Islam - Knowledge

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of whom were brought to power by the West... Nothing reflects this crisis more than the ideological transformation of Rashid Rida (1865–1935)... He also revived the works of Ibn Taymiyah by publishing his writings and promoting his ideas. Subsequently, taking note of the cataclysmic events brought about by Western policies in the Muslim world and shocked by the abolition of the caliphate, he transformed into a Muslim intellectual mostly concerned about protecting Muslim culture, identity, and politics from Western influence. He supported a theory that essentially emphasized the necessity of an Islamic state in which the scholars of Islam would have a leading role... Rida was a forerunner of Islamist thought. He apparently intended to provide a theoretical platform for a modern Islamic state. His ideas were later incorporated into the works of Islamic scholars. Significantly, his ideas influenced none other than Hassan al-Bannah, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt... The Muslim Brethren have taken up Rida's Islamic fundamentalism, a right-wing radical movement founded in 1928,..

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into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century.

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1994: 2236: 3106: 4670: 3008: 6329: 4834: 2427: 6702: 2847: 6747: 6424: 3575: 6725: 1837: 6770: 6824: 5255: 6786: 6949: 3173: 4452: 6802: 6391: 4983: 3316: 4261: 60: 6223:. Instead, Islamic banks go into partnership with the borrower, and both share from the profits and any losses from the venture. Another feature is the avoidance of uncertainty, which is seen as gambling and Islamic banks traditionally avoid derivative instruments such as futures or options which has historically protected them from market downturns. The Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphate used to be involved in distribution of charity from the treasury, known as 29105: 24140: 29153: 29115: 5600: 2926: 2653: 2095: 3440: 3991: 3586: 5886:). Forgiveness is much celebrated in Islam and, in criminal law, while imposing a penalty on an offender in proportion to their offense is considered permissible, forgiving the offender is better. To go one step further by offering a favor to the offender is regarded as the peak of excellence. Some areas of sharia overlap with the Western notion of law while others correspond more broadly to living life in accordance with God's will. 5293: 8687:.) "he Muslims' understanding of Allāh is based...on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of mankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses/Moosa, Jesus/Eesa, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the 'Peoples of the Book. 29141: 24129: 883: 5585: 2516:. However, the Quran makes it clear that God will forgive the sins of those who repent if he wishes. Good deeds, like charity, prayer, and compassion towards animals will be rewarded with entry to heaven. Muslims view heaven as a place of joy and blessings, with Quranic references describing its features. Mystical traditions in Islam place these heavenly delights in the context of an ecstatic awareness of God. 250: 5963: 3368: 12989: 292: 2733: 13399:

thought and attitude. The experiences of Rida offer many examples... he turned against the Shi'is who dared, with reason, to express doubts about the Saudi-Wahhabi project... . Shi'is were not the only victims: Rida and his associates showed their readiness to turn against fellow Salafis who questioned some of the Wahhabis' religious interpretations.

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al-Afghani, Muhammad Abduh, and their epigones, all of whom seemed inclined toward a scripturalist understanding of Islam but proved open to rationalism and Western modernity. They chose to adopt salafiyya—a technical term of theology, which they mistook for a reformist slogan and wrongly associated with all kinds of modernist Muslim intellectuals.

12981: 7092:"Hasan al Basri is often considered one of the first who rejected an angelic origin for the devil, arguing that his fall was the result of his own free-will, not God's determination. Hasan al Basri also argued that angels are incapable of sin or errors and nobler than humans and even prophets. Both early Shias and Sunnis opposed his view. 5001:(the traditions of Muhammad) and the community". Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as "orthodox Islam", though some scholars view this as inappropriate, and many non-Sunnis may find this offensive. Sunnis, or sometimes Sunnites, believe that the first four caliphs were the rightful successors to Muhammad and primarily reference 2287:). Muslims believe prophets are human and not divine. All of the prophets are said to have preached the same basic message of Islam – submission to the will of God – to various nations in the past, and this is said to account for many similarities among religions. The Quran recounts the names of numerous figures considered 5350:, though Ibadis themselves object to this classification. The kharijites were groups that rebelled against Caliph Ali for his acceptance of arbitration with someone they viewed as a sinner. Unlike most kharijite groups, Ibadism does not regard sinful Muslims as unbelievers. Ibadi hadiths, such as the 3786:

tax was a tax paid by non-Muslims which exempted them from military service, the Umayyads denied recognizing the conversion of non-Arabs, as it reduced revenue. While the Rashidun Caliphate emphasized austerity, with Umar even requiring an inventory of each official's possessions, Umayyad luxury bred

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For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight

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our sixth imam, Imam Sadeg, says that we have five definitive holy places... first is Mecca... second is Medina... third belongs to our first imam of Shia, Ali, which is in Najaf. The fourth belongs to our third imam, Hussein, in Kerbala. The last one belongs to the daughter of our seventh imam and

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Western colonialists established in these countries political orders... that, even though not professing enmity to Islam and its institutions, left no role for Islam in society. This caused a crisis among Muslim reformists, who felt betrayed not only by the West but also by those nationalists, many

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Prior to the fall of the Ottoman Empire, leading reformers who happened to be Salafi in creed were surprisingly open-minded: although they adhered to neo-Hanbali theology. However, the aftermath of the First World War and the expansion of European colonialism paved the way for a series of shifts in

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Beginning with Louis Massignon in 1919, it is true that Westerners played a leading role in labeling Islamic modernists as Salafis, even though the term was a misnomer. At the time, European and American scholars felt the need for a useful conceptual box to place Muslim figures such as Jamal al-Din

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and can have up to four wives simultaneously. Islamic teachings strongly advise that if a man cannot ensure equal financial and emotional support for each of his wives, it is recommended that he marry just one woman. One reason cited for polygyny is that it allows a man to give financial protection

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in Muslim societies. It is considered a religious obligation that the well-off owe the needy because their wealth is seen as a trust from God's bounty, and is seen as a purification of one's excess wealth. The total annual value contributed due to zakat is 15 times greater than global humanitarian

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The label 'Cultural Muslim' is used in the literature to describe those Muslims who are religiously unobservant, secular or irreligious individuals who still identify with the Muslim culture due to family background, personal experiences, or the social and cultural environment in which they grew

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to oust Islamist governments, and headscarves were legally restricted, as also happened in Tunisia. In other places, religious authority was co-opted and is now often seen as puppets of the state. For example, in Saudi Arabia, the state monopolized religious scholarship and, in Egypt, the state

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Contact with industrialized nations brought Muslim populations to new areas through economic migration. Many Muslims migrated as indentured servants (mostly from India and Indonesia) to the Caribbean, forming the largest Muslim populations by percentage in the Americas. Migration from Syria and

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was signed by all the tribes of Medina. This established religious freedoms and freedom to use their own laws among the Muslim and non-Muslim communities as well as an agreement to defend Medina from external threats. Meccan forces and their allies lost against the Muslims at the

6060: 12017: 6556:. It is also controversially used to denote the cultural aspects of traditionally Muslim people. Finally, "Islamic civilization" may also refer to the aspects of the synthesized culture of the early Caliphates, including that of non-Muslims, sometimes referred to as " 6265:

while the "lesser jihad" is defined as warfare. When used without a qualifier, jihad is often understood in its military form. Jihad is the only form of warfare permissible in Islamic law and may be declared against illegal works, terrorists, criminal groups, rebels,

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David B. Barrett, George T. Kurian, and Todd M. Johnson, World Christian Encyclopedia: A comparative survey of churches and religions in the modern world, Vol. 1: The world by countries: religionists, churches, ministries 2d ed. (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2001),

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who attempt to align religious traditions with contemporary secular governance, an approach that has been criticized by some regarding its compatibility. Moreover, secularism is perceived as a foreign ideology imposed by invaders and perpetuated by post-colonial

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when religion is relegated to the personal realm, men inevitably give way to their bestial impulses and perpetrate evil upon one another. In fact it is precisely because they wish to escape the restraints of morality and the divine guidance that men espouse

7101:"In recent years, the idea of syncretism has been challenged. Given the lack of authority to define or enforce an Orthodox doctrine about Islam, some scholars argue there had no prescribed beliefs, only prescribed practise, in Islam before the 16th century. 6270:, and leaders or states who oppress Muslims. Most Muslims today interpret Jihad as only a defensive form of warfare. Jihad only becomes an individual duty for those vested with authority. For the rest of the populace, this happens only in the case of a 5359: 3883:, which became one of the most cited commentaries in Sunni Islam. Some Muslims began questioning the piety of indulgence in worldly life and emphasized poverty, humility, and avoidance of sin based on renunciation of bodily desires. Ascetics such as 16127: 2979:, it is considered a duty for Muslims to fast. The fast is to encourage a feeling of nearness to God by restraining oneself for God's sake from what is otherwise permissible and to think of the needy. In addition, there are other days, such as the 12705: 3135:

of the Quran. Many Muslims recite the whole Quran during the month of Ramadan. One who has memorized the whole Quran is called a hafiz ("memorizer"), and hadiths mention that these individuals will be able to intercede for others on Judgment Day.

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In addition, there are several quasi-Muslim sects, in that, although they follow many of the beliefs and practices of orthodox Islam, the majority of Sunnis consider them heretical. These would be the Ahmadiyya, Druze, Ibadi, and the

2330:(literally "trodden path"). Muslims are encouraged to emulate Muhammad's moral behaviors in their daily lives, and the sunnah is seen as crucial to guiding interpretation of the Quran. This example is preserved in traditions known as 5214:

rejects special powers of Imams and are sometimes considered a 'fifth school' of Sunni Islam rather than a Shia denomination. They differed with other Shias over the status of the fifth imam and are sometimes known as "Fivers". The

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collection, use chains of narrators from early Islamic history they consider trustworthy, but most Ibadi hadiths are also found in standard Sunni collections and contemporary Ibadis often approve of the standard Sunni collections.

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Galonnier, Juliette. "Moving In or Moving Toward? Reconceptualizing Conversion to Islam as a Liminal Process1". Moving In and Out of Islam, edited by Karin van Nieuwkerk, New York, US: University of Texas Press, 2021, pp. 44-66.

11987: 5556:. Recent surveys report that large proportions of Muslims in some parts of the world self-identify as "just Muslim", although there is little published analysis available regarding the motivations underlying this response. The 22122:. Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an, and this religion's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures, in order to "dialogue" on the basis of what both faiths really teach. 19319:

Figural representation is virtually unused in Islamic art because of Islam's strong antagonism of idolatry. It was important for Muslim scholars and artists to find a style of art that represented the Islamic ideals of unity

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was signed between Mecca and the Muslims, but it was broken by Mecca two years later. As more tribes converted to Islam, Meccan trade routes were cut off by the Muslims. By 629 Muhammad was victorious in the nearly bloodless

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movements for complete implementation of sharia. The role of sharia has become a contested topic around the world. There are ongoing debates as to whether sharia is compatible with secular forms of government, human rights,

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has grown more common and some Muslim intellectuals are increasingly striving to separate scriptural Islamic beliefs from cultural traditions. Among other groups, this access to information has led to the rise of popular

4737:, previously an independent voice checking state power. Salafism was funded in the Middle East for its quietism. Saudi Arabia campaigned against revolutionary Islamist movements in the Middle East, in opposition to Iran. 3643:. Local populations of Jews and indigenous Christians, persecuted as religious minorities and heretics and taxed heavily, often helped Muslims take over their lands, resulting in rapid expansion of the caliphate into the 6362:

animal slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim, Jew, or Christian, except for game that one has hunted or fished for oneself. Beards are often encouraged among men as something natural and body modifications, such as

3475:. The Meccan elite felt Muhammad was destabilizing their social order by preaching about one God and giving questionable ideas to the poor and slaves because they profited from the pilgrimages to the idols of the Kaaba. 14924:

there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the

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defined tasawwuf as "a return to the tradition, and its beginning is knowledge, its middle is action , and its end is a gift ." It is not a sect of Islam, and its adherents belong to the various Muslim denominations.

5733:) who traces a spiritual chain back to Muhammad. Sufis played an important role in the formation of Muslim societies through their missionary and educational activities. The Sufism-influenced Ahle Sunnat movement or 4849:

As of 2020, about 24% of the global population, or about 1.9 billion people, are Muslims. In 1900, this estimate was 12.3%, in 1990 it was 19.9% and projections suggest the proportion will be 29.7% by 2050. The

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taught that people's righteousness could be judged by God alone. Therefore, wrongdoers might be considered misguided, but not denounced as unbelievers. This attitude came to prevail into mainstream Islamic beliefs.

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believed there was no compromised middle ground between good and evil, and any Muslim who committed a grave sin would become an unbeliever. The term "kharijites" would also be used to refer to later groups such as

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ceremony is performed, in which an animal is sacrificed and its meat is distributed among the poor. The child's head is shaved, and an amount of money equaling the weight of its hair is donated to the poor. Male

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Many Iraqis take offense at reporters' efforts to identify them as Sunni or Shiite. A 2004 Iraq Centre for Research and Strategic Studies poll found the largest category of Iraqis classified themselves as "just

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Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles, the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above...

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forming part of the Islamic tradition. It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam, particularly the Quran and the Hadith. In Arabic, the term sharīʿah refers to God's divine law and is contrasted with

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Neither were there any Muslims among the Ninth-Century translators. Amost all of them were Christians of various Eastern denominations: Jacobites, Melchites, and, above all, Nestorians... A few others were

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have viewed popular devotional practices, such as the veneration of Sufi saints, as innovations from the original religion. Salafists have sometimes physically attacked Sufis, leading to a deterioration in

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seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the faith." Although, Islam is expected to experience a modest gain of 3 million through religious conversion between 2010 and 2050, mostly from

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of the Prophet. Used in conscious opposition to Shi'a, Shi'í. There being no ecclesia or centralized magisterium, the translation 'orthodox' is inappropriate. To the Muslim 'unorthodox' implies heretical,

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At this time, theological problems, notably on free will, were prominently tackled, with Hasan al Basri holding that although God knows people's actions, good and evil come from abuse of free will and the

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images, such as wings, being of great size or wearing heavenly articles. Common characteristics for angels include a lack of bodily needs and desires, such as eating and drinking. Some of them, such as

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rather than blind imitation of scholars. He called for a jihad against those he deemed heretics, but his writings only played a marginal role during his lifetime. During the 18th century in Arabia,

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Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more nondenominational Muslims

4661:. The resulting urbanization and increase in trade in sub-Saharan Africa brought Muslims to settle in new areas and spread their faith, likely doubling its Muslim population between 1869 and 1914. 8793: 5911:

courts, which were controlled by the ruler's council and administered criminal law. In the modern era, sharia-based criminal laws were widely replaced by statutes inspired by European models. The

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and I testify that Muhammad is the messenger of God." Islam is sometimes argued to have a very simple creed with the shahada being the premise for the rest of the religion. Non-Muslims wishing to

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The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity: Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies

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By both percentage and total numbers, Islam is the world's fastest growing major religious group, and is projected to be the world's largest by the end of the 21st century, surpassing that of

3432:) and is considered a significant event in Islamic history. During the next 22 years of his life, from age 40 onwards, Muhammad continued to receive revelations from God, becoming the last or 13666: 7401: 14234: 19367: 9462:, p. 109-110: This is not regarded as charity because it is not really voluntary but instead is owed, by those who have received their wealth as a trust from God's bounty, to the poor. 7678:

Modern Muslims dislike the terms Mohammedan and Mohammedanism, which seem to them to carry the implication of worship of Mohammed, as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ.

4928:, around 6,000 people convert to Islam per year and, according to an article in the British Muslims Monthly Survey, the majority of new Muslim converts in Britain were women. According to 6087:) is the religious title used to refer to an Islamic leadership position, often in the context of conducting an Islamic worship service. Religious interpretation is presided over by the ' 15130: 15099: 14259: 14079: 6695:

are religiously non-practicing individuals who still identify with Islam due to family backgrounds, personal experiences, or the social and cultural environment in which they grew up.

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as "a science whose objective is the reparation of the heart and turning it away from all else but God", through "intuitive and emotional faculties" that one must be trained to use.

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As Druze is a nonritualistic religion without requirements to pray, fast, make pilgrimages, or observe days of rest, the Druze are not considered an Islamic people by Sunni Muslims.

14302: 13360: 7207: 5067:(c. 874–936), holds that ethics can derive just from divine revelation but accepts reason regarding exegetical matters and combines Muʿtazila approaches with traditionalist ideas. 4435:

within Shia Islam. Persian migrants to South Asia, as influential bureaucrats and landholders, helped spread Shia Islam, forming some of the largest Shia populations outside Iran.

2170:('accounts'), or the written record of Muhammad's life, to both supplement the Quran and assist with its interpretation. The science of Quranic commentary and exegesis is known as 17535: 14123: 29193: 10415: 4765: 4116: 5674:, the early Sufi ascetic often portrayed as one of the earliest Sufis, emphasized fear of failing God's expectations of obedience. In contrast, later prominent Sufis, such as 4514:

in China after returning from Mecca but were eventually persecuted and forced into hiding by Sufi groups. Other groups sought to reform Sufism rather than reject it, with the

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reports that respondents self-identifying as "just Muslim" make up a majority of Muslims in seven countries (and a plurality in three others), with the highest proportion in

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is a sub-category of hadith, regarded as God's verbatim words quoted by Muhammad that are not part of the Quran. A hadith involves two elements: a chain of narrators, called

1727:), which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of submission, safeness, and peace. In a religious context, it refers to the total surrender to the will of 13732: 14882: 14030: 7923: 5799:, which refers to its scholarly interpretations. The manner of its application in modern times has been a subject of dispute between Muslim traditionalists and reformists. 9488:

Aside from its function of purifying believers' wealth, the payment of zakat may have contributed in no small way to the economic welfare of the Muslim community in Mecca.

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Sunni Islam, or Sunnism, is the name for the largest denomination in Islam. The term is a contraction of the phrase "ahl as-sunna wa'l-jamaat", which means "people of the

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Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims—those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites, but who accept Islam as a religion generally.

15224:. p. 3. "Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90%) of that community." 22584:

What 1.3 Billion Muslims Really Think: An Answer to a Recent Gallup Study, Based on the "World Values Survey". Foreword Mansoor Moaddel, Eastern Michigan University

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split with the Twelvers over who was the seventh Imam and have further fragmented into more groups over the status of successive Imams, with the largest group being the

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in many countries, with growth rates due primarily to immigration and higher birth rates of Muslims in 2005, accounting for 4.9% of all of Europe's population in 2016.

4495: 14434: 6582:, this rule has been interpreted in different ways by different scholars and in different historical periods. This stricture has been used to explain the prevalence of 13448: 12682: 10062: 17682: 17619: 11486: 10606: 10575: 9323: 16360: 16205: 12615: 11894: 10209: 9727: 7707: 6864:, either emerged from Islam or came to share certain beliefs with Islam, and whether each is a separate religion or a sect of Islam is sometimes controversial. The 23889: 22093: 17177:

Nineteen said that they are Sunni Muslims, six said they are just Muslim without specifying a sect, two said they are Ahmadi, and two said their families are Alevi

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refers to those who do not use taqlid and, by extension, do not have a madhab. The practice of an individual interpreting law with independent reasoning is called

5682:, emphasized religiosity based on love towards God. Such devotion would also have an impact on the arts, with Rumi still one of the bestselling poets in America. 23771: 18892: 3404:. In the year 610 CE, troubled by the moral decline and idolatry prevalent in Mecca and seeking seclusion and spiritual contemplation, Muhammad retreated to the 15743: 14937: 12092: 23139: 21334: 13848: 11467: 8399:

It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it.

6483:, is often practised in the Muslim world. Respecting and obeying one's parents, and taking care of them especially in their old age is a religious obligation. 5439: 19058: 12540: 3801:), Arab clans pushed aside by the Umayyad clan, and some Shi'a rallied and overthrew the Umayyads, inaugurating the more cosmopolitan Abbasid dynasty in 750. 2027:) are beings described in the Quran and hadith. They are described as created to worship God and also to serve in other specific duties such as communicating 15592: 14182: 15952: 14911: 12926: 5931:(family) laws. Legislative bodies which codified these laws sought to modernize them without abandoning their foundations in traditional jurisprudence. The 8821: 6801: 6257:

means "to strive or struggle " and, in its broadest sense, is "exerting one's utmost power, efforts, endeavors, or ability in contending with an object of

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is a revival movement advocating the return to the practices of the earliest generations of Muslims. In the 18th century, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab led a

15549: 14977: 14406: 2275:) are believed to have been chosen by God to preach a divine message. Some of these prophets additionally deliver a new book and are called "messengers" ( 23756: 17746: 14532: 8790: 8680: 8642: 12504:

The Emergence of a Scholar from a Garrison Society: A contextual analysis of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhāb's doctrine in the light of the Qur'ān and Hadīth

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Jacquart, Danielle (2008). "Islamic Pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Theories and Substances". European Review (Cambridge University Press) 16: 219–227.

6373:, often translated as "shame" or "modesty", is sometimes described as the innate character of Islam and informs much of Muslim daily life. For example, 2350:. There are various methodologies to classify the authenticity of hadiths, with the commonly used grading grading scale being "authentic" or "correct" ( 25572: 17651: 16784: 12749: 4158: 13623: 14498: 13250: 6785: 5143:

during Muhammad's return from his final pilgrimage to Mecca, where he stopped thousands of Muslims in the midday heat. Muhammad appointed his cousin

2586:, meaning "power", derives from a root that means "to measure" or "calculating". Muslims often express this belief in divine destiny with the phrase 2138:

Gabriel, on multiple occasions between 610 CE and 632, the year Muhammad died. While Muhammad was alive, these revelations were written down by

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is performed. Wailing, or loud, mournful outcrying, is discouraged. Coffins are often not preferred and graves are often unmarked, even for kings.

4947:. It is estimated that, by 2050, the number of Muslims will nearly equal the number of Christians around the world, "due to the young age and high 4490:

to return to what he saw as unadultered Islam. He condemned many local Islamic customs, such as visiting the grave of Muhammad or saints, as later

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as it developed its own unique doctrines, and finally separated from both Ismāʿīlīsm and Islam altogether; these include the belief that the Imam

4439:, who overthrew the Safavids, attempted to improve relations with Sunnis by propagating the integration of Twelverism into Sunni Islam as a fifth 27907: 18237: 14445: 13180: 11698: 7002: 6701: 14152: 8649:.) "Profession of Faith...affirms Islam's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of Allah, the last and final prophet." 5474:, alongside Shia and Sufi beliefs. It has been estimated that there are 10 million to over 20 million (~0.5–1% of all Muslims) Alevis worldwide. 2189:, to different prophets numerous times throughout history. However, Islam teaches that parts of the previously revealed scriptures, such as the 28964: 17223: 15122: 15089: 14256: 13327: 11789: 7026:, including issues related to human rights, particularly in relation to the application of Islamic law. Furthermore, in the wake of the recent 5927:

sharia. While the constitutions of most Muslim-majority states contain references to sharia, its classical rules were largely retained only in

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understanding of the Quran and the sunnah, the belief that the Quran is uncreated and eternal, and opposition to speculative theology, called

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was generally in political decline starting the 1800s, especially compared to non-Muslim European powers. Earlier, in the 15th century, the

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in the desert before Mecca developed into a settlement. The pilgrimage also involves spending a day praying and worshipping in the plain of

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describes this as: "So whoever does an atom's weight of good will see it. And whoever does an atom's weight of evil will see it." The Quran

2409: 28916: 26269: 17829: 14299: 13701: 11992: 5358: 3679:, an extremist sect, who felt that by not fighting a sinner, Ali became a sinner as well. The Kharijites rebelled and were defeated in the 13350: 7372: 4960: 4740:

Muslim minorities of various ethnicities have been persecuted as a religious group. This has been undertaken by communist forces like the

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who were descended from earlier immigrants were assimilated, sometimes through laws mandating assimilation, by adopting Chinese names and

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to God. There are five timed prayers each day that are considered duties. The prayers are recited in the Arabic language and performed in

23786: 20548: 16166: 15870: 15783: 14903: 12069: 9553: 7199: 7015:. Here, Muhammad is depicted in the eighth circle of hell, along with Ali. Dante does not blame Islam as a whole but accuses Muhammad of 18093:

Radtke, B.; Lory, P.; Zarcone, Th.; DeWeese, D.; Gaborieau, M.; Denny, F. M.; Aubin, F.; Hunwick, J. O.; Mchugh, N. (2012) . "Walī". In

17948: 15185: 14721: 12157: 10125: 7230: 4579:, embraced modern values and institutions such as democracy while being scripture oriented. Notable forerunners in the movement include 27952: 27879: 25097: 24198: 11551: 8904: 4279:

Through Muslim trade networks and the activity of Sufi orders, Islam spread into new areas and Muslims assimilated into new cultures.

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of 622 CE, a date that was reportedly chosen by Caliph Umar as it was an important turning point in Muhammad's fortunes. Islamic

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The religion of the centralized states of the gunpowder empires influenced the religious practice of their constituent populations. A

3081:, intended to bring continuity through generations and uniformity among pilgrims despite class or origin. Another form of pilgrimage, 27757: 24176: 23860: 23776: 18684: 17303:

The Book of ascension to the essential truths of Sufism: a lexicon of Sufic terminology = Miʿrāj al-tashawwuf ilā ḥaqāʾiq al-taṣawwuf

14787: 7023: 4146: 4011: 28203: 13545: 8270: 7448: 6494:

as their last words. Paying respects to the dead and attending funerals in the community are considered among the virtuous acts. In

5737:

movement claims over 200 million followers in South Asia. Sufism is prominent in Central Asia, as well as in African countries like

28043: 27917: 27902: 23877: 20118: 19700: 18211: 17325:

Andani, Khalil. "A Survey of Ismaili Studies Part 1: Early Ismailism and Fatimid Ismailism." Religion Compass 10.8 (2016): 191–206.

13810: 13780: 13294: 12249: 11243: 9500: 6897: 6769: 4428: 4255: 1541: 1139: 19298: 16873: 16670: 15341:

An Introduction to the Hadith. John Burton. Published by Edinburgh University Press. 1996. p. 201. Cite: "Sunni: Of or pertaining

14872: 14022: 13724: 6367:, are usually forbidden as violating the creation. Silk and gold are prohibited for men in Islam to maintain a state of sobriety. 5780: 23840: 23761: 17301:

Ibn-ʿAǧība, Aḥmad Ibn-Muḥammad; Aresmouk, Mohamed Fouad; Fitzgerald, Michael Abdurrahman; Ibn-ʿAǧība, Aḥmad Ibn-Muḥammad (2011).

12317: 12109: 7920: 6746: 4775:

The advancement of global communication has facilitated the widespread dissemination of religious knowledge. The adoption of the

4015: 666: 17499: 11672: 7334: 6031: 5852:(social relations), which together comprise a wide range of topics. Its rulings assign actions to one of five categories called 4841: 23781: 22729: 17998:

Hajjar, Lisa (2004). "Religion, State Power, and Domestic Violence in Muslim Societies: A Framework for Comparative Analysis".

15588: 15007: 13013:"Factors of stability and sustainable development in Jordan in its first centenary 1921–2021 (an analytical descriptive study)" 9117: 6986:

defended the Quranic description of paradise by asserting that the Bible also implies such ideas, such as drinking wine in the

6364: 4694: 4007: 3639:"). Some tribes left Islam and rebelled under leaders who declared themselves new prophets but were crushed by Abu Bakr in the 22540: 14431: 14204: 11610: 6413:

to multiple women, who might otherwise not have any support (e.g. widows). However, the first wife can set a condition in the

2074:, where Muhammad encounters several angels during his journey through the heavens. Further angels have often been featured in 28063: 23791: 23748: 22697: 22663: 22618: 22595: 22534: 22506: 22478: 22455: 22432: 22405: 22380: 22357: 22305: 22237: 22213: 22169: 22104: 22075: 22050: 22017: 21990: 21955: 21868: 21781: 21745: 21713: 21652: 21626: 21601: 21579: 21556: 21533: 21510: 21487: 21462: 21436: 21409: 21383: 21322: 21267: 21234: 21207: 21180: 21143: 21120: 21097: 21071: 21046: 21021: 20994: 20969: 20946: 20920: 20897: 20874: 20851: 20832: 20804: 20781: 20758: 20735: 20700: 20670: 20643: 20620: 20595: 20569: 20541: 20518: 20495: 20470: 20447: 20422: 20397: 20372: 20344: 20317: 20287: 20266: 20241: 20218: 20176: 20153: 20126: 20061: 20024: 19994: 19966: 19938: 19874: 19821: 19674: 19642: 19610: 19572: 19503: 19381: 19312: 18876: 18800: 18765: 18507: 18302: 18275: 18140: 17982: 17880: 17602: 17460: 17369: 17200: 17170: 17140: 17110: 16992: 16856: 16823: 16756: 16646: 16621: 16564: 16458: 16354: 16268: 16199: 16160: 16082: 15536: 15486: 15450: 15426: 14756: 14688: 14621: 14382: 14117: 14073: 13763: 13420: 13391: 13154: 13129: 13092: 12948: 12827: 12676: 12585: 12483: 12456: 12417: 12389: 12353: 12217: 12189: 12151: 11958: 11729: 11643: 11587:

Neue Fischer Weltgeschichte "Islamisierung in Zentralasien bis zur Mongolenzeit" Band 10: Zentralasien, 2012, p. 191 (German)

11545: 11395: 11181: 11011: 10846: 10527: 10484: 10378: 10203: 10056: 9937: 9852: 9760: 9721: 9547: 9432: 9317: 8776: 8756: 8673: 8635: 8194: 7846: 7798: 7646: 7570: 4408: 4023: 3479: 2806:. Although the primary purpose of the mosque is to serve as a place of prayer, it is also an important social center for the 1553: 553: 18563: 17066: 16274: 15576:

Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population." ... "Shia Islam represents 10–15% of Muslims worldwide.

15245: 14652: 14627: 13440: 13098: 12508: 12423: 10533: 10490: 9815: 8592: 7871: 5408:

to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. There are a wide variety of distinct beliefs and teachings of Ahmadis compared to those of

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in their reach and have decentralized religious authority. More "individualized" interpretations of Islam notably involve

28646: 27927: 27528: 17343: 7586: 5803: 4638: 1569: 13600: 8529: 7997: 5701:, and Al-Ghazali, argued for Sufism as being based upon the tenets of Islam and the teachings of the prophet. Historian 3687:

to avoid further fighting, abdicating to Mu'awiya in return for Mu'awiya not appointing a successor. Mu'awiya began the

28856: 28586: 28468: 27922: 26507: 24461: 22572: 22526: 20168: 19905: 19893:. The Fathers of the Church. Vol. 37. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. 1958. pp. 153–160 17701: 17310: 15326: 15301: 15276: 14715: 10800: 9873: 5422:. These perceived deviations from normative Islamic thought have resulted in rejection by most Muslims as heretics and 4879: 4721:

would even attempt to recreate the modern gold dinar as their monetary system. While some of those who broke away were

4203:

by promulgating the scholarly opinions of the time, notably with the construction of educational institutions known as

2311:, among others. The stories associated with the prophets beyond the Quranic accounts are collected and explored in the 21277: 18900: 15377: 14432:

The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010

11333:

Katz, Victor J.; Barton, Bill (18 September 2007). "Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching".

9624: 7602: 1969:

being ascribed to it and is also used by Muslims and Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews in reference to God, whereas

28906: 27732: 24982: 23643: 23597: 23257: 23251: 22334: 22282: 22263: 22127: 21428: 20199: 20091: 19537: 19469: 19419: 19273: 19248: 19213: 19101: 17529: 16510: 16401: 16057: 16028: 15737: 15727: 15710: 15512: 13576: 13223: 12891: 12609: 11928: 11518: 11451: 11423: 10569: 10350: 10119: 9921: 9655: 9600: 9481: 9382: 8586: 8313: 7741: 7701: 7671: 7528: 7509: 7478: 7315: 7290: 5081:

also de-emphasized the centuries' old Sunni legal tradition, preferring to directly follow the Quran and Hadith. The

4855: 4385: 3842: 1205: 731: 19110: 19046: 16297: 14677:

Richard Eaton (8 September 2009). "Forest Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal". In Barbara D. Metcalf (ed.).

13923: 13840: 11464: 9568: 6023:("principles of jurisprudence"). The conformity in following of decisions by a religious expert or school is called 3829:

Al-Shafi'i codified a method to determine the reliability of hadith. During the early Abbasid era, scholars such as

1993: 28959: 26517: 23514: 23370: 22905: 22801: 21927: 21912: 15628: 12530: 9168: 8412: 6417:

that the husband cannot marry another woman during their marriage. There are also cultural variations in weddings.

6384: 4729: 3362: 3322: 3300: 2339: 2222: 1288: 331: 21691: 18963: 14907: 14174: 13242: 11764: 11281: 10463:

By Imam Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam died 214 AH 829 C.E. Publisher Zam Zam Publishers Karachi, pp. 54–59

1359:, provide a constitutional model for Muslims. Islam is based on the believe in oneness and uniqueness of the God ( 29188: 28921: 28816: 27942: 27937: 27893: 27523: 26367: 25626: 24616: 23998: 23814: 19545:

up... For Cultural Muslim the declaration of faith is superficial and has no effect of their religious practices.

17620:"Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the Twentieth Century" 12915: 12706:"Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the twentieth Century" 7048: 5530: 5207: 5024: 3931:, which resulted in him being tortured and kept in an unlit prison cell for nearly thirty months. However, other 2235: 913: 18927: 17922: 17338: 9044:

literally means "to measure, to determine". Here it is used to mean that "God measures and orders his creation".

8367:

Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted: it is by far, the finest work of Arabic prose in existence.

4474:

form of Islam, rejecting philosophical approaches in favor of simpler theology, and called to open the gates of

2324:") to convey the completed message of Islam. In Islam, the "normative" example of Muhammad's life is called the 28776: 28601: 27874: 26893: 26834: 26721: 26600: 26532: 24960: 24598: 24517: 24063: 23621: 23519: 21883: 20692: 20612: 20587: 19004: 17795: 15986: 15609:

Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.

15563: 14969: 14944: 14664: 14529: 14398: 12921: 12209: 11888: 11793: 11306:

Koetsier, Teun (May 2001). "On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators".

9809: 8909: 8392: 8360: 6198: 6184: 5480:

is a religious movement of Islam based on the belief that Islamic law and guidance should only be based on the

5120:

Shia Islam, or Shi'ism, is the second-largest Muslim denomination. Shias, or Shiites, maintain that Muhammad's

4318: 4199:, conquered Baghdad and turned the Abbasids into a figurehead monarchy. The Sunni Seljuk dynasty campaigned to 4108: 3413: 1638: 1517: 858: 214: 27013: 26888: 18659: 17906: 16959: 16886: 16697: 13513: 13480: 9889: 8677: 8639: 3468:

and worship one God. Many early converts to Islam were women, the poor, foreigners, and slaves like the first

2492:

On Yawm al-Qiyāmah, Muslims believe all humankind will be judged by their good and bad deeds and consigned to

1625:. Muslims make up a majority of the population in 49 countries. Approximately 12% of the world's Muslims live 28926: 28341: 28078: 27742: 27591: 27513: 26935: 25977: 25530: 24169: 23431: 23190: 22925: 21013: 19866: 18995: 17668: 16329: 12130:

Peter B. Golden: An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples; In: Osman Karatay, Ankara 2002, p. 321

7248: 7031: 6983: 6967:

Criticism of Islam has existed since its formative stages. Early criticism came from Jewish authors, such as

6535: 4303: 602: 21297: 21278:

Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population

11880:

Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule

6578:, among others. While the making of images of animate beings has often been frowned upon in connection with 5155:(spiritual and political leader) after him, but was prevented from succeeding Muhammad as the leader of the 5059:

can be understood by reason alone, but people rely on revelation, for matters beyond human's comprehension.

4717:

broke away from Islamic modernists and pushed against embracing what he saw as Western influence. The group

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chapters discuss more social and legal issues relevant to the Muslim community. Muslim jurists consult the

1590: 1557: 1132: 634: 27023: 21168:

Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter 7)

17887:

Quote: ", by the ninth century, the classical theory of law fixed the sources of Islamic law at four: the

14553: 3782:. The Umayyads struggled with a lack of legitimacy and relied on a heavily patronized military. Since the 29178: 28994: 28706: 28701: 28473: 26996: 26957: 26512: 26426: 25994: 24366: 24085: 23950: 23766: 23534: 23327: 22762: 22498: 17162:

Muslims in British Local Government: Representing Minority Interests in Hackney, Newham and Tower Hamlets

16792: 16593: 15559: 14783: 14558: 9203: 6283: 4722: 3932: 3492:("emigration") in 622 to the city of Yathrib (current-day Medina). There, with the Medinan converts (the 3208: 1610: 1573: 1454: 681: 508: 27028: 27018: 9798:

Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies (1986). Goss, V. P.; Bornstein, C. V. (eds.).

1351:, through whom the religion was completed. The teachings and normative examples of Muhammad, called the 29131: 27772: 27717: 27413: 26153: 25670: 24361: 24303: 23845: 23728: 23245: 22722: 22274: 21896: 21835: 21571: 21343: 21259: 21089: 20986: 20912: 20866: 20750: 19930: 19373: 16848: 14577: 14442: 14314: 12668: 12448: 12203: 11839: 11694: 10991: 7242: 6176: 5435: 4618: 4607: 4479: 4130: 3736: 3472: 721: 25751: 18958: 18366: 15157: 13690: 13170: 11605: 11416:

The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam

10746: 9377: 8308: 8265: 7736: 7443: 5466:. Alevism is a blend of traditional 14th century Turkish beliefs, with possible syncretist origins in 4932:, "observers estimate that as many as 20,000 Americans convert to Islam annually", most of them being 3915:

made it an official creed and unsuccessfully attempted to force this position on the majority. Caliph

1932:) meaning "The Especially Merciful" which are invoked at the beginning of most chapters of the Quran. 29019: 28808: 28666: 28118: 27006: 26785: 26416: 26046: 25611: 24743: 24495: 24332: 24287: 23925: 23626: 23455: 23151: 22931: 22894: 22470: 22447: 22372: 22349: 22297: 21932: 21917: 21888: 21856: 21819: 20938: 20191: 19958: 19709: 19666: 18106: 17872: 16393: 14462: 11510: 9141:"THE CONCEPT OF PERMISSION, SUPEREROGATORY ACTS AND ASETICISM [sic] IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE" 8352: 6598:, varying cultures show influence such as North African and Spanish Islamic architecture such as the 6236: 5834:

developed methodologies for deriving sharia rulings from scriptural sources using a process known as

5715: 5579: 5543: 5160: 4749: 4674: 4368:

After the introduction of gunpowder weapons, large and centralized Muslim states consolidated around

3683:

but a Kharijite assassin later killed Ali. Ali's son, Hasan ibn Ali, was elected Caliph and signed a

3057:, which Muslims believe Abraham built as a place of worship, and they walk seven times between Mount 2851: 1817: 816: 528: 27124: 22629:"The political algebra of global value change. General models and implications for the Muslim world" 19164: 17147:

40 per cent called themselves "just a Muslim" according to the Council of American-Islamic relations

14339:, p. 1. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims." 13317: 9801:

The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades

9420:

The Islamic Voluntary Sector in Southeast Asia: Islam and the Economic Development of Southeast Asia

6730: 5434:. The followers of the Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam are divided into two groups: the first being the 5342:

is practised by 1.45 million Muslims around the world (~0.08% of all Muslims), most of them in

3400:) and was sought after as an impartial arbitrator. He later married his employer, the businesswoman 2469:

is preordained by God, but unknown to man. The Quran and the hadith, as well as the commentaries of

28523: 28483: 28438: 28228: 28218: 28023: 27777: 27602: 27538: 27508: 27398: 27163: 27072: 27040: 27001: 26913: 25820: 25077: 25013: 24483: 24468: 24162: 24080: 23809: 23633: 23406: 22944: 22681: 22205: 22115: 21902: 21841: 21803: 21759: 21723: 21372:

The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence

21199: 18102: 16502: 16002: 15528: 15029: 14503: 12039: 11090: 9309: 7634: 6776: 6599: 6152: 5552:

that has been used for and by Muslims who do not belong to or do not self-identify with a specific

5419: 5152: 5129: 4966: 4937: 4828: 4195:, a rock placed within the Kaaba, in their unsuccessful rebellion. Yet another Isma'ili group, the 3870: 3684: 3085:, is optional and can be undertaken at any time of the year. Other sites of Islamic pilgrimage are 2139: 1654: 1602: 748: 548: 25520: 22607:

The political algebra of global value change. General models and implications for the Muslim world

17408: 15055: 13871: 12847: 11036: 4358: 28974: 28911: 28861: 28821: 28766: 28401: 28396: 28286: 28233: 28123: 28053: 27849: 27660: 27575: 26780: 26758: 26557: 26379: 25904: 25562: 25489: 25173: 24544: 24344: 24253: 23943: 22817: 22610: 22587: 22424: 22397: 22042: 22009: 21618: 21589: 21502: 21401: 21375: 21332:

Serjeant, R.B. (1978). "Sunnah Jami'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrim of Yathrib".

