957:
1521:." The dhimmah served as a sort of alliance between Muslims and non-Muslims. In the earlier treaties of the dhimmah, both groups were viewed as equal in status and both were obligated to help the other. However, in later treaties, after Islam had gained more power throughout Arabia, the dhimmah was perceived as the fulfilment of the religious duties of Muslims along with the payment of zakat. With the new contract of dhimmah, non-Muslims' protection by God and Muhammad became dependent on their payment.
913:
1309:
develop an ummah that was universal and not only for Arabs. Muhammad saw his purpose as the transmission of a divine message and the leadership of the
Islamic nation. Islam sees Muhammad as the messenger to the ummah, transmitting a divine message, and implying that God is directing the life affairs of the ummah. Accordingly, the purpose of the ummah was to be based on religion by following the commands of God, rather than kinship.
1596:
902:
1495:, suggested that Muhammad's initial intentions upon arriving in Medina was to establish a mosque, however this is unlikely. Tabari also claimed that Muhammad observed the first Friday prayer in Medina. It occurred on Friday because Friday served as a market day in Medina to enable Jews to observe the sabbath. Membership to the
1471:, the community was welcomed in Medina by the Ansar, a group of Pagans who had converted to Islam. Despite Medina already being occupied by numerous Jews and polytheistic tribes, the arrival of Muhammad and his followers provoked no opposition from Medina's residents. Upon arriving in Medina, Muhammad established the
1559:
is not strictly a religious nation in Medina. The
Constitution of Medina lists the various Medinan tribes derived from the Aws and Khazraj as well as the several Jewish tribes that are granted to keep their tribal organization and leadership. The document also reveals that each group, the Muslims and
1409:
and
Muhammad's command to take a pilgrimage to Mecca, along with the redirection of prayer from Jerusalem to Mecca. The period in which the term is used most often is within the Third Meccan Period, followed by the Medinian Period. The extensive use of the term during both time periods indicates that
1512:
in Mecca) due to its variety of beliefs and practices of its members. The purpose of the
Constitution of Medina was to uphold political obligations and social relations between the various tribes. The community members in Medina, although not derived from the same faith, were committed to each other
1308:
emerged and along with it the concept of the ummah. The ummah emerged according to the idea that a messenger or prophet has been sent to a nation. Unlike earlier messengers, who had been sent to various nations in the past (as can be found among the
Prophets in the Old Testament), Muhammad sought to
1513:
through a desire to defend the common good of the nation. In other words, the nation was united according to preserve its shared interests. The people of other religious beliefs, particularly those that are considered to be "People of the Book" were granted the special protection of God through the
1348:, and they almost always refer to ethical, linguistic, or religious bodies of people who are subject to the divine plan of salvation. The meaning of the term appears to transform throughout the chronology of the Qur'an. When it is first used in the Qur'an, it is hardly distinguishable from the term
1583:
The essentials of the new society were the new relations between human beings and God and between human beings and one another. The society was held together by the
Prophet. Feuding among Muslim clans was forbidden. Muhammad's nation was designed to transform the world itself through action in the
1533:
is a document created by
Muhammad to regulate social and political life in Medina. It deals with various tribal issues such as the organization and leadership of the participating tribal groups, warfare, blood money, ransom of captives, and war expenditures. It is at the beginning of the document
1458:
Initially, it did not appear that the new Muslim nation would oppose the tribes that already existed in Mecca. The first
Muslims did not need to make a break with traditional Quraysh customs since the vision for the new nation included moral norms that were not unfamiliar to the tribal society of
1554:
as the
Muslims. The document does state that the Jews who join the Muslims will receive aid and equal rights. In addition, the Jews will be guaranteed security from the Muslims, and are granted to maintain their own religion just as the Muslims will maintain theirs. This implies that the
1499:
was not restricted to adhering to the Muslim faith but rather encompassed all of the tribes as long as they vowed to recognize
Muhammad as the nation and political figure of authority. The Constitution of Medina declared that the Jewish tribes and the Muslims from Medina formed 'one
1304:, before the conception of the ummah, Arab communities were typically governed by kinship. In other words, the political ideology of the Arabs centred on tribal affiliations and blood-relations. In the midst of a tribal society, the religion of
1364:
begins simply with a general application of the word, it gradually develops to reference a general religious community and then evolves to specifically refer to the Muslim nation. Before it referred exclusively to Muslims, the
1572:
required a commitment to Islam. This happened as a result of Islam beginning to distinguish itself not just from Paganism but also Judaism and Christianity by emphasizing a model of nation based on
2328:
397:
136:
1233:, "One Nation") refers to all the Islamic world as it existed at the time. The Quran says: "You are the best nation brought out for Mankind, commanding what is righteous (
1150:
differs from the concept of a country or people. In its greater context it is used to describe a larger group of people. For example, in Arabic the word شعب
2388:
1081:
typically refers to a single group that shares common religious beliefs, specifically those that are the objects of a divine plan of salvation. The word
392:
131:
1580:
was now based on two main principles; the first is to worship God alone and secondly, in order to worship God properly one must be in a guided nation.
