Muslim world - Knowledge

16482:

new architectural style. The forms and conventions of Classical architecture were better understood in Syria than in the lands further east, and as a result some of the vocabulary of Umayyad architecture—of column and capital, pointed arch and dome, rib and vault—is familiar to a Western observer. These traditions declined in importance, however, as Muslim builders began to adopt the architectural styles of the newly conquered lands to the east—in Mesopotamia, Iran, Central Asia and even India. (...) The Abbasid dynasty of caliphs, founded in 749, ruled most of the Islamic lands from capital cities in Iraq during a golden age that lasted at least until the end of the 9th century. New styles of architecture were characterized by forms, techniques and motifs of Iraqi and Iranian origin. Some features of these styles, such as brick vaults and stucco renderings, had already appeared in buildings erected late in the Umayyad period (661–c. 750; see §III above), but they became increasingly widespread as a result of the power and prestige of the Abbasid court. In the Islamic lands around the Mediterranean, Late Antique traditions of stone construction roofed with wood continued, although new techniques and styles were eventually introduced from Iraq.

2026: 2121: 3876: 5100: 7630: 4781: 1775: 1950: 7703: 4879: 1794: 13302:"Islamic Order." Today it is one of the recognized alternatives to "fundamentalist", along with "political Islam" in particular. Current terminology usually distinguishes between "Islam," and "Islamism", referring to the ideology of those who tend to signal openly, in politics, their Muslim religion. the term has often acquired a quasi-criminal connotation close to that of political extremism, religious sectarianism, or bigotry. In Western mainstream media, "Islamists" are those who want to establish, preferably through violent means, an "Islamic state" or impose sharīʿah (Islamic religious law)—goals that are often perceived merely as a series of violations of human rights or the rights of women. In the Muslim world, insiders use the term as a positive reference. In the academic sphere, although it is still debated, the term designates a more complex phenomenon. 4858: 3895: 3857: 1865: 4181: 1841: 4298: 1817: 4286: 4836: 2145: 4637: 4653: 6609: 4758: 6819: 4503: 4515: 4158: 7191: 6545: 5122: 6807: 6507: 7140: 6831: 2003: 4917: 6661: 6009: 5463: 7007: 6633: 7650: 6419: 3391: 4811: 7684: 4487: 4357: 3327: 6437: 6991: 6459: 245: 5806: 2221: 4274: 4262: 2075: 5826: 4895: 4240: 2042: 7207: 5848: 5776: 2937: 3648:, involving "support for identity, authenticity, broader regionalism, revivalism, revitalization of the community." Islamists themselves prefer terms such as "Islamic movement", or "Islamic activism" to "Islamism", objecting to the insinuation that Islamism is anything other than Islam renewed and revived. In public and academic contexts, the term "Islamism" has been criticized as having been given connotations of violence, extremism, and violations of human rights, by the Western mass media, leading to Islamophobia and stereotyping. 6526: 4621: 7171: 2105: 4677: 2992: 4601: 2169: 3375: 7753: 2192: 6589: 4563:

Muslim-majority Arab country, the youth female literacy rate exceeds that for males. Lower literacy rates are more prevalent in South Asian countries such as in Afghanistan and Pakistan, but are rapidly increasing. In the Eastern Middle East, Iran has a high level of youth literacy at 98%, but Iraq's youth literacy rate has sharply declined from 85% to 57% during the American-led war and subsequent occupation. Indonesia, the largest Muslim-majority country in the world, has a 99% youth literacy rate.

5142: 1330: 6564: 2207: 3407: 5754: 5728: 7669: 3057: 7614: 5019: 3226: 3174: 3005: 2654: 1976: 2742: 2576: 5161: 19012: 4203: 3239: 3200: 3109: 3083: 2979: 2729: 2615: 3031: 5864: 5707: 4222: 2872: 3436: 3070: 4586:(10.7). In addition, the average of years of schooling in countries in which Muslims are the majority is 6.0 years of schooling, which lag behind the global average (7.7 years of schooling). In the youngest age (25–34) group surveyed, Young Muslims have the lowest average levels of education of any major religious group, with an average of 6.7 years of schooling, which lag behind the global average (8.6 years of schooling). The study found that 3311: 2833: 2755: 3343: 2846: 2641: 7739: 3148: 2924: 2716: 3261: 3161: 2966: 2898: 2859: 2703: 1263: 68: 6482: 3213: 2807: 2794: 2589: 3695: 3096: 3044: 1654:, were among the influential and distinguished powers in the world. 19th-century colonialism and 20th-century decolonisation have resulted in several independent Muslim-majority states around the world, with vastly differing attitudes towards and political influences granted to, or restricted for, Islam from country to country. These have revolved around the question of Islam's compatibility with other ideological concepts such as 6976: 7156: 3187: 3135: 2911: 2885: 2820: 2768: 2667: 2628: 2394: 170: 27: 3122: 3018: 2781: 2602: 3359: 19001: 7725: 1163: 3921: 3295: 572: 9887:"Many people, including myself, are often guilty of using terms such as 'Muslim countries', or the 'Islamic world', as if Islam has always been there, and always will be. And that is completely unclear. (...) If the current trend continues, at some point a large section of the population may no longer be religious. How 'Islamic' would that still make the 'Islamic world'? 8229: 4723:, this diversity includes diversity in beliefs, interpretations and practices and communities and interests. Knight says perception of Muslim world among non-Muslims is usually supported through introductory literature about Islam, mostly present a version as per scriptural view which would include some 16436:: "As the Arabs did not have an architectural tradition suited to the needs of a great empire, they adopted the building methods of the defeated Sassanian and Byzantine empires. Because they ruled from Syria, Byzantine influence was stronger, although Sassanian elements became increasingly important." 6289:

to the present day. The Islamic world encompasses a wide geographic area historically ranging from western Africa and Europe to eastern Asia. Certain commonalities are shared by Islamic architectural styles across all these regions, but over time different regions developed their own styles according

4562:

In 2015, the International Islamic News Agency reported that nearly 37% of the population of the Muslim world is unable to read or write, basing that figure on reports from the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. In Egypt, the largest

1225:

as a movement with power, importance, and cohesion born in Paris, where Turks, Arabs and Persians congregated. The correspondent's focus was on India: it would take too long to consider the progress made in various parts of the Muslim world. The article considered the position of the Amir, the effect

16481:

Although Syria remained the center of the Islamic empire for less than 90 years, its role in the development of Islamic architecture was crucial. The region's own ancient civilization, unified and transformed by Hellenization and overlaid with Roman and Christian elements, provided the basis for the

4412:

lived in countries with Muslim majorities (excluding Nigeria). The Pew Forum study finds that Indonesia (21.1 million) has the largest Christian population in the Muslim world, followed by Egypt, Chad and Kazakhstan. While according to Adly A. Youssef and Martyn Thomas, in 2004, there were around 30

3784:

The overwhelming majority of Muslims in the world, between 87 and 90%, are Sunni. Shias and other groups make up the rest, about 10–13% of overall Muslim population. The countries with the highest concentration of Shia populations are: Iran – 89%, Azerbaijan – 65%, Iraq – 60%, Bahrain – 60%, Yemen –

3711:

Because the terms 'Muslim world' and 'Islamic world' are disputed, since no country is homogeneously Muslim, and there is no way to determine at what point a Muslim minority in a country is to be considered 'significant' enough, there is no consensus on how to define the Muslim world geographically.

12248:

The constitution also states there shall be a "just and equitable balance" in the apportionment of cabinet and high-level civil service positions among the major religious groups, a provision amended by the Taif Agreement, which ended the country's civil war and mandated proportional representation

7573:

while Muslim women's experiences differs a lot by location and personal situations such as family upbringing, class and education; the difference between culture and religions is often ignored by community and state leaders in many of the Muslim majority countries, the key issue in the Muslim world

2250:

In the 20th century, the end of the European colonial domination has led to creation of a number of nation states with significant Muslim populations. These states drew on Islamic traditions to varying degree and in various ways in organizing their legal, educational and economic systems. The Times

13301:

The term "Islamism/Islamist" has come into increasing use in recent years to denote the views of those Muslims who claim that Islam, or more specifically, the Islamic sharīʿah, provides guidance for all areas of human life, individual and social, and who therefore call for an "Islamic State" or an

16533:: "Thus, it is increasingly being recognized that the mutual Roman–Byzantine architectural heritage of the Mediterranean, which had played an important role in the formation of early Islamic art, continued to mediate the shared histories of European and Islamic art long after the medieval period." 3508:

In its original formulation, Islamism described an ideology seeking to revive Islam to its past assertiveness and glory, purifying it of foreign elements, reasserting its role into "social and political as well as personal life"; and in particular "reordering government and society in accordance

13254:

Islamism is one of many sociopolitical concepts continuously contested in scholarly literature. It is a neologism debated in both Muslim and non-Muslim public and academic contexts. The term "Islamism" at the very least represents a form of social and political activism, grounded in an idea that

2372:. His understanding of the "Muslim world" and its "social order" was that, presented to the Western world as the result of practicing Islamic teachings, would impress "by the beauty and charm of true Islamic ideology". He argued that the values of the Enlightenment and its related precursor, the 16510:

At this stage of scholarly knowledge, however, it is probably fair to say that Islam's Arabian past, essential for understanding the faith and its practices, and the Arabic language and its literature, is not as important for the forms used by Islamic art as the immensely richer world, from the

9064:

THE appalling and catastrophic pictures of the so-called new extremist Isis Jihadist group made me think about someone who can say I am a Muslim of a non-denominational standpoint, and to my surprise/ignorance, such people exist. Online, I found something called the people's mosque, which makes

7094:; chapters and excerpts from the Qur'an are a common and almost universal text upon which Islamic calligraphy is based. Although artistic depictions of people and animals are not explicitly forbidden by the Qur'an, pictures have traditionally been limited in Islamic books in order to avoid 9551: 6755:

which featured paintings of people and animals, and also depictions of Quranic stories and Islamic traditional narratives. Another reason why Islamic art is usually abstract is to symbolize the transcendence, indivisible and infinite nature of God, an objective achieved by arabesque.

4452:

exist in the non-Arab countries of Iran (9,500) and Turkey (14,500); both, however, are much smaller than they historically have been. Among Arab countries, the largest Jewish community now exists in Morocco with about 2,000 Jews and in Tunisia with about 1,000. The number of

1249:'s citizens are c. 10% Christians), and in absolute numbers, there are sometimes fewer Muslims living in countries in which they make up the majority than in countries in which they form a minority. Hence, the term 'Muslim-majority countries' is often preferred in literature. 1245:, although there are no agreed criteria for inclusion. Some scholars and commentators have criticised the term 'Muslim/Islamic world' and its derivative terms 'Muslim/Islamic country' as "simplistic" and "binary", since no state has a religiously homogeneous population (e.g. 4757: 2086:

by European powers profoundly affected Muslim-majority societies in Africa, Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Colonialism was often advanced by conflict with mercantile initiatives by colonial powers and caused tremendous social upheavals in Muslim-dominated societies.

7114:, it encompasses a diverse array of works created in a wide variety of contexts. The prevalence of calligraphy in Islamic art is not directly related to its non-figural tradition; rather, it reflects the centrality of the notion of writing and written text in Islam. 547:

are roughly equal. China has the third largest Muslim population outside Muslim-majority countries, while Russia has the fifth largest Muslim population. Nigeria has the largest Muslim population in Africa, while Indonesia has the largest Muslim population in Asia.

11972: 2120: 3286:

countries, which are shown in the Government and religion section above in the article. Apart from these, large Muslim populations exist in some countries where Muslims are a minority, and their Muslim communities are larger than many Muslim-majority nations:

2470:

ideals, societies responded in different ways. Some Muslim-majority countries are secular. Azerbaijan became the first secular republic in the Muslim world, between 1918 and 1920, before it was incorporated into the Soviet Union. Turkey has been governed as a

7106:

prohibition by using strands of tiny writing to construct lines and images. Calligraphy was a valued art form, even as a moral good. An ancient Arabic proverb illustrates this point by emphatically stating that "Purity of writing is purity of the soul."

1949: 8061:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World (OEIW) deals with all aspects of Islam—the world's second largest and fastest-growing religion—and the societies in which it exists, including their religion, politics, economics, everyday life, culture, and

6201:

in mills and water-raising machines, and pioneered the use of dams as a source of water power, used to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines. Such advances made it possible for industrial tasks that were previously driven by

3450:

During much of the 20th century, the Islamic identity and the dominance of Islam on political issues have arguably increased during the early 21st century. The fast-growing interests of the Western world in Islamic regions, international conflicts and

1531:, a successive series of dynasties that synthesized Indian civilization with the wider commercial and cultural networks of Africa and Eurasia, greatly increased demographic and economic growth in India and deterred Mongol incursion into the prosperous 16511:

Atlantic Ocean to Central Asia, taken over by Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries. Even later, after centuries of independent growth, new conquests in Anatolia or India continued to bring new local themes and ideas into the mainstream of Islamic art.

1896:"Why do the Christian nations, which were so weak in the past compared with Muslim nations begin to dominate so many lands in modern times and even defeat the once victorious Ottoman armies?"..."Because they have laws and rules invented by reason." 2097:

The only Muslim-majority regions not to be colonized by the Europeans were Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey, and Afghanistan. Turkey was one of the first colonial powers of the world with the Ottoman empire ruling several states for over 6 centuries.

2025: 3875: 2368:, the faith is "a complete divorce from jahiliyyah". He complained that American churches served as centers of community social life that were "very hard distinguish from places of fun and amusement". For Qutb, Western society was the modern 360:

which consists of 57 member states had a combined GDP(PPP) of US$ 24 trillion which is equal to about 18% of world's GDP or US$ 30 trillion with 5 OIC observer states which is equal to about 22% of the world's GDP. Some OIC member countries

13255:

public and political life should be guided by a set of Islamic principles. In other words, Islamists are those who believe that Islam has an important role to play in organizing a Muslim-majority society and who seek to implement this belief.

9559: 8938:

The Pew Forum's estimate of the Shia population (10%) is in keeping with previous estimates, which generally have been in the range of 10%. Some previous estimates, however, have placed the number of Shias at nearly 15% of the world's Muslim

7629: 16289:. Bengal was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with. 1793: 3681:

More than 24.1% of the world's population is Muslim, with an estimated total of approximately 1.9 billion. Muslims are the majority in 49 countries, they speak hundreds of languages and come from diverse ethnic backgrounds. The city of

6791:

and arches, organized and interwoven with alternating sequences of niches and colonnettes. The role of domes in Islamic architecture has been considerable. Its usage spans centuries, first appearing in 691 with the construction of the

5099: 4966:

in 1258. The Abbasids were influenced by the Quranic injunctions and hadiths, such as "the ink of a scholar is more holy than the blood of a martyr," that stressed the value of knowledge. The major Islamic capital cities of Baghdad,

7582:

are widespread among many conservative Muslims (men and women). Orthodox Muslims often believe that rights and responsibilities of women in Islam are different from that of men and sacrosanct since assigned by the God. According to

7102:, Iraq, from which it takes its name. The style later developed into several varieties, including floral, foliated, plaited or interlaced, bordered, and square kufic. In the ancient world, though, artists would often get around the 3491:

within the context of the state or society. The majority of them are affiliated with Islamic institutions or social mobilization movements, often designated as "al-harakat al-Islamiyyah." Islamists emphasize the implementation of

1840: 8621: 4780: 475:, the largest Muslim-majority country; 31% of Muslims live in South Asia, the largest population of Muslims in the world; 20% in the Middle East–North Africa, where it is the dominant religion; and 15% in Sub-Saharan Africa and 5203:. It reached its final form by the 14th century; the number and type of tales have varied from one manuscript to another. This work has been very influential in the West since it was translated in the 18th century, first by 4975:

became the main intellectual centers for science, philosophy, medicine, and education. During this period, the Muslim world was a collection of cultures; they drew together and advanced the knowledge gained from the ancient

5897:'s invented the log base systems that are being used today, he also contributed theorems in trigonometry as well as limits. Recent studies show that it is very likely that the Medieval Muslim artists were aware of advanced 6188:

and windmills. By the 11th century, every province throughout the Islamic world had these industrial mills in operation, from al-Andalus and North Africa to the Middle East and Central Asia. Muslim engineers also invented

345:), enriched the Muslim world, achieving the economic preconditions for the emergence of this institution owing to the emphasis attached to Islamic teachings. In the modern era, most of the Muslim world came under European 13931: 4835: 3719:

is the world's largest Muslim-minority population in the world (11% of the world's Muslim population). Jones (2005) defines a "large minority" as being between 30% and 50%, which described nine countries in 2000, namely

11976: 9729:

there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the

11862: 4180: 7841: 13610:

Karachi is the largest city in Pakistan, the second-largest city in the world when "city" is defined by official municipal limits, the largest city in the Muslim world, and the world's seventh-largest metropolitan

11188: 9468: 10755:: Article 1 – "The official religion of Persia is Islám, according to the orthodox Já'farí doctrine of the Ithna 'Ashariyya (Church of the Twelve Imáms), which faith 1 the Sháh of Persia must profess and promote." 4727:

and abstracts of history as per authors own point of views, to which even many Muslims might agree, but that necessarily would not reflect Islam as lived on the ground, 'in the experience of real human bodies'.

15631: 4534:

is in second place in the Index of Literacy of World Countries. Some members such as Iran, Kuwait, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan have over 97% literacy rates, whereas literacy rates are the lowest in

14369:

Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above..

7496:

The ancient Iranian Solar calendar is one of the oldest calendars in the world, as well as the most accurate solar calendar in use today. Since the calendar uses astronomical calculation for determining the

2498:

Some countries have declared Islam as the official state religion. In those countries, the legal code is largely secular. Only personal status matters pertaining to inheritance and marriage are governed by

1816: 12463: 2346:

to allay his fears: "Fight them, and God will chastise them at your hands/And degrade them, and He will help you/Against them, and bring healing to the breasts of a people who believe", referring to the

15327: 10143: 4878: 10245:. (Contributors: Alfred T, Chakabarty D, Dussel E, Eze E, Hsueh V, Kohn M, Bhanu Mehta P, Muthu S, Parekh B, Pitts J, Schutte O, Souza J, Young IM). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Group. 1864: 10799: 9704:

Islam is the youngest, the fastest growing, and in many ways the least complicated of the world's great monotheistic faiths. It is based on its own holy book, but it is also a direct descendant of

3715:

In 2010, 73% of the world's Muslim population lived in countries where Muslims are in the majority, while 27% of the world's Muslim population lived in countries where Muslims are in the minority.

10219: 5957:("Book of Concessions"), a medical encyclopedia which was later translated to Latin and used in European and Muslim medical schools for centuries. Other medical advancements came in the fields of 4857: 1372:, is believed by Muslims to have received the first revelation of the Quran, and began to preach his message. In 622 CE, facing opposition in Mecca, he and his followers migrated to Yathrib (now 4958:, where scholars from various parts of the world sought to translate and gather all the known world's knowledge into Arabic, and to have ended with the collapse of the Abbasid caliphate due to 14917:

Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.

13182: 9500: 7702: 12105: 8381: 2144: 3856: 1349:. Al-Idrisi also wrote about the diverse Muslim communities found in various lands. Note: the map is here shown upside-down from the original to match current North/Up, South/Down map design 13353: 9857:

21 ambassadors from Muslim – so-called "Muslim states". How do they dare to call themselves "Muslim"? In what sense is Egypt a "Muslim" country? You can't denominate a country as religious.

15267: 15242: 9047: 8613: 8355: 1774: 298:

spans about 1,400 years and includes a variety of socio-political developments, as well as advances in the arts, science, medicine, philosophy, law, economics and technology during the

15297: 8810: 17471: 8310: 2002: 349:. The nation states that emerged in the post-colonial era have adopted a variety of political and economic models, and they have been affected by secular as well as religious trends. 14420: 6148:

and vertical-wheeled water mills were both in widespread use since at least the 9th century. A variety of industrial mills were being employed in the Islamic world, including early

5805: 11765: 15916: 12265: 3894: 13945: 1399:) continued to lead the Muslim community based on his teachings and guidelines of the Quran. The majority of Muslims consider the first four successors to be 'rightly guided' or 13288: 6632: 6249:" denotes the works of art and architecture produced from the 7th century onwards by people who lived within the territory that was inhabited by culturally Islamic populations. 14701: 13115: 12436: 6458: 5496:(Avicenna) (980–1037) had more than 450 books attributed to him. His writings were concerned with various subjects, most notably philosophy and medicine. His medical textbook 3761:

The two main denominations of Islam are the Sunni and Shia sects. They differ primarily upon of how the life of the ummah ("faithful") should be governed, and the role of the

2255:

as a movement with power importance and cohesion born in Paris where Turks, Arabs and Persians congregated. The article considered The position of the Amir; the effect of the

11858: 3637:) for combining grassroots Islamization with armed revolution. The term has been applied to non-state reform movements, political parties, militias and revolutionary groups. 396:

As of 2020, 1.8 billion or more than 25% of the world population are Muslims. By the percentage of the total population in a region considering themselves Muslim, 91% in the

16841: 11783: 9324: 8560: 6608: 14027:

Approximately 97 percent of Pakistanis are Muslim. The majority are Sunnis following the Hanafi school of Islamic law. Between 10 and 15 percent are Shias, mostly Twelvers.

12330: 9135:

Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more

9034:

Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims – those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites, but who accept Islam as a religion generally.

8103:

The Islamic world is generally defined contemporaneously as consisting of nation-states whose population contains a majority of Muslims. in the contemporary era, the term

7139: 6081:, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. 4652: 4502: 4157: 13919:

On the other hand, in Pakistan, where 6% of the survey respondents identify as Shia, Sunni attitudes are more mixed: 50% say Shias are Muslims, while 41% say they are not.

9460: 13906: 10596: 6109:

crossing Central Asia passed through Islamic states between China and Europe. The emergence of major economic empires with technological resources after the conquests of

4297: 13541: 8817:"Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90 percent) of that community." 7466:) and has years of 365 or 366 days. It is sometimes also called the Shamsi calendar and Khorshidi calendar. It is abbreviated as SH, HS or, sometimes as AHSh, while the 4514: 13146: 3513:), Islamist movements have "arguably altered the Middle East more than any trend since the modern states gained independence", redefining "politics and even borders". 9294: 8499: 8411: 7485:. The calendar is named the "Hijri calendar" because that was the year that Mohammed is believed to have left from Mecca to Medina, which event is referred to as the 4942:, economic development and cultural works in most of the Muslim-dominated world flourished. The age is traditionally understood to have begun during the reign of the 15776:: in qua ostenditur, quomodo ex inferiorum contemplatione ad superiorum notitiam ratio humana ascendere possit. E Theatro Sheldoniano, excudebat Joannes Owens, 1700. 6544: 4916: 13596:

Global Happiness: A Guide to the Most Contented (and Discontented) Places around the Globe: A Guide to the Most Contented (and Discontented) Places around the Globe

6936:, though there is no evidence that such a set was used in medieval times. Girih patterns have been used to decorate varied materials including stone screens, as at 6932:

explicitly shows girih patterns together with the tilings used to create them. A set of tiles consisting of a dart and a kite shape can be used to create aperiodic

5753: 1748:

and small arms, to create their empires. They existed primarily between the fourteenth and the late seventeenth centuries. During the 17th–18th centuries, when the

18761: 12619: 12376: 8673: 7470:(commonly known in the West as the 'Islamic calendar', although both calendars are Islamic) is usually abbreviated as AH. The solar Hijri calendar predominates in 5775: 16701: 11656: 5847: 4285: 18643: 8643: 5663: 4636: 3777:, Muhammad's father-in-law, to be Muhammad's political but not his religious successor. Shia, on the other hand, believe that Muhammad designated his son-in-law 1975: 14139: 12467: 18011: 14106: 11523: 9582: 8590: 15319: 10151: 6990: 5121: 4486: 2168: 1388:. By the time of his death, Muhammad had become the political and spiritual leader of Medina, Mecca, the surrounding region, and numerous other tribes in the 16340:

Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe",

16202:

Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe",

13506: 12295: 8848: 8825: 7683: 7006: 4239: 13472: 12489: 11184: 9438: 8461: 7170: 6436: 5347:, both being the earliest examples of a desert island story. However, while Hayy lives alone with animals on the desert island for the rest of the story in 4594:

in educational attainment, since Muslim women have an average of 4.9 years of schooling, compared to an average of 6.4 years of schooling among Muslim men.

8998:

The majority of the world's Islamic population, which is Sunni, accounts for over 85 percent of the Islamic population; the other 10 to 15 percent is Shia.

4464:

In 2010, the Pew Forum study finds that Bangladesh (13.5 million), Indonesia (4 million), Pakistan (3.3 million) and Malaysia (1.7 million) has a sizeable

17182: 14682:

Christian contributions to art, culture, and literature in the Arab-Islamic world; Christian contributions education and social advancement in the region.

11842: 10795: 10184: 8752: 5825: 4810: 18628: 14000: 13443: 10211: 10041: 9637: 9158: 5685: 12218: 12134: 9264: 2220: 11455: 6760:

is an omnipresent decoration in Islamic art, and is usually expressed in the form of Quranic verses. Two of the main scripts involved are the symbolic

2041: 357: 279:. This consists of all those who adhere to the religious beliefs, politics, and laws of Islam or to societies in which Islam is practiced. In a modern 13978: 8925: 8789: 5727: 4413:

million Christians who lived in countries with Muslim majorities, with the largest Christian population number lived in Indonesia, followed by Egypt.

2376:, "denies or suspends God's sovereignty on earth" and argued that strengthening "Islamic character" was needed "to abolish the negative influences of 14241: 13401: 13190: 11707: 11624: 11494: 10982: 10731: 9691: 9521: 9490: 8107:

now includes not only the traditional heartlands of Islam, but also Europe and North America, both of which have sizeable minority Muslim populations

17132: 13645: 12873:. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America: Oxford University Press. pp. 270–271, 276–278, 280, 283–285, 295, 310–311. 12408: 12097: 10953: 10898: 9220: 8377: 18727: 17211:. INU societal research. Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations : Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. 15977:

Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I. Conrad (1996),

15074: 13341: 12600: 11398: 11127: 10533: 9242: 8530: 6037: 5904:

geometry (discovered half a millennium later in the 1970s and 1980s in the West) and used it in intricate decorative tilework in the architecture.

16325: 15235: 11043: 9078: 16846: 16261: 16234: 15399: 15275: 11581: 7587:

patriarchal behaviour among Muslims is based in an ideology which jumbles sexual and biological differences with gender dualisms and inequality.

5392:. Rather than giving supernatural or mythological explanations for these events, Ibn al-Nafis attempted to explain these plot elements using the 13315: 11011: 9415: 9051: 6506: 5056:

was one of the earliest new technologies developed by the Islamic potters. The first Islamic opaque glazes can be found as blue-painted ware in

3487:

ideological movements. The advocates of Islamism, also known as "al-Islamiyyun", are dedicated to realizing their ideological interpretation of

14194: 13672: 9603: 8962:

Shi'a Islam is the second largest branch of the tradition, with up to 150 million followers who comprise around 10% of all Muslims worldwide...

8347: 7190: 5863: 2212: 15289: 13886:

Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (96.3 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately 97 percent are Sunni and 3 percent Shia.

11314: 10019: 5488:." Islamic philosophy, in this definition is neither necessarily concerned with religious issues, nor is exclusively produced by Muslims. The 2094:; or affirmed more traditionalist and inclusive cultural ideals; and in rare cases adopted modernity that was ushered by the colonial powers. 16028: 15799: 14720:

Copts in Egypt: A Christian Minority Under Siege: Papers Presented at the First International Coptic Symposium, Zurich, September 23-25, 2004

11235: 10924: 7649: 7206: 7124:. There are several variations of each, as well as regionally specific styles. Arabic or Persian calligraphy has also been incorporated into 6214:

and driven by machinery instead in the medieval Islamic world. The transfer of these technologies to medieval Europe had an influence on the

2330:

against the United States, scholars considered the ramifications of seeking to understand Muslim experience through the framework of secular

15741: 14734:

There are some 30 million Christians who live in countries with Muslim majorities. The largest number live in Indonesia, some 15 million ...

8433: 8306: 6525: 11552: 11289: 10773: 9664: 9099:, and her parents belong to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. She has participated in multiple blood drives through the Indiana Blood Center. 7826: 16175: 14424: 9385: 6660: 18658: 17456:

The political algebra of global value change. General models and implications for the Muslim world. With Almas Heshmati and Hichem Karoui

16955: 16930: 14479: 13811: 13789: 12261: 11769: 9724: 6818: 5409: 16813: 11159: 10433: 10338: 8985: 8176: 7316: 4894: 4707:

had exceeded 1.8 million. In Asia, an estimated 625,000 refugees from Rakhine, Myanmar, mostly Muslim, had crossed the border into

2351:, the community of Muslim believers, and invoking the imagery of the early warriors of Islam who lead the faithful from the darkness of 16898: 14049: 11739: 4600: 17381:

Mason, Robert (1995). "New Looks at Old Pots: Results of Recent Multidisciplinary Studies of Glazed Ceramics from the Islamic World".

15739:

Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)

15204: 14080: 13727: 13269: 12048: 11369: 11340: 10692: 2503:

law. In some places, Muslims implement Islamic law, called sharia in Arabic. The Islamic law exists in a number of variations, called

18732: 18648: 15126: 14694: 13582:... With a population of over 23 million Karachi is also the world's largest Muslim city, the world's seventh largest conurbation ... 13379: 13111: 9766: 8128: 7592: 6806: 5677: 4393: 4389: 3430: 2104: 1699: 17031:[Measuring the year and month for a long time until now in a conversation with Dr. Iraj Malekpour] (in Persian). BBC Persian 13698: 13070:. Translated by Lotan, Yaer. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, United States: University of California Press. pp. 147–148. 6918:

with lines drawn on them: the lines form the pattern. Patterns may be elaborated by the use of two levels of design, as at the 1453

18749: 16126: 12768: 11430: 9355: 8704: 6783:

of Islamic architecture have always been ordered repetition, radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns. In this respect,

5673: 4445: 3712:

The only rule of thumb for inclusion which has some support, is that countries need to have a Muslim population of more than 50%.

15100: 11787: 18712: 18633: 17548: 15553: 15178: 15152: 14165: 13204: 12317: 6290:

to local materials and techniques, local dynasties and patrons, different regional centers of artistic production, and sometimes

6125:

in particular, a major global trading nation in the world, described by the Europeans to be the "richest country to trade with".

5681: 4273: 946: 14341:

Most Druze do not consider themselves Muslim. Historically they faced much persecution and keep their religious beliefs secrets.

13898: 13870: 11685: 10267: 4261: 18653: 17601: 11990: 10580: 9316: 8552: 7532:. The first six months have 31 days, the next five have 30 days, and the last month has 29 days in common years but 30 days in 7016: 6830: 6588: 6316:

conquered in the seventh and eighth centuries. Later it developed distinct characteristics in the form of buildings and in the

5397: 1487:(746–750) also definitively destroyed the political unity of the Muslims, who have been inhabiting multiple states ever since. 16109: 13534: 8945: 8829: 6418: 4202: 356:

of 50 Muslim majority countries was US$ 5.7 trillion. As of 2016, they contributed 8% of the world's total. In 2020, the

18663: 18620: 17463: 17444: 17423: 17334: 17307: 17216: 16734: 16684: 16627: 16548: 16528: 16451: 16431: 16412: 16379:

Tabbaa, Yasser (2007). "Architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

16286: 16078: 15529: 15393: 15038: 14885: 14790: 14613: 14586: 14461: 13138: 13075: 13036: 12886: 12422: 12081: 11072: 10686: 10656: 10508: 10475: 10324: 9922: 8264: 6908: 5669: 5515:, Avicenna, also founded his own Avicennism school of philosophy, which was influential in both Islamic and Christian lands. 5393: 5013: 4939: 4449: 2339: 1452: 1448: 833: 15835: 15769: 15717: 14619: 11955: 9928: 9810: 9013: 8491: 8015: 16566: 11923: 8206: 2127: 132: 11098: 5706: 5420:

appeared in Latin (1671), English (1708), German, and Dutch. These European-language translations may have later inspired

3658:

currents became heavily involved in democratic politics, while others spawned "the most aggressive and ambitious Islamist

1915:

The Great Divergence was the reason why European colonial powers militarily defeated preexisting Oriental powers like the

463:). Muslims who do not belong to, do not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable 17028: 13860: 13023:. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America: Oxford University Press. pp. 280, 284–285, 295. 11909: 9844: 7831: 6599: 6531: 5308: 4441: 104: 17570:

Why Europe has to offer a better deal towards its Muslim communities. A quantitative analysis of open international data

12615: 12243: 9286: 8730: 8403: 7054: 6787:

geometry has been a key utility, especially for mosques and palaces. Other features employed as motifs include columns,

2206: 2191: 17246: 15628: 12732: 11649: 10560: 9958:

Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Omajjaden §1. De Spaanse tak". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.

7574:

regarding gender issues is that religious texts constructed in highly patriarchal environments and based on biological

4700: 2291: 2047: 353: 17558: 16697: 16536: 15016: 12014: 11826: 11603: 9870: 7447:

that is the most similar to the Gregorian calendar, being based on the Earth's orbit around the Sun. It begins on the

6965: 6563: 18515: 18469: 18129: 18123: 17513: 17273: 16660: 16503: 16474: 16388: 16159: 15990: 15953: 15898: 15867: 15809: 15686: 15590: 15563: 15507: 15491: 15436: 14988: 14963: 14910: 14855: 14804: 14727: 14675: 14650: 14562: 14538: 14513: 14362: 14334: 14288: 14235: 14044: 14005: 13761: 13603: 13575: 13282: 12989: 12950: 12925: 10725: 10590: 10411: 10250: 10096: 9985: 9804: 9195: 9128: 8979: 8665: 8239: 8170: 8096: 8054: 7600: 4620: 3283: 2695:, and though they may guarantee freedom of religion for citizens, do not declare a separation of state and religion: 2685: 2437: 2267: 2260: 2032: 1302: 1011: 231: 213: 151: 54: 14102: 11519: 8842:

Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.

5484:

One of the common definitions for "Islamic philosophy" is "the style of philosophy produced within the framework of

3765:. Sunnis believe that the true political successor of Muhammad according to the Sunnah should be selected based on ٍ 2419: 195: 111: 18386: 18242: 17777: 17673: 15676: 13494: 12287: 12189: 8896: 8635: 7395:'In the year of the Hijrah'). In Muslim countries, it is also sometimes denoted as H from its Arabic form ( 6957: 5141: 4704: 3850:

Muslims, who are less known, have their own stronghold in the country of Oman holding about 75% of the population.

3396: 2131: 2078:

Map of colonial powers throughout the world in the year 1914 (note colonial powers in the pre-modern Muslim world).

611: 17537: 9949:

Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "islam. §7. Sektevorming". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.