20961: 20635: 20561: 20533: 20510: 20487: 20462: 20439: 20414: 20389: 20364: 20309: 19304: 18000: 17956: 17845: 17841: 17511: 17011:

The Authenticity of the Tradition Literature: Discussions in Modern Egypt,... G.H.A. Juynboll,...

16556: 15879: 15792: 15385: 15221: 13661: 11820: 8748: 8665: 8627: 8525: 8239: 7838: 7596: 6143: 5405: 5206:

to return one day. They recognize that the prophecy of the Twelve Imams has been foretold in the

4745: 4584: 4080:

and often referred to as the "world's first true scientist", in particular regarding his work in

3824: 3597: 2561: 1125: 343: 22971: 20306:

A Matter of Fate: The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature

19564: 18499:

Food and Dress in Islam: An explanation of matters relating to food and drink and dress in Islam

12662: 12312: 11387: 11076:

David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views 4 (2).

10793:

Studien zur Kanonisierung des Korantextes: al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrīs Beiträge zur Geschichte des Korans

7030:

trend, Islam's influence on the ability of Muslim immigrants in the West to assimilate has been

6091:(Arabic: علماء), a term used describe the body of Muslim scholars who have received training in 4498:

and the tomb of Husayn at Karbala, a major Shia pilgrimage site. He formed an alliance with the

3727:

schism, with the Shia believing leadership belongs to Muhammad's family through Ali, called the

3663:, raised an army against Ali, attempting to avenge the death of Uthman, but was defeated at the 2176:. In addition to its religious significance, the Quran is widely regarded as the finest work in 1470: 28841: 28736: 28696: 28676: 28533: 28508: 28413: 28386: 28336: 28306: 28296: 28213: 28178: 28163: 28148: 28103: 28038: 27712: 27643: 27548: 27543: 27284: 27207: 26969: 26851: 26775: 26572: 26562: 26421: 26389: 26327: 26298: 25815: 25810: 25507: 25467: 25252: 24593: 24588: 24568: 24564: 24095: 24024: 23993: 23933: 22915: 22910: 22828: 21768: 21732: 19602: 19120: 18868: 18792: 18782: 18115: 17495: 16590:"Ghulām Aḥmad al-Qādiyānī: The Messiah of the Christians—Peace upon Him—in India (India, 1908)" 15866:"Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran" 15779:"Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran" 14374: 12879: 11531: 10046: 9883: 9578: 7638: 7364: 7063: 6943: 6889: 6591: 5431: 5423: 5243: 5179:

caliph after Muhammad. Shias state the community deliberately ignored Ali's nomination, citing

5121: 5048: 4854:

estimates that 87–90% of Muslims are Sunni and 10–13% are Shia. Approximately 49 countries are

4728:

In opposition to Islamic political movements, in 20th century Turkey, the military carried out

4669: 4658: 4523: 4126: 4122: 3972: 3944: 3636: 3559: 3555: 3513: 3401: 3218: 3007: 3002: 2950: 2629: 2482: 2002: 1886:

in Islamic mystical teachings. God is seen as incomparable and without partners such as in the

1781: 1747:

of the same verb form, and means "submitter (to God)" or "one who surrenders (to God)". In the

1695: 1606: 1583: 1486: 1372: 1273: 797: 563: 77: 20: 22329:. First ed. Malibu, Calif.: Roundtable Publications. viii, 277 p., ill. with maps and charts. 20053: 20016: 19915: 19493: 18940: 18757: 18597: 18292: 17970: 17932: 17916: 17452: 17160: 16589: 16486: 16150: 14613: 14003: 12065: 11950: 11483: 10559: 9786: 9533: 9301: 6994:'s doctrines led to the broad repudiation of bodily pleasure in both life and the afterlife. 6336: 5514: 4133:, founded in 859, as the world's oldest degree-granting university. Many non-Muslims, such as 2900:, or for (stranded) travellers, and for those employed to collect zakat. It acts as a form of 2070:), are mentioned by name in the Quran. Angels play a significant role in literature about the 29082: 29027: 28944: 28896: 28871: 28671: 28493: 28488: 28356: 28346: 28168: 27844: 27787: 27607: 27553: 26974: 26952: 26871: 26812: 26478: 25917: 25778: 24940: 24539: 24451: 24041: 24019: 22838: 22715: 22689: 21878: 21135: 20844:

The Caliphate of Banu Umayyah the first Phase, Ibn Katheer, Taken from Al-Bidayah wan-Nihayah

20818: 19236: 18864: 18753: 18459: 17645: 17190: 17130: 17100: 16728: 16544: 16344: 16254: 16189: 16046: 15193: 15094: 14705: 12743: 12599: 12141: 12105: 11878: 10512:

Houtsma, M.T.; Wensinck, A.J.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Gibb, H.A.R.; Heffening, W., eds. (1993).

10187: 10109: 10031: 9899: 9750: 9711: 9418: 8817: 7691: 7612: 7398:"Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center" 6939: 6873: 6487: 6479: 5505: 5493: 5427: 5235: 4554: 4164:

Soldiers broke away from the Abbasid empire and established their own dynasties, such as the

4048: 3565: 3530: 3037:), is to be done at least once a lifetime by every Muslim with the means to do so during the 3012: 2896:

by those who can afford it to help the poor or needy, such as for freeing captives, those in

2607: 2134:. Muslims believe that the verses of the Quran were revealed to Muhammad by God, through the 1909: 1642: 1462: 1392: 792: 617: 401: 356: 25798: 25746: 20008: 18497: 17866: 17520: 15668: 15215: 14065: 11535: 8915: 8180: 7562: 6247:

was introduced and the old and disabled were entitled to stipends, while the Umayyad Caliph

5077:, referred by outsiders as Wahhabism, in modern-day Saudi Arabia. A similar movement called 4764:

has been labeled as a crime against humanity by the UN and Amnesty International, while the

4599:, sharia was for the first time partially codified into law in 1869 in the Ottoman Empire's 29072: 29062: 29047: 28954: 28881: 28851: 28826: 28791: 28751: 28746: 28721: 28591: 28513: 28463: 28443: 28433: 28321: 28268: 28243: 28093: 28088: 28068: 28033: 28018: 27962: 27737: 27670: 27638: 27518: 27453: 27319: 27197: 27050: 26930: 26829: 26741: 26709: 26704: 26552: 26284: 25579: 25163: 24923: 24534: 24478: 24429: 24414: 24267: 23708: 23615: 23560: 22641: 22289: 22028: 21727: 20140:. Cambridge Companions to Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–54. 19617:

Druze – An offshoot of Shi'ism; its members are not considered Muslims by orthodox Muslims.

17862: 17800: 17624: 17594: 17557: 16494: 15655: 14809: 14583: 14370: 13024: 12710: 9804:. Vol. 21. Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University. p. 208. 9505: 9076: 8836: 8659: 8618: 8615: 8234: 6611: 6595: 6527: 6307: 6271: 5564:

at 74%. At least one in five Muslims in at least 22 countries self-identifies in this way.

5553: 5220: 4588: 4342: 3834: 3732: 3716: 3526: 3433: 3163: 3074: 2509: 2321: 2125: 1998: 1947:

is to worship God. He is viewed as a personal god and there are no intermediaries, such as

1348: 1315:

and the unaltered, final revelation. Alongside the Quran, Muslims also believe in previous

1021: 24776: 19324:) and order without figural representation. Geometric patterns perfectly suited this goal. 18688: 18622: 16011:. In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.). 14773: 8875:: "Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as 'Avicenna'." 6905: 5518:, arguing for the sole authority of the Quran. A prominent late 20th century Quranist was 3731:. Abu Bakr's leadership oversaw the beginning of the compilation of the Quran. The Caliph 3280: 3028: 2021: 228: 8: 29077: 29052: 29032: 29009: 28936: 28886: 28866: 28781: 28771: 28726: 28686: 28641: 28636: 28626: 28616: 28611: 28606: 28596: 28581: 28576: 28571: 28566: 28561: 28538: 28448: 28423: 28301: 28291: 28253: 28223: 28208: 28193: 28183: 28173: 28138: 28133: 28083: 28028: 28003: 27947: 27804: 27792: 27680: 27675: 27665: 27533: 27334: 27247: 27192: 27168: 27055: 26940: 26898: 26693: 26542: 26170: 25962: 25847: 25643: 25445: 25330: 25258: 25148: 25069: 24896: 24549: 24373: 24219: 23938: 23819: 23713: 23529: 23026: 22823: 22488: 21367: 21284: 21153: 20793: 20727: 20680: 20258: 19986: 19411: 19405: 18658:

Zine, Jasmin; Babana-Hampton, Safoi; Mazid, Nergis; Bullock, Katherine; Chishti, Maliha.

17231: 16740: 15442: 15418: 15240: 14877: 14540: 14332: 14330: 14310: 14271: 13535: 13246: 12775:

Buzpinar, Ş. Tufan (March 2007). "Celal Nuri's Concepts of Westernization and Religion".

12475: 12181: 9797: 9539: 8771: 6792: 6583: 6571: 6408:). Most families in the Islamic world are monogamous. Muslim men are allowed to practice 6291: 5815: 5705:

argued that Islam in the Medieval period was more or less Sufism. Followers of the Sunni

5557: 5501: 5279: 5203: 5190:

Some of the first Shia Imams are revered by all Shia and Sunnis Muslims, such as Ali and

5151:(authority). Shias recognize that Muhammad designated Ali as his successor (khalīfa) and 5005:

for legal matters, while following one of the four traditional schools of jurisprudence:

4905: 4871: 4851: 4734: 4622: 4334: 4223: 4100: 3928: 3854: 3830: 3664: 3620: 3424:. The event of Muhammad's retreat to the cave and subsequent revelation is known as the " 3326: 2811: 2450: 2075: 2063: 1825: 1689: 1630: 1525: 1494: 1250: 906: 802: 436: 336: 148: 88: 19888: 19240: 19230: 18593:

The religions of China: Confucianism and Tâoism described and compared with Christianity

13284: 13055: 13028: 13012: 12405:

The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of al-Bajuri

12245: 11235: 9349: 6328: 6258: 3249:) refers to phrases repeated referencing God. Commonly, this includes Tahmid, declaring 2846: 29057: 29037: 29004: 28901: 28891: 28836: 28831: 28761: 28741: 28731: 28716: 28711: 28691: 28661: 28656: 28631: 28621: 28553: 28518: 28503: 28408: 28381: 28371: 28331: 28316: 28311: 28263: 28258: 28198: 28153: 28113: 28008: 27995: 27782: 27707: 27580: 27403: 27077: 27035: 26876: 26844: 26819: 26746: 26726: 26547: 26495: 26483: 26461: 26053: 26011: 25884: 25719: 25714: 25709: 25540: 25324: 25300: 24679: 24603: 24351: 24297: 24100: 24014: 23865: 23801: 23609: 23585: 23262: 23240: 23200: 23090: 23003: 22954: 22920: 22811: 22669: 22516: 22417: 22199: 22133: 21975: 21961: 21850: 21807: 21763: 21446: 21421: 21393: 21355: 21308: 21240: 21192: 21063: 20980: 20710: 20655: 20606: 20481: 20433: 20358: 20329: 19794: 19729: 19592: 19558: 19348: 19170: 19023: 18990: 18989:

Anwer, Abdul Wahid; Samad, Lubna; Baig-Ansari, Naila; Iftikhar, Sundus (January 2017).

18858: 18110: 18025: 18017: 18013: 17726: 17718: 17699:

Johns, Anthony H (1995). "Sufism in Southeast Asia: Reflections and Reconsiderations".

16868: 16744: 16389: 16152:

The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social and Military History

16119: 16048:

Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini

15913: 15897: 15826: 15810: 15698: 15678: 15554: 14778: 14467: 14342: 13994:

Adams, Charles J. (1983). "Maududi and the Islamic State". In Esposito, John L. (ed.).

13876: 13728: 13628: 13355: 12852: 12800: 12792: 12288: 12009: 11381: 11350: 11213: 11135: 10961: 10009: 9160: 8471: 7432: 7279: 6991: 6933: 6642: 6607: 6579: 6531: 6311: 6205:

behavior is frowned upon. Attempts to comply with sharia has led to the development of

5941: 5924: 5414: 5381: 5377: 5231: 5002: 4991: 4914: 4859: 4833: 4725:, others believed in violence against those opposing them, even against other Muslims. 4702: 4685:

and related parties in the Arab world, which performed well in elections following the

4682: 4125:. The government paid scientists the equivalent salary of professional athletes today. 4003: 3866: 3814: 3792: 3775: 3745: 3680: 3652: 3579: 3505: 2779:. The act also requires a state of ritual purity achieved by means of either a routine 2759:), is seen as a personal communication with God and consists of repeating units called 2486: 2111: 2083: 2071: 1908:

and do not attribute forms to God. God is instead described and referred to by several

1890:, and associating partners to God or attributing God's attributes to others is seen as 1788:, as it suggests that a human being, rather than God, is central to Muslims' religion. 1626: 1545: 1529: 1316: 1075: 826: 783: 753: 736: 711: 656: 612: 324: 202: 26165: 25724: 25352: 25082: 22316:

The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran

14576:

Information provided by the International Population Center, Department of Geography,

14327: 14148: 12099: 11319: 4333:

and thus flourished and developed more distinctively from Arab influence, such as the

3574: 2443: 2426: 29114: 29108: 29042: 28999: 28989: 28979: 28969: 28876: 28796: 28756: 28681: 28651: 28543: 28498: 28478: 28453: 28428: 28391: 28376: 28351: 28326: 28238: 28188: 28143: 28128: 28108: 28098: 28073: 28013: 27957: 27722: 27498: 27094: 27065: 26989: 26984: 26945: 26883: 26839: 26824: 26807: 26802: 26797: 26736: 26471: 26357: 26123: 26093: 26073: 25894: 25699: 25680: 25675: 25621: 25584: 25305: 25220: 25143: 25041: 25031: 24999: 24987: 24955: 24932: 24914: 24810: 24665: 24573: 24559: 24522: 24510: 24339: 24258: 24210: 24075: 24070: 23975: 23965: 23955: 23638: 23524: 23476: 23319: 23230: 22991: 22981: 22976: 22966: 22961: 22794: 22693: 22673: 22659: 22628: 22614: 22591: 22568: 22530: 22502: 22474: 22451: 22428: 22401: 22376: 22353: 22330: 22301: 22278: 22259: 22233: 22227: 22209: 22183: 22175: 22165: 22123: 22100: 22097: 22071: 22046: 22013: 22002: 21986: 21951: 21941: 21864: 21823: 21787: 21777: 21741: 21709: 21681: 21648: 21622: 21612: 21597: 21575: 21552: 21529: 21506: 21483: 21458: 21432: 21405: 21379: 21359: 21318: 21263: 21253: 21244: 21230: 21203: 21176: 21139: 21116: 21093: 21067: 21042: 21017: 20990: 20965: 20942: 20916: 20893: 20870: 20847: 20828: 20800: 20777: 20754: 20731: 20696: 20684: 20666: 20639: 20616: 20591: 20565: 20555: 20537: 20514: 20491: 20466: 20443: 20418: 20408: 20393: 20383: 20368: 20340: 20313: 20283: 20262: 20237: 20214: 20195: 20172: 20149: 20122: 20087: 20057: 20042: 20020: 20009: 19990: 19962: 19934: 19870: 19838: 19817: 19798: 19786: 19745: 19737: 19721: 19670: 19638: 19606: 19568: 19533: 19499: 19465: 19415: 19377: 19308: 19279: 19269: 19244: 19209: 19097: 19028: 18872: 18796: 18761: 18747: 18591: 18503: 18443: 18298: 18271: 18136: 18132: 18029: 17978: 17876: 17730: 17598: 17525: 17456: 17446: 17365: 17306: 17196: 17166: 17136: 17106: 16988: 16951: 16947: 16916: 16852: 16762: 16752: 16652: 16642: 16617: 16570: 16560: 16516: 16506: 16464: 16454: 16397: 16350: 16323: 16302: 16264: 16236: 16195: 16156: 16123: 16078: 16053: 16024: 16007: 15982: 15929: 15921: 15905: 15842: 15834: 15818: 15733: 15706: 15532: 15508: 15482: 15446: 15422: 15322: 15297: 15272: 14752: 14711: 14684: 14660: 14617: 14378: 14363: 14113: 14069: 13996: 13759: 13572: 13416: 13387: 13219: 13150: 13125: 13088: 13060: 13042: 12887: 12823: 12804: 12672: 12605: 12581: 12479: 12452: 12413: 12385: 12349: 12213: 12185: 12147: 12101:

Coursebook: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, to the Beginnings of Modern Civilization

12013: 11954: 11943: 11924: 11884: 11725: 11668: 11639: 11635: 11541: 11514: 11447: 11419: 11391: 11354: 11177: 11139: 11118: 10965: 10953: 10842: 10796: 10565: 10523: 10480: 10374: 10346: 10199: 10115: 10052: 9917: 9848: 9836: 9805: 9756: 9717: 9651: 9596: 9543: 9477: 9428: 9313: 9152: 9064: 8872: 8752: 8669: 8631: 8582: 8388: 8356: 8190: 8125: 8052: 8030: 7984: 7962: 7842: 7804: 7794: 7773: 7697: 7693:

Sourcebook of the World's Religions: An Interfaith Guide to Religion and Spirituality

7667: 7642: 7627: 7566: 7556: 7505: 7311: 7286: 7053: 7043: 6987: 6956: 6901: 6708: 6440: 6414: 6399: 6323: 6315: 6287: 6267: 6261:". Shias in particular emphasize the "greater jihad" of striving to attain spiritual 6180: 5945: 5807: 5694: 5667: 5463: 5172: 5133: 4924:, "Islam has drawn converts from all walks of life, most notably African-Americans". 4863: 4769: 4681:

Forerunners of Islamic modernism influenced Islamist political movements such as the

4615: 4570: 4411:

and Sufism strongly influenced Islamic reign by the Ottomans from the beginning. The

4373: 4369: 4096: 4077: 3853:, the Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, and Shafi'i, were established around the teachings of 3771: 3700: 3671:, who was seen as corrupt. Mu'awiya then declared war on Ali and was defeated in the 3624: 3535: 3461: 3356: 2893: 2799: 2505: 2474: 2288: 2244: 2240: 2177: 2103: 1887: 1785: 1748: 1549: 1533: 1521: 1344: 867: 831: 778: 691: 651: 513: 26577: 26175: 25835: 25589: 21032: 19812:

Foltz, Richard (7 November 2013). "Two Kurdish Sects: The Yezidis and the Yaresan".

16020: 15596: 15244:(in Turkish). Vol. 10. Istanbul: Turkish Diyanet Foundation. pp. 525–530. 14999: 9109: 6884:

is seen as a blend of local Kurdish beliefs and Islamic Sufi doctrine introduced to

6421:, a practice wherein a woman takes on two or more husbands, is prohibited in Islam. 6251:

assigned a servant for each blind person and for every two chronically ill persons.

4085: 3967:

sought to harmonize Aristotle's ideas with the teachings of Islam, similar to later

1997:

Muhammad receiving his first revelation from the angel Gabriel. From the manuscript

29157: 29067: 28949: 28846: 28458: 28418: 28366: 28361: 28278: 28248: 28158: 28048: 27912: 27864: 27859: 27423: 27388: 27361: 27119: 27104: 26979: 26903: 26753: 26731: 26639: 26500: 26279: 26242: 26098: 26083: 26031: 25825: 25805: 25773: 25768: 25739: 25734: 25658: 25648: 25477: 25441: 25433: 25404: 25317: 25237: 25232: 25195: 25185: 25111: 25049: 24891: 24728: 24578: 24236: 24105: 24090: 23850: 23555: 23277: 23215: 23205: 23195: 23180: 22986: 22889: 22861: 22749: 22651: 22564: 22157: 22024: 21773: 21737: 21705: 21677: 21644: 21636: 21347: 21222: 21081: 21038: 21006: 20141: 19778: 19713: 19435: 19018: 19008: 18439: 18128: 18124: 18098: 18009: 17710: 17633: 17590: 17515: 17334: 16943: 16912: 16870:

John Shindeldecker: Turkish Alevis Today: II Alevi Population Size and Distribution

16609: 16605: 16552: 16444: 16440: 16424: 16250: 16232: 16111: 16016: 15887: 15800: 15650:

Tayeb El-Hibri, Maysam J. al Faruqi (2004). "Sunni Islam". In Philip Mattar (ed.).

15416:

Islam and Secularism in Post-Colonial Thought: A Cartography of Asadian Genealogies

14061: 13050: 13032: 12784: 12719: 12307: 12280: 12001: 11599: 11342: 11315: 11197: 11173: 11127: 10945: 10519: 9357: 9345: 9060: 8868: 8578: 8384: 8288: 8186: 8121: 8048: 8026: 8007: 7980: 7958: 7938: 7769: 7068: 7027: 6952: 6829:

Geometric arabesque tiling on the underside of the dome of Hafiz Shirazi's tomb in

6692: 6622: 6575: 6553: 6539: 6504: 6374: 6262: 5675: 5298: 5028: 4987: 4925: 4909: 4824: 4753: 4642: 4522:

both waging war and establishing states in Libya and Sudan respectively. In India,

4431:

to the Twelver Shia Islam of the Safavid Empire ensured the final dominance of the

4326: 4287: 4187:, took control of North Africa in the 10th century and another Isma'ili group, the 4173: 4043: 4006:". Islamic scientific achievements spanned a wide range of subject areas including 3995: 3924: 3903:. Greek rationalist philosophy influenced a speculative school of thought known as 3879: 3858: 3672: 3589: 3539: 3294: 3066: 3046: 3038: 2972: 2944: 2914: 2705: 2404: 2359: 2300: 2248: 2046: 1474: 1300: 1269: 1158: 676: 671: 622: 607: 592: 501: 380: 245: 158: 26716: 21057: 20145: 18185: 16815: 13037: 12958: 12822:. New York, Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press. pp. 231–232. 11004: 9945: 7859: 7237:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. 5254: 4455: 4230:

whose descendants make up the vast majority of Indian Muslims. Trade brought many

2035:

at the time of death. They are described as being created variously from 'light' (

29118: 27747: 27727: 27217: 27109: 27099: 26768: 26436: 26227: 26207: 26138: 26103: 26036: 25756: 25729: 25704: 25653: 25631: 25424: 25367: 25138: 24655: 24456: 24382: 24322: 24277: 24246: 24031: 23738: 23683: 23483: 23169: 23129: 23080: 23032: 22806: 22647: 22556: 22492: 22149: 22137: 22061: 22036: 21812: 21699: 21473: 21166: 20579: 20336: 20277: 20252: 20110: 19631:

Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival

19159: 18265: 17584: 17348: 17074: 17009: 16982: 16890: 16877: 16383: 16258: 15235: 14678: 14656: 14649: 14603: 14536: 14449: 14438: 14321: 14306: 14263: 13696: 13082: 12953: 12575:

The Metaphysics of World Order: A Synthesis of Philosophy, Theology, and Politics

12502: 12403: 11920: 11490: 11471: 11041: 10513: 10474: 9799: 9240: 8828: 8797: 8684: 8646: 8568: 7927: 7541: 7532: 7058: 7012: 6847: 6652: 6634: 6545: 6517: 6495: 6355: 6279: 6206: 6148: 6092: 5982: 5932: 5706: 5698: 5690: 5663: 5646: 5638: 5497: 5260: 5227: 5109: 5074: 5064: 4895: 4887: 4883: 4793: 4761: 4690: 4633:

attempted to unify Muslims and competed with growing nationalist forces, such as

4592: 4574: 4566: 4459: 4389: 4377: 4338: 4307: 4219: 4184: 4150: 4069: 3912: 3688: 3655:

and his assassination by rebels led to Ali being elected the next Caliph. In the

3644: 3393: 3158: 3146: 2956: 2865: 2591: 2582:) means that every matter, good or bad, is believed to have been decreed by God. 2567: 2394: 2313: 2206: 2010: 1944: 1821: 1680: 1650: 1618: 1565: 1561: 1490: 1336: 1229: 1214: 811: 627: 587: 576: 558: 461: 406: 319: 69: 22391: 18953: 16346:

The Sunni-Shi'a Divide: Islam's Internal Divisions and Their Global Consequences

14839: 11507:

A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam

10561:

Studies in Islamic History and Civilization: In Honour of Professor David Ayalon

9000: 6557: 5670:

schools of Islamic philosophy, has developed mystical interpretations of Islam.

4451: 3464:

preached first in secret and then in public, imploring his listeners to abandon

3388:

and was orphaned early in life. Growing up as a trader, he became known as the "

1836: 29173: 27869: 27762: 27702: 27418: 27393: 27178: 27082: 26964: 26908: 26861: 26274: 26222: 26118: 26088: 26068: 26063: 26058: 26041: 25937: 25857: 25840: 25793: 25783: 24827: 24490: 24473: 24292: 24272: 24241: 24143: 23870: 23723: 23565: 23267: 22161: 22153: 21982: 21946:. Routledge Encyclopedias of Religion and Society. Vol. 6 (1st ed.). 20889: 20814: 20662: 19782: 19485: 19092:

Mathijssen, Brenda; Venhorst, Claudia; Venbrux, Eric; Quartier, Thomas (2013).

15671:

Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions

14472: 13322: 13124:. Studies in Middle Eastern history. New York Oxford: Oxford university press. 12577: 10936: 10366: 6814: 6626: 6548:" can be used to mean aspects of culture that pertain to the religion, such as 6319: 6227:, before it became a largely individual pursuit around the year 720. The first 6064: 5912: 5671: 5519: 5397: 5191: 5040: 4948: 4933: 4908:

has no net impact on the Muslim population growth as "the number of people who

4891: 4867: 4858:, with 62% of the world's Muslims living in Asia, and 683 million adherents in 4580: 4558: 4519: 4416: 4283: 4231: 4215: 4214:

The expansion of the Muslim world continued with religious missions converting

4073: 4035: 3916: 3884: 3810: 3740: 3704: 3522: 3518: 3425: 3269:, declaring glory to God during prayer or when in awe of something and saying ' 3127:

Muslims recite and memorize the whole or parts of the Quran as acts of virtue.

3078: 3058: 2741: 2657: 2641: 2439: 2431: 2414: 2373: 2346: 2308: 2304: 2256: 2252: 1658: 1646: 1622: 1502: 1466: 1320: 1308: 1304: 899: 771: 758: 716: 661: 275: 194: 144: 95: 25830: 25092: 22655: 21351: 17714: 17637: 17025: 16656: 16613: 16574: 16449: 16115: 12788: 12723: 12284: 12005: 11346: 6948: 5124:

as leader, must be from certain descendants of Muhammad's family known as the

4982: 4502:, which, by the 1920s, completed their conquest of the area that would become 3077:. All Muslim men wear only two simple white unstitched pieces of cloth called 2036: 29167: 27797: 27351: 27232: 26624: 26619: 26567: 26404: 26342: 26237: 26128: 26026: 25957: 25889: 25879: 25852: 25788: 25685: 25663: 25601: 25497: 25460: 25379: 25287: 24738: 24689: 24394: 24046: 23883: 23733: 23272: 23235: 23210: 23095: 22341: 22223: 22195: 22187: 22141: 21827: 21791: 21304: 21172: 20930: 20824: 20689:

Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance

20354: 20011:

Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition

19790: 19764: 19725: 19347:(195). The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, Vol. 34, No. 195.: 249–252. 19264:

Suarez, Michael F. (2010). "38 The History of the Book in the Muslim World".

19134: 17858: 17786: 16955: 16468: 15909: 15901: 15822: 15814: 13919: 13540: 13386:. New York, Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press. p. 237. 13122:

Pan-Arabism before Nasser: Egyptian power politics and the Palestine question

13046: 12910: 11502: 11131: 10957: 9156: 8900: 7808: 7007: 6869: 6244: 6219:, which refers to any unfair gain in trade and is most commonly used to mean 6072: 6014: 5789: 5651: 5589: 5549: 5459: 5393: 5346:. Ibadism is often associated with and viewed as a moderate variation of the 5078: 5051:(853–944 CE), asserts that scripture is not needed for basic ethics and that 4781: 4710: 4499: 4483: 4412: 4397: 4354: 4330: 4272: 4208: 4200: 4196: 4177: 3968: 3952: 3908: 3862: 3788: 3712: 3628: 3494: 3409: 3371: 3250: 3042: 2980: 2936: 2897: 2296: 2292: 2143: 1940: 1895: 1296: 1292: 1086: 836: 741: 701: 190: 26466: 21965: 21132:

An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism

19749: 19283: 18157:

The Stability of Islamic Finance: Creating a Resilient Financial Environment

16549:

New Religious Movements in Modern Asian History: Socio-Cultural Alternatives

16317:

sister of our eighth imam, who is called Fatemah, and will be buried in Qom.

15892: 15865: 15805: 15778: 13624:"Behind Stark Political Divisions, a More Complex Map of Sunnis and Shiites" 12093:"Chapter Thirty – "The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648"" 11114:"From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue" 10442: 6590:, and pattern as key aspects of Islamic artistic culture. Additionally, the 5139:

According to both Sunni and Shia Muslims, a significant event took place at

29145: 27932: 27834: 27695: 27383: 27378: 27356: 27346: 27227: 26659: 26594: 26537: 26522: 26488: 26113: 26021: 25059: 24950: 24945: 24796: 24766: 24640: 24608: 24356: 24327: 24314: 24133: 24058: 23718: 23570: 23448: 23164: 23068: 23056: 22770: 22419:

Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery

22319: 21860: 21799: 21755: 20863:

Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People

19950: 19663:

Piety, Politics, and Power: Lutherans Encountering Islam in the Middle East

19336: 19032: 19013: 18568: 18094: 17744:

Babou, Cheikh Anta (2007). "Sufism and Religious Brotherhoods in Senegal".

16770: 16545:"The Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat: A New Religious Movement Derived from Islam?" 16498: 16487:"The Ahmadiyya Mission to America: A Multi-Racial Model for American Islam" 15933: 15846: 15389: 15085: 13149:( paperback (with additions and corr.) ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 13064: 12535: 12271:

Tucker, Ernest (1994). "Nadir Shah and the Ja 'fari Madhhab Reconsidered".

10555: 9616: 9110:"Pillars of Islam | Islamic Beliefs & Practices | Britannica" 8840: 8805: 6712: 6587: 6474: 6369: 6346:, or etiquette. Specific prohibited foods include pork products, blood and 6303: 6019: 5971: 5928: 5659: 5496:. The movement developed from the 19th century onwards, with thinkers like 5199: 5171:. Sunnis, instead believe that Muhammad did not appoint a successor before 5140: 5083: 5060: 4944: 4899: 4894:

has approximately 20 to 30 million Muslims (1.5% to 2% of the population).

4875: 4814: 4802: 4798: 4646: 4542: 4511: 4503: 4467: 4317:

Cultural shifts were evident with the decrease in Arab influence after the

4243: 4235: 3846: 3696: 3601: 3445: 3405: 3338: 3070: 2971:) precludes food and drink, as well as other forms of consumption, such as 2855: 2815: 2701: 2335: 2050: 1860: 1845: 1801: 1758: 1711: 1670: 1312: 1108: 992: 951: 938: 887: 843: 580: 312: 301: 168: 132: 124: 26160: 24847: 21226: 21034:

What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East

13592: 10740: 9371: 8419: 8302: 7730: 7525: 7470: 6881: 6390: 4260: 3904: 3791:, leading to the first Muslim states independent of the Caliphate. In the 3140: 2685: 2576: 2412:

sources after the Quran. Another well-known source of hadiths is known as

2334:, which are accounts of his words, actions, and personal characteristics. 27854: 27829: 27653: 27621: 27612: 27558: 27488: 27473: 27366: 27257: 26918: 26866: 26654: 26372: 26352: 26192: 26133: 25871: 25867: 25690: 25210: 25158: 25128: 24965: 24819: 24711: 24635: 24500: 24436: 24387: 23695: 23185: 23124: 23051: 22938: 20769: 20211:

Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik

19489: 18360: 17837: 17383: 15505: 15152: 13915: 13756:

Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century

13503: 13470: 10980:

Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century

10195: 8259: 7437: 7111: 6968: 6877: 6753: 6734: 6671: 6647: 6567: 6563: 6523: 6359: 6224: 5967: 5335: 5326: 5125: 4977: 4741: 4714: 4686: 4634: 4611: 4562: 4546: 4346: 4264: 4192: 4180: 3850: 3759: 3728: 3668: 3656: 3412:, near Mecca. It was during his time in the cave that he is said to have 3389: 2737: 2687:ʾašhadu ʾal-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh 2399: 2398:

are a collection of six books, regarded as the most authentic reports in

1883: 1594: 1482: 1478: 639: 597: 521: 232: 128: 120: 27173: 27114: 26217: 25638: 25472: 25021: 21276: 20103:

The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith

18155:

Iqbal, Zamir, Abbas Mirakhor, Noureddine Krichenne, and Hossein Askari.

18068: 17722: 15917: 15830: 15622: 14589: 14348: 14336: 11274:

Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine

11267:"Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision" 10320: 9164: 9140: 7175: 7137: 5840:. Traditional jurisprudence distinguishes two principal branches of law, 4443:, called Ja'farism, which failed to gain recognition from the Ottomans. 4372:, these had been previously splintered amongst various territories. The 3114: 1971: 59: 27820: 27815: 27690: 27685: 27648: 27626: 27483: 27463: 27458: 27299: 27289: 27252: 26856: 26634: 26582: 26322: 25967: 25947: 25525: 25450: 25389: 25153: 25133: 25054: 24706: 24674: 24645: 24424: 24419: 24404: 23988: 23085: 23060: 21454: 19300:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam

18564:"The relationship between Muslim men and their beards is a tangled one" 18242: 18021: 16735:. Ashgate Inform Series on Minority Religions and Spiritual Movements. 16420: 14300:

The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010–2050

12796: 12409: 12292: 11757: 11266: 7162: 6982:

Christian writers criticized Islam's sensual descriptions of paradise.

6913: 6857: 6761: 6716: 6006: 5998: 5702: 5655: 5561: 5526: 5523: 5455: 5451: 5351: 5347: 5330: 5100: 5088: 5044: 5032: 5018: 4785: 4706: 4596: 4436: 4350: 4291: 4234:, where they virtually dominated the import and export industry of the 4188: 4134: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3948: 3750: 3676: 3640: 3465: 3385: 3229: 3024: 2889: 2727: 2028: 1973: 1951:, to contact God. Consciousness and awareness of God is referred to as 1878: 1775: 1744: 1598: 1537: 1513: 1277: 1253: 644: 140: 26664: 25545: 22288: 19733: 19352: 18327:

The Biography and Virtues of Omar Bin Abd al-Aziz – The Ascetic Caliph

18238:"Guaranteeing a Minimum Income Has Been a Utopian Dream for Centuries" 17758: 17300: 14703: 11217: 7149: 4526:

attempted a more conciliatory style against Sufism and influenced the

4392:

rose to power in 1501 and later conquered all of Iran. In South Asia,

1939:

was brought into being by God's command as expressed by the wording, "

1283:

Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a

27767: 27563: 27478: 27468: 27339: 27294: 27279: 27212: 27060: 26527: 26449: 26409: 26399: 26362: 26337: 26317: 26212: 26078: 25932: 25922: 25694: 25552: 25362: 25347: 25312: 25295: 25277: 25190: 24970: 24886: 24865: 24860: 24837: 24832: 24791: 24786: 24723: 24660: 24583: 24554: 24505: 24446: 24399: 23703: 23134: 22949: 22067: 21947: 21722: 21548: 21525: 21314: 21112: 20049: 19769: 19229:

Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2003).

19054: 18821: 18788: 16748: 16260:

Twelver Shiism: Unity and Diversity in the Life of Islam, 632 to 1722

15669:

John Corrigan, Frederick Denny, Martin S Jaffee, Carlos Eire (2011).

15478: 14609: 14427: 13841:"Report of Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar" 12756: 12381: 12345: 11222:

Schramm sums up achievement in the development of scientific method.

9233: 7790: 6885: 6549: 6418: 6130: 6097: 6010: 5864: 5599: 5322: 5216: 5168: 4650: 4630: 4626: 4515: 4510:

and Ma Debao promoted salafist movements in the 19th century such as

4424: 4420: 4404: 4322: 4268: 4204: 4169: 4104: 4089: 3956: 3955:– were more successful in being widely adopted. Philosophers such as 3927:

notably refusing to conform to the Muʿtazila idea that the Quran was

3874: 3648: 3593: 3509: 3500: 3203: 3132: 3090: 2925: 2652: 2587: 2135: 2094: 1905: 1891: 1506: 1057: 543: 25242: 24771: 20846:. Translated by Yoosuf Al-Hajj Ahmad. Riyadh: Maktaba Dar-us-Salam. 17975:

Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Religious Perspectives

16423:(2021). "The Cultural Genetics of the Aḥmadiyya Muslim Jamāʿat". In 15294:

The Status of Women Under Islamic Law and Modern Islamic Legislation

14499:"Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population" 13216:

Arabs in the Americas: Interdisciplinary Essays on the Arab Diaspora

11988:"Socioeconomic Bases of Cultural Patronage under the Later Timurids" 10188:"The Rightly Guided Caliphs: The Range of Views Preserved in Ḥadīth" 8434: 7815: 7281:

Religious human rights in global perspective: religious perspectives

6893: 3990: 3585: 3538:, and by the time of his death in 632 (at age 62) he had united the 3439: 1634: 224: 29152: 27570: 27314: 27304: 27159: 26649: 26629: 26456: 26332: 26187: 25761: 25515: 25455: 25374: 25282: 25269: 25247: 25227: 25205: 25200: 25180: 25120: 25087: 25026: 24870: 24855: 24733: 24694: 24650: 24441: 24378: 24282: 24185: 24036: 23542: 23400: 23352: 23146: 23100: 23064: 22789: 20233: 19717: 19634: 19296: 18991:"Reported Male Circumcision Practices in a Muslim-Majority Setting" 16931: 16705: 15649: 14844: 14748: 13508: 13475: 13289: 13175: 10949: 6976: 6921: 6409: 6232: 6220: 6202: 5936: 5916: 5848: 5710: 5630: 5522:, an Egyptian-American biochemist who claimed to have discovered a 5477: 5467: 5195: 5176: 5164: 5070: 5043:

is a Sunni school of thought inspired by Ancient Greek Philosophy.