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may be referring to a unity of mankind through the shared beliefs of the monotheistic religions. However, Denny points out that the most recent
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contract. These other religious groups were guaranteed security by God and Muhammad because of their common religious history as being the "
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Mecca. However, what distinguished this community from the tribes was its focus of the place of those morals within a person's life.
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in the Qur'an refers to the Muslims as the "best nation" and accordingly led to it being as an exclusive reference to Islam.
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that the Muslims from the Quraysh (those from Mecca) and the Muslims from Yathrib (those from Medina) are declared to be an
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with the various tribal leaders in order to form the Meccan immigrants and the Medinan residents into a single nation, the
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O messengers, eat from the good foods and work righteousness. Indeed, I, of what you do, am Knowing. And indeed this, your
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appears again when the document refers to the treaty of the Jews and states that the Yahūd Banī ' Awf, or Jews, are an
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the Jews, is responsible for its own finances except during time of war, when the two are able to share expenses.
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was composed of a variety of people and beliefs essentially making it to be supra-tribal. Islamic historian,
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1713:. Vol. 9, no. 1. American University in Cairo: The Middle East Studies Program. Archived from
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encompassed Jewish and Christian communities as one with the Muslims and referred to them as the
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to specify the genuine Muslim nation. Furthermore, the early Meccan passages generally equate
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Ummah can be a supra-national polity with a common history and identity based on religion.
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Bearman, P.; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (2013). "'Umma'".
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1704:"Ottomanism, Pan-Islamism, and the Caliphate; Discourse at the Turn of the 20th Century"
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has a messenger that has been sent to relay a divine message to the nation and that all
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2102:"Translation and Meaning of qawm (people) in English Arabic Dictionary of terms Page 2"
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This article is about the Islamic concept. For the hip hop production collective, see
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as religion, but in the Medinan passages refer more specifically to the relations of
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Denny, Frederick Mathewson (August 1975). "The Meaning of 'Ummah' in the Qur'an".
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1069:'the Islamic nation'); it is commonly used to mean the collective community of
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357:
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1146:, "people"), which means a nation with common ancestry or geography. The word
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word meaning muslim identity, nation, religious community or the concept of a
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2120:"Surat Al-Mu'minun [23:51–52] – The Noble Qur'an – القرآن الكريم"
1819:"ترجمة و معنى nation في قاموس المعاني. قاموس عربي انجليزي مصطلحات صفحة 1"
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to a single tribe or religious affiliation as had been the case when the
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exclusively for Muslims. That is evidenced by the resacralisation of the
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Al-Rasheed, Madawi; Kersten, Carool; Shterin, Marat (11 December 2012).
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Demystifying the Caliphate: Historical Memory and Contemporary Contexts
1352:, which can be translated to 'people'. The Qur'an recognizes that each
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first developed in Mecca, the Constitution of Medina ensured that the
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under the leadership of a political successor to the Islamic prophet
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The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization
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After Muhammad and the first converts to Islam were forced to leave
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Arabic term used to refer to the collective nation of Muslim people
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was purely secular (compared to the later transformation of the
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s await God's ultimate judgment. Although the meaning of the
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1437:(nation) of theirs is one, and God is their Lord entirely:
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31:
1982:
Kadi, Wadad; Shahin, Aram A. (2013). "Caliph, caliphate".