7098:. Although some scholars dispute this, Kufic script was supposedly developed around the end of the 7th century in 18870: 18686: 17006: 13464: 12481: 10618: 9967:

The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pp. 227–228

9446: 8582: 8469: 7791: 7613: 5630:, a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy; Ibn Tufail and Ibn al-Nafis, pioneers of the philosophical novel; 5447: 4681: 4373: 2331: 1193: 16259:

Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises In Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries

14818: 12159: 4112: 18935: 18493: 18391: 17486: 17174: 16779: 11839: 10500: 10180: 10129: 9150: 8858: 8807: 8756: 8284: 7542:, always falls on the March equinox. Nowruz is celebrated by communities in a wide range of countries from the 4959: 2404: 2303: 1284: 1138: 397: 180: 89: 14014: 13241: 10049: 9629: 9256: 8916:"Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population" 8780:"Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population" 4719:

Throughout history, Muslim cultures have been diverse ethnically, linguistically and regionally. According to

2090:

A number of Muslim-majority societies reacted to Western powers with zealotry and thus initiating the rise of

118: 18303: 18062: 17797: 17436:

What 1.3 Billion Muslims Really Think: An Answer to a Recent Gallup Study, Based on the "World Values Survey"

16525:, p. 30, Frameworks of Islamic Art and Architectural History: Concepts, Approaches, and Historiographies 15629:

The Thousand and One Nights; Or, The Arabian Night's Entertainments - David Claypoole Johnston - Google Books

12347: 12211: 12127: 10619:"93 years pass since establishment of first democratic republic in the east – Azerbaijan Democratic Republic" 9591:

This growth has to do with the relatively young age of the Muslim population as well as high fertility rates.

4221: 1725: 1280: 882: 85: 40: 17053:[Iranian Studies & # 124; Preservation of the Iranian calendar]. Ghiasabadi.com. 3 November 2005 16757:

Blair, Sheila S. (Spring 2003). "The Mirage of Islamic Art: Reflections on the Study of an Unwieldy Field".

13970:

Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population

13968: 13721:"Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan – Presidential Library – Religion" 12449:"Benazir Bhutto: Daughter of Tragedy" by Muhammad Najeeb, Hasan Zaidi, Saurabh Shulka and S. Prasannarajan, 11462: 8915: 8779: 5064:, originating from 9th-century Iraq. Other centers for innovative ceramic pottery in the Old world included 507:

are home to the world’s second, fourth, sixth and seventh largest Muslim populations respectively. Sizeable

18855: 18832: 18452: 18308: 18298: 18204: 17915: 14929: 14129: 13431: 13052: 13005: 12966: 12902: 10752: 7528:

the names of the zodiacal signs were used for the months; elsewhere the month names are the same as in the

6291: 6041: 4417:

is divided almost evenly between Muslims and Christians, with more than 80 million Christians and Muslims.

4401: 3915: 914: 464: 444: 318: 14225: 11714: 11617: 11487: 10978: 10715: 9687: 5207:. Imitations were written, especially in France. Various characters from this epic have themselves become 3573:

to politically unite the Muslim world. Riḍā was a strong exponent of Islamic vanguardism, the belief that

19056: 18957: 18822: 18638: 18406: 18199: 17634: 17140: 16494:

Grabar, Oleg (2011). "Art and Culture in the Islamic World". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).

16149: 14063:

The majority of Muslims in the country are Sunni, with a Shi'a minority ranging between 10 to 15 percent.

13936: 13641: 12437:"The Muslims of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Victims of poverty, ignorance and Christianization" 10946: 10890: 10525: 9212: 9065:

itself clear that it's 100 per cent non-denominational and most importantly, 100 per cent non-judgmental.

7668: 7110:

However, Islamic calligraphy is not limited to strictly religious subjects, objects, or spaces. Like all

6309: 5453: 5405: 5401: 5177: 4972: 4786: 1807: 1512: 1324: 961: 788: 100: 17472:(PDF) The political algebra of global value change: General models and implications for the Muslim world 15070: 11391: 11120: 9998: 8522: 6739:. Such designs are highly nonrepresentational, as Islam forbids representational depictions as found in 6735:

Islamic art frequently adopts the use of geometrical floral or vegetal designs in a repetition known as

19066: 18717: 18600: 18117: 17594: 17009:[The most accurate calendar in the world, Khayyam's gift to Iranians] (in Persian). BBC Persian 16322: 12555:

Burgat, François, "The Islamic Movement in North Africa", U of Texas Press, 1997, pp. 39–41, 67–71, 309

11036: 10395: 9082: 6875: 6329: 6029: 5611: 5561: 3788: 3443: 2457: 2307: 2197: 2111: 1001: 468: 16836: 16620:

Islamic geometric patterns : their historical development and traditional methods of construction

16258: 16231: 15383: 11577: 4574:

and post-graduate degrees. The highest of years of schooling among Muslim-majority countries found in

2256: 1227: 19041: 18797: 18498: 18327: 18023: 17803: 17766: 15945: 15449: 15428: 13668: 11004: 9407: 7816: 5573: 4724: 2271: 1504: 1096: 808: 15354: 10288: 9712:, incorporating some of the teachings of those religions, while modifying some and rejecting others. 19081: 19071: 19046: 18952: 18681: 18505: 18278: 17816: 16869: 15753: 11321: 10015: 9495: 7656: 7066: 6800:. And as late as the 19th century, Islamic domes had been incorporated into European architecture. 6008: 5886: 5885:

Ibn al-Haytham is also regarded as the father of optics, especially for his empirical proof of the

5869: 5631: 5541: 5298: 4104: 4034: 3785:

35%, Turkey – 10%, Lebanon – 27%, Syria – 13%, Afghanistan – 10%, Pakistan – 10%, and India – 10%.

3676: 3611: 2536: 2227: 1028: 828: 16025: 15585:

Vartan Gregorian, "Islam: A Mosaic, Not a Monolith", Brookings Institution Press, 2003, pp. 26–38

13836: 13319: 11228: 10920: 8444: 7128:, beginning with the post-colonial period in the Middle East, as well as the more recent style of 6481: 5314: 3839:

has the largest number of non-denominational Muslims, who constitute about 74% of the population.

2476: 2275: 1211:

The term has been documented as early as 1912 to encompass the influence of perceived pan-Islamic

18815: 17689: 17075:[Iranian Studies & # 124; Glory Calendar Timeline]. Ghiasabadi.com. 25 September 2007 15890: 15502:

Vartan Gregorian, "Islam: A Mosaic, Not a Monolith", Brookings Institution Press, 2003, pg 26–38

14695:"Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population" 14272: 14010: 13266: 12249:

between Christians and Muslims in parliament, the cabinet, and other senior government positions.

7921: 6736: 6666: 6219: 6020:), it is considered to be an important device that contributed greatly to the advancement of the 5977: 5944: 5893:

stated in 2009 that Ibn al-Haytham is 'often referred to as the "world's first true scientist".'

5759: 5267: 4963: 4720: 4381: 2415: 2008: 1740:

states. Each of these three empires had considerable military exploits using the newly developed

1560: 1500: 1436: 1273: 623: 413: 256: 191: 78: 17843: 15738: 12642:

Sayyid Qutb and Islamic Activism: A Translation and Critical Analysis of Social Justice in Islam

11884: 11545: 11282: 10765: 7481:

The very first day of the Solar Hijri calendar was the day of the spring equinox, March 18, 622

7413:

reckoning, 1446 AH runs from 7 July 2024 to approximately 26 June 2025.

6093:, along which Muslim-majority countries traded with each other and with European powers such as 421: 18967: 18896: 18865: 18805: 17787: 17782: 17700: 16874: 16172: 15858: 11260: 9660: 9377: 9120: 8332: 7501:, it has no intrinsic error. It is older than the lunar Hijri calendar used by the majority of 7347: 7269: 6464: 6313: 6301: 5596: 5591:

Islamic philosophers continued making advances in philosophy through to the 17th century, when

5462: 5412:

known in his time. Ibn al-Nafis' fiction explained Islamic religious teachings via science and

5332: 3812: 2997: 1855: 1468: 1404: 1377: 1077: 843: 326: 14476: 13819: 13785: 12071: 10116: 9187: 7513:

and is calculated based on the "year of the Hijrah," and the lunar Hijri calendar is based on

5160: 4570:

showed that at the time about 36% of all Muslims had no formal schooling, with only 8% having

19076: 19051: 18913: 18891: 17710: 17587: 17552: 16904: 16793: 15828:, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait ( 15710:, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait ( 14875: 12594: 12394: 12361: 11801: 11152: 10672: 10383: 10308: 10275: 8969: 8378:"Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center" 8160: 7579: 6743:. Despite this, there is a presence of depictional art in some Muslim societies, notably the 6702: 6215: 6054:

was also transmitted from China via predominantly Islamic countries, where formulas for pure

6021: 5969: 5936: 5651: 5615: 5549: 5537: 5498: 5287: 4699:

Since then Muslim-majority countries have absorbed refugees from recent conflicts, including

4356: 3948: 3510: 2511:, which was endorsed in 2005 by prominent Islamic scholars around the world, recognized four 2373: 1072: 897: 681: 636: 512: 437: 409: 16908: 15519: 14039: 13623: 10676: 10493:

The Globalization of Martyrdom: Al Qaeda, Salafi Jihad, and the Diffusion of Suicide Attacks

9914: 3863: 2958:

in the Muslim world have declared separation between civil/government affairs and religion.

18580: 18487: 18432: 17234: 16599:

Tonna, Jo (1990). "The Poetics of Arab-Islamic Architecture", Muqarnas BRILL, 7, pp. 182–97

16306: 16110:

https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol-12-no3/islamic-concept-knowledge-sayyid-wahid-akhtar

15200: 14280: 14076: 13720: 12040: 11361: 11337: 8909:

In the early 21st century some 10–13 percent of the world's 1.6 billion Muslims were Shiʿi.

8088: 8046: 7781: 7529: 7459: 7432: 7424: 7155: 6619: 6569: 6554: 6487: 6375: 6305: 6266: 6259: 6246: 5993: 5712: 5639: 5623: 5619: 4772: 4385: 4010: 3604: 3533: 3456: 2942: 2461: 2314: 2295: 1707: 1655: 536: 15122: 13375: 9758: 8120: 7578:

are still valued highly in Islam; hence views emphasizing on men's superiority in unequal

125: 8: 18810: 18691: 18585: 18401: 17898: 17695: 17506:

Trust and the Islamic Advantage: Religious-Based Movements in Turkey and the Muslim World

17434: 17291: 14202: 13974: 13866: 13694: 13502: 13439: 13349: 13028: 12878: 12546:

Soage, Ana Belén. "Introduction to Political Islam." Religion Compass 3.5 (2009): 887–96.

12325: 11210: 10117:

Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics

8920: 8784: 8696: 8351: 7607:

further says that equality for Muslim women needs to be achieved through self-criticism.

7390: 7062: 7038: 7031: 6949: 6866: 6788: 6780: 6757: 6512: 6321: 6270: 6114: 6017: 5643: 5504: 5200: 4567: 4405: 3840: 3509:

with laws prescribed by Islam" (i.e. Sharia). According to at least one observer (author

3279: 1936: 1902: 1851: 1749: 1532: 1186: 1082: 716: 616: 496: 417: 16323:

Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering

16122: 12760: 11423: 10717:

The Gülen Movement: A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam

9347: 3791:

make up a majority of the Muslims in seven countries (and a plurality in three others):

2074: 1415:

beyond the Arabian Peninsula, stretching from northwest India, across Central Asia, the

18972: 18886: 18737: 18673: 18481: 18457: 18134: 18112: 18072: 17962: 17875: 17826: 17792: 17683: 17398: 17369: 16318: 16298: 16281:

Nanda, J. N (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005.

16254: 16227: 15671: 15469: 15360: 15096: 14832: 14771: 13941: 13046: 12999: 12960: 12896: 12724: 12582: 11211:"The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh | 2A. The state religion" 10678:

Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community

10425: 9904: 9236: 9113: 8853: 7689: 7456: 7410: 7336: 7308: 7103: 7058: 6688: 6297: 6230: 6025: 5932: 5569: 5512: 5413: 5235: 5085: 4935: 4827: 4741: 3600: 3595:

synthesis and Islamist ideals greatly influenced his disciples like Hasan al-Banna, an

3525: 2877: 2480: 2279: 1981: 1962: 1484: 1408: 1346: 1106: 1063: 1033: 1016: 991: 936: 892: 604: 532: 472: 317:, but disagreements on other matters have led to the appearance of different religious 299: 244: 15174: 15148: 14668:

Secular Nationalism and Citizenship in Muslim Countries: Arab Christians in the Levant

14453: 14161: 13932:"Religions: Muslim 95% (Sunni 75%, Shia 20%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 5%" 13215: 6346:

were invented. Common or important types of buildings in Islamic architecture include

4313:

There are sizeable non-Muslim minorities in many Muslim-majority countries, includes,

2411: 187: 18947: 18942: 18847: 18837: 18827: 18510: 18396: 18348: 18191: 18102: 17863: 17853: 17848: 17838: 17833: 17666: 17519: 17509: 17492: 17482: 17459: 17440: 17419: 17340: 17330: 17313: 17303: 17279: 17269: 17252: 17242: 17222: 17212: 17050: 16880: 16809: 16775: 16740: 16730: 16680: 16656: 16633: 16623: 16499: 16470: 16384: 16282: 16155: 16084: 16074: 15986: 15949: 15894: 15863: 15805: 15682: 15586: 15559: 15525: 15503: 15487: 15473: 15432: 15389: 15271: 14984: 14959: 14906: 14881: 14851: 14775: 14763: 14723: 14671: 14646: 14609: 14582: 14558: 14534: 14509: 14457: 14358: 14330: 14284: 14231: 13852: 13767: 13757: 13599: 13571: 13278: 13071: 13032: 12985: 12946: 12921: 12882: 12716: 12677: 12586: 12464:"A Wake-Up Call: Milestones of Islamic History – IslamOnline.net – Art & Culture" 12077: 11681: 10721: 10682: 10652: 10586: 10556: 10504: 10471: 10460: 10429: 10417: 10407: 10330: 10320: 10246: 10125: 10092: 9981: 9918: 9800: 9191: 9124: 8975: 8802:

Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims.

8260: 8235: 8166: 8092: 8050: 7776: 7588: 7444: 7312: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6128:

Muslim engineers in the Islamic world made a number of innovative industrial uses of

6090: 6055: 5557: 5519: 5220: 4943: 4926: 4823: 4591: 4457:

worldwide is between 800,000 and one million, with the vast majority residing in the

3778: 3645: 3537: 2492: 2324: 2287: 2151: 1993: 1928: 1765: 1719: 1687: 1683: 1675: 1651: 1524: 1440: 1420: 1389: 1362: 1147: 1111: 1058: 971: 931: 793: 544: 492: 46: 12728: 11997: 6929: 6697:

are meant to exist because it is believed that such artistic depictions may lead to

5935:; or in the work of the Egyptian physician Ibn al-Nafis, who proposed the theory of 5782: 5502:

was used as the standard text in European universities for centuries. He also wrote

4676: 19061: 18977: 18962: 18722: 18427: 18149: 18087: 18077: 18067: 18052: 17858: 17761: 17733: 17621: 17564: 17415: 17390: 17361: 16805: 15982: 15461: 14755: 14276: 14264: 13409: 13024: 12874: 12854: 12849: 12837: 12808: 12803: 12791: 12708: 12667: 12656:"The Totalitarianism of Jihadist Islamism and its Challenge to Europe and to Islam" 12574: 12527: 10644: 10549:

US Counter-Terrorism Strategy and al-Qaeda: Signalling and the Terrorist World-View

10399: 9529: 9378:"Middle East :: Azerbaijan — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency" 8949: 8821: 8084: 8042: 7949: 7912: 7806: 7796: 7786: 7596: 7506: 7467: 7351: 7280: 7252: 7146: 6861: 6793: 6595: 6424: 6383: 6317: 6286: 6122: 5916: 5734: 5528: 5292: 5244: 5151: 4989: 4922: 4764: 4737: 4144: 3706: 3641: 3574: 3541: 2484: 2451: 2155: 1989: 1889: 1703: 1695: 1663: 1643: 1599: 1496: 1428: 1385: 1354: 1334: 1316: 1242: 956: 951: 902: 887: 872: 781: 660: 540: 508: 480: 429: 295: 284: 16980: 16402: 16400: 15045: 11068: 7842:

List of largest cities in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries

6975: 6772:

scripts, which can be found adorning the walls and domes of mosques, the sides of

5907:

Muslim physicians contributed to the field of medicine, including the subjects of

4143:

communities have survived. In addition, new schools of thought and movements like

476: 18903: 18610: 18555: 18355: 18041: 18001: 17952: 17904: 17678: 17569: 17542: 17412:

The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England

17111:"Approaches to the Research of Early Islam: The Hijrah in Western Historiography" 16329: 16265: 16238: 16179: 16032: 15920: 15887:

Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England

15839: 15832: 15773: 15767:

Philosophus autodidactus, sive Epistola Abi Jaafar ebn Tophail de Hai ebn Yokdhan

15766: 15745: 15721: 15714: 15635: 15349: 14603: 14576: 14483: 13840: 11959: 11846: 11344: 10467: 10455: 10403: 10121: 9908: 9794: 9747:

FROM A CORRESPONDENT IN INDIA, Tuesday, 3 September 1912, The Times, Issue: 39994

9181: 9021: 8814: 8007: 7932: 7811: 7801: 7292: 7260: 7074: 7050: 6883: 6207: 5635: 5489: 5485: 5426: 5337: 5212: 5204: 4951: 4947: 4749: 4607: 4571: 4377: 4190: 4022: 3741: 3588: 3584: 3521: 3426: 2179: 2065: 1966: 1528: 1464: 1412: 1320: 1091: 907: 867: 856: 838: 741: 686: 599: 528: 516: 433: 401: 311: 16562: 15942:

A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam

15555:

A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam

15425:

A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam

13267:

William E. Shepard; FranÇois Burgat; James Piscatori; Armando Salvatore (2009).

11931: 10144:"Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort" 8198: 7752: 7407:). In English, years prior to the Hijra are denoted as BH ("Before the Hijra"). 5060:, dating to around the 8th century. Another contribution was the development of 3625:

social and political activism. Other Islamists (Al-Turabi) are proponents of a "

484: 19036: 19015: 18742: 18595: 18437: 18139: 16397: 15039:"Science-Matrix: 30 Years in Science – Secular Movements in Knowledge Creation" 14759: 11952: 11094: 10176: 10111: 7744: 7560: 7440: 7381: 7304: 7284: 7231: 7227: 7181: 7121: 6937: 6933: 6768: 6752: 6343: 6181: 6013: 5981: 5928: 5890: 5832: 5600: 5585: 5577: 5239: 5091: 5023: 4985: 4977: 4864: 4846: 4820: 4802: 4685: 4473: 4429: 4350: 4230: 4148: 4006: 3716: 3555: 3439: 2692: 2688: 2245: 2231: 2159: 2012: 1955: 1932: 1871: 1800: 1780: 1733: 1729: 1679: 1639: 1631: 1603: 1579: 1563: 1492: 1444: 1179: 1051: 1038: 996: 941: 555: 524: 520: 504: 488: 322: 17523: 17256: 16637: 16439: 12982:

Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress: Volume 2 The Dismal Fate of New Nations

12943:

Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress: Volume 2 The Dismal Fate of New Nations

12712: 12672: 12655: 12578: 9836: 6903:

dates from around 1000 CE, and the artform flourished until the 15th century.

5372:

Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), deals with various science fiction elements such as

1329: 483:). Muslims are the overwhelming majority in Central Asia, the majority in the 19030: 18918: 18755: 18605: 18144: 18107: 18082: 17967: 17226: 16884: 16744: 16088: 15937: 15420: 14995:

Today Turkish Jewry remains the largest Jewish community in the Muslim world.

14862:

Today Turkish Jewry remains the largest Jewish community in the Muslim world.

14767: 12720: 12681: 12073:

Religion and Contemporary Politics: A Global Encyclopedia [2 volumes]

10316: 7875: 7498: 7448: 7129: 6639: 6615: 6450: 6395: 6222: 6211: 6203: 6194: 5943:

remained an authoritative medical textbook in Europe until the 18th century.

5356: 5344: 5231: 5208: 5045: 4997: 4421: 4002: 3729: 3663: 3655: 3626: 3503: 3452: 3062: 2955: 2565: 2508: 2472: 2335: 2183: 1916: 1753: 1737: 1691: 1611: 1536: 1231: 1116: 1021: 981: 500: 425: 17496: 17344: 17317: 17283: 15913: 14531:

The World's Christians: Who they are, Where they are, and How they got there

13771: 12696: 12532: 12515: 12069: 9439:"The Middle East and Muslim Southeast Asia: Implications of the Arab Spring" 4440:

since the rise of Islam. Today, Jews residing in Muslim countries have been

4033:

faith, although Druzes do not identify as Muslims. Twelver Shiism developed

2568:

have adopted Islam as the ideological foundation of state and constitution.

19005: 18930: 18590: 18442: 18320: 17940: 17928: 17642: 16037: 15882: 15785: 15071:"Nearly 40% of Muslim world's population unable read or write: IINA Report" 15008: 14746:

Ojo, Matthews A. (July 1995). "The Charismatic Movement in Nigeria Today".

14487: 10074: 9709: 7975: 7821: 7758: 7730: 7575: 6879: 6694: 6468: 6387: 5958: 5901: 5894: 5854: 5431: 5421: 5385: 5359:

plot and eventually becoming the first example of a science fiction novel.

5283: 5272: 5263: 5167: 4981: 4745: 4696:, Muslim-majority countries hosted 18 million refugees by the end of 2010. 4437: 4314: 4246: 3932: 3832: 3630: 3608: 3567: 3499: 3231: 3179: 3010: 2659: 2252: 2091: 1985: 1958: 1920: 1671: 1575: 1476: 1222: 1167: 1123: 592: 581: 16724: 15979:

The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān

14605:

Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East: The Challenge of the Future

14224:

McCloud, Aminah Beverly; Hibbard, Scott W.; Saud, Laith (2 January 2013).

11650:"United Arab Emirates's Constitution of 1971 with Amendments through 2009" 6085:

was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of

6016:

is believed to have been invented in the medieval era (of what is now the

3566:, advocated Sunni internationalism through revolutionary restoration of a 1357:

as a religion and social institution begins with its inception around 610

18567: 18057: 17996: 17923: 17810: 16655:(Reprinted with corrections ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. 14981:

Kinship and Consent: Jewish Political Tradition and Its Contemporary Uses

14848:

Kinship and Consent: Jewish Political Tradition and Its Contemporary Uses

14791:"Ahead of Rosh Hashanah, figures show 14.7 million Jews around the globe" 14394: 14385: 14306: 10365: 9461:"India invited as 'Guest of Honour' to OIC meet, Sushma Swaraj to attend" 7983: 7871: 7766: 7584: 7525: 7521: 7514: 7509:); though they both count from the Hijrah. The solar Hijri calendar uses 7475: 7291:

in a year of 354 or 355 days. It is used to determine the proper days of

7288: 7239: 7111: 7070: 7046: 6926:, and historic pattern books may have been intended for use in this way. 6919: 6912: 6896: 6242: 6226: 6161: 6145: 6133: 6118: 6086: 6047: 5997: 5647: 5592: 5565: 5545: 5381: 5373: 5366: 5340: 5323: 5113: 5109: 5053: 5018: 4611: 4540: 4433: 4400:, and they have had a significant impact contributing the culture of the 4334: 4330: 3924: 3867: 3733: 3651: 3634: 3563: 3529: 3517: 3412: 3380: 2581: 2512: 2504: 2361: 2083: 2069: 1940: 1924: 1823: 1667: 1659: 1571: 1480: 1472: 1456: 1238: 919: 877: 801: 456: 448: 362: 346: 280: 17072: 14930:"Zoroastrianism i. History to the Arab Conquest – Encyclopaedia Iranica" 14506:

The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East

14327:

The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives

12185: 8888: 8079:

Afsaruddin, Asma (2016). "Islamic World". In McNeill, William H. (ed.).

7903:

exact dates depend on which variant of the Islamic calendar is followed.

7409:

Since 7 July 2024 CE, the current Islamic year is 1446 AH. In the

6907:

patterns can be created in a variety of ways, including the traditional

18860: 17957: 17932: 17402: 17295: 17029:"پيمانه کردن سال و ماه از ديرباز تا کنون در گفتگو با دکتر ايرج ملک پور" 14447: 10947:"Brunei Darussalam's Constitution of 1959 with Amendments through 2006" 8948:. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from 7979: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7771: 7709: 7510: 7482: 7471: 7463: 7355: 7303:. In almost all countries where the predominant religion is Islam, the 7279:), or Arabic calendar also known in English as the Muslim calendar and 7125: 7042: 6718: 6282: 6190: 6177: 6173: 6157: 6137: 6129: 6078: 6062: 5912: 5790: 5738: 5553: 5523: 5477: 5377: 5303: 5279: 4849: 4708: 4583: 4575: 4531: 4409: 4092: 4061: 3975: 3944: 3847: 3836: 3820: 3816: 3796: 3622: 3244: 3205: 3114: 3088: 3036: 2984: 2734: 2620: 2532: 2524: 2467: 2353: 1615: 1552: 1548: 1488: 1460: 1455:. Meanwhile, the Muslim community tore itself apart into the rivalling 1432: 1358: 1287: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1212: 924: 452: 374: 252: 17373: 14819:"VI- November 30: Commemorating the expulsion of Jews from Arab lands" 10651:. The New York Philosophical Library. pp. 124, 222, 229, 269–70. 10622: 7550:. Currently the Solar Hijri calendar is officially used only in Iran. 4767: receiving a richly decorated robe of honor from the caliph 4547:

and other parts of Africa. Several Muslim-majority countries, such as

3435: 2310:

in 1924, have sometimes been seen as the result of Western influence.

18575: 18006: 17821: 17574: 12984:. Ithaca, New York 14850, USA: Cornell University Press. p. 91. 12945:. Ithaca, New York 14850, USA: Cornell University Press. p. 91. 12163: 10552: 10496: 10391: 9048:"Isis Jihadist group made me wonder about non-denominational Muslims" 8871:

Sunni Islam accounts for over 85% of the world's Muslim population...

7533: 7489:. This year is generally considered by Muslims as the first year of 7452: 7343: 7161: 7091: 6886: 6797: 6730: 6714: 6643: 6442: 6428: 6325: 6185: 6169: 6153: 6141: 6106: 6102: 6051: 5985: 5973: 5953: 5812: 5764: 5717: 5627: 5389: 5258: 5193:. The concept had been influenced by a pre-Islamic Persian prototype 5048:

was prevalent in Islamic art, usually assuming the form of elaborate

5001: 4900: 4870: 4794: 4643: 4346: 4342: 4227: 4120: 4100: 4038: 4026: 3998: 3804: 3748:. As of 2024, however, Nigeria has become a Muslim-majority country. 3698: 3618: 3596: 3570: 3075: 2540: 2488: 2318: 2283: 1875: 1847: 1827: 1768:, India became the world's largest economy, valued 25% of world GDP. 1757: 1556: 1416: 1338: 1217: 823: 535:

partially due to their high birth rate, according to the same study,

491:

has the largest Muslim population outside Muslim-majority countries.

330: 17394: 17110: 17087: 16608:

Grabar, Oleg (2006), "Islamic art and beyond". Ashgate. Vol 2, p. 87

15268:"OIC to hold conference on refugees in Muslim world in Turkmenistan" 9491:"Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population" 8726: 8280: 6144:

in the Islamic world date back to the 7th century, while horizontal-

5968:

Some most famous scientists from the medieval Islamic world include

2422:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 1262: 405: 198:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 67: 18908: 18414: 18272: 18224: 18018: 17972: 17936: 17661: 17365: 16465:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture".

16450:

sfn error: no target: CITEREFEttinghausenGrabarJenkins-Madina2001 (

15465: 14956:

Muslims in Global Politics: Identities, Interests, and Human Rights

14491: 14312: 13233: 12409:"Russia Will be One-Third Muslim in 15 Years, Chief Mufti Predicts" 7965:; also called in some English sources as the Iranian Solar calendar 7636: 7547: 7520:

Each of the twelve months of the Hijri calendar corresponds with a

7359: 7095: 6705:

that, according to Islam, he revealed to his creation. All but one

6698: 6647: 6623: 6550: 6535: 6516: 6379: 6338: 6274: 6066: 5989: 5962: 5927:) which contained comprehensive diagrams of the body's structural, 5493: 5473: 5466: 5369: 5253: 5224: 5186: 5182: 5069: 5061: 5037: 5028: 4790: 4768: 4469: 4361: 4338: 4326: 4322: 4212: 4171: 4046: 4014: 3986: 3940: 3774: 3745: 3725: 3694: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3469: 3348: 3316: 2851: 2838: 2760: 2646: 2327: 2321: 2299: 1784: 1741: 1635: 1619: 1583: 1544: 1540: 1539:. Notable major empires dominated by Muslims, such as those of the 1424: 1400: 1365: 1133: 1101: 815: 749: 539:

has no impact on Muslim population, since the number of people who

382: 314: 13068:

The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian Dynasty: The Husaynis 1700–1948

12098:"Sudan ends 30 years of Islamic law by separating religion, state" 10421: 10334: 9980:, First published 1973, Reprint 2006, Tulshi Prakashani, Kolkata, 7836: 7738: 6922:

shrine. Square repeating units of known patterns can be copied as

6911:; the construction of a grid of polygons; and the use of a set of 18923: 18529: 18217: 18097: 17989: 17982: 17977: 17719: 17575:

Indian Ocean in World History, A free online educational resource

17352:

Madden, Edward H. (1975). "Some Characteristics of Islamic Art".

14401: 14398: 14134: 12565:

Berman, Sheri (2003). "Islamism, Revolution, and Civil Society".

9705: 9583:"A Religious Forecast For 2050: Atheism Is Down, Islam Is Rising" 9151:"10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050" 8259:. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). pp. 829–834. 7660: 7620: 7564: 7543: 7502: 7332: 7296: 6953: 6945: 6923: 6784: 6710: 6651: 6472: 6371: 6351: 6333: 6165: 6149: 5908: 5898: 5607: 5581: 5552:. European scholars and writers influenced by this novel include 5351:, the story of Kamil extends beyond the desert island setting in 5249: 5216: 5049: 4955: 4798: 4663: 4659: 4587: 4414: 4318: 4250: 4167: 4140: 4132: 4096: 4069: 4054: 4042: 3994: 3990: 3979: 3953: 3828: 3792: 3770: 3737: 3721: 3683: 3659: 3592: 3559: 3545: 3446:

became the first woman elected to lead a Muslim-majority country.

3266: 3166: 3153: 2971: 2929: 2903: 2864: 2747: 2721: 2708: 2528: 2251:

first documented the term "Muslim world" in 1912 when describing

2135: 2016: 1647: 1623: 1607: 1591: 1396: 966: 643: 455:(10–13%). However, other denominations exist in pockets, such as 378: 303: 272: 248: 17233: 16445: 15788:. The Theologus autodidactus of Ibn al-Nafīs. Clarendon P., 1968 12558: 12212:"Uzbekistan's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2011" 12128:"Tajikistan's Constitution of 1994 with Amendments through 2003" 11005:"Mauritania's Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through 2012" 6882:

and handicraft objects, consisting of angled lines that form an

3920: 287:, although there are no agreed criteria for inclusion. The term 18447: 18421: 18380: 18341: 18258: 18171: 18092: 17947: 17893: 17888: 17655: 17579: 16689: 16103:

Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture

16002:

Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufail and Léon Gauthier (1981),

15786:

Ala-al-din abu Al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi

14407: 14381: 13786:"The population of Shia: How many Shia are there in the world?" 13130: 12754: 12752: 12750: 10526:"Special Reports – The Salafist Movement: Al Qaeda's New Front" 8118: 7693: 7539: 7486: 7377: 7367: 7328: 7213: 7177: 7090:

The development of Islamic calligraphy is strongly tied to the

7087:), which translates into Arabic line, design, or construction. 6941: 6773: 6670: 6491: 6391: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6347: 6094: 6074: 6070: 5470: 5073: 5065: 4904: 4885: 4867: 4579: 4548: 4508:

Bangladesh has the largest Hindu population in the Muslim world

4458: 4365: 4194: 4128: 4088: 4084: 4077: 4073: 4050: 4018: 3971: 3967: 3886: 3824: 3800: 3516:

Central and prominent figures in 20th-century Islamism include

3494: 3364: 3218: 3101: 3049: 2812: 2799: 2594: 2548: 2520: 2516: 2500: 2051: 1831: 1761: 1745: 1627: 1587: 1508: 1427:. The Arab Muslims were unable to conquer the entire Christian 1381: 1373: 1342: 986: 976: 765: 733: 725: 710: 704: 588: 390: 366: 342: 338: 17565:

Asabiyya: Re-Interpreting Value Change in Globalized Societies

16868:

Watt, W. Montgomery. "Hidjra". In P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis;

14477:

Alevi-Islam Religious Services – The message of İzzettin Doğan

13183:"How credible is the claim of the failure of political Islam?" 12920:. New York: Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group. p. 141. 6796:

mosque, and recurring even up until the 17th century with the

1380:

for the city under his leadership. This migration, called the

18696: 18521: 18475: 18463: 18265: 18251: 18210: 17883: 17740: 17726: 17647: 17610: 16973: 15290:"UN Calls Syrian Refugee Crisis Worst Since Rwandan Genocide" 13568:

Cityscapes of Violence in Karachi: Publics and Counterpublics

12783: 11578:"Provisional Constitution of the Federal Republic of Somalia" 11229:"Comoros's Constitution of 2001 with Amendments through 2009" 10071:

Islamic and European Expansion: The Forging of a Global Order

9604:"Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group" 9079:"Indiana Blood Center cancels 'Muslims for Life' blood drive" 8348:"Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group" 7640: 7490: 7372: 7363: 7324: 7117: 7012: 6997: 6981: 6961: 6856: 6848: 6762: 6573: 6278: 6110: 6098: 6082: 5457: 5248:, dating back to the Umayyad era in the 7th century. It is a 5190: 5057: 5033: 4993: 4968: 4908: 4842: 4693: 4627: 4556: 4493: 4465: 4454: 4397: 4208: 4186: 4136: 4124: 4116: 4108: 4065: 4030: 3936: 3901: 3766: 3579: 3551: 3548: 3488: 3332: 3300: 3192: 3140: 2916: 2890: 2825: 2773: 2672: 2544: 2365: 2343: 2278:

had an instrumental role in ending and replacing it with the

1803: 1567: 1520: 1516: 1369: 1246: 1241:

sense, the terms 'Muslim world' and 'Islamic world' refer to

1128: 1006: 697: 655: 648: 571: 563: 370: 307: 276: 16458: 16372: 15824:

Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher",

15706:

Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher",

13833: 12747: 11928:

Official site of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan

11827:"2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: The Gambia" 11700: 11261:

Djibouti's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2010

7517:, and dates from the presumed actual "day of the Hijrah". 5951:) contributed to the discipline of medical surgery with his 5815:'s astronomical works, explains the different phases of the 5518:

Yet another influential philosopher who had an influence on

5508:, an influential scientific and philosophical encyclopedia. 4520:

Turkey has the largest Jewish population in the Muslim world

18362: 18334: 18284: 18231: 18176: 17747: 14388: 12816: 12549: 11910:"2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Indonesia" 11392:"Libya's Constitution of 2011 with Amendments through 2012" 11121:"Yemen's Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through 2001" 8307:"Muslim countries make thin contribution to global economy" 7846: 7675: 7436: 7320: 7300: 7235: 7230:

that is most widely used among Muslims. The other one is a

7226:

Two calendars are used all over the Muslim world. One is a

7099: 6706: 6446: 6355: 6198: 5816: 4816: 4552: 4544: 4536: 4477: 4425: 4396:

to Arab and Islamic civilization since the introduction of

4164: 3959: 3882: 3808: 3762: 3644:) has argued for a broader notion of Islamism as a form of 3127: 3023: 2786: 2633: 2607: 2175: 757: 665: 460: 386: 334: 16644: 16487: 16305:, pp. 34–35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science, 16101:

S.R.W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge",

13161: 12509: 12507: 12152: 11851: 11037:"Oman's Constitution of 1996 with Amendments through 2011" 8083:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Berkshire Publishing Group. 5853:"Cubic equations and intersections of conic sections", of 5536:

in 1671, developed the themes of empiricism, tabula rasa,

4938:" has been attributed to a period in history during which 16419: 15829: 15711: 13089: 13087: 12634: 12244:"2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Lebanon" 8231:

Handbook of Empirical Research on Islam and Economic Life

7603:

in terms of respect for Muslim women's lives and rights.

