindu 8278:The Hindu 8246:The Hindu 8145:The Hindu 7920:0021-9118 7883:1 January 7773:The Hindu 7632:Frontline 7122:Routledge 6938:The Cōḷas 6728:(2003) . 6601:162294036 6461:240189630 6224:The Hindu 5788:12 August 5778:0971-751X 5769:The Hindu 5736:The Hindu 5704:Frontline 5528:Frontline 5154:19 August 4725:தமிழர்கள் 4642:, namely 4540:Ayyavazhi 4397:Ashivakam 4309:Aiyyan̲ār 4272:Mariamman 4199:(hills), 4173:Aiyyan̲ār 4073:Christmas 4065:Deepavali 4029:Thaipusam 3992:Festivals 3932:paniyaram 3892:groundnut 3776:when the 3773:Chithirai 3672:Kollywood 3644:martyrdom 3593:(spear), 3560:Malyutham 3552:Agastiyar 3486:Oyilattam 3247:monastery 2980:Nayanmars 2964:Vaishnava 2846:varieties 2822:loanwords 2742:partition 2715:Singapore 2713:(7%) and 2707:Caribbean 2703:Mauritius 2599:Vannimais 2588:, namely 2566:Sri Lanka 2552:Telangana 2544:Karnataka 2530:state of 2487:abduction 2328:Catholics 2321:Cankili I 2193:region. 2175:Poonakari 2147:Parumakal 2033:Karnataka 1750:explorer 1740:Kakatiyas 1642:Sri Lanka 1634:Thanjavur 1591:Malayalam 1546:Kalabhras 1512:sapphires 1504:spikenard 1452:Han China 1440:potsherds 1417:Tamilakam 1290:Tamilakam 1271:Tamilakam 1254:Tamilakam 1218:with the 1213:Neolithic 1162:Amaravati 1108:Udayagiri 1018:Etymology 864:Tamilakam 850:Caribbean 834:Mauritius 826:Singapore 824:(7%) and 820:(15.3%), 818:Sri Lanka 804:state of 775:Dravidian 773:, are a 336:Education 321:Tamilakam 235:Tamiḻakam 126:Languages 107:Singapore 75:Sri Lanka 19903:Malaysia 19773:Tiruppur 19703:Nilgiris 19698:Namakkal 19648:Dindigul 19618:Ariyalur 19595:Tiruppur 19537:Wildlife 19512:Politics 19482:Language 19347:Flower: 19335:Animal: 19221:See also 19140:Pakistan 19135:Maldives 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3115:kalasams 3105:gopurams 2891:Agathiar 2771:Language 2748:and the 2711:Malaysia 2375:and the 2286:and the 2277:Salagama 2262:Zheng He 2260:admiral 2191:Rajarata 2163:Ticaiyan 2123:Iron Age 2045:agitated 1971:and the 1965:Ryotwari 1864:and the 1846:attacked 1843:Marathas 1748:Venetian 1728:Hoysalas 1664:and the 1646:Maldives 1630:Aditya I 1595:Sanskrit 1579:Kadungon 1573:and the 1555:Pallavas 1550:Vellalar 1539:Pallavas 1531:Rock cut 1508:diamonds 1502:, silk, 1483:Damirica 1386:Buddhism 1228:Keezhadi 1177:In India 1154:Augustus 1132:Buddhist 1090:such as 1027:language 987:Buddhism 963:Hindusim 945:puppetry 897:Pallavas 822:Malaysia 808:and the 634:Politics 574:Religion 428:Calendar 408:Medicine 383:Language 341:Industry 261:a series 259:Part of 214:Language 171:Buddhism 153:Minority 149:Hinduism 144:Majority 138:Religion 83:Malaysia 19865:Portals 19793:Vellore 19738:Tenkasi 19723:Ranipet 19683:Madurai 19628:Chennai 19585:Madurai 19575:Chennai 19547:Tourism 19517:Temples 19477:History 19467:Economy 19462:Cuisine 19422:Chennai 19353:Fruit: 19322:symbols 19311:Chennai 19306:Capital 19195:Oceania 19166:Germany 19033:Réunion 18651:18 July 18059:24 July 17987:1062405 17567:Pachisi 17072:16 July 16893:16 July 16786:2797924 16741:16 July 16580:16 July 16537:16 July 16494:16 July 16269:16 July 16174:16 July 16110:11 July 16080:15 July 16046:15 July 15982:16 July 15943:16 July 15848:16 July 15697:16 July 15668:16 July 15626:16 July 15587:16 July 15548:16 July 15469:7 March 15437:29 June 15362:19 June 15330:1 March 15298:19 June 15134:16 July 15095:23 July 14871:16 July 14832:16 July 14672:16 July 14491:16 July 14448:16 July 14405:16 July 14366:16 July 14313:"Parai" 14267:16 July 14224:16 July 14185:16 July 14147:16 July 14104:16 July 14066:16 July 14037:16 July 13994:16 July 13951:16 July 13888:16 July 13849:16 July 13806:16 July 13764:16 July 13721:16 July 13583:16 July 13401:16 July 13301:16 July 13168:16 July 13126:16 July 13083:1 March 13051:16 July 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4106:Kabaddi 4053:Ayyanar 3972:Agastya 3970:led by 3967:Siddhar 3936:parotta 3908:Biryani 3904:jaggery 3884:coconut 3865:Bananas 3861:poriyal 3812:Jupiter 3808:Mercury 3792:kiḻamai 3722:dhavani 3678:Kalidas 3599:kattari 3579:kedayam 3306:called 3231:beeswax 3211:Rukmini 3207:Krishna 3173:Islamic 3165:British 3120:finials 3089:gopuram 2915:nadagam 2826:English 2760:Culture 2669:Malbars 2603:Colombo 2461:in the 2423:pogroms 2418:Sinhala 2348:secured 2319:. 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