4757: 4697:, which has democratically been in power in Turkey for decades. In 4527: 4507: 4494:

and sinful and destroyed sacred rocks and trees, Sufi shrines, the

4299: 4295: 4061: 4039: 3964: 3960: 3940: 3612: 3352: 2745: 2542: 2500: 2435: 2387: 1936: 1901: 1849: 1572:

as well as extensive trade and religious conversion as a result of

1386: 1261: 853: 821: 535: 469: 178: 136: 22522:

Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam

22179: 16881: 16766: 16639:

Ahmadiyya Islam and the Muslim Diaspora: Living at the End of Days

16598:

Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism

16520: 15925: 15838: 14231:"Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world" 13622:

Almukhtar, Sarah; Peçanha, Sergio; Wallace, Tim (5 January 2016).

13415:. Washington DC, US: Georgetown University Press. pp. 32–33. 12205:

The Dervish Lodge: Architecture, Art, and Sufism in Ottoman Turkey

11113: 10343:

Da'wa: A Global History of Islamic Missionary Thought and Practice

9183: 5267:, the third holiest place for Shia Muslims after Mecca and Medina. 5105: 4961:

Islamic schools and branches § Main branches or denominations

4380:

of the Ottoman Empire and its claims were strengthened in 1517 as

4329:

benefited from increased cross-cultural access to East Asia under

4161:

to both translate works into Arabic and to develop new knowledge.

4072:

of the time issued the first medical diplomas to license doctors.

2892:

characterized by the giving of a fixed portion (2.5% annually) of

2148: 2031:

from God, recording every person's actions, and taking a person's

1957: 1722: 27839: 27443: 27408: 27329: 27242: 27183: 27087: 26790: 26644: 26394: 26347: 26232: 26108: 25927: 25394: 25357: 25168: 24718: 24684: 24527: 24228: 24051: 23657: 23345: 23225: 23117: 23110: 23105: 22847: 21479: 19339:(June 1919). "An Indian Picture of Muhammad and His Companions". 19091: 16736: 13963: 13725:"For China, Islam is a 'mental illness' that needs to be 'cured'" 13441:"Isis to mint own Islamic dinar coins in gold, silver and copper" 10511: 10192:

Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi'i Practice and Thought

10111:

The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam

6909: 6809: 6757: 6661: 6638: 6637:

fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, meaning they occur in

6446: 6436: 6347: 6275: 6248: 6240: 6188: 6037: 6002: 5957: 5920: 5907: 5836: 5831: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5634: 5471: 5447: 5430:, where they have been officially declared as non-Muslims by the 5389: 5339: 5302: 5283: 5211: 5156: 5010: 4600: 4531: 4487: 4475: 4471: 4432: 4419:

had a close relation to the sultans, as Sufi-mystical as well as

4381: 4311: 4165: 4142: 4112: 4065: 3767: 3692: 3469: 3421: 3270: 3094: 2976: 2906: 2901: 2841: 2819: 2677: 2671: 2621: 2457: 2162:, are concerned primarily with spiritual topics, while the later 2142:, although the primary method of transmission was orally through 2055: 1733: 1432: 1402: 1367: 1265: 1051: 985: 686: 363: 254: 22346:

The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis

21754: 21672: 19741: 19495:

Geographies of Muslim Identities: Diaspora, Gender and Belonging

19268:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 331ff. 19228: 18433: 15440:

Theorizing Central Asian Politics: The State, Ideology and Power

15030:"British Muslims Monthly Survey for June 2000, Vol. VIII, No. 6" 13958:

The Internet and the Construction of Islamic Knowledge in Europe

11005:"Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise" 9055: 8864: 8116: 8021: 7953: 7764: 7229:

Welch, Alford T.; Moussalli, Ahmad S.; Newby, Gordon D. (2009).

7024:

treatment of individuals within modern Muslim-majority countries

5584: 3346: 3045:. Rituals of the Hajj mostly imitate the story of the family of 2909:, as opposed to Zakat, is a much-encouraged optional charity. A 27752: 27631: 27616: 27435: 27324: 27309: 27267: 27045: 26923: 26197: 25952: 25942: 25596: 25557: 25399: 25007: 24977: 24701: 23575: 23549: 23508: 23469: 23386: 23299: 23220: 23075: 23021: 23016: 22783: 22707: 20136:

Blankinship, K. (2008). "The early creed". In T. Winter (ed.).

18664:. International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). p. 59 18120: 17507: 17428: 17426: 16601: 16436: 16432: 14938:"Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 2010–2050, p.43" 14530:

10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050

13413:

Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism

13384:

The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century

12820:

The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century

9841:

The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine

8574: 8410:

Kadi, Wadad, and Mustansir Mir. "Literature and the Quran." In

7591: 7016: 6917: 6861: 6830: 6630: 6603: 6468: 6228: 6138: 6134: 6115: 6025: 5994: 5990: 5962: 5876: 5842: 5785: 5770: 5723: 5611: 5603: 5573: 5489: 5485: 5412:

Muslims, which include the interpretation of the Quranic title

5385: 5147:

as the executor of his last will and testament, as well as his

5132:, have additional spiritual authority. Shias are guided by the 5014: 5006: 4998: 4535: 4081: 4057: 4053: 4052:

was used as a standard medicinal text in the Islamic world and

3907:, who famously advocated the notion of free-will originated by 3892: 3797: 3708: 3608: 3569: 3543: 3488: 3483: 3330: 3266: 3128: 3086: 2795: 2723: 2611: 2494: 2465:) is also crucial for Muslims. It is believed that the time of 2418:, which Shias consider as the most authentic hadith reference. 2331: 2326: 2230: 2226: 2210: 2191: 2172: 2163: 1966: 1962: 1948: 1867: 1853: 1812: 1797: 1498: 1448: 1378: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1340: 1332: 1006: 1000: 706: 696: 485: 453: 445: 430: 424: 308: 209: 110: 26143: 22627:

Tausch, Arno; Heshmati, Almas; Karoui, Hichem (January 2014).

21008:

Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East

20044:

Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach

18338: 18336: 15321:(illustrated ed.). B&H Publishing Group. p. 62. 11087:"Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes) (c. 865-925)" 8424: 8422: 7504:(1st ed.). Spain: Barnes & Noble, Inc. p. 3.13. 5458:

local Islamic tradition, whose adherents follow the mystical (

5292: 3743:

wrote one of the earliest books on Islamic jurisprudence, the

2320:

Muslims believe that God sent Muhammad as the final prophet ("

1784:. This term has fallen out of use and is sometimes said to be 27448: 27222: 27202: 27187: 26763: 26589: 26384: 26247: 26202: 26182: 25384: 24781: 24409: 23824: 23649: 23603: 23591: 23393: 23379: 23338: 23011: 22868: 22854: 22775: 22643:

Political Islam and Religiously Motivated Political Extremism

21798: 18988: 18465: 18170: 17803:

on 3 February 2017 – via Oxford Islamic Studies Online.

15526:

Shariʻa Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World

15123:"Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group" 13781:"Myanmar's Rohingya campaign 'may be crime against humanity'" 13596: 10773: 10599:"Who are the Kharijites and what do they have to do with IS?" 10172: 9980: 9844: 9201:

Mohammad, N. 1985. "The doctrine of jihad: An introduction."

8886: 8729: 8714: 8475: 8457: 8215: 8165: 7134: 6960: 6865: 6853: 6462: 6432: 6379: 6351: 6332: 6254: 6216: 6192: 6120: 6103: 6055: 5894: 5890: 5889:

Historically, sharia was interpreted by independent jurists (

5882: 5870: 5853: 5821: 5758: 5607: 5481: 5401: 5264: 5184: 5091:(1877–1960); it incorporates elements of Sufism and science. 5036: 4837:

Muslim distribution worldwide, based on latest available data

4818: 4789: 4776: 4550: 4491: 4393: 4227: 4092: 3936: 3920: 3900: 3783: 3779: 3720: 3660: 3417: 3378: 3334: 3211: 3122: 3082: 3062: 3054: 3050: 2996: 2931: 2861: 2835: 2823: 2807: 2787: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2760: 2752: 2717: 2697: 2660: 2625: 2470: 2442:(Jesus, seen as an Islamic prophet) will appear close to the 2201: 2196: 2159: 2131: 2115: 2099: 2079: 1952: 1841: 1807: 1766: 1661:

and younger age structure compared to other major religions.

1577: 1458: 1444: 1418: 1410: 1328: 1324: 1284: 1257: 1173: 1040: 1029: 1014: 974: 955: 848: 726: 417: 375: 368: 291: 260: 198: 100: 73: 65: 22646:. SpringerBriefs in Political Science (1st ed.). Cham: 20841: 20791:

Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard, eds. (2000).

17423: 16148: 15979:

Early Shi'i Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir

15497: 15495: 13657:"Why the Persecution of Muslims Should Be on Biden's Agenda" 13237: 13235: 11858: 10448: 10325: 10323: 8114: 5689:

as an inseparable part of Islam. Traditional Sufis, such as

5492:, with Quranists notably differing in their approach to the 5183:

appointment by Abu Bakr, other historical evidence, and the

5112:, collection of sermons, letters, and sayings attributed to 3367: 2975:, and is performed from dawn to sunset. During the month of 2917:, which finances hospitals and schools in Muslim societies. 27373: 27262: 25215: 24154: 23490: 23462: 23412: 23359: 23304: 22875: 19955:

Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making

19529:

Islamic Counselling: An Introduction to theory and practice

19484: 18410: 18408: 18333: 16592:. In Bentlage, Björn; Eggert, Marion; Krämer, Hans-Martin; 15652:

The Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa

14257:

Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group

13195: 12507:(masters thesis). University of Wales Trinity Saint David. 11792:. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. 6 May 2008. Archived from 11724:. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. p. 33. 11722:

Familiar Strangers, a history of Muslims in Northwest China

10988:

International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization

10387: 9308:. Volume 2, Part VII. Islam. Bloomington and Indianapolis: 8287:

was invented and first used in the Quran itself. There are

6834: 6738: 6686: 6615: 6454: 6428: 6404: 6211: 6125: 6077: 6075:

sense, such as priests who mediate between God and people.

5902: 5898: 5858: 5826: 5795: 5781:

Logic in Islamic philosophy § Islamic law and theology

5774: 5754: 5729: 5679: 5593: 5343: 5306: 5198:, the largest Shia branch and most influential, believe in 5180: 5148: 4698: 4534:

movement was founded as a mass movement, defending popular

4239: 4138: 3755: 3724: 3616: 3215: 3016: 2992: 2910: 2781: 2764: 2681: 2636:

pilgrimage – collectively known as "The Pillars of Islam" (

2633: 2617: 2513: 2185: 2154: 2119: 2032: 1614: 1438: 1426: 1396: 477: 385: 21086:

The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate

18657: 18456:

Knowing the Enemy: Jihadist Ideology and the War on Terror

16698:"The 1974 ouster of the 'heretics': What really happened?" 16431:. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21. 15703:

The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam

14704:

Meghna Guhathakurta; Willem van Schendel (30 April 2013).

14149:"Data taken from various sources, see description in link" 11738: 11649: 10806: 10761: 10640: 10638: 10636: 10621: 10048:

The Qurʼan with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English

9595:(3rd ed.). London: Cavendish Publishing. p. 32. 9104: 9102: 8997:"Andras Rajki's A. E. D. (Arabic Etymological Dictionary)" 7392: 7390: 5031:(780–855 CE), that is characterized by its adherence to a 4664: 4176:, roughly between 945 and 1055, which saw the rise of the 3715:

and opposed to a dynastic caliphate, were defeated in the

2708:

are required to recite the shahada in front of witnesses.

2644:

acts that are encouraged but not considered to be duties.

27272: 27237: 25912: 25291: 17476: 16671:"What are the Signs of the Second Coming of the Messiah?" 16149:

Tucker, Spencer C.; Priscilla Mary Roberts, eds. (2008).

15864:

Foody, Kathleen (September 2015). Jain, Andrea R. (ed.).

15777:

Foody, Kathleen (September 2015). Jain, Andrea R. (ed.).

15758: 15492: 15003: 13567:

Bowering, Gerhard; Mirza, Mahan; Crone, Patricia (2013).

13351:"Egypt's vote puts emphasis on split over religious rule" 13232: 11846: 8328: 7867: 7329: 7327: 6450: 6377:

emphasizes a standard of modesty, which has included the

6286:

of the Muslim community, and as such, is suspended since

5239: 5144: 5113: 4921: 3382: 3118: 2732: 2598:) meaning "if God wills" when speaking on future events. 1728: 1621:, while the Shia canonical hadith collection consists of 1194: 1185: 1164: 21981:. Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam. 19983:

Dante's Pluralism and the Islamic Philosophy of Religion

19560:

The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East

18932: 18930: 18405: 18092: 18049: 15456: 15217:

Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide

13938: 13811:"Rohingya abuse may be crimes against humanity: Amnesty" 13318:"Jordanian students rebel, embracing conservative Islam" 12642: 12630: 12555: 12359: 11575:

Islamic Central Asia: an anthology of historical sources

11037:"The greatest scientific advances from the Muslim world" 9474:

Major World Religions: From Their Origins to the Present

9403:

Ahmed, Medani, and Sebastian Gianci. "Zakat." p. 479 in

8439: 8437: 7339:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

7204:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

6971:, and Christian authors, many of whom viewed Islam as a 6466:

is pronounced in the right ear. On the seventh day, the

6113:), a jurist who is qualified to issue legal opinions or 4321:

of the Abbasid Caliphate. The Muslim Mongol Khanates in

3787:

dissatisfaction among the pious. The Kharijites led the

3719:. These disputes over leadership would give rise to the 1311:. Muslims consider the Quran to be the verbatim word of 1264:, the religion's founder. Adherents of Islam are called 19:

This article is about the religion. For other uses, see

21943:

Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals

19928:

Christian Lange Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions

19185: 19135:"Who, What, Why: What are the burial customs in Islam?" 18818:

Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: Bridging the Unbridgeable

15056:"Conversion To Islam One Result Of Post-9/11 Curiosity" 14298:

Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life. April 2015. "

13896: 13621: 13569:

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought

13285:"Are secular forces being squeezed out of Arab Spring?" 11200:(December 1964). "Review Work: Matthias Schramm (1963) 10934:

King, David A. (1983). "The Astronomy of the Mamluks".

10818: 10704: 10665: 10633: 10296: 10224: 9099: 8931: 7387: 7019:, by establishing another religion after Christianity. 5027:

is a Sunni school of thought, prominently advocated by

4772:, ethnic cleansing, and other crimes against humanity. 4362: 4172:

in 977 in Central Asia. In this fragmentation came the

3849:

compiled major Shia hadith collections. The four Sunni

2183:

Islam also holds that God has sent revelations, called

1755:

is presented as one part of a triad that also includes

29194:

Religious organizations established in the 7th century

24197: 22605:

Tausch, Arno; Heshmati, Almas; Karoui, Hichem (2015).

22107:). The foundation of Islam: from revelation to tawhid. 21335:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

16104:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

15000:"Fast-growing Islam winning converts in Western world" 13975: 10716: 10692: 10089: 9960: 8570:

Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in scriptural intertextuality

8526:"BnF. Département des Manuscrits. Supplément turc 190" 8506: 8069: 7903: 7901: 7502:

Historical Atlas of the Medieval World (AD 600 - 1492)

7324: 6243:

annually. During the reign of the second Caliph Umar,

6235:, distributed zakat as one of the first examples of a 5440:

Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam

3749:, as a consensus of the opinion of those jurists. The 3607:

Muhammad died in 632 and the first successors, called

2802:

for Muslims, who often refer to it by its Arabic name

2684:

declaring belief in Islam. The expanded statement is "

1629:, the most populous Muslim-majority country; 31% live 29129: 22096:

by Arabic Virtual Translation Center (New York 2019,

20138:

The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology

19694:

Poonawala, Ismail K. (July–September 1999). "Review:

19073: 18915: 15593:

Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs

15266: 14528:

Pew Forum for Religion and Public Life. April 2015. "

12957:. No. 488. 29 June – 5 July 2000. Archived from 12343:

Encyclopedia of Government and Politics: 2-volume set

10684:

Al-Biladhuri, Ahmad Ibn Jabir; Hitti, Philip (1969).

10430: 8130: 7200:"The World's Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society" 5504:

in India questioning the hadith tradition. In Egypt,

4249: 3521:

in 624 and then fought an inconclusive battle in the

3377:

According to Islamic tradition, Muhammad was born in

2158:). The chronologically earlier chapters, revealed at 1935:

Islam teaches that the creation of everything in the

1875:), the oneness of God. It is usually thought of as a 1399:

acts of worship—comprise the Islamic oath and creed (

1375:—wherein the righteous will be rewarded in paradise ( 1206: 1188: 1167: 22626: 22604: 20653:

Goldschmidt, Arthur Jr.; Davidson, Lawrence (2005).

20165:

Islamic Ethics of Life: abortion, war and euthanasia

20115:

Interpreting the Qur'an: a guide for the uninitiated

17234:'s Religion & Public Life Project. 9 August 2012 16729:"A Legal Analysis of Ahmadi Persecution in Pakistan" 16342: 14360: 14255:

Lipka, Michael, and Conrad Hackett. 6 April 2017. "

13147:

The politics of Pan-Islam: ideology and organization

10515:

E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936

8802:

Outlines of the Development of the Science of Hadith

6959:, viewed Islamic doctrines as a hodgepodge from the 6162: 5624: 4530:

movement. In response to the Deobandi movement, the

4149:

in various fields, and the institution known as the

3260: 3244: 2966: 2875: 2640:). In addition, Muslims also perform other optional 2385: 2371: 2357: 2282: 2270: 1764: 1756: 1720: 1705: 1617:. The Sunni canonical hadith collection consists of 1436: 1424: 1416: 1408: 1400: 1384: 1376: 1191: 1170: 258: 47: 21398:

The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection

20652: 18477: 17747:

International Journal of African Historical Studies

16191:

The Iraq Effect: The Middle East After the Iraq War

12982:"«مملكة الحجاز».. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح" 11537:

The Crusader States and Their Neighbours, 1098–1291

11465:

Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization

9670: 9306:

Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America

8142: 7898: 7886: 7228: 7001:, derived from early 7th century depictions of the 6017:schools. Each differs in their methodology, called 6005:schools while the three major Shia schools are the 4801:, and is frequently understood to be equivalent to 4645:, was established in 1969 after the burning of the 4446: 4427:approaches to Islam flourished. The often forceful 4183:Shi'a missionary movement. One Isma'ili group, the 2616:There are five acts of worship that are considered 2408:, often considered by Sunnis to be one of the most 1904:so is beyond comprehension. Thus, Muslims are not 1197: 1182: 1176: 1161: 22416: 22001: 21974: 21811: 21420: 21191: 21005: 20792: 20654: 20328: 20041: 19163: 18359: 18267:Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective 17973:. In Witte, John; van der Vyver, Johan D. (eds.). 17857: 17102:Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy 16045: 16006: 15316: 14362: 13995: 13689: 13566: 12914: 12660: 11942: 11669:"Why are many Indian Muslims seen as untouchable?" 11598: 10739: 10472: 9501:"A faith-based aid revolution in the Muslim world" 9370: 8914: 8470: 8301: 8258: 7951: 7729: 7626: 7436: 7278: 6900:while one of his followers Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri 6610:columns from Roman and Byzantine buildings, while 5210:which is recorded by both Sunni and Shia sources. 4673:Leaders of Muslim countries during session of the 3097:, which was the direction of prayer before Mecca. 3093:, a city of many Islamic prophets and the site of 2180:, and has influenced art and the Arabic language. 1985:) is a term used for a deity or a god in general. 1453:, touches on virtually every aspect of life, from 22686:Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith 21663: 19814:Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present 19765:"The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung)" 17448:An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines 16987:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 7–45, 68. 15192:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from 14707:The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics 13993: 13081:والخلفاء, قصص الخلافة الإسلامية (31 March 2023). 13076: 13074: 11484:"Medieval Islamic Civilization". Vol. 1 Index A–K 10683: 7555:Lewis, Barnard; Churchill, Buntzie Ellis (2009). 5309:. 25 million Shias visiting the shrine each year. 4954: 4290:. Conversion to Islam often involved a degree of 3877:completed the first commentary of the Quran, the 3707:was killed by Yazid's forces; the event has been 3667:. Ali attempted to remove the governor of Syria, 3549: 2693:أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله 1657:major religious group, due primarily to a higher 1512:The religion of Islam originated in Mecca in 610 29165: 22285:; alternative ISBN on back cover, 0-521-42120-0. 21219:Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia 21158:The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity 20790: 20767: 19297:Salim Ayduz; Ibrahim Kalin; Caner Dagli (2014). 18784:Islam : religion, history, and civilization 18661:American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 19:4 17683:"The Significant Role of Sufism in Central Asia" 17586:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions 16075:Shia Islam and Politics: Iran, Iraq, and Lebanon 15726:Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". 15121:Lipka, Michael; Hackett, Conrad (6 April 2017). 14910:(Report). Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. 13536:"Laying down the law: Islam's authority deficit" 10897: 10083: 9476:. United Kingdom: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 258. 7933:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions 7266:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. 6841: 6813:in an 18th-century Islamic calligraphy from the 5935:of the late 20th century brought along calls by 5923:civil code and represented the first attempt to 5187:stance that majority does not imply legitimacy. 4951:of Muslims relative to other religious groups." 4298:folklore. Muslim Turks incorporated elements of 2818:, used to also serve as a shelter for the poor. 2624:(declaration of faith), the five daily prayers, 1528:. Muslim rule expanded outside Arabia under the 1383:) and the unrighteous will be punished in hell ( 22292:; Al-Hilali Khan; Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din (1999). 21697: 21059:The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror 20554:Esposito, John; Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck (2000). 19911: 18495: 18235: 18212:"What Is Islamic Finance And How Does It Work?" 17971:"Islamic Foundations of Religious Human Rights" 16538: 16536: 16534: 16532: 16530: 16480: 16478: 15725: 15319:What You Need to Know about Islam & Muslims 15271:(2, revised ed.). Routledge. p. 252. 14873:"5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe" 14745:Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten 14590:Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life (2009) 14349:Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life (2009) 14337:Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life (2009) 11409: 11407: 8822:The Hadith §The Four Books (Al-Kutubu'l-Arb'ah) 2566:The concept of divine predestination in Islam ( 1609:, they grew to cover a broader dimension, both 21730:; Basset, R.; Hartmann, R., eds. (1913–1936). 21310:Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices 20679: 20553: 18353: 18351: 18290: 17650:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 16984:Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought 14810:"China (includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet)" 14051: 13071: 12979: 12748:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 12467: 12465: 12337: 12335: 10479:. King Abdulaziz Public Library. p. 103. 10373:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 60–61. 10107: 8115:MacDonald, D. B.; Madelung, W. "Malāʾika". In 7554: 7305: 6402:, the groom is required to pay a bridal gift ( 5977:A school of jurisprudence is referred to as a 5637:approach to Islam that seeks to find a direct 4482:, influenced by the works of Ibn Taymiyya and 3821:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe 3525:before unsuccessfully besieging Medina in the 24170: 22723: 21106: 19696:The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning 17834:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics 17264: 16587: 16415: 16413: 16077:. Lanham (Md.): Lexington Books. p. 11. 15673:. Cambridge University Press. 978-0205026340. 14676: 14650:Understanding Arabs: A Guide For Modern Times 14103: 13872:"In Egypt, a new battle begins over the veil" 13778: 13011:Bani Issa, Mohammad Saleh (1 November 2023). 12905: 12903: 12496: 12494: 12492: 11573:Levi, Scott Cameron; Sela, Ron, eds. (2010). 10733: 10731: 10659:Theory and History in International Relations 10114:, Pen & Sword Books Limited, p. 83, 7624: 7335:"Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050" 6979:, often explaining it in apocalyptic terms. 6342:Many daily practices fall in the category of 5897:) were taken into account by ruler-appointed 5537: 4752:and by nationalist forces such as during the 4314:became an important center of Islamic study. 4294:, as illustrated by Muhammad's appearance in 3347:Muhammad and the beginning of Islam (570–632) 2905:aid donations, using conservative estimates. 1694:'submission ') is the verbal noun of 1287:that was revealed many times through earlier 1133: 907: 21698:Fahlbusch, Erwin; et al., eds. (2001). 21670: 20799:. Vol. 1A. Cambridge University Press. 20721: 19887:"St. John of Damascus's Critique of Islam". 19836: 19335: 18186:"How Islamic finance missed heavenly chance" 17968: 17953:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 16527: 16475: 15683:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 15476:Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God 15120: 14205:"The Future of the Global Muslim Population" 14110:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 13593:"Ultraconservative Islam on rise in Mideast" 12379:Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God 11993:International Journal of Middle East Studies 11418:. University of Chicago Press. p. 164. 11404: 10554: 10329: 9304:. In R. S. Keller and R. R. Ruether (eds.). 9263: 8661:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 8619:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 7285:. 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University Press of America. p. 55. 16785:"Constitution (Second Amendment) Act, 1974" 16588:Korbel, Jonathan; Preckel, Claudia (2016). 16306:. Archived from the original on 3 June 2002 16001: 15871:Journal of the American Academy of Religion 15784:Journal of the American Academy of Religion 14683:. Princeton University Press. p. 275. 14601: 14294: 14292: 14290: 14056:. In Phil Zuckerman; John R. Shook (eds.). 13348: 13201: 12886:. Princeton University Press. p. 233. 12462: 12332: 10812: 10779: 10627: 10518:. Volume V: L—Moriscos (reprint ed.). 9864: 9650:. United States: Tughra Books. p. 51. 9033: 8252: 8250: 6645:. The most important Islamic festivals are 6350:. Health is viewed as a trust from God and 5951: 4625:fell quickly, thus leaving Islam without a 4275:, converts to Islam. 14th-century depiction 4226:and many converted to Islam, in particular 4207:, which are associated with Al-Ghazali and 3887:inspired a movement that would evolve into 3804: 2045:). Islamic angels are often represented in 1234: 24177: 24163: 22730: 22716: 22441: 21852:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World 21496: 21445: 20715:Muslims in the West: Visible and Invisible 19660: 18294:Ottoman History: Misperceptions and Truths 17339:Mysticism in Arabic and Islamic Philosophy 17288: 16410: 15372: 15370: 15368: 14908:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 14605:South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today 13571:. Princeton University Press. p. 59. 13243:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 12937:– via Oxford Islamic Studies Online. 12900: 12489: 11332: 11233: 10986:, edited by S. S. Al-Attas. Kuala Lumpur: 10728: 10345:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 85. 10290: 9755:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 29. 9716:. Princeton University Press. p. 20. 9645: 8965: 8927:– via Oxford Islamic Studies Online. 8884: 8727: 8664: , edited by J. L. Esposito. Oxford: 8237:(1987). "The Cantillation of the Qur'an". 7689: 7427: 7425: 7423: 7421: 7419: 6387:is encouraged with certain requirements. 4121:, while others developed the concept of a 3675:. Ali's decision to arbitrate angered the 3265:) during prayer or when feeling thankful, 3131:refers to the set of rules for the proper 3061:, recounting the steps of Abraham's wife, 2826:, a vocal call to signal the prayer time. 2146:. The Quran is divided into 114 chapters ( 2130:The pre-eminent holy text of Islam is the 1140: 1126: 914: 900: 21924: 21909: 21877: 21366: 20745:Holt, P.M.; Lewis, Bernard, eds. (1977). 20744: 20629: 20456: 20431: 20303: 20006: 19977: 19975: 19693: 19410:. Singapore: Archipelago Press. pp. 19022: 19012: 18687:. Oxford University Press. Archived from 18548: 18546: 18534: 18471: 18414: 18342: 18263: 17943: 17941: 17824: 17822: 17820: 17818: 17816: 17814: 17812: 17810: 17764: 17519: 16903:Musa, Aisha Y. (2010). "The Qur'anists". 16448: 16263:. 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In 6201:, hoarding of wealth is reviled and thus 6101:, a scholar of jurisprudence is called a 3979:' work within Judaism, while others like 3285:) before starting an act such as eating. 3065:, who was looking for water for her baby 2152:) which contain a combined 6,236 verses ( 1552:, most of the Muslim world experienced a 26692: 22515: 22034: 21999: 21939: 21331: 21189: 21107:Malik, Jamal; Hinnells, John R. (2006). 21080: 20527: 20504: 20479: 20406: 20381: 20353: 20275: 20162: 20119:Continuum International Publishing Group 19701:Journal of the American Oriental Society 19498:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 147. 19403: 19341:The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 19203: 19191: 19158: 18936: 18815: 18733: 18721: 18596:. 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The four major Sunni schools are the 5961: 5764: 5598: 5583: 5529:, and founded the Quranist organization 5438:, currently the dominant group, and the 5380:was founded in British India in 1889 by 5104: 4981: 4840: 4832: 4668: 4450: 4259: 4256:Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam 4076:is regarded as the father of the modern 3989: 3584: 3573: 3438: 3366: 3341:, the second most sacred mosque in Islam 3104: 3100: 3006: 2924: 2845: 2731: 2651: 2555: 2425: 2234: 2093: 1992: 1835: 1520:. By the time of his death, most of the 27984: 22222: 21673:Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.) (2012) 21594:The Formative Period of Islamic Thought 21216: 20906: 20860: 20813: 20530:What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam 20459:What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam 20435:Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam 20185: 20109: 19525: 19365: 18562:De Sondy, Amanullah (28 January 2016). 18434:Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.) 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In 6937: 6931: 6845: 6641:in different years in the 6521: 6515: 6431:Muslim girls studying the 6301: 6282:can only be declared by a 6177:Political aspects of Islam 6174: 6053: 6044: 5955: 5778: 5768: 5639:personal experience of God 5577: 5571: 5541: 5538:Non-denominational Muslims 5500:, Abdullah Chakralawi and 5436:Ahmadiyya Muslim Community 5418:and interpretation of the 5320: 5098: 4975: 4964: 4958: 4890:. Most estimates indicate 4882:in the world, followed by 4822: 4812: 4595:. Similar to contemporary 4429:Safavid conversion of Iran 4253: 4131:University of Al Karaouine 3987:and ultimately prevailed. 3923:, with the traditionalist 3818: 3808: 3737:The Seven Fuqaha of Medina 3563: 3553: 3473:Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi 3360: 3350: 3305: 3298: 3292: 3288: 3112: 3000: 2990: 2948: 2942: 2920: 2839: 2833: 2721: 2715: 2669: 2605: 2559: 2473:, describe the trials and 2448: 2220: 2123: 2109: 2008: 1858: 1795: 1698:originating from the verb 1668: 18: 29099: 29018: 28935: 28807: 28552: 28277: 27994: 27990: 27979: 27888: 27813: 27589: 27497: 27434: 27152: 27148: 27137: 26700: 26687: 26612: 26435: 26417:Transcendental Meditation 26310: 26297: 26262: 26010: 25987: 25976: 25903: 25866: 25610: 25506: 25488: 25432: 25423: 25340: 25268: 25119: 25110: 25068: 25040: 24998: 24931: 24922: 24913: 24879: 24846: 24818: 24809: 24759: 24626: 24313: 24227: 24218: 24209: 24205: 24192: 24122: 24007: 23974: 23924: 23920: 23906: 23833: 23800: 23772:Geography and cartography 23747: 23694: 23690: 23674: 23500: 23422: 23369: 23318: 23314: 23290: 23160: 23042: 23002: 22885: 22837: 22761: 22757: 22746: 22656:10.1007/978-3-031-24854-2 22471:Dar-us-Salam Publications 22448:Dar-us-Salam Publications 22373:Brill Academic Publishers 22350:Syracuse University Press 22298:Dar-us-Salam Publications 22271:Islam in European Thought 22206:W.W. Norton & Company 21933:Brill Academic Publishers 21918:Brill Academic Publishers 21889:Brill Academic Publishers 21857:Macmillan Reference Books 21820:Brill Academic Publishers 21645:Brill Academic publishers 21543:Turner, Bryan S. (1998). 21352:10.1017/S0041977X00057761 20713:; Smith, Jane I. (2002). 20304:Cohen-Mor, Dalya (2001). 20188:The Earth and Its Peoples 20186:Bulliet, Richard (2005). 19710:American Oriental Society 19667:Wipf and Stock Publishers 19532:. Routledge. p. 10. 18746:Newby, Gordon D. (2002). 18329:. IUR Press. p. 130. 17873:Syracuse University Press 17715:10.1017/S0022463400010560 17638:10.1017/S0026749X98003059 17500:"Mysticism in Sufi Islam" 17099:Pollack, Kenneth (2014). 16614:10.1163/9789004329003_034 16450:10.1163/9789004435544_034 16427:; Upal, M. Afzal (eds.). 16394:Syracuse University Press 16328:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 16155:. ABC-CLIO. p. 917. 16116:10.1017/S0041977X00050989 16003:Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali 14743:Gandhi, Rajmohan (2013). 14648:Margaret Kleffner Nydell 14448:26 September 2018 at the 14403:worldpopulationreview.com 14179:worldpopulationreview.com 13998:Voices of Resurgent Islam 13411:G. Rabil, Robert (2014). 13202:Haddad & Smith (2002) 12789:10.1080/00263200601114091 12724:10.1017/S0026749X98003059 12285:10.1080/00210869408701825 12234:– via Google Books. 12006:10.1017/S0020743800053861 11915:Israeli, Raphael (2002). 11834:Metcalf, Barbara (2009). 11511:New York University Press 11347:10.1007/s10649-006-9023-7 10688:. AMS Press. p. 219. 10661:. Routledge. p. 137. 9914:The Quṣṣāṣ of Early Islam 9912:Armstrong, Lyall (2016). 9081:Bitesize – GCSE – Edexcel 8827:12 September 2017 at the 8796:12 September 2017 at the 8683:26 September 2020 at the 8353:Charles E. Tuttle Company 7763:Gimaret, D. "Tawḥīd". In 7247:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6868:faith further split from 6284:divinely appointed leader 6237:guaranteed minimum income 5893:). Their legal opinions ( 5544:Non-denominational Muslim 4920:According to a report by 4675:Islamic Summit Conference 4643:Muslim-majority countries 4557:had formally annexed the 4551:Muslim presence in Iberia 4386:ruler of Mecca and Medina 4345:(1201–1274) proposed the 4300:Turkish Shamanism beliefs 2852:Zawiya of Moulay Idris II 2711: 2477:preceding and during the 2422:Resurrection and judgment 1988: 1219: 238: 220: 208: 184: 174: 164: 154: 116: 106: 94: 84: 57: 40: 39: 35: 30: 28044:Central African Republic 25078:Vietnamese folk religion 24469:Charismatic Christianity 24081:Islamic view of miracles 22269:Hourani, Albert (1991). 22116:Bethany House Publishers 21772:(2nd ed.). Leiden: 21736:(1st ed.). Leiden: 21568:An Introduction to Islam 21499:The Sufi Orders in Islam 21475:Religion in Focus: Islam 21217:Peacock, A.C.S. (2019). 21200:Indiana University Press 20532:(2nd ed.). Oxford: 20507:Islam: The Straight Path 20486:(Revised 3rd ed.). 20483:Islam: The Straight Path 20360:Islam: The Straight Path 19591:Hunter, Shireen (2010). 19204:Lawrence, Bruce (2021). 18432:Tyan, E. "D̲j̲ihād". In 18001:Law & Social Inquiry 17949:Law. Modern Legal Reform 17409:"Islam: Jalaluddin Rumi" 17360:Knysh, Alexander. 2015. 17351:. Retrieved 25 May 2020. 17195:. Lulu.com. p. 65. 16876:30 November 2016 at the 16844:Jorgen S Nielsen Muslim 16557:Rowman & Littlefield 16503:Indiana University Press 15951:Daftary, Farhad (2013). 15529:Indiana University Press 15214:Denny, Frederick. 2010. 14655:28 December 2023 at the 14305:11 December 2020 at the 13972:, pp. 118–119, 179. 13382:Lauziere, Henri (2016). 12818:Lauziere, Henri (2016). 12598:Rubin, Barry M. (2000). 11941:Dillon, Michael (1999). 11671:. BBCnews. 10 May 2016. 11489:28 December 2023 at the 11170:Muslim Spain 711–1492 AD 11168:Imamuddin, S.M. (1981). 11132:10.1177/0011392106058837 10978:Hassan, Ahmad Y. 1996. " 10839:Shariah: The Islamic Law 10657:Puchala, Donald (2003). 9869:(2 ed.). p. 1. 9360:. Retrieved 25 May 2020. 9310:Indiana University Press 9300:Mattson, Ingrid (2006). 9239:28 December 2023 at the 8885:Gardet, L. "Qiyama". In 8843:. Retrieved 24 May 2020. 8808:. Retrieved 24 May 2020. 8728:D.W. Brown. "Sunna". In 8713:J. Robson. "Hadith". In 8379:Arberry, Arthur (1956). 7635:Fordham University Press 7531:7 September 2011 at the 6600:Great Mosque of Kairouan 6215:, usually translated as 5952:Schools of jurisprudence 5510:Islam is the Quran alone 4971: 4829:Muslim population growth 4608:Ottoman Empire dissolved 4591:helped influence modern 4549:succeeded in ending the 4240:governing minority class 4168:in 868 in Egypt and the 3839:Sunni hadith collections 3805:Classical era (750–1258) 3542:into a single religious 3462:while in Mecca, Muhammad 3073:as well as symbolically 2751:Prayer in Islam, called 2489:understanding of death. 2102:manuscript resting on a 1912:, the most common being 1671:Muslims § Etymology 554:Medieval Islamic science 27938:New religious movements 27576:Theories about religion 27529:Evolutionary psychology 26558:Modern Finnish paganism 24545:Independent Catholicism 23846:Creationism (evolution) 22611:Nova Science Publishers 22588:Nova Science Publishers 22425:Oxford University Press 22415:Lewis, Bernard (1996). 22398:Oxford University Press 22390:Lewis, Bernard (1994). 22246:Cragg, Kenneth (1975). 22043:Oxford University Press 22031:– via Oxford Reference. 22010:Oxford University Press 21688:Encyclopædia Britannica 21619:Oxford University Press 21503:Oxford University Press 21402:Oxford University Press 21376:Oxford University Press 20962:Oxford University Press 20884:Kramer, Martin (1987). 20636:Oxford University Press 20562:Oxford University Press 20534:Oxford University Press 20511:Oxford University Press 20488:Oxford University Press 20463:Oxford University Press 20440:Oxford University Press 20415:Oxford University Press 20390:Oxford University Press 20365:Oxford University Press 20310:Oxford University Press 20251:Campo, Juan E. (2009). 20209:Burge, Stephen (2015). 20101:Arnold, Thomas (1896). 19460:Esposito, John (2004). 19305:Oxford University Press 18959:Encyclopædia Britannica 18367:Encyclopædia Britannica 18216:Global Finance magazine 18073:Encyclopedia Britannica 17957:Oxford University Press 17842:Oxford University Press 17671:– via Oxford Reference. 17512:Oxford University Press 17411:. BBC. 1 September 2009 16930:Musa, Aisha Y. (2010). 16727:Uddin, Asma T. (2014). 16543:Drover, Lauren (2020). 16300:. Central Asia/Russia. 16098:Kohlberg, Etan (1976). 15880:Oxford University Press 15793:Oxford University Press 15386:Oxford University Press 15269:Dictionary of Terrorism 15222:Oxford University Press 15158:Encyclopædia Britannica 14539:" (projections table). 14535:7 February 2017 at the 14320:7 December 2020 at the 14137:(subscription required) 14093:(subscription required) 14052:Abdullah Saeed (2017). 14021:Meisami, Sayeh (2013). 13662:Foreign Policy Magazine 13120:Doran, Michael (1999). 12884:Islam in Modern History 12880:Smith, Wilfred Cantwell 12402:Spevack, Aaron (2014). 11821:Temple University Press 11606:Encyclopædia Britannica 11521:. pp. 245, 250, 256–57. 10886:Holt & Lewis (1977) 10747:Encyclopædia Britannica 10394:Holt & Lewis (1977) 10315:Holt & Lewis (1977) 10243:Holt & Lewis (1977) 10194:. London and New York: 9472:Ridgeon, Lloyd (2003). 9417:Ariff, Mohamed (1991). 9378:Encyclopædia Britannica 8777:Muqaddimah Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ 8749:Oxford University Press 8666:Oxford University Press 8645:10 January 2021 at the 8628:Oxford University Press 8309:Encyclopædia Britannica 8266:Encyclopædia Britannica 7839:Oxford University Press 7737:Encyclopædia Britannica 7597:Oxford University Press 7444:Encyclopædia Britannica 5462:) teachings of Ali and 5420:Messiah's Second Coming 5094: 5025:Traditionalist theology 4746:Chinese Communist Party 4585:Jamal al-Din al-Afghani 3825:Turco-Persian tradition 3633:al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn 3598:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan 3115:Quran § Recitation 2791:full body ritual wash. 2562:Predestination in Islam 2481:. The Quran emphasizes 1655:world's fastest-growing 1289:prophets and messengers 29189:Monotheistic religions 28587:Bosnia and Herzegovina 26573:Erzyan native religion 26422:Unitarian Universalism 25811:Native American Church 24589:Oneness Pentecostalism 24096:Persecution of Muslims 23994:List of former Muslims 22911:Succession to Muhammad 22314:Khanbaghi, A, (2006). 22201:Islam Without Extremes 21879:McAuliffe, Jane Dammen 21769:Encyclopaedia of Islam 21733:Encyclopaedia of Islam 21566:Waines, David (2003). 21520:Turner, Colin (2006). 21252:Peters, F. E. (2003). 21130:Momen, Moojan (1987). 20711:Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck 20685:Savage, Barbara Dianne 20282:. Simon and Schuster. 20228:Çakmak, Cenap (2017). 19912:Fahlbusch et al (2001) 18643:Glassé, Cyril (2001). 18325:Al-Jawzi, Ibn (2001). 18270:. KPI. pp. 252–. 18116:Encyclopaedia of Islam 18042:Bharathi, K. S. 1998. 17828:Vikør, Knut S. 2014. " 17451:. SUNY Press. p. 17165:. BRILL. p. 111. 17129:Burns, Robert (2011). 17033:Submission Perspective 17026:"Why the name change?" 16880:, PDF-Datei, See also 16073:Armajani, Jon (2020). 16044:Mavani, Hamid (2013). 16013:Encyclopaedia of Islam 15729:Encyclopaedia of Islam 14104:Nader Hashemi (2009). 12777:Middle Eastern Studies 12040:"Nasir al-Din al-Tusi" 11600:"Mecca (Saudi Arabia)" 10888:, pp. 80, 92, 105 10564:. BRILL. p. 264. 10476:History of Islamic Law 8999:. 2002. Archived from 8567:Reeves, J. C. (2004). 8289:two different theories 7864:Islam: Empire of Faith 7833:Leeming, David. 2005. 7824:, p. 34, "Allah". 7500:Haywood, John (2002). 7064:Major religious groups 6990:. Catholic theologian 6964: 6944:Criticism of the Quran 6890:Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir 6731:Great Mosque of Djenné 6496:Islamic burial rituals 6457: 6395: 6383:for women. Similarly, 6339: 6068: 6067:Muslim students (1856) 5974: 5614: 5596: 5432:Government of Pakistan 5424:persecution of Ahmadis 5367: 5117: 5087:Sunni movement was by 5049:Abu Mansur al-Maturidi 5003:six major hadith works 4994: 4992:six Sunni hadith books 4846: 4838: 4693:in South Asia and the 4678: 4524:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi 4463: 4276: 4222:reached deep into the 4127:Guinness World Records 4084:. In engineering, the 3999: 3994:The eye, according to 3973:Christianity in Europe 3945:Abu Mansur al-Maturidi 3873:. In the 9th century, 3735:set up the committee, 3637:Rightly Guided Caliphs 3604: 3582: 3560:Early Muslim conquests 3556:Succession to Muhammad 3514:Constitution of Medina 3478:After 12 years of the 3457: 3374: 3219:Mishary Rashid Alafasy 3176: 3110: 3020: 3003:Holiest sites in Islam 2951:Fasting during Ramadan 2940: 2858: 2748: 2667: 2630:fasting during Ramadan 2540:"the Last Hour"); and 2446: 2260: 2107: 2006: 2003:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani 1900:. God is described as 1856: 1831: 1782:English-speaking world 1607:succession to Muhammad 1582:), as well as through 1487:holiest sites in Islam 1092:People of the Interval 564:Succession to Muhammad 21:Islam (disambiguation) 28907:Saint Kitts and Nevis 28204:São Tomé and Príncipe 28064:Republic of the Congo 26270:Aboriginal Australian 24941:Chinese folk religion 23890:Conversion to mosques 23757:Alchemy and chemistry 22690:Peter Owen Publishers 22640:Tausch, Arno (2023). 22582:Tausch, Arno (2009). 22367:Kuban, Dogan (1974). 22290:Khan, Muhammad Muhsin 22148:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 21472:Teece, Geoff (2003). 21227:10.1017/9781108582124 21136:Yale University Press 20907:Lapidus, Ira (2002). 20407:—, ed. (2000). 20382:—, ed. (1999). 20254:Encyclopedia of Islam 20213:. London: Routledge. 19488:; Hopkins, Peter E.; 19237:Yale University Press 18865:Islamic Texts Society 18590:Legge, James (1880). 18496:Fahd Salem Bahammam. 18460:Yale University Press 17863:DeLong-Bas, Natana J. 17618:Sanyal, Usha (1998). 17583:Bowker, John (2000). 17558:"tariqa | Islam" 17189:Lopez, Ralph (2008). 17159:Tatari, Eren (2014). 17039:: 1. September 1989. 16820:Encyclopaedia Iranica 15893:10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 15806:10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 15362:and so 'innovation'." 14437:23 March 2018 at the 14027:Oxford Bibliographies 14023:"'Abdolkarim Soroush" 13754:Mojzes, Paul (2011). 13691:"Weakness in numbers" 13214:Zabel, Darcy (2006). 12106:Vanderbilt University 11883:. BRILL. p. 82. 11867:, pp. 1425–1429. 11758:"The Spread of Islam" 11414:Brague, Rémi (2009). 11370:, pp. 23, 42, 84 10738:Schimmel, Annemarie. 10686:Kitab Futuhu'l-Buldan 10149:, pp. 78–79, 194 10032:Encyclopedia of Islam 9867:Foundation of Tajweed 9710:Peters, F.E. (2009). 9354:Encyclopedia of Islam 8833:The Qur'an and Hadith 8381:The Koran Interpreted 8235:Al Faruqi, Lois Ibsen 8224:, pp. 17–18, 21. 7926:23 April 2022 at the 7264:Encyclopedia of Islam 6997:Defamatory images of 6951: 6940:Criticism of Muhammad 6916:in late 15th century 6892:in the 12th century. 6874:Al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh 6777:Great Mosque of Xi'an 6629:that begins with the 6592:depiction of Muhammad 6580:laws against idolatry 6427: 6393: 6331: 6298:Daily and family life 6129:is an Islamic judge. 6063: 5965: 5810:: the Quran, sunnah ( 5765:Law and jurisprudence 5716:Sufi–Salafi relations 5602: 5587: 5580:Sufi–Salafi relations 5506:Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi 5494:five pillars of Islam 5406:"subordinate" prophet 5361: 5236:Fatima Masumeh Shrine 5108: 4985: 4844: 4836: 4784:" preachers, such as 4756:. Myanmar military's 4672: 4641:(OIC), consisting of 4619:was abolished in 1924 4454: 4263: 4254:Further information: 4103:, the concept of the 4049:The Canon of Medicine 4044:experimental medicine 3993: 3871:Ja'fari jurisprudence 3861:, Malik ibn Anas and 3809:Further information: 3795:, non-Arab converts ( 3709:annually commemorated 3588: 3577: 3566:Event of Ghadir Khumm 3554:Further information: 3531:Treaty of Hudaybiyyah 3442: 3370: 3175: 3108: 3101:Other acts of worship 3013:Great Mosque of Mecca 3010: 2928: 2849: 2755:or aṣ-ṣalāt (Arabic: 2735: 2655: 2608:Five Pillars of Islam 2556:Divine predestination 2504:(hell). The Quran in 2429: 2392:), among others. The 2238: 2097: 2047:anthropomorphic forms 1996: 1839: 1816:) requires belief in 1639:in sub-Saharan Africa 1349:final Islamic prophet 1343:). They believe that 1270:1.9 billion worldwide 1260:and the teachings of 1254:monotheistic religion 28529:United Arab Emirates 27320:Religious experience 26694:Historical religions 25098:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 24430:Schwenkfelder Church 23616:Ma malakat aymanukum 23191:Association football 22156:. pp. 256–258. 21901:: CS1 maint: year ( 21840:: CS1 maint: year ( 21368:Sachedina, Abdulaziz 21037:(reprint ed.). 20958:The Arabs in History 20681:Griffith, Ruth Marie 20084:Signs in the heavens 19014:10.1155/2017/4957348 17844:. Archived from the 17625:Modern Asian Studies 16889:13 June 2021 at the 16608:. pp. 426–442. 16505:. pp. 109–146. 16495:Bloomington, Indiana 16443:. pp. 637–657. 14848:. 23 December 2005. 14371:Greenwood Publishing 13817:. 19 December 2016. 13447:. 21 November 2014. 13179:. 26 December 2010. 12711:Modern Asian Studies 12539:. 4 September 2013. 12412:. pp. 129–130. 12313:Encyclopædia Iranica 11380:Young, Mark (1998). 10990:. Archived from the 10803:pp. 291–292 (German) 9865:Aboo Yahyaa (2013). 9540:Taylor & Francis 9506:The New Humanitarian 9312:. pp. 615–629. 8919:on 13 September 2010 8837:Bilal Muslim Mission 8789:Awliya'i, Mustafa. " 8772:al-Rahman, Aisha Abd 8347:Jones, Alan (1994). 7400:. 21 December 2022. 7369:Cambridge Dictionary 7341:. 21 December 2022. 6612:mosques in Indonesia 6596:Islamic architecture 6528:Islamic architecture 6435:placed atop folding 6308:Islamic dietary laws 6272:general mobilization 6050:Religious personages 5554:Islamic denomination 5234:in Karbala, and the 4986:The nine volumes of 4967:Shia–Sunni relations 4906:Religious conversion 4343:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 4201:reassert Sunni Islam 4097:programmable machine 3983:argued against such 3937:speculative theology 3841:while scholars like 3835:Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj 3733:Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz 3659:, Muhammad's widow, 3527:Battle of the Trench 3434:seal of the prophets 3325:A panoramic view of 3251:praise be due to God 3237:Remembrance of God ( 2648:Declaration of faith 2530:"Day of Religion"); 2322:Seal of the prophets 2126:History of the Quran 1945:purpose of existence 1601:(10–15%). While the 1562:cultural flourishing 1435:; and a pilgrimage ( 1272:and are the world's 1230:[alʔɪsˈlaːm] 603:Association football 78:holiest Islamic site 76:, Saudi Arabia, the 29184:Abrahamic religions 28922:Trinidad and Tobago 28817:Antigua and Barbuda 27985:Religion by country 27046:Cult of Magna Mater 25568:Philippine Dayawism 25149:Nimbarka Sampradaya 24897:Chinese Manichaeism 24569:Jehovah's Witnesses 24374:Proto-Protestantism 22561:Understanding Islam 22517:Schimmel, Annemarie 22258:1975. xiii, 145 p. 22134:Ahmad, Imad-ad-Dean 21590:Watt, W. Montgomery 21285:Pew Research Center 21154:Nasr, Seyed Hossein 20728:Trafford Publishing 20259:Infobase Publishing 19987:Springer Publishing 19843:reference.bahai.org 19162:(4 November 2011). 18903:on 23 December 2015 18857:Eaton, Gai (2000). 18691:on 14 November 2016 18474:, pp. 105–106. 18462:. pp. 108–109, 118. 17435:, pp. 3–4, 11. 17232:Pew Research Center 16741:Burlington, Vermont 16675:Review of Religions 15767:, pp. 257–258. 15699:Dakake, Maria Massi 15443:Springer Publishing 15419:Springer Publishing 15405:, pp. 275, 306 15392:on 22 January 2020. 15241:Islam Ansiklopedisi 15127:Pew Research Center 14974:Pew Research Center 14878:Pew Research Center 14541:Pew Research Center 14473:Anadolu News Agency 14311:Pew Research Center 14272:Pew Research Center 14266:" (data analysis). 14262:14 May 2019 at the 14207:. 27 January 2011. 13723:Beydoun, Khaled A. 13599:. 18 October 2008. 13249:. 27 January 2011. 13247:Pew Research Center 13029:2023Heliy...920993B 12476:Infobase Publishing 12182:Infobase Publishing 11747:, pp. 125–258. 11658:, pp. 227–228. 11597:Glubb, John Bagot. 11532:Holt, Peter Malcolm 10461:Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz 9948:on 27 February 2020 9646:Ramadanali (2006). 9591:Hudson, A. (2003). 9264:Hedayetullah (2006) 9221:, pp. 195–197. 8020:Fahd, T. "Nār". In 7433:Schimmel, Annemarie 6793:Menara Kudus Mosque 5919:reforms led to the 5880:), and prohibited ( 5693:, Jalaluddin Rumi, 5558:Pew Research Center 5508:penned the article 5502:Ghulam Ahmed Perwez 5371:Other denominations 5280:Imam Hussein Shrine 5242:are also among the 4930:The Huffington Post 4852:Pew Research Center 4735:Al-Azhar University 4677:in Istanbul, Turkey 4623:Sharifian Caliphate 4621:and the subsequent 4563:Western Imperialism 4376:was claimed by the 4335:Timurid Renaissance 4224:Indian Subcontinent 3837:compiled the major 3831:Muhammad al-Bukhari 3665:Battle of the Camel 3621:Uthman ibn al-Affan 3482:, Muhammad and his 3327:Al-Masjid al-Nabawi 2955:In Islam, fasting ( 2810:. For example, the 2656:Silver coin of the 2578:al-qadāʾ wa l-qadar 2487:pre-Islamic Arabian 2485:, a break from the 2483:bodily resurrection 2451:Islamic eschatology 2076:Islamic eschatology 1910:names or attributes 1826:Day of Resurrection 1532:and the subsequent 1475:religious festivals 1455:banking and finance 929:Part of a series on 364:Profession of Faith 337:Day of Resurrection 239:Number of followers 149:Southeastern Europe 29179:610 establishments 28857:Dominican Republic 27903:Abrahamic prophets 26997:Proto-Indo-Iranian 25541:Aliran Kepercayaan 24744:Non-denominational 24666:Modernist Salafism 24352:Oriental Orthodoxy 24101:Quran and miracles 24015:Criticism of Islam 23729:Geometric patterns 23581:Gender segregation 23152:Non-denominational 22393:Islam and the West 22248:The House of Islam 22098:Barnes & Noble 21806:; van Donzel, E.; 21762:; van Donzel, E.; 21480:Franklin Watts Ltd 21109:Sufism in the West 21064:Random House, Inc. 20867:Praeger Publishers 19839:"One Common Faith" 19440:www.britannica.com 19436:"Islamic calendar" 19171:The New York Times 19057:. 