7380:. In the West, dates in this era are usually denoted AH ( 7197: 6721:

can also be found in Jewish and some Christian theology.

5175:

The best known work of fiction from the Islamic world is

1595: 16669: 14355:

The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East

14130:"Suicide bombs kill 39 near Shi'ite mosques in Pakistan" 14040:"Pakistan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008" 13307: 13225: 12262:"What is each country's second-largest religious group?" 9634:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

9261:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

9155:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

8808:

Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide

8496:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

7982:), this calendar is no longer used by the government of 6899:

knotwork patterns from the second century. The earliest

16650: 16611: 12842:

Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (In Asia)

12796:

Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (In Asia)

12504: 11604:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Syria" 5664:

Timeline of science and engineering in the Muslim world

4771: in 1000. Miniature from the Rashid al-Din's 3957:) reflecting different methodologies of jurisprudence ( 3843:

also has a large number of non-denominational Muslims.

3701:

is currently the most populous Muslim-majority country.

17479:

Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction

16956:"Important dates in Islamic Calendar in the Year 2025" 16931:"Important dates in Islamic Calendar in the Year 2024" 16467:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

15638:. Books.google.com.pk. Retrieved on 23 September 2013. 14305:

Mezhepler Tarihi ve Terimleri Sözlüğü (The History of

13084: 11069:"The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan" 5872:'s rocket flight depicted in a 17th-century engraving. 4841:

Mir Sayyid Ali, a scholar writing a commentary on the

4408:

estimates indicate that in 2010, more than 64 million

3931:

The first centuries of Islam gave rise to three major

3781:

as his true political as well as religious successor.

3583:) who steered the efforts for religious education and 16:

Muslim-majority countries, states, districts, or towns

12838:"Commentary on "Islamic State": Thoughts of Islamism" 12792:"Commentary on "Islamic State": Thoughts of Islamism" 12348:"Muslim Population in India - Total Muslims in India" 12070:

Timothy J. Demy Ph.D., Jeffrey M. Shaw Ph.D. (2019).

10582:

Religion, the Enlightenment, and the New Global Order

10302: 10300: 10298: 10089:

Morality and Justice in Islamic Economics and Finance

8826:

Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs

7960: 7926: 7639:– West African religious leaders and teachers of the 7116:

Islamic calligraphy developed from two major styles:

4559:

have a high rate of citable scientific publications.

4372:

The Muslim world is home to some of the world's most

4303:

People move close to the Muslim food corner in China.

17133:"Taliban Changes Solar Year to Hijri Lunar Calendar" 16861: 16794:"Reading Mosques: Meaning and Architecture in Islam" 16527:

harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFloodNecipoğlu2017 (

15320:"Rohingya widows find safe haven in Bangladesh camp" 14205:'s Religion & Public Life Project. 9 August 2012 13019:

Matthiesen, Toby (2023). "10: The Muslim Response".

12607: 11203: 8697:"Number of Muslims ahead of Catholics, says Vatican" 7943: 7720: 7538:

The ancient Iranian New Year's Day, which is called

7274: 6713:". Images of Mohammed are likewise prohibited. Such 3455:

have changed the influence of Islam on the world in

1582:

which dominated the centers of Islamic knowledge of

17481:(1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. 17458:(1st ed.). Nova Science Publishers, New York. 17439:(1st ed.). New York: Nova Science Publishers. 17209:

Global communication without universal civilization

14833:"Jewish Population Rises to 15.2 million Worldwide" 12848:(3). Routledge: Taylor & Francis group: 38–40. 12802:(3). Routledge: Taylor & Francis group: 23–28. 11520:"BASIC LAW - OF THE PALESTINIAN NATIONAL AUTHORITY" 10388:

Islamist Terrorism and Democracy in the Middle East

10234: 10077:, Temple University Press (Philadelphia, PA), 1993. 5835:

was one of the most famous inventions of Al-Jazari.

5686:

Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world

1535:and enthroned one of the few female Muslim rulers, 1527:conquered Delhi in 1206 and began the reign of the 291:is an alternative often used for the latter sense. 92:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 17241:(2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. 16653:The art and architecture of Islam : 1250–1800 16555: 15353: 14903:Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics 14223: 14103:"Early Warning Signs of Shia Genocide in Pakistan" 13268: 13112:"What most people get wrong about political Islam" 11732: 11351:, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 24 August 2012 10459: 10295: 9685: 9115:Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy 9112: 5769:Surgical instruments illustrations. (11th century) 5642:, a critic of Aristotelian logic and a pioneer of 4380:—including three of its five great patriarchates ( 2483:replaced a monarchial semi-secular regime with an 358:Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 17051:"پژوهش‌های ایرانی | پاسداشت گاهشماری ایرانی" 15524:. Taylor & Francis. 1 March 2011. p. 9. 13260: 13180: 10377: 10375: 9841:Christopher Hitchens and Tim Rutten in discussion 9757:Carpenter, Scott; Cagaptay, Soner (2 June 2009). 9756: 8165:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 11–14. 7474:whereas the lunar Hijri calendar predominates in 4703:. In July 2013, the UN stated that the number of 4468:minorities. Malaysia (5 million) has the largest 4064:were initially divided into five major branches: 3686:has the largest Muslim population in the world. 2266:A significant change in the Muslim world was the 19028: 17237:; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2003). 16464: 16218:Arming the Periphery. Emrys Chew, 2012. p. 1823. 15909: 15907: 14958:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 73. 14717: 13593: 11924:"The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan" 11153:"Of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria" 10462:The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 9143: 8346:Lipka, Michael; Hackett, Conrad (6 April 2017). 7212:Modern Islamic calligraphy representing various 6895:decoration is believed to have been inspired by 6711:In the name of God, the Beneficent, the Merciful 6038:List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world 4476:are the oldest remaining religious community in 1395:After Muhammad died in 632, his successors (the 17098:. London: Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd. pp. 51–52. 16867: 15691: 14805:"Global Jewish population reaches 14.7 million" 13778: 13231: 11456:"Constitution of the Republic of Maldives 2008" 11185:"Constitution of the Kingdom of Bahrain (2002)" 10265: 9871:"Ook na 1400 jaar kan de islam heus verdwijnen" 9868: 8119:Scott Carpenter, Soner Cagaptay (2 June 2009). 7986:, after its switch to the Lunar Hijri calendar. 7339:) but the religious calendar is the Hijri one. 5044:Between the 8th and 18th centuries, the use of 4376:, and some of the most important cities of the 3909: 17508:. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 17073:"پژوهش‌های ایرانی | گاهشماری تقویم جلالی" 16774:. Sebastopol, CA: Solipsist Press. pp. 17–37. 16722: 16698:"Arabic calligraphy as a typographic exercise" 16586: 16584: 16545:, Ch.s "Architecture", "Ornament and pattern". 16522: 16446:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 16430:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPetersen1996 ( 15878: 15876: 15656: 14386:Abu’l-Qāsim Sulaiman ibn Ahmad ibn at-Tabarānī 14128:Hussain, Javed; Ahmad, Jibran (26 July 2013). 12915: 12701:Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 12660:Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 10885: 10883: 10881: 10879: 10877: 10875: 10873: 10871: 10869: 10867: 10865: 10863: 10861: 10859: 10857: 10855: 10853: 10851: 10849: 10847: 10845: 10843: 10841: 10839: 10837: 10665: 10551:(Reprint ed.). London and New York City: 10372: 10171: 10169: 9740: 9738: 9679: 9095:Ball State Student Sadie Sial identifies as a 8974:. Praeger Security International. p. 15. 8523:"The moment American Muslims were waiting for" 6065:and farming, using new technology such as the 5915:: such as in the 15th-century Persian work by 5606:Other influential Muslim philosophers include 4530:The literacy rate in the Muslim world varies. 4394:Christians have made significant contributions 2270:(1908–1922), to which the Ottoman officer and 17595: 17007:"دقیق ترین تقویم جهان، هدیه خیام به ایرانیان" 16695: 16651:Blair, Sheila S.; Bloom, Jonathan M. (1995). 16547:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBloomBlair2009 ( 16411:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBloomBlair2009 ( 16303:Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering 16232:Potassium Nitrate in Arabic and Latin Sources 16154:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 15904: 15801:The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature 15521:Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics 14748:International Bulletin of Missionary Research 13368: 13238:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics 13197: 13103: 12644:. Leiden, New York: E.J. Brill. (1996). p. 40 12520:The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters 10835: 10833: 10831: 10829: 10827: 10825: 10823: 10821: 10819: 10817: 10671: 9796:Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism 9661:"The world's fastest-growing religion is ..." 9408:"The Many Languages of Islam in the Caucasus" 8857:. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from 8005: 6296:Early Islamic architecture was influenced by 4291:People pray together in the mosque in Russia. 3633:society through exercise of state power, or ( 3403: 3371: 1187: 16677:Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture 16469:. Oxford University Press. pp. 74, 78. 15512: 14581:. University of Chicago Press. p. 164. 14574: 14508:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. XLVIII. 14439: 14269:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 14227:An Introduction to Islam in the 21st Century 14127: 13832:"Pew Forum on Religious & Public life". 13275:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 13109: 12980:B. Hass, Ernst (2000). "2: Iran and Egypt". 12599:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 ( 12377:"China's hi-tech war on its Muslim minority" 10384:"Transnational Islamist Terrorism: Al Qaeda" 10311:. In Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce (eds.). 9725:"The Future of the Global Muslim Population" 9514: 9241:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8345: 8039:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 8006:Waldman, Marilyn R.; Zeghal, Malika (2009). 7827:Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition 7402: 7396: 7370:and established the first Muslim community ( 7082: 5741:era) colored illustrations of human anatomy. 5199:(Thousand Fables) that relied on particular 3621:" strategy to re-Islamizing society through 3554:Muhammad Rashid Riḍā, a fervent opponent of 2268:defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire 1799:Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during 1515:achieved their greatest success in terms of 1471:that has never been resolved. The following 310:and believe in the prophetic mission of the 16798:The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 16581: 16173:Harvard's Office of News and Public Affairs 16073:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 9, 39. 16018: 15873: 15230: 15228: 15226: 15224: 15222: 14953: 14352: 13671:. Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 13457: 13424: 13394: 12280: 12007: 10681:. Cambridge University Press. p. 129. 10166: 10091:. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 62–63. 9899: 9897: 9895: 9830: 9828: 9735: 9309: 9279: 9179: 6312:architecture and all other lands which the 5312:, and then Ibn al-Nafis also wrote a novel 5276:was also a popular mythical Persian story. 3540:(founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran), 2466:As the Muslim world came into contact with 533:fastest-growing major religion in the world 333:being established across three continents ( 55:Learn how and when to remove these messages 17602: 17588: 17290: 16542: 16406: 16270:History of Science and Technology in Islam 16248: 16243:History of Science and Technology in Islam 16120: 14722:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 85. 14357:. Michigan University Press. p. 114. 14324: 13899:"The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity" 13642:"Comparison Chart of Sunni and Shia Islam" 13499:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 13469:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 13436:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 13406:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 13346:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 13018: 12868: 12292:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 11916: 10814: 10643: 10637: 10353: 10141: 10042:"The Islamic Gunpowder Empires, 1300–1650" 9996: 9788: 9786: 9784: 9526:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 9321:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 9291:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 9183:South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today 8670:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 8640:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 8587:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 8557:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 8408:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 8078: 8037:Esposito, John L., ed. (2009). "Preface". 6996:The subdivision rule used to generate the 6693:No Islamic visual images or depictions of 5290:. Ibn Tufail wrote the first Arabic novel 4863:Portrait of a painter during the reign of 3387: 3339: 3307: 2554: 2213:Anglo-Egyptian invasion of Sudan 1896–1899 1935:and many smaller states in the pre-modern 1908:Rational basis for the Politics of Nations 1234:action in Persia, and "Afghan Ambitions". 1194: 1180: 16198: 16196: 15241:. Pew Research Center. 19 December 2011. 15236:"Religion and Education Around the World" 14978: 14874:Rosenberg, Jerry M. (28 September 2009). 14873: 14845: 14718:A. Youssef, Adly; Thomas, Martyn (2006). 13528: 13526: 13524: 13334: 12853: 12807: 12671: 12531: 12516:"Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism" 12063: 11354: 10720:. Springer Science & Business Media. 10649:The Struggle for Transcaucasia: 1917–1921 10621:. Azerbaijan Press Agency. Archived from 10585:. Columbia University Press. p. 12. 10574: 10572: 10381: 10268:"The Impact of Imperialism on the Region" 10266:Payind, Alam; McClimans, Melinda (2016). 9580: 8967: 8614:"Muslim Population in Oceania: 1950-2020" 7245: 6449:city of India was constructed during the 6229:'s Kingdom, through the conquests of the 5678:Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world 4888:miniature of Shah Abu'l Ma‘ali, a scholar 4525: 3431:Liberalism and progressivism within Islam 3273: 2438:Learn how and when to remove this message 1303:Learn how and when to remove this message 232:Learn how and when to remove this message 214:Learn how and when to remove this message 152:Learn how and when to remove this message 16872:; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). 16425: 15647: 15452:(1983). "The Astronomy of the Mamluks". 15382:Knight, Michael Muhammad (24 May 2016). 15348: 15219: 14640: 14528: 14199:The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity 13751: 13666: 13532: 13471:. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. 12835: 12789: 12513: 12294:. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. 11362:"International Religious Freedom Report" 10578: 10490: 9892: 9837:"Hitchens '07: Danish Muhammad Cartoons" 9834: 9825: 9630:"Main Factors Driving Population Growth" 9323:. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. 9293:. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. 8771: 8672:. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. 8642:. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. 8589:. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. 8559:. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. 8410:. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. 8036: 6046:In technology, the Muslim world adopted 6007: 5674:Psychology in the medieval Islamic world 5461: 5266:, is a mythical and heroic retelling of 5017: 4675: 4355: 3919: 3693: 3434: 3355: 2073: 1419:, North Africa, southern Italy, and the 1328: 243: 17409: 17354:Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 17324: 17268:. Beltsville, Md.: Amana Publications. 16312: 16095: 15579: 15414: 14900: 14807:. The Jerusalem Post. 9 September 2018. 14643:Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East 14503: 14421:"Alevi İslam Din Hizmetleri Başkanlığı" 14374: 14189: 14187: 14185: 14183: 13993: 13487: 12979: 12940: 10979:"Islamic Republic of Iran Constitution" 10546: 10523: 10359: 10306: 10206: 10204: 10202: 10018:. Northern Virginia Community College. 9781: 9213:"How South Asia Will Save Global Islam" 9180:Pechilis, Karen; Raj, Selva J. (2013). 9110: 9104: 9076: 9070: 9045: 9039: 9011: 8694: 8611: 8575: 8396: 8254: 8154: 8152: 8150: 8148: 8146: 8081:Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History 7417: 6471:and local ethnic style architecture in 5682:Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world 4950:(786–809) with the inauguration of the 4193:festival at the tomb of the prophet in 4170:drums up the Friday afternoon crowd in 3323: 3291: 1503:, whose reigns under the leadership of 1376:), where he was invited to establish a 19029: 17476: 17453: 17432: 17351: 17263: 17206: 17168: 17166: 17164: 17162: 17160: 17158: 17093: 16834: 16617: 16493: 16378: 16193: 15936: 15818: 15797: 15551: 15381: 15355:"'Islamic' Culture: A Groundless Myth" 14665: 14601: 14533:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 423. 14452:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 14142:from the original on 24 September 2015 14032: 13966: 13669:"Mapping the Global Muslim Population" 13521: 13136: 13118:from the original on 29 September 2022 12758: 12564: 12318:"MAPPING THE GLOBAL MUSLIM POPULATION" 11885:"Indonesia Risks Factors in Terrorism" 11688:from the original on 24 September 2015 10901:from the original on 27 September 2017 10776:from the original on 10 September 2021 10714:Ebaugh, Helen Rose (1 December 2009). 10713: 10569: 10454: 10086: 9862: 9358:from the original on 16 September 2018 9211:Diplomat, Akhilesh Pillalamarri, The. 9012:Benakis, Theodoros (13 January 2014). 8658: 8628: 8545: 8227: 8074: 8072: 8070: 7024: 6113:(Tamerlane) and the resurgence of the 5917:Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas 4279:Muslim beggars stalk a car in Nigeria. 1243:countries in which Islam is widespread 285:countries in which Islam is widespread 275:community, which is also known as the 18782: 18550: 18166: 17583: 17503: 17380: 17239:Islamic Art and Architecture 650-1250 17108: 16816:from the original on 24 November 2023 16791: 16729:. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum. 16071:Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy 16068: 15765:Muhammad b. Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufayl. 15442: 15402:from the original on 22 February 2021 15248:from the original on 22 December 2016 15207:from the original on 6 September 2018 15181:from the original on 6 September 2018 15129:from the original on 6 September 2018 15103:from the original on 6 September 2018 15077:from the original on 22 December 2015 15073:. International Islamic News Agency. 14788: 13981:from the original on 14 December 2015 13909:from the original on 23 December 2016 13733:from the original on 23 November 2011 13509:from the original on 20 November 2011 13408:. Pew Research Center. Archived from 13382:from the original on 23 February 2021 13181:Rashid Ghannouchi (31 October 2013). 13065: 12771:from the original on 23 December 2015 12616:"AP Stylebook revises 'Islamist' use" 12613: 12374: 12298:from the original on 20 November 2011 12264:. Pew Research Center. 22 June 2015. 12108:from the original on 6 September 2020 12051:from the original on 19 December 2019 11191:from the original on 23 February 2017 11101:from the original on 26 December 2011 10985:from the original on 25 February 2008 10927:from the original on 23 February 2017 10579:Owen, John M.; Owen, J. Judd (2010). 10341:from the original on 27 December 2021 10187:from the original on 13 February 2014 9792: 9717: 9658: 9581:Whitehead, Nadia (25 December 2015). 9528:. Pew Research Center. Archived from 9005: 8928:from the original on 25 December 2018 8792:from the original on 25 December 2018 8707:from the original on 2 September 2013 8520: 8287:from the original on 16 December 2017 8228:Hassan, M. Kabir (30 December 2016). 8158: 7423:These paragraphs are an excerpt from 7251:These paragraphs are an excerpt from 7030:These paragraphs are an excerpt from 6909:straightedge and compass construction 6847:These paragraphs are an excerpt from 6709:of the Quran begins with the phrase " 6258:These paragraphs are an excerpt from 6077:fruit were brought to Europe through 5670:Physics in the medieval Islamic world 5355:, developing into the earliest known 5014:Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world 3577:should be guided by clerical elites ( 3468:These paragraphs are an excerpt from 18551: 18167: 17327:Humanism in the Renaissance of Islam 17298:(15 March 1999). "Arabian fantasy". 17185:from the original on 25 January 2022 16792:Erzen, Jale Nejdet (February 2011). 16704:from the original on 11 October 2018 16006:, p. 5, Editions de la Méditerranée. 15925:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy 15448: 15375: 15330:from the original on 4 November 2018 15044:. Science-matrix.com. Archived from 15019:from the original on 31 October 2017 15009:"Scimago Journal & Country Rank" 14608:. Clarendon Press. pp. 38, 55. 14445: 14297: 14281:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 14263:Rabb, Intisar A. (2009). "Fiqh". In 14262: 14244:from the original on 25 January 2022 14180: 13960: 13924: 13891: 13701:from the original on 16 October 2021 13675:from the original on 24 October 2012 13565: 13291:from the original on 4 February 2017 12826:, Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), p. 120 12694: 12653: 12224:from the original on 27 January 2017 11865:from the original on 5 November 2013 11662:from the original on 29 October 2016 11630:from the original on 27 January 2017 11584:from the original on 27 January 2017 11558:from the original on 27 January 2017 11526:from the original on 30 October 2021 11500:from the original on 27 January 2017 11404:from the original on 27 January 2017 11372:from the original on 8 November 2019 11133:from the original on 27 January 2017 11049:from the original on 27 January 2017 10734:from the original on 25 January 2022 10695:from the original on 17 January 2018 10599:from the original on 25 January 2022 10362:The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia 10240: 10222:from the original on 23 January 2019 10199: 10175: 9910:Islam and the Integration of Society 9903: 9640:from the original on 1 December 2020 9503:from the original on 14 January 2019 9388:from the original on 27 January 2021 9267:from the original on 28 January 2017 9210: 8878: 8832:from the original on 12 October 2014 8624:from the original on 2 October 2023. 8502:from the original on 10 October 2017 8384:from the original on 5 February 2023 8370: 8143: 8089:10.1093/acref/9780190622718.001.0001 8047:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 8018:from the original on 2 February 2017 7870:This notation is similar to that of 7176:Islamic calligraphy represented for 6285:and religious styles from the early 4731: 4392:). Scholars and intellectuals agree 4083:Among these numerous branches, only 3502:political unity and the creation of 2387: 1713: 1285:adding citations to reliable sources 1256: 487:, and widespread in Southeast Asia. 163: 90:adding citations to reliable sources 61: 20: 17155: 16849:from the original on 1 January 2019 16845:. No. November/December 2005. 16622:. New York: Springer. p. 579. 15750:Electronic Theses and Dissertations 15648:Marzolph (2007). "Arabian Nights". 14835:. Jewish agency. 15 September 2021. 14745: 14707:from the original on 1 August 2019. 13967:Miller, Tracy, ed. (October 2009). 13861:Library of Congress Country Studies 13356:from the original on 10 August 2017 13318:. foreignpolicy.com. Archived from 13313: 13277:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 13171:, Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), p. 21 12492:from the original on 25 August 2023 12336:from the original on 26 March 2023. 12140:from the original on 2 January 2017 11740:"United States Department of State" 10307:Cuthell, David Cameron Jr. (2009). 10048:. Pearson Education. Archived from 10003:. Shiva Lal Agarwala & Company. 9869:Gert Jan Geling (12 January 2017). 9686:Lippman, Thomas W. (7 April 2008). 9574: 9345: 9257:"Middle East-North Africa Overview" 8358:from the original on 23 August 2017 8313:from the original on 13 August 2018 8067: 8041:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7953: 7936: 7916: 7832:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 7708:Muslim girls walking for school in 7403: 7397: 7264: 7083: 6865: 6532:Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Mosque 5309:The Incoherence of the Philosophers 4428:live in Arab and Muslim countries. 3900:Friday prayer for Sunni Muslims in 3831:(42%). They are found primarily in 3617:Al-Banna and Maududi called for a " 2383: 2239: 1939:, and initiated a period known as ' 1883: 1614:in the Indian subcontinent (India, 13: 17555:, Canada (archived 15 April 2004). 17266:How Islam Created the Modern World 16569:from the original on 14 March 2007 16129:from the original on 26 April 2015 16121:Al-Khalili, Jim (4 January 2009). 14622:from the original on 10 March 2021 14195:"Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation" 14109:from the original on 1 August 2017 14083:from the original on 1 August 2017 13648:from the original on 29 April 2011 13547:from the original on 23 March 2018 13475:from the original on 5 August 2013 13244:from the original on 25 March 2022 13149:from the original on 26 March 2023 13137:Nugent, Elizabeth (23 June 2014). 13029:10.1093/oso/9780190689469.001.0001 12879:10.1093/oso/9780190689469.001.0001 12735:from the original on 6 August 2023 12466:. 17 February 2011. Archived from 12192:from the original on 14 April 2015 11962:, Republic of Kosovo constitution, 10921:"Constitution of Afghanistan 2004" 10802:from the original on 9 August 2014 10753:1906 Constitution of Imperial Iran 10524:Livesey, Bruce (25 January 2005). 10313:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 10000:The Sultanate Of Delhi 711–1526 AD 9997:Srivastava, Ashirvadi Lal (1929). 9931:from the original on 6 August 2020 9847:from the original on 22 April 2016 9813:from the original on 25 April 2016 9769:from the original on 26 March 2017 9471:from the original on 16 March 2020 9287:"Region: Middle East-North Africa" 9223:from the original on 27 March 2019 8988:from the original on 3 August 2020 8971:Iran, Israel and the United States 8618:Pacific Data Hub Microdata Library 8533:from the original on 12 March 2017 8404:"Region: Middle East-North Africa" 8339: 8333:"Who will stand up for Palestine?" 8131:from the original on 26 March 2017 7696:, West Sumatra) reciting Al-Qur'an 6332:. New architectural elements like 4461:(primarily in Syria and Lebanon). 4448:, with the largest communities of 4308: 4267:Children read Qur'an in Indonesia. 2292:Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate 2048:French campaign in Egypt and Syria 1870:Cannons and guns belonging to the 1345:in 1154, one of the most advanced 14: 19093: 17531: 17172: 16837:"The Beginning of Hijri calendar" 15798:Claeys, Gregory (5 August 2010). 15300:from the original on 27 July 2013 15155:from the original on 10 July 2018 14168:from the original on 5 March 2016 14045:United States Department of State 14006:Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies 13944:on Pakistan. 2010. Archived from 13876:from the original on 17 July 2005 13792:from the original on 29 July 2016 13446:from the original on 25 July 2013 12918:Islamic Fundamentalism since 1945 12916:Milton-Edwards, Beverley (2005). 12759:Wright, Robin (10 January 2015). 12268:from the original on 22 June 2015 12019:United States Department of State 11912:. U.S. Department of State. 2022. 11744:United States Department of State 10959:from the original on 25 June 2016 10536:from the original on 28 June 2011 10436:from the original on 12 July 2021 10181:"The 6 killer apps of prosperity" 10013: 9436: 9418:from the original on 21 July 2020 9354:. Vol. 2. pp. 161–164. 9327:from the original on 28 July 2013 9297:from the original on 25 July 2013 8899:from the original on 20 July 2019 8676:from the original on 7 April 2013 8646:from the original on 7 April 2013 8593:from the original on 9 March 2013 8563:from the original on 9 March 2013 8414:from the original on 9 March 2013 8179:from the original on 20 June 2020 7601:hermeneutics of feminism in Islam 2949: 2679: 2559: 2304:separated religion from the state 2082:Beginning with the 15th century, 36:This article has multiple issues. 19011: 19010: 18999: 18530:Schools of islamic jurisprudence 17778:Timeline of the history of Islam 17609: 17125: 17102: 17065: 17043: 17021: 16999: 16948: 16923: 16891: 16828: 16810:10.1111/j.1540-6245.2010.01453.x 16785: 16764: 16751: 16716: 16602: 16593: 16516: 16365:"Islamic Art and Architecture", 16359: 16350: 16334: 16292: 16275: 16221: 16212: 16184: 16165: 16141: 16114: 16062: 16053: 16044: 16009: 15996: 15971: 15962: 15930: 15849: 15791: 15779: 15759: 15731: 15700: 15677:Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers 15665: 15641: 15622: 15613: 15604: 15595: 15545: 15496: 15480: 15342: 15312: 15282: 15260: 15193: 15167: 15141: 15115: 15089: 15063: 15031: 15000: 14972: 14947: 14922: 14894: 14867: 14839: 14825: 14811: 14797: 14782: 14739: 14711: 14687: 14659: 14634: 14595: 14568: 14547: 14522: 14497: 14470: 14413: 14346: 14318: 14309:and its terminology dictionary), 14256: 14217: 14154: 14121: 14095: 14069: 14052:from the original on 30 May 2019 13845: 13826: 13804: 13745: 13713: 13687: 13660: 13634: 13616: 13594:Adrian Cybriwsky, Roman (2015). 13587: 13559: 13174: 13059: 13012: 12973: 12934: 12909: 12862: 12829: 12695:Bale, Jeffrey M. (1 June 2009). 12688: 12647: 12622:from the original on 3 June 2023 12540: 12474: 12456: 12443: 12429: 12415: 12401: 12387: 12368: 12354: 12340: 12310: 12254: 12246:. US Department of State. 2019. 12236: 12204: 12178: 12120: 12090: 12033: 11983: 11965: 11946: 11902: 11877: 11833: 11819: 11794: 11776: 11758: 11674: 11642: 11618:"Tunisia's Constitution of 2014" 11610: 11596: 11570: 11538: 11512: 11488:"Morocco's Constitution of 2011" 11480: 11448: 11436:from the original on 14 May 2011 11416: 11384: 11331: 11307: 11275: 11253: 11221: 11075:from the original on 9 July 2011 10891:"Islamic Countries Of The World" 10309:"Atatürk, Kemal (Mustafa Kemal)" 10022:from the original on 26 May 2011 9690:. U.S. News & World Report. 9667:from the original on 15 May 2020 8733:from the original on 25 May 2013 8434:"The Global Religious Landscape" 7968: 7906: 7897: 7864: 7751: 7737: 7723: 7701: 7682: 7667: 7648: 7628: 7612: 7376:), an event commemorated as the 7362:and his followers migrated from 7205: 7189: 7169: 7154: 7138: 7005: 6989: 6974: 6958:Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan 6829: 6817: 6805: 6659: 6631: 6607: 6587: 6562: 6543: 6524: 6505: 6480: 6457: 6435: 6417: 6292:different religious affiliations 5862: 5846: 5824: 5804: 5774: 5752: 5726: 5705: 5159: 5140: 5120: 5098: 4915: 4893: 4877: 4856: 4834: 4809: 4779: 4756: 4651: 4635: 4619: 4599: 4513: 4501: 4485: 4472:population in the Muslim world. 4296: 4284: 4272: 4260: 4238: 4220: 4201: 4179: 4156: 3893: 3874: 3855: 3405: 3389: 3373: 3368:: 14–20 million Muslims (10–14%) 3357: 3341: 3325: 3309: 3293: 3259: 3237: 3224: 3211: 3198: 3185: 3172: 3159: 3146: 3133: 3120: 3107: 3094: 3081: 3068: 3055: 3042: 3029: 3016: 3003: 2990: 2977: 2964: 2935: 2922: 2909: 2896: 2883: 2870: 2857: 2844: 2831: 2818: 2805: 2792: 2779: 2766: 2753: 2740: 2727: 2714: 2701: 2665: 2652: 2639: 2626: 2613: 2600: 2587: 2574: 2392: 2219: 2205: 2190: 2167: 2143: 2119: 2103: 2040: 2024: 2011:, an armed conflict between the 2001: 1974: 1965:after being defeated during the 1948: 1863: 1839: 1815: 1792: 1773: 1261: 1161: 570: 168: 66: 25: 18871:List of ex-Muslim organisations 17175:"On Erdogan and Muslim mothers" 17139:. 26 March 2022. Archived from 16498:. h.f.ullmann. pp. 36–37. 15388:. Penguin. pp. Chapter 1. 15274:. 24 April 2012. Archived from 15006: 14789:Staff, Toi (8 September 2018). 14557:. 1993. Edinburgh Univ. Press. 14555:Islamic Science and Engineering 14393:Al-Bākūrat’ūs Sūlaiman’īyyah – 13236:. In Emad El-Din Shahin (ed.). 13110:Hamid, Shadi (1 October 2015). 12375:Byler, Darren (11 April 2019). 11953:Republic of Kosovo constitution 11295:from the original on 4 May 2017 11263:(Constitution, Article 1). 1992 11241:from the original on 4 May 2017 11177: 11165:from the original on 4 May 2017 11145: 11113: 11087: 11061: 11029: 11017:from the original on 4 May 2017 10997: 10971: 10939: 10913: 10788: 10766:"Islam: Governing Under Sharia" 10758: 10746: 10707: 10611: 10532:. WGBH educational foundation. 10517: 10484: 10448: 10259: 10135: 10105: 10080: 10064: 10046:Civilization Past & Present 10034: 10007: 9990: 9970: 9961: 9952: 9943: 9799:. WH Allen. p. XXII–XIII. 9750: 9694:from the original on 5 May 2019 9652: 9622: 9596: 9544: 9483: 9453: 9430: 9400: 9370: 9339: 9249: 9204: 9173: 9161:from the original on 4 May 2017 8745: 8719: 8688: 8605: 8514: 8484: 8462:"Oxford Islamic Studies Online" 8454: 8443:. December 2012. Archived from 8426: 8325: 8299: 8209:from the original on 3 May 2020 8162:Islam, the State and Population 7792:Index of Islam-related articles 7149:, 7th century. (Surah 7: 86–87) 7015:pattern that can be drawn with 6252: 6132:, and early industrial uses of 5620:Aristotelian natural philosophy 5448:Contemporary Islamic philosophy 5416:. Translations of Ibn Tufail's 5322:. Both of these narratives had 5072:(from 1100 to around 1600) and 4245:Most of the inhabitants of the 3947:. Each sect developed distinct 3769:(consultation), as was done at 3670: 2313:In the 21st century, after the 1443:attempted two failed sieges of 1272:needs additional citations for 471:. About 13% of Muslims live in 443:Most Muslims are of one of two 77:needs additional citations for 44:or discuss these issues on the 17096:Chronology of Prophetic Events 17094:Shaikh, Fazlur Rehman (2001). 16696:Julia Kaestle (10 July 2010). 16565:. Encyclopedia of the Orient. 15948:. pp. 245, 250, 256–257. 15804:. Cambridge University Press. 15679:: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy 14877:The Rebirth of the Middle East 13754:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 13402:"Muslim Population by Country" 13314:Roy, Olivier (16 April 2012). 13139:"What do we mean by Islamist?" 13093: 12855:10.1080/19370679.2013.12023226 12809:10.1080/19370679.2013.12023226 12697:"Islamism and Totalitarianism" 12186:"Constitution of Turkmenistan" 11546:"Qatar's Constitution of 2003" 11283:"Egypt's Constitution of 2014" 10501:Johns Hopkins University Press 10087:Chapra, Muhammad Umer (2014). 9835:Hitchens, Christopher (2007). 9659:Burke, Daniel (4 April 2015). 9522:"Muslim Population by Country" 9119:. Simon and Schuster. p. 9050:. The Sentinel. Archived from 8893:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 8695:Kington, Tom (31 March 2008). 8521:Burke, Daniel (29 July 2016). 8273: 8257:A History of Islamic Societies 8248: 8221: 8191: 8112: 8030: 7999: 7299:and the annual season for the 6701:. Muslims describe God by the 5318:as a response to Ibn Tufail's 4045:, and other movements such as 3666:of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). 3599:schoolteacher who founded the 3352:: 19.4 million Muslims (35.2%) 3336:: 25–40 million Muslims (2–3%) 3320:: 34.7 million Muslims (31.3%) 2261:Anglo-Russian action in Persia 2059: 1826:under the command of Islamist 1384:, marks the first year of the 1206: 1: 16879:. Brill Academic Publishers. 16726:Books : a living history 16381:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 15844:Encyclopedia of Islamic World 15833:Ibnul-Nafees As a Philosopher 15726:Encyclopedia of Islamic World 15715:Ibn al-Nafis As a Philosopher 15652:. Vol. I. Leiden: Brill. 14954:Monshipouri, Mahmood (2011). 14578:The Legend of the Middle Ages 14380:"Muhammad ibn Āliyy’ūl Cillī 14077:"The Trouble With Madrassahs" 13533:Analysis (19 December 2011). 13273:. In John L. Esposito (ed.). 13169:The Future of Political Islam 12824:The Future of Political Islam 12761:"A Short History of Islamism" 12654:Tibi, Bassam (1 March 2007). 12614:Byers, Dylan (5 April 2013). 11802:"Gambia (The) 1996(rev.2004)" 11708:"Article 7.1 of Constitution" 9348:"CENTRAL ASIA ii. Demography" 7852: 7593:liberal progressive movements 7342:This calendar enumerates the 7196:Islamic calligraphy praising 7049:, in the languages which use 6386:, commercial buildings (e.g. 6050:from China. The knowledge of 6003: 5599:and developed the concept of 5441: 5382:end of the world and doomsday 5189:, Persian, and later Arabian 5079: 4590:have a significant amount of 4424:estimated that around 27,000 4374:ancient Christian communities 4151:later emerged independently. 3966:The major Sunni madhhabs are 3416:: 8–9 million Muslims (9–10%) 3304:: 200 million Muslims (14.6%) 2691:have endorsed Islam as their 2342:, reportedly quoted from the 1726:Age of the Islamic Gunpowders 18856:Apostasy in Islam by country 18733:Liberalism and progressivism 16190:Turner, H. (1997) pp. 136–38 15737:Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), " 15552:Saliba, George (July 1995). 