1000:
2250:
The History of al-Tabari: The Foundation of the Community
1102:. For example, the Arabic term for the United Nations is
1996:
1984:
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
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in the context of all of the messengers and that their
2334:
1898:
Serjeant, R. B. (1964). "The Constitution of Medina".
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After the Muslim takeover of Mecca, membership in the
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The definition of 'Ummah' is the unity of the Muslims
2252:, vol. VII, Albany: State University of New York
2221:
The children of Abraham: Judaism, Christianity, Islam
1158:("people") would be used to describe the citizens of
1778:
E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936
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1332:
developed into multi-ethnic trans-national empires.
1266:, an early document said to have been negotiated by
1246:, lit. "recognized ") and forbidding what is wrong (
1119:
1108:
1804:
E.J. Brill's First Encyclopedia of Islam, 1913–1936
1410:Muhammad had begun to arrive at the concept of the
1003:
997:
2310:Lecker, Michael (2013). "Constitution of Medina".
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1845:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 118.
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3205:
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1422:and religion. The final passage that refers to
1393:that receives a messenger from God is the Arab
2210:
1697:
1695:
1550:of the Muslims or may be included in the same
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2172:. Cranberry, NJ: Associated University Press.
2073:(1). The University of Chicago Press: 34–70.
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1247:
1234:
1228:
1136:
1114:
1103:
1060:
1039:
505:Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
2248:Watt, W. Montgomery; M.V. McDonald (1987),
2185:Studies in Islamic History and Institutions
2170:The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians under Islam
1958:Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices
1692:
1312:Immediately after Muhammad's death in 632,
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1449:(nation), and I am your Lord, so fear Me.
1185:advocates for the unity of Muslims in one
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2154:. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago.
1975:
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1340:There are 62 instances in which the term
799:Liberal and reform movements within Islam
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2050:
2048:
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1961:. Indiana University Press. p. 18.
1955:Nigosian, Solomon A. (29 January 2004).
1954:
1935:
1933:
1897:
1429:A verse in the Qur'an also mentions the
1381:, regardless of religion, to be of "one
955:
3224:Islamic concepts of religious geography
2271:. Albany: State University of New York.
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2017:
1931:
1929:
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1124:is used to refer to "the Arab Nation".
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2003:. Oxford University Press. p. 3.
1757:
1635:List of countries by Muslim population
1479:. Rather than limiting members of the
1262:The usage is further clarified by the
2685:
2343:
2282:Esposito, John L. (2004). ""Ummah"".
2163:
2161:
2064:
2039:
1141:
1089:
1022:
1939:
1910:
1880:
1385:". In those passages of the Qur'an,
1270:in CE 622 with the leading clans of
2284:The Islamic World: Past and Present
1650:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
1504:.' It is possible that the Medinan
1248:
1235:
1229:
1207:Enjoining good and forbidding wrong
1137:
1115:
1104:
1061:
1040:
1019:
13:
3214:Arabic words and phrases in Sharia
2286:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2187:. Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill.
2158:
1377:which declares all members of the
517:Principles of State and Government
493:The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate
14:
3235:
2322:
2267:Muhammad and the Origins of Islam
1843:: The Origin of Holy War in Islam
1740:"Rohingyas and the Myth of Ummah"
442:List of Islamic political parties
2335:Online Islamic Learning Resource
2150:Hodgson, Marshall G. S. (1974).
2099:
2035:(Second ed.). Brill Online.
1816:
1678:(9th ed.). Chambers. 2003.
1594:
1563:
993:
911:
900:
2275:
2256:
2176:
2112:
2093:
1990:
1948:
1891:
1620:Divisions of the world in Islam
2224:. Princeton University Press.
1874:
1859:
1829:
1810:
1795:
1732:
1667:
1373:. That is supplemented by the
1:
3135:Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani
3125:Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas
2716:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
1660:
1174:as well as the people of the
659:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani
2802:Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
1940:Watt, W. Montgomery (1972).
1881:Watt, W. Montgomery (1956).