13 August 2009. 18358:Afsaruddin, Asma. 18058:, pp. 3, 161. 17077:on 31 January 2016 16751:. pp. 81–98. 16745:Ashgate Publishing 16559:. pp. 21–36. 16015:(Third ed.). 15621:Newman, Andrew J. 15555:The World Factbook 15501:Svante E. Cornell 15358:, the contrary of 15062:. 24 August 2011. 14779:The World Factbook 14592:, pp. 15, 17. 14554:"Secrets of Islam" 14430:. December 2012. " 13877:The New York Times 13847:. 27 August 2018. 13629:The New York Times 13356:The New York Times 12856:. 3 January 2014. 12853:Economist Magazine 12248:. Iranica Online. 11949:. Curzon. p. 11470:2013-09-27 at the 11386:. Bantam. p. 10900:, pp. 661–663 10876:, pp. 126–127 10813:Blankinship (2008) 10780:Blankinship (2008) 10770:, pp. 90, 91. 10628:Blankinship (2008) 10412:The New York Times 10198:. pp. 70–71. 10045:Ünal, Ali (2006). 9837:Trofimov, Yaroslav 9685:, pp. 145–147 9621:www.britannica.com 9114:www.britannica.com 9003:on 8 December 2011 8472:Hava Lazarus-Yafeh 8257:Ringgren, Helmer. 7475:www.dictionary.com 6992:Augustine of Hippo 6965: 6934:Criticism of Islam 6643:Gregorian calendar 6532:Islamic literature 6458: 6396: 6340: 6312:Islam and children 6209:. Islam prohibits 6069: 5975: 5942:freedom of thought 5905:'s courts, and by 5901:who presided over 5709:movement known as 5662:as well as by the 5615: 5597: 5415:Khatam an-Nabiyyin 5382:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 5378:Ahmadiyya Movement 5368: 5244:Islamic Holy sites 5232:Imam Husayn Shrine 5118: 4995: 4915:Sub Saharan Africa 4847: 4839: 4715:Sayyid Rashid Rida 4683:Muslim Brotherhood 4679: 4555:East India Company 4464: 4347:mathematical model 4319:Mongol destruction 4286:, Islam spread to 4277: 4004:Islamic Golden Age 4000: 3815:Islamic philosophy 3793:Abbasid Revolution 3681:Battle of Nahrawan 3653:was elected in 644 3605: 3583: 3580:Rashidun Caliphate 3506:Muhammad in Medina 3460:During this time, 3458: 3375: 3271:in the name of God 3177: 3111: 3021: 2941: 2894:accumulated wealth 2859: 2749: 2740:in prayer, at the 2668: 2552:"The Clatterer"). 2510:lists several sins 2447: 2263:Prophets (Arabic: 2261: 2112:Islamic holy books 2108: 2007: 1961:is a term with no 1857: 1653:. Muslims are the 1546:Islamic Golden Age 1530:Rashidun Caliphate 1526:converted to Islam 1431:) in the month of 1407:); daily prayers ( 1081:People of the Book 1035:Sinner (by action) 215:Arabian polytheism 29127: 29126: 29095: 29094: 29091: 29090: 28079:Equatorial Guinea 27975: 27974: 27971: 27970: 27514:Cognitive science 27133: 27132: 27066:Mysteries of Isis 26840:Frankish paganism 26683: 26682: 26679: 26678: 26675: 26674: 26427:White Brotherhood 26293: 26292: 26258: 26257: 25602:Sundanese Wiwitan 25419: 25418: 25415: 25414: 25144:Brahma Sampradaya 25106: 25105: 24909: 24908: 24905: 24904: 24887:Assianism/Uatsdin 24805: 24804: 24574:British Israelism 24560:Nontrinitarianism 24523:Plymouth Brethren 24518:Nondenominational 24452:Congregationalism 24340:Eastern Orthodoxy 24288:Reconstructionist 24152: 24151: 24118: 24117: 24114: 24113: 24086:Domestic violence 24076:Islamic terrorism 24071:Islamic extremism 23902: 23901: 23898: 23897: 23670: 23669: 23666: 23665: 23456:Marriage contract 23286: 23285: 23246:Political aspects 23033:Story of Prophets 22802:Prophets of Islam 22699:978-0-7206-1038-3 22665:978-3-031-24853-5 22620:978-1-62948-899-8 22597:978-1-60692-731-1 22565:Allen & Unwin 22536:978-0-7914-1982-3 22508:978-0-226-70281-0 22480:978-1-59144-034-5 22457:978-1-59144-071-0 22434:978-0-19-510283-3 22407:978-0-19-509061-1 22382:978-90-04-03813-4 22359:978-965-224-040-8 22307:978-9960-740-79-9 22239:978-0-684-82507-6 22215:978-0-393-07086-6 22171:978-1-4129-6580-4 22105:978-0-359-67265-3 22077:978-0-415-32639-1 22052:978-0-19-975726-8 22019:978-0-19-512558-0 21992:978-0-7591-0190-6 21957:978-0-415-94180-8 21897:cite encyclopedia 21870:978-0-02-865603-8 21836:cite encyclopedia 21802:; Bianquis, Th.; 21783:978-90-04-16121-4 21758:; Bianquis, Th.; 21747:978-90-04-08265-6 21715:978-90-04-11695-5 21654:978-90-04-12066-2 21637:Weiss, Bernard G. 21628:978-0-19-881078-0 21603:978-0-85224-245-2 21581:978-0-521-53906-7 21558:978-0-415-17458-9 21535:978-0-415-34106-6 21522:Islam: the Basics 21512:978-0-19-512058-5 21489:978-0-7496-4796-4 21464:978-0-87395-272-9 21438:978-1-61530-060-0 21411:978-0-19-515649-2 21385:978-0-19-511915-2 21324:978-0-415-21781-1 21269:978-0-691-11553-5 21236:978-1-108-58212-4 21209:978-0-253-21627-4 21182:978-0-06-067700-8 21145:978-0-300-03531-5 21122:978-0-415-27408-1 21099:978-0-521-64696-3 21082:Madelung, Wilferd 21073:978-0-8129-6785-2 21048:978-0-06-051605-5 21023:978-0-8126-9518-2 20996:978-0-684-83280-7 20971:978-0-19-285258-8 20948:978-0-7102-0462-2 20935:The Jews of Islam 20922:978-0-521-77933-3 20899:978-0-8133-0453-3 20876:978-0-313-32472-7 20853:978-603-500-080-2 20834:978-0-674-01017-8 20806:978-0-521-21946-4 20783:978-0-521-29137-8 20770:Lambton, Ann K.S. 20760:978-0-521-29136-1 20737:978-1-55369-842-5 20702:978-0-8018-8370-5 20672:978-0-8133-4275-7 20645:978-0-19-512580-1 20622:978-0-7641-2226-2 20597:978-0-8120-1853-0 20571:978-0-19-513526-8 20543:978-0-19-979413-3 20520:978-0-19-539600-3 20497:978-0-19-518266-8 20472:978-0-19-515713-0 20457:— (2002b). 20449:978-0-19-516886-0 20432:— (2002a). 20424:978-0-19-510799-9 20399:978-0-19-510799-9 20374:978-0-19-511234-4 20346:978-0-8138-1946-4 20319:978-0-19-513398-1 20289:978-1-78074-052-2 20268:978-0-8160-5454-1 20243:978-1-61069-217-5 20220:978-1-136-50473-0 20178:978-1-57003-471-8 20155:978-0-521-78058-2 20128:978-0-8264-9944-8 20063:978-0-415-35515-5 20026:978-0-521-02699-4 19995:978-1-4039-8309-1 19967:978-0-8147-7564-6 19939:978-0-521-50637-3 19875:978-1-57233-214-0 19823:978-1-78074-307-3 19676:978-1-63087-718-7 19644:978-1-4408-6118-5 19612:978-0-253-34549-3 19574:978-0-03-052596-4 19505:978-1-4094-8747-0 19383:978-0-521-45599-2 19314:978-0-19-981257-8 18878:978-0-946621-84-2 18863:. Cambridge: The 18802:978-0-06-050714-5 18767:978-1-85168-295-9 18509:978-1-909322-99-8 18390:, pp. 99–100 18345:, pp. 17–18. 18304:978-90-90-26108-9 18277:978-0-7103-0059-1 18142:978-90-04-16121-4 18107:van Donzel, E. J. 17984:978-90-411-0179-2 17882:978-0-8156-2908-5 17859:Esposito, John L. 17787:Esposito, John L. 17604:978-0-19-280094-7 17564:. 4 February 2014 17462:978-0-7914-1515-3 17370:978-1-317-34712-5 17335:Aminrazavi, Mehdi 17289:Trimingham (1998) 17202:978-1-4348-9615-5 17172:978-90-04-27226-2 17142:978-0-7618-5560-6 17112:978-1-4767-3393-7 16994:978-0-521-65394-7 16857:978-0-748-67753-5 16758:978-1-4724-1647-6 16648:978-1-315-19728-9 16637:Balzani, Marzia. 16623:978-90-04-32511-1 16594:Reichmuth, Stefan 16566:978-1-7936-3403-0 16460:978-90-04-43554-4 16425:Cusack, Carole M. 16356:978-1-61234-522-2 16303:Asia Times Online 16270:978-0-7486-7833-4 16251:Newman, Andrew J. 16201:978-0-8330-4788-5 16162:978-1-85109-842-2 16084:978-1-7936-2136-8 15882:on behalf of the 15795:on behalf of the 15537:978-0-253-22310-4 15524:Robert W. Hefner 15487:978-0-7103-1356-0 15451:978-3-319-97355-5 15427:978-3-319-52611-9 15345:, especially the 15196:on 5 October 2018 15088:(26 April 2010). 15032:. Women convert. 14758:978-93-83064-41-0 14690:978-1-4008-3138-8 14623:978-0-415-44851-2 14507:, 21 April 2018, 14463:"Islam in Russia" 14384:978-0-313-32825-1 14233:. 9 August 2017. 14119:978-0-19-530513-5 14075:978-0-19-998845-7 13765:978-1-4422-0663-2 13479:. 29 April 2011. 13422:978-1-62616-116-0 13393:978-0-231-17550-0 13293:. 9 August 2011. 13156:978-0-19-827709-5 13131:978-0-19-512361-6 13094:978-1-3984-9251-6 12961:on 4 October 2010 12911:Esposito, John L. 12829:978-0-231-17550-0 12678:978-0-521-52291-5 12671:. pp. 131–. 12586:978-1-4982-0102-5 12484:978-1-4381-1025-7 12457:978-0-521-83910-5 12419:978-1-4384-5371-2 12390:978-0-7103-1356-0 12354:978-1-136-91332-7 12219:978-0-520-07060-8 12190:978-1-4381-1025-7 12153:978-0-19-066137-3 11960:978-0-7007-1026-3 11731:978-0-295-97644-0 11644:978-3-11-004673-1 11636:Walter de Gruyter 11547:978-0-582-36931-3 11397:978-0-553-57895-9 11183:978-90-04-06131-6 11119:Current Sociology 11045:. February 2010. 10982:." Pp. 351–99 in 10848:978-0-907461-38-8 10782:, pp. 38–39. 10713:, pp. 71–83. 10529:978-90-04-09791-9 10522:. pp. 207–. 10486:978-0-7486-0514-9 10396:, pp. 67–72. 10380:978-0-521-51430-9 10291:Ṭabāṭabāʼī (1979) 10205:978-1-83860-765-4 10058:978-1-59784-000-2 9853:978-0-307-47290-8 9762:978-0-275-98733-6 9723:978-1-4008-2548-6 9593:Equity and Trusts 9549:978-0-415-77011-8 9434:978-981-3016-07-1 9319:978-0-253-34687-2 9254:, pp. 18, 19 8901:Esposito, John L. 8758:978-0-19-508240-1 8674:978-0-19-530513-5 8636:978-0-19-530513-5 8385:Allen & Unwin 8337:, pp. 79–81. 8196:978-0-415-17587-6 8078:, pp. 97–99. 7847:978-0-195-15669-0 7800:978-0-415-39638-7 7648:978-0-8232-2584-2 7572:978-0-13-223085-8 7243:cite encyclopedia 7054:Islamic mythology 7044:Glossary of Islam 6988:Gospel of Matthew 6957:Umayyad Caliphate 6709:Sixty Dome Mosque 6681:) on the 10th of 6639:different seasons 6415:marriage contract 6375:clothing in Islam 6365:permanent tattoos 6324:Polygyny in Islam 6316:Marriage in Islam 6288:Muhammad al-Mahdi 6181:Islamic economics 5808:sources of sharia 5695:Haji Bektash Veli 5527:code in the Quran 5464:Haji Bektash Veli 4938:African-Americans 4713:. Others such as 4709:monarchy with an 4616:Ottoman Caliphate 4589:Abul A'la Maududi 4571:Islamic modernism 4370:gunpowder empires 4353:unrevised in his 4170:Ghaznavid dynasty 4078:scientific method 4042:was a pioneer in 3772:Iberian Peninsula 3701:Battle of Karbala 3625:Ali ibn Abi Talib 3536:conquest of Mecca 3436:sent to mankind. 3357:Muhammad in Islam 3197: 3159:[dʊˈʕæːʔ] 3075:stoning the Devil 2506:Surat al-Zalzalah 2289:prophets in Islam 2241:Persian miniature 2178:Arabic literature 1999:Jami' al-Tawarikh 1888:Christian Trinity 1792:Articles of faith 1749:Hadith of Gabriel 1745:active participle 1693: 1603:Shia–Sunni divide 1550:Abbasid Caliphate 1538:Iberian Peninsula 1534:Umayyad Caliphate 1522:Arabian Peninsula 1150: 1149: 924: 923: 269: 268: 203:Arabian Peninsula 29201: 29156: 29155: 29144: 29143: 29142: 29135: 29117: 29107: 29106: 28985:Papua New Guinea 28960:Marshall Islands 28787:Northern Ireland 27992: 27991: 27981: 27980: 27865:Secular theology 27860:Secular humanism 27150: 27149: 27139: 27138: 27014:Ancestral Pueblo 26689: 26688: 26308: 26307: 25985: 25984: 25430: 25429: 25186:Shaiva Siddhanta 25117: 25116: 25050:Korean shamanism 24929: 24928: 24920: 24919: 24816: 24815: 24729:Mahdawi movement 24599:Swedenborgianism 24579:Christadelphians 24225: 24224: 24216: 24215: 24207: 24206: 24194: 24193: 24179: 24172: 24165: 24156: 24155: 24142: 24141: 24134:Islam portal 24132: 24131: 24130: 23922: 23921: 23914: 23908: 23907: 23749:Medieval science 23692: 23691: 23682: 23676: 23675: 23333:Economic history 23316: 23315: 23292: 23291: 23278:Islam by country 23111:Bektashi Alevism 22759: 22758: 22750:Outline of Islam 22732: 22725: 22718: 22709: 22708: 22703: 22682:Walker, Benjamin 22677: 22636: 22624: 22601: 22586:(1st ed.). 22578: 22563:(3rd ed.). 22557:Schuon, Frithjof 22552: 22550: 22548: 22543:on 22 April 2019 22539:. Archived from 22512: 22497:(2nd ed.). 22484: 22467:History of Islam 22461: 22438: 22422: 22411: 22386: 22363: 22311: 22296:(1st ed.). 22243: 22219: 22204:(1st ed.). 22191: 22081: 22056: 22023: 22007: 21996: 21980: 21969: 21936: 21921: 21906: 21900: 21892: 21874: 21845: 21839: 21831: 21817: 21795: 21751: 21719: 21706:Brill Publishers 21694: 21676: 21658: 21632: 21617:(New ed.). 21611:— (1974). 21607: 21585: 21562: 21539: 21516: 21493: 21468: 21442: 21426: 21415: 21389: 21363: 21328: 21313:(2nd ed.). 21296: 21294: 21292: 21282: 21273: 21248: 21213: 21197: 21186: 21161: 21149: 21126: 21103: 21077: 21056:— (2004). 21052: 21039:Harper Perennial 21031:— (2003). 21027: 21012:(2nd ed.). 21011: 21004:— (2001). 21000: 20979:— (1997). 20975: 20956:— (1993). 20952: 20926: 20911:(2nd ed.). 20903: 20880: 20857: 20838: 20810: 20798: 20787: 20764: 20741: 20718: 20706: 20676: 20661:(8th ed.). 20660: 20649: 20626: 20611:(7th ed.). 20605:— (2003). 20601: 20586:(5th ed.). 20575: 20547: 20528:— (2011). 20524: 20509:(4th ed.). 20505:— (2010). 20501: 20480:— (2005). 20476: 20453: 20428: 20403: 20378: 20363:(3rd ed.). 20350: 20334: 20323: 20300: 20298: 20296: 20272: 20247: 20224: 20205: 20192:Houghton Mifflin 20182: 20159: 20132: 20111:Bennett, Clinton 20106: 20097: 20068: 20067: 20048:(1st ed.). 20047: 20037: 20031: 20030: 20014: 20004: 19998: 19981:Stone, G. 2006. 19979: 19970: 19948: 19942: 19925: 19919: 19909: 19903: 19902: 19900: 19898: 19884: 19878: 19860: 19854: 19853: 19851: 19849: 19834: 19828: 19827: 19809: 19803: 19802: 19760: 19754: 19753: 19698:by Heinz Halm". 19691: 19685: 19684: 19658: 19652: 19651: 19626: 19620: 19619: 19588: 19582: 19581: 19554: 19548: 19547: 19523: 19517: 19516: 19514: 19512: 19482: 19476: 19475: 19457: 19451: 19450: 19448: 19446: 19432: 19426: 19425: 19401: 19395: 19394: 19392: 19390: 19363: 19357: 19356: 19333: 19327: 19326: 19294: 19288: 19287: 19261: 19255: 19254: 19235:(2nd ed.). 19226: 19220: 19219: 19201: 19195: 19189: 19183: 19182: 19180: 19178: 19167: 19160:Melikian, Souren 19156: 19150: 19149: 19147: 19145: 19130: 19124: 19114: 19108: 19107: 19089: 19083: 19077: 19071: 19070: 19068: 19066: 19043: 19037: 19036: 19026: 19016: 18986: 18980: 18979: 18977: 18975: 18950: 18944: 18934: 18925: 18919: 18913: 18912: 18910: 18908: 18899:. Archived from 18889: 18883: 18882: 18854: 18848: 18847: 18845: 18843: 18832: 18826: 18825: 18813: 18807: 18806: 18778: 18772: 18771: 18743: 18737: 18731: 18725: 18719: 18713: 18712:, pp. 93–96 18707: 18701: 18700: 18698: 18696: 18683:Esposito, John. 18680: 18674: 18673: 18671: 18669: 18655: 18649: 18648: 18640: 18634: 18633: 18631: 18629: 18619: 18613: 18611: 18606: 18604: 18587: 18581: 18580: 18578: 18576: 18559: 18553: 18552: 18549:McAuliffe (n.d.) 18544: 18538: 18535:Esposito (2002b) 18532: 18526: 18520: 18514: 18513: 18493: 18487: 18481: 18475: 18472:Sachedina (1998) 18469: 18463: 18454:Habeck, Mary R. 18452: 18446: 18437: 18429: 18418: 18415:Firestone (1999) 18412: 18403: 18397: 18391: 18385: 18379: 18378: 18376: 18374: 18363: 18355: 18346: 18343:Firestone (1999) 18340: 18331: 18330: 18322: 18316: 18315: 18313: 18311: 18288: 18282: 18281: 18261: 18255: 18254: 18252: 18250: 18233: 18227: 18226: 18224: 18222: 18207: 18201: 18200: 18198: 18196: 18181: 18175: 18174: 18166: 18160: 18153: 18147: 18146: 18125:Brill Publishers 18119:(2nd ed.). 18111:Heinrichs, W. P. 18090: 18084: 18083: 18081: 18079: 18065: 18059: 18053: 18047: 18040: 18034: 18033: 17995: 17989: 17988: 17966: 17960: 17945: 17936: 17926: 17920: 17910: 17904: 17895:of the Prophet, 17886: 17855: 17849: 17826: 17805: 17804: 17799:. Archived from 17783: 17768: 17765:Esposito (2002b) 17762: 17756: 17755: 17741: 17735: 17734: 17696: 17690: 17689: 17687: 17678: 17672: 17662: 17656: 17655: 17649: 17641: 17615: 17609: 17608: 17580: 17574: 17573: 17571: 17569: 17554: 17548: 17547: 17545: 17543: 17523: 17492: 17486: 17485:, p. 24,77. 17480: 17474: 17473: 17471: 17469: 17442: 17436: 17430: 17421: 17420: 17418: 17416: 17405: 17399: 17398: 17396: 17394: 17379: 17373: 17358: 17352: 17332: 17326: 17323: 17317: 17316: 17298: 17292: 17286: 17280: 17274: 17268: 17262: 17256: 17250: 17244: 17243: 17241: 17239: 17220: 17211: 17210: 17186: 17180: 17179: 17156: 17150: 17149: 17126: 17120: 17119: 17096: 17090: 17089: 17084: 17082: 17062: 17056: 17055: 17053: 17051: 17045: 17030: 17022: 17016: 17015: 17005: 16999: 16998: 16978: 16972: 16971: 16969: 16967: 16936:Religion Compass 16932:"The Qur'anists" 16927: 16921: 16920: 16905:Religion Compass 16900: 16894: 16866: 16860: 16842: 16836: 16835: 16833: 16831: 16811: 16805: 16804: 16802: 16800: 16791:. Archived from 16781: 16775: 16774: 16724: 16718: 16717: 16715: 16713: 16704:. Archived from 16693: 16687: 16686: 16684: 16682: 16667: 16661: 16660: 16634: 16628: 16627: 16606:Brill Publishers 16585: 16579: 16578: 16553:Lanham, Maryland 16540: 16525: 16524: 16493:(2nd ed.). 16482: 16473: 16472: 16452: 16441:Brill Publishers 16417: 16408: 16407: 16396:. pp. 3–4. 16379: 16373: 16372: 16370: 16368: 16340: 16334: 16333: 16327: 16319: 16313: 16311: 16293: 16287: 16286: 16284: 16282: 16247: 16241: 16240: 16224: 16218: 16217: 16215: 16213: 16185: 16179: 16178: 16176: 16174: 16146: 16140: 16139: 16137: 16135: 16095: 16089: 16088: 16070: 16064: 16063: 16051: 16041: 16035: 16034: 16010: 15999: 15993: 15992: 15974: 15968: 15967: 15965: 15963: 15957:Internet Archive 15948: 15942: 15941: 15895: 15861: 15855: 15854: 15808: 15774: 15768: 15762: 15756: 15755: 15753: 15751: 15723: 15717: 15716: 15695: 15689: 15688: 15682: 15674: 15666: 15660: 15659: 15654:(2nd ed.). 15647: 15641: 15640: 15638: 15636: 15618: 15612: 15611: 15606: 15604: 15595:. Archived from 15585: 15579: 15578: 15573: 15571: 15562:. Archived from 15546: 15540: 15522: 15516: 15499: 15490: 15474:Richard Gauvain 15472: 15466: 15460: 15454: 15436: 15430: 15412: 15406: 15400: 15394: 15393: 15388:. Archived from 15374: 15363: 15339: 15333: 15332: 15314: 15308: 15307: 15289: 15283: 15282: 15264: 15258: 15257: 15255: 15253: 15231: 15225: 15212: 15206: 15205: 15203: 15201: 15181: 15175: 15174: 15172: 15170: 15149: 15143: 15142: 15140: 15138: 15118: 15112: 15111: 15109: 15107: 15082: 15076: 15075: 15073: 15071: 15052: 15046: 15045: 15043: 15041: 15026: 15020: 15019: 15017: 15015: 14996: 14990: 14989: 14987: 14985: 14976:. 5 April 2017. 14966: 14960: 14959: 14957: 14955: 14950:on 29 April 2015 14949: 14943:. Archived from 14942: 14934: 14928: 14927: 14921: 14919: 14900: 14894: 14893: 14892: 14890: 14868: 14862: 14861: 14859: 14857: 14836: 14830: 14829: 14827: 14825: 14814:Archived Content 14806: 14800: 14799: 14797: 14795: 14770: 14764: 14762: 14740: 14734: 14733: 14731: 14729: 14701: 14695: 14694: 14674: 14668: 14667:, page xxiii, 14 14646: 14640: 14639: 14637: 14635: 14599: 14593: 14587: 14581: 14575: 14573: 14571: 14550: 14544: 14526: 14520: 14519: 14518: 14516: 14495: 14489: 14488: 14486: 14484: 14475:. 7 March 2018. 14459: 14453: 14425: 14419: 14418: 14416: 14414: 14395: 14389: 14388: 14368: 14358: 14352: 14346: 14340: 14334: 14325: 14296: 14285: 14281: 14275: 14253: 14247: 14246: 14244: 14242: 14227: 14221: 14220: 14218: 14216: 14201: 14195: 14194: 14192: 14190: 14171: 14165: 14164: 14162: 14160: 14145: 14139: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14131: 14101: 14095: 14094: 14091: 14089: 14087: 14049: 14043: 14042: 14040: 14038: 14018: 14012: 14011: 14001: 13991: 13985: 13979: 13973: 13967: 13961: 13954: 13948: 13942: 13936: 13935: 13933: 13931: 13912: 13906: 13900: 13894: 13893: 13891: 13889: 13867: 13861: 13860: 13858: 13856: 13837: 13831: 13830: 13828: 13826: 13807: 13801: 13800: 13798: 13796: 13776: 13770: 13769: 13751: 13745: 13744: 13742: 13740: 13720: 13714: 13713: 13711: 13709: 13693: 13685: 13679: 13678: 13676: 13674: 13652: 13646: 13645: 13643: 13641: 13619: 13613: 13612: 13610: 13608: 13589: 13583: 13582: 13564: 13558: 13557: 13555: 13553: 13544:. 28 June 2007. 13532: 13526: 13525: 13523: 13521: 13499: 13493: 13492: 13490: 13488: 13467: 13461: 13460: 13458: 13456: 13437: 13431: 13430: 13408: 13402: 13401: 13379: 13373: 13372: 13370: 13368: 13346: 13340: 13339: 13337: 13335: 13313: 13307: 13306: 13304: 13302: 13281: 13275: 13269: 13263: 13262: 13260: 13258: 13239: 13230: 13229: 13211: 13205: 13199: 13193: 13192: 13190: 13188: 13167: 13161: 13160: 13142: 13136: 13135: 13117: 13111: 13110: 13108: 13106: 13078: 13069: 13068: 13058: 13040: 13008: 13002: 13001: 12999: 12997: 12977: 12971: 12970: 12968: 12966: 12945: 12939: 12938: 12936: 12934: 12918: 12907: 12898: 12897: 12876: 12870: 12869: 12867: 12865: 12844: 12838: 12837: 12815: 12809: 12808: 12772: 12766: 12760: 12754: 12753: 12747: 12739: 12737: 12735: 12701: 12695: 12694: 12692: 12690: 12658: 12652: 12646: 12640: 12634: 12628: 12627: 12625: 12623: 12595: 12589: 12580:Publishers 2015 12571: 12565: 12559: 12553: 12552: 12550: 12548: 12527: 12521: 12520: 12518: 12516: 12498: 12487: 12469: 12460: 12444:Donald Quataert 12442: 12436: 12435: 12433: 12431: 12399: 12393: 12377:Richard Gauvain 12375: 12369: 12363: 12357: 12339: 12330: 12329: 12327: 12325: 12303: 12297: 12296: 12279:(1–4): 163–179. 12268: 12262: 12261: 12259: 12257: 12242: 12236: 12235: 12233: 12231: 12199: 12193: 12175: 12169: 12168: 12167: 12165: 12137: 12131: 12128: 12122: 12121: 12119: 12117: 12097: 12088: 12082: 12081: 12079: 12077: 12062: 12056: 12055: 12053: 12051: 12036: 12030: 12029: 12027: 12025: 11983: 11977: 11971: 11965: 11964: 11948: 11938: 11932: 11913: 11907: 11906: 11904: 11902: 11874: 11868: 11862: 11856: 11855:, p. 20–22. 11850: 11844: 11843: 11831: 11825: 11824: 11819:. Philadelphia: 11812: 11806: 11805: 11803: 11801: 11790:"Ottoman Empire" 11786: 11780: 11779: 11777: 11775: 11769: 11762: 11754: 11748: 11742: 11736: 11735: 11717: 11711: 11710: 11708: 11706: 11695:"Islam in China" 11691: 11685: 11684: 11682: 11680: 11665: 11659: 11653: 11647: 11631:Andreas Graeser 11629: 11623: 11622: 11620: 11618: 11602: 11594: 11588: 11585: 11579: 11578: 11570: 11564: 11563: 11561: 11559: 11528: 11522: 11500: 11494: 11480: 11474: 11461: 11455: 11440: 11434: 11433: 11411: 11402: 11401: 11377: 11371: 11365: 11359: 11358: 11330: 11324: 11323: 11303: 11297: 11296: 11294: 11292: 11286: 11271: 11262: 11256: 11255: 11253: 11251: 11231: 11225: 11224: 11194: 11188: 11187: 11174:Brill Publishers 11165: 11159: 11158: 11156: 11154: 11148: 11109: 11103: 11102: 11100: 11098: 11083: 11077: 11074: 11068: 11065: 11059: 11058: 11056: 11054: 11033: 11027: 11026: 11024: 11022: 11016: 11009: 11001: 10995: 10994:on 2 April 2015. 10976: 10970: 10969: 10931: 10925: 10919: 10913: 10907: 10901: 10895: 10889: 10883: 10877: 10871: 10865: 10859: 10853: 10852: 10834: 10828: 10822: 10816: 10810: 10804: 10789: 10783: 10777: 10771: 10765: 10759: 10758: 10756: 10754: 10743: 10735: 10726: 10720: 10714: 10708: 10702: 10696: 10690: 10689: 10681: 10675: 10669: 10663: 10662: 10654: 10648: 10642: 10631: 10625: 10619: 10618: 10616: 10614: 10594: 10588: 10587: 10585: 10583: 10552: 10546: 10545: 10543: 10541: 10520:Brill Publishers 10509: 10503: 10502: 10500: 10498: 10470: 10464: 10458: 10452: 10446: 10440: 10434: 10428: 10427: 10425: 10423: 10403: 10397: 10391: 10385: 10384: 10363: 10357: 10356: 10338: 10332: 10327: 10318: 10312: 10306: 10300: 10294: 10293:, pp. 30–50 10288: 10282: 10276: 10270: 10264: 10258: 10252: 10246: 10240: 10234: 10228: 10222: 10221: 10219: 10217: 10183: 10177: 10176: 10168: 10162: 10161:, pp. 23–28 10156: 10150: 10144: 10138: 10136: 10135: 10133: 10105: 10099: 10093: 10087: 10081: 10075: 10074: 10072: 10070: 10042: 10036: 10029:Rabah, Bilal B. 10027: 10021: 10020: 10018: 10016: 10006: 10000: 9999: 9991: 9985: 9984: 9976: 9970: 9964: 9958: 9957: 9955: 9953: 9944:. Archived from 9934: 9928: 9927: 9909: 9903: 9893: 9887: 9877: 9871: 9870: 9862: 9856: 9834: 9828: 9827: 9825: 9823: 9795: 9789: 9780: 9774: 9773: 9771: 9769: 9746: 9740: 9739: 9737: 9735: 9707: 9701: 9700: 9692: 9686: 9680: 9674: 9668: 9662: 9661: 9643: 9637: 9636: 9634: 9632: 9613: 9607: 9606: 9588: 9582: 9572: 9566: 9565: 9563: 9561: 9529: 9523: 9522: 9520: 9518: 9497: 9491: 9490: 9469: 9463: 9457: 9451: 9450: 9448: 9446: 9427:. pp. 55–. 9414: 9408: 9401: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9390: 9374: 9367: 9361: 9348:, et al. 2010. " 9342: 9336: 9335: 9333: 9331: 9297: 9291: 9285: 9279: 9278:, pp. 22–34 9273: 9267: 9266:, pp. 53–55 9261: 9255: 9252:Esposito (2002b) 9249: 9243: 9229: 9223: 9222: 9214: 9208: 9199: 9193: 9187: 9181: 9180: 9178: 9176: 9136: 9130: 9129: 9127: 9125: 9106: 9097: 9096: 9094: 9092: 9073: 9067: 9059: 9051: 9045: 9039: 9036:McAuliffe (n.d.) 9031: 9025: 9022:Cohen-Mor (2001) 9019: 9013: 9012: 9010: 9008: 8993: 8987: 8986: 8978: 8972: 8971: 8968:McAuliffe (n.d.) 8963: 8957: 8947: 8941: 8935: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8924: 8918: 8913:. Archived from 8897: 8891: 8890: 8882: 8876: 8862: 8856: 8850: 8844: 8815: 8809: 8787: 8781: 8769: 8763: 8762: 8740: 8734: 8733: 8725: 8719: 8718: 8710: 8704: 8698: 8692: 8690: 8656: 8650: 8611: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8600: 8564: 8558: 8552: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8522: 8516: 8510: 8504: 8498: 8492: 8491:, pp. 12–13 8486: 8480: 8479: 8468: 8462: 8461: 8453: 8447: 8441: 8432: 8429:Esposito (2002b) 8426: 8417: 8416:3. pp. 213, 216. 8408: 8402: 8401: 8376: 8370: 8369: 8344: 8338: 8332: 8326: 8325: 8323: 8321: 8305: 8298: 8292: 8282: 8280: 8278: 8262: 8254: 8245: 8244: 8231: 8225: 8219: 8213: 8212: 8210: 8208: 8187:Psychology Press 8176: 8170: 8169: 8161: 8152: 8146: 8140: 8134: 8128: 8120: 8112: 8106: 8105: 8102:McAuliffe (n.d.) 8097: 8091: 8090:, pp. 26–28 8088:Esposito (2002b) 8085: 8079: 8073: 8067: 8064:McAuliffe (2003) 8061: 8055: 8047: 8044:McAuliffe (2002) 8039: 8033: 8025: 8017: 8011: 8008:Encyclopedia.com 8005: 7996:Campo, Juan E. " 7993: 7987: 7979: 7976:McAuliffe (2003) 7971: 7965: 7957: 7949: 7943: 7939:Encyclopedia.com 7917: 7911: 7905: 7896: 7890: 7884: 7883: 7881: 7879: 7856: 7850: 7831: 7825: 7819: 7813: 7812: 7782: 7776: 7768: 7760: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7749: 7733: 7726: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7715: 7687: 7681: 7680: 7659: 7653: 7652: 7632: 7622: 7616: 7606: 7600: 7583: 7577: 7576: 7552: 7546: 7522: 7516: 7515: 7497: 7491: 7490: 7488: 7486: 7467: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7440: 7429: 7414: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7394: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7361: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7331: 7322: 7321: 7303: 7297: 7296: 7284: 7274: 7268: 7267: 7259: 7253: 7252: 7246: 7238: 7226: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7195: 7178: 7172: 7166: 7159: 7153: 7146: 7140: 7132: 7122:Quran and hadith 7115: 7108: 7102: 7099: 7093: 7090: 7069:Outline of Islam 7028:multiculturalism 7003:Byzantine Church 6973:Christian heresy 6953:John of Damascus 6826: 6804: 6788: 6772: 6749: 6727: 6704: 6693:Cultural Muslims 6680: 6679: 6659:) on the 1st of 6658: 6623:Islamic calendar 6574:, painting, and 6566:encompasses the 6540:Cultural Muslims 6512:Arts and culture 6505:Salat al-Janazah 6400:Islamic marriage 6385:personal hygiene 6356:alcoholic drinks 6294:in 868 CE. 6166: 6160: 6159: 6151:associated with 6112: 6111: 6086: 6085: 5988: 5915:'s 19th century 5862:), recommended ( 5806:recognizes four 5676:Mansur Al-Hallaj 5628: 5622: 5621: 5617:Sufism (Arabic: 5512:in the magazine 5299:Imam Reza shrine 5295: 5276: 5257: 5161:other companions 5159:because of some 5029:Ahmad ibn Hanbal 4988:Sahih Al-Bukhari 4825:Islam by country 4762:Rohingya Muslims 4754:Bosnian genocide 4612:World War I 4359:Jamshīd al-Kāshī 4288:Southeast Europe 4232:Muslims to China 4228:low-caste Hindus 4159:Persian scholars 4070:Public hospitals 3996:Hunain ibn Ishaq 3925:Ahmad ibn Hanbal 3880:Tafsir al-Tabari 3859:Ahmad ibn Hanbal 3697:Second Civil War 3673:Battle of Siffin 3651:empires. Uthman 3596:built by caliph 3590:Dome of the Rock 3540:tribes of Arabia 3508:established his 3455: 3452: 3408:in the mountain 3399: 3337:region, today's 3318: 3295:History of Islam 3284: 3278: 3277: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3199: 3198: 3174: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3144: 3036: 3032: 3011:Pilgrims at the 2970: 2964: 2963: 2945:Fasting in Islam 2915:charitable trust 2880:), also spelled 2879: 2873: 2872: 2812:Masjid an-Nabawi 2808:Muslim community 2800:place of worship 2758: 2706:convert to Islam 2695: 2694: 2689: 2597: 2580: 2573: 2551: 2550: 2539: 2538: 2529: 2528: 2464: 2405:Sahih al-Bukhari 2402:. Among them is 2391: 2383: 2382: 2377: 2369: 2368: 2363: 2355: 2354: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2025: 2018: 2015:Angels (Arabic: 1984: 1983: 1977: 1943:," and that the 1931: 1930: 1921: 1920: 1874: 1770: 1762: 1742: 1741: 1726: 1718: 1717: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1688: 1686: 1591:Islamic branches 1495:Prophet's Mosque 1442: 1430: 1422: 1414: 1406: 1390: 1382: 1347:is the main and 1285:primordial faith 1256:centered on the 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1221: 1209: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1142: 1135: 1128: 926: 925: 916: 909: 902: 888:Islam portal 886: 885: 884: 294: 271: 270: 264: 252: 251: 244: 159:Classical Arabic 62: 53: 51: 45: 44: 42: 28: 27: 29209: 29208: 29204: 29203: 29202: 29200: 29199: 29198: 29164: 29163: 29162: 29150: 29140: 29138: 29130: 29128: 29123: 29087: 29014: 28995:Solomon Islands 28931: 28803: 28707:North Macedonia 28548: 28273: 27986: 27967: 27928:Mass gatherings 27896: 27891: 27884: 27823: 27818: 27809: 27748:Religiocentrism 27728:National church 27596: 27593: 27585: 27500: 27493: 27430: 27352:Bodies of water 27144: 27129: 26914:Jamaican Maroon 26696: 26671: 26608: 26438: 26431: 26302: 26300: 26289: 26254: 26228:Trinidad Orisha 26013: 26006: 25979: 25972: 25899: 25862: 25613: 25606: 25502: 25484: 25411: 25385:Srilankan Vedda 25336: 25264: 25139:Sri Vaishnavism 25102: 25064: 25036: 24994: 24901: 24875: 24842: 24801: 24755: 24680:Twelver Shi'ism 24622: 24484:Neo-charismatic 24457:Presbyterianism 24309: 24201: 24188: 24183: 24153: 24148: 24128: 24126: 24110: 24032:Cultural Muslim 24003: 23970: 23926:Other religions 23916: 23912: 23894: 23829: 23796: 23743: 23686: 23684:Islamic studies 23680: 23662: 23496: 23441: 23418: 23365: 23310: 23309: 23282: 23231:Moral teachings 23174: 23156: 23130:Nation of Islam 23091:Twelver Shi'ism 23038: 23004:Religious texts 22998: 22916:Early conquests 22899: 22881: 22833: 22753: 22742: 22736: 22706: 22700: 22666: 22648:Springer Nature 22621: 22598: 22575: 22546: 22544: 22537: 22509: 22481: 22458: 22435: 22408: 22383: 22360: 22308: 22240: 22216: 22172: 22114:. Minneapolis: 22089: 22087:Further reading 22084: 22078: 22053: 22020: 21993: 21958: 21931:. Vol. 3. 21916:. Vol. 2. 21894: 21893: 21871: 21833: 21832: 21810:, eds. (n.d.). 21808:Heinrichs, W.P. 21784: 21766:, eds. (2012). 21764:Heinrichs, W.P. 21748: 21716: 21704:. Vol. 2. 21686: 21666: 21661: 21655: 21629: 21604: 21582: 21559: 21545:Weber and Islam 21536: 21513: 21490: 21465: 21439: 21412: 21386: 21325: 21290: 21288: 21280: 21270: 21237: 21210: 21183: 21146: 21123: 21100: 21074: 21049: 21024: 20997: 20982:The Middle East 20972: 20949: 20923: 20900: 20877: 20854: 20835: 20815:Hourani, Albert 20807: 20784: 20761: 20749:. Vol. 1. 20738: 20703: 20673: 20646: 20623: 20598: 20572: 20544: 20521: 20498: 20473: 20450: 20425: 20400: 20375: 20347: 20320: 20294: 20292: 20290: 20269: 20244: 20221: 20202: 20179: 20156: 20129: 20121:. p. 101. 20094: 20077: 20072: 20071: 20064: 20038: 20034: 20027: 20005: 20001: 19980: 19973: 19949: 19945: 19926: 19922: 19910: 19906: 19896: 19894: 19886: 19885: 19881: 19864:Graceful Women. 19861: 19857: 19847: 19845: 19835: 19831: 19824: 19810: 19806: 19761: 19757: 19692: 19688: 19677: 19659: 19655: 19645: 19637:. p. 318. 19627: 19623: 19613: 19589: 19585: 19575: 19555: 19551: 19540: 19524: 19520: 19510: 19508: 19506: 19486:Aitchison, Cara 19483: 19479: 19472: 19459: 19458: 19454: 19444: 19442: 19434: 19433: 19429: 19422: 19402: 19398: 19388: 19386: 19384: 19376:. p. 175. 19364: 19360: 19334: 19330: 19315: 19307:. p. 263. 19295: 19291: 19276: 19262: 19258: 19251: 19227: 19223: 19216: 19202: 19198: 19192:Esposito (2010) 19190: 19186: 19176: 19174: 19157: 19153: 19143: 19141: 19131: 19127: 19115: 19111: 19104: 19090: 19086: 19078: 19074: 19064: 19062: 19045: 19044: 19040: 18987: 18983: 18973: 18971: 18952: 18951: 18947: 18937:Nigosian (2004) 18935: 18928: 18920: 18916: 18906: 18904: 18897:14 Publications 18891: 18890: 18886: 18879: 18855: 18851: 18841: 18839: 18834: 18833: 18829: 18814: 18810: 18803: 18779: 18775: 18768: 18744: 18740: 18734:Esposito (1998) 18732: 18728: 18722:Esposito (2003) 18720: 18716: 18708: 18704: 18694: 18692: 18681: 18677: 18667: 18665: 18656: 18652: 18641: 18637: 18627: 18625: 18621: 18620: 18616: 18602: 18600: 18588: 18584: 18574: 18572: 18560: 18556: 18545: 18541: 18533: 18529: 18521: 18517: 18510: 18494: 18490: 18482: 18478: 18470: 18466: 18453: 18449: 18430: 18421: 18413: 18406: 18400:Esposito (2003) 18398: 18394: 18388:Brockopp (2003) 18386: 18382: 18372: 18370: 18356: 18349: 18341: 18334: 18323: 18319: 18309: 18307: 18305: 18289: 18285: 18278: 18262: 18258: 18248: 18246: 18234: 18230: 18220: 18218: 18208: 18204: 18194: 18192: 18182: 18178: 18167: 18163: 18154: 18150: 18143: 18103:Bosworth, C. E. 18091: 18087: 18077: 18075: 18067: 18066: 18062: 18054: 18050: 18041: 18037: 17996: 17992: 17985: 17967: 17963: 17946: 17939: 17929:Nigosian (2004) 17927: 17923: 17911: 17907: 17883: 17875:. pp. 2–. 17856: 17852: 17827: 17808: 17784: 17771: 17763: 17759: 17742: 17738: 17697: 17693: 17685: 17679: 17675: 17665:Esposito (2003) 17663: 17659: 17643: 17642: 17616: 17612: 17605: 17581: 17577: 17567: 17565: 17556: 17555: 17551: 17541: 17539: 17532: 17493: 17489: 17481: 17477: 17467: 17465: 17463: 17443: 17439: 17433:Chittick (2008) 17431: 17424: 17414: 17412: 17407: 17406: 17402: 17392: 17390: 17380: 17376: 17359: 17355: 17333: 17329: 17324: 17320: 17313: 17299: 17295: 17287: 17283: 17275: 17271: 17263: 17259: 17253:Esposito (2003) 17251: 17247: 17237: 17235: 17222: 17221: 17214: 17203: 17187: 17183: 17173: 17157: 17153: 17143: 17127: 17123: 17113: 17097: 17093: 17080: 17078: 17063: 17059: 17049: 17047: 17043: 17028: 17024: 17023: 17019: 17006: 17002: 16995: 16979: 16975: 16965: 16963: 16928: 16924: 16901: 16897: 16891:Wayback Machine 16878:Wayback Machine 16867: 16863: 16843: 16839: 16829: 16827: 16812: 16808: 16798: 16796: 16795:on 17 July 2017 16783: 16782: 16778: 16759: 16725: 16721: 16711: 16709: 16708:on 13 June 2015 16694: 16690: 16680: 16678: 16677:. 23 March 2016 16669: 16668: 16664: 16649: 16635: 16631: 16624: 16586: 16582: 16567: 16541: 16528: 16513: 16483: 16476: 16461: 16418: 16411: 16404: 16380: 16376: 16366: 16364: 16357: 16341: 16337: 16321: 16320: 16309: 16307: 16294: 16290: 16280: 16278: 16271: 16248: 16244: 16229:Islamic Studies 16225: 16221: 16211: 16209: 16202: 16186: 16182: 16172: 16170: 16163: 16147: 16143: 16133: 16131: 16096: 16092: 16085: 16071: 16067: 16060: 16042: 16038: 16031: 16000: 15996: 15989: 15981:. I.B. Tauris. 15975: 15971: 15961: 15959: 15949: 15945: 15862: 15858: 15775: 15771: 15763: 15759: 15749: 15747: 15740: 15724: 15720: 15713: 15696: 15692: 15676: 15675: 15667: 15663: 15648: 15644: 15634: 15632: 15619: 15615: 15602: 15600: 15599:on 14 June 2020 15587: 15586: 15582: 15569: 15567: 15548: 15547: 15543: 15523: 15519: 15500: 15493: 15473: 15469: 15463:Esposito (1999) 15461: 15457: 15437: 15433: 15421:, 30 June 2017 15413: 15409: 15403:Esposito (2003) 15401: 15397: 15376: 15375: 15366: 15340: 15336: 15329: 15315: 15311: 15304: 15290: 15286: 15279: 15265: 15261: 15251: 15249: 15236:"Ahl as-Sunnah" 15232: 15228: 15213: 15209: 15199: 15197: 15182: 15178: 15168: 15166: 15151: 15150: 15146: 15136: 15134: 15119: 15115: 15105: 15103: 15083: 15079: 15069: 15067: 15054: 15053: 15049: 15039: 15037: 15028: 15027: 15023: 15013: 15011: 14998: 14997: 14993: 14983: 14981: 14968: 14967: 14963: 14953: 14951: 14947: 14940: 14936: 14935: 14931: 14917: 14915: 14902: 14901: 14897: 14888: 14886: 14869: 14865: 14855: 14853: 14838: 14837: 14833: 14823: 14821: 14808: 14807: 14803: 14793: 14791: 14772: 14771: 14767: 14759: 14741: 14737: 14727: 14725: 14718: 14702: 14698: 14691: 14675: 14671: 14657:Wayback Machine 14647: 14643: 14633: 14631: 14624: 14600: 14596: 14588: 14584: 14569: 14567: 14552: 14551: 14547: 14537:Wayback Machine 14527: 14523: 14514: 14512: 14497: 14496: 14492: 14482: 14480: 14461: 14460: 14456: 14450:Wayback Machine 14439:Wayback Machine 14426: 14422: 14412: 14410: 14397: 14396: 14392: 14385: 14373:Group. p. 14359: 14355: 14347: 14343: 14335: 14328: 14322:Wayback Machine 14307:Wayback Machine 14297: 14288: 14282: 14278: 14264:Wayback Machine 14254: 14250: 14240: 14238: 14229: 14228: 14224: 14214: 14212: 14203: 14202: 14198: 14188: 14186: 14173: 14172: 14168: 14158: 14156: 14147: 14146: 14142: 14136: 14129: 14127: 14120: 14102: 14098: 14092: 14085: 14083: 14076: 14060:. p. 188. 