14446:Halm, Heinz (21 July 2004). 14353:De McLaurin, Ronald (1979). 13535:"Global religious landscape" 11766:"Article 31 of Constitution" 10770:Council on Foreign Relations 10404:10.1017/CBO9780511977367.003 10382:Dalacoura, Katerina (2012). 10364:. London and New York City: 10243:Colonialism and Its Legacies 10241:Levy, Jacob T., ed. (2011). 9913:. Psychology Press. p. 9317:"Region: Sub-Saharan Africa" 8553:"Region: Sub-Saharan Africa" 8466:www.oxfordislamicstudies.com 7993: 7623:wedding ceremony in a mosque 7435:is the official calendar of 7073:calligraphy. It is known in 7041:is the artistic practice of 6724: 6682: 6042:Arab Agricultural Revolution 4494:largest Christian population 4402:Middle East and North Africa 4189:dignitaries celebrating the 3916:Islamic schools and branches 3910:Islamic schools and branches 3689: 2174:The Christian reconquest of 1919:, starting from the wealthy 1724:Scholars often use the term 1700:liberalism and progressivism 1491:' rule was succeeded by the 1355:history of the Islamic faith 465:Islamic schools and branches 283:sense, these terms refer to 7: 17300:The Encyclopedia of Fantasy 16842:Saudi Aramco World Magazine 16496:Islam: Art and Architecture 15968:Russell (1994), pp. 224–62, 15862:, p. 202, Rowman Altamira, 13937:Central Intelligence Agency 13853:"Country Profile: Pakistan" 13756:. Oxford University Press. 13667:ANALYSIS (7 October 2009). 13570:. Oxford University Press. 13495:"Muslim-Majority Countries" 13240:. Oxford University Press. 13214:. p. 5. Archived from 12288:"Muslim-Majority Countries" 12160:"Article 2 of Constitution" 11973:"Article 1 of Constitution" 11859:"Article 1 of Constitution" 11784:"Article 1 of Constitution" 11095:"Basic Law of Saudi Arabia" 10547:Geltzer, Joshua A. (2011). 9978:History of Mediaeval Bengal 9046:Longton, Gary Gurr (2014). 8234:. Edward Elgar Publishing. 7961: 7944: 7927: 7716: 7275: 7221: 6966:Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba 6741:pre-Islamic pagan religions 5657: 5622:and Aristotle's concept of 5532:, translated into Latin as 5526:. His philosophical novel, 5454:Logic in Islamic philosophy 5178:One Thousand and One Nights 5007: 4671: 4442:reduced to a small fraction 4025:. It also gave rise to the 3751: 3462: 3420: 2418:the claims made and adding 1325:Timeline of Islamic history 745:("Stories of the Prophets") 296:history of the Muslim world 194:the claims made and adding 10: 19098: 18783: 17551:an online tutorial at the 17477:Turner, Howard R. (1997). 17200: 16772:Five Essays on Islamic Art 16761:. 85: 152–184 – via JSTOR. 16675:Chapman, Caroline (2012). 16523:Flood & Necipoğlu 2017 16015:Russell (1994), pp. 224–39 14979:L. Elazar, Daniel (2020). 14905:. Routledge. p. 109. 14846:L. Elazar, Daniel (2020). 14760:10.1177/239693939501900306 14645:. Routledge. p. 173. 14529:Jacobsen, Douglas (2011). 14490:Cad. No: 290, Yenibosna / 13212:International Crisis Group 13096:Failure of Political Islam 11991:"Preamble of Constitution" 11424:"Constitution of Malaysia" 10396:Cambridge University Press 9020:. Brussels. Archived from 9014:"Islamophoobia in Europe!" 8612:Kettani, Houssain (2010). 7558: 7505:(known in the West as the 7422: 7250: 7147:an early Qur'an manuscript 7029: 6876:Islamic geometric patterns 6846: 6728: 6686: 6257: 6035: 5781:A self-trimming lamp from 5667: 5661: 5636:Illuminationist philosophy 5451: 5445: 5089: 5083: 5011: 4925:studying together, from a 4845:, during the reign of the 4735: 4714: 4646:lining up for class, 2009. 3913: 3789:Non-denominational Muslims 3704: 3674: 3467: 3444:prime minister of Pakistan 3424: 3400:: 10 million Muslims (15%) 3384:: 12 million Muslims (42%) 2458:Political aspects of Islam 2455: 2449: 2317:(2001) coordinated by the 2308:abolition of the Caliphate 2263:; and "Afghan Ambitions". 2243: 2198:French conquest of Algeria 2112:French conquest of Algeria 2063: 1887: 1717: 1519:and number of converts to 1439:, however. The succeeding 1314: 1252: 469:non-denominational Muslims 329:, which culminated in the 18994: 18879: 18846: 18796: 18792: 18778: 18705: 18672: 18644:Geography and cartography 18619: 18566: 18562: 18546: 18372: 18294: 18241: 18190: 18186: 18162: 18032: 17914: 17874: 17757: 17709: 17633: 17629: 17618: 17549:The Islamic World to 1600 17538:What is the Muslim world? 17325:Kraemer, Joel L. (1992). 16590:Madden (1975), pp. 423–30 16367:The Columbia Encyclopedia 16356:Ettinghausen (2003), p. 3 15946:New York University Press 15826:Symposium on Ibn al Nafis 15814:– via Google Books. 15708:Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis 15429:New York University Press 15201:"Indonesia Literacy rate" 14901:C. Held, Colbert (2008). 14329:. Routledge. p. 33. 14325:J. Stewart, Dona (2008). 14252:– via Google Books. 14230:. John Wiley & Sons. 13598:. ABC-CLIO. p. 179. 12869:Matthiesen, Toby (2023). 12713:10.1080/14690760903371313 12673:10.1080/14690760601121630 12581:(inactive 24 July 2024). 12579:10.1017/S1537592703000197 12076:. ABC-CLIO. p. 180. 11845:13 September 2004 at the 11840:Article 1 of Constitution 10742:– via Google Books. 9137:nondenominational Muslims 9111:Pollack, Kenneth (2014). 9097:non-denominational Muslim 8968:Roshandel, Jalil (2011). 8753:"Field Listing Religions" 8729:. IslamicPopulation.com. 8244:– via Google Books. 7817:Islam and other religions 7295:and rituals, such as the 7055:alphabets derived from it 7017:compass and straight edge 6964:; and in wood, as at the 6140:. The industrial uses of 5343:living in seclusion on a 4233:ruled in Yemen until 1962 4215:valley in Algerian Sahara 3717:India's Muslim population 3479:refers to a broad set of 3251: 1566:(15th-16th centuries) of 1505:Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji 393:are not Muslim-majority. 352:As of 2013, the combined 306:look for guidance to the 289:Muslim-majority countries 18953:Islamic view of miracles 17559:Is There a Muslim World? 17109:Marom, Roy (Fall 2017). 16328:18 February 2008 at the 16264:26 February 2008 at the 16237:26 February 2008 at the 16069:Kamal, Muhammad (2006). 15754:University of Notre Dame 15662:Grant & Clute, p. 51 15123:"Pakistan Literacy rate" 14670:. Springer. p. 11. 14666:Curtis, Michael (2018). 14504:Jenkins, Philip (2020). 13834:http://www.pewforum.org/ 13232:Emin Poljarevic (2015). 13205:"Understanding Islamism" 13051:: CS1 maint: location ( 13004:: CS1 maint: location ( 12965:: CS1 maint: location ( 12901:: CS1 maint: location ( 12567:Perspectives on Politics 12423:"Technical Difficulties" 12045:U.S. Department of State 11958:21 November 2013 at the 11682:"Albania – Constitution" 10491:Moghadam, Assaf (2008). 9905:Watt, William Montgomery 8281:"Economies of the ummah" 8255:Lapidus, Ira M. (2014). 8159:Jones, Gavin W. (2005). 7857: 7554: 7000:pattern on the spandrel. 6841: 6218:, particularly from the 5632:Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi 5610:(Alhazen), a pioneer of 5542:condition of possibility 5534:Philosophus Autodidactus 5511:Another figure from the 5418:Philosophus Autodidactus 5349:Philosophus Autodidactus 5328:Philosophus Autodidactus 5320:Philosophus Autodidactus 5299:Philosophus Autodidactus 4450:Jews in Muslim countries 4432:have existed across the 3756: 3677:Muslim population growth 3612:Grand Mufti of Jerusalem 2505:schools of jurisprudence 2479:. By contrast, the 1979 1465:killing of caliph Uthman 834:Medieval Islamic science 18718:Creationism (evolution) 17410:Russell, G. A. (1994). 17173:Akyol, Riada Asimovic. 16723:Lyons, Martyn. (2011). 16031:17 January 2008 at the 16004:Risalat Hayy ibn Yaqzan 15891:Oxford University Press 15838:6 February 2008 at the 15720:6 February 2008 at the 15697:Grant & Clute, p 52 15486:Medieval India, NCERT, 15427:, pp. 245, 250, 256–7. 14700:. Pew Research Center. 14641:C. Ellis, Kail (2017). 14602:Pacini, Andrea (1998). 14273:Oxford University Press 14011:Oxford University Press 13752:Esposito, John (2003). 13021:The Caliph and the Imam 12941:B. Hass, Ernst (2000). 12871:The Caliph and the Imam 12533:10.55540/0031-1723.2340 12514:Eikmeier, Dale (2007). 11338:"Jordan country report" 10360:Commins, David (2009). 10016:"The Gunpowder Empires" 7674:A tribal delegation in 7350:was established as the 7265:ٱلتَّقْوِيم ٱلْهِجْرِيّ 6870:, "knot", also written 6836:Example of an Arabesque 6824:Example of an Arabesque 6812:Example of an Arabesque 6667:Moscow Cathedral Mosque 6551:Great Mosque of Córdoba 6236: 5978:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi 5945:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi 5760:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi 5436:The Aspiring Naturalist 5262:, the national epic of 5252:story of undying love. 4725:prescriptive literature 4626:A primary classroom in 3927:across the Muslim world 3862:Turkish Muslims at the 3662:" to date, such as the 2684:The following nineteen 2555:Government and religion 2009:Siege of Ochakov (1788) 1728:to describe period the 1501:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 1467:in 656, resulting in a 257:administrative division 18968:Persecution of Muslims 18866:List of former Muslims 17783:Succession to Muhammad 17504:Livny, Avital (2020). 16875:Encyclopaedia of Islam 16543:Bloom & Blair 2009 16407:Bloom & Blair 2009 16342:Technology and Culture 16204:Technology and Culture 16059:Russell (1994), p. 247 15859:Encyclopaedia of Islam 15772:4 October 2015 at the 15650:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13839:4 January 2012 at the 13566:Khan, Nichola (2016). 12836:Zhongmin, Liu (2013). 12790:Zhongmin, Liu (2013). 11315:"Constitution of Iraq" 10673:Swietochowski, Tadeusz 10283:Cite journal requires 9793:Nawaz, Maajid (2012). 9745:Pan-Islamism In India, 9443:Oxford Islamic Studies 8583:"Region: Asia-Pacific" 8492:"Region: Asia-Pacific" 7385: 7317:Levant and Mesopotamia 7246:Islamic lunar calendar 6465:Al Jabbar Grand Mosque 6314:early Muslim conquests 6281:. It encompasses both 6061:Advances were made in 6033: 5597:Transcendent theosophy 5595:founded his school of 5481: 5374:spontaneous generation 5363:Theologus Autodidactus 5353:Theologus Autodidactus 5333:Theologus Autodidactus 5315:Theologus Autodidactus 5041: 4689: 4606:Young school girls in 4526:Literacy and education 4369: 3928: 3925:Islamic schools of law 3813:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3702: 3447: 3282:in 2015 there were 50 3274:Muslim-minority states 2998:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2340:11 September hijackers 2079: 1898: 1850:in combat against the 1350: 844:Succession to Muhammad 511:are also found in the 271:commonly refer to the 260: 18762:Conversion to mosques 18629:Alchemy and chemistry 17553:University of Calgary 17454:Tausch, Arno (2015). 17433:Tausch, Arno (2009). 17264:Graham, Mark (2006). 17235:Ettinghausen, Richard 17207:Ankerl, Guy (2000) . 16983:Encyclopaedia Iranica 16905:Government of Sharjah 16770:Allen, Terry (1988). 16178:14 March 2007 at the 16147:Plofker, Kim (2009), 16050:Russell (1994) p. 227 16026:Desert island scripts 15855:Cyril Glasse (2001), 15097:"Egypt Literacy rate" 14575:Brague, Rémi (2009). 14391:" (Sūlaiman Affandy, 14048:. 19 September 2008. 12047:. 14 September 2007. 12003:on 12 September 2012. 11806:constituteproject.org 9352:Encyclopaedia Iranica 9186:. Routledge. p. 9077:Kirkham, Bri (2015). 8450:on 24 September 2015. 8309:. 22 September 2016. 7974:Since 1 Muharam 1444 7954:ڕۆژژمێری کۆچیی ھەتاوی 7599:have been revisiting 7451:as determined by the 6940:; plasterwork, as at 6747:style made famous in 6216:Industrial Revolution 6022:Industrial Revolution 6011: 5941:The Canon of Medicine 5937:pulmonary circulation 5811:An illustration from 5787:On Mechanical Devices 5652:philosophy of history 5616:philosophy of science 5562:Melchisédech Thévenot 5538:nature versus nurture 5499:The Canon of Medicine 5465: 5452:Further information: 5286:were pioneers of the 5090:Further information: 5076:(from 1470 to 1550). 5054:Tin-opacified glazing 5021: 5012:Further information: 4701:the uprising in Syria 4679: 4492:Egypt has one of the 4360:Church and Mosque in 4359: 4035:Ja'fari jurisprudence 3949:jurisprudence schools 3923: 3697: 3640:At least one author ( 3605:Hajji Amin al-Husayni 3438: 3425:Further information: 2477:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 2475:since the reforms of 2456:Further information: 2374:Scientific Revolution 2276:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 2272:Turkish revolutionary 2244:Further information: 2077: 1894: 1852:Knights of Saint John 1846:Gun-wielding Ottoman 1332: 247: 18488:Ma malakat aymanukum 18063:Association football 17329:. Brill Publishers. 16618:Bonner, Jay (2017). 16307:University of Aleppo 16150:Mathematics in India 15914:"Islamic Philosophy" 15744:4 April 2015 at the 15175:"Iraq Literacy rate" 15149:"Iran Literacy rate" 15051:on 13 September 2012 14934:Encyclopædia Iranica 14482:4 March 2016 at the 14311:Ensar Publications, 14001:"Pakistan, Islam in" 13695:"The World Factbook" 13376:"The World Factbook" 13066:Pappe, Ilan (2010). 12470:on 17 February 2011. 12104:. 6 September 2020. 11934:on 24 September 2014 11327:on 28 November 2016. 11215:bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd 10897:. 21 February 2018. 9759:"What Muslim World?" 9467:. 23 February 2019. 9346:Rowland, Richard H. 8121:"What Muslim World?" 7928:Gâhšomâri-ye Xoršidi 7782:History of the Arabs 7605:Riada Asimovic Akyol 7571:Riada Asimovic Akyol 7530:Zoroastrian calendar 7468:lunar Hijri calendar 7455:calculation for the 7433:Solar Hijri calendar 7425:Solar Hijri calendar 7418:Solar Hijri calendar 7358:. During that year, 7259:The Hijri calendar ( 6703:names and attributes 6620:Persian architecture 6570:Lagos Central Mosque 6407:Islamic architecture 6271:architectural styles 6267:Islamic architecture 6260:Islamic architecture 6220:proto-industrialised 5994:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 5713:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 5640:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 5467:Ibn Rushd (Averroes) 5394:scientific knowledge 5068:(from 975 to 1075), 4662:, before an exam in 4658:Medical students of 3457:contemporary history 2943:United Arab Emirates 2462:Islam and secularism 2315:September 11 attacks 2128:Hispano-Moroccan War 1961:negotiates with the 1808:Siege of Ranthambore 1513:Islamic missionaries 1511:, where South Asian 1281:improve this article 883:Association football 86:improve this article 17143:on 4 September 2022 16987:. Iranicaonline.org 16563:"Muslim Iconoclasm" 16024:Martin Wainwright, 15919:6 June 2022 at the 15634:17 May 2020 at the 15352:(4 November 2011). 15326:. 7 December 2017. 14203:Pew Research Center 14164:. Shianumbers.com. 13975:Pew Research Center 13903:Pew Research Center 13867:Library of Congress 13822:on 10 January 2011. 13505:. 27 January 2011. 13503:Pew Research Center 13465:"Executive Summary" 13442:, 27 January 2011, 13440:Pew Research Center 13352:. 27 January 2011. 13350:Pew Research Center 13342:"Executive Summary" 13316:"The New Islamists" 13167:Fuller, Graham E., 13143:The Washington Post 12822:Fuller, Graham E., 12397:. 21 February 2023. 12364:. 21 February 2023. 12326:Pew Research Center 11979:on 4 February 2007. 11366:US State Department 11343:3 June 2021 at the 10625:on 21 November 2011 10142:Unknown (1590–95). 9727:. 27 January 2011. 9608:Pew Research Center 9085:on 25 November 2015 8952:on 15 December 2012 8921:Pew Research Center 8861:on 24 December 2018 8813:16 May 2020 at the 8785:Pew Research Center 8727:"Muslim Population" 8498:. 27 January 2011. 8352:Pew Research Center 8335:. 19 December 2017. 7962:Salnameya Koçberiyê 7945:lmaríz legdíz kalíz 7589:Modernist discourse 7234:officially used in 7039:Islamic calligraphy 7032:Islamic calligraphy 7025:Islamic calligraphy 6950:Hunat Hatun Complex 6758:Islamic calligraphy 6513:Sultan Ahmed Mosque 6322:Islamic calligraphy 6115:Timurid Renaissance 6018:Greater Middle East 5933:circulatory systems 5925:Anatomy of the body 5887:intromission theory 5870:Lagâri Hasan Çelebi 5650:, a pioneer in the 5505:The Book of Healing 5302:) as a response to 5288:philosophical novel 5181:, a compilation of 4711:since August 2017. 4568:Pew Research Center 4496:in the Muslim world 4406:Pew Research Center 4037:whose branches are 3841:Southeastern Europe 3280:Pew Research Center 2182:, 1686, painted by 2138:, from 1859 to 1860 2114:, from 1830 to 1903 1937:Greater Middle East 1903:Ibrahim Muteferrika 1750:Indian subcontinent 1533:Indo-Gangetic Plain 1507:extended until the 1437:Arab–Byzantine wars 644:Profession of Faith 617:Day of Resurrection 537:religious switching 347:colonial domination 19057:Historical regions 18973:Quran and miracles 18887:Criticism of Islam 18601:Geometric patterns 18453:Gender segregation 18024:Non-denominational 17137:Hasht-e Subh Daily 16911:on 2 February 2017 16319:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan 16299:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan 16255:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan 16228:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan 15672:L. Sprague de Camp 15361:The New York Times 14880:. Hamilton Books. 14793:. Times of Israel. 14427:on 10 January 2012 13942:The World Factbook 13412:on 9 February 2011 12439:. 17 January 2022. 12166:on 1 December 2010 11790:on 9 October 2006. 11772:on 9 October 2006. 11720:on 26 October 2011 11349:The World Factbook 10398:. pp. 40–65. 10319:. pp. 56–60. 10014:Evans, Charles T. 9562:on 11 January 2019 9532:on 9 February 2011 9263:. 7 October 2009. 9024:on 31 January 2016 8924:. 7 October 2009. 8895:. 4 October 2019. 8854:The World Factbook 8788:. 7 October 2009. 8666:"Region: Americas" 7690:Minangkabau people 7457:Iran Standard Time 7411:Gregorian calendar 7313:Syriac month-names 7309:Gregorian calendar 7276:al-taqwīm al-hijrī 7180:of sailors in the 7145:Kufic script from 6689:Aniconism in Islam 6231:East India Company 6034: 5570:Christiaan Huygens 5550:Molyneux's problem 5513:Islamic Golden Age 5482: 5414:Islamic philosophy 5148:Cassim in the Cave 5086:Islamic literature 5042: 4936:Islamic Golden Age 4828:Vali Muhammad Khan 4742:Islamic Golden Age 4690: 4430:Jewish communities 4370: 3929: 3864:Eyüp Sultan Mosque 3703: 3601:Muslim Brotherhood 3526:Muslim Brotherhood 3518:Sayyid Rashid Riḍā 3448: 2481:Iranian Revolution 2403:possibly contains 2280:Republic of Turkey 2234:of Morocco in 1909 2230:between Spain and 2080: 2033:Russo-Persian Wars 2031:Combat during the 1982:East India Company 1963:East India Company 1758:Muhammad Auranzgeb 1686:), democracy (see 1606:and Warsangali in 1561:largest contiguous 1485:Abbasid Revolution 1409:Rashidun Caliphate 1351: 1347:ancient world maps 509:Muslim communities 422:Sub-Saharan Africa 325:within Islam. The 319:schools of thought 300:Islamic Golden Age 261: 259:estimated for 2022 179:possibly contains 19067:Regions of Africa 19024: 19023: 18990: 18989: 18986: 18985: 18958:Domestic violence 18948:Islamic terrorism 18943:Islamic extremism 18774: 18773: 18770: 18769: 18542: 18541: 18538: 18537: 18328:Marriage contract 18158: 18157: 18118:Political aspects 17905:Story of Prophets 17674:Prophets of Islam 17465:978-1-62948-899-8 17446:978-1-60692-731-1 17425:978-90-04-09459-8 17336:978-90-04-07259-6 17309:978-0-312-19869-5 17218:978-2-88155-004-1 17179:www.aljazeera.com 16736:978-1-60606-083-4 16685:978-979-099-631-1 16629:978-1-4419-0216-0 16409:, "Architecture". 16287:978-81-8069-149-2 16152:: 500 BCE–1800 CE 16080:978-0-7546-5271-7 15619:Mason (1995) p. 7 15610:Mason (1995) p. 5 15601:Mason (1995) p. 1 15531:978-1-136-95960-8 15395:978-1-101-98349-2 14887:978-0-7618-4846-2 14615:978-0-19-829388-0 14588:978-0-226-07080-3 14463:978-0-7486-1888-0 14384:" of "Maymūn ibn 14265:Esposito, John L. 13905:. 9 August 2012. 13869:. February 2005. 13644:. ReligionFacts. 13628:CIA Word Factbook 13322:on 9 October 2014 13077:978-0-520-26839-5 13038:978-0-19-068946-9 12888:978-0-19-068946-9 12083:978-1-4408-3933-7 12021:. 1 December 2020 10688:978-0-521-52245-8 10658:978-0-8305-0076-5 10645:Kazemzadeh, Firuz 10510:978-0-8018-9055-0 10477:978-0-375-41486-2 10466:. New York City: 10326:978-0-8160-6259-1 10315:. New York City: 9924:978-0-415-17587-6 9556:www.aljazeera.com 9552:"Islam in Russia" 9499:, 21 April 2018, 9449:on 20 March 2017. 8266:978-0-521-51430-9 7959: 7942: 7937:لمريز لېږدیز کلیز 7925: 7917:گاه‌شماری خورشیدی 7777:Glossary of Islam 7394: 7287:consisting of 12 7273: 6928:The 15th century 6874:) are decorative 6680: 6679: 6600:Jammu and Kashmir 6320:of surfaces with 6056:potassium nitrate 5883: 5882: 5558:Gottfried Leibniz 5520:modern philosophy 5365:, written by the 5221:Sinbad the Sailor 5129:Princess Parizade 4927:Persian miniature 4797:and the ruler of 4773:Jami' al-tawarikh 4732:Classical culture 4692:According to the 4682:Rohingya refugees 4592:gender inequality 4404:and other areas. 4029:movement and the 4017:was divided into 4005:later split into 3881:Shi'a Muslims in 3779:Ali ibn Abi Talib 3646:identity politics 3538:Ruhollah Khomeini 3534:Abul A'la Maududi 3278:According to the 2493:Ruhollah Khomeini 2448: 2447: 2440: 2405:original research 2364:'s definition of 2288:secular democracy 2162:from 1911 to 1912 2152:Italo-Turkish War 1994:Battle of Plassey 1929:Kingdom of Mysore 1766:Islamic economics 1720:Gunpowder empires 1714:Gunpowder empires 1688:Islamic democracy 1684:socialism in Iran 1652:Toucouleur Empire 1525:Qutb ud-Din Aibak 1469:succession crisis 1441:Umayyad Caliphate 1421:Iberian Peninsula 1390:Arabian Peninsula 1313: 1312: 1305: 1204: 1203: 327:Islamic conquests 242: 241: 234: 224: 223: 216: 181:original research 162: 161: 154: 136: 59: 19089: 19042:Cultural regions 19014: 19013: 19006:Islam portal 19004: 19003: 19002: 18794: 18793: 18786: 18780: 18779: 18621:Medieval science 18564: 18563: 18554: 18548: 18547: 18205:Economic history 18188: 18187: 18164: 18163: 18150:Islam by country 17983:Bektashi Alevism 17631: 17630: 17622:Outline of Islam 17604: 17597: 17590: 17581: 17580: 17527: 17500: 17469: 17450: 17429: 17416:Brill Publishers 17406: 17377: 17348: 17321: 17287: 17260: 17230: 17195: 17194: 17192: 17190: 17170: 17153: 17152: 17150: 17148: 17129: 17123: 17122: 17106: 17100: 17099: 17091: 17085: 17084: 17082: 17080: 17069: 17063: 17062: 17060: 17058: 17047: 17041: 17040: 17038: 17036: 17025: 17019: 17018: 17016: 17014: 17003: 16997: 16996: 16994: 16992: 16981:""Calendars" in 16977: 16971: 16970: 16968: 16966: 16952: 16946: 16945: 16943: 16941: 16927: 16921: 16919: 16918: 16916: 16907:, archived from 16895: 16889: 16888: 16865: 16859: 16858: 16856: 16854: 16832: 16826: 16825: 16823: 16821: 16789: 16783: 16768: 16762: 16759:The Art Bulletin 16755: 16749: 16748: 16720: 16714: 16713: 16711: 16709: 16693: 16687: 16673: 16667: 16666: 16648: 16642: 16641: 16615: 16609: 16606: 16600: 16597: 16591: 16588: 16579: 16578: 16576: 16574: 16559: 16553: 16552: 16540: 16534: 16532: 16520: 16514: 16513: 16491: 16485: 16484: 16462: 16456: 16455: 16443: 16437: 16435: 16423: 16417: 16416: 16404: 16395: 16394: 16376: 16370: 16363: 16357: 16354: 16348: 16338: 16332: 16316: 16310: 16296: 16290: 16279: 16273: 16252: 16246: 16225: 16219: 16216: 16210: 16200: 16191: 16188: 16182: 16169: 16163: 16145: 16139: 16138: 16136: 16134: 16118: 16112: 16099: 16093: 16092: 16066: 16060: 16057: 16051: 16048: 16042: 16041:, 22 March 2003. 16022: 16016: 16013: 16007: 16000: 15994: 15983:Brill Publishers 15975: 15969: 15966: 15960: 15959: 15934: 15928: 15911: 15902: 15880: 15871: 15853: 15847: 15822: 15816: 15815: 15795: 15789: 15783: 15777: 15763: 15757: 15735: 15729: 15704: 15698: 15695: 15689: 15669: 15663: 15660: 15654: 15653: 15645: 15639: 15626: 15620: 15617: 15611: 15608: 15602: 15599: 15593: 15583: 15577: 15576: 15574: 15572: 15549: 15543: 15542: 15540: 15538: 15516: 15510: 15500: 15494: 15484: 15478: 15477: 15446: 15440: 15418: 15412: 15411: 15409: 15407: 15379: 15373: 15372: 15370: 15368: 15357: 15350:Melikian, Souren 15346: 15340: 15339: 15337: 15335: 15316: 15310: 15309: 15307: 15305: 15296:. 17 July 2013. 15286: 15280: 15279: 15264: 15258: 15257: 15255: 15253: 15247: 15240: 15232: 15217: 15216: 15214: 15212: 15197: 15191: 15190: 15188: 15186: 15171: 15165: 15164: 15162: 15160: 15145: 15139: 15138: 15136: 15134: 15119: 15113: 15112: 15110: 15108: 15093: 15087: 15086: 15084: 15082: 15067: 15061: 15060: 15058: 15056: 15050: 15043: 15035: 15029: 15028: 15026: 15024: 15004: 14998: 14997: 14976: 14970: 14969: 14951: 14945: 14944: 14942: 14940: 14926: 14920: 14919: 14898: 14892: 14891: 14871: 14865: 14864: 14843: 14837: 14836: 14829: 14823: 14822: 14815: 14809: 14808: 14801: 14795: 14794: 14786: 14780: 14779: 14743: 14737: 14736: 14715: 14709: 14708: 14706: 14699: 14691: 14685: 14684: 14663: 14657: 14656: 14638: 14632: 14631: 14629: 14627: 14599: 14593: 14592: 14572: 14566: 14551: 14545: 14544: 14526: 14520: 14519: 14501: 14495: 14474: 14468: 14467: 14443: 14437: 14436: 14434: 14432: 14423:. Archived from 14417: 14411: 14378: 14372: 14371: 14350: 14344: 14343: 14322: 14316: 14301: 14295: 14294: 14260: 14254: 14253: 14251: 14249: 14221: 14215: 14214: 14212: 14210: 14191: 14178: 14177: 14175: 14173: 14158: 14152: 14151: 14149: 14147: 14125: 14119: 14118: 14116: 14114: 14099: 14093: 14092: 14090: 14088: 14079:. 16 June 2015. 14073: 14067: 14066: 14059: 14057: 14036: 14030: 14029: 14024: 14022: 14013:. Archived from 13997: 13991: 13990: 13988: 13986: 13964: 13958: 13957: 13955: 13953: 13928: 13922: 13921: 13916: 13914: 13895: 13889: 13888: 13883: 13881: 13875: 13857: 13849: 13843: 13830: 13824: 13823: 13818:. Archived from 13808: 13802: 13801: 13799: 13797: 13782: 13776: 13775: 13749: 13743: 13742: 13740: 13738: 13732: 13725: 13717: 13711: 13710: 13708: 13706: 13691: 13685: 13684: 13682: 13680: 13664: 13658: 13657: 13655: 13653: 13638: 13632: 13631: 13620: 13614: 13613: 13591: 13585: 13584: 13563: 13557: 13556: 13554: 13552: 13546: 13540:. Pewforum.org. 13539: 13530: 13519: 13518: 13516: 13514: 13491: 13485: 13484: 13482: 13480: 13461: 13455: 13454: 13453: 13451: 13428: 13422: 13421: 13419: 13417: 13398: 13392: 13391: 13389: 13387: 13378:. CIA Factbook. 13372: 13366: 13365: 13363: 13361: 13338: 13332: 13331: 13329: 13327: 13311: 13305: 13304: 13298: 13296: 13272: 13264: 13258: 13257: 13251: 13249: 13229: 13223: 13222: 13221:on 7 March 2013. 13220: 13209: 13201: 13195: 13194: 13193:on 4 March 2016. 13189:. Archived from 13178: 13172: 13165: 13159: 13158: 13156: 13154: 13134: 13128: 13127: 13125: 13123: 13107: 13101: 13091: 13082: 13081: 13063: 13057: 13056: 13050: 13042: 13016: 13010: 13009: 13003: 12995: 12977: 12971: 12970: 12964: 12956: 12938: 12932: 12931: 12913: 12907: 12906: 12900: 12892: 12866: 12860: 12859: 12857: 12833: 12827: 12820: 12814: 12813: 12811: 12787: 12781: 12780: 12778: 12776: 12756: 12745: 12744: 12742: 12740: 12692: 12686: 12685: 12675: 12651: 12645: 12638: 12632: 12631: 12629: 12627: 12611: 12605: 12604: 12598: 12590: 12562: 12556: 12553: 12547: 12544: 12538: 12537: 12535: 12511: 12502: 12501: 12499: 12497: 12486:Oxford Reference 12478: 12472: 12471: 12460: 12454: 12453:, 7 January 2008 12447: 12441: 12440: 12433: 12427: 12426: 12419: 12413: 12412: 12405: 12399: 12398: 12391: 12385: 12384: 12372: 12366: 12365: 12358: 12352: 12351: 12344: 12338: 12337: 12335: 12322: 12314: 12308: 12307: 12305: 12303: 12284: 12278: 12277: 12275: 12273: 12258: 12252: 12251: 12240: 12234: 12233: 12231: 12229: 12223: 12216: 12208: 12202: 12201: 12199: 12197: 12182: 12176: 12175: 12173: 12171: 12162:. Archived from 12156: 12150: 12149: 12147: 12145: 12139: 12132: 12124: 12118: 12117: 12115: 12113: 12094: 12088: 12087: 12067: 12061: 12060: 12058: 12056: 12037: 12031: 12030: 12028: 12026: 12011: 12005: 12004: 12002: 11996:. Archived from 11995: 11987: 11981: 11980: 11975:. Archived from 11969: 11963: 11950: 11944: 11943: 11941: 11939: 11930:. Archived from 11920: 11914: 11913: 11906: 11900: 11899: 11897: 11895: 11881: 11875: 11874: 11872: 11870: 11855: 11849: 11837: 11831: 11830: 11823: 11817: 11816: 11814: 11812: 11798: 11792: 11791: 11786:. Archived from 11780: 11774: 11773: 11768:. Archived from 11762: 11756: 11755: 11753: 11751: 11736: 11730: 11729: 11727: 11725: 11719: 11713:. Archived from 11712: 11704: 11698: 11697: 11695: 11693: 11678: 11672: 11671: 11669: 11667: 11661: 11654: 11646: 11640: 11639: 11637: 11635: 11629: 11622: 11614: 11608: 11607: 11600: 11594: 11593: 11591: 11589: 11574: 11568: 11567: 11565: 11563: 11557: 11550: 11542: 11536: 11535: 11533: 11531: 11516: 11510: 11509: 11507: 11505: 11499: 11492: 11484: 11478: 11477: 11475: 11473: 11467: 11461:. Archived from 11460: 11452: 11446: 11445: 11443: 11441: 11435: 11428: 11420: 11414: 11413: 11411: 11409: 11403: 11396: 11388: 11382: 11381: 11379: 11377: 11358: 11352: 11335: 11329: 11328: 11326: 11320:. Archived from 11319: 11311: 11305: 11304: 11302: 11300: 11294: 11287: 11279: 11273: 11272: 11270: 11268: 11257: 11251: 11250: 11248: 11246: 11240: 11233: 11225: 11219: 11218: 11207: 11201: 11200: 11198: 11196: 11181: 11175: 11174: 11172: 11170: 11164: 11157: 11149: 11143: 11142: 11140: 11138: 11132: 11125: 11117: 11111: 11110: 11108: 11106: 11091: 11085: 11084: 11082: 11080: 11065: 11059: 11058: 11056: 11054: 11048: 11041: 11033: 11027: 11026: 11024: 11022: 11016: 11009: 11001: 10995: 10994: 10992: 10990: 10975: 10969: 10968: 10966: 10964: 10958: 10951: 10943: 10937: 10936: 10934: 10932: 10917: 10911: 10910: 10908: 10906: 10887: 10812: 10811: 10809: 10807: 10792: 10786: 10785: 10783: 10781: 10762: 10756: 10750: 10744: 10743: 10741: 10739: 10711: 10705: 10704: 10702: 10700: 10669: 10663: 10662: 10641: 10635: 10634: 10632: 10630: 10615: 10609: 10608: 10606: 10604: 10576: 10567: 10566: 10545: 10543: 10541: 10521: 10515: 10514: 10488: 10482: 10481: 10465: 10456:Wright, Lawrence 10452: 10446: 10445: 10443: 10441: 10379: 10370: 10369: 10357: 10351: 10350: 10348: 10346: 10304: 10293: 10292: 10286: 10281: 10279: 10271: 10263: 10257: 10256: 10238: 10232: 10231: 10229: 10227: 10208: 10197: 10196: 10194: 10192: 10173: 10164: 10163: 10161: 10159: 10150:. Archived from 10139: 10133: 10109: 10103: 10102: 10084: 10078: 10068: 10062: 10061: 10059: 10057: 10038: 10032: 10031: 10029: 10027: 10011: 10005: 10004: 9994: 9988: 9976:Majumdar, R.C., 9974: 9968: 9965: 9959: 9956: 9950: 9947: 9941: 9940: 9938: 9936: 9901: 9890: 9889: 9884: 9882: 9866: 9860: 9859: 9854: 9852: 9832: 9823: 9822: 9820: 9818: 9790: 9779: 9778: 9776: 9774: 9754: 9748: 9742: 9733: 9732: 9721: 9715: 9714: 9701: 9699: 9688:"No God But God" 9683: 9677: 9676: 9674: 9672: 9656: 9650: 9649: 9647: 9645: 9636:. 2 April 2015. 9626: 9620: 9619: 9617: 9615: 9600: 9594: 9593: 9578: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9567: 9558:. Archived from 9548: 9542: 9541: 9539: 9537: 9518: 9512: 9511: 9510: 9508: 9487: 9481: 9480: 9478: 9476: 9457: 9451: 9450: 9445:. Archived from 9437:Yusuf, Imtiyaz. 9434: 9428: 9427: 9425: 9423: 9404: 9398: 9397: 9395: 9393: 9374: 9368: 9367: 9365: 9363: 9343: 9337: 9336: 9334: 9332: 9313: 9307: 9306: 9304: 9302: 9283: 9277: 9276: 9274: 9272: 9253: 9247: 9246: 9240: 9232: 9230: 9228: 9208: 9202: 9201: 9177: 9171: 9170: 9168: 9166: 9157:. 2 April 2015. 9147: 9141: 9140: 9118: 9108: 9102: 9101: 9092: 9090: 9081:. Archived from 9074: 9068: 9067: 9061: 9059: 9054:on 26 March 2017 9043: 9037: 9036: 9031: 9029: 9009: 9003: 9000: 8995: 8993: 8964: 8959: 8957: 8941: 8935: 8933: 8911: 8906: 8904: 8882: 8876: 8873: 8868: 8866: 8844: 8839: 8837: 8804: 8799: 8797: 8775: 8769: 8768: 8766: 8764: 8755:. Archived from 8749: 8743: 8742: 8740: 8738: 8723: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8692: 8686: 8685: 8683: 8681: 8662: 8656: 8655: 8653: 8651: 8636:"Region: Europe" 8632: 8626: 8625: 8609: 8603: 8602: 8600: 8598: 8579: 8573: 8572: 8570: 8568: 8549: 8543: 8542: 8540: 8538: 8518: 8512: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8488: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8477: 8472:on 20 March 2017 8468:. Archived from 8458: 8452: 8451: 8449: 8438: 8430: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8419: 8400: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8389: 8374: 8368: 8367: 8365: 8363: 8343: 8337: 8336: 8329: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8318: 8303: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8292: 8277: 8271: 8270: 8252: 8246: 8245: 8225: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8214: 8195: 8189: 8188: 8186: 8184: 8156: 8141: 8140: 8138: 8136: 8116: 8110: 8109: 8076: 8065: 8064: 8034: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8023: 8003: 7987: 7972: 7966: 7964: 7958:romanized: 7957: 7955: 7947: 7941:romanized: 7940: 7938: 7930: 7920: 7918: 7910: 7904: 7901: 7895: 7868: 7807:Islam by country 7797:Outline of Islam 7787:History of Islam 7761: 7756: 7755: 7747: 7742: 7741: 7733: 7728: 7727: 7726: 7705: 7686: 7671: 7655:Muslim girls at 7652: 7632: 7616: 7597:Islamic feminism 7507:Islamic calendar 7445:Iranian calendar 7406: 7405: 7400: 7399: 7398:سَنَة هِجْرِيَّة 7389: 7352:Islamic New Year 7301:great pilgrimage 7293:Islamic holidays 7281:Islamic calendar 7278: 7268: 7266: 7253:Islamic calendar 7209: 7193: 7173: 7158: 7142: 7086: 7085: 7009: 6993: 6978: 6869: 6833: 6821: 6809: 6794:Dome of the Rock 6663: 6635: 6611: 6596:Hazratbal Shrine 6591: 6566: 6547: 6528: 6509: 6484: 6461: 6439: 6425:Dome of the Rock 6421: 6402: 6401: 6394:), and military 6366:(public baths), 6344:multifoil arches 6330:geometric motifs 6287:history of Islam 6277:associated with 6123:Bengal Sultanate 6069:. Crops such as 6058:were developed. 