1868:Encyclopedia of Islam Online
1285:
1127:Ummah is distinguished from
7:
1839:
1781:. Brill. pp. 125–126.
1702:Bissenove (February 2004).
1625:Islamic missionary activity
1587:
1277:
1254:
1241:
1218:
1170:as a whole, which includes
1153:
1130:
1120:
1109:
1054:
1046:
985:
453:Militant Islamism based in
10:
3240:
3080:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei
2980:Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi
2894:Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi
2331:(archived 20 October 2007)
1944:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1887:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1836:Firestone, Reuven (1999).
1546:that exists alongside the
1289:
1204:
769:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
437:Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan
25:
18:
3069:
3008:
2942:
2881:
2828:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
2820:
2769:
2703:
2699:
2681:
2591:
2516:
2381:
2377:
1462:
1335:
1320:emerged. Caliphates were
1316:were established and the
1259:, lit. "recognized ")" .
883:Islam and other religions
393:International propagation
132:International propagation
1802:Houtsma, M. Th. (1987).
1640:Muslim population growth
1576:. The membership of the
1538:or one nation. The word
1453:
1201:Islamic usage and origin
1166:is used to describe the
545:Governance of the Jurist
26:Not to be confused with
2812:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
2761:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
2721:Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri
1775:Houtsma, M. Th (1987).
1676:The Chambers Dictionary
1051:). It is a synonym for
1036:of the Muslim Believers
649:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī
3145:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri
3095:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr
3056:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
2924:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
2751:Abu Sulayman Sijistani
2573:Transcendent theosophy
2183:Goitein, S.D. (1968).
1615:Constitution of Medina
1531:Constitution of Medina
1525:Constitution of Medina
1473:Constitution of Medina
1451:
1375:Constitution of Medina
1264:Constitution of Medina
1121:al-Ummah al-ʻArabiyyah
979:
714:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani
150:Islamic fundamentalism
2929:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi
2312:Encyclopedia of Islam
2263:Peters, F.E. (1994).
2033:Encyclopedia of Islam
1720:on September 23, 2015
1439:
1205:Further information:
1110:al-Umam al-Muttaḥidah
959:
787:Criticism of Islamism
781:Criticism of Islamism
699:Necip Fazıl Kısakürek
626:Hibatullah Akhundzada
3160:Reza Davari Ardakani
3036:Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji
2970:Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki
2919:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
2833:Afdal al-Din Kashani
2067:History of Religions
1344:is mentioned in the
1162:. However, the term
586:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
543:Islamic Government:
3120:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
3041:Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani
3031:Mohsen Fayz Kashani
2990:Sayyid Haydar Amuli
2500:Medieval psychology
2472:Natural philosophy
2168:Ye'or, Bat (1985).
918:Politics portal
871:Islam and modernity
547:("Velayat-e faqih")
529:Ma'alim fi al-Tariq
3130:Abdolkarim Soroush
2975:Aziz Mahmud Hudayi
2889:Hajji Bektash Wali
2425:medieval astronomy
2371:Islamic philosophy
2212:Peters, Francis E.
1942:Muhammad at Medina
1884:Muhammad at Medina
1519:People of the Book
1371:People of the Book
980:
816:Khaled Abu al-Fadl
792:Criticism of Islam
654:Qazi Hussain Ahmad
472:Sub-Saharan Africa
432:Muslim Brotherhood
417:Iranian Revolution
327:Islamic Golden Age
180:Islamic governance
3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3046:Rajab Ali Tabrizi
2985:Mahmud Shabistari
2965:Jalaladdin Davani
2914:Nasir al-Din Tusi
2736:Abu Hatim al-Razi
2677:
2676:
2231:978-0-691-12769-9
2216:Esposito, John L.