14050: 14046: 14036: 14034: 14019: 14015: 13992: 13988: 13980: 13976: 13970:Esposito (2004) 13968: 13964: 13955: 13951: 13945:Esposito (2010) 13943: 13939: 13929: 13927: 13914: 13913: 13909: 13903:Nigosian (2004) 13901: 13897: 13887: 13885: 13868: 13864: 13854: 13852: 13839: 13838: 13834: 13824: 13822: 13809: 13808: 13804: 13794: 13792: 13777: 13773: 13766: 13752: 13748: 13738: 13736: 13721: 13717: 13707: 13705: 13686: 13682: 13672: 13670: 13653: 13649: 13639: 13637: 13620: 13616: 13606: 13604: 13591: 13590: 13586: 13579: 13565: 13561: 13551: 13549: 13534: 13533: 13529: 13519: 13517: 13500: 13496: 13486: 13484: 13469: 13468: 13464: 13454: 13452: 13439: 13438: 13434: 13423: 13409: 13405: 13394: 13380: 13376: 13366: 13364: 13347: 13343: 13333: 13331: 13314: 13310: 13300: 13298: 13283: 13282: 13278: 13270: 13266: 13256: 13254: 13241: 13240: 13233: 13226: 13212: 13208: 13200: 13196: 13186: 13184: 13169: 13168: 13164: 13157: 13143: 13139: 13132: 13118: 13114: 13104: 13102: 13095: 13079: 13072: 13009: 13005: 12995: 12993: 12978: 12974: 12964: 12962: 12954:Al-Ahram Weekly 12947: 12946: 12942: 12932: 12930: 12908: 12901: 12894: 12877: 12873: 12863: 12861: 12846: 12845: 12841: 12830: 12816: 12812: 12773: 12769: 12761: 12757: 12741: 12740: 12733: 12731: 12702: 12698: 12688: 12686: 12679: 12659: 12655: 12649:Esposito (2010) 12647: 12643: 12637:Esposito (2010) 12635: 12631: 12621: 12619: 12612: 12596: 12592: 12572: 12568: 12562:Esposito (2010) 12560: 12556: 12546: 12544: 12529: 12528: 12524: 12514: 12512: 12499: 12490: 12470: 12463: 12443: 12439: 12429: 12427: 12420: 12400: 12396: 12376: 12372: 12366:Esposito (2010) 12364: 12360: 12340: 12333: 12323: 12321: 12304: 12300: 12273:Iranian Studies 12269: 12265: 12255: 12253: 12244: 12243: 12239: 12229: 12227: 12220: 12200: 12196: 12176: 12172: 12163: 12161: 12154: 12138: 12134: 12129: 12125: 12115: 12113: 12095: 12089: 12085: 12075: 12073: 12064: 12063: 12059: 12049: 12047: 12038: 12037: 12033: 12023: 12021: 11984: 11980: 11972: 11968: 11961: 11939: 11935: 11921:Lexington Books 11914: 11910: 11900: 11898: 11891: 11875: 11871: 11863: 11859: 11851: 11847: 11832: 11828: 11813: 11809: 11799: 11797: 11796:on 10 June 2022 11788: 11787: 11783: 11773: 11771: 11767: 11760: 11756: 11755: 11751: 11743: 11739: 11732: 11718: 11714: 11704: 11702: 11693: 11692: 11688: 11678: 11676: 11667: 11666: 11662: 11654: 11650: 11630: 11626: 11616: 11614: 11595: 11591: 11586: 11582: 11571: 11567: 11557: 11555: 11548: 11529: 11525: 11501: 11497: 11493:. 2006, p. 304. 11491:Wayback Machine 11481: 11477: 11472:Wayback Machine 11462: 11458: 11441: 11437: 11426: 11412: 11405: 11398: 11378: 11374: 11366: 11362: 11331: 11327: 11304: 11300: 11290: 11288: 11284: 11269: 11263: 11259: 11249: 11247: 11232: 11228: 11195: 11191: 11184: 11176:. p. 169. 11166: 11162: 11152: 11150: 11146: 11110: 11106: 11096: 11094: 11085: 11084: 11080: 11075: 11071: 11066: 11062: 11052: 11050: 11042:TheGuardian.com 11035: 11034: 11030: 11020: 11018: 11014: 11007: 11003: 11002: 10998: 10977: 10973: 10932: 10928: 10920: 10916: 10908: 10904: 10896: 10892: 10884: 10880: 10872: 10868: 10860: 10856: 10849: 10835: 10831: 10825:Esposito (2010) 10823: 10819: 10811: 10807: 10790: 10786: 10778: 10774: 10766: 10762: 10752: 10750: 10736: 10729: 10721: 10717: 10709: 10705: 10697: 10693: 10682: 10678: 10672:Esposito (2010) 10670: 10666: 10655: 10651: 10645:Esposito (2010) 10643: 10634: 10626: 10622: 10612: 10610: 10595: 10591: 10581: 10579: 10572: 10553: 10549: 10539: 10537: 10530: 10510: 10506: 10496: 10494: 10487: 10471: 10467: 10459: 10455: 10447: 10443: 10435: 10431: 10421: 10419: 10404: 10400: 10392: 10388: 10381: 10367:Lapidus, Ira M. 10364: 10360: 10353: 10339: 10335: 10328: 10321: 10313: 10309: 10303:Esposito (2010) 10301: 10297: 10289: 10285: 10279:Madelung (1996) 10277: 10273: 10265: 10261: 10253: 10249: 10241: 10237: 10231:Esposito (2010) 10229: 10225: 10215: 10213: 10206: 10184: 10180: 10169: 10165: 10157: 10153: 10145: 10141: 10131: 10129: 10122: 10106: 10102: 10096:Serjeant (1978) 10094: 10090: 10082: 10078: 10068: 10066: 10059: 10043: 10039: 10028: 10024: 10014: 10012: 10008: 10007: 10003: 9993: 9992: 9988: 9977: 9973: 9967:Esposito (2010) 9965: 9961: 9951: 9949: 9938:"alhamdulillah" 9936: 9935: 9931: 9924: 9910: 9906: 9896:Nigosian (2004) 9894: 9890: 9878: 9874: 9863: 9859: 9835: 9831: 9821: 9819: 9812: 9796: 9792: 9781: 9777: 9767: 9765: 9763: 9747: 9743: 9733: 9731: 9724: 9708: 9704: 9694: 9693: 9689: 9681: 9677: 9669: 9665: 9658: 9644: 9640: 9630: 9628: 9615: 9614: 9610: 9603: 9589: 9585: 9573: 9569: 9559: 9557: 9550: 9542:. p. 145. 9530: 9526: 9516: 9514: 9509:. 1 June 2012. 9499: 9498: 9494: 9484: 9470: 9466: 9460:Esposito (2010) 9458: 9454: 9444: 9442: 9435: 9415: 9411: 9402: 9398: 9388: 9386: 9369: 9368: 9364: 9343: 9339: 9329: 9327: 9320: 9298: 9294: 9286: 9282: 9274: 9270: 9262: 9258: 9250: 9246: 9241:Wayback Machine 9230: 9226: 9219:Salamone (2004) 9215: 9211: 9200: 9196: 9188: 9184: 9174: 9172: 9145:Islamic Studies 9137: 9133: 9123: 9121: 9108: 9107: 9100: 9090: 9088: 9075: 9074: 9070: 9052: 9048: 9032: 9028: 9020: 9016: 9006: 9004: 8995: 8994: 8990: 8980: 8979: 8975: 8964: 8960: 8948: 8944: 8938:Esposito (2011) 8936: 8932: 8922: 8920: 8898: 8894: 8883: 8879: 8863: 8859: 8851: 8847: 8829:Wayback Machine 8816: 8812: 8798:Wayback Machine 8788: 8784: 8770: 8766: 8759: 8741: 8737: 8726: 8722: 8711: 8707: 8699: 8695: 8688: 8685:Wayback Machine 8678:quick reference 8657: 8653: 8647:Wayback Machine 8640:quick reference 8612: 8608: 8598: 8596: 8589: 8581:. p. 177. 8565: 8561: 8555:Esposito (2003) 8553: 8549: 8539: 8537: 8524: 8523: 8519: 8511: 8507: 8499: 8495: 8487: 8483: 8474:. "Tahrif". In 8469: 8465: 8454: 8450: 8442: 8435: 8427: 8420: 8409: 8405: 8395: 8387:. p. 191. 8377: 8373: 8363: 8345: 8341: 8335:Esposito (2004) 8333: 8329: 8319: 8317: 8300: 8299: 8295: 8276: 8274: 8255: 8248: 8232: 8228: 8222:Esposito (2004) 8220: 8216: 8206: 8204: 8197: 8177: 8173: 8162: 8155: 8147: 8143: 8135: 8131: 8113: 8109: 8098: 8094: 8086: 8082: 8074: 8070: 8062: 8058: 8040: 8036: 8018: 8014: 7994: 7990: 7972: 7968: 7950: 7946: 7928:Wayback Machine 7918: 7914: 7906: 7899: 7891: 7887: 7877: 7875: 7858: 7857: 7853: 7832: 7828: 7820: 7816: 7801: 7783: 7779: 7761: 7757: 7747: 7745: 7728: 7727: 7723: 7713: 7711: 7704: 7688: 7684: 7674: 7660: 7656: 7649: 7623: 7619: 7609:Esposito (2000) 7607: 7603: 7584: 7580: 7573: 7553: 7549: 7533:Wayback Machine 7523: 7519: 7512: 7498: 7494: 7484: 7482: 7469: 7468: 7464: 7454: 7452: 7430: 7417: 7407: 7405: 7396: 7395: 7388: 7378: 7376: 7363: 7362: 7358: 7348: 7346: 7333: 7332: 7325: 7318: 7304: 7300: 7293: 7275: 7271: 7260: 7256: 7240: 7239: 7227: 7223: 7213: 7211: 7196: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7181: 7173: 7169: 7160: 7156: 7147: 7143: 7133: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7118: 7109: 7105: 7100: 7096: 7091: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7059:Islamic studies 7040: 7013:Dante Alighieri 6946: 6936: 6930: 6850: 6848:Islam and Druze 6844: 6837: 6827: 6818: 6805: 6796: 6789: 6780: 6773: 6764: 6750: 6741: 6728: 6719: 6705: 6546:Islamic culture 6542: 6520: 6518:Islamic culture 6514: 6394:A Muslim couple 6326: 6300: 6280:offensive jihad 6263:self-perfection 6207:Islamic banking 6195: 6173: 6093:Islamic studies 6058: 6052: 6047: 5960: 5954: 5933:Islamic revival 5929:personal status 5783: 5777: 5769:Main articles: 5767: 5699:Junaid Baghdadi 5691:Bayazid Bastami 5680:Jalaluddin Rumi 5664:Illuminationist 5647:Ahmad ibn Ajiba 5582: 5576: 5570: 5546: 5540: 5498:Syed Ahmad Khan 5373: 5333: 5321:Main articles: 5319: 5314: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5310: 5296: 5288: 5287: 5277: 5269: 5268: 5261:Imam Ali Shrine 5258: 5228:Imam Ali Shrine 5226:For Shias, the 5110:Nahj al-balagha 5103: 5097: 5075:Salafi movement 4980: 4974: 4969: 4963: 4957: 4917:(2.9 million). 4896:Islam in Europe 4856:Muslim-majority 4831: 4821: 4813:Main articles: 4811: 4794:Liberal Muslims 4691:Jamaat-e-Islami 4667: 4593:political Islam 4581:Muhammad 'Abduh 4460:Ottoman dynasty 4449: 4390:Safavid dynasty 4378:Ottoman dynasty 4361:'s estimate of 4339:Timurid dynasty 4258: 4252: 4220:Delhi Sultanate 4185:Fatimid dynasty 4151:House of Wisdom 4129:recognizes the 4107:is named after 4056:for centuries. 3913:Mamun al Rashid 3867:Ja'far al-Sadiq 3827: 3817: 3807: 3776:Narbonnese Gaul 3689:Umayyad dynasty 3657:First Civil War 3572: 3562: 3552: 3453: 3420:from the angel 3365: 3359: 3351:Main articles: 3349: 3344: 3343: 3342: 3324: 3319: 3310: 3304: 3297: 3291: 3262:al-Ḥamdu lillāh 3235: 3234: 3226: 3224: 3223: 3222: 3221: 3207:is the Quran's 3200: 3190: 3187: 3178: 3172: 3166:as if begging. 3154: 3125: 3103: 3005: 2999: 2991:Main articles: 2989: 2953: 2947: 2923: 2913:is a perpetual 2888:, is a type of 2844: 2838: 2832: 2730: 2720: 2714: 2674: 2650: 2628:(alms-giving), 2614: 2606:Main articles: 2604: 2602:Acts of worship 2564: 2558: 2518:Yawm al-Qiyāmah 2458:Yawm al-Qiyāmah 2453: 2444:Day of Judgment 2424: 2395:Kutub al-Sittah 2314:Qisas al-Anbiya 2239:A 15th century 2233: 2221:Main articles: 2219: 2209:), have become 2128: 2122: 2110:Main articles: 2092: 2013: 2011:Angels in Islam 1991: 1863: 1834: 1804: 1796:Main articles: 1794: 1712:triliteral root 1673: 1667: 1643:in the Americas 1637:; and 15% live 1536:ruled from the 1491:Masjid al-Haram 1473:. The two main 1447:. Islamic law, 1415:); almsgiving ( 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1225: 1207: 1181: 1160: 1156: 1146: 961: 960: 959: 958: 920: 882: 880: 873: 872: 817:Other religions 812:Arabic language 774: 764: 763: 692:Moral teachings 583: 569: 568: 559:Spread of Islam 504: 494: 493: 481:(jurisprudence) 463:Qisas al-Anbiya 412: 411: 391: 390: 359: 349: 348: 304: 231: 227: 189: 80: 70:Masjid al-Haram 46: 36: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 29207: 29197: 29196: 29191: 29186: 29181: 29176: 29161: 29160: 29148: 29125: 29124: 29122: 29121: 29111: 29100: 29097: 29096: 29093: 29092: 29089: 29088: 29086: 29085: 29080: 29075: 29070: 29065: 29060: 29055: 29050: 29045: 29040: 29035: 29030: 29024: 29022: 29016: 29015: 29013: 29012: 29007: 29002: 28997: 28992: 28987: 28982: 28977: 28972: 28967: 28962: 28957: 28952: 28947: 28941: 28939: 28933: 28932: 28930: 28929: 28924: 28919: 28914: 28909: 28904: 28899: 28894: 28889: 28884: 28879: 28874: 28869: 28864: 28859: 28854: 28849: 28844: 28839: 28834: 28829: 28824: 28819: 28813: 28811: 28805: 28804: 28802: 28801: 28800: 28799: 28794: 28789: 28784: 28777:United Kingdom 28774: 28769: 28764: 28759: 28754: 28749: 28744: 28739: 28734: 28729: 28724: 28719: 28714: 28709: 28704: 28699: 28694: 28689: 28684: 28679: 28674: 28669: 28664: 28659: 28654: 28649: 28644: 28639: 28634: 28629: 28624: 28619: 28614: 28609: 28604: 28599: 28594: 28589: 28584: 28579: 28574: 28569: 28564: 28558: 28556: 28550: 28549: 28547: 28546: 28541: 28536: 28531: 28526: 28521: 28516: 28511: 28506: 28501: 28496: 28491: 28486: 28481: 28476: 28471: 28466: 28461: 28456: 28451: 28446: 28441: 28436: 28431: 28426: 28421: 28416: 28411: 28406: 28405: 28404: 28399: 28389: 28384: 28379: 28374: 28369: 28364: 28359: 28354: 28349: 28344: 28339: 28334: 28329: 28324: 28319: 28314: 28309: 28304: 28299: 28294: 28289: 28283: 28281: 28275: 28274: 28272: 28271: 28266: 28261: 28256: 28251: 28246: 28241: 28236: 28231: 28226: 28221: 28216: 28211: 28206: 28201: 28196: 28191: 28186: 28181: 28176: 28171: 28166: 28161: 28156: 28151: 28146: 28141: 28136: 28131: 28126: 28121: 28116: 28111: 28106: 28101: 28096: 28091: 28086: 28081: 28076: 28071: 28066: 28061: 28056: 28051: 28046: 28041: 28036: 28031: 28026: 28021: 28016: 28011: 28006: 28000: 27998: 27988: 27987: 27977: 27976: 27973: 27972: 27969: 27968: 27966: 27965: 27960: 27955: 27950: 27945: 27940: 27935: 27930: 27925: 27920: 27915: 27910: 27905: 27899: 27897: 27889: 27886: 27885: 27883: 27882: 27877: 27872: 27870:Secularization 27867: 27862: 27857: 27852: 27850:Deconstruction 27847: 27842: 27837: 27832: 27826: 27824: 27814: 27811: 27810: 27808: 27807: 27802: 27801: 27800: 27795: 27790: 27780: 27775: 27770: 27765: 27760: 27755: 27750: 27745: 27740: 27735: 27730: 27725: 27720: 27715: 27710: 27705: 27703:Fundamentalism 27700: 27699: 27698: 27693: 27688: 27683: 27673: 27668: 27663: 27658: 27657: 27656: 27651: 27646: 27636: 27635: 27634: 27629: 27624: 27610: 27605: 27599: 27597: 27590: 27587: 27586: 27584: 27583: 27578: 27573: 27568: 27567: 27566: 27556: 27551: 27546: 27541: 27536: 27531: 27526: 27521: 27516: 27511: 27505: 27503: 27495: 27494: 27492: 27491: 27486: 27481: 27476: 27471: 27466: 27461: 27456: 27451: 27446: 27440: 27438: 27432: 27431: 27429: 27428: 27427: 27426: 27421: 27416: 27406: 27401: 27396: 27391: 27386: 27381: 27376: 27371: 27370: 27369: 27364: 27359: 27354: 27344: 27343: 27342: 27337: 27332: 27322: 27317: 27312: 27307: 27302: 27297: 27292: 27287: 27282: 27277: 27276: 27275: 27270: 27265: 27255: 27250: 27245: 27240: 27235: 27230: 27225: 27220: 27215: 27210: 27205: 27200: 27195: 27190: 27181: 27179:Call to prayer 27176: 27171: 27166: 27164:Disaffiliation 27156: 27154: 27146: 27145: 27135: 27134: 27131: 27130: 27128: 27127: 27122: 27117: 27112: 27107: 27102: 27097: 27092: 27091: 27090: 27085: 27080: 27070: 27069: 27068: 27063: 27058: 27053: 27048: 27038: 27033: 27032: 27031: 27026: 27021: 27011: 27010: 27009: 27004: 26994: 26993: 26992: 26987: 26982: 26977: 26967: 26962: 26961: 26960: 26950: 26949: 26948: 26943: 26933: 26928: 26927: 26926: 26916: 26911: 26906: 26901: 26896: 26891: 26886: 26881: 26880: 26879: 26874: 26869: 26864: 26862:Greco-Buddhism 26859: 26849: 26848: 26847: 26842: 26837: 26832: 26822: 26817: 26816: 26815: 26805: 26800: 26795: 26794: 26793: 26783: 26778: 26773: 26772: 26771: 26766: 26756: 26751: 26750: 26749: 26744: 26739: 26729: 26724: 26719: 26714: 26713: 26712: 26701: 26698: 26697: 26685: 26684: 26681: 26680: 26677: 26676: 26673: 26672: 26670: 26669: 26668: 26667: 26657: 26652: 26647: 26642: 26637: 26632: 26627: 26622: 26616: 26614: 26610: 26609: 26607: 26606: 26605: 26604: 26592: 26587: 26586: 26585: 26580: 26575: 26570: 26565: 26560: 26555: 26545: 26540: 26535: 26530: 26525: 26520: 26515: 26510: 26505: 26504: 26503: 26493: 26492: 26491: 26486: 26476: 26475: 26474: 26469: 26459: 26454: 26453: 26452: 26443: 26441: 26433: 26432: 26430: 26429: 26424: 26419: 26414: 26413: 26412: 26407: 26397: 26392: 26387: 26382: 26377: 26376: 26375: 26365: 26360: 26355: 26350: 26345: 26340: 26335: 26330: 26325: 26320: 26314: 26312: 26305: 26295: 26294: 26291: 26290: 26288: 26287: 26282: 26277: 26272: 26266: 26264: 26260: 26259: 26256: 26255: 26253: 26252: 26251: 26250: 26245: 26240: 26235: 26230: 26225: 26223:Tambor de Mina 26220: 26215: 26210: 26205: 26200: 26195: 26190: 26185: 26180: 26179: 26178: 26173: 26168: 26149: 26148: 26147: 26146: 26136: 26131: 26126: 26121: 26116: 26111: 26106: 26101: 26096: 26091: 26086: 26081: 26076: 26071: 26066: 26061: 26056: 26051: 26050: 26049: 26044: 26034: 26029: 26024: 26018: 26016: 26008: 26007: 26005: 26004: 26003: 26002: 26000:Guanche church 25991: 25989: 25982: 25974: 25973: 25971: 25970: 25965: 25960: 25955: 25950: 25945: 25940: 25935: 25930: 25925: 25920: 25915: 25909: 25907: 25905:Tibeto-Burmese 25901: 25900: 25898: 25897: 25892: 25887: 25882: 25876: 25874: 25864: 25863: 25861: 25860: 25855: 25850: 25845: 25844: 25843: 25838: 25828: 25823: 25821:Nuu-chah-nulth 25818: 25813: 25808: 25803: 25802: 25801: 25796: 25791: 25786: 25776: 25771: 25766: 25765: 25764: 25754: 25749: 25744: 25743: 25742: 25737: 25732: 25730:Muscogee Creek 25727: 25722: 25712: 25707: 25702: 25697: 25688: 25683: 25678: 25673: 25668: 25667: 25666: 25661: 25656: 25646: 25641: 25636: 25635: 25634: 25624: 25618: 25616: 25608: 25607: 25605: 25604: 25599: 25597:Sumbese Marapu 25594: 25593: 25592: 25587: 25577: 25576: 25575: 25565: 25560: 25555: 25550: 25549: 25548: 25543: 25535: 25534: 25533: 25528: 25518: 25516:Batak Parmalim 25512: 25510: 25504: 25503: 25501: 25500: 25494: 25492: 25486: 25485: 25483: 25482: 25481: 25480: 25475: 25465: 25464: 25463: 25458: 25453: 25438: 25436: 25427: 25421: 25420: 25417: 25416: 25413: 25412: 25410: 25409: 25408: 25407: 25402: 25392: 25387: 25382: 25377: 25372: 25371: 25370: 25365: 25355: 25350: 25344: 25342: 25338: 25337: 25335: 25334: 25327: 25322: 25321: 25320: 25310: 25309: 25308: 25303: 25298: 25280: 25274: 25272: 25266: 25265: 25263: 25262: 25255: 25250: 25245: 25240: 25235: 25230: 25225: 25224: 25223: 25218: 25213: 25208: 25203: 25198: 25193: 25188: 25178: 25177: 25176: 25171: 25166: 25161: 25156: 25151: 25146: 25141: 25136: 25125: 25123: 25114: 25108: 25107: 25104: 25103: 25101: 25100: 25095: 25090: 25085: 25080: 25074: 25072: 25066: 25065: 25063: 25062: 25057: 25052: 25046: 25044: 25038: 25037: 25035: 25034: 25029: 25024: 25019: 25018: 25017: 25004: 25002: 24996: 24995: 24993: 24992: 24991: 24990: 24985: 24975: 24974: 24973: 24968: 24958: 24953: 24948: 24943: 24937: 24935: 24926: 24917: 24911: 24910: 24907: 24906: 24903: 24902: 24900: 24899: 24894: 24889: 24883: 24881: 24877: 24876: 24874: 24873: 24868: 24863: 24858: 24852: 24850: 24844: 24843: 24841: 24840: 24835: 24830: 24828:Ilm-e-Khshnoom 24824: 24822: 24813: 24807: 24806: 24803: 24802: 24800: 24799: 24794: 24789: 24784: 24779: 24774: 24769: 24763: 24761: 24757: 24756: 24754: 24753: 24746: 24741: 24736: 24731: 24726: 24721: 24716: 24715: 24714: 24704: 24699: 24698: 24697: 24692: 24687: 24682: 24672: 24671: 24670: 24669: 24668: 24663: 24653: 24648: 24643: 24632: 24630: 24624: 24623: 24621: 24620: 24613: 24612: 24611: 24606: 24601: 24596: 24591: 24586: 24581: 24576: 24571: 24565:Bible Students 24557: 24552: 24547: 24542: 24537: 24535:Restorationism 24532: 24531: 24530: 24525: 24520: 24515: 24514: 24513: 24503: 24498: 24493: 24491:Evangelicalism 24488: 24487: 24486: 24481: 24476: 24466: 24465: 24464: 24459: 24454: 24444: 24439: 24434: 24433: 24432: 24427: 24422: 24417: 24412: 24402: 24392: 24391: 24390: 24385: 24371: 24370: 24369: 24364: 24354: 24349: 24348: 24347: 24337: 24336: 24335: 24330: 24319: 24317: 24311: 24310: 24308: 24307: 24300: 24295: 24290: 24285: 24280: 24275: 24270: 24265: 24264: 24263: 24262: 24261: 24251: 24250: 24249: 24233: 24231: 24222: 24213: 24203: 24202: 24190: 24189: 24182: 24181: 24174: 24167: 24159: 24150: 24149: 24147: 24146: 24136: 24123: 24120: 24119: 24116: 24115: 24112: 24111: 24109: 24108: 24103: 24098: 24093: 24088: 24083: 24078: 24073: 24068: 24067: 24066: 24056: 24055: 24054: 24049: 24044: 24034: 24029: 24028: 24027: 24022: 24011: 24009: 24008:Related topics 24005: 24004: 24002: 24001: 23996: 23991: 23986: 23980: 23978: 23972: 23971: 23969: 23968: 23963: 23958: 23953: 23948: 23947: 23946: 23941: 23930: 23928: 23918: 23917: 23904: 23903: 23900: 23899: 23896: 23895: 23893: 23892: 23887: 23880: 23875: 23874: 23873: 23863: 23858: 23853: 23848: 23843: 23837: 23835: 23831: 23830: 23828: 23827: 23822: 23817: 23812: 23806: 23804: 23798: 23797: 23795: 23794: 23789: 23784: 23779: 23774: 23769: 23764: 23759: 23753: 23751: 23745: 23744: 23742: 23741: 23736: 23731: 23726: 23721: 23716: 23711: 23706: 23700: 23698: 23688: 23687: 23672: 23671: 23668: 23667: 23664: 23663: 23661: 23660: 23655: 23654: 23653: 23641: 23639:Sources of law 23636: 23631: 23630: 23629: 23619: 23612: 23607: 23600: 23595: 23588: 23583: 23578: 23573: 23568: 23563: 23558: 23553: 23546: 23539: 23538: 23537: 23532: 23527: 23517: 23512: 23504: 23502: 23498: 23497: 23495: 23494: 23487: 23480: 23473: 23466: 23459: 23452: 23444: 23442: 23440: 23439: 23434: 23429: 23423: 23420: 23419: 23417: 23416: 23409: 23404: 23397: 23390: 23383: 23375: 23373: 23367: 23366: 23364: 23363: 23356: 23349: 23342: 23335: 23330: 23324: 23322: 23312: 23311: 23308: 23307: 23302: 23296: 23288: 23287: 23284: 23283: 23281: 23280: 23275: 23270: 23265: 23263:Social welfare 23260: 23255: 23248: 23243: 23238: 23233: 23228: 23223: 23218: 23213: 23208: 23203: 23198: 23193: 23188: 23183: 23177: 23175: 23173: 23172: 23167: 23161: 23158: 23157: 23155: 23154: 23149: 23144: 23143: 23142: 23132: 23127: 23122: 23121: 23120: 23115: 23114: 23113: 23103: 23098: 23093: 23083: 23078: 23073: 23072: 23071: 23048: 23046: 23040: 23039: 23037: 23036: 23029: 23024: 23019: 23014: 23008: 23006: 23000: 22999: 22997: 22996: 22995: 22994: 22989: 22984: 22979: 22974: 22969: 22964: 22959: 22947: 22942: 22935: 22928: 22926:Historiography 22923: 22918: 22913: 22908: 22902: 22900: 22898: 22897: 22892: 22886: 22883: 22882: 22880: 22879: 22872: 22865: 22858: 22851: 22843: 22841: 22835: 22834: 22832: 22831: 22826: 22821: 22814: 22809: 22804: 22799: 22798: 22797: 22787: 22780: 22779: 22778: 22767: 22765: 22755: 22754: 22747: 22744: 22743: 22735: 22734: 22727: 22720: 22712: 22705: 22704: 22698: 22678: 22664: 22637: 22619: 22602: 22596: 22579: 22574:978-0941532242 22573: 22553: 22535: 22513: 22507: 22489:Rahman, Fazlur 22485: 22479: 22462: 22456: 22439: 22433: 22412: 22406: 22387: 22381: 22364: 22358: 22344:, ed. (1999). 22342:Kramer, Martin 22338: 22323: 22312: 22306: 22286: 22267: 22244: 22238: 22220: 22214: 22196:Akyol, Mustafa 22192: 22170: 22154:Cato Institute 22142:Hamowy, Ronald 22130: 22108: 22090: 22088: 22085: 22083: 22082: 22076: 22057: 22051: 22032: 22018: 21997: 21991: 21983:AltaMira Press 21970: 21956: 21937: 21922: 21907: 21881:, ed. (n.d.). 21875: 21869: 21846: 21804:Bosworth, C.E. 21796: 21782: 21760:Bosworth, C.E. 21752: 21746: 21720: 21714: 21695: 21684: 21667: 21665: 21662: 21660: 21659: 21653: 21633: 21627: 21608: 21602: 21586: 21580: 21563: 21557: 21540: 21534: 21517: 21511: 21494: 21488: 21469: 21463: 21443: 21437: 21416: 21410: 21394:Smith, Jane I. 21390: 21384: 21364: 21329: 21323: 21305:Rippin, Andrew 21301: 21287:. October 2009 21274: 21268: 21249: 21235: 21214: 21208: 21187: 21181: 21162: 21150: 21144: 21127: 21121: 21104: 21098: 21078: 21072: 21053: 21047: 21028: 21022: 21001: 20995: 20976: 20970: 20953: 20947: 20931:Lewis, Bernard 20927: 20921: 20904: 20898: 20890:Westview Press 20881: 20875: 20858: 20852: 20839: 20833: 20811: 20805: 20788: 20782: 20765: 20759: 20742: 20736: 20719: 20707: 20701: 20677: 20671: 20663:Westview Press 20650: 20644: 20627: 20621: 20602: 20596: 20576: 20570: 20551: 20542: 20525: 20519: 20502: 20496: 20477: 20471: 20454: 20448: 20429: 20423: 20404: 20398: 20379: 20373: 20355:Esposito, John 20351: 20345: 20324: 20318: 20301: 20288: 20273: 20267: 20248: 20242: 20225: 20219: 20206: 20200: 20183: 20177: 20160: 20154: 20133: 20127: 20107: 20098: 20092: 20078: 20076: 20073: 20070: 20069: 20062: 20032: 20025: 19999: 19971: 19943: 19920: 19904: 19879: 19855: 19829: 19822: 19804: 19777:(2): 239–262. 19755: 19718:10.2307/605981 19686: 19675: 19669:. p. 14. 19653: 19643: 19621: 19611: 19583: 19573: 19549: 19538: 19518: 19504: 19477: 19470: 19452: 19427: 19420: 19396: 19382: 19358: 19328: 19313: 19289: 19274: 19256: 19249: 19221: 19214: 19196: 19184: 19151: 19125: 19109: 19102: 19084: 19082:, p. 136. 19072: 19038: 18981: 18945: 18926: 18924:, p. 106. 18914: 18884: 18877: 18849: 18827: 18816:Ratno Lukito. 18808: 18801: 18773: 18766: 18738: 18726: 18714: 18702: 18675: 18650: 18635: 18614: 18582: 18554: 18539: 18527: 18515: 18508: 18488: 18476: 18464: 18447: 18419: 18404: 18392: 18380: 18347: 18332: 18317: 18303: 18283: 18276: 18256: 18228: 18202: 18176: 18161: 18148: 18141: 18095:Bearman, P. J. 18085: 18060: 18048: 18035: 17990: 17983: 17961: 17937: 17921: 17905: 17881: 17850: 17806: 17769: 17757: 17736: 17709:(1): 169–183. 17691: 17681:Alvi, Farhat. 17673: 17657: 17632:(3): 635–656. 17610: 17603: 17575: 17562:Britannica.com 17549: 17530: 17487: 17483:Peacock (2019) 17475: 17461: 17437: 17422: 17400: 17374: 17353: 17327: 17318: 17312:978-1891785849 17311: 17293: 17281: 17269: 17257: 17245: 17212: 17201: 17181: 17171: 17151: 17141: 17121: 17111: 17091: 17057: 17017: 17000: 16993: 16973: 16922: 16895: 16861: 16837: 16806: 16776: 16757: 16719: 16688: 16662: 16647: 16629: 16622: 16580: 16565: 16526: 16511: 16474: 16459: 16421:Upal, M. Afzal 16409: 16402: 16374: 16355: 16335: 16288: 16269: 16255:"Introduction" 16242: 16219: 16200: 16180: 16161: 16141: 16110:(3): 521–534. 16090: 16083: 16065: 16058: 16036: 16029: 16008:"Ghadīr Khumm" 15994: 15987: 15969: 15943: 15856: 15769: 15757: 15738: 15718: 15711: 15690: 15661: 15642: 15613: 15580: 15566:on 6 July 2010 15541: 15517: 15491: 15467: 15465:, p. 280. 15455: 15431: 15407: 15395: 15364: 15334: 15328:978-0805418293 15327: 15309: 15303:978-9004172739 15302: 15284: 15278:978-1135165956 15277: 15259: 15226: 15207: 15176: 15144: 15113: 15077: 15047: 15021: 14991: 14961: 14929: 14895: 14863: 14831: 14801: 14765: 14757: 14735: 14717:978-0822353188 14716: 14696: 14689: 14669: 14641: 14622: 14594: 14582: 14545: 14521: 14490: 14454: 14420: 14390: 14383: 14353: 14341: 14326: 14286: 14276: 14248: 14222: 14196: 14166: 14140: 14118: 14096: 14074: 14044: 14013: 13986: 13984:, p. 288. 13974: 13962: 13949: 13947:, p. 263. 13937: 13907: 13895: 13862: 13832: 13802: 13771: 13764: 13746: 13715: 13680: 13647: 13614: 13584: 13577: 13559: 13527: 13494: 13462: 13432: 13421: 13403: 13392: 13374: 13341: 13323:New York Times 13308: 13276: 13272:Bulliet (2005) 13264: 13231: 13224: 13206: 13204:, p. 271. 13194: 13162: 13155: 13137: 13130: 13112: 13093: 13070: 13023:(11): e20993. 13003: 12972: 12940: 12899: 12892: 12871: 12839: 12828: 12810: 12783:(2): 247–258. 12767: 12763:Lapidus (2002) 12755: 12718:(3): 635–656. 12696: 12677: 12653: 12651:, p. 149. 12641: 12639:, p. 147. 12629: 12610: 12590: 12578:Wipf and Stock 12566: 12564:, p. 146. 12554: 12522: 12488: 12461: 12437: 12418: 12394: 12370: 12368:, p. 150. 12358: 12331: 12298: 12263: 12237: 12218: 12212:. p. 15. 12194: 12170: 12152: 12132: 12123: 12083: 12057: 12031: 12000:(4): 479–505. 11978: 11974:Bulliet (2005) 11966: 11959: 11933: 11917:Islam in China 11908: 11889: 11869: 11857: 11853:Peacock (2019) 11845: 11842:. p. 104. 11826: 11807: 11781: 11749: 11737: 11730: 11712: 11686: 11660: 11648: 11624: 11589: 11580: 11565: 11546: 11523: 11503:Saliba, George 11495: 11475: 11456: 11442:Hill, Donald. 11435: 11424: 11403: 11396: 11372: 11360: 11341:(2): 185–201. 11325: 11314:(5): 589–603. 11298: 11257: 11226: 11189: 11182: 11160: 11126:(1): 112–132. 11104: 11078: 11069: 11060: 11028: 10996: 10971: 10950:10.1086/353360 10926: 10914: 10910:Lapidus (2002) 10902: 10890: 10878: 10866: 10862:Lapidus (2002) 10854: 10847: 10829: 10817: 10805: 10801:978-3447053495 10784: 10772: 10768:Lapidus (2002) 10760: 10727: 10723:Lapidus (2002) 10715: 10703: 10699:Lapidus (2002) 10691: 10676: 10664: 10649: 10632: 10620: 10589: 10570: 10558:, ed. (1986). 10547: 10528: 10504: 10485: 10465: 10453: 10451:, p. 505. 10441: 10429: 10398: 10386: 10379: 10358: 10351: 10333: 10319: 10307: 10295: 10283: 10271: 10267:Lapidus (2002) 10259: 10255:Hourani (2002) 10247: 10235: 10223: 10204: 10178: 10163: 10159:Lapidus (2002) 10151: 10139: 10120: 10100: 10088: 10076: 10057: 10037: 10022: 10001: 9986: 9971: 9959: 9929: 9922: 9904: 9888: 9872: 9857: 9829: 9810: 9790: 9775: 9761: 9741: 9722: 9702: 9687: 9675: 9663: 9656: 9638: 9608: 9601: 9583: 9567: 9548: 9524: 9492: 9482: 9464: 9452: 9433: 9409: 9396: 9362: 9346:J. Burton-Page 9337: 9318: 9292: 9280: 9276:Kobeisy (2004) 9268: 9256: 9244: 9224: 9209: 9194: 9182: 9151:(2): 167–180. 9131: 9116:. 3 May 2023. 9098: 9068: 9046: 9026: 9014: 8988: 8973: 8958: 8952:, p. 89; 8942: 8940:, p. 130. 8930: 8892: 8877: 8867:, "Avicenna". 8857: 8845: 8810: 8791:The Four Books 8782: 8764: 8757: 8751:. p. 63. 8735: 8720: 8705: 8693: 8651: 8606: 8587: 8559: 8547: 8517: 8515:, p. 101. 8513:Bennett (2010) 8505: 8493: 8481: 8463: 8448: 8433: 8431:, pp. 4–5 8418: 8403: 8393: 8371: 8361: 8339: 8327: 8293: 8246: 8226: 8214: 8195: 8171: 8153: 8141: 8139:, p. 140. 8129: 8107: 8092: 8080: 8068: 8056: 8034: 8012: 7988: 7966: 7944: 7912: 7897: 7885: 7851: 7826: 7814: 7799: 7777: 7755: 7721: 7702: 7682: 7672: 7654: 7647: 7617: 7601: 7578: 7571: 7547: 7537:Lane's Lexicon 7517: 7510: 7492: 7462: 7415: 7386: 7356: 7323: 7316: 7298: 7291: 7269: 7254: 7221: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7180: 7179: 7167: 7154: 7141: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7117: 7116: 7103: 7094: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7039: 7036: 6932:Main article: 6929: 6926: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6838: 6828: 6821: 6819: 6806: 6799: 6797: 6790: 6783: 6781: 6774: 6767: 6765: 6751: 6744: 6742: 6729: 6722: 6720: 6706: 6699: 6689:(pilgrimage). 6627:lunar calendar 6516:Main article: 6513: 6510: 6320:Women in Islam 6299: 6296: 6259:disapprobation 6172: 6169: 6054:Main article: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6032:ghair muqallid 5968:schools of law 5956:Main article: 5953: 5950: 5946:women's rights 5913:Ottoman Empire 5868:), permitted ( 5846:(rituals) and 5766: 5763: 5672:Hasan al-Basri 5572:Main article: 5569: 5566: 5542:Main article: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5520:Rashad Khalifa 5475: 5444: 5443: 5372: 5369: 5318: 5315: 5297: 5290: 5289: 5278: 5271: 5270: 5259: 5252: 5251: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5230:in Najaf, the 5099:Main article: 5096: 5093: 4976:Main article: 4973: 4970: 4959:Main article: 4956: 4953: 4949:fertility rate 4810: 4807: 4666: 4663: 4647:Al-Aqsa Mosque 4559:Mughal dynasty 4520:Muhammad Ahmad 4448: 4445: 4417:Bektashi Order 4409:Ottoman rulers 4284:Ottoman Empire 4251: 4248: 4218:to Islam. The 4216:Volga Bulgaria 4074:Ibn al-Haytham 3885:Hasan al-Basri 3811:Hadith studies 3806: 3803: 3741:Malik ibn Anas 3717:siege of Mecca 3705:Husayn ibn Ali 3627:and sometimes 3551: 3548: 3523:Battle of Uhud 3519:Battle of Badr 3486:performed the 3430:Laylat al-Qadr 3426:Night of Power 3348: 3345: 3321: 3320: 3313: 3312: 3311: 3293:Main article: 3290: 3287: 3225: 3214:as recited by 3201: 3188: 3181: 3180: 3179: 3170: 3169: 3168: 3102: 3099: 3059:Safa and Marwa 3027:, called the " 2988: 2985: 2943:Main article: 2922: 2919: 2834:Main article: 2831: 2828: 2742:Umayyad Mosque 2716:Main article: 2713: 2710: 2670:Main article: 2658:Mughal Emperor 2649: 2646: 2642:supererogatory 2638:Arkān al-Islām 2603: 2600: 2588:"In-sha-Allah" 2560:Main article: 2557: 2554: 2498:(paradise) or 2449:Main article: 2432:Umayyad Mosque 2423: 2420: 2415:The Four Books 2378:); or "weak" ( 2218: 2215: 2140:his companions 2091: 2088: 2049:combined with 2009:Main article: 1990: 1987: 1882:, but is also 1859:Main article: 1833: 1830: 1793: 1790: 1771:(excellence). 