5970:Jābir ibn Hayyān 5921:Tashrih al-badan 5866: 5850: 5828: 5808: 5778: 5756: 5735:Mansur ibn Ilyas 5730: 5721:. (13th century) 5709: 5690: 5689: 5618:and a critic of 5529:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan 5293:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan 5245:Layla and Majnun 5163: 5152:Maxfield Parrish 5144: 5124: 5102: 4964:Siege of Baghdad 4960:Mongol invasions 4923:Layla and Majnun 4919: 4897: 4881: 4860: 4838: 4813: 4783: 4765:Mahmud of Ghazni 4760: 4738:History of Islam 4655: 4639: 4623: 4603: 4517: 4505: 4489: 4300: 4288: 4276: 4264: 4249:in Pakistan are 4242: 4224: 4205: 4183: 4160: 4145:Quranist Muslims 4076:, Adjarites and 4023:Taiyabi Ismailis 4011:Musta’li Ismaili 3897: 3878: 3859: 3707:Islam by country 3642:Graham E. Fuller 3575:Muslim community 3542:Hassan Al-Turabi 3524:(founder of the 3415: 3411: 3409: 3408: 3399: 3395: 3393: 3392: 3383: 3379: 3377: 3376: 3367: 3363: 3361: 3360: 3351: 3347: 3345: 3344: 3335: 3331: 3329: 3328: 3319: 3315: 3313: 3312: 3303: 3299: 3297: 3296: 3265: 3263: 3262: 3243: 3241: 3240: 3230: 3228: 3227: 3217: 3215: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3201: 3191: 3189: 3188: 3178: 3176: 3175: 3165: 3163: 3162: 3152: 3150: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3136: 3126: 3124: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3110: 3100: 3098: 3097: 3087: 3085: 3084: 3074: 3072: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3045: 3035: 3033: 3032: 3022: 3020: 3019: 3009: 3007: 3006: 2996: 2994: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2980: 2970: 2968: 2967: 2941: 2939: 2938: 2928: 2926: 2925: 2915: 2913: 2912: 2902: 2900: 2899: 2889: 2887: 2886: 2876: 2874: 2873: 2863: 2861: 2860: 2850: 2848: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2834: 2824: 2822: 2821: 2811: 2809: 2808: 2798: 2796: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2782: 2772: 2770: 2769: 2759: 2757: 2756: 2746: 2744: 2743: 2733: 2731: 2730: 2720: 2718: 2717: 2707: 2705: 2704: 2671: 2669: 2668: 2658: 2656: 2655: 2645: 2643: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2629: 2619: 2617: 2616: 2606: 2604: 2603: 2593: 2591: 2590: 2580: 2578: 2577: 2547:school, and the 2485:Islamic republic 2452:Islam by country 2443: 2436: 2432: 2429: 2423: 2420:inline citations 2396: 2395: 2388: 2384:Islam by country 2257:Tripoli Campaign 2240:Postcolonial era 2223: 2209: 2194: 2171: 2147: 2123: 2107: 2044: 2028: 2015:and the Russian 2005: 1990:Nawabs of Bengal 1978: 1952: 1911: 1890:Great Divergence 1884:Great Divergence 1867: 1843: 1834:in October 1635. 1819: 1796: 1777: 1696:Islamic republic 1670:, as opposed to 1664:Arab nationalism 1644:Sokoto Caliphate 1497:Muhammad of Ghor 1483:and finally the 1429:Byzantine Empire 1386:Islamic calendar 1378:new constitution 1335:Tabula Rogeriana 1317:History of Islam 1308: 1301: 1297: 1294: 1288: 1265: 1257: 1228:Tripoli Campaign 1196: 1189: 1182: 1168:Islam portal 1166: 1165: 1164: 574: 551: 550: 237: 230: 219: 212: 208: 205: 199: 196:inline citations 172: 171: 164: 157: 150: 146: 143: 137: 135: 94: 70: 62: 51: 29: 28: 21: 19097: 19096: 19092: 19091: 19090: 19088: 19087: 19086: 19082:Abrahamic world 19072:Regions of Asia 19047:Islamic culture 19027: 19026: 19025: 19020: 19000: 18998: 18982: 18904:Cultural Muslim 18875: 18842: 18798:Other religions 18788: 18784: 18766: 18701: 18668: 18615: 18558: 18556:Islamic studies 18552: 18534: 18368: 18313: 18290: 18237: 18182: 18181: 18154: 18103:Moral teachings 18046: 18028: 18002:Nation of Islam 17963:Twelver Shi'ism 17910: 17876:Religious texts 17870: 17788:Early conquests 17771: 17753: 17705: 17625: 17614: 17608: 17534: 17516: 17489: 17466: 17447: 17426: 17395:10.2307/1523219 17337: 17310: 17276: 17249: 17219: 17203: 17198: 17188: 17186: 17171: 17156: 17146: 17144: 17131: 17130: 17126: 17107: 17103: 17092: 17088: 17078: 17076: 17071: 17070: 17066: 17056: 17054: 17049: 17048: 17044: 17034: 17032: 17027: 17026: 17022: 17012: 17010: 17005: 17004: 17000: 16990: 16988: 16979: 16978: 16974: 16964: 16962: 16954: 16953: 16949: 16939: 16937: 16929: 16928: 16924: 16914: 16912: 16897: 16896: 16892: 16866: 16862: 16852: 16850: 16833: 16829: 16819: 16817: 16790: 16786: 16769: 16765: 16756: 16752: 16737: 16721: 16717: 16707: 16705: 16694: 16690: 16674: 16670: 16663: 16649: 16645: 16630: 16616: 16612: 16607: 16603: 16598: 16594: 16589: 16582: 16572: 16570: 16561: 16560: 16556: 16546: 16541: 16537: 16526: 16521: 16517: 16506: 16492: 16488: 16477: 16463: 16459: 16449: 16444: 16440: 16429: 16424: 16420: 16410: 16405: 16398: 16391: 16377: 16373: 16364: 16360: 16355: 16351: 16339: 16335: 16330:Wayback Machine 16317: 16313: 16297: 16293: 16280: 16276: 16266:Wayback Machine 16253: 16249: 16239:Wayback Machine 16226: 16222: 16217: 16213: 16209:(1), pp. 1–30 . 16201: 16194: 16189: 16185: 16180:Wayback Machine 16170: 16166: 16146: 16142: 16132: 16130: 16119: 16115: 16100: 16096: 16081: 16067: 16063: 16058: 16054: 16049: 16045: 16033:Wayback Machine 16023: 16019: 16014: 16010: 16001: 15997: 15976: 15972: 15967: 15963: 15956: 15935: 15931: 15921:Wayback Machine 15912: 15905: 15881: 15874: 15854: 15850: 15840:Wayback Machine 15823: 15819: 15812: 15796: 15792: 15784: 15780: 15774:Wayback Machine 15764: 15760: 15748:", pp. 95–101, 15746:Wayback Machine 15736: 15732: 15722:Wayback Machine 15705: 15701: 15696: 15692: 15670: 15666: 15661: 15657: 15646: 15642: 15636:Wayback Machine 15627: 15623: 15618: 15614: 15609: 15605: 15600: 15596: 15584: 15580: 15570: 15568: 15566: 15550: 15546: 15536: 15534: 15532: 15518: 15517: 15513: 15501: 15497: 15485: 15481: 15447: 15443: 15419: 15415: 15405: 15403: 15396: 15380: 15376: 15366: 15364: 15347: 15343: 15333: 15331: 15318: 15317: 15313: 15303: 15301: 15288: 15287: 15283: 15266: 15265: 15261: 15251: 15249: 15245: 15238: 15234: 15233: 15220: 15210: 15208: 15199: 15198: 15194: 15184: 15182: 15173: 15172: 15168: 15158: 15156: 15147: 15146: 15142: 15132: 15130: 15121: 15120: 15116: 15106: 15104: 15095: 15094: 15090: 15080: 15078: 15069: 15068: 15064: 15054: 15052: 15048: 15041: 15037: 15036: 15032: 15022: 15020: 15013:Scimago Journal 15005: 15001: 14991: 14977: 14973: 14966: 14952: 14948: 14938: 14936: 14928: 14927: 14923: 14913: 14899: 14895: 14888: 14872: 14868: 14858: 14844: 14840: 14831: 14830: 14826: 14817: 14816: 14812: 14803: 14802: 14798: 14787: 14783: 14744: 14740: 14730: 14716: 14712: 14704: 14697: 14693: 14692: 14688: 14678: 14664: 14660: 14653: 14639: 14635: 14625: 14623: 14616: 14600: 14596: 14589: 14573: 14569: 14552: 14548: 14541: 14527: 14523: 14516: 14502: 14498: 14484:Wayback Machine 14475: 14471: 14464: 14444: 14440: 14430: 14428: 14419: 14418: 14414: 14379: 14375: 14365: 14351: 14347: 14337: 14323: 14319: 14302: 14298: 14291: 14261: 14257: 14247: 14245: 14238: 14222: 14218: 14208: 14206: 14193: 14192: 14181: 14171: 14169: 14160: 14159: 14155: 14145: 14143: 14126: 14122: 14112: 14110: 14101: 14100: 14096: 14086: 14084: 14075: 14074: 14070: 14055: 14053: 14038: 14037: 14033: 14020: 14018: 14017:on 18 June 2013 13999: 13998: 13994: 13984: 13982: 13965: 13961: 13951: 13949: 13930: 13929: 13925: 13912: 13910: 13897: 13896: 13892: 13879: 13877: 13873: 13855: 13851: 13850: 13846: 13841:Wayback Machine 13831: 13827: 13810: 13809: 13805: 13795: 13793: 13784: 13783: 13779: 13764: 13750: 13746: 13736: 13734: 13730: 13723: 13719: 13718: 13714: 13704: 13702: 13693: 13692: 13688: 13678: 13676: 13665: 13661: 13651: 13649: 13640: 13639: 13635: 13622: 13621: 13617: 13606: 13592: 13588: 13578: 13564: 13560: 13550: 13548: 13544: 13537: 13531: 13522: 13512: 13510: 13493: 13492: 13488: 13478: 13476: 13463: 13462: 13458: 13449: 13447: 13430: 13429: 13425: 13415: 13413: 13400: 13399: 13395: 13385: 13383: 13374: 13373: 13369: 13359: 13357: 13340: 13339: 13335: 13325: 13323: 13312: 13308: 13294: 13292: 13285: 13265: 13261: 13247: 13245: 13230: 13226: 13218: 13207: 13203: 13202: 13198: 13179: 13175: 13166: 13162: 13152: 13150: 13135: 13131: 13121: 13119: 13108: 13104: 13092: 13085: 13078: 13064: 13060: 13044: 13043: 13039: 13017: 13013: 12997: 12996: 12992: 12978: 12974: 12958: 12957: 12953: 12939: 12935: 12928: 12914: 12910: 12894: 12893: 12889: 12867: 12863: 12834: 12830: 12821: 12817: 12788: 12784: 12774: 12772: 12757: 12748: 12738: 12736: 12693: 12689: 12652: 12648: 12640:Shepard, W. E. 12639: 12635: 12625: 12623: 12612: 12608: 12592: 12591: 12563: 12559: 12554: 12550: 12545: 12541: 12512: 12505: 12495: 12493: 12480: 12479: 12475: 12462: 12461: 12457: 12448: 12444: 12435: 12434: 12430: 12421: 12420: 12416: 12411:. 5 March 2019. 12407: 12406: 12402: 12393: 12392: 12388: 12373: 12369: 12360: 12359: 12355: 12346: 12345: 12341: 12333: 12320: 12316: 12315: 12311: 12301: 12299: 12286: 12285: 12281: 12271: 12269: 12260: 12259: 12255: 12242: 12241: 12237: 12227: 12225: 12221: 12214: 12210: 12209: 12205: 12195: 12193: 12184: 12183: 12179: 12169: 12167: 12158: 12157: 12153: 12143: 12141: 12137: 12130: 12126: 12125: 12121: 12111: 12109: 12096: 12095: 12091: 12084: 12068: 12064: 12054: 12052: 12039: 12038: 12034: 12024: 12022: 12013: 12012: 12008: 12000: 11993: 11989: 11988: 11984: 11971: 11970: 11966: 11960:Wayback Machine 11951: 11947: 11937: 11935: 11922: 11921: 11917: 11908: 11907: 11903: 11893: 11891: 11889:pssat.ugm.ac.id 11883: 11882: 11878: 11868: 11866: 11857: 11856: 11852: 11847:Wayback Machine 11838: 11834: 11825: 11824: 11820: 11810: 11808: 11800: 11799: 11795: 11782: 11781: 11777: 11764: 11763: 11759: 11749: 11747: 11738: 11737: 11733: 11723: 11721: 11717: 11710: 11706: 11705: 11701: 11691: 11689: 11680: 11679: 11675: 11665: 11663: 11659: 11652: 11648: 11647: 11643: 11633: 11631: 11627: 11620: 11616: 11615: 11611: 11602: 11601: 11597: 11587: 11585: 11576: 11575: 11571: 11561: 11559: 11555: 11548: 11544: 11543: 11539: 11529: 11527: 11518: 11517: 11513: 11503: 11501: 11497: 11490: 11486: 11485: 11481: 11471: 11469: 11465: 11458: 11454: 11453: 11449: 11439: 11437: 11433: 11426: 11422: 11421: 11417: 11407: 11405: 11401: 11394: 11390: 11389: 11385: 11375: 11373: 11360: 11359: 11355: 11345:Wayback Machine 11336: 11332: 11324: 11317: 11313: 11312: 11308: 11298: 11296: 11292: 11285: 11281: 11280: 11276: 11266: 11264: 11259: 11258: 11254: 11244: 11242: 11238: 11231: 11227: 11226: 11222: 11209: 11208: 11204: 11194: 11192: 11183: 11182: 11178: 11168: 11166: 11162: 11155: 11151: 11150: 11146: 11136: 11134: 11130: 11123: 11119: 11118: 11114: 11104: 11102: 11093: 11092: 11088: 11078: 11076: 11067: 11066: 11062: 11052: 11050: 11046: 11039: 11035: 11034: 11030: 11020: 11018: 11014: 11007: 11003: 11002: 10998: 10988: 10986: 10977: 10976: 10972: 10962: 10960: 10956: 10949: 10945: 10944: 10940: 10930: 10928: 10919: 10918: 10914: 10904: 10902: 10889: 10888: 10815: 10805: 10803: 10796:"Amman Message" 10794: 10793: 10789: 10779: 10777: 10764: 10763: 10759: 10751: 10747: 10737: 10735: 10728: 10712: 10708: 10698: 10696: 10689: 10670: 10666: 10659: 10642: 10638: 10628: 10626: 10617: 10616: 10612: 10602: 10600: 10593: 10577: 10570: 10563: 10539: 10537: 10522: 10518: 10511: 10489: 10485: 10478: 10453: 10449: 10439: 10437: 10414: 10380: 10373: 10358: 10354: 10344: 10342: 10327: 10305: 10296: 10284: 10282: 10273: 10272: 10264: 10260: 10253: 10239: 10235: 10225: 10223: 10212:"Islamic world" 10210: 10209: 10200: 10190: 10188: 10177:Ferguson, Niall 10174: 10167: 10157: 10155: 10140: 10136: 10132:, pages 259–261 10122:OECD Publishing 10112:Maddison, Angus 10110: 10106: 10099: 10085: 10081: 10069: 10065: 10055: 10053: 10052:on 24 July 2011 10040: 10039: 10035: 10025: 10023: 10012: 10008: 9995: 9991: 9975: 9971: 9966: 9962: 9957: 9953: 9948: 9944: 9934: 9932: 9925: 9902: 9893: 9880: 9878: 9867: 9863: 9850: 9848: 9833: 9826: 9816: 9814: 9807: 9791: 9782: 9772: 9770: 9755: 9751: 9743: 9736: 9723: 9722: 9718: 9697: 9695: 9684: 9680: 9670: 9668: 9657: 9653: 9643: 9641: 9628: 9627: 9623: 9613: 9611: 9602: 9601: 9597: 9579: 9575: 9565: 9563: 9550: 9549: 9545: 9535: 9533: 9520: 9519: 9515: 9506: 9504: 9489: 9488: 9484: 9474: 9472: 9459: 9458: 9454: 9435: 9431: 9421: 9419: 9406: 9405: 9401: 9391: 9389: 9376: 9375: 9371: 9361: 9359: 9344: 9340: 9330: 9328: 9315: 9314: 9310: 9300: 9298: 9285: 9284: 9280: 9270: 9268: 9255: 9254: 9250: 9234: 9233: 9226: 9224: 9209: 9205: 9198: 9178: 9174: 9164: 9162: 9149: 9148: 9144: 9131: 9109: 9105: 9088: 9086: 9075: 9071: 9057: 9055: 9044: 9040: 9027: 9025: 9010: 9006: 8991: 8989: 8982: 8955: 8953: 8944: 8931: 8929: 8914: 8902: 8900: 8887: 8883: 8879: 8864: 8862: 8847: 8835: 8833: 8820: 8815:Wayback Machine 8795: 8793: 8778: 8776: 8772: 8762: 8760: 8751: 8750: 8746: 8736: 8734: 8725: 8724: 8720: 8710: 8708: 8693: 8689: 8679: 8677: 8664: 8663: 8659: 8649: 8647: 8634: 8633: 8629: 8610: 8606: 8596: 8594: 8581: 8580: 8576: 8566: 8564: 8551: 8550: 8546: 8536: 8534: 8519: 8515: 8505: 8503: 8490: 8489: 8485: 8475: 8473: 8460: 8459: 8455: 8447: 8436: 8432: 8431: 8427: 8417: 8415: 8402: 8401: 8397: 8387: 8385: 8376: 8375: 8371: 8361: 8359: 8344: 8340: 8331: 8330: 8326: 8316: 8314: 8305: 8304: 8300: 8290: 8288: 8279: 8278: 8274: 8267: 8253: 8249: 8242: 8226: 8222: 8212: 8210: 8197: 8196: 8192: 8182: 8180: 8173: 8157: 8144: 8134: 8132: 8117: 8113: 8099: 8077: 8068: 8057: 8035: 8031: 8021: 8019: 8008:"Islamic world" 8004: 8000: 7996: 7991: 7990: 7973: 7969: 7911: 7907: 7902: 7898: 7869: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7812:Islamic studies 7802:Spread of Islam 7757: 7750: 7743: 7736: 7729: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7712: 7706: 7697: 7687: 7678: 7672: 7663: 7657:Istiqlal Mosque 7653: 7644: 7633: 7624: 7617: 7567: 7557: 7552: 7551: 7443:and is the one 7428: 7420: 7415: 7414: 7256: 7248: 7224: 7217: 7210: 7201: 7194: 7185: 7174: 7165: 7159: 7150: 7143: 7134: 7133: 7051:Arabic alphabet 7035: 7027: 7020: 7010: 7001: 6994: 6985: 6979: 6970: 6969: 6956:; metal, as at 6934:Penrose tilings 6852: 6844: 6837: 6834: 6825: 6822: 6813: 6810: 6779:Distinguishing 6733: 6727: 6691: 6685: 6674: 6664: 6655: 6650:is inspired by 6636: 6627: 6612: 6603: 6592: 6577: 6567: 6558: 6548: 6539: 6529: 6520: 6510: 6495: 6485: 6476: 6462: 6453: 6440: 6431: 6422: 6400: 6399: 6370:hospices (e.g. 6263: 6255: 6239: 6044: 6036:Main articles: 6006: 5954:Kitab al-Tasrif 5947:(also known as 5873: 5867: 5858: 5851: 5836: 5829: 5820: 5809: 5794: 5779: 5770: 5768: 5765:Kitab al-Tasrif 5757: 5742: 5731: 5722: 5710: 5688: 5666: 5660: 5644:inductive logic 5486:Islamic culture 5460: 5450: 5444: 5427:Robinson Crusoe 5282:(Abubacer) and 5268:Persian history 5213:Western culture 5205:Antoine Galland 5201:Indian elements 5171: 5164: 5155: 5145: 5136: 5125: 5116: 5106:Hadiqatus-suada 5103: 5094: 5088: 5082: 5040:, 12th century. 5016: 5010: 5004:civilizations. 4952:House of Wisdom 4948:Harun al-Rashid 4930: 4920: 4911: 4907:, studying the 4898: 4889: 4882: 4873: 4861: 4852: 4839: 4830: 4814: 4805: 4784: 4775: 4761: 4752: 4750:Spread of Islam 4736:Main articles: 4734: 4717: 4705:Syrian refugees 4674: 4667: 4656: 4647: 4642:Schoolgirls in 4640: 4631: 4624: 4615: 4608:Paktia Province 4604: 4528: 4521: 4518: 4509: 4506: 4497: 4490: 4378:Christian world 4311: 4309:Other religions 4304: 4301: 4292: 4289: 4280: 4277: 4268: 4265: 4254: 4243: 4234: 4225: 4216: 4206: 4197: 4184: 4175: 4161: 4113:Nizārī Ismā'īlī 3918: 3912: 3905: 3898: 3889: 3879: 3870: 3860: 3773:which selected 3759: 3754: 3742:North Macedonia 3709: 3692: 3679: 3673: 3668: 3667: 3585:Islamic revival 3522:Hassan al-Banna 3504:Islamic states. 3473: 3465: 3433: 3427:Islamic revival 3423: 3406: 3404: 3390: 3388: 3374: 3372: 3358: 3356: 3342: 3340: 3326: 3324: 3310: 3308: 3294: 3292: 3284:Muslim-majority 3276: 3271: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3238: 3236: 3225: 3223: 3212: 3210: 3199: 3197: 3186: 3184: 3173: 3171: 3160: 3158: 3147: 3145: 3134: 3132: 3121: 3119: 3108: 3106: 3095: 3093: 3082: 3080: 3069: 3067: 3056: 3054: 3043: 3041: 3030: 3028: 3017: 3015: 3004: 3002: 2991: 2989: 2978: 2976: 2965: 2963: 2952: 2947: 2936: 2934: 2923: 2921: 2910: 2908: 2897: 2895: 2884: 2882: 2871: 2869: 2858: 2856: 2845: 2843: 2832: 2830: 2819: 2817: 2806: 2804: 2793: 2791: 2780: 2778: 2767: 2765: 2754: 2752: 2741: 2739: 2728: 2726: 2715: 2713: 2702: 2700: 2686:Muslim-majority 2682: 2677: 2666: 2664: 2653: 2651: 2640: 2638: 2627: 2625: 2614: 2612: 2601: 2599: 2588: 2586: 2575: 2573: 2562: 2557: 2464: 2454: 2444: 2433: 2427: 2424: 2409: 2397: 2393: 2386: 2325:terrorist group 2248: 2242: 2235: 2224: 2215: 2210: 2201: 2195: 2186: 2180:Ottoman Hungary 2172: 2163: 2148: 2139: 2124: 2115: 2108: 2072: 2066:Colonial empire 2064:Main articles: 2062: 2055: 2045: 2036: 2029: 2020: 2006: 1997: 1979: 1970: 1967:Battle of Buxar 1953: 1913: 1900: 1892: 1886: 1879: 1868: 1859: 1856:Siege of Rhodes 1844: 1835: 1820: 1811: 1797: 1788: 1778: 1756:'s sixth ruler 1722: 1716: 1529:Delhi Sultanate 1363:Islamic prophet 1327: 1321:Spread of Islam 1315:Main articles: 1309: 1298: 1292: 1289: 1278: 1266: 1255: 1209: 1200: 1162: 1160: 1153: 1152: 1097:Other religions 1092:Arabic language 1054: 1044: 1043: 972:Moral teachings 863: 849: 848: 839:Spread of Islam 784: 774: 773: 761:(jurisprudence) 743:Qisas al-Anbiya 692: 691: 671: 670: 639: 629: 628: 584: 531:. Islam is the 312:Islamic prophet 238: 227: 226: 225: 220: 209: 203: 200: 185: 173: 169: 158: 147: 141: 138: 95: 93: 83: 71: 30: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 19095: 19085: 19084: 19079: 19074: 19069: 19064: 19059: 19054: 19049: 19044: 19039: 19022: 19021: 19019: 19018: 19008: 18995: 18992: 18991: 18988: 18987: 18984: 18983: 18981: 18980: 18975: 18970: 18965: 18960: 18955: 18950: 18945: 18940: 18939: 18938: 18928: 18927: 18926: 18921: 18916: 18906: 18901: 18900: 18899: 18894: 18883: 18881: 18880:Related topics 18877: 18876: 18874: 18873: 18868: 18863: 18858: 18852: 18850: 18844: 18843: 18841: 18840: 18835: 18830: 18825: 18820: 18819: 18818: 18813: 18802: 18800: 18790: 18789: 18776: 18775: 18772: 18771: 18768: 18767: 18765: 18764: 18759: 18752: 18747: 18746: 18745: 18735: 18730: 18725: 18720: 18715: 18709: 18707: 18703: 18702: 18700: 18699: 18694: 18689: 18684: 18678: 18676: 18670: 18669: 18667: 18666: 18661: 18656: 18651: 18646: 18641: 18636: 18631: 18625: 18623: 18617: 18616: 18614: 18613: 18608: 18603: 18598: 18593: 18588: 18583: 18578: 18572: 18570: 18560: 18559: 18544: 18543: 18540: 18539: 18536: 18535: 18533: 18532: 18527: 18526: 18525: 18513: 18511:Sources of law 18508: 18503: 18502: 18501: 18491: 18484: 18479: 18472: 18467: 18460: 18455: 18450: 18445: 18440: 18435: 18430: 18425: 18418: 18411: 18410: 18409: 18404: 18399: 18389: 18384: 18376: 18374: 18370: 18369: 18367: 18366: 18359: 18352: 18345: 18338: 18331: 18324: 18316: 18314: 18312: 18311: 18306: 18301: 18295: 18292: 18291: 18289: 18288: 18281: 18276: 18269: 18262: 18255: 18247: 18245: 18239: 18238: 18236: 18235: 18228: 18221: 18214: 18207: 18202: 18196: 18194: 18184: 18183: 18180: 18179: 18174: 18168: 18160: 18159: 18156: 18155: 18153: 18152: 18147: 18142: 18137: 18135:Social welfare 18132: 18127: 18120: 18115: 18110: 18105: 18100: 18095: 18090: 18085: 18080: 18075: 18070: 18065: 18060: 18055: 18049: 18047: 18045: 18044: 18039: 18033: 18030: 18029: 18027: 18026: 18021: 18016: 18015: 18014: 18004: 17999: 17994: 17993: 17992: 17987: 17986: 17985: 17975: 17970: 17965: 17955: 17950: 17945: 17944: 17943: 17920: 17918: 17912: 17911: 17909: 17908: 17901: 17896: 17891: 17886: 17880: 17878: 17872: 17871: 17869: 17868: 17867: 17866: 17861: 17856: 17851: 17846: 17841: 17836: 17831: 17819: 17814: 17807: 17800: 17798:Historiography 17795: 17790: 17785: 17780: 17774: 17772: 17770: 17769: 17764: 17758: 17755: 17754: 17752: 17751: 17744: 17737: 17730: 17723: 17715: 17713: 17707: 17706: 17704: 17703: 17698: 17693: 17686: 17681: 17676: 17671: 17670: 17669: 17659: 17652: 17651: 17650: 17639: 17637: 17627: 17626: 17619: 17616: 17615: 17607: 17606: 17599: 17592: 17584: 17578: 17577: 17572: 17567: 17562: 17556: 17546: 17533: 17532:External links 17530: 17529: 17528: 17514: 17501: 17487: 17474: 17464: 17451: 17445: 17430: 17424: 17407: 17378: 17366:10.2307/429655 17360:(4): 423–430. 17349: 17335: 17322: 17308: 17288: 17274: 17261: 17248:978-0300088694 17247: 17231: 17217: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17196: 17154: 17124: 17101: 17086: 17064: 17042: 17020: 16998: 16972: 16947: 16922: 16900:Hijri Calendar 16890: 16860: 16827: 16804:(1): 125–131. 16784: 16763: 16750: 16735: 16715: 16688: 16668: 16661: 16643: 16628: 16610: 16601: 16592: 16580: 16554: 16535: 16515: 16504: 16486: 16475: 16457: 16438: 16418: 16396: 16389: 16371: 16358: 16349: 16347:(1), pp. 1–30. 16333: 16311: 16291: 16274: 16247: 16220: 16211: 16192: 16183: 16164: 16140: 16113: 16094: 16079: 16061: 16052: 16043: 16017: 16008: 15995: 15970: 15961: 15954: 15938:Saliba, George 15929: 15903: 15872: 15848: 15817: 15810: 15790: 15778: 15758: 15730: 15699: 15690: 15664: 15655: 15640: 15621: 15612: 15603: 15594: 15578: 15564: 15544: 15530: 15511: 15495: 15479: 15466:10.1086/353360 15460:(4): 531–555. 15450:King, David A. 15441: 15413: 15394: 15385:Magic In Islam 15374: 15341: 15311: 15281: 15278:on 3 May 2012. 15259: 15218: 15192: 15166: 15140: 15114: 15088: 15062: 15030: 14999: 14989: 14971: 14964: 14946: 14921: 14911: 14893: 14886: 14866: 14856: 14838: 14824: 14810: 14796: 14781: 14754:(3): 114–118. 14738: 14728: 14710: 14686: 14676: 14658: 14651: 14633: 14614: 14594: 14587: 14567: 14553:Hill, Donald. 14546: 14539: 14521: 14514: 14496: 14469: 14462: 14438: 14412: 14373: 14363: 14345: 14335: 14317: 14296: 14289: 14255: 14236: 14216: 14179: 14162:"Shiite Islam" 14153: 14120: 14094: 14068: 14031: 13992: 13959: 13948:on 28 May 2010 13923: 13890: 13844: 13825: 13803: 13777: 13762: 13744: 13712: 13686: 13659: 13633: 13630:. 22 May 2024. 13615: 13604: 13586: 13576: 13558: 13520: 13486: 13456: 13423: 13393: 13367: 13333: 13306: 13283: 13259: 13224: 13196: 13173: 13160: 13129: 13102: 13083: 13076: 13058: 13037: 13011: 12990: 12972: 12951: 12933: 12926: 12908: 12887: 12861: 12828: 12815: 12782: 12746: 12687: 12646: 12633: 12606: 12557: 12548: 12539: 12503: 12473: 12455: 12442: 12428: 12414: 12400: 12386: 12367: 12353: 12339: 12309: 12279: 12253: 12235: 12203: 12177: 12151: 12119: 12089: 12082: 12062: 12032: 12006: 11982: 11964: 11945: 11915: 11901: 11876: 11850: 11832: 11818: 11793: 11775: 11757: 11731: 11699: 11673: 11641: 11609: 11606:. 2 June 2022. 11595: 11569: 11537: 11511: 11479: 11468:on 19 May 2017 11447: 11415: 11383: 11353: 11330: 11306: 11274: 11252: 11220: 11202: 11176: 11144: 11112: 11086: 11060: 11028: 10996: 10970: 10938: 10912: 10813: 10787: 10757: 10745: 10726: 10706: 10687: 10664: 10657: 10636: 10610: 10591: 10568: 10562:978-0415664523 10561: 10555:. p. 83. 10516: 10509: 10503:. p. 48. 10483: 10476: 10470:. p. 79. 10447: 10412: 10371: 10368:. p. 172. 10352: 10325: 10294: 10285:|journal= 10258: 10251: 10233: 10198: 10165: 10154:on 19 May 2014 10134: 10104: 10097: 10079: 10063: 10033: 10006: 9989: 9969: 9960: 9951: 9942: 9923: 9891: 9861: 9824: 9805: 9780: 9763:Foreign Policy 9749: 9734: 9716: 9678: 9651: 9621: 9610:. 6 April 2017 9595: 9573: 9543: 9513: 9482: 9452: 9429: 9399: 9369: 9338: 9308: 9278: 9248: 9203: 9196: 9172: 9142: 9129: 9103: 9069: 9038: 9004: 9002: 9001: 8980: 8965: 8942: 8912: 8877: 8875: 8874: 8845: 8818: 8770: 8759:on 4 June 2011 8744: 8718: 8687: 8657: 8627: 8604: 8574: 8544: 8513: 8483: 8453: 8425: 8395: 8369: 8338: 8324: 8298: 8272: 8265: 8247: 8240: 8220: 8190: 8171: 8142: 8125:Foreign Policy 8111: 8097: 8066: 8055: 8029: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7989: 7988: 7978:(30 July 2022 7967: 7905: 7896: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7850: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7763: 7762: 7748: 7745:Society portal 7734: 7718: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7707: 7700: 7698: 7688: 7681: 7679: 7673: 7666: 7664: 7654: 7647: 7645: 7634: 7627: 7625: 7618: 7611: 7561:Women in Islam 7556: 7553: 7499:vernal equinox 7441:solar calendar 7429: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7401:, abbreviated 7305:civil calendar 7297:annual fasting 7285:lunar calendar 7257: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7232:solar calendar 7228:lunar calendar 7223: 7220: 7219: 7218: 7211: 7204: 7202: 7195: 7188: 7186: 7182:Ottoman Empire 7175: 7168: 7166: 7160: 7153: 7151: 7144: 7137: 7057:. It includes 7036: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7021: 7011: 7004: 7002: 6995: 6988: 6986: 6980: 6973: 6938:Fatehpur Sikri 6930:Topkapı Scroll 6853: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6838: 6835: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6804: 6753:Ottoman Empire 6751:and under the 6729:Main article: 6726: 6723: 6687:Main article: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6676: 6675: 6665: 6658: 6656: 6638:The design of 6637: 6630: 6628: 6613: 6606: 6604: 6593: 6586: 6581: 6580: 6579: 6578: 6568: 6561: 6559: 6553:in Spain is a 6549: 6542: 6540: 6530: 6523: 6521: 6511: 6504: 6499: 6498: 6497: 6496: 6486: 6479: 6477: 6463: 6456: 6454: 6441: 6434: 6432: 6423: 6416: 6411: 6410: 6396:fortifications 6269:comprises the 6264: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6238: 6235: 6195:water turbines 6024:. (scene from 6014:Spinning wheel 6005: 6002: 5982:Ibn al-Haytham 5891:Jim Al-Khalili 5881: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5874: 5868: 5861: 5859: 5852: 5845: 5840: 5839: 5838: 5837: 5833:Elephant Clock 5830: 5823: 5821: 5810: 5803: 5798: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5780: 5773: 5771: 5758: 5751: 5746: 5745: 5744: 5743: 5732: 5725: 5723: 5711: 5704: 5699: 5698: 5662:Main article: 5659: 5656: 5608:Ibn al-Haytham 5601:existentialism 5586:Samuel Hartlib 5578:Robert Barclay 5446:Main article: 5443: 5440: 5341:feral children 5236:Persian poetry 5230:An example of 5209:cultural icons 5173: 5172: 5165: 5158: 5156: 5146: 5139: 5137: 5126: 5119: 5117: 5104: 5097: 5092:Islamic poetry 5084:Main article: 5081: 5078: 5036:) set, glazed 5009: 5006: 4932: 4931: 4921: 4914: 4912: 4903:Empire ruler, 4899: 4892: 4890: 4883: 4876: 4874: 4862: 4855: 4853: 4847:Mughal Emperor 4840: 4833: 4831: 4821:Safavid Empire 4815: 4808: 4806: 4803:Farrukh Yassar 4785: 4778: 4776: 4762: 4755: 4733: 4730: 4716: 4713: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4668: 4657: 4650: 4648: 4641: 4634: 4632: 4625: 4618: 4616: 4605: 4598: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4522: 4519: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4500: 4498: 4491: 4484: 4390:Constantinople 4310: 4307: 4306: 4305: 4302: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4244: 4237: 4235: 4226: 4219: 4217: 4211:living in the 4207: 4200: 4198: 4185: 4178: 4176: 4162: 4155: 4149:Ahmadi Muslims 4007:Nizari Ismaili 3997:(Sevener) and 3914:Main article: 3911: 3908: 3907: 3906: 3899: 3892: 3890: 3880: 3873: 3871: 3861: 3854: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3705:Main article: 3691: 3688: 3672: 3669: 3650:Following the 3629:" strategy of 3603:movement, and 3556:Westernization 3474: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3440:Benazir Bhutto 3422: 3419: 3418: 3417: 3401: 3385: 3369: 3353: 3337: 3321: 3305: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3269: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3247: 3234: 3221: 3208: 3195: 3182: 3169: 3156: 3143: 3130: 3117: 3104: 3091: 3078: 3065: 3052: 3039: 3026: 3013: 3000: 2987: 2974: 2960: 2956:Secular states 2951: 2950:Secular states 2948: 2946: 2945: 2932: 2919: 2906: 2893: 2880: 2867: 2854: 2841: 2828: 2815: 2802: 2789: 2776: 2763: 2750: 2737: 2724: 2711: 2697: 2693:state religion 2681: 2680:State religion 2678: 2676: 2675: 2662: 2649: 2636: 2623: 2610: 2597: 2584: 2570: 2566:Islamic states 2561: 2560:Islamic states 2558: 2556: 2553: 2450:Main article: 2446: 2445: 2400: 2398: 2391: 2385: 2382: 2302:Turkey, which 2296:secular values 2246:Decolonization 2241: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2225: 2218: 2216: 2211: 2204: 2202: 2196: 2189: 2187: 2173: 2166: 2164: 2160:Ottoman Empire 2149: 2142: 2140: 2125: 2118: 2116: 2109: 2102: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2046: 2039: 2037: 2030: 2023: 2021: 2007: 2000: 1998: 1980: 1973: 1971: 1956:Mughal Emperor 1954: 1947: 1933:Ottoman Empire 1893: 1888:Main article: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1872:Aceh Sultanate 1869: 1862: 1860: 1845: 1838: 1836: 1821: 1814: 1812: 1801:Mughal Emperor 1798: 1791: 1789: 1781:Safavid Empire 1779: 1772: 1718:Main article: 1715: 1712: 1680:Arab socialism 1640:Massina Empire 1580:Central Africa 1564:Songhai Empire 1445:Constantinople 1368:, a native of 1311: 1310: 1269: 1267: 1260: 1254: 1251: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1199: 1198: 1191: 1184: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1136: 1126: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1067: 1066: 1061: 1055: 1052:Related topics 1050: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1034:Social welfare 1031: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 928: 927: 922: 912: 911: 910: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 864: 855: 854: 851: 850: 847: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 820: 819: 812: 805: 797: 796: 791: 785: 780: 779: 776: 775: 772: 771: 763: 754: 753: 747: 739: 731: 722: 721: 701: 693: 690: 689: 684: 678: 677: 676: 673: 672: 669: 668: 663: 658: 652: 651: 646: 640: 635: 634: 631: 630: 627: 626: 624:Predestination 620: 619: 614: 608: 607: 605:Revealed Books 602: 596: 595: 585: 580: 579: 576: 575: 567: 566: 560: 559: 543:and those who 479:(primarily in 459:(primarily in 414:Southeast Asia 251:as population 240: 239: 222: 221: 176: 174: 167: 160: 159: 101:"Muslim world" 74: 72: 65: 60: 34: 33: 31: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19094: 19083: 19080: 19078: 19075: 19073: 19070: 19068: 19065: 19063: 19060: 19058: 19055: 19053: 19050: 19048: 19045: 19043: 19040: 19038: 19035: 19034: 19032: 19017: 19009: 19007: 18997: 18996: 18993: 18979: 18976: 18974: 18971: 18969: 18966: 18964: 18961: 18959: 18956: 18954: 18951: 18949: 18946: 18944: 18941: 18937: 18934: 18933: 18932: 18929: 18925: 18922: 18920: 18919:Post-Islamism 18917: 18915: 18912: 18911: 18910: 18907: 18905: 18902: 18898: 18895: 18893: 18890: 18889: 18888: 18885: 18884: 18882: 18878: 18872: 18869: 18867: 18864: 18862: 18859: 18857: 18854: 18853: 18851: 18849: 18845: 18839: 18836: 18834: 18831: 18829: 18826: 18824: 18821: 18817: 18816:Protestantism 18814: 18812: 18809: 18808: 18807: 18804: 18803: 18801: 18799: 18795: 18791: 18781: 18777: 18763: 18760: 18758: 18757: 18753: 18751: 18748: 18744: 18741: 18740: 18739: 18736: 18734: 18731: 18729: 18726: 18724: 18721: 18719: 18716: 18714: 18711: 18710: 18708: 18704: 18698: 18695: 18693: 18690: 18688: 18685: 18683: 18680: 18679: 18677: 18675: 18671: 18665: 18662: 18660: 18659:Ophthalmology 18657: 18655: 18652: 18650: 18647: 18645: 18642: 18640: 18637: 18635: 18632: 18630: 18627: 18626: 18624: 18622: 18618: 18612: 18609: 18607: 18604: 18602: 18599: 18597: 18594: 18592: 18589: 18587: 18584: 18582: 18579: 18577: 18574: 18573: 18571: 18569: 18565: 18561: 18557: 18549: 18545: 18531: 18528: 18524: 18523: 18519: 18518: 18517: 18514: 18512: 18509: 18507: 18504: 18500: 18497: 18496: 18495: 18492: 18490: 18489: 18485: 18483: 18480: 18478: 18477: 18473: 18471: 18468: 18466: 18465: 18461: 18459: 18456: 18454: 18451: 18449: 18446: 18444: 18441: 18439: 18436: 18434: 18431: 18429: 18426: 18424: 18423: 18419: 18417: 18416: 18412: 18408: 18407:Death penalty 18405: 18403: 18400: 18398: 18395: 18394: 18393: 18390: 18388: 18385: 18383: 18382: 18378: 18377: 18375: 18373:Other aspects 18371: 18365: 18364: 18360: 18358: 18357: 18353: 18351: 18350: 18346: 18344: 18343: 18339: 18337: 18336: 18332: 18330: 18329: 18325: 18323: 18322: 18318: 18317: 18315: 18310: 18307: 18305: 18302: 18300: 18297: 18296: 18293: 18287: 18286: 18282: 18280: 18277: 18275: 18274: 18270: 18268: 18267: 18263: 18261: 18260: 18256: 18254: 18253: 18249: 18248: 18246: 18244: 18240: 18234: 18233: 18229: 18227: 18226: 18222: 18220: 18219: 18215: 18213: 18212: 18208: 18206: 18203: 18201: 18198: 18197: 18195: 18193: 18189: 18185: 18178: 18177:Jurisprudence 18175: 18173: 18170: 18169: 18165: 18161: 18151: 18148: 18146: 18143: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18131: 18128: 18126: 18125: 18121: 18119: 18116: 18114: 18111: 18109: 18106: 18104: 18101: 18099: 18096: 18094: 18091: 18089: 18086: 18084: 18081: 18079: 18076: 18074: 18071: 18069: 18066: 18064: 18061: 18059: 18056: 18054: 18051: 18050: 18048: 18043: 18040: 18038: 18035: 18034: 18031: 18025: 18022: 18020: 18017: 18013: 18010: 18009: 18008: 18005: 18003: 18000: 17998: 17995: 17991: 17988: 17984: 17981: 17980: 17979: 17976: 17974: 17971: 17969: 17966: 17964: 17961: 17960: 17959: 17956: 17954: 17951: 17949: 17946: 17942: 17938: 17934: 17930: 17927: 17926: 17925: 17922: 17921: 17919: 17917: 17916:Denominations 17913: 17907: 17906: 17902: 17900: 17897: 17895: 17892: 17890: 17887: 17885: 17882: 17881: 17879: 17877: 17873: 17865: 17862: 17860: 17857: 17855: 17852: 17850: 17847: 17845: 17842: 17840: 17837: 17835: 17832: 17830: 17829: 17825: 17824: 17823: 17820: 17818: 17815: 17813: 17812: 17808: 17806: 17805: 17801: 17799: 17796: 17794: 17791: 17789: 17786: 17784: 17781: 17779: 17776: 17775: 17773: 17768: 17765: 17763: 17760: 17759: 17756: 17750: 17749: 17745: 17743: 17742: 17738: 17736: 17735: 17731: 17729: 17728: 17724: 17722: 17721: 17717: 17716: 17714: 17712: 17708: 17702: 17701:Holiest sites 17699: 17697: 17696:Judgement Day 17694: 17692: 17691: 17687: 17685: 17682: 17680: 17677: 17675: 17672: 17668: 17665: 17664: 17663: 17660: 17658: 17657: 17653: 17649: 17646: 17645: 17644: 17641: 17640: 17638: 17636: 17632: 17628: 17624: 17623: 17617: 17612: 17605: 17600: 17598: 17593: 17591: 17586: 17585: 17582: 17576: 17573: 17571: 17568: 17566: 17563: 17560: 17557: 17554: 17550: 17547: 17545: 17544: 17539: 17536: 17535: 17525: 17521: 17517: 17515:9781108485524 17511: 17507: 17502: 17498: 17494: 17490: 17484: 17480: 17475: 17473: 17467: 17461: 17457: 17452: 17448: 17442: 17438: 17437: 17431: 17427: 17421: 17417: 17413: 17408: 17404: 17400: 17396: 17392: 17388: 17384: 17379: 17375: 17371: 17367: 17363: 17359: 17355: 17350: 17346: 17342: 17338: 17332: 17328: 17323: 17319: 17315: 17311: 17305: 17302:. Macmillan. 