2010:978-0-19-932795-9
1968:978-0-253-11074-9
1900:Islamic Quarterly
1445:(nation), is one
1401:narrowed into an
1068:
1062:أمّةْ الإِسْلَامُ
1047:ummat al-muʼminīn
952:
951:
826:Abdelwahab Meddeb
754:Haji Shariatullah
719:Yusuf al-Qaradawi
704:Abul A'la Maududi
694:Ruhollah Khomeini
674:Rached Ghannouchi
606:Alija Izetbegović
591:Ruhollah Khomeini
498:Rashīd Rīďha 1922
398:by country/region
287:Two-nation theory
239:Islamic terrorism
200:Islamic socialism
190:Islamic democracy
166:Apostasy in Islam
137:by country/region
3231:
3175:Hasanzadeh Amoli
3170:Mostafa Malekian
3140:Taha Abdurrahman
3115:Ismail al-Faruqi
3073:
2995:Dawūd al-Qayṣarī
2726:Abu Bakr al-Razi
2701:
2700:
2683:
2682:
2508:
2495:Medieval science
2490:
2475:
2457:
2447:
2410:
2399:
2379:
2378:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2341:
2340:
2316:
2315:
2307:
2288:
2287:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2208:
2189:
2188:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2147:
2128:
2127:
2124:legacy.quran.com
2116:
2110:
2109:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2062:
2037:
2036:
2028:
2015:
2014:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1908:
1907:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1842:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1772:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1744:Kashmir Observer
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1719:
1708:
1699:
1690:
1689:
1671:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1280:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1221:
1156:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1093:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1026:
1024:[ˈʊm.mæ]
1021:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
988:
978:, 2022 estimates
963:– population of
944:
937:
930:
916:
915:
907:Islam portal
905:
904:
903:
809:in North America
759:Hassan Al-Turabi
709:Abul Hasan Nadwi
317:Anti-imperialism
215:Islamic republic
210:Islamic monarchy
195:Islamic feminism
54:
48:
47:
37:
36:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3189:
3155:Fouad Zakariyya
3150:Mohammed Arkoun
3105:Frithjof Schuon
3071:
3065:
3051:Qazi Sa’id Qumi
3004:
2938:
2877:
2816:
2765:
2695:
2673:
2587:
2546:Illuminationism
2512:
2506:
2488:
2473:
2456:(jurisprudence)
2455:
2445:
2408:
2397:
2373:
2368:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2308:
2291:
2280:
2276:
2261:
2257:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2209:
2192:
2181:
2177:
2166:
2159:
2148:
2131:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2106:www.almaany.com
2100:Team, Almaany.
2098:
2094:
2063:
2040:
2029:
2018:
2011:
1995:
1991:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1953:
1949:
1938:
1911:
1896:
1892:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1834:
1830:
1823:www.almaany.com
1817:Team, Almaany.
1815:
1811:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1773:
1758:
1749:
1747:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1706:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1566:
1527:
1465:
1456:
1338:
1300:At the time of
1298:
1290:Main articles:
1288:
1213:
1203:
1191:Islamic country
1143:[ˈʃæʕb]
1113:, and the term
1091:[ˈʊmæm]
996:
992:
948:
910:
901:
899:
893:
892:
866:
856:
855:
782:
774:
773:
669:Hassan al-Banna
639:
631:
630:
581:Muammar Gaddafi
566:
558:
557:
544:
487:
479:
478:
422:Jamaat-e-Islami
345:
337:
336:
332:Islamic revival
307:
299:
298:
256:Political Islam
161:
153:
152:
146:
127:Salafi movement
105:
97:
96:
62:
50:
49:
41:
40:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3237:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3194:
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3190:
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3182:
3177:
3172:
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3157:
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3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3085:Muhammad Iqbal
3082:
3076:
3074:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3061:Hādī Sabzavārī
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3021:Mir Fendereski
3018:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2746:Ikhwan al-Safa
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2697:
2696:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2578:Traditionalist
2575:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2482:
2477:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2449:
2439:
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2429:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2412:
2401:
2391:
2385:
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2359:
2352:
2344:
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2324:
2323:External links
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1055:ummat al-Islām
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644:Muhammad Abduh
640:
638:Key ideologues
637:
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633:
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629:
628:
623:
621:House of Thani
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
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576:Omar al-Bashir
573:
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565:Heads of state
564:
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531:("Milestones")
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412:Hizb ut-Tahrir
403:
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385:
383:Sahwa movement
380:
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370:
365:
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358:Dawat-e-Islami
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312:Anti-communism
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3141:
3138:
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3128:
3126:
3123:
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2900:
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2895:
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2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2873:Shams Tabrizi
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
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2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2807:Nasir Khusraw
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:Ibn Miskawayh
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
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2754:
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2749:
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2025:
2023:
2021:
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2002:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1978:
1970:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1951:
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1806:. E.J. Brill.