1666: 1663: 1659:fertility rate 1503:al-Aqsa Mosque 1319:, such as the 1148: 1147: 1145: 1144: 1137: 1130: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1083: 1069: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1048: 1037: 1026: 1011: 997: 991:Submitter (to 982: 968: 967: 963: 962: 954: 950: 946: 945: 942: 941: 931: 930: 922: 921: 919: 918: 911: 904: 896: 893: 892: 891: 890: 875: 874: 871: 870: 864: 863: 862: 861: 856: 846: 841: 840: 839: 834: 824: 819: 814: 808: 807: 806: 805: 800: 795: 787: 786: 781: 775: 772:Related topics 770: 769: 766: 765: 762: 761: 756: 754:Social welfare 751: 746: 745: 744: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 648: 647: 642: 632: 631: 630: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 584: 575: 574: 571: 570: 567: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 540: 539: 532: 525: 517: 516: 511: 505: 500: 499: 496: 495: 492: 491: 483: 474: 473: 467: 459: 451: 442: 441: 421: 413: 410: 409: 404: 398: 397: 396: 393: 392: 389: 388: 383: 378: 372: 371: 366: 360: 355: 354: 351: 350: 347: 346: 344:Predestination 340: 339: 334: 328: 327: 325:Revealed Books 322: 316: 315: 305: 300: 299: 296: 295: 287: 286: 280: 279: 267: 266: 240: 236: 235: 222: 218: 217: 212: 210:Separated from 206: 205: 186: 182: 181: 176: 172: 171: 166: 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 145:Southeast Asia 118: 114: 113: 108: 104: 103: 98: 92: 91: 86: 85:Classification 82: 81: 63: 55: 54: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 29206: 29195: 29192: 29190: 29187: 29185: 29182: 29180: 29177: 29175: 29172: 29171: 29169: 29159: 29154: 29149: 29147: 29137: 29136: 29133: 29120: 29116: 29112: 29110: 29102: 29101: 29098: 29084: 29081: 29079: 29076: 29074: 29071: 29069: 29066: 29064: 29061: 29059: 29056: 29054: 29051: 29049: 29046: 29044: 29041: 29039: 29036: 29034: 29031: 29029: 29026: 29025: 29023: 29021: 29020:South America 29017: 29011: 29008: 29006: 29003: 29001: 28998: 28996: 28993: 28991: 28988: 28986: 28983: 28981: 28978: 28976: 28973: 28971: 28968: 28966: 28963: 28961: 28958: 28956: 28953: 28951: 28948: 28946: 28943: 28942: 28940: 28938: 28934: 28928: 28927:United States 28925: 28923: 28920: 28918: 28915: 28913: 28910: 28908: 28905: 28903: 28900: 28898: 28895: 28893: 28890: 28888: 28885: 28883: 28880: 28878: 28875: 28873: 28870: 28868: 28865: 28863: 28860: 28858: 28855: 28853: 28850: 28848: 28845: 28843: 28840: 28838: 28835: 28833: 28830: 28828: 28825: 28823: 28820: 28818: 28815: 28814: 28812: 28810: 28809:North America 28806: 28798: 28795: 28793: 28790: 28788: 28785: 28783: 28780: 28779: 28778: 28775: 28773: 28770: 28768: 28765: 28763: 28760: 28758: 28755: 28753: 28750: 28748: 28745: 28743: 28740: 28738: 28735: 28733: 28730: 28728: 28725: 28723: 28720: 28718: 28715: 28713: 28710: 28708: 28705: 28703: 28700: 28698: 28695: 28693: 28690: 28688: 28685: 28683: 28680: 28678: 28675: 28673: 28670: 28668: 28667:Liechtenstein 28665: 28663: 28660: 28658: 28655: 28653: 28650: 28648: 28645: 28643: 28640: 28638: 28635: 28633: 28630: 28628: 28625: 28623: 28620: 28618: 28615: 28613: 28610: 28608: 28605: 28603: 28600: 28598: 28595: 28593: 28590: 28588: 28585: 28583: 28580: 28578: 28575: 28573: 28570: 28568: 28565: 28563: 28560: 28559: 28557: 28555: 28551: 28545: 28542: 28540: 28537: 28535: 28532: 28530: 28527: 28525: 28522: 28520: 28517: 28515: 28512: 28510: 28507: 28505: 28502: 28500: 28497: 28495: 28492: 28490: 28487: 28485: 28482: 28480: 28477: 28475: 28472: 28470: 28467: 28465: 28462: 28460: 28457: 28455: 28452: 28450: 28447: 28445: 28442: 28440: 28437: 28435: 28432: 28430: 28427: 28425: 28422: 28420: 28417: 28415: 28412: 28410: 28407: 28403: 28400: 28398: 28395: 28394: 28393: 28390: 28388: 28385: 28383: 28380: 28378: 28375: 28373: 28370: 28368: 28365: 28363: 28360: 28358: 28355: 28353: 28350: 28348: 28345: 28343: 28340: 28338: 28335: 28333: 28330: 28328: 28325: 28323: 28320: 28318: 28315: 28313: 28310: 28308: 28305: 28303: 28300: 28298: 28295: 28293: 28290: 28288: 28285: 28284: 28282: 28280: 28276: 28270: 28267: 28265: 28262: 28260: 28257: 28255: 28252: 28250: 28247: 28245: 28242: 28240: 28237: 28235: 28232: 28230: 28227: 28225: 28222: 28220: 28217: 28215: 28212: 28210: 28207: 28205: 28202: 28200: 28197: 28195: 28192: 28190: 28187: 28185: 28182: 28180: 28177: 28175: 28172: 28170: 28167: 28165: 28162: 28160: 28157: 28155: 28152: 28150: 28147: 28145: 28142: 28140: 28137: 28135: 28132: 28130: 28127: 28125: 28122: 28120: 28119:Guinea-Bissau 28117: 28115: 28112: 28110: 28107: 28105: 28102: 28100: 28097: 28095: 28092: 28090: 28087: 28085: 28082: 28080: 28077: 28075: 28072: 28070: 28067: 28065: 28062: 28060: 28057: 28055: 28052: 28050: 28047: 28045: 28042: 28040: 28037: 28035: 28032: 28030: 28027: 28025: 28022: 28020: 28017: 28015: 28012: 28010: 28007: 28005: 28002: 28001: 27999: 27997: 27993: 27989: 27982: 27978: 27964: 27961: 27959: 27956: 27954: 27951: 27949: 27946: 27944: 27943:Organizations 27941: 27939: 27936: 27934: 27931: 27929: 27926: 27924: 27921: 27919: 27916: 27914: 27911: 27909: 27906: 27904: 27901: 27900: 27898: 27895: 27887: 27881: 27878: 27876: 27873: 27871: 27868: 27866: 27863: 27861: 27858: 27856: 27853: 27851: 27848: 27846: 27843: 27841: 27838: 27836: 27833: 27831: 27828: 27827: 27825: 27822: 27817: 27812: 27806: 27803: 27799: 27796: 27794: 27791: 27789: 27786: 27785: 27784: 27781: 27779: 27776: 27774: 27773:Vegetarianism 27771: 27769: 27766: 27764: 27761: 27759: 27756: 27754: 27751: 27749: 27746: 27744: 27741: 27739: 27736: 27734: 27731: 27729: 27726: 27724: 27721: 27719: 27718:Homosexuality 27716: 27714: 27711: 27709: 27706: 27704: 27701: 27697: 27694: 27692: 27689: 27687: 27684: 27682: 27679: 27678: 27677: 27674: 27672: 27669: 27667: 27664: 27662: 27659: 27655: 27652: 27650: 27647: 27645: 27642: 27641: 27640: 27637: 27633: 27630: 27628: 27625: 27623: 27620: 27619: 27618: 27614: 27611: 27609: 27606: 27604: 27601: 27600: 27598: 27595: 27588: 27582: 27579: 27577: 27574: 27572: 27569: 27565: 27562: 27561: 27560: 27557: 27555: 27552: 27550: 27547: 27545: 27542: 27540: 27539:Neurotheology 27537: 27535: 27532: 27530: 27527: 27525: 27522: 27520: 27517: 27515: 27512: 27510: 27507: 27506: 27504: 27502: 27496: 27490: 27487: 27485: 27482: 27480: 27477: 27475: 27472: 27470: 27467: 27465: 27462: 27460: 27457: 27455: 27452: 27450: 27447: 27445: 27442: 27441: 27439: 27437: 27433: 27425: 27422: 27420: 27417: 27415: 27412: 27411: 27410: 27407: 27405: 27402: 27400: 27397: 27395: 27392: 27390: 27387: 27385: 27382: 27380: 27377: 27375: 27372: 27368: 27365: 27363: 27360: 27358: 27355: 27353: 27350: 27349: 27348: 27345: 27341: 27338: 27336: 27333: 27331: 27328: 27327: 27326: 27323: 27321: 27318: 27316: 27313: 27311: 27308: 27306: 27303: 27301: 27298: 27296: 27293: 27291: 27288: 27286: 27283: 27281: 27278: 27274: 27271: 27269: 27266: 27264: 27261: 27260: 27259: 27256: 27254: 27251: 27249: 27246: 27244: 27241: 27239: 27236: 27234: 27233:Folk religion 27231: 27229: 27226: 27224: 27221: 27219: 27216: 27214: 27211: 27209: 27206: 27204: 27201: 27199: 27196: 27194: 27191: 27189: 27185: 27182: 27180: 27177: 27175: 27172: 27170: 27167: 27165: 27161: 27158: 27157: 27155: 27151: 27147: 27140: 27136: 27126: 27123: 27121: 27118: 27116: 27113: 27111: 27108: 27106: 27103: 27101: 27098: 27096: 27093: 27089: 27086: 27084: 27081: 27079: 27076: 27075: 27074: 27071: 27067: 27064: 27062: 27059: 27057: 27056:Imperial cult 27054: 27052: 27049: 27047: 27044: 27043: 27042: 27039: 27037: 27034: 27030: 27027: 27025: 27022: 27020: 27017: 27016: 27015: 27012: 27008: 27005: 27003: 27000: 26999: 26998: 26995: 26991: 26988: 26986: 26983: 26981: 26978: 26976: 26973: 26972: 26971: 26968: 26966: 26963: 26959: 26956: 26955: 26954: 26951: 26947: 26944: 26942: 26939: 26938: 26937: 26934: 26932: 26929: 26925: 26922: 26921: 26920: 26917: 26915: 26912: 26910: 26907: 26905: 26902: 26900: 26897: 26895: 26892: 26890: 26887: 26885: 26882: 26878: 26875: 26873: 26870: 26868: 26865: 26863: 26860: 26858: 26855: 26854: 26853: 26850: 26846: 26843: 26841: 26838: 26836: 26833: 26831: 26828: 26827: 26826: 26823: 26821: 26818: 26814: 26811: 26810: 26809: 26806: 26804: 26801: 26799: 26796: 26792: 26789: 26788: 26787: 26784: 26782: 26779: 26777: 26774: 26770: 26767: 26765: 26762: 26761: 26760: 26757: 26755: 26752: 26748: 26745: 26743: 26740: 26738: 26735: 26734: 26733: 26730: 26728: 26725: 26723: 26720: 26718: 26715: 26711: 26708: 26707: 26706: 26703: 26702: 26699: 26695: 26690: 26686: 26666: 26663: 26662: 26661: 26658: 26656: 26653: 26651: 26648: 26646: 26643: 26641: 26638: 26636: 26633: 26631: 26628: 26626: 26625:Discordianism 26623: 26621: 26620:Anthroposophy 26618: 26617: 26615: 26611: 26603: 26602: 26598: 26597: 26596: 26593: 26591: 26588: 26584: 26581: 26579: 26576: 26574: 26571: 26569: 26568:Mari religion 26566: 26564: 26561: 26559: 26556: 26554: 26551: 26550: 26549: 26546: 26544: 26541: 26539: 26536: 26534: 26531: 26529: 26526: 26524: 26521: 26519: 26516: 26514: 26511: 26509: 26506: 26502: 26499: 26498: 26497: 26494: 26490: 26487: 26485: 26482: 26481: 26480: 26477: 26473: 26470: 26468: 26465: 26464: 26463: 26460: 26458: 26455: 26451: 26448: 26447: 26445: 26444: 26442: 26440: 26434: 26428: 26425: 26423: 26420: 26418: 26415: 26411: 26408: 26406: 26405:Neo-Theosophy 26403: 26402: 26401: 26398: 26396: 26393: 26391: 26388: 26386: 26383: 26381: 26378: 26374: 26371: 26370: 26369: 26366: 26364: 26361: 26359: 26356: 26354: 26351: 26349: 26346: 26344: 26343:New Acropolis 26341: 26339: 26336: 26334: 26331: 26329: 26326: 26324: 26321: 26319: 26316: 26315: 26313: 26309: 26306: 26304: 26296: 26286: 26283: 26281: 26278: 26276: 26273: 26271: 26268: 26267: 26265: 26261: 26249: 26246: 26244: 26241: 26239: 26236: 26234: 26231: 26229: 26226: 26224: 26221: 26219: 26216: 26214: 26211: 26209: 26206: 26204: 26201: 26199: 26196: 26194: 26191: 26189: 26186: 26184: 26181: 26177: 26174: 26172: 26169: 26167: 26164: 26163: 26162: 26159: 26158: 26157: 26155: 26151: 26150: 26145: 26142: 26141: 26140: 26137: 26135: 26132: 26130: 26127: 26125: 26122: 26120: 26117: 26115: 26112: 26110: 26107: 26105: 26102: 26100: 26097: 26095: 26092: 26090: 26087: 26085: 26082: 26080: 26077: 26075: 26072: 26070: 26067: 26065: 26062: 26060: 26057: 26055: 26052: 26048: 26045: 26043: 26040: 26039: 26038: 26035: 26033: 26030: 26028: 26025: 26023: 26020: 26019: 26017: 26015: 26009: 26001: 25998: 25997: 25996: 25993: 25992: 25990: 25988:North African 25986: 25983: 25981: 25975: 25969: 25966: 25964: 25961: 25959: 25956: 25954: 25951: 25949: 25946: 25944: 25941: 25939: 25936: 25934: 25931: 25929: 25926: 25924: 25921: 25919: 25916: 25914: 25911: 25910: 25908: 25906: 25902: 25896: 25893: 25891: 25888: 25886: 25883: 25881: 25878: 25877: 25875: 25873: 25869: 25865: 25859: 25856: 25854: 25851: 25849: 25846: 25842: 25839: 25837: 25834: 25833: 25832: 25829: 25827: 25824: 25822: 25819: 25817: 25814: 25812: 25809: 25807: 25804: 25800: 25797: 25795: 25792: 25790: 25787: 25785: 25782: 25781: 25780: 25777: 25775: 25772: 25770: 25767: 25763: 25760: 25759: 25758: 25755: 25753: 25752:Kwakwakaʼwakw 25750: 25748: 25745: 25741: 25738: 25736: 25733: 25731: 25728: 25726: 25723: 25721: 25718: 25717: 25716: 25713: 25711: 25708: 25706: 25703: 25701: 25698: 25696: 25692: 25689: 25687: 25684: 25682: 25679: 25677: 25674: 25672: 25669: 25665: 25662: 25660: 25657: 25655: 25652: 25651: 25650: 25647: 25645: 25642: 25640: 25637: 25633: 25630: 25629: 25628: 25625: 25623: 25620: 25619: 25617: 25615: 25609: 25603: 25600: 25598: 25595: 25591: 25588: 25586: 25583: 25582: 25581: 25578: 25574: 25571: 25570: 25569: 25566: 25564: 25561: 25559: 25556: 25554: 25551: 25547: 25544: 25542: 25539: 25538: 25536: 25532: 25529: 25527: 25524: 25523: 25522: 25519: 25517: 25514: 25513: 25511: 25509: 25505: 25499: 25496: 25495: 25493: 25491: 25490:Austroasiatic 25487: 25479: 25476: 25474: 25471: 25470: 25469: 25466: 25462: 25461:Vattisen Yaly 25459: 25457: 25454: 25452: 25449: 25448: 25447: 25443: 25440: 25439: 25437: 25435: 25431: 25428: 25426: 25422: 25406: 25403: 25401: 25398: 25397: 25396: 25393: 25391: 25388: 25386: 25383: 25381: 25380:Kirat Mundhum 25378: 25376: 25373: 25369: 25366: 25364: 25361: 25360: 25359: 25356: 25354: 25351: 25349: 25346: 25345: 25343: 25339: 25333: 25332: 25328: 25326: 25323: 25319: 25316: 25315: 25314: 25311: 25307: 25304: 25302: 25299: 25297: 25293: 25289: 25286: 25285: 25284: 25281: 25279: 25276: 25275: 25273: 25271: 25267: 25261: 25260: 25256: 25254: 25251: 25249: 25246: 25244: 25241: 25239: 25236: 25234: 25231: 25229: 25226: 25222: 25219: 25217: 25214: 25212: 25209: 25207: 25204: 25202: 25199: 25197: 25194: 25192: 25189: 25187: 25184: 25183: 25182: 25179: 25175: 25172: 25170: 25167: 25165: 25162: 25160: 25157: 25155: 25152: 25150: 25147: 25145: 25142: 25140: 25137: 25135: 25132: 25131: 25130: 25127: 25126: 25124: 25122: 25118: 25115: 25113: 25109: 25099: 25096: 25094: 25091: 25089: 25086: 25084: 25081: 25079: 25076: 25075: 25073: 25071: 25067: 25061: 25058: 25056: 25053: 25051: 25048: 25047: 25045: 25043: 25039: 25033: 25030: 25028: 25025: 25023: 25020: 25016: 25015: 25011: 25010: 25009: 25006: 25005: 25003: 25001: 24997: 24989: 24986: 24984: 24981: 24980: 24979: 24976: 24972: 24969: 24967: 24964: 24963: 24962: 24959: 24957: 24954: 24952: 24949: 24947: 24944: 24942: 24939: 24938: 24936: 24934: 24930: 24927: 24925: 24921: 24918: 24916: 24912: 24898: 24895: 24893: 24890: 24888: 24885: 24884: 24882: 24878: 24872: 24869: 24867: 24864: 24862: 24859: 24857: 24854: 24853: 24851: 24849: 24845: 24839: 24836: 24834: 24831: 24829: 24826: 24825: 24823: 24821: 24817: 24814: 24812: 24808: 24798: 24795: 24793: 24790: 24788: 24785: 24783: 24780: 24778: 24775: 24773: 24770: 24768: 24765: 24764: 24762: 24758: 24752: 24751: 24747: 24745: 24742: 24740: 24739:Milah Abraham 24737: 24735: 24732: 24730: 24727: 24725: 24722: 24720: 24717: 24713: 24710: 24709: 24708: 24705: 24703: 24700: 24696: 24693: 24691: 24688: 24686: 24683: 24681: 24678: 24677: 24676: 24673: 24667: 24664: 24662: 24659: 24658: 24657: 24654: 24652: 24649: 24647: 24644: 24642: 24639: 24638: 24637: 24634: 24633: 24631: 24629: 24625: 24619: 24618: 24614: 24610: 24607: 24605: 24602: 24600: 24597: 24595: 24592: 24590: 24587: 24585: 24582: 24580: 24577: 24575: 24572: 24570: 24566: 24563: 24562: 24561: 24558: 24556: 24553: 24551: 24548: 24546: 24543: 24541: 24538: 24536: 24533: 24529: 24526: 24524: 24521: 24519: 24516: 24512: 24509: 24508: 24507: 24504: 24502: 24499: 24497: 24494: 24492: 24489: 24485: 24482: 24480: 24477: 24475: 24472: 24471: 24470: 24467: 24463: 24460: 24458: 24455: 24453: 24450: 24449: 24448: 24445: 24443: 24440: 24438: 24435: 24431: 24428: 24426: 24423: 24421: 24418: 24416: 24413: 24411: 24408: 24407: 24406: 24403: 24401: 24398: 24397: 24396: 24395:Protestantism 24393: 24389: 24386: 24384: 24380: 24377: 24376: 24375: 24372: 24368: 24365: 24363: 24360: 24359: 24358: 24355: 24353: 24350: 24346: 24343: 24342: 24341: 24338: 24334: 24331: 24329: 24326: 24325: 24324: 24321: 24320: 24318: 24316: 24312: 24306: 24305: 24301: 24299: 24296: 24294: 24291: 24289: 24286: 24284: 24281: 24279: 24276: 24274: 24271: 24269: 24266: 24260: 24257: 24256: 24255: 24252: 24248: 24245: 24244: 24243: 24240: 24239: 24238: 24235: 24234: 24232: 24230: 24226: 24223: 24221: 24217: 24214: 24212: 24208: 24204: 24200: 24195: 24191: 24187: 24180: 24175: 24173: 24168: 24166: 24161: 24160: 24157: 24145: 24137: 24135: 24125: 24124: 24121: 24107: 24104: 24102: 24099: 24097: 24094: 24092: 24089: 24087: 24084: 24082: 24079: 24077: 24074: 24072: 24069: 24065: 24062: 24061: 24060: 24057: 24053: 24050: 24048: 24047:Post-Islamism 24045: 24043: 24040: 24039: 24038: 24035: 24033: 24030: 24026: 24023: 24021: 24018: 24017: 24016: 24013: 24012: 24010: 24006: 24000: 23997: 23995: 23992: 23990: 23987: 23985: 23982: 23981: 23979: 23977: 23973: 23967: 23964: 23962: 23959: 23957: 23954: 23952: 23949: 23945: 23944:Protestantism 23942: 23940: 23937: 23936: 23935: 23932: 23931: 23929: 23927: 23923: 23919: 23909: 23905: 23891: 23888: 23886: 23885: 23881: 23879: 23876: 23872: 23869: 23868: 23867: 23864: 23862: 23859: 23857: 23854: 23852: 23849: 23847: 23844: 23842: 23839: 23838: 23836: 23832: 23826: 23823: 23821: 23818: 23816: 23813: 23811: 23808: 23807: 23805: 23803: 23799: 23793: 23790: 23788: 23787:Ophthalmology 23785: 23783: 23780: 23778: 23775: 23773: 23770: 23768: 23765: 23763: 23760: 23758: 23755: 23754: 23752: 23750: 23746: 23740: 23737: 23735: 23732: 23730: 23727: 23725: 23722: 23720: 23717: 23715: 23712: 23710: 23707: 23705: 23702: 23701: 23699: 23697: 23693: 23689: 23685: 23677: 23673: 23659: 23656: 23652: 23651: 23647: 23646: 23645: 23642: 23640: 23637: 23635: 23632: 23628: 23625: 23624: 23623: 23620: 23618: 23617: 23613: 23611: 23608: 23606: 23605: 23601: 23599: 23596: 23594: 23593: 23589: 23587: 23584: 23582: 23579: 23577: 23574: 23572: 23569: 23567: 23564: 23562: 23559: 23557: 23554: 23552: 23551: 23547: 23545: 23544: 23540: 23536: 23535:Death penalty 23533: 23531: 23528: 23526: 23523: 23522: 23521: 23518: 23516: 23513: 23511: 23510: 23506: 23505: 23503: 23501:Other aspects 23499: 23493: 23492: 23488: 23486: 23485: 23481: 23479: 23478: 23474: 23472: 23471: 23467: 23465: 23464: 23460: 23458: 23457: 23453: 23451: 23450: 23446: 23445: 23443: 23438: 23435: 23433: 23430: 23428: 23425: 23424: 23421: 23415: 23414: 23410: 23408: 23405: 23403: 23402: 23398: 23396: 23395: 23391: 23389: 23388: 23384: 23382: 23381: 23377: 23376: 23374: 23372: 23368: 23362: 23361: 23357: 23355: 23354: 23350: 23348: 23347: 23343: 23341: 23340: 23336: 23334: 23331: 23329: 23326: 23325: 23323: 23321: 23317: 23313: 23306: 23305:Jurisprudence 23303: 23301: 23298: 23297: 23293: 23289: 23279: 23276: 23274: 23271: 23269: 23266: 23264: 23261: 23259: 23256: 23254: 23253: 23249: 23247: 23244: 23242: 23239: 23237: 23234: 23232: 23229: 23227: 23224: 23222: 23219: 23217: 23214: 23212: 23209: 23207: 23204: 23202: 23199: 23197: 23194: 23192: 23189: 23187: 23184: 23182: 23179: 23178: 23176: 23171: 23168: 23166: 23163: 23162: 23159: 23153: 23150: 23148: 23145: 23141: 23138: 23137: 23136: 23133: 23131: 23128: 23126: 23123: 23119: 23116: 23112: 23109: 23108: 23107: 23104: 23102: 23099: 23097: 23094: 23092: 23089: 23088: 23087: 23084: 23082: 23079: 23077: 23074: 23070: 23066: 23062: 23058: 23055: 23054: 23053: 23050: 23049: 23047: 23045: 23044:Denominations 23041: 23035: 23034: 23030: 23028: 23025: 23023: 23020: 23018: 23015: 23013: 23010: 23009: 23007: 23005: 23001: 22993: 22990: 22988: 22985: 22983: 22980: 22978: 22975: 22973: 22970: 22968: 22965: 22963: 22960: 22958: 22957: 22953: 22952: 22951: 22948: 22946: 22943: 22941: 22940: 22936: 22934: 22933: 22929: 22927: 22924: 22922: 22919: 22917: 22914: 22912: 22909: 22907: 22904: 22903: 22901: 22896: 22893: 22891: 22888: 22887: 22884: 22878: 22877: 22873: 22871: 22870: 22866: 22864: 22863: 22859: 22857: 22856: 22852: 22850: 22849: 22845: 22844: 22842: 22840: 22836: 22830: 22829:Holiest sites 22827: 22825: 22824:Judgement Day 22822: 22820: 22819: 22815: 22813: 22810: 22808: 22805: 22803: 22800: 22796: 22793: 22792: 22791: 22788: 22786: 22785: 22781: 22777: 22774: 22773: 22772: 22769: 22768: 22766: 22764: 22760: 22756: 22752: 22751: 22745: 22740: 22733: 22728: 22726: 22721: 22719: 22714: 22713: 22710: 22701: 22695: 22691: 22687: 22683: 22679: 22675: 22671: 22667: 22661: 22657: 22653: 22649: 22645: 22644: 22638: 22634: 22630: 22622: 22616: 22612: 22608: 22603: 22599: 22593: 22589: 22585: 22580: 22576: 22570: 22566: 22562: 22558: 22554: 22542: 22538: 22532: 22528: 22524: 22523: 22518: 22514: 22510: 22504: 22500: 22496: 22495: 22490: 22486: 22482: 22476: 22472: 22468: 22463: 22459: 22453: 22449: 22445: 22440: 22436: 22430: 22426: 22421: 22420: 22413: 22409: 22403: 22399: 22395: 22394: 22388: 22384: 22378: 22374: 22370: 22365: 22361: 22355: 22351: 22347: 22343: 22339: 22336: 22335:0-915677-55-5 22332: 22328: 22324: 22321: 22317: 22313: 22309: 22303: 22299: 22295: 22291: 22287: 22284: 22283:0-521-42120-9 22280: 22276: 22272: 22268: 22265: 22264:0-8221-0139-4 22261: 22257: 22253: 22249: 22245: 22241: 22235: 22231: 22230: 22225: 22224:Arberry, A.J. 22221: 22217: 22211: 22207: 22203: 22202: 22197: 22193: 22189: 22185: 22181: 22177: 22173: 22167: 22163: 22159: 22155: 22151: 22147: 22143: 22139: 22135: 22131: 22129: 22128:0-87123-553-6 22125: 22121: 22117: 22113: 22109: 22106: 22102: 22099: 22095: 22092: 22091: 22079: 22073: 22069: 22065: 22064: 22058: 22054: 22048: 22044: 22040: 22039: 22033: 22030: 22026: 22021: 22015: 22011: 22006: 22005: 21998: 21994: 21988: 21984: 21979: 21978: 21971: 21967: 21963: 21959: 21953: 21949: 21945: 21944: 21938: 21934: 21930: 21929: 21923: 21919: 21915: 21914: 21908: 21904: 21898: 21890: 21886: 21885: 21880: 21876: 21872: 21866: 21862: 21858: 21854: 21853: 21847: 21843: 21837: 21829: 21825: 21821: 21816: 21815: 21809: 21805: 21801: 21800:Bearman, P.J. 21797: 21793: 21789: 21785: 21779: 21775: 21771: 21770: 21765: 21761: 21757: 21756:Bearman, P.J. 21753: 21749: 21743: 21739: 21735: 21734: 21729: 21725: 21724:Houtsma, M.T. 21721: 21717: 21711: 21707: 21703: 21702: 21696: 21693: 21689: 21685: 21683: 21679: 21674: 21669: 21668: 21656: 21650: 21646: 21642: 21638: 21634: 21630: 21624: 21620: 21616: 21615: 21609: 21605: 21599: 21595: 21591: 21587: 21583: 21577: 21573: 21569: 21564: 21560: 21554: 21550: 21546: 21541: 21537: 21531: 21527: 21523: 21518: 21514: 21508: 21504: 21500: 21495: 21491: 21485: 21481: 21477: 21476: 21470: 21466: 21460: 21456: 21452: 21451:Shi'ite Islam 21448: 21444: 21440: 21434: 21430: 21425: 21424: 21417: 21413: 21407: 21403: 21399: 21395: 21391: 21387: 21381: 21377: 21373: 21369: 21365: 21361: 21357: 21353: 21349: 21345: 21341: 21337: 21336: 21330: 21326: 21320: 21316: 21312: 21311: 21306: 21302: 21299: 21286: 21279: 21275: 21271: 21265: 21261: 21257: 21256: 21250: 21246: 21242: 21238: 21232: 21228: 21224: 21220: 21215: 21211: 21205: 21201: 21196: 21195: 21188: 21184: 21178: 21174: 21173:HarperCollins 21170: 21169: 21163: 21159: 21155: 21151: 21147: 21141: 21137: 21133: 21128: 21124: 21118: 21114: 21110: 21105: 21101: 21095: 21091: 21087: 21083: 21079: 21075: 21069: 21065: 21061: 21060: 21054: 21050: 21044: 21040: 21036: 21035: 21029: 21025: 21019: 21015: 21010: 21009: 21002: 20998: 20992: 20988: 20984: 20983: 20977: 20973: 20967: 20963: 20959: 20954: 20950: 20944: 20940: 20936: 20932: 20928: 20924: 20918: 20914: 20910: 20905: 20901: 20895: 20891: 20887: 20882: 20878: 20872: 20868: 20864: 20859: 20855: 20849: 20845: 20840: 20836: 20830: 20826: 20825:Belknap Press 20822: 20821: 20816: 20812: 20808: 20802: 20797: 20796: 20789: 20785: 20779: 20775: 20771: 20766: 20762: 20756: 20752: 20748: 20743: 20739: 20733: 20729: 20725: 20720: 20716: 20712: 20708: 20704: 20698: 20694: 20690: 20686: 20682: 20678: 20674: 20668: 20664: 20659: 20658: 20651: 20647: 20641: 20637: 20633: 20628: 20624: 20618: 20614: 20610: 20609: 20603: 20599: 20593: 20589: 20585: 20581: 20580:Farah, Caesar 20577: 20573: 20567: 20563: 20559: 20558: 20552: 20550: 20545: 20539: 20535: 20531: 20526: 20522: 20516: 20512: 20508: 20503: 20499: 20493: 20489: 20485: 20484: 20478: 20474: 20468: 20464: 20460: 20455: 20451: 20445: 20441: 20437: 20436: 20430: 20426: 20420: 20416: 20412: 20411: 20405: 20401: 20395: 20391: 20387: 20386: 20380: 20376: 20370: 20366: 20362: 20361: 20356: 20352: 20348: 20342: 20338: 20333: 20332: 20325: 20321: 20315: 20311: 20307: 20302: 20291: 20285: 20281: 20280: 20274: 20270: 20264: 20260: 20256: 20255: 20249: 20245: 20239: 20235: 20232:. 4 volumes. 20231: 20226: 20222: 20216: 20212: 20207: 20203: 20201:0-618-42770-8 20197: 20193: 20189: 20184: 20180: 20174: 20170: 20166: 20161: 20157: 20151: 20147: 20143: 20139: 20134: 20130: 20124: 20120: 20116: 20112: 20108: 20104: 20099: 20095: 20093:1-59008-040-8 20089: 20085: 20080: 20079: 20065: 20059: 20055: 20051: 20046: 20045: 20036: 20028: 20022: 20018: 20013: 20012: 20003: 19996: 19992: 19988: 19984: 19978: 19976: 19968: 19964: 19960: 19956: 19952: 19951:Reeves, Minou 19947: 19940: 19936: 19932: 19929: 19924: 19917: 19913: 19908: 19892: 19891: 19883: 19876: 19872: 19868: 19865: 19859: 19844: 19840: 19833: 19825: 19819: 19815: 19808: 19800: 19796: 19792: 19788: 19784: 19780: 19776: 19772: 19771: 19766: 19759: 19751: 19747: 19743: 19739: 19735: 19731: 19727: 19723: 19719: 19715: 19711: 19707: 19703: 19702: 19697: 19690: 19683: 19678: 19672: 19668: 19664: 19657: 19650: 19646: 19640: 19636: 19632: 19625: 19618: 19614: 19608: 19604: 19600: 19596: 19595: 19587: 19580: 19576: 19570: 19566: 19562: 19561: 19553: 19546: 19541: 19539:9781317441250 19535: 19531: 19530: 19522: 19507: 19501: 19497: 19496: 19491: 19487: 19481: 19473: 19471:9780195165203 19467: 19463: 19456: 19441: 19437: 19431: 19423: 19421:981-3018-30-5 19417: 19413: 19409: 19408: 19400: 19385: 19379: 19375: 19372:. Cambridge: 19371: 19370: 19362: 19354: 19350: 19346: 19342: 19338: 19332: 19325: 19323: 19316: 19310: 19306: 19302: 19301: 19293: 19285: 19281: 19277: 19275:9780198606536 19271: 19267: 19260: 19252: 19250:0-300-08869-8 19246: 19242: 19238: 19234: 19233: 19225: 19217: 19215:9781405155144 19211: 19207: 19200: 19194:, p. 56. 19193: 19188: 19173: 19172: 19166: 19161: 19155: 19140: 19136: 19129: 19122: 19118: 19117:Stefon (2010) 19113: 19105: 19103:9783643900678 19099: 19095: 19088: 19081: 19076: 19060: 19056: 19052: 19048: 19042: 19034: 19030: 19025: 19020: 19015: 19010: 19006: 19002: 18998: 18997: 18992: 18985: 18969: 18965: 18961: 18960: 18955: 18949: 18942: 18938: 18933: 18931: 18923: 18918: 18902: 18898: 18894: 18888: 18880: 18874: 18870: 18866: 18862: 18861: 18853: 18837: 18831: 18824:. p. 81. 18823: 18819: 18812: 18804: 18798: 18794: 18790: 18786: 18785: 18777: 18769: 18763: 18759: 18755: 18751: 18750: 18742: 18735: 18730: 18724:, p. 339 18723: 18718: 18711: 18710:Waines (2003) 18706: 18690: 18686: 18679: 18663: 18662: 18654: 18646: 18639: 18624: 18618: 18610: 18599: 18595: 18594: 18586: 18571: 18570: 18565: 18558: 18550: 18543: 18537:, p. 111 18536: 18531: 18525:, p. 164 18524: 18523:Curtis (2005) 18519: 18511: 18505: 18501: 18500: 18492: 18486:, p. 72. 18485: 18480: 18473: 18468: 18461: 18457: 18451: 18445: 18441: 18435: 18428: 18426: 18424: 18417:, p. 17. 18416: 18411: 18409: 18401: 18396: 18389: 18384: 18369: 18368: 18362: 18354: 18352: 18344: 18339: 18337: 18328: 18321: 18306: 18300: 18296: 18295: 18287: 18279: 18273: 18269: 18268: 18260: 18245: 18244: 18239: 18232: 18217: 18213: 18206: 18191: 18187: 18180: 18172: 18165: 18158: 18152: 18144: 18138: 18134: 18130: 18126: 18122: 18118: 18117: 18112: 18108: 18104: 18100: 18099:Bianquis, Th. 18096: 18089: 18074: 18070: 18064: 18057: 18052: 18045: 18039: 18031: 18027: 18023: 18019: 18015: 18011: 18007: 18003: 18002: 17994: 17986: 17980: 17976: 17972: 17965: 17958: 17954: 17950: 17944: 17942: 17934: 17930: 17925: 17918: 17914: 17913:Leaman (2006) 17909: 17903:(consensus)." 17902: 17898: 17894: 17890: 17884: 17878: 17874: 17870: 17869: 17864: 17860: 17854: 17847: 17843: 17839: 17835: 17831: 17825: 17823: 17821: 17819: 17817: 17815: 17813: 17811: 17802: 17798: 17797: 17792: 17791:"Islamic Law" 17788: 17782: 17780: 17778: 17776: 17774: 17766: 17761: 17754:(1): 184–186. 17753: 17749: 17748: 17740: 17732: 17728: 17724: 17720: 17716: 17712: 17708: 17704: 17703: 17695: 17684: 17677: 17670: 17666: 17661: 17653: 17647: 17639: 17635: 17631: 17627: 17626: 17621: 17614: 17606: 17600: 17596: 17592: 17588: 17587: 17579: 17563: 17559: 17553: 17537: 17533: 17531:9780199340378 17527: 17522: 17517: 17513: 17509: 17505: 17501: 17497: 17491: 17484: 17479: 17464: 17458: 17454: 17450: 17449: 17441: 17434: 17429: 17427: 17410: 17404: 17389: 17385: 17378: 17371: 17367: 17364:. Routledge. 17363: 17357: 17350: 17346: 17345: 17340: 17336: 17331: 17322: 17314: 17308: 17304: 17297: 17290: 17285: 17279:, p. 145 17278: 17277:Turner (1998) 17273: 17266: 17261: 17255:, p. 302 17254: 17249: 17233: 17229: 17225: 17219: 17217: 17209: 17204: 17198: 17194: 17193: 17185: 17178: 17174: 17168: 17164: 17163: 17155: 17148: 17144: 17138: 17134: 17133: 17125: 17118: 17114: 17108: 17104: 17103: 17095: 17088: 17076: 17072: 17068: 17061: 17042: 17038: 17034: 17027: 17021: 17013: 17012: 17004: 16996: 16990: 16986: 16985: 16977: 16961: 16957: 16953: 16949: 16945: 16941: 16937: 16933: 16926: 16918: 16914: 16910: 16906: 16899: 16892: 16888: 16885: 16884: 16879: 16875: 16872: 16871: 16865: 16858: 16854: 16850: 16847: 16841: 16825: 16821: 16817: 16810: 16794: 16790: 16789:pakistani.org 16786: 16780: 16772: 16768: 16764: 16760: 16754: 16750: 16746: 16742: 16738: 16737:Farnham, U.K. 16734: 16730: 16723: 16707: 16703: 16699: 16692: 16676: 16672: 16666: 16658: 16654: 16650: 16644: 16640: 16633: 16625: 16619: 16615: 16611: 16607: 16603: 16599: 16595: 16591: 16584: 16576: 16572: 16568: 16562: 16558: 16554: 16550: 16546: 16539: 16537: 16535: 16533: 16531: 16522: 16518: 16514: 16512:9780253216304 16508: 16504: 16500: 16496: 16492: 16488: 16481: 16479: 16470: 16466: 16462: 16456: 16451: 16446: 16442: 16438: 16434: 16430: 16426: 16422: 16416: 16414: 16405: 16403:9780815650843 16399: 16395: 16391: 16387: 16386: 16378: 16362: 16358: 16352: 16348: 16347: 16339: 16331: 16325: 16318: 16305: 16304: 16299: 16292: 16276: 16272: 16266: 16262: 16261: 16256: 16252: 16246: 16238: 16234: 16230: 16223: 16207: 16203: 16197: 16193: 16192: 16184: 16168: 16164: 16158: 16154: 16153: 16145: 16129: 16125: 16121: 16117: 16113: 16109: 16105: 16101: 16094: 16086: 16080: 16076: 16069: 16061: 16059:9780415624404 16055: 16052:. Routledge. 16050: 16049: 16040: 16032: 16030:9789004269613 16026: 16022: 16018: 16014: 16009: 16004: 15998: 15990: 15984: 15980: 15973: 15958: 15954: 15947: 15940: 15935: 15931: 15927: 15923: 15919: 15915: 15911: 15907: 15903: 15899: 15894: 15889: 15885: 15881: 15878:(3). Oxford: 15877: 15873: 15872: 15867: 15860: 15853: 15848: 15844: 15840: 15836: 15832: 15828: 15824: 15820: 15816: 15812: 15807: 15802: 15798: 15794: 15791:(3). Oxford: 15790: 15786: 15785: 15780: 15773: 15766: 15761: 15745: 15741: 15739:9789004161214 15735: 15731: 15730: 15722: 15714: 15712:9780791470336 15708: 15704: 15700: 15694: 15686: 15680: 15672: 15665: 15657: 15653: 15646: 15630: 15626: 15625: 15617: 15610: 15598: 15594: 15590: 15584: 15577: 15565: 15561: 15557: 15556: 15551: 15545: 15538: 15534: 15530: 15527: 15521: 15514: 15513:9780765630049 15510: 15507: 15504: 15498: 15496: 15488: 15484: 15480: 15477: 15471: 15464: 15459: 15452: 15448: 15444: 15441: 15435: 15428: 15424: 15420: 15417: 15411: 15404: 15399: 15391: 15387: 15383: 15379: 15373: 15371: 15369: 15361: 15357: 15353: 15348: 15344: 15338: 15330: 15324: 15320: 15313: 15305: 15299: 15295: 15288: 15280: 15274: 15270: 15263: 15247: 15243: 15242: 15237: 15230: 15223: 15219: 15218: 15211: 15195: 15191: 15187: 15186:"Sunni Islam" 15180: 15164: 15160: 15159: 15154: 15148: 15132: 15128: 15124: 15117: 15101: 15097: 15096: 15091: 15087: 15086:Bindel, Julie 15081: 15065: 15061: 15057: 15051: 15035: 15031: 15025: 15009: 15005: 15001: 14995: 14979: 14975: 14971: 14965: 14946: 14939: 14933: 14926: 14913: 14909: 14905: 14899: 14884: 14880: 14879: 14874: 14867: 14851: 14847: 14846: 14841: 14835: 14819: 14815: 14811: 14805: 14789: 14785: 14781: 14780: 14775: 14769: 14760: 14754: 14750: 14746: 14739: 14723: 14719: 14713: 14709: 14708: 14700: 14692: 14686: 14682: 14681: 14673: 14666: 14662: 14658: 14654: 14651: 14645: 14629: 14625: 14619: 14615: 14611: 14607: 14606: 14598: 14591: 14586: 14579: 14565: 14561: 14560: 14555: 14549: 14542: 14538: 14534: 14531: 14525: 14510: 14506: 14505: 14500: 14494: 14478: 14474: 14470: 14469: 14464: 14458: 14451: 14447: 14444: 14440: 14436: 14433: 14429: 14424: 14408: 14404: 14400: 14394: 14386: 14380: 14376: 14372: 14367: 14366: 14357: 14351:, p. 11. 14350: 14345: 14338: 14333: 14331: 14323: 14319: 14316: 14312: 14308: 14304: 14301: 14295: 14293: 14291: 14280: 14273: 14269: 14265: 14261: 14258: 14252: 14236: 14232: 14226: 14210: 14206: 14200: 14184: 14180: 14176: 14170: 14154: 14150: 14144: 14125: 14121: 14115: 14111: 14107: 14100: 14081: 14077: 14071: 14067: 14063: 14059: 14055: 14048: 14032: 14028: 14024: 14017: 14010: 14005: 14000: 13999: 13990: 13983: 13982:Rippin (2001) 13978: 13971: 13966: 13959: 13953: 13946: 13941: 13925: 13921: 13920:The Economist 13917: 13911: 13905:, p. 41. 13904: 13899: 13883: 13879: 13878: 13873: 13866: 13850: 13846: 13842: 13836: 13820: 13816: 13812: 13806: 13790: 13786: 13782: 13775: 13767: 13761: 13757: 13750: 13734: 13730: 13726: 13719: 13703: 13699: 13698: 13692: 13684: 13668: 13664: 13663: 13658: 13651: 13635: 13631: 13630: 13625: 13618: 13602: 13598: 13594: 13588: 13580: 13578:9780691134840 13574: 13570: 13563: 13547: 13543: 13542: 13541:The Economist 13537: 13531: 13515: 13511: 13510: 13505: 13498: 13482: 13478: 13477: 13472: 13466: 13450: 13446: 13442: 13436: 13429: 13424: 13418: 13414: 13407: 13400: 13395: 13389: 13385: 13378: 13362: 13358: 13357: 13352: 13345: 13329: 13325: 13324: 13319: 13312: 13296: 13292: 13291: 13286: 13280: 13274:, p. 722 13273: 13268: 13252: 13248: 13244: 13238: 13236: 13227: 13225:9780820481111 13221: 13217: 13210: 13203: 13198: 13182: 13178: 13177: 13172: 13166: 13158: 13152: 13148: 13141: 13133: 13127: 13123: 13116: 13100: 13096: 13090: 13086: 13085: 13077: 13075: 13066: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13048: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13030: 13026: 13022: 13018: 13014: 13007: 12991: 12988:(in Arabic). 12987: 12983: 12976: 12960: 12956: 12955: 12950: 12944: 12928: 12924: 12923: 12917: 12912: 12906: 12904: 12895: 12893:0-691-03030-8 12889: 12885: 12881: 12875: 12859: 12855: 12854: 12849: 12843: 12836: 12831: 12825: 12821: 12814: 12806: 12802: 12798: 12794: 12790: 12786: 12782: 12778: 12771: 12764: 12759: 12751: 12745: 12729: 12725: 12721: 12717: 12713: 12712: 12707: 12700: 12684: 12680: 12674: 12670: 12666: 12665: 12657: 12650: 12645: 12638: 12633: 12617: 12613: 12611:0-7656-1747-1 12607: 12603: 12602: 12594: 12587: 12583: 12579: 12576: 12573:Nicolas Laos 12570: 12563: 12558: 12542: 12538: 12537: 12532: 12526: 12510: 12506: 12505: 12497: 12495: 12493: 12485: 12481: 12477: 12474: 12468: 12466: 12458: 12454: 12450: 12447: 12441: 12425: 12421: 12415: 12411: 12407: 12406: 12398: 12391: 12387: 12383: 12380: 12374: 12367: 12362: 12355: 12351: 12347: 12344: 12338: 12336: 12319: 12315: 12314: 12309: 12302: 12294: 12290: 12286: 12282: 12278: 12274: 12267: 12251: 12247: 12241: 12225: 12221: 12215: 12211: 12207: 12206: 12198: 12191: 12187: 12183: 12180: 12174: 12159: 12155: 12149: 12145: 12144: 12136: 12127: 12111: 12107: 12103: 12102: 12094: 12087: 12071: 12067: 12061: 12045: 12041: 12035: 12019: 12015: 12011: 12007: 12003: 11999: 11995: 11994: 11989: 11982: 11976:, p. 497 11975: 11970: 11962: 11956: 11952: 11947: 11946: 11937: 11930: 11929:0-7391-0375-X 11926: 11922: 11918: 11912: 11896: 11892: 11886: 11882: 11881: 11873: 11866: 11865:Çakmak (2017) 11861: 11854: 11849: 11841: 11837: 11830: 11823:. p. 25. 11822: 11818: 11811: 11795: 11791: 11785: 11766: 11759: 11753: 11746: 11745:Arnold (1896) 11741: 11733: 11727: 11723: 11716: 11700: 11696: 11690: 11674: 11670: 11664: 11657: 11656:Arnold (1896) 11652: 11645: 11641: 11637: 11634: 11628: 11612: 11608: 11607: 11601: 11593: 11584: 11576: 11569: 11553: 11549: 11543: 11539: 11538: 11533: 11527: 11520: 11519:0-8147-8023-7 11516: 11512: 11508: 11504: 11499: 11492: 11488: 11485: 11479: 11473: 11469: 11466: 11463:Rémi Brague, 11460: 11453: 11452:0-7486-0455-3 11449: 11445: 11439: 11432: 11427: 11425:9780226070803 11421: 11417: 11410: 11408: 11399: 11393: 11389: 11385: 11384: 11376: 11369: 11364: 11356: 11352: 11348: 11344: 11340: 11336: 11329: 11321: 11317: 11313: 11309: 11302: 11283: 11279: 11275: 11268: 11261: 11245: 11241: 11237: 11230: 11223: 11219: 11215: 11211: 11207: 11203: 11199: 11198:Toomer, G. J. 11193: 11185: 11179: 11175: 11171: 11164: 11145: 11141: 11137: 11133: 11129: 11125: 11121: 11120: 11115: 11108: 11093:on 6 May 2015 11092: 11088: 11082: 11073: 11064: 11048: 11044: 11043: 11038: 11032: 11013: 11006: 11000: 10993: 10989: 10985: 10981: 10975: 10967: 10963: 10959: 10955: 10951: 10947: 10944:(4): 531–55. 10943: 10939: 10938: 10930: 10923: 10918: 10911: 10906: 10899: 10894: 10887: 10882: 10875: 10874:Waines (2003) 10870: 10864:, p. 160 10863: 10858: 10850: 10844: 10840: 10833: 10827:, p. 88. 10826: 10821: 10815:, p. 50. 10814: 10809: 10802: 10798: 10794: 10788: 10781: 10776: 10769: 10764: 10749: 10748: 10742: 10734: 10732: 10725:, p. 86. 10724: 10719: 10712: 10707: 10701:, p. 56. 10700: 10695: 10687: 10680: 10674:, p. 45. 10673: 10668: 10660: 10653: 10647:, p. 87. 10646: 10641: 10639: 10637: 10630:, p. 43. 10629: 10624: 10608: 10604: 10600: 10593: 10577: 10573: 10571:9789652640147 10567: 10563: 10562: 10557: 10551: 10535: 10531: 10525: 10521: 10517: 10516: 10508: 10492: 10488: 10482: 10478: 10477: 10469: 10462: 10457: 10450: 10445: 10439:, p. 46. 10438: 10437:Waines (2003) 10433: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10402: 10395: 10390: 10382: 10376: 10372: 10368: 10362: 10354: 10352:9781351510721 10348: 10344: 10337: 10331: 10326: 10324: 10316: 10311: 10305:, p. 38. 10304: 10299: 10292: 10287: 10280: 10275: 10268: 10263: 10256: 10251: 10244: 10239: 10233:, p. 40. 10232: 10227: 10211: 10207: 10201: 10197: 10193: 10189: 10182: 10174: 10167: 10160: 10155: 10148: 10147:Peters (2003) 10143: 10127: 10123: 10121:9781473828650 10117: 10113: 10112: 10104: 10097: 10092: 10085: 10080: 10064: 10060: 10054: 10050: 10049: 10041: 10035: 10033: 10026: 10011: 10005: 9997: 9990: 9982: 9975: 9968: 9963: 9947: 9943: 9939: 9933: 9925: 9923:9789004335523 9919: 9915: 9908: 9901: 9897: 9892: 9885: 9881: 9880:Stefon (2010) 9876: 9868: 9861: 9854: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9833: 9817: 9813: 9807: 9803: 9802: 9794: 9788: 9784: 9783:Glassé (2003) 9779: 9764: 9758: 9754: 9753: 9745: 9729: 9725: 9719: 9715: 9714: 9706: 9698: 9691: 9684: 9679: 9672: 9667: 9659: 9657:9781597846110 9653: 9649: 9642: 9626: 9622: 9618: 9612: 9604: 9602:1-85941-729-9 9598: 9594: 9587: 9580: 9576: 9575:Stefon (2010) 9571: 9555: 9551: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9536: 9528: 9512: 9508: 9507: 9502: 9496: 9489: 9485: 9483:9780415297967 9479: 9475: 9468: 9461: 9456: 9440: 9436: 9430: 9426: 9422: 9421: 9413: 9406: 9400: 9384: 9380: 9379: 9373: 9366: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9341: 9325: 9321: 9315: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9296: 9290:, p. 178 9289: 9284: 9277: 9272: 9265: 9260: 9253: 9248: 9242: 9238: 9235: 9228: 9220: 9213: 9206: 9205: 9198: 9191: 9186: 9170: 9166: 9162: 9158: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9135: 9119: 9115: 9111: 9105: 9103: 9086: 9082: 9078: 9072: 9066: 9062: 9057: 9050: 9043: 9037: 9030: 9023: 9018: 9002: 8998: 8992: 8984: 8977: 8969: 8962: 8955: 8951: 8946: 8939: 8934: 8917: 8912: 8911: 8906: 8905:"Eschatology" 8902: 8896: 8888: 8881: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8861: 8854: 8853:Glassé (2003) 8849: 8842: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8823: 8819: 8814: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8792: 8786: 8779: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8760: 8754: 8750: 8746: 8739: 8731: 8724: 8716: 8709: 8703:, p. 666 8702: 8701:Martin (2004) 8697: 8686: 8682: 8679: 8676:. (See also: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8662: 8655: 8648: 8644: 8641: 8638:. (See also: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8622: 8621: 8617: 8616: 8610: 8594: 8590: 8588:90-04-12726-7 8584: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8571: 8563: 8557:, p. 225 8556: 8551: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8521: 8514: 8509: 8502: 8501:Turner (2006) 8497: 8490: 8485: 8477: 8473: 8467: 8459: 8452: 8445: 8444:Peters (2003) 8440: 8438: 8430: 8425: 8423: 8415: 8414: 8407: 8400: 8396: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8375: 8368: 8364: 8358: 8355:. p. 1. 8354: 8350: 8343: 8336: 8331: 8315: 8311: 8310: 8304: 8297: 8290: 8286: 8272: 8268: 8267: 8261: 8253: 8251: 8242: 8241: 8236: 8230: 8223: 8218: 8202: 8198: 8192: 8189:. p. 5. 8188: 8184: 8183: 8175: 8167: 8160: 8158: 8151:, p. 22. 