17301: 17297: 17293: 17289: 17285: 17281: 17277: 17275:9781590080436 17271: 17267: 17262: 17258: 17254: 17250: 17244: 17240: 17236: 17232: 17228: 17224: 17220: 17214: 17210: 17205: 17204: 17184: 17180: 17176: 17169: 17167: 17165: 17163: 17161: 17159: 17142: 17138: 17134: 17128: 17120: 17116: 17112: 17105: 17097: 17090: 17074: 17068: 17052: 17046: 17030: 17024: 17008: 17002: 16986: 16984: 16976: 16961: 16960:Al-Habib.info 16957: 16951: 16936: 16935:Al-Habib.info 16932: 16926: 16910: 16906: 16902: 16901: 16894: 16886: 16882: 16878: 16876: 16871: 16870:C.E. Bosworth 16864: 16848: 16844: 16843: 16838: 16831: 16815: 16811: 16807: 16803: 16799: 16795: 16788: 16781: 16777: 16773: 16767: 16760: 16754: 16746: 16742: 16738: 16732: 16728: 16727: 16719: 16703: 16699: 16692: 16686: 16682: 16678: 16672: 16664: 16662:0-300-06465-9 16658: 16654: 16647: 16639: 16635: 16631: 16625: 16621: 16614: 16605: 16596: 16587: 16585: 16568: 16564: 16558: 16550: 16544: 16539: 16530: 16524: 16519: 16512: 16507: 16505:9783848003808 16501: 16497: 16490: 16483: 16478: 16476:9780195309911 16472: 16468: 16461: 16453: 16447: 16442: 16433: 16428:, p. 295 16427: 16426:Petersen 1996 16422: 16414: 16408: 16403: 16401: 16392: 16390:9789004161658 16386: 16382: 16375: 16368: 16362: 16353: 16346: 16343: 16337: 16331: 16327: 16324: 16320: 16315: 16308: 16304: 16300: 16295: 16288: 16284: 16278: 16271: 16267: 16263: 16260: 16256: 16251: 16244: 16240: 16236: 16233: 16229: 16224: 16215: 16208: 16205: 16199: 16197: 16187: 16181: 16177: 16174: 16171:Peter J. Lu, 16168: 16161: 16160:0-691-12067-6 16157: 16153: 16151: 16144: 16128: 16124: 16117: 16111: 16107: 16104: 16098: 16090: 16086: 16082: 16076: 16072: 16065: 16056: 16047: 16040: 16039: 16034: 16030: 16027: 16021: 16012: 16005: 15999: 15992: 15991:90-04-09300-1 15988: 15984: 15981:, pp. 38–46, 15980: 15974: 15965: 15957: 15955:0-8147-8023-7 15951: 15947: 15943: 15939: 15933: 15926: 15922: 15918: 15915: 15910: 15908: 15900: 15899:0-19-820291-1 15896: 15892: 15888: 15884: 15879: 15877: 15869: 15868:0-7591-0190-6 15865: 15861: 15860: 15852: 15845: 15841: 15837: 15834: 15831: 15827: 15821: 15813: 15811:9781139828420 15807: 15803: 15802: 15794: 15787: 15782: 15775: 15771: 15768: 15762: 15755: 15751: 15747: 15743: 15740: 15734: 15727: 15723: 15719: 15716: 15713: 15709: 15703: 15694: 15688: 15687:0-87054-076-9 15684: 15680: 15678: 15673: 15668: 15659: 15651: 15644: 15637: 15633: 15630: 15625: 15616: 15607: 15598: 15592: 15591:0-8157-3283-X 15588: 15582: 15567: 15565:9780814780237 15561: 15558:. NYU Press. 15557: 15556: 15548: 15533: 15527: 15523: 15522: 15515: 15509: 15508:0-8157-3283-X 15505: 15499: 15493: 15492:81-7450-395-1 15489: 15483: 15475: 15471: 15467: 15463: 15459: 15455: 15451: 15445: 15438: 15437:0-8147-8023-7 15434: 15430: 15426: 15422: 15421:George Saliba 15417: 15401: 15397: 15391: 15387: 15386: 15378: 15363: 15362: 15356: 15351: 15345: 15329: 15325: 15321: 15315: 15299: 15295: 15291: 15285: 15277: 15273: 15269: 15263: 15244: 15237: 15231: 15229: 15227: 15225: 15223: 15206: 15202: 15196: 15180: 15176: 15170: 15154: 15150: 15144: 15128: 15124: 15118: 15102: 15098: 15092: 15076: 15072: 15066: 15047: 15040: 15034: 15018: 15014: 15010: 15003: 14996: 14992: 14990:9781000677782 14986: 14983:. Routledge. 14982: 14975: 14967: 14965:9780812202830 14961: 14957: 14950: 14935: 14931: 14925: 14918: 14914: 14912:9780429962004 14908: 14904: 14897: 14889: 14883: 14879: 14878: 14870: 14863: 14859: 14857:9781000677782 14853: 14850:. Routledge. 14849: 14842: 14834: 14828: 14820: 14814: 14806: 14800: 14792: 14785: 14777: 14773: 14769: 14765: 14761: 14757: 14753: 14749: 14742: 14735: 14731: 14729:9783857100406 14725: 14721: 14714: 14703: 14696: 14690: 14683: 14679: 14677:9781351510721 14673: 14669: 14662: 14654: 14652:9781351510721 14648: 14644: 14637: 14621: 14617: 14611: 14607: 14606: 14598: 14590: 14584: 14580: 14579: 14571: 14564: 14563:0-7486-0455-3 14560: 14556: 14550: 14542: 14540:9781444397291 14536: 14532: 14525: 14517: 14515:9781538124185 14511: 14507: 14500: 14493: 14489: 14486:, Zafer Mah. 14485: 14481: 14478: 14473: 14465: 14459: 14455: 14451: 14450: 14442: 14426: 14422: 14416: 14409: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14396: 14390: 14387: 14383: 14377: 14370: 14366: 14364:9780030525964 14360: 14356: 14349: 14342: 14338: 14336:9781135980795 14332: 14328: 14321: 14314: 14310: 14308: 14303:Öz, Mustafa, 14300: 14292: 14290:9780195305135 14286: 14282: 14278: 14274: 14270: 14266: 14259: 14243: 14239: 14237:9781118273913 14233: 14229: 14228: 14220: 14204: 14200: 14196: 14190: 14188: 14186: 14184: 14167: 14163: 14157: 14141: 14137: 14136: 14131: 14124: 14108: 14104: 14098: 14082: 14078: 14072: 14065: 14064: 14051: 14047: 14046: 14041: 14035: 14028: 14016: 14012: 14008: 14007: 14002: 13996: 13980: 13976: 13972: 13971: 13963: 13947: 13943: 13939: 13938: 13933: 13927: 13920: 13908: 13904: 13900: 13894: 13887: 13872: 13868: 13864: 13862: 13854: 13848: 13842: 13838: 13835: 13829: 13821: 13817: 13813: 13807: 13791: 13787: 13781: 13773: 13769: 13765: 13763:9780199891207 13759: 13755: 13748: 13729: 13722: 13716: 13700: 13696: 13690: 13674: 13670: 13663: 13647: 13643: 13637: 13629: 13625: 13619: 13612: 13607: 13605:9781440835575 13601: 13597: 13590: 13583: 13579: 13577:9780190869786 13573: 13569: 13562: 13543: 13536: 13529: 13527: 13525: 13508: 13504: 13500: 13496: 13490: 13474: 13470: 13466: 13460: 13445: 13441: 13437: 13433: 13427: 13411: 13407: 13403: 13397: 13381: 13377: 13371: 13355: 13351: 13347: 13343: 13337: 13321: 13317: 13310: 13303: 13290: 13286: 13284:9780195305135 13280: 13276: 13271: 13263: 13256: 13243: 13239: 13235: 13228: 13217: 13213: 13206: 13200: 13192: 13188: 13184: 13177: 13170: 13164: 13148: 13144: 13140: 13133: 13117: 13113: 13106: 13099: 13097: 13090: 13088: 13079: 13073: 13069: 13062: 13054: 13048: 13040: 13034: 13030: 13026: 13022: 13015: 13007: 13001: 12993: 12991:0-8014-3108-5 12987: 12983: 12976: 12968: 12962: 12954: 12952:0-8014-3108-5 12948: 12944: 12937: 12929: 12927:0-415-30173-4 12923: 12919: 12912: 12904: 12898: 12890: 12884: 12880: 12876: 12872: 12865: 12856: 12851: 12847: 12843: 12839: 12832: 12825: 12819: 12810: 12805: 12801: 12797: 12793: 12786: 12770: 12766: 12762: 12755: 12753: 12751: 12734: 12730: 12726: 12722: 12718: 12714: 12710: 12706: 12702: 12698: 12691: 12683: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12665: 12661: 12657: 12650: 12643: 12637: 12621: 12617: 12610: 12602: 12596: 12588: 12584: 12580: 12576: 12572: 12568: 12561: 12552: 12543: 12534: 12529: 12525: 12521: 12517: 12510: 12508: 12491: 12487: 12483: 12477: 12469: 12465: 12459: 12452: 12446: 12438: 12432: 12424: 12418: 12410: 12404: 12396: 12390: 12382: 12378: 12371: 12363: 12357: 12349: 12343: 12332: 12328: 12327: 12319: 12313: 12297: 12293: 12289: 12283: 12267: 12263: 12257: 12250: 12245: 12239: 12220: 12213: 12207: 12191: 12187: 12181: 12165: 12161: 12155: 12136: 12129: 12123: 12107: 12103: 12099: 12093: 12085: 12079: 12075: 12074: 12066: 12050: 12046: 12042: 12036: 12020: 12016: 12010: 11999: 11992: 11986: 11978: 11974: 11968: 11961: 11957: 11954: 11949: 11933: 11929: 11925: 11919: 11911: 11905: 11890: 11886: 11880: 11864: 11860: 11854: 11848: 11844: 11841: 11836: 11828: 11822: 11807: 11803: 11797: 11789: 11785: 11779: 11771: 11767: 11761: 11746:. 12 May 2021 11745: 11741: 11735: 11716: 11709: 11703: 11687: 11683: 11677: 11658: 11651: 11645: 11626: 11619: 11613: 11605: 11599: 11583: 11579: 11573: 11554: 11547: 11541: 11525: 11521: 11515: 11496: 11489: 11483: 11464: 11457: 11451: 11432: 11425: 11419: 11400: 11393: 11387: 11371: 11367: 11363: 11357: 11350: 11346: 11342: 11339: 11334: 11323: 11316: 11310: 11291: 11284: 11278: 11262: 11256: 11237: 11230: 11224: 11216: 11212: 11206: 11190: 11186: 11180: 11161: 11154: 11148: 11129: 11122: 11116: 11100: 11096: 11090: 11074: 11070: 11064: 11045: 11038: 11032: 11013: 11006: 11000: 10984: 10980: 10974: 10955: 10948: 10942: 10926: 10922: 10916: 10900: 10896: 10892: 10886: 10884: 10882: 10880: 10878: 10876: 10874: 10872: 10870: 10868: 10866: 10864: 10862: 10860: 10858: 10856: 10854: 10852: 10850: 10848: 10846: 10844: 10842: 10840: 10838: 10836: 10834: 10832: 10830: 10828: 10826: 10824: 10822: 10820: 10818: 10801: 10797: 10791: 10775: 10771: 10767: 10761: 10754: 10749: 10733: 10729: 10727:9781402098949 10723: 10719: 10718: 10710: 10694: 10690: 10684: 10680: 10679: 10674: 10668: 10660: 10654: 10650: 10646: 10640: 10624: 10620: 10614: 10598: 10594: 10592:9780231526623 10588: 10584: 10583: 10575: 10573: 10564: 10558: 10554: 10550: 10535: 10531: 10530:PBS Frontline 10527: 10520: 10512: 10506: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10487: 10479: 10473: 10469: 10464: 10463: 10457: 10451: 10435: 10431: 10427: 10423: 10419: 10415: 10413:9780511977367 10409: 10405: 10401: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10385: 10378: 10376: 10367: 10363: 10356: 10340: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10322: 10318: 10317:Facts On File 10314: 10310: 10303: 10301: 10299: 10290: 10277: 10269: 10262: 10254: 10252:9780739142943 10248: 10244: 10237: 10221: 10217: 10213: 10207: 10205: 10203: 10186: 10182: 10178: 10172: 10170: 10153: 10149: 10148:the Akbarnama 10145: 10138: 10131: 10127: 10123: 10119: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10100: 10098:9781783475728 10094: 10090: 10083: 10076: 10072: 10067: 10051: 10047: 10043: 10037: 10021: 10017: 10010: 10002: 10001: 9993: 9987: 9986:81-89118-06-4 9983: 9979: 9973: 9964: 9955: 9946: 9930: 9926: 9920: 9916: 9912: 9911: 9906: 9900: 9898: 9896: 9888: 9876: 9872: 9865: 9858: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9831: 9829: 9812: 9808: 9806:9781448131617 9802: 9798: 9797: 9789: 9787: 9785: 9768: 9764: 9760: 9753: 9746: 9741: 9739: 9731: 9726: 9720: 9713: 9711: 9707: 9693: 9689: 9682: 9666: 9662: 9655: 9639: 9635: 9631: 9625: 9609: 9605: 9599: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9577: 9561: 9557: 9553: 9547: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9517: 9502: 9498: 9497: 9492: 9486: 9470: 9466: 9465:@businessline 9462: 9456: 9448: 9444: 9440: 9433: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9403: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9373: 9357: 9353: 9349: 9342: 9326: 9322: 9318: 9312: 9296: 9292: 9288: 9282: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9252: 9244: 9238: 9222: 9218: 9214: 9207: 9199: 9197:9780415448512 9193: 9189: 9185: 9184: 9176: 9160: 9156: 9152: 9146: 9139: 9138: 9132: 9130:9781476733920 9126: 9122: 9117: 9116: 9107: 9100: 9098: 9084: 9080: 9073: 9066: 9053: 9049: 9042: 9035: 9023: 9019: 9015: 9008: 8999: 8987: 8983: 8981:9780313386985 8977: 8973: 8972: 8966: 8963: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8940: 8927: 8923: 8922: 8917: 8913: 8910: 8898: 8894: 8890: 8886: 8885: 8881: 8872: 8860: 8856: 8855: 8850: 8846: 8843: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8816: 8812: 8809: 8806: 8805: 8803: 8791: 8787: 8786: 8781: 8774: 8758: 8754: 8748: 8732: 8728: 8722: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8691: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8661: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8631: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8608: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8578: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8548: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8517: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8487: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8457: 8446: 8442: 8435: 8429: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8399: 8383: 8379: 8373: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8342: 8334: 8328: 8312: 8308: 8302: 8286: 8282: 8276: 8268: 8262: 8258: 8251: 8243: 8241:9781784710736 8237: 8233: 8232: 8224: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8194: 8178: 8174: 8172:9781850654933 8168: 8164: 8163: 8155: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8147: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8115: 8108: 8106: 8105:Islamic world 8100: 8098:9781933782652 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8075: 8073: 8071: 8063: 8058: 8056:9780195305135 8052: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8033: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8002: 7998: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7971: 7963: 7951: 7946: 7934: 7929: 7923: 7914: 7909: 7900: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7876:Christian era 7873: 7867: 7863: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7764: 7760: 7754: 7749: 7746: 7740: 7735: 7732: 7721: 7711: 7704: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7685: 7680: 7677: 7670: 7665: 7662: 7658: 7651: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7631: 7626: 7622: 7615: 7610: 7609: 7608: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7581: 7577: 7572: 7569:According to 7566: 7562: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7518: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7494: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7479: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7449:March equinox 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7426: 7412: 7408: 7392: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7374: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7340: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7277: 7271: 7262: 7254: 7243: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7215: 7208: 7203: 7199: 7192: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7172: 7167: 7163: 7157: 7152: 7148: 7141: 7136: 7135: 7131: 7130:calligraffiti 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7113: 7108: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7088: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7033: 7018: 7014: 7008: 7003: 6999: 6992: 6987: 6983: 6977: 6972: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6915: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6859: 6858: 6850: 6832: 6827: 6820: 6815: 6808: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6795: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6777: 6776:, and so on. 6775: 6771: 6770: 6765: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6732: 6722: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6690: 6672: 6668: 6662: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6640:Faisal Mosque 6634: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6616:Id Kah Mosque 6610: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6590: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6575: 6571: 6565: 6560: 6556: 6555:Moorish-style 6552: 6546: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6527: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6508: 6503: 6502: 6501: 6500: 6493: 6489: 6483: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6460: 6455: 6452: 6451:Mughal Empire 6448: 6444: 6438: 6433: 6430: 6426: 6420: 6415: 6414: 6413: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6404: 6403: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6388:caravanserais 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6293: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6261: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6234: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6223:Mughal Bengal 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6208:ancient times 6205: 6204:manual labour 6200: 6196: 6192: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6126: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6091:Mediterranean 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6059: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6043: 6039: 6031: 6028:, painted by 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6010: 6001: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5966: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5939:. Avicenna's 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5879: 5878: 5871: 5865: 5860: 5856: 5849: 5844: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5834: 5827: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5807: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5755: 5750: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5740: 5736: 5729: 5724: 5720: 5719: 5714: 5708: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5692: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5655: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5634:, founder of 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5612:phenomenology 5609: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5521: 5516: 5514: 5509: 5507: 5506: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5479: 5475: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5459: 5455: 5449: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5358: 5357:coming of age 5354: 5350: 5346: 5345:desert island 5342: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5330:and Kamil in 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5232:Arabic poetry 5228: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5179: 5169: 5162: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5143: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5127:The story of 5123: 5118: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5101: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5087: 5077: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5046:ceramic glaze 5039: 5035: 5031: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4928: 4924: 4918: 4913: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4891: 4887: 4880: 4875: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4859: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4844: 4837: 4832: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4807: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4782: 4777: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4759: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4729: 4726: 4722: 4712: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4697: 4695: 4688:, Bangladesh. 4687: 4683: 4678: 4665: 4661: 4654: 4649: 4645: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4622: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4602: 4597: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4516: 4511: 4504: 4499: 4495: 4488: 4483: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4422:Jewish Agency 4420:In 2018, the 4418: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4299: 4294: 4287: 4282: 4275: 4270: 4263: 4258: 4257: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4223: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4204: 4199: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4182: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4159: 4154: 4153: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3989:branches are 3988: 3983: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3962: 3961: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3917: 3903: 3896: 3891: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3853: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3844: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3730:Guinea-Bissau 3727: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3687: 3685: 3678: 3665: 3664:Islamic State 3661: 3657: 3656:post-Islamist 3653: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3627:revolutionary 3624: 3620: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3496: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3453:globalization 3445: 3442:, the former 3441: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3414: 3402: 3398: 3386: 3382: 3370: 3366: 3354: 3350: 3338: 3334: 3322: 3318: 3306: 3302: 3290: 3289: 3288: 3285: 3281: 3268: 3257: 3256: 3246: 3235: 3233: 3222: 3220: 3209: 3207: 3196: 3194: 3183: 3181: 3170: 3168: 3157: 3155: 3144: 3142: 3131: 3129: 3118: 3116: 3105: 3103: 3092: 3090: 3079: 3077: 3066: 3064: 3063:Guinea-Bissau 3053: 3051: 3040: 3038: 3027: 3025: 3014: 3012: 3001: 2999: 2988: 2986: 2975: 2973: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2944: 2933: 2931: 2920: 2918: 2907: 2905: 2894: 2892: 2881: 2879: 2868: 2866: 2855: 2853: 2842: 2840: 2829: 2827: 2816: 2814: 2803: 2801: 2790: 2788: 2777: 2775: 2764: 2762: 2751: 2749: 2738: 2736: 2725: 2723: 2712: 2710: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2687: 2674: 2663: 2661: 2650: 2648: 2637: 2635: 2624: 2622: 2611: 2609: 2598: 2596: 2585: 2583: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2509:Amman Message 2506: 2502: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2473:secular state 2469: 2463: 2459: 2453: 2442: 2439: 2431: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2401:This section 2399: 2390: 2389: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2338:, one of the 2337: 2336:Muhammad Atta 2333: 2332:Enlightenment 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2247: 2233: 2229: 2222: 2217: 2214: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2193: 2188: 2185: 2184:Frans Geffels 2181: 2177: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2106: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2093: 2088: 2085: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2054:and Ottomans. 2053: 2049: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2027: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1957: 1951: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1917:Mughal Empire 1912: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1897: 1891: 1877: 1873: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1842: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1818: 1813: 1810:Fort in 1568. 1809: 1805: 1802: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1776: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1754:Mughal Empire 1752:was ruled by 1751: 1747: 1744:, especially 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1721: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1692:republicanism 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1537:Razia Sultana 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1493:Ghurid Empire 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1307: 1304: 1296: 1286: 1282: 1276: 1275: 1270:This section 1268: 1264: 1259: 1258: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1232:Anglo-Russian 1229: 1224: 1220: 1219: 1214: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1178: 1177: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1048: 1047: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1007:Proselytizing 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 926: 923: 921: 918: 917: 916: 915:Denominations 913: 909: 906: 905: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 865: 862: 858: 853: 852: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 821: 818: 817: 813: 811: 810: 806: 804: 803: 799: 798: 795: 792: 790: 787: 786: 783: 778: 777: 770: 768: 764: 762: 760: 756: 755: 751: 748: 746: 744: 740: 738: 736: 732: 730: 728: 724: 723: 719: 718: 713: 712: 707: 706: 702: 700: 699: 695: 694: 688: 685: 683: 680: 679: 675: 674: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 653: 650: 647: 645: 642: 641: 638: 633: 632: 625: 622: 621: 618: 615: 613: 610: 609: 606: 603: 601: 598: 597: 594: 590: 587: 586: 583: 578: 577: 573: 569: 568: 565: 562: 561: 557: 553: 552: 549: 546: 542: 541:embrace Islam 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 467:are known as 466: 462: 458: 454: 451:(87–90%) and 450: 446: 445:denominations 441: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 394: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 359: 355: 354:GDP (nominal) 350: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 292: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 269:Islamic world 266: 258: 254: 250: 246: 236: 233: 218: 215: 207: 197: 193: 189: 183: 182: 177:This article 175: 166: 165: 156: 153: 145: 134: 131: 127: 124: 120: 117: 113: 110: 106: 103: – 102: 98: 97:Find sources: 91: 87: 81: 80: 75:This article 73: 69: 64: 63: 58: 56: 49: 48: 43: 42: 37: 32: 23: 22: 19: 19077:Afro-Eurasia 19052:Pan-Islamism 18931:Islamophobia 18806:Christianity 18754: 18687:Contemporary 18581:Architecture 18520: 18486: 18474: 18462: 18420: 18413: 18379: 18361: 18356:Nikah mut'ah 18354: 18347: 18340: 18333: 18326: 18319: 18283: 18271: 18264: 18257: 18250: 18230: 18223: 18216: 18209: 18122: 18036: 17903: 17827: 17809: 17802: 17746: 17739: 17732: 17725: 17718: 17711:Five Pillars 17688: 17654: 17643:God in Islam 17620: 17541: 17505: 17478: 17455: 17435: 17411: 17386: 17382: 17357: 17353: 17326: 17299: 17265: 17238: 17208: 17189:29 September 17187:. Retrieved 17178: 17145:. Retrieved 17141:the original 17136: 17127: 17118: 17114: 17104: 17095: 17089: 17077:. Retrieved 17067: 17055:. Retrieved 17045: 17033:. Retrieved 17023: 17011:. Retrieved 17001: 16989:. Retrieved 16982: 16975: 16963:. Retrieved 16959: 16950: 16938:. Retrieved 16934: 16925: 16913:, retrieved 16909:the original 16899: 16893: 16873: 16863: 16851:. Retrieved 16840: 16835:Paul Lunde. 16830: 16818:. Retrieved 16801: 16797: 16787: 16771: 16766: 16758: 16753: 16725: 16718: 16706:. Retrieved 16691: 16676: 16671: 16652: 16646: 16619: 16613: 16604: 16595: 16571:. Retrieved 16557: 16538: 16518: 16509: 16495: 16489: 16480: 16466: 16460: 16448:, p. 7. 16441: 16421: 16380: 16374: 16366: 16361: 16352: 16344: 16341: 16336: 16314: 16302: 16294: 16277: 16269: 16250: 16242: 16223: 16214: 16206: 16203: 16186: 16167: 16148: 16143: 16131:. Retrieved 16116: 16105: 16102: 16097: 16070: 16064: 16055: 16046: 16038:The Guardian 16036: 16020: 16011: 16003: 15998: 15978: 15973: 15964: 15941: 15932: 15924: 15886: 15883:G. J. Toomer 15856: 15851: 15843: 15825: 15820: 15800: 15793: 15781: 15761: 15749: 15733: 15725: 15707: 15702: 15693: 15675: 15667: 15658: 15649: 15643: 15624: 15615: 15606: 15597: 15581: 15569:. Retrieved 15554: 15547: 15535:. Retrieved 15520: 15514: 15498: 15482: 15457: 15453: 15444: 15424: 15416: 15404:. Retrieved 15384: 15377: 15365:. Retrieved 15359: 15344: 15332:. Retrieved 15323: 15314: 15302:. Retrieved 15293: 15284: 15276:the original 15262: 15250:. Retrieved 15209:. Retrieved 15195: 15183:. Retrieved 15169: 15157:. Retrieved 15143: 15131:. Retrieved 15117: 15105:. Retrieved 15091: 15079:. Retrieved 15065: 15053:. Retrieved 15046:the original 15033: 15021:. Retrieved 15012: 15002: 14994: 14980: 14974: 14955: 14949: 14937:. Retrieved 14933: 14924: 14916: 14902: 14896: 14876: 14869: 14861: 14847: 14841: 14827: 14813: 14799: 14784: 14751: 14747: 14741: 14733: 14719: 14713: 14689: 14681: 14667: 14661: 14642: 14636: 14624:. Retrieved 14604: 14597: 14577: 14570: 14554: 14549: 14530: 14524: 14505: 14499: 14488:Ahmet Yesevi 14472: 14448: 14441: 14429:. Retrieved 14425:the original 14415: 14392: 14376: 14368: 14354: 14348: 14340: 14326: 14320: 14304: 14299: 14268: 14258: 14246:. Retrieved 14226: 14219: 14207:. Retrieved 14198: 14170:. Retrieved 14156: 14144:. Retrieved 14133: 14123: 14111:. Retrieved 14097: 14085:. Retrieved 14071: 14062: 14061: 14054:. Retrieved 14043: 14034: 14026: 14019:. Retrieved 14015:the original 14004: 13995: 13983:. Retrieved 13969: 13962: 13950:. Retrieved 13946:the original 13935: 13926: 13918: 13911:. Retrieved 13902: 13893: 13885: 13878:. Retrieved 13859: 13847: 13828: 13820:the original 13815: 13806: 13794:. Retrieved 13780: 13753: 13747: 13735:. Retrieved 13715: 13703:. Retrieved 13689: 13677:. Retrieved 13662: 13650:. Retrieved 13636: 13627: 13618: 13609: 13595: 13589: 13581: 13567: 13561: 13549:. Retrieved 13511:. Retrieved 13498: 13489: 13477:. Retrieved 13468: 13459: 13448:, retrieved 13435: 13426: 13414:. Retrieved 13410:the original 13405: 13396: 13384:. Retrieved 13370: 13358:. Retrieved 13345: 13336: 13324:. Retrieved 13320:the original 13309: 13300: 13293:. Retrieved 13274: 13262: 13253: 13246:. Retrieved 13237: 13227: 13216:the original 13211: 13199: 13191:the original 13186: 13176: 13168: 13163: 13151:. Retrieved 13142: 13132: 13120:. Retrieved 13105: 13095: 13067: 13061: 13020: 13014: 12981: 12975: 12942: 12936: 12917: 12911: 12870: 12864: 12845: 12841: 12831: 12823: 12818: 12799: 12795: 12785: 12773:. Retrieved 12764: 12739:10 September 12737:. Retrieved 12707:(2): 73–96. 12704: 12700: 12690: 12666:(1): 35–54. 12663: 12659: 12649: 12641: 12636: 12624:. Retrieved 12618:. Politico. 12609: 12595:cite journal 12570: 12566: 12560: 12551: 12542: 12526:(1): 85–97. 12523: 12519: 12494:. Retrieved 12485: 12476: 12468:the original 12458: 12450: 12445: 12431: 12417: 12403: 12389: 12381:The Guardian 12380: 12370: 12356: 12342: 12324: 12312: 12300:. Retrieved 12291: 12282: 12270:. Retrieved 12256: 12247: 12238: 12226:. Retrieved 12206: 12194:. Retrieved 12180: 12168:. Retrieved 12164:the original 12154: 12142:. Retrieved 12122: 12112:13 September 12110:. Retrieved 12102:gulfnews.com 12101: 12092: 12072: 12065: 12053:. Retrieved 12044: 12035: 12023:. Retrieved 12018: 12009: 11998:the original 11985: 11977:the original 11967: 11948: 11936:. Retrieved 11932:the original 11927: 11918: 11904: 11894:24 September 11892:. Retrieved 11888: 11879: 11867:. Retrieved 11853: 11835: 11821: 11809:. Retrieved 11805: 11796: 11788:the original 11778: 11770:the original 11760: 11748:. Retrieved 11743: 11734: 11722:. Retrieved 11715:the original 11702: 11690:. Retrieved 11676: 11664:. Retrieved 11644: 11632:. Retrieved 11612: 11598: 11586:. Retrieved 11572: 11560:. Retrieved 11540: 11528:. Retrieved 11514: 11502:. Retrieved 11482: 11470:. Retrieved 11463:the original 11450: 11438:. Retrieved 11418: 11406:. Retrieved 11386: 11374:. Retrieved 11365: 11356: 11348: 11333: 11322:the original 11309: 11297:. Retrieved 11277: 11267:14 September 11265:. Retrieved 11255: 11243:. Retrieved 11223: 11214: 11205: 11193:. Retrieved 11179: 11167:. Retrieved 11147: 11135:. Retrieved 11115: 11103:. Retrieved 11089: 11077:. Retrieved 11063: 11051:. Retrieved 11031: 11019:. Retrieved 10999: 10987:. Retrieved 10973: 10963:27 September 10961:. Retrieved 10941: 10929:. Retrieved 10915: 10903:. Retrieved 10894: 10804:. Retrieved 10790: 10780:10 September 10778:. Retrieved 10769: 10760: 10748: 10736:. Retrieved 10716: 10709: 10697:. Retrieved 10677: 10667: 10648: 10639: 10627:. Retrieved 10623:the original 10613: 10601:. Retrieved 10581: 10548: 10538:. Retrieved 10529: 10519: 10499:, Maryland: 10492: 10486: 10461: 10450: 10438:. Retrieved 10387: 10361: 10355: 10343:. Retrieved 10312: 10276:cite journal 10261: 10242: 10236: 10224:. Retrieved 10215: 10189:. Retrieved 10156:. Retrieved 10152:the original 10147: 10137: 10115: 10107: 10088: 10082: 10075:Michael Adas 10070: 10066: 10054:. Retrieved 10050:the original 10045: 10036: 10024:. Retrieved 10009: 9999: 9992: 9977: 9972: 9963: 9954: 9945: 9933:. Retrieved 9909: 9886: 9879:. Retrieved 9874: 9864: 9856: 9851:19 September 9849:. Retrieved 9840: 9817:19 September 9815:. Retrieved 9795: 9771:. Retrieved 9762: 9752: 9744: 9728: 9719: 9710:Christianity 9703: 9698:24 September 9696:. Retrieved 9681: 9669:. Retrieved 9654: 9642:. Retrieved 9633: 9624: 9612:. Retrieved 9607: 9598: 9590: 9586: 9576: 9564:. Retrieved 9560:the original 9555: 9546: 9534:. Retrieved 9530:the original 9525: 9516: 9505:, retrieved 9496:The National 9494: 9485: 9473:. Retrieved 9464: 9455: 9447:the original 9442: 9432: 9420:. Retrieved 9411: 9402: 9390:. Retrieved 9381: 9372: 9360:. Retrieved 9351: 9341: 9329:. Retrieved 9320: 9311: 9299:. Retrieved 9290: 9281: 9269:. Retrieved 9260: 9251: 9225:. Retrieved 9217:The Diplomat 9216: 9206: 9182: 9175: 9163:. Retrieved 9154: 9145: 9136: 9134: 9114: 9106: 9096: 9094: 9087:. Retrieved 9083:the original 9072: 9063: 9056:. Retrieved 9052:the original 9041: 9033: 9026:. Retrieved 9022:the original 9017: 9007: 8997: 8990:. Retrieved 8970: 8961: 8954:. Retrieved 8950:the original 8937: 8932:24 September 8930:. Retrieved 8919: 8908: 8903:30 September 8901:. Retrieved 8892: 8880: 8870: 8863:. Retrieved 8859:the original 8852: 8841: 8834:. Retrieved 8801: 8796:24 September 8794:. Retrieved 8783: 8773: 8761:. Retrieved 8757:the original 8747: 8735:. Retrieved 8721: 8709:. Retrieved 8701:The Guardian 8700: 8690: 8678:. Retrieved 8669: 8660: 8648:. Retrieved 8639: 8630: 8617: 8607: 8595:. Retrieved 8586: 8577: 8565:. Retrieved 8556: 8547: 8535:. Retrieved 8526: 8516: 8504:. Retrieved 8495: 8486: 8474:. Retrieved 8470:the original 8465: 8456: 8445:the original 8440: 8428: 8416:. Retrieved 8407: 8398: 8386:. Retrieved 8372: 8360:. Retrieved 8341: 8327: 8315:. Retrieved 8301: 8289:. Retrieved 8275: 8256: 8250: 8230: 8223: 8211:. Retrieved 8202: 8193: 8183:19 September 8181:. Retrieved 8161: 8133:. Retrieved 8124: 8114: 8104: 8102: 8080: 8060: 8038: 8032: 8020:. Retrieved 8011: 8001: 7970: 7908: 7899: 7866: 7822:Pan-Islamism 7759:World portal 7731:Islam portal 7604: 7580:gender roles 7576:essentialism 7570: 7568: 7519: 7515:lunar months 7495: 7480: 7453:astronomical 7430: 7386:Anno Hegirae 7371: 7341: 7315:used in the 7289:lunar months 7258: 7225: 7164:calligraphy. 7109: 7089: 7078: 7037: 6948:such as the 6913: 6904: 6900: 6897:Syrian Roman 6892: 6891: 6880:architecture 6871: 6855: 6854: 6778: 6767: 6761: 6734: 6692: 6614:Entrance of 6406: 6405: 6337: 6310:Mesopotamian 6265: 6253:Architecture 6247:architecture 6240: 6127: 6117:include the 6087:trade routes 6060: 6045: 5967: 5959:pharmacology 5952: 5948: 5940: 5924: 5920: 5906: 5902:quasicrystal 5895:al-Khwarzimi 5884: 5855:Omar Khayyam 5786: 5763: 5716: 5694: 5693: 5605: 5590: 5574:George Keith 5533: 5527: 5517: 5510: 5503: 5497: 5483: 5435: 5432:Robert Boyle 5425: 5422:Daniel Defoe 5417: 5386:resurrection 5362: 5361: 5352: 5348: 5338:autodidactic 5331: 5327: 5324:protagonists 5319: 5313: 5307: 5297: 5291: 5284:Ibn al-Nafis 5278: 5273:Amir Arsalan 5271: 5264:Greater Iran 5257: 5243: 5229: 5195: 5194: 5176: 5174: 5168:Magic carpet 5147: 5132: 5128: 5110:Oghuz Turkic 5105: 5043: 5027: 4933: 4746:Islamization 4721:M. M. Knight 4718: 4698: 4691: 4565: 4561: 4529: 4474:Zoroastrians 4463: 4446:former sizes 4438:North Africa 4419: 4371: 4351:Zoroastrians 4312: 4247:Hunza Valley 4191:Nabi Shu'ayb 4082: 4059: 3984: 3965: 3958: 3952: 3930: 3904:, Bangladesh 3885:commemorate 3845: 3833:Central Asia 3787: 3783: 3760: 3714: 3710: 3680: 3671:Demographics 3639: 3616: 3609:anti-Zionist 3578: 3515: 3511:Robin Wright 3507: 3493: 3475: 3449: 3277: 3232:Turkmenistan 3180:Sierra Leone 3011:Burkina Faso 2953: 2683: 2660:Saudi Arabia 2563: 2497: 2465: 2434: 2425: 2402: 2377: 2369: 2359: 2352: 2348: 2334:principles. 