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1564:Back to Mecca
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1279:
1273:
1269:
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1260:
1258:
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1245:
1243:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1219:Ummah Wāhidah
1212:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1195:Islamic state
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1149:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1116:الأمة العربية
1111:
1105:الأمم المتحدة
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:Muslim people
1058:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1017:
1011:
990:
989:
987:
977:
974:
970:
966:
962:
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954:
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938:
933:
931:
926:
925:
923:
922:
919:
914:
909:
908:
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896:
889:
886:
884:
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872:
869:
868:
865:
860:
859:
852:
849:
847:
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839:
837:
836:Maajid Nawaaz
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
800:
797:
793:
790:
789:
788:
785:
784:
778:
777:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
744:Navvab Safavi
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
729:Tariq Ramadan
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
679:Safwat Hegazi
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
664:Muhammad Asad
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
635:
634:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
616:House of Saud
614:
612:
611:Mohammed Omar
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
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596:Mohamed Morsi
594:
592:
589:
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584:
582:
579:
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569:
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3165:Ahmad Fardid
3110:Martin Lings
2960:Hajji Bayram
2934:Ibn Taymiyya
2863:Omar Khayyám
2848:Ayn-al-Quzat
2843:Ahmad Yasavi
2756:Ibn Masarrah
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1715:the original
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888:Islamophobia
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749:Ali Shariati
689:Ali Khamenei
571:Ali Khamenei
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363:Ahl-i Hadith
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251:Pan-Islamism
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226:of knowledge
222:Islamization
170:
61:Fundamentals
3100:René Guénon
3090:Gohar Shahi
3026:Mulla Sadra
2950:Ibn Khaldun
2561:metaphysics
2507:(mysticism)
2489:(education)
2467:Metaphysics
2446:(dialectic)
2432:Eschatology
2409:(intellect)
1215:The phrase
1168:Arab people
851:Bassam Tibi
846:Olivier Roy
739:Rashid Rida
724:Sayyid Qutb
510:Iqbal 1930s
457:MENA region
427:Millî Görüş
3208:Categories
2955:Yunus Emre
2899:Ibn Sab’in
2868:Suhrawardi
2858:Ibn Tufail
2777:Al-Ghazali
2731:Apharabius
2566:psychology
2536:Avicennism
2398:(theology)
1852:0195125800
1788:9004082654
1750:2021-03-30
1661:References
1314:Caliphates
1176:Arab World
969:percentage
841:Sam Harris
821:Farag Foda
601:Zia ul-Haq
462:South Asia
373:Madkhalism
348:Scholastic
306:Influences
120:Khomeinism
104:Ideologies
92:Secularism
3016:Mir Damad
3009:17th–19th
2943:14th–16th
2909:al-Abharī
2904:Ibn Arabi
2838:Ahi Evren
2797:Bahmanyār
2556:cosmology
2541:Averroism
2474:(physics)
2420:astrology
2415:Cosmology
2087:162244982
1724:April 26,
1610:Caliphate
1296:Caliphate
1286:Emergence
1230:أمة واحدة
1073:. In the
876:Modernism
804:in Europe
535:Qutb 1965
522:Asad 1961
486:Key texts
406:Political
388:Wahhabism
344:Movements
185:Caliphate
82:Economics
21:The Ummah
2853:Averroes
2792:Ibn Hazm
2787:Avicenna
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2704:9th–10th
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2599:ʻAṣabīya
2592:Concepts
2531:Farabism
2486:Madrasah
2314:. Three.
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1711:BARQIYYA
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1326:Muhammad
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1268:Muhammad
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448:Militant
368:Deobandi
244:Jihadism
160:Concepts
110:Islamism
87:Politics
52:Islamism
44:a series
42:Part of
3072:present
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2505:Sufism
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1574:Abraham
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