8150: 8145: 8138: 8137:Çakmak (2017) 8133: 8127: 8123: 8118: 8111: 8103: 8096: 8089: 8084: 8077: 8072: 8065: 8060: 8054: 8050: 8045: 8038: 8032: 8028: 8023: 8016: 8009: 8003: 8002:Martin (2004) 7999: 7992: 7986: 7982: 7977: 7970: 7964: 7960: 7955: 7948: 7941: 7940: 7935: 7934: 7929: 7925: 7922: 7916: 7910:, p. 79. 7909: 7904: 7902: 7895:, p. 23. 7894: 7889: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7855: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7830: 7823: 7818: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7781: 7775: 7771: 7766: 7759: 7743: 7739: 7738: 7732: 7725: 7709: 7705: 7703:9781577313328 7699: 7695: 7694: 7686: 7679: 7675: 7673:9780195002454 7669: 7665: 7658: 7650: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7631: 7630: 7621: 7614: 7610: 7605: 7598: 7594: 7593: 7588: 7582: 7574: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7559: 7551: 7544: 7543: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7527: 7521: 7513: 7511:0-7607-1975-6 7507: 7503: 7496: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7466: 7450: 7446: 7445: 7439: 7434: 7428: 7426: 7424: 7422: 7420: 7403: 7399: 7393: 7391: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7360: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7330: 7328: 7319: 7317:9780199862634 7313: 7309: 7302: 7294: 7292:90-411-0176-4 7288: 7283: 7282: 7273: 7265: 7258: 7250: 7244: 7236: 7232: 7225: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7194: 7190: 7177: 7171: 7164: 7158: 7151: 7145: 7139: 7136: 7131: 7127: 7113: 7107: 7098: 7089: 7085: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7035: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7020: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7009: 7008:Divine Comedy 7004: 7000: 6995: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6980: 6978: 6975:or a form of 6974: 6970: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6945: 6941: 6935: 6925: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6912:, founded by 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6878:God incarnate 6875: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6849: 6836: 6832: 6825: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6811: 6803: 6798: 6794: 6791:16th century 6787: 6782: 6778: 6775:14th century 6771: 6766: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6748: 6743: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6726: 6721: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6707:14th century 6703: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6694: 6690: 6688: 6684: 6683:Dhu al-Hijjah 6674: 6673: 6668: 6664: 6663: 6654: 6650: 6649: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6619: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6519: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6484: 6482: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6470: 6465: 6464: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6443: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6411: 6407: 6406: 6401: 6392: 6388: 6386: 6382: 6381: 6376: 6372: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6338: 6334: 6333:Islamic veils 6330: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6295: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6276:Twelver Shias 6273: 6269: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6245:child support 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6213: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6168: 6165: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6145: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6127: 6122: 6118: 6117: 6106: 6105: 6100: 6099: 6094: 6090: 6080: 6079: 6074: 6066: 6065:Crimean Tatar 6062: 6057: 6042: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6021: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5984: 5980: 5973: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5949: 5947: 5943: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5909: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5887: 5885: 5884: 5879: 5878: 5874:), abhorred ( 5873: 5872: 5867: 5866: 5861: 5860: 5856:: mandatory ( 5855: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5844: 5839: 5838: 5833: 5832:legal schools 5829: 5828: 5823: 5819: 5818: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5800: 5798: 5797: 5791: 5790:religious law 5787: 5782: 5776: 5772: 5762: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5725: 5719: 5717: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5627: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5595: 5591: 5590:Mevlevi Order 5586: 5581: 5575: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5550:umbrella term 5545: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5524:numerological 5521: 5517: 5516: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5446: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5416: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5394:Second Coming 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5374: 5365: 5360: 5356: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5294: 5285: 5281: 5275: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5188: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5163:who selected 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5102: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5079:Ahl al-Hadith 5076: 5072: 5068: 5066: 5063:, founded by 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5047:, founded by 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4993: 4990:, one of the 4989: 4984: 4979: 4968: 4962: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4941: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4918: 4916: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4843: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4816: 4806: 4804: 4803:anti-religion 4800: 4799:ruling elites 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4782:televangelist 4778: 4773: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4760:targeting of 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4738: 4736: 4733:nationalized 4731: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4711:Islamic state 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4676: 4671: 4662: 4660: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4631:Pan-Islamists 4628: 4624: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4484:Ibn al-Qayyim 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4461: 4457: 4456:Abdülmecid II 4453: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4413:Mevlevi Order 4410: 4406: 4401: 4399: 4398:Mughal Empire 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4274: 4273:Mongol Empire 4271:ruler of the 4270: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4247: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4210: 4209:Saadi Shirazi 4206: 4202: 4198: 4197:Buyid dynasty 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4179: 4178:millennialist 4175: 4174:Shi'a Century 4171: 4167: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4119: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3997: 3992: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3969:scholasticism 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3909:Wasil ibn Ata 3906: 3902: 3896: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3812: 3802: 3800: 3799: 3794: 3790: 3789:Berber Revolt 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3713:Ibn al-Zubayr 3710: 3706: 3702: 3699:. During the 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3629:Hasan ibn Ali 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3581: 3578:Expansion of 3576: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3557: 3547: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3502: 3497: 3496: 3491: 3490: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3448: 3447: 3441: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3410:Jabal al-Nour 3407: 3403: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3384: 3380: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3358: 3354: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3317: 3309: 3302: 3296: 3286: 3283: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3252: 3247: 3233: 3231: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3186: 3185: 3167: 3165: 3164:raising hands 3160: 3148: 3143: 3137: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3107: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3043:Dhu al-Hijjah 3040: 3039:Islamic month 3031: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2981:Day of Arafah 2978: 2974: 2969: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2933: 2927: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2867: 2863: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2837: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2790: 2789: 2784: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2773:the direction 2770: 2766: 2763:that include 2762: 2754: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2673: 2666: 2662: 2659: 2654: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2613: 2609: 2599: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2579: 2572:القضاء والقدر 2569: 2563: 2553: 2545: 2544: 2533: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2502: 2497: 2496: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2460: 2459: 2452: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2419: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2376: 2375: 2362: 2361: 2349: 2348: 2343: 2342: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2316: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2273: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2194: 2193: 2188: 2187: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2156: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2041:) or 'fire' ( 2040: 2039: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2024: 2012: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1986: 1978: 1976: 1975: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1941:Be, and it is 1938: 1933: 1925: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1884:panentheistic 1881: 1880: 1870: 1869: 1862: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1844:in Arabic in 1843: 1838: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1814: 1809: 1803: 1799: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1778: 1777:Mohammedanism 1772: 1769: 1768: 1763:(faith), and 1761: 1760: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1736: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1724: 1713: 1708: 1697: 1691: 1682: 1678: 1672: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1631:in South Asia 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1611:theologically 1608: 1604: 1600: 1597:(85–90%) and 1596: 1592: 1589:The two main 1587: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1467:women's roles 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1440: 1434: 1429: 1428: 1421: 1420: 1413: 1412: 1405: 1404: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1388: 1381: 1380: 1374: 1373:Last Judgment 1370: 1369: 1364: 1363: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1252: 1231: 1216: 1212: 1211: 1202: 1154: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1124: 1123: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1099: 1098: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1087:Ahl al-Fatrah 1084: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1059: 1054: 1053: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1042: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1027: 1025: 1023: 1017: 1016: 1012: 1010: 1008: 1003: 1002: 998: 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Retrieved 22541:the original 22521: 22493: 22466: 22443: 22418: 22392: 22368: 22345: 22326: 22320:I. B. Tauris 22315: 22293: 22270: 22251: 22247: 22228: 22200: 22145: 22119: 22111: 22062: 22037: 22003: 21976: 21966:j.ctt1jd94wq 21942: 21926: 21911: 21882: 21861:Thomson-Gale 21851: 21813: 21767: 21731: 21728:Arnold, T.W. 21700: 21687: 21640: 21613: 21593: 21567: 21544: 21521: 21498: 21474: 21450: 21427:. New York: 21422: 21397: 21371: 21339: 21333: 21309: 21289:. Retrieved 21254: 21218: 21193: 21167: 21157: 21131: 21108: 21085: 21066:, New York. 21058: 21033: 21007: 20981: 20957: 20934: 20908: 20885: 20862: 20843: 20819: 20794: 20773: 20768:Holt, P.M.; 20746: 20723: 20714: 20688: 20656: 20631: 20607: 20583: 20556: 20529: 20506: 20482: 20458: 20434: 20409: 20384: 20359: 20330: 20305: 20293:. Retrieved 20278: 20253: 20229: 20210: 20187: 20164: 20137: 20114: 20102: 20083: 20043: 20035: 20010: 20002: 19982: 19954: 19946: 19927: 19923: 19907: 19895:. Retrieved 19889: 19882: 19877:. pp. 27–28. 19863: 19858: 19846:. Retrieved 19842: 19832: 19813: 19807: 19774: 19768: 19758: 19705: 19699: 19695: 19689: 19680: 19662: 19656: 19648: 19630: 19624: 19616: 19593: 19586: 19578: 19559: 19552: 19543: 19528: 19521: 19509:. Retrieved 19494: 19480: 19461: 19455: 19443:. Retrieved 19439: 19430: 19406: 19399: 19387:. Retrieved 19368: 19361: 19344: 19340: 19337:T. W. Arnold 19331: 19321: 19318: 19299: 19292: 19265: 19259: 19231: 19224: 19205: 19199: 19187: 19175:. Retrieved 19169: 19154: 19142:. Retrieved 19138: 19128: 19112: 19093: 19087: 19080:Campo (2009) 19075: 19063:. Retrieved 19050: 19041: 19000: 18994: 18984: 18972:. Retrieved 18957: 18948: 18922:Campo (2009) 18917: 18905:. Retrieved 18901:the original 18896: 18887: 18859: 18852: 18842:13 September 18840:. Retrieved 18830: 18817: 18811: 18787:. New York: 18783: 18776: 18748: 18741: 18736:, p. 79 18729: 18717: 18705: 18693:. Retrieved 18689:the original 18678: 18666:. 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The three 1449: 1423:); fasting ( 1395:—considered 1393:Five Pillars 1366: 1360: 1291:, including 1282: 1152: 1151: 1113: 1107: 1091: 1085: 1080: 1076:Ahl al-Kitab 1074: 1056: 1050: 1045: 1039: 1034: 1028: 1019: 1013: 1005: 999: 990: 984: 979: 973: 947: 934: 844:Islamophobia 623:Demographics 618:Circumcision 534: 527: 520: 486: 478: 462: 454: 446: 435: 429: 423: 416: 283: 229:Baháʼí Faith 169:Muslim world 133:Central Asia 125:North Africa 111:Monotheistic 37: 25: 28975:New Zealand 28912:Saint Lucia 28862:El Salvador 28767:Switzerland 28702:Netherlands 28474:Philippines 28402:South Korea 28397:North Korea 28287:Afghanistan 28234:South Sudan 28124:Ivory Coast 27908:Deification 27855:Objectivism 27830:Agnosticism 27788:Persecution 27778:Video games 27743:Populations 27654:Proselytism 27622:Monasticism 27613:Clericalism 27603:Agriculture 27594:and society 27559:Soteriology 27519:Comparative 27489:Transtheism 27474:Panentheism 27258:Monasticism 27051:Gallo-Roman 26953:Micronesian 26919:Manichaeism 26867:Hermeticism 26835:Continental 26830:Anglo-Saxon 26710:Paleolithic 26705:Prehistoric 26655:Scientology 26518:Italo-Roman 26373:Radha Soami 26353:New Thought 26193:Espiritismo 26134:Waaqeffanna 26074:Fon and Ewe 26012:Sub-Saharan 25895:Satsana Phi 25691:Ghost Dance 25649:Californian 25627:Anishinaabe 25558:Karo Pemena 25537:Indonesian 25211:Lingayatism 25159:Mahanubhava 25129:Vaishnavism 25060:Jeungsanism 24983:Folk Taoism 24966:Xiantiandao 24820:Zoroastrian 24479:Charismatic 24474:Pentecostal 24437:Anglicanism 24388:Waldensians 24323:Catholicism 23834:Other areas 23825:Theological 23820:Eschatology 23777:Mathematics 23714:Calligraphy 23644:Theological 23598:Inheritance 23515:Cleanliness 22945:Shi'a Imams 22939:Ahl al-Bayt 22294:Noble Quran 20549:Lay summary 19997:. p. 53-54. 19969:. p. 93–96. 19490:Mei-Po Kwan 19177:25 November 18907:27 December 18867:. pp. 18609:mohammedan. 18484:Nasr (2003) 18221:13 February 18195:13 February 18008:(1): 1–38. 17496:Cook, David 17349:E. N. Zalta 17291:, p. 1 17267:, p. 3 17238:4 September 16830:13 February 16816:"Bektāšīya" 16310:12 November 15886:: 599–623. 15799:: 599–623. 15635:28 December 15506:M.E. Sharpe 15252:28 December 15137:21 November 15070:26 November 14984:17 December 14241:19 December 14009:secularism. 13956:V. Šisler: 13825:21 February 13257:27 December 13105:26 December 12996:19 December 12986:جريدة الوطن 12734:23 February 12515:19 December 12430:10 December 12356:pp. 270–271 12076:29 December 11901:19 February 11053:13 December 11021:13 December 10216:17 February 10196:I.B. Tauris 9190:Nasr (2003) 9124:16 December 9091:13 November 9040:: The verb 9007:13 November 8831:." Ch 4 in 8540:7 September 8446:, p. 9 8240:Asian Music 7878:18 December 7611:, pp. 7408:27 November 7379:19 December 7112:footbinding 6969:Ibn Kammuna 6902:Baha'u'llah 6807:The phrase 6754:Po-i-Kalyan 6737:country of 6672:Eid al-Adha 6648:Eid al-Fitr 6602:containing 6584:calligraphy 6572:calligraphy 6568:visual arts 6564:Islamic art 6524:Islamic art 6360:herbivorous 6352:intoxicants 6292:occultation 6274:. For most 6225:Bayt al-mal 6029:. The term 5336:Ibadi Islam 5327:Ibadi Islam 5204:occultation 5126:Ahl al-Bayt 5041:Mu'tazilism 4978:Sunni Islam 4742:Khmer Rouge 4705:replaced a 4687:Arab Spring 4635:pan-Arabism 4547:Reconquista 4500:Saud family 4492:innovations 4472:puritanical 4470:promoted a 4388:. The Shia 4384:became the 4357:model, and 4331:Mongol rule 4265:Ghazan Khan 4193:Black Stone 4101:mathematics 4032:engineering 4022:as well as 4020:agriculture 4012:mathematics 3951:founded by 3943:founded by 3917:Al-Mu'tasim 3869:formed the 3729:ahl al-bayt 3454: 1595 3390:trusted one 3033:" (Arabic: 3015:during the 2769:prostrating 2738:prostrating 2736:Muslim men 2596:إن شاء الله 2522:Yawm ad-Dīn 2463:يوم القيامة 2400:Sunni Islam 2364:); "good" ( 2278:رسول‎ 2029:revelations 1675:In Arabic, 1633:; 20% live 1615:juridically 1595:Sunni Islam 1483:Eid al-Adha 1479:Eid al-Fitr 1471:environment 1371:) with the 1335:), and the 1317:revelations 1244:submission 1220:ٱلْإِسْلَام 1046:Disbeliever 966:Individuals 859:Laws of war 522:Ahl al-Bayt 407:Foundations 246:1.9 billion 233:Druze Faith 221:Separations 129:East Africa 121:Middle East 41:ٱلْإِسْلَام 29168:Categories 28965:Micronesia 28842:Costa Rica 28737:San Marino 28697:Montenegro 28677:Luxembourg 28534:Uzbekistan 28509:Tajikistan 28414:Kyrgyzstan 28387:Kazakhstan 28337:East Timor 28307:Bangladesh 28297:Azerbaijan 28214:Seychelles 28179:Mozambique 28164:Mauritania 28149:Madagascar 28039:Cape Verde 27821:irreligion 27816:Secularism 27723:Minorities 27691:Toleration 27686:Syncretism 27671:Fanaticism 27661:Disability 27649:Missionary 27639:Conversion 27627:Ordination 27549:Psychology 27544:Philosophy 27484:Polytheism 27464:Monotheism 27459:Henotheism 27300:Orthopraxy 27290:Ordination 27253:Meditation 27248:Indigenous 27213:Entheogens 27198:Conversion 27024:Pueblo III 26941:Babylonian 26931:Melanesian 26857:Gnosticism 26742:Lithuanian 26635:Fourth Way 26489:Circassian 26467:Dievturība 26390:Tensegrity 26323:Falun Gong 25968:Sanamahism 25948:Donyi-Polo 25580:Polynesian 25526:Kaharingan 25451:Burkhanism 25390:Ravidassia 25368:Śvetāmbara 25154:Pushtimarg 25134:Krishnaism 25070:Vietnamese 25055:Cheondoism 24988:Yao Taoism 24924:East Asian 24690:Isma'ilism 24646:Maturidism 24425:Mennonites 24420:Hutterites 24405:Anabaptism 24298:Humanistic 23989:Ex-Muslims 23884:Shu'ubiyya 23878:Psychology 23866:Literature 23856:Inventions 23802:Philosophy 23610:Leadership 23586:Honorifics 23241:Philosophy 23096:Isma'ilism 23061:Maturidism 22950:Caliphates 22921:Golden Age 22812:Revelation 22547:31 January 22180:2008009151 22041:. Oxford: 21643:. Boston: 21547:. London: 21524:. London: 21455:SUNY Press 21283:(Report). 20295:17 January 20190:. Boston: 20052:. p. 19914:, p. 19601:. p. 19239:. p. 19144:28 January 19119:, p. 18939:, p. 18836:"IslamWeb" 18791:. p. 18756:. p. 18752:. Oxford: 18078:15 January 17931:, p. 17915:, p. 17840:. Oxford: 17542:15 January 17468:17 January 17337:. 2016. " 17081:20 October 17071:New Europe 16767:2013019344 16657:1137739779 16575:1220880253 16521:2003009791 16281:13 October 15988:1850435928 15926:sc76000837 15839:sc76000837 15658:Reference. 15570:25 October 15220:. Oxford: 15200:10 January 15095:Standpoint 14889:17 January 14728:7 November 14665:1931930252 14612:. p. 14515:13 January 14468:Al Jazeera 14215:26 October 14037:12 October 13930:5 February 13815:Al Jazeera 13739:5 February 13729:Al Jazeera 13673:5 February 13520:6 December 13487:6 December 13367:8 December 13245:(Report). 12689:1 December 12547:2 November 12410:SUNY Press 12164:15 January 12024:7 November 11919:. p. 292. 11890:9004103910 11774:2 November 11558:2 February 11212:(4): 464. 10603:Al-monitor 9952:16 October 9898:, p. 9882:, p. 9822:15 January 9811:0918720583 9785:, p. 9577:, p. 9356:. Leiden: 8747:. Oxford: 8394:0684825074 8383:. London: 8362:1842126091 8351:. London: 8283:"The word 7837:. Oxford: 7789:. London: 7714:15 January 7637:. p. 7542:StudyQuran 7231:"Muḥammad" 7075:References 7032:criticized 6938:See also: 6914:Guru Nanak 6870:Isma'ilism 6858:Berghouata 6846:See also: 6762:Uzbekistan 6717:Bangladesh 6678:عيد الأضحى 6558:Islamicate 6554:dress code 6544:The term " 6522:See also: 6354:, such as 6335:represent 6302:See also: 6175:See also: 6171:Governance 6073:sacerdotal 5779:See also: 5707:revivalist 5703:Nile Green 5685:Sufis see 5656:Gnosticism 5652:Isma'ilism 5578:See also: 5562:Kazakhstan 5410:most other 5352:Jami Sahih 5348:kharijites 5331:Kharijites 5101:Shia Islam 5089:Said Nursi 5065:Al-Ashʿarī 5045:Maturidism 5033:textualist 4965:See also: 4926:In Britain 4872:Bangladesh 4823:See also: 4786:Amr Khaled 4703:revolution 4437:Nader Shah 4351:Copernicus 4337:under the 4302:to Islam. 4292:syncretism 4282:Under the 4189:Qarmatians 4135:Christians 4088:brothers' 4046:, and his 3985:syncretism 3981:Al-Ghazali 3977:Maimonides 3953:Al-Ash'ari 3941:Māturīdism 3863:al-Shafi'i 3855:Abū Ḥanīfa 3843:Al-Kulayni 3819:See also: 3751:Kharijites 3677:Kharijites 3641:Ridda wars 3564:See also: 3484:companions 3466:polytheism 3361:See also: 3306:See also: 3230:media help 3113:See also: 3025:pilgrimage 3001:See also: 2987:Pilgrimage 2949:See also: 2890:almsgiving 2840:See also: 2830:Almsgiving 2722:See also: 2543:al-Qāriʿah 2243:depicting 2199:) and the 2124:See also: 2090:Scriptures 2084:philosophy 1906:iconodules 1879:monotheism 1669:See also: 1623:four books 1599:Shia Islam 1554:scientific 1493:in Mecca, 1397:obligatory 1278:Christians 712:Philosophy 449:(exegesis) 386:Pilgrimage 376:Almsgiving 141:South Asia 29158:Religions 29083:Venezuela 29028:Argentina 28945:Australia 28897:Nicaragua 28872:Guatemala 28672:Lithuania 28494:Sri Lanka 28489:Singapore 28469:Palestine 28357:Indonesia 28347:Hong Kong 28169:Mauritius 27890:Overviews 27845:Criticism 27793:Terrorism 27768:Theocracy 27713:Happiness 27681:Pluralism 27666:Education 27592:Religion 27564:Salvation 27554:Sociology 27499:Religious 27479:Pantheism 27469:Nontheism 27362:Mountains 27340:Sacrifice 27295:Orthodoxy 27285:Mythology 27280:Mysticism 27169:Behaviour 27078:Canaanite 27061:Mithraism 27029:Pueblo IV 27019:Pueblo II 26924:Mazdakism 26899:Hungarian 26872:Mysteries 26781:Dravidian 26563:Hungarian 26479:Caucasian 26450:Godianism 26410:Agni Yoga 26400:Theosophy 26363:Rastafari 26338:Modekngei 26318:Brahmoism 26311:Syncretic 26303:movements 26301:religious 26213:Quimbanda 26161:Candomblé 26154:Diasporic 25933:Bathouism 25923:Benzhuism 25848:Tsimshian 25799:Purépecha 25720:Longhouse 25695:Sun Dance 25644:Blackfoot 25563:Malaysian 25553:Kapitayan 25363:Digambara 25348:Ayyavazhi 25313:Vajrayana 25278:Theravada 25191:Ganapatya 25164:Ramanandi 25093:Hoahaoism 24971:Yiguandao 24866:Yarsanism 24861:Shabakism 24848:Yazdânism 24838:Zurvanism 24833:Mazdaznan 24792:Rastafari 24787:Mandaeism 24661:Wahhabism 24641:Ash'arism 24604:Tolstoyan 24594:Spiritual 24584:Mormonism 24555:Judaizers 24528:Quakerism 24506:Methodist 24496:Irvingism 24447:Calvinism 24400:Adventism 24383:Moravians 24220:Abrahamic 24106:Symbolism 24064:Incidents 24042:Criticism 23939:Mormonism 23841:Astrology 23767:Cosmology 23762:Astronomy 23704:Arabesque 23571:Etiquette 23530:Blasphemy 23320:Economics 23135:Ahmadiyya 23069:Mu'tazili 23057:Ash'arism 22674:256852082 22188:750831024 22068:Routledge 21948:Routledge 21828:1573-3912 21792:1573-3912 21549:Routledge 21526:Routledge 21360:161485671 21315:Routledge 21245:211657444 21113:Routledge 20050:Routledge 19959:NYU Press 19941:pp. 18–20 19799:162363556 19791:1613-0928 19770:Der Islam 19726:0003-0279 19055:Bbc.co.uk 18822:Routledge 18789:HarperOne 18310:7 October 18030:145681085 17838:E. Shahin 17731:154870820 17415:10 August 17393:10 August 17372:. p. 214. 17050:29 August 16956:1749-8171 16749:Routledge 16469:1874-6691 16367:7 January 16124:155070530 15910:0002-7189 15902:1477-4585 15823:0002-7189 15815:1477-4585 15732:. Brill. 15679:cite book 15656:MacMillan 15479:Routledge 14610:Routledge 14268:Fact Tank 14189:14 August 14159:26 August 13888:15 August 13855:14 August 13845:ohchr.org 13795:5 January 13640:6 January 13552:15 August 13334:15 August 13301:10 August 13047:2405-8440 12933:17 August 12916:"Mecelle" 12864:1 January 12805:144461915 12382:Routledge 12346:Routledge 12256:6 October 12050:27 August 12014:162411014 11800:26 August 11705:10 August 11679:6 October 11355:120363574 11140:144509355 10966:144315162 10958:0021-1753 10497:7 October 10422:4 January 10069:7 October 9768:26 August 9734:7 October 9631:16 August 9617:"Ramadan" 9560:7 October 9517:27 August 9445:7 October 9352: ." 9350:Masd̲j̲id 9330:2 October 9175:7 January 9157:0578-8072 8599:21 August 8349:The Koran 7849:. p. 209. 7809:123136939 7791:Routledge 7539:4. – via 7185:Citations 7080:Footnotes 6928:Criticism 6886:Kurdistan 6882:Yazdânism 6810:Bismillah 6733:, in the 6657:عيد الفطر 6635:holy days 6550:festivals 6477:, called 6445:) during 6419:Polyandry 6268:apostates 6131:Honorific 6098:muhaddith 5865:mustahabb 5849:muʿāmalāt 5568:Mysticism 5468:Shamanism 5456:heterodox 5452:syncretic 5323:Muhakkima 5317:Muhakkima 5217:Isma'ilis 5173:his death 5122:successor 5061:Ash'arism 4878:form the 4860:Indonesia 4651:Jerusalem 4576:Salafiyya 4516:Senusiyya 4425:syncretic 4421:heterodox 4405:symbiosis 4374:caliphate 4269:Ilkhanate 4205:Nezamiyeh 4155:Christian 4153:employed 4105:algorithm 4090:automatic 4086:Banū Mūsā 4028:economics 4016:astronomy 3957:Al-Farabi 3911:. Caliph 3905:Muʿtazila 3875:Al-Tabari 3851:Madh'habs 3649:Byzantine 3594:Jerusalem 3501:Muhajirun 3256:الحمد لله 3204:Sincerity 3184:Al-Ikhlas 3133:elocution 3091:Jerusalem 2527:يوم الدين 2461:(Arabic: 2410:authentic 2211:distorted 2136:archangel 1914:Ar-Rahmān 1894:, called 1892:idolatory 1871:(Arabic: 1786:offensive 1665:Etymology 1619:six books 1584:conquests 1568:involved 1544:. In the 1507:Jerusalem 1251:Abrahamic 1058:Hypocrite 1024:, corrupt 832:terrorism 784:Criticism 737:Sexuality 707:Mysticism 677:Festivals 657:Education 652:Economics 588:Academics 544:Caliphate 357:Practices 165:Territory 96:Scripture 89:Abrahamic 29109:Category 29073:Suriname 29063:Paraguay 29048:Colombia 28955:Kiribati 28882:Honduras 28852:Dominica 28827:Barbados 28792:Scotland 28752:Slovenia 28747:Slovakia 28722:Portugal 28592:Bulgaria 28514:Thailand 28464:Pakistan 28444:Mongolia 28439:Maldives 28434:Malaysia 28322:Cambodia 28269:Zimbabwe 28244:Tanzania 28094:Ethiopia 28089:Eswatini 28069:Djibouti 28034:Cameroon 28019:Botswana 27963:Timeline 27958:Scholars 27918:Founders 27783:Violence 27738:Politics 27608:Business 27571:Theology 27315:Prophecy 27305:Paganism 27193:Covenant 27160:Apostasy 27095:Scythian 27036:Rapa Nui 26990:Thracian 26985:Illyrian 26975:Albanian 26946:Sumerian 26889:Harappan 26825:Germanic 26820:Georgian 26813:Selk'nam 26798:Etruscan 26786:Egyptian 26764:Druidism 26727:Armenian 26650:Satanism 26630:Eckankar 26553:Estonian 26538:Romanian 26528:Ossetian 26508:Germanic 26457:Armenian 26446:African 26439:paganism 26368:Sant Mat 26358:Rajneesh 26333:Meivazhi 26328:Japanese 26285:Siberian 26218:Santería 26188:Convince 26054:Bushongo 25958:Kiratism 25885:Hmongism 25762:Wocekiye 25747:Jivaroan 25715:Iroquois 25710:Ho-Chunk 25671:Cherokee 25614:American 25585:Hawaiian 25498:Sarnaism 25468:Tungusic 25456:Tengrism 25446:Mongolic 25375:Sarnaism 25306:Nichiren 25283:Mahayana 25270:Buddhism 25248:Sant Mat 25238:Sauraism 25233:Smartism 25228:Shaktism 25221:Balinese 25206:Kaumaram 25201:Kapalika 25196:Kashmiri 25181:Shaivism 25121:Hinduism 25088:Caodaism 25032:Ryukyuan 25027:Tenrikyo 25022:Shugendō 25000:Japanese 24871:Yazidism 24856:Ishikism 24734:Quranism 24707:Khawarij 24656:Salafism 24651:Atharism 24540:Esoteric 24511:Holiness 24501:Lutheran 24462:Reformed 24442:Baptists 24415:Brethren 24379:Hussites 24367:Assyrian 24283:Haymanot 24237:Orthodox 24186:Religion 24144:Category 24037:Islamism 24020:Muhammad 23976:Apostasy 23951:Hinduism 23851:Feminism 23782:Medicine 23622:Military 23576:Gambling 23525:Apostasy 23520:Criminal 23432:Marriage 23401:Tayammum 23353:Murabaha 23226:Madrasas 23216:Holidays 23206:Clothing 23201:Children 23196:Calendar 23147:Quranism 23101:Alawites 23065:Atharism 22956:Rashidun 22795:In Islam 22790:Muhammad 22684:(1998). 22559:(1963). 22519:(1994). 22491:(1979). 22226:(1996). 22198:(2011). 22136:(2008). 21639:(2002). 21592:(1973). 21449:(1979). 21396:(2006). 21370:(1998). 21346:: 1–42. 21307:(2001). 21298:Overview 21156:(2003). 21084:(1996). 20987:Scribner 20933:(1984). 20817:(2002). 20687:(2006). 20582:(1994). 20357:(1998). 20234:ABC-CLIO 20113:(2010). 19750:47785421 19742:12032032 19682:Yazidis. 19635:ABC-CLIO 19492:(2007). 19445:8 August 19389:6 August 19284:50238944 19059:Archived 19033:28194416 18968:Archived 18954:"Khitān" 18754:Oneworld 18159:. p. 75. 18113:(eds.). 18046:. p. 38. 17865:(2001). 17846:original 17830:Sharīʿah 17723:20071709 17536:Archived 17388:BBC News 17208:Muslim." 17041:Archived 16960:Archived 16887:Archived 16874:Archived 16859:page 255 16824:Archived 16799:19 March 16712:19 March 16702:DAWN.COM 16596:(eds.). 16390:Syracuse 16361:Archived 16324:cite web 16275:Archived 16253:(2013). 16206:Archived 16167:Archived 16128:Archived 16005:(2014). 15918:24488178 15831:24488178 15744:Archived 15701:(2007). 15629:Archived 15378:"sharia" 15246:Archived 15163:Archived 15131:Archived 15100:Archived 15064:Archived 15060:HuffPost 15034:Archived 15008:Archived 14978:Archived 14912:Archived 14883:archived 14850:Archived 14845:BBC News 14818:Archived 14788:Archived 14749:Illinois 14722:Archived 14653:Archived 14628:Archived 14564:Archived 14533:Archived 14509:archived 14477:Archived 14446:Archived 14435:Archived 14407:Archived 14318:Archived 14313:. p. 70 14303:Archived 14260:Archived 14235:Archived 14209:Archived 14183:Archived 14153:Archived 14130:7 August 14124:Archived 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28029:Burundi 28004:Algeria 27948:Outline 27913:Deities 27840:Atheism 27758:Science 27676:Freedom 27534:History 27501:studies 27454:Dualism 27444:Animism 27409:Worship 27389:Symbols 27330:Liturgy 27243:Goddess 27203:Deities 27184:Laicism 27174:Beliefs 27153:Aspects 27125:Zapotec 27120:Vainakh 27088:Yahwism 27073:Semitic 27002:Iranian 26904:Hurrian 26894:Hittite 26884:Guanche 26877:Orphism 26808:Fuegian 26803:Finnish 26791:Atenism 26737:Latvian 26722:Arabian 26665:Raëlism 26645:Jediism 26640:Goddess 26613:De novo 26501:Druidry 26395:Thelema 26348:New Age 26233:Umbanda 26124:Tumbuka 26109:Odinala 26094:Lugbara 26014:African 25980:African 25928:Bimoism 25918:Burmese 25774:Mapuche 25740:Wyandot 25700:Guarani 25681:Choctaw 25676:Chilote 25622:Abenaki 25573:Tagalog 25546:Kejawèn 25395:Sikhism 25358:Jainism 25318:Tibetan 25301:Amidism 25169:Warkari 25083:Đạo Mẫu 24933:Chinese 24915:Eastern 24892:Roshani 24811:Iranian 24719:Alevism 24712:Ibadism 24685:Zaydism 24362:Ancient 24333:Eastern 24293:Renewal 24278:Karaite 24259:Zionist 24247:Hasidic 24229:Judaism 24211:Western 24091:Nursing 24052:Qutbism 23966:Sikhism 23961:Judaism 23956:Jainism 23792:Physics 23739:Pottery 23724:Gardens 23719:Carpets 23634:Slavery 23556:Divorce 23543:Dhabiĥa 23371:Hygiene 23346:Takaful 23328:Banking 23258:Science 23252:Qurbani 23221:Mosques 23181:Animals 23170:Culture 23118:Zaydism 23106:Alevism 22992:Ottoman 22982:Almohad 22977:Fatimid 22972:Córdoba 22967:Abbasid 22962:Umayyad 22895:Leaders 22890:History 22848:Shahada 22763:Beliefs 22144:(ed.). 22138:"Islam" 20075:Sources 19933:, 2015 19848:1 April 19712:: 542. 19511:30 June 19024:5282422 19007:: 1–8. 18628:7 March 18603:28 June 18575:7 March 18361:"Jihad" 18022:4092696 17789:(ed.). 16681:23 June 16212:20 June 16173:20 June 16134:14 July 15962:22 July 15934:1479270 15847:1479270 15750:14 July 15589:"Sunni" 15354:, from 15352:mubtadi 15153:"Sunni" 14856:1 April 14580:(2005). 14483:15 June 14443:Article 14413:25 July 14315:Article 13455:31 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BBC. 8903:(ed.). 8207:15 June 7599:. 2020. 7438:"Islam" 7349:9 March 6910:Sikhism 6815:Ottoman 6758:Bukhara 6667:Ramadan 6662:Shawwal 6492:Shahada 6447:Ramadan 6348:carrion 6337:modesty 6249:Umar II 6241:dirhams 6189:tasamuh 6164:karāmāt 6144:mawlawi 6045:Society 6038:ijtihad 6007:Ja'fari 6003:Hanbali 5999:Shafi'i 5979:madhhab 5970:in the 5958:Madhhab 5921:Mecelle 5908:maẓālim 5843:ʿibādāt 5837:ijtihad 5788:is the 5751:Senegal 5747:Morocco 5743:Algeria 5739:Tunisia 5735:Barelvi 5668:Isfahan 5635:ascetic 5472:Animism 5448:Alevism 5390:Messiah 5340:Ibadism 5303:Mashhad 5284:Karbala 5221:Nizaris 5212:Zaidism 5157:Muslims 5019:Shafi'i 5011:Hanbali 4874:alone. 4707:secular 4601:Mecelle 4532:Barelwi 4488:Wahhabi 4476:itjihad 4441:madhhab 4312:Nanjing 4308:culture 4242:in the 4143:Sabians 4118:al-jabr 4113:algebra 4066:measles 4024:physics 3971:within 3949:Ash'ari 3933:schools 3768:Maghreb 3746:Muwatta 3645:Persian 3609:Caliphs 3470:muezzin 3422:Gabriel 3416:of the 3402:Khadija 3289:History 3212:chapter 3095:Al-Aqsa 3067:Ishmael 3047:Abraham 2977:Ramadan 2973:smoking 2921:Fasting 2907:Sadaqah 2902:welfare 2842:Sadaqah 2775:of the 2728:Jumu'ah 2700:except 2672:Shahada 2622:Shahada 2549:القارعة 2479:Qiyāmah 2467:Qiyāmah 2301:Abraham 2272:anbiyāʾ 2249:Abraham 2164:Medinan 2068:Mika'il 2064:Michael 2056:Gabriel 2005:, 1307. 1919:الرحمان 1820:: God, 1780:in the 1740:مُسْلِم 1696:Form IV 1692: 1540:to the 1459:welfare 1433:Ramadan 1403:shahada 1391:). 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In 21962:JSTOR 21774:Brill 21738:Brill 21356:S2CID 21281:(PDF) 21241:S2CID 19795:S2CID 19730:JSTOR 19708:(3). 19412:88–89 19349:JSTOR 18869:92–93 18695:3 May 18026:S2CID 18018:JSTOR 17897:qiyas 17889:Quran 17727:S2CID 17719:JSTOR 17686:(PDF) 17044:(PDF) 17029:(PDF) 16851:2013 16120:S2CID 15914:JSTOR 15898:eISSN 15827:JSTOR 15811:eISSN 15624:Shiʿi 15531:2011 15481:2013 15445:2018 15360:sunna 15356:bid'a 15347:Sunna 15343:sunna 15106:8 May 15014:6 May 14954:4 May 14948:(PDF) 14941:(PDF) 14925:faith 14634:3 May 14004:113–4 13597:MSNBC 12801:S2CID 12793:JSTOR 12478:2010 12459:p. 50 12451:2005 12384:2013 12348:2013 12289:JSTOR 12184:2010 12096:(PDF) 12010:S2CID 11768:(PDF) 11761:(PDF) 11638:1975 11454:, p.4 11351:S2CID 11285:(PDF) 11270:(PDF) 11214:JSTOR 11147:(PDF) 11136:S2CID 11015:(PDF) 11008:(PDF) 10962:S2CID 10015:1 May 9884:42–43 9845:Knopf 9358:Brill 9161:JSTOR 8579:Brill 8285:Quran 7860:"God" 7613:76–77 7485:9 May 7176:101:1 7138:2:117 7135:Quran 6961:Bible 6866:Druze 6854:Druze 6711:, in 6631:Hijra 6625:is a 6500:kafan 6463:adhan 6442:rehal 6433:Quran 6380:hijab 6255:Jihad 6217:usury 6193:Jihad 6121:mufti 6104:faqih 6089:ulama 6056:Ulama 6011:Zaidi 5895:fatwa 5883:haram 5871:mubah 5854:ahkam 5822:qiyas 5759:Niger 5608:Konya 5482:Quran 5450:is a 5402:Mahdi 5265:Najaf 5130:Imams 5084:Nurcu 5037:kalam 4999:sunna 4972:Sunni 4934:women 4892:China 4868:India 4819:Ummah 4790:ulema 4777:hijab 4766:OHCHR 4730:coups 4394:Babur 4296:Hindu 4099:. 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