2312: 2265: 2253:Pan-Islamism 2249: 2096: 2092:Pan-Islamism 2089: 2081: 2050:against the 1988:meeting the 1986:Robert Clive 1959:Shah Alam II 1921:Bengal Subah 1914: 1907: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1723: 1672:Pan-Islamism 1662:(especially 1646:of northern 1578:and western 1576:North Africa 1481:Third Fitnas 1413:spread Islam 1394: 1352: 1299: 1290: 1279:Please help 1274:verification 1271: 1239:geopolitical 1237:In a modern 1236: 1223:Pan-Islamism 1216: 1210: 1124:Islamophobia 903:Demographics 898:Circumcision 860: 814: 807: 800: 766: 758: 742: 734: 726: 715: 709: 703: 696: 442: 438:the Americas 436:, and 1% in 410:Central Asia 402:North Africa 395: 351: 293: 288: 281:geopolitical 268: 265:Muslim world 264: 262: 228: 210: 201: 178: 148: 139: 129: 122: 115: 108: 96: 84:Please help 79:verification 76: 52: 45: 39: 38:Please help 35: 18: 18706:Other areas 18697:Theological 18692:Eschatology 18649:Mathematics 18586:Calligraphy 18516:Theological 18470:Inheritance 18387:Cleanliness 17817:Shi'a Imams 17811:Ahl al-Bayt 17296:Clute, John 17292:Grant, John 17147:4 September 16573:23 February 15406:18 November 15367:25 November 15252:13 December 15211:6 September 15185:6 September 15159:6 September 15133:6 September 15107:6 September 15081:14 December 14406:pp. 14–15, 14395:Family tree 14248:23 February 14209:4 September 13913:26 December 13880:1 September 13863:on Pakistan 13705:14 February 13479:22 December 13416:22 December 12775:23 December 12451:India Today 12302:22 December 12228:23 February 12144:23 February 12025:10 February 11938:24 November 11750:10 February 11724:23 February 11666:23 February 11634:23 February 11588:23 February 11562:23 February 11504:23 February 11472:23 February 11440:23 February 11408:23 February 11299:23 February 11245:23 February 11195:23 February 11169:23 February 11137:23 February 11079:27 November 11053:23 February 11021:23 February 10989:23 February 10931:23 February 10738:23 February 10366:I.B. Tauris 10183:. TED.com. 10056:28 December 10026:28 December 9536:22 December 9475:17 November 9382:www.cia.gov 9331:22 December 9301:22 December 8939:population. 8849:"Religions" 8836:20 December 8763:17 November 8737:17 November 8711:17 November 8388:27 November 8362:14 February 8317:16 December 8291:16 December 7984:Afghanistan 7767:Arabization 7635:A group of 7585:Asma Barlas 7526:Afghanistan 7522:zodiac sign 7511:solar years 7476:Sunni Islam 7439:. It is a 7240:Afghanistan 7112:Islamic art 7079:khatt Arabi 7047:calligraphy 7043:handwriting 6920:Darb-e Imam 6488:Shah Mosque 6475:, Indonesia 6243:Islamic art 6227:Tipu Sultan 6197:, employed 6191:crankshafts 6182:sugar mills 6178:steel mills 6174:stamp mills 6158:paper mills 6134:tidal power 6119:Mali Empire 6048:papermaking 5998:Ibn Khaldun 5648:Ibn Khaldun 5593:Mulla Sadra 5566:John Wallis 5546:materialism 5336:) who were 5196:Hezār Afsān 4686:Cox's Bazar 4612:Afghanistan 4582:(11.0) and 4541:Afghanistan 4434:Middle East 4060:Similarly, 4013:, and then 3868:Eid al-Adha 3827:(45%), and 3771:the Saqifah 3734:Ivory Coast 3652:Arab Spring 3635:Sayyid Qutb 3568:pan-Islamic 3564:nationalism 3530:Sayyid Qutb 3500:pan-Islamic 3413:Philippines 3381:Ivory Coast 2954:Twenty-two 2582:Afghanistan 2487:led by the 2370:jahliliyyah 2362:Sayyid Qutb 2232:Rif Berbers 2228:Melilla War 2200:(1830–1857) 2084:colonialism 2070:Colonialism 2060:Colonialism 1992:before the 1941:colonialism 1925:Tipu Sultan 1874:(in modern 1848:Janissaries 1830:recaptures 1824:Mughal Army 1668:Pan-Arabism 1660:nationalism 1574:, southern 1572:West Africa 1435:during the 1361:, when the 1337:, drawn by 1207:Terminology 1139:Laws of war 802:Ahl al-Bayt 687:Foundations 545:leave Islam 477:West Africa 449:Sunni Islam 398:Middle East 363:Ivory Coast 19031:Categories 18861:Ex-Muslims 18756:Shu'ubiyya 18750:Psychology 18738:Literature 18728:Inventions 18674:Philosophy 18482:Leadership 18458:Honorifics 18113:Philosophy 17968:Isma'ilism 17933:Maturidism 17822:Caliphates 17793:Golden Age 17684:Revelation 17524:1192428976 17488:0292781490 17257:1035756076 16915:21 January 16780:0944940005 16638:1001744138 16123:"BBC News" 15889:, p. 222, 15571:24 October 15334:16 January 15055:24 October 15023:1 November 14626:21 October 14271:. Oxford: 13816:ucsm.ac.uk 13679:24 October 13652:24 October 13386:8 December 13295:3 February 13270:"Islamism" 13248:1 February 13234:"Islamism" 13153:17 January 13122:2 December 12626:6 February 12573:(2): 258. 12482:"Islamism" 12395:"Tanzania" 12362:"Ethiopia" 11869:5 November 11530:23 January 10895:WorldAtlas 10699:17 January 10540:18 October 10422:2010047275 10335:2008020716 10226:23 January 10216:Britannica 10130:9264104143 9877:(in Dutch) 9644:23 October 9614:2 February 9566:25 January 9507:13 January 9422:1 December 9412:Eurasianet 9392:1 December 9271:18 January 9227:7 February 9165:7 February 9089:21 October 9058:21 October 9028:20 October 9018:New Europe 8956:5 December 8022:29 January 8012:Britannica 7892:Jewish era 7884:Common Era 7853:References 7772:Arab world 7710:Bangladesh 7559:See also: 7534:leap years 7472:Shia Islam 7126:modern art 6884:interlaced 6719:iconoclasm 6538:, Malaysia 6326:arabesques 6318:decoration 6241:The term " 6212:mechanized 6186:tide mills 6170:ship mills 6154:gristmills 6142:watermills 6138:wind power 6130:hydropower 6079:al-Andalus 6063:irrigation 6026:Al-Maqamat 6004:Technology 5913:physiology 5889:of light. 5791:Automation 5739:Ak Koyunlu 5668:See also: 5554:John Locke 5524:Ibn Tufail 5478:Al-Andalus 5442:Philosophy 5388:, and the 5378:futurology 5304:Al-Ghazali 5280:Ibn Tufayl 5215:, such as 5183:folk tales 5133:Magic Tree 5080:Literature 5002:Phoenician 4934:The term " 4850:Shah Jahan 4826:meet with 4709:Bangladesh 4584:Kazakhstan 4576:Uzbekistan 4532:Azerbaijan 4410:Christians 4382:Alexandria 4315:Christians 4062:Kharijites 4003:Isma'ilism 3985:The major 3945:Kharijites 3837:Kazakhstan 3821:Azerbaijan 3817:Uzbekistan 3797:Kyrgyzstan 3675:See also: 3631:Islamizing 3623:grassroots 3245:Uzbekistan 3206:Tajikistan 3115:Kyrgyzstan 3089:Kazakhstan 2985:Azerbaijan 2735:Bangladesh 2621:Mauritania 2412:improve it 2354:jahiliyyah 2274:statesman 1710:and more. 1708:capitalism 1694:(see also 1678:(see also 1656:secularism 1616:Bangladesh 1553:Gao Empire 1549:Almoravids 1489:Ghaznavids 1463:since the 1461:Shia sects 1433:Asia Minor 1411:helped to 1221:described 1213:propaganda 992:Philosophy 729:(exegesis) 666:Pilgrimage 656:Almsgiving 497:Bangladesh 428:, 1.4% in 418:South Asia 408:), 89% in 375:Mozambique 263:The terms 253:percentage 188:improve it 112:newspapers 41:improve it 18978:Symbolism 18936:Incidents 18914:Criticism 18811:Mormonism 18713:Astrology 18639:Cosmology 18634:Astronomy 18576:Arabesque 18443:Etiquette 18402:Blasphemy 18192:Economics 18007:Ahmadiyya 17941:Mu'tazili 17929:Ash'arism 17227:223231547 16991:11 August 16940:1 October 16885:1573-3912 16853:1 January 16745:707023033 16383:. Brill. 16089:224496901 15537:26 August 15474:144315162 15304:10 August 14776:149246793 14768:0272-6122 14494:, Turkey. 14307:madh'habs 14146:11 August 14113:11 August 14087:11 August 14056:28 August 14021:29 August 13985:7 October 13952:24 August 13796:10 August 13624:"Nigeria" 13551:17 August 13513:5 January 13432:"Preface" 13360:3 January 13047:cite book 13000:cite book 12961:cite book 12897:cite book 12721:1469-0764 12682:1469-0764 12587:145201910 12496:25 August 12041:"Senegal" 11811:14 August 11105:6 January 10553:Routledge 10497:Baltimore 10430:128049972 10392:Cambridge 9881:3 October 9237:cite news 8865:25 August 8680:3 January 8650:3 January 8597:3 January 8567:3 January 8418:3 January 7994:Citations 7922:romanized 7637:marabouts 7524:, and in 7464:UTC+03:30 7462:(52.5°E, 7344:Hijri era 7337:Palestine 7270:romanized 7162:Bismallah 6924:templates 6889:pattern. 6887:strapwork 6798:Taj Mahal 6745:miniature 6737:arabesque 6731:Arabesque 6725:Arabesque 6715:aniconism 6683:Aniconism 6644:Islamabad 6576:, Nigeria 6443:Taj Mahal 6429:Jerusalem 6380:fountains 6302:Byzantine 6275:buildings 6107:Silk Road 6103:Catalonia 6052:gunpowder 6030:al-Wasiti 5986:Al-Biruni 5974:al-Farabi 5949:Abulcasis 5919:entitled 5899:decagonal 5813:al-Biruni 5783:Banū Mūsā 5718:Astrolabe 5628:Al-Biruni 5626:(topos); 5406:cosmology 5402:astronomy 5390:afterlife 5326:(Hayy in 5259:Shahnameh 4901:Ilkhanate 4871:Mehmet II 4795:Safaviyya 4444:of their 4343:Mandaeans 4327:Buddhists 4101:Imamiyyah 4039:Akhbarism 4027:Qarmatian 4001:(Fiver). 3993:(Imami), 3848:Kharijite 3805:Indonesia 3699:Indonesia 3690:Geography 3619:reformist 3587:. Riḍā's 3571:Caliphate 3485:political 3481:religious 3076:Indonesia 2878:Palestine 2535:schools ( 2515:schools ( 2489:Ayatollah 2428:June 2018 2416:verifying 2306:with the 1876:Indonesia 1828:Aurangzeb 1676:socialism 1622:, etc.), 1557:Seljukids 1423:, to the 1417:Near East 1405:conquests 1339:Al-Idrisi 1293:June 2020 1218:The Times 1112:terrorism 1064:Criticism 1017:Sexuality 987:Mysticism 957:Festivals 937:Education 932:Economics 868:Academics 824:Caliphate 637:Practices 473:Indonesia 424:, 25% in 420:, 30% in 416:, 31% in 412:, 40% in 331:Caliphate 204:June 2020 192:verifying 142:June 2020 47:talk page 19016:Category 18909:Islamism 18892:Muhammad 18848:Apostasy 18823:Hinduism 18723:Feminism 18654:Medicine 18494:Military 18448:Gambling 18397:Apostasy 18392:Criminal 18304:Marriage 18273:Tayammum 18225:Murabaha 18098:Madrasas 18088:Holidays 18078:Clothing 18073:Children 18068:Calendar 18019:Quranism 17973:Alawites 17937:Atharism 17828:Rashidun 17667:In Islam 17662:Muhammad 17561:, on NPR 17497:36438874 17389:: 1–10. 17383:Muqarnas 17345:14203815 17318:40347477 17284:66393160 17183:Archived 16847:Archived 16814:Archived 16702:Archived 16567:Archived 16326:Archived 16301:(1976). 16262:Archived 16235:Archived 16176:Archived 16133:11 April 16127:Archived 16029:Archived 15940:(1994). 15917:Archived 15885:(1996), 15836:Archived 15770:Archived 15742:Archived 15718:Archived 15681:, p. 10 15632:Archived 15423:(1994), 15400:Archived 15328:Archived 15298:Archived 15294:ABC News 15243:Archived 15205:Archived 15179:Archived 15153:Archived 15127:Archived 15101:Archived 15075:Archived 15017:Archived 14702:Archived 14620:Archived 14492:Istanbul 14480:Archived 14410:, 1873.) 14313:Istanbul 14242:Archived 14166:Archived 14140:Archived 14107:Archived 14081:Archived 14050:Archived 13979:Archived 13907:Archived 13871:Archived 13837:Archived 13790:Archived 13772:52362778 13728:Archived 13699:Archived 13673:Archived 13646:Archived 13542:Archived 13507:Archived 13473:Archived 13450:6 August 13444:archived 13380:Archived 13354:Archived 13289:Archived 13242:Archived 13147:Archived 13116:Archived 12769:Archived 12765:Newsweek 12733:Archived 12729:14540501 12620:Archived 12490:Archived 12331:Archived 12296:Archived 12266:Archived 12219:Archived 12196:18 March 12190:Archived 12170:18 March 12135:Archived 12106:Archived 12055:18 March 12049:Archived 11956:Archived 11863:Archived 11843:Archived 11692:18 March 11686:Archived 11657:Archived 11625:Archived 11582:Archived 11553:Archived 11524:Archived 11495:Archived 11431:Archived 11399:Archived 11370:Archived 11368:. 2002. 11341:Archived 11290:Archived 11236:Archived 11189:Archived 11160:Archived 11128:Archived 11099:Archived 11073:Archived 11044:Archived 11012:Archived 10983:Archived 10954:Archived 10925:Archived 10899:Archived 10806:21 April 10800:Archived 10774:Archived 10732:Archived 10693:Archived 10675:(2004). 10647:(1951). 10603:10 March 10597:Archived 10534:Archived 10458:(2006). 10434:Archived 10339:Archived 10220:Archived 10191:5 August 10185:Archived 10114:(2003): 10020:Archived 9929:Archived 9907:(2003). 9845:Archived 9811:Archived 9773:10 March 9767:Archived 9692:Archived 9671:18 April 9665:Archived 9638:Archived 9501:archived 9469:Archived 9416:Archived 9386:Archived 9356:Archived 9325:Archived 9295:Archived 9265:Archived 9221:Archived 9159:Archived 8986:Archived 8926:Archived 8897:Archived 8830:Archived 8811:Archived 8790:Archived 8731:Archived 8705:Archived 8674:Archived 8644:Archived 8622:Archived 8591:Archived 8561:Archived 8537:13 March 8531:Archived 8506:13 March 8500:Archived 8476:14 March 8412:Archived 8382:Archived 8356:Archived 8311:Archived 8285:Archived 8207:Archived 8177:Archived 8135:10 March 8129:Archived 8016:Archived 7890:for the 7882:for the 7874:for the 7717:See also 7548:Mongolia 7460:meridian 7360:Muhammad 7346:, whose 7222:Calendar 7104:aniconic 7096:idolatry 6946:madrasas 6878:used in 6699:idolatry 6673:, Russia 6654:'s tent. 6648:Pakistan 6624:Xinjiang 6536:Selangor 6519:, Turkey 6517:Istanbul 6372:khanqahs 6352:madrasas 6339:muqarnas 6334:minarets 6166:sawmills 6121:and the 6067:windmill 5990:Avicenna 5963:pharmacy 5785:'s work 5695:Sciences 5658:Sciences 5614:and the 5494:Ibn Sina 5492:scholar 5474:polymath 5370:polymath 5254:Ferdowsi 5225:Ali Baba 5187:Sanskrit 5131:and the 5070:Damascus 5062:fritware 5038:fritware 5029:shatranj 5008:Ceramics 4998:Egyptian 4962:and the 4929:painting 4789:between 4769:al-Qadir 4672:Refugees 4578:(11.5), 4572:graduate 4470:Buddhist 4362:Istanbul 4347:Yarsanis 4172:Omdurman 4051:Shaykism 4047:Alawites 4015:Mustaali 3775:Abu Bakr 3752:Religion 3746:Tanzania 3726:Ethiopia 3597:Egyptian 3477:Islamism 3470:Islamism 3463:Islamism 3421:Politics 3397:DR Congo 3349:Tanzania 3317:Ethiopia 2852:Maldives 2839:Malaysia 2761:Djibouti 2647:Pakistan 2551:school. 2328:Al-Qaeda 2322:Islamist 2300:Kemalist 2158:and the 2154:between 2130:between 2013:Ottomans 1858:in 1522. 1785:Zamburak 1760:through 1742:firearms 1704:feminism 1636:Anatolia 1632:Ottomans 1624:Safavids 1620:Pakistan 1584:Timbuktu 1545:Fatimids 1541:Abbasids 1425:Pyrenees 1401:Rashidun 1366:Muhammad 1148:Glossary 1134:Jihadism 1107:Violence 1102:Islamism 1073:Muhammad 1059:Apostasy 1002:Politics 952:Feminism 947:Exorcism 908:Diaspora 893:Children 888:Calendar 816:Rashidun 794:Muhammad 789:Timeline 750:Mathnawi 612:Prophets 556:a series 554:Part of 513:Americas 493:Pakistan 485:Caucasus 432:, 6% in 383:Suriname 315:Muhammad 19062:Muslims 18963:Nursing 18924:Qutbism 18838:Sikhism 18833:Judaism 18828:Jainism 18664:Physics 18611:Pottery 18596:Gardens 18591:Carpets 18506:Slavery 18428:Divorce 18415:Dhabiĥa 18243:Hygiene 18218:Takaful 18200:Banking 18130:Science 18124:Qurbani 18093:Mosques 18053:Animals 18042:Culture 17990:Zaydism 17978:Alevism 17864:Ottoman 17854:Almohad 17849:Fatimid 17844:Córdoba 17839:Abbasid 17834:Umayyad 17767:Leaders 17762:History 17720:Shahada 17635:Beliefs 17403:1523219 17201:Sources 17115:Jamma'a 16820:6 March 15324:Reuters 14939:13 July 14449:Shi'ism 14431:5 March 14402:Tariqat 14399:Nusayri 14397:of the 14315:, 2011. 14267:(ed.). 14172:23 July 14135:Reuters 13812:"Shi'a" 13737:19 July 13326:7 March 13100:: p. 24 12272:22 June 12015:"Niger" 11829:. 2022. 11684:. ICL. 11376:24 June 10905:29 July 10440:12 July 10345:24 June 9935:23 July 9706:Judaism 8992:8 March 8889:"Shiʿi" 8822:"Sunni" 8213:22 July 8203:HISTORY 8199:"Islam" 8062:thought 7950:Kurdish 7924:: 7913:Persian 7661:Jakarta 7565:Musawah 7544:Balkans 7503:Muslims 7393: 7354:in 622 7333:Lebanon 7311:, with 7307:is the 7283:, is a 7272:: 7214:planets 7084:خط عربي 7067:Ottoman 7063:Persian 7053:or the 6954:Kayseri 6942:mosques 6862:Persian 6785:fractal 6774:minbars 6652:Bedouin 6626:, China 6602:, India 6557:mosque. 6473:Bandung 6392:bazaars 6376:zawiyas 6364:hammams 6360:palaces 6348:mosques 6306:Iranian 6283:secular 6162:hullers 6152:mills, 6150:fulling 6146:wheeled 6089:in the 6071:almonds 5929:nervous 5909:anatomy 5733:One of 5582:Quakers 5490:Persian 5410:geology 5398:biology 5367:Arabian 5240:romance 5217:Aladdin 5050:pottery 4990:Chinese 4986:Persian 4973:Córdoba 4956:Baghdad 4946:caliph 4944:Abbasid 4940:science 4886:Persian 4865:Ottoman 4824:Abbas I 4799:Shirvan 4793:of the 4763:Sultan 4715:Culture 4680:Muslim 4664:moulage 4660:anatomy 4588:Muslims 4566:A 2011 4415:Nigeria 4386:Antioch 4339:Yazidis 4331:Bahai's 4253:Muslims 4251:Ismaili 4174:, Sudan 4168:dervish 4141:Taiyabi 4133:Alawite 4105:Ja'fari 4097:Hanbali 4093:Shafi'i 4070:Azariqa 4055:Alevism 4043:Usulism 3995:Ismaili 3991:Twelver 3980:Hanbali 3976:Shafi'i 3954:madhhab 3829:Nigeria 3823:(45%), 3819:(54%), 3815:(54%), 3811:(55%), 3807:(56%), 3803:(58%), 3799:(64%), 3795:(65%), 3793:Albania 3738:Nigeria 3722:Eritrea 3684:Karachi 3660:militia 3654:, many 3593:Arabist 3560:Zionism 3267:Lebanon 3167:Senegal 3154:Nigeria 2972:Albania 2930:Tunisia 2904:Somalia 2865:Morocco 2748:Comoros 2722:Bahrain 2709:Algeria 2543:), the 2537:Ja'fari 2531:), two 2529:Hanbali 2525:Shafi'i 2468:secular 2410:Please 2380:life." 2319:Wahhabi 2294:). The 2136:Morocco 2052:Mamluks 2017:Tsardom 1854:at the 1734:Ottoman 1730:Safavid 1648:Nigeria 1612:Mughals 1608:Somalia 1592:Oualata 1453:717–718 1449:674–678 1407:of the 1397:Caliphs 1253:History 1226:of the 1029:Slavery 1012:Science 967:Madrasa 962:Finance 873:Animals 861:society 857:Culture 829:Imamate 809:Sahabah 782:History 752:(Poems) 737:(creed) 661:Fasting 589:Oneness 582:Beliefs 481:Nigeria 430:Oceania 379:Nigeria 304:Muslims 273:Islamic 249:Muslims 186:Please 126:scholar 18785: 18743:poetry 18553: 18438:Ethics 18422:Dhimmi 18381:Baligh 18342:Mahram 18299:Family 18279:Toilet 18259:Miswak 18012:Lahori 17953:Salafi 17899:Seerah 17894:Tafsir 17889:Hadith 17859:Sokoto 17804:Sahaba 17679:Angels 17656:Tawhid 17613:topics 17522: 17512: 17495: 17485: 17462: 17443: 17422: 17401: 17374:429655 17372: 17343: 17333: 17316: 17306: 17282: 17272: 17255: 17245: 17225: 17215: 17121:: vii. 17079:6 July 17057:6 July 17035:6 July 17013:6 July 16965:8 July 16883: 16877:Online 16778: 16743: 16733: 16683: 16659: 16636: 16626: 16502: 16473: 16387: 16369:(2000) 16285: 16158: 16087: 16077: 15989: 15952: 15927:(1998) 15897: 15866: 15808: 15685: 15589: 15562: 15528: 15506: 15490: 15472: 15435: 15392: 14987: 14962: 14909: 14884: 14854: 14774: 14766: 14726: 14674: 14649: 14612: 14585: 14565:, p. 4 14561: 14537: 14512: 14460: 14408:Beirut 14382:aqidah 14361: 14333: 14287: 14234: 13770: 13760: 13602: 13574: 13281: 13098:, 1994 13074: 13035: 12988: 12949: 12924: 12885: 12727: 12719: 12680: 12585: 12080: 10724: 10685: 10655: 10629:28 May 10589: 10559: 10507: 10474: 10428: 10420: 10410: 10333: 10323: 10249: 10158:19 May 10128: 10095: 9984: 9921: 9803: 9362:25 May 9194: 9127: 8978: 8946:"Shia" 8263: 8238: 8169: 8095: 8053: 7933:Pashto 7694:Padang 7621:Kazakh 7540:Nowruz 7487:Hijrah 7378:Hijrah 7368:Medina 7329:Jordan 7261:Arabic 7178:amulet 7092:Qur'an 7075:Arabic 7069:, and 7059:Arabic 6781:motifs 6749:Persia 6671:Moscow 6494:, Iran 6492:Tehran 6469:Modern 6384:sabils 6342:, and 6328:, and 6308:, and 6210:to be 6105:. The 6095:Venice 6083:Hormuz 6075:citrus 5996:, and 5684:, and 5646:; and 5584:, and 5580:, the 5548:, and 5471:Muslim 5380:, the 5250:tragic 5191:fables 5114:Fuzûlî 5074:Tabriz 5066:Fustat 5024:Seljuq 5000:, and 4971:, and 4905:Ghazan 4868:Sultan 4791:Ismail 4787:Battle 4748:, and 4666:, Iran 4580:Kuwait 4549:Turkey 4459:Levant 4388:, and 4366:Turkey 4335:Druzes 4323:Hindus 4209:Ibadis 4195:Hittin 4129:Zahiri 4089:Maliki 4085:Hanafi 4078:Ibadis 4074:Najdat 4066:Sufris 4019:Hafizi 3978:, and 3972:Maliki 3968:Hanafi 3941:Shi'as 3937:Sunnis 3887:Ashura 3825:Russia 3801:Kosovo 3744:, and 3607:, the 3589:Salafi 3552:cleric 3546:Syrian 3495:sharia 3410: 3394: 3378: 3365:Russia 3362: 3346: 3330: 3314: 3298: 3264: 3252:Others 3242: 3229: 3219:Turkey 3216: 3203: 3190: 3177: 3164: 3151: 3138: 3125: 3112: 3102:Kosovo 3099: 3086: 3073: 3060: 3050:Guinea 3047: 3037:Gambia 3034: 3021: 3008: 2995: 2982: 2969: 2940: 2927: 2914: 2901: 2888: 2875: 2862: 2849: 2836: 2823: 2813:Kuwait 2810: 2800:Jordan 2797: 2784: 2771: 2758: 2745: 2732: 2719: 2706: 2689:states 2670: 2657: 2644: 2631: 2618: 2605: 2595:Brunei 2592: 2579: 2564:Eight 2549:Zahiri 2521:Maliki 2517:Hanafi 2507:. The 2501:Sharia 2378:jahili 2284:modern 1931:, the 1910:(1731) 1832:Orchha 1762:sharia 1746:cannon 1738:Mughal 1628:Persia 1600:Ajuran 1588:Djenne 1509:Bengal 1477:Second 1403:. The 1374:Medina 1343:Sicily 1323:, and 1083:Hadith 997:Poetry 977:Mosque 942:Ethics 767:Sharia 735:Aqidah 727:Tafsir 711:Hadith 705:Sunnah 649:Prayer 600:Angels 529:Europe 527:, and 517:Russia 503:, and 434:Europe 391:Uganda 367:Guyana 343:Europe 341:, and 339:Africa 128: 121: 114: 107: 99: 19037:Islam 18897:Quran 18787:Other 18682:Early 18606:Music 18522:Kalam 18476:Jizya 18464:Hudud 18349:Nikah 18266:Najis 18252:Ghusl 18211:Sukuk 18140:Women 18108:Music 18083:Flags 17997:Ibadi 17924:Sunni 17884:Quran 17741:Zakat 17727:Salah 17690:Qadar 17648:Allah 17611:Islam 17540:, on 17399:JSTOR 17370:JSTOR 16708:5 May 16108:(3). 15470:S2CID 15272:Zaman 15246:(PDF) 15239:(PDF) 15049:(PDF) 15042:(PDF) 15007:SCI. 14772:S2CID 14705:(PDF) 14698:(PDF) 13874:(PDF) 13856:(PDF) 13731:(PDF) 13724:(PDF) 13611:area. 13545:(PDF) 13538:(PDF) 13219:(PDF) 13208:(PDF) 13094:Roy, 12725:S2CID 12583:S2CID 12334:(PDF) 12321:(PDF) 12222:(PDF) 12215:(PDF) 12138:(PDF) 12131:(PDF) 12001:(PDF) 11994:(PDF) 11718:(PDF) 11711:(PDF) 11660:(PDF) 11653:(PDF) 11628:(PDF) 11621:(PDF) 11556:(PDF) 11549:(PDF) 11498:(PDF) 11491:(PDF) 11466:(PDF) 11459:(PDF) 11434:(PDF) 11427:(PDF) 11402:(PDF) 11395:(PDF) 11325:(PDF) 11318:(PDF) 11293:(PDF) 11286:(PDF) 11239:(PDF) 11232:(PDF) 11163:(PDF) 11156:(PDF) 11131:(PDF) 11124:(PDF) 11047:(PDF) 11040:(PDF) 11015:(PDF) 11008:(PDF) 10957:(PDF) 10950:(PDF) 10468:Knopf 10426:S2CID 9875:Trouw 9730:faith 9663:CNN. 8448:(PDF) 8437:(PDF) 7858:Notes 7837:Sīrah 7641:Quran 7595:like 7555:Women 7491:Islam 7382:Latin 7373:ummah 7364:Mecca 7348:epoch 7325:Syria 7122:Naskh 7118:Kufic 7013:Girih 6998:Girih 6984:tiles 6982:Girih 6962:Cairo 6916:tiles 6914:girih 6905:Girih 6901:girih 6893:Girih 6872:gereh 6857:Girih 6849:Girih 6842:Girih 6789:piers 6769:naskh 6763:kufic 6618:with 6574:Lagos 6467:with 6356:tombs 6298:Roman 6279:Islam 6199:gears 6111:Timur 6099:Genoa 6032:1237) 5624:place 5476:from 5458:Kalam 5185:from 5112:poet 5058:Basra 5034:chess 4994:Vedic 4982:Roman 4978:Greek 4969:Cairo 4909:Quran 4843:Quran 4694:UNHCR 4628:Niger 4557:Egypt 4466:Hindu 4455:Druze 4398:Islam 4231:Imams 4228:Zaydi 4213:M'zab 4187:Druze 4137:Druze 4125:Ibadi 4121:Zaydi 4117:Alevi 4109:Usuli 4031:Druze 3999:Zaidi 3987:Shi'a 3933:sects 3902:Dhaka 3767:Shura 3757:Islam 3580:ulema 3549:Sunni 3489:Islam 3333:China 3301:India 3193:Sudan 3141:Niger 2917:Syria 2891:Qatar 2826:Libya 2774:Egypt 2673:Yemen 2545:Ibadi 2541:Zaidi 2513:Sunni 2366:Islam 2349:ummah 2344:Quran 2290:(see 2156:Italy 2132:Spain 1804:Akbar 1568:Sahel 1521:Islam 1517:dawah 1473:First 1457:Sunni 1382:Hijra 1370:Mecca 1247:Egypt 1129:Jihad 1078:Quran 1039:Women 982:Music 920:Sunni 769:(law) 717:Sirah 698:Quran 682:Texts 564:Islam 525:China 521:India 505:Egypt 489:India 457:Ibadi 371:Gabon 323:sects 308:Quran 277:Ummah 133:JSTOR 119:books 18568:Arts 18499:POWs 18433:Diet 18363:Zina 18335:Mahr 18321:Haya 18285:Wudu 18232:Riba 18145:LGBT 18037:Life 17958:Shia 17948:Sufi 17939:and 17748:Hajj 17734:Sawm 17543:Aeon 17520:OCLC 17510:ISBN 17493:OCLC 17483:ISBN 17470:See 17460:ISBN 17441:ISBN 17420:ISBN 17341:OCLC 17331:ISBN 17314:OCLC 17304:ISBN 17280:OCLC 17270:ISBN 17253:OCLC 17243:ISBN 17223:OCLC 17213:ISBN 17191:2020 17149:2022 17081:2013 17059:2013 17037:2013 17015:2013 16993:2012 16967:2024 16942:2023 16917:2017 16881:ISSN 16855:2019 16822:2024 16776:ISBN 16741:OCLC 16731:ISBN 16710:2014 16681:ISBN 16657:ISBN 16634:OCLC 16624:ISBN 16575:2007 16549:help 16529:help 16500:ISBN 16471:ISBN 16452:help 16432:help 16413:help 16385:ISBN 16283:ISBN 16156:ISBN 16135:2014 16085:OCLC 16075:ISBN 15987:ISBN 15950:ISBN 15895:ISBN 15864:ISBN 15857:New 15806:ISBN 15683:ISBN 15587:ISBN 15573:2012 15560:ISBN 15539:2012 15526:ISBN 15504:ISBN 15488:ISBN 15454:Isis 15433:ISBN 15408:2020 15390:ISBN 15369:2013 15336:2018 15306:2013 15254:2016 15213:2018 15187:2018 15161:2018 15135:2018 15109:2018 15083:2015 15057:2012 15025:2017 14985:ISBN 14960:ISBN 14941:2019 14907:ISBN 14882:ISBN 14852:ISBN 14764:ISSN 14724:ISBN 14672:ISBN 14647:ISBN 14628:2016 14610:ISBN 14583:ISBN 14559:ISBN 14535:ISBN 14510:ISBN 14458:ISBN 14433:2015 14389:fiqh 14359:ISBN 14331:ISBN 14285:ISBN 14250:2021 14232:ISBN 14211:2013 14174:2016 14148:2017 14115:2017 14089:2017 14058:2010 14023:2010 13987:2015 13954:2010 13915:2016 13882:2010 13798:2016 13768:OCLC 13758:ISBN 13739:2015 13707:2015 13681:2012 13654:2012 13600:ISBN 13572:ISBN 13553:2012 13515:2012 13481:2011 13452:2014 13418:2011 13388:2010 13362:2012 13328:2017 13297:2017 13279:ISBN 13250:2017 13187:MEMO 13155:2023 13124:2017 13072:ISBN 13053:link 13033:ISBN 13006:link 12986:ISBN 12967:link 12947:ISBN 12922:ISBN 12903:link 12883:ISBN 12777:2015 12741:2021 12717:ISSN 12678:ISSN 12628:2023 12601:link 12498:2023 12304:2011 12274:2015 12230:2017 12198:2015 12172:2015 12146:2017 12114:2020 12078:ISBN 12057:2015 12027:2022 11940:2014 11896:2022 11871:2013 11813:2023 11752:2022 11726:2017 11694:2015 11668:2017 11636:2017 11590:2017 11564:2017 11532:2022 11506:2017 11474:2017 11442:2017 11410:2017 11378:2017 11301:2017 11269:2023 11247:2017 11197:2017 11171:2017 11139:2017 11107:2012 11081:2010 11055:2017 11023:2017 10991:2017 10965:2022 10933:2017 10907:2020 10808:2021 10782:2021 10740:2021 10722:ISBN 10701:2018 10683:ISBN 10653:ISBN 10631:2011 10605:2021 10587:ISBN 10557:ISBN 10542:2011 10505:ISBN 10472:ISBN 10442:2021 10418:LCCN 10408:ISBN 10347:2021 10331:LCCN 10321:ISBN 10289:help 10247:ISBN 10228:2019 10193:2014 10160:2014 10126:ISBN 10093:ISBN 10058:2010 10028:2010 9982:ISBN 9937:2020 9919:ISBN 9883:2017 9853:2017 9819:2017 9801:ISBN 9775:2017 9708:and 9700:2013 9673:2015 9646:2018 9616:2023 9568:2022 9538:2011 9509:2019 9477:2019 9424:2019 9394:2019 9364:2017 9333:2011 9303:2011 9273:2018 9243:link 9229:2017 9192:ISBN 9167:2017 9125:ISBN 9091:2015 9060:2015 9030:2015 8994:2020 8976:ISBN 8958:2011 8934:2013 8905:2019 8884:See 8867:2010 8838:2012 8798:2013 8765:2008 8739:2008 8713:2008 8682:2012 8652:2012 8599:2012 8569:2012 8539:2017 8508:2017 8478:2017 8420:2012 8390:2023 8364:2018 8319:2017 8293:2017 8261:ISBN 8236:ISBN 8215:2020 8185:2017 8167:ISBN 8137:2017 8093:ISBN 8051:ISBN 8024:2017 7886:and 7847:OPEC 7676:Chad 7563:and 7437:Iran 7431:The 7391:lit. 7335:and 7321:Iraq 7238:and 7236:Iran 7120:and 7100:Kufa 7071:Urdu 7045:and 6944:and 6766:and 6717:and 6707:sura 6594:The 6447:Agra 6390:and 6382:and 6368:Sufi 6245:and 6237:Arts 6225:and 6193:and 6136:and 6101:and 6073:and 6040:and 6012:The 5961:and 5931:and 5911:and 5831:The 5817:moon 5522:was 5456:and 5430:and 5408:and 5234:and 5223:and 5166:The 4817:Shah 4644:Gaza 4555:and 4553:Iran 4545:Chad 4537:Mali 4478:Iran 4436:and 4426:Jews 4349:and 4319:Jews 4165:Sufi 4147:and 4139:and 4053:and 4041:and 4021:and 4009:and 3960:fiqh 3943:and 3883:Iran 3846:The 3809:Mali 3763:imam 3562:and 3483:and 3429:and 3128:Mali 3024:Chad 2787:Iraq 2634:Oman 2608:Iran 2533:Shia 2460:and 2282:, a 2226:The 2176:Buda 2150:The 2134:and 2126:The 2110:The 2068:and 1822:The 1764:and 1736:and 1682:and 1666:and 1630:and 1604:Adal 1594:and 1499:and 1479:and 1459:and 1451:and 1353:The 1333:The 1022:LGBT 925:Shia 859:and 759:Fiqh 501:Iran 461:Oman 453:Shia 426:Asia 406:MENA 389:and 387:Togo 335:Asia 321:and 294:The 267:and 105:news 18309:Sex 18172:Law 18058:Art 17391:doi 17362:doi 16806:doi 15830:cf. 15712:cf. 15462:doi 14756:doi 14454:154 14277:doi 13025:doi 12875:doi 12850:doi 12804:doi 12709:doi 12668:doi 12575:doi 12528:doi 10400:doi 9587:NPR 9188:193 8527:CNN 8441:Pew 8085:doi 8043:doi 7659:in 7591:of 7546:to 7366:to 7198:Ali 7077:as 6960:in 6952:in 6867:گره 6695:God 6669:in 6642:in 6622:in 6598:in 6572:in 6534:in 6515:in 6490:in 6445:in 6427:in 6378:), 6374:or 6273:of 6206:in 5789:on 5762:'s 5715:'s 5434:'s 5424:'s 5396:of 5306:'s 5256:'s 5242:is 5238:on 5211:in 5150:by 5108:by 4954:in 4819:of 4684:in 4610:of 4480:. 3963:). 3866:on 3528:), 2414:by 2360:By 2298:of 1984:'s 1943:'. 1927:'s 1806:'s 1783:'s 1698:), 1690:), 1674:), 1634:in 1626:in 1596:Gao 1495:of 1447:in 1431:in 1341:of 1283:by 1117:war 878:Art 593:God 591:of 255:in 190:by 88:by 19033:: 17935:, 17931:, 17518:. 17491:. 17418:. 17414:. 17397:. 17387:12 17385:. 17368:. 17358:33 17356:. 17339:. 17312:. 17294:; 17278:. 17251:. 17221:. 17181:. 17177:. 17157:^ 17135:. 17119:23 17117:. 17113:. 16958:. 16933:. 16903:, 16839:. 16812:. 16802:69 16800:. 16796:. 16739:. 16700:. 16679:, 16632:. 16583:^ 16508:. 16479:. 16399:^ 16345:46 16321:, 16268:, 16257:, 16241:, 16230:, 16207:46 16195:^ 16125:. 16106:12 16083:. 16035:, 15985:, 15944:. 15923:, 15906:^ 15893:, 15875:^ 15846:). 15842:, 15752:, 15728:). 15724:, 15674:, 15468:. 15458:74 15456:. 15431:, 15398:. 15358:. 15322:. 15292:. 15270:. 15221:^ 15203:. 15177:. 15151:. 15125:. 15099:. 15015:. 15011:. 14993:. 14932:. 14915:. 14860:. 14770:. 14762:. 14752:19 14750:. 14732:. 14680:. 14618:. 14456:. 14367:. 14339:. 14283:. 14275:. 14240:. 14201:. 14197:. 14182:^ 14138:. 14132:. 14105:. 14060:. 14042:. 14025:. 14009:. 14003:. 13977:. 13973:. 13940:. 13934:. 13917:. 13901:. 13884:. 13865:. 13858:. 13814:. 13788:. 13766:. 13726:. 13697:. 13626:. 13608:. 13580:. 13523:^ 13501:. 13497:. 13467:. 13438:, 13434:, 13404:. 13348:. 13344:. 13299:. 13287:. 13252:. 13210:. 13185:. 13145:. 13141:. 13114:. 13086:^ 13049:}} 13045:{{ 13031:. 13002:}} 12998:{{ 12963:}} 12959:{{ 12899:}} 12895:{{ 12881:. 12844:. 12840:. 12798:. 12794:. 12767:. 12763:. 12749:^ 12731:. 12723:. 12715:. 12705:10 12703:. 12699:. 12676:. 12662:. 12658:. 12597:}} 12593:{{ 12569:. 12524:37 12522:. 12518:. 12506:^ 12488:. 12484:. 12379:. 12329:. 12323:. 12290:. 12217:. 12188:. 12133:. 12100:. 12043:. 12017:. 11926:. 11887:. 11861:. 11804:. 11742:. 11655:. 11623:. 11580:. 11551:. 11522:. 11493:. 11429:. 11397:. 11364:. 11347:, 11288:. 11234:. 11213:. 11187:. 11158:. 11126:. 11097:. 11071:. 11042:. 11010:. 10981:. 10952:. 10923:. 10893:. 10816:^ 10798:. 10772:. 10768:. 10730:. 10691:. 10595:. 10571:^ 10528:. 10495:. 10432:. 10424:. 10416:. 10406:. 10394:: 10390:. 10386:. 10374:^ 10337:. 10329:. 10297:^ 10280:: 10278:}} 10274:{{ 10218:. 10214:. 10201:^ 10179:. 10168:^ 10146:. 10124:, 10120:, 10073:, 10044:. 9927:. 9917:. 9894:^ 9885:. 9873:. 9855:. 9843:. 9839:. 9827:^ 9809:. 9783:^ 9765:. 9761:. 9737:^ 9702:. 9632:. 9606:. 9589:. 9585:. 9554:. 9524:. 9493:, 9463:. 9441:. 9414:. 9410:. 9384:. 9380:. 9350:. 9319:. 9289:. 9259:. 9239:}} 9235:{{ 9219:. 9215:. 9190:. 9153:. 9133:. 9123:. 9121:29 9093:. 9062:. 9032:. 9016:. 8996:. 8984:. 8960:. 8936:. 8918:. 8907:. 8891:. 8869:. 8851:. 8840:. 8828:. 8824:. 8800:. 8782:. 8777:* 8703:. 8699:. 8668:. 8638:. 8620:. 8616:. 8585:. 8555:. 8529:. 8525:. 8494:. 8464:. 8439:. 8406:. 8380:. 8354:. 8350:. 8283:. 8205:. 8201:. 8175:. 8145:^ 8127:. 8123:. 8101:. 8091:. 8069:^ 8059:. 8049:. 8014:. 8010:. 7980:CE 7976:AH 7956:, 7952:: 7948:; 7939:, 7935:: 7931:; 7919:, 7915:: 7888:AM 7880:CE 7878:, 7872:AD 7619:A 7536:. 7493:. 7483:CE 7478:. 7388:, 7384:: 7356:CE 7331:, 7327:, 7323:, 7267:, 7263:: 7242:. 7065:, 7061:, 6864:: 6646:, 6362:, 6358:, 6354:, 6350:, 6336:, 6324:, 6304:, 6300:, 6294:. 6233:. 6184:, 6180:, 6176:, 6172:, 6168:, 6164:, 6160:, 6156:, 6097:, 6000:. 5992:, 5988:, 5984:, 5980:, 5976:, 5972:, 5965:. 5680:, 5676:, 5672:, 5654:. 5638:; 5603:. 5588:. 5576:, 5572:, 5568:, 5564:, 5560:, 5556:, 5544:, 5540:, 5469:, 5438:. 5404:, 5400:, 5384:, 5376:, 5270:. 5227:. 5219:, 5052:. 5026:, 5022:A 4996:, 4992:, 4988:, 4984:, 4980:, 4884:A 4801:, 4744:, 4740:, 4551:, 4543:, 4539:, 4384:, 4364:, 4353:. 4345:, 4341:, 4337:, 4333:, 4329:, 4325:, 4321:, 4317:, 4163:A 4135:, 4131:, 4127:, 4123:, 4119:, 4115:, 4111:, 4099:, 4095:, 4091:, 4087:, 4080:. 4072:, 4068:, 4057:. 4049:, 3982:. 3974:, 3970:, 3939:, 3935:: 3835:. 3740:, 3736:, 3732:, 3728:, 3724:, 3614:. 3558:, 3544:. 3536:, 3532:, 3520:, 3498:, 3459:. 2539:, 2527:, 2523:, 2519:, 2495:. 2491:, 2357:. 2286:, 2259:; 2178:, 1923:, 1906:, 1878:). 1732:, 1706:, 1702:, 1658:, 1650:, 1642:, 1638:, 1618:, 1610:, 1602:, 1598:, 1590:, 1586:, 1570:, 1559:, 1555:, 1551:, 1547:, 1543:, 1523:. 1475:, 1392:. 1359:CE 1319:, 1230:, 1215:. 714:, 558:on 523:, 519:, 515:, 499:, 495:, 447:: 440:. 385:, 381:, 377:, 373:, 369:, 365:, 337:, 302:. 50:. 17603:e 17596:t 17589:v 17526:. 17499:. 17468:. 17449:. 17428:. 17405:. 17393:: 17376:. 17364:: 17347:. 17320:. 17286:. 17259:. 17229:. 17193:. 17151:. 17083:. 17061:. 17039:. 17017:. 16995:. 16985:" 16969:. 16944:. 16920:. 16887:. 16857:. 16824:. 16808:: 16782:. 16747:. 16712:. 16665:. 16640:. 16577:. 16551:) 16531:) 16454:) 16434:) 16415:) 16393:. 16309:. 16272:. 16245:. 16162:. 16137:. 16091:. 15993:. 15958:. 15901:. 15870:. 15756:. 15575:. 15541:. 15476:. 15464:: 15439:. 15410:. 15371:. 15338:. 15308:. 15256:. 15215:. 15189:. 15163:. 15137:. 15111:. 15085:. 15059:. 15027:. 14968:. 14943:. 14890:. 14821:. 14778:. 14758:: 14655:. 14630:. 14591:. 14543:. 14518:. 14466:. 14435:. 14404:, 14293:. 14279:: 14213:. 14176:. 14150:. 14117:. 14091:. 13989:. 13956:. 13800:. 13774:. 13741:. 13709:. 13683:. 13656:. 13555:. 13517:. 13483:. 13420:. 13390:. 13364:. 13330:. 13157:. 13126:. 13080:. 13055:) 13041:. 13027:: 13008:) 12994:. 12969:) 12955:. 12930:. 12905:) 12891:. 12877:: 12858:. 12852:: 12846:7 12812:. 12806:: 12800:7 12779:. 12743:. 12711:: 12684:. 12670:: 12664:8 12630:. 12603:) 12589:. 12577:: 12571:1 12536:. 12530:: 12500:. 12425:. 12383:. 12350:. 12306:. 12276:. 12232:. 12200:. 12174:. 12148:. 12116:. 12086:. 12059:. 12029:. 11942:. 11898:. 11873:. 11815:. 11754:. 11728:. 11696:. 11670:. 11638:. 11592:. 11566:. 11534:. 11508:. 11476:. 11444:. 11412:. 11380:. 11303:. 11271:. 11249:. 11217:. 11199:. 11173:. 11141:. 11109:. 11083:. 11057:. 11025:. 10993:. 10967:. 10935:. 10909:. 10810:. 10784:. 10703:. 10661:. 10633:. 10607:. 10565:. 10544:. 10513:. 10480:. 10444:. 10402:: 10349:. 10291:) 10287:( 10270:. 10255:. 10230:. 10195:. 10162:. 10101:. 10060:. 10030:. 9939:. 9915:5 9821:. 9777:. 9675:. 9648:. 9618:. 9570:. 9540:. 9479:. 9426:. 9396:. 9366:. 9335:. 9305:. 9275:. 9245:) 9231:. 9200:. 9169:. 8767:. 8741:. 8715:. 8684:. 8654:. 8601:. 8571:. 8541:. 8510:. 8480:. 8422:. 8392:. 8366:. 8321:. 8295:. 8269:. 8217:. 8187:. 8139:. 8087:: 8045:: 8026:. 7894:. 7692:( 7643:. 7427:. 7404:ھ 7319:( 7255:. 7216:. 7200:. 7184:. 7132:. 7081:( 7034:. 7019:. 6968:. 6860:( 6851:. 6398:. 6262:. 5923:( 5857:. 5819:. 5793:. 5737:( 5480:. 5296:( 5170:. 5154:. 5135:. 5032:( 4630:. 4614:. 4368:. 4107:- 4103:- 3951:( 3591:- 3472:. 2441:) 2435:( 2430:) 2426:( 2408:. 2035:. 2019:. 1996:. 1969:. 1787:. 1306:) 1300:( 1295:) 1291:( 1277:. 1195:e 1188:t 1181:v 720:) 708:( 404:( 400:- 361:- 235:) 229:( 217:) 211:( 206:) 202:( 184:. 155:) 149:( 144:) 140:( 130:· 123:· 116:· 109:· 82:. 57:) 53:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.