3529:. The Saudi government and Saudi charitable foundations which are run by Salafi institutions have directly or indirectly offered financial aide to terrorists and terrorist groups. According to at least one source (Anthony H. Cordesman) this flow of money from the Kingdom to outside extremist has "probably" had more effect than the kingdom's "religious thinking and missionary efforts". In addition to donations by sincere believers in jihadism working in the charities, money for terrorists also comes as a form of pay off to terrorist groups by some members of the Saudi ruling class in part to keep the jihadists from being more active in Saudi Arabia, according to critics. During the 1990s Al Qaeda and Jihad Islamiyya (JI) filled leadership positions in several Islamic charities with some of their most trusted men (Abuza, 2003). Al Qaeda and JI's operatives were then diverting about 15-20% and in some cases as much as 60% of the funds to finance their operations. Zachary Abuza estimates that the 300 private Islamic charities have established their base of operations in Saudi Arabia have distributed over $ 10 billion worldwide in support of an Salafi-Islamist agendaâ. Contributions from well off and wealthy Saudi's come from
6327:"the financial clout of Saudi Arabia ... had been amply demonstrated during the oil embargo against the United States, following the Arab-Israeli war of 1973. This show of international power, along with the nation's astronomical increase in wealth, allowed Saudi Arabia's puritanical, conservative Wahhabite faction to attain a preeminent position of strength in the global expression of Islam. Saudi Arabia's impact on Muslims throughout the world was less visible than that of Khomeini's Iran, but the effect was deeper and more enduring. The kingdom seized the initiative from progressive nationalism, which had dominated the 1960s, it reorganized the religious landscape by promoting those associations and ulemas who followed its lead, and then, by injecting substantial amounts of money into Islamic interests of all sorts, it won over many more converts. Above all, the Saudis raised a new standard-the virtuous Islamic civilization-as a foil for the corrupting influence of the West.
9741:`I remember` says Ahmed Rashid, `that all the Taliban who had worked or done hajj in Saudi Arabia were terribly impressed by the religious police and tried to copy that system to the letter. The money for their training and salaries came partly from Saudi Arabia.` Ahmed Rashid took the trouble to collect and document the Taliban's medieval flailings against the modern West, and a few months later he stumbled on a spectacle that they were organizing for popular entertainment. Wondering why ten thousand men and children were gathering so eagerly in the Kandahar football stadium one Thursday afternoon, he went inside to discover a convicted murderer being led between the goalposts to be executed by a member of the victim's family.
2768:
the returning
Muslims believed there was a connection between a Salafu environment and its "material prosperity", and that on return they followed religious practices more intensely and that those practices followed tenets of Salafi. Kepel gives examples of migrant workers returning home with new affluence, asking to be addressed by servants as "hajja" rather than "Madame" (the old bourgeois custom). Another imitation of Saudi Arabia adopted by affluent migrant workers was increased segregation of the sexes, including shopping areas. (It has also been suggested that Saudi Arabia has used cutbacks on the number of workers from a country allowed to work in it to punish a country for domestic policies it disapproves of.)
7709:
Consequently, a whole panoply of devices was adopted to tie
Islamic peoples to the fortunes of Saudi Arabia. The House of Saud has embraced the hajj ... as a major symbol of the kingdom's commitment to the Islamic world. ... These `guest of God` are the beneficiaries of the enormous sums of money and effort that Saudi Arabia expends on polishing it image among the faithful. ... brought in heavy earth-moving equipment to level millions of square meters of hill peaks to accommodate pilgrims' tents, which were then equipped with electricity. One year the ministry had copious amounts of costly ice carted from Mecca to wherever the white-robed hajjis were performing their religious rites.
2346:) worldwide. They also printed and distributed doctrinal texts following Salafi interpretations. In mosques throughout the world "from the African plains to the rice paddies of Indonesia and the Muslim immigrant high-rise housing projects of European cities, the same books could be found," paid for by Saudi Arabian government. (According to journalist Dawood al-Shirian, the Saudi Arabian government, foundations and private sources, provide "90% of the expenses of the entire faith", throughout the Muslim World.) The European Parliament quotes an estimate of $ 10 billion being spent by Saudi Arabia to promote Salafi missionary activities through charitable foundations such as the
6122:
Shafeite in
Southeast Asia), along with their Shiite counterparts. This motley establishment held Saudi inspired puritanism in great suspicion on account of its sectarian character. But after 1973, the oil-rich Wahhabites found themselves in a different economic position, being able to mount a wide-ranging campaign of proselytizing among the Sunnis (The Shiites, whom the Sunnis considered heretics, remained outside the movement). The objective was to bring Islam to the forefront of the international scene, to substitute it for the various discredited nationalist movements, and to refine the multitude of voices within the religion down to the single creed of the masters of
6401:... in the wake of the oil boom Saudis had money, ... appeared to validate them in their Saudi-ness. They believed that they deserved their windfall, that the treasure the kingdom sits on is in some ways a gift from God, a reward for having spread the message of Islam from a land that had hitherto seemed barren in every respect. The sudden oil wealth entrenched a sense of self-righteousness and arrogance among many Saudis, appeared to vindicate them in their separateness from other cultures and religions. In the process, it reconfirmed the belief that the greater the Western presence, the greater the potential threat to everything they held dear.
2682:, the funding available to those who support official Saudi-backed Salafi views has incentivized Muslim "schools, book publishers, magazines, newspapers, or even governments" around the world to "shape their behavior, speech, and thought in such a way as to incur and benefit from Saudi largesse." An example being the salary for "a Muslim scholar spending a six-month sabbatical" at a Saudi Arabian university, is more than ten years of pay "teaching at the Azhar University in Egypt." Thus acts such as "failing to veil" or failing to advocate veiling can mean the difference between "enjoying a decent standard of living or living in abject poverty.â
9001:
religious party that serves as a standard-bearer for its strand of Islam in
Bangladesh. ... The current prime minister, Sheikh Hasina, ... has brought back an explicitly secular constitution under which religious politics has no space. It will not have escaped the Saudis' notice that Bangladesh's foreign minister likened the Jamaat, a close ally of theirs, to a terrorist organisation in a briefing with diplomats in Dhaka on March 7th. ... As long as relations are what they are with the Saudis, Bangladesh must keep scrambling to find alternative venues for its migrant labourers. ... as far as Saudi retribution is concerned.
8922:
60.5% were Arabs; this increased to 5.15 million by 1985, with 30.1% being Arabs and 43% (mostly
Muslims) coming from the Indian subcontinent. ... In Pakistan in 1983, the money sent home by Gulf emigrants amounted to $ 3 billion, compared with a total of $ 735 million given to the nation in foreign aid. .... The underpaid petty functionary of yore could now drive back to his hometown at the wheel of a foreign car, build himself a house in a residential suburb, and settle down to invest his savings or engage in trade.... he owed nothing to his home state, where he could never have earned enough to afford such luxuries.
5684:
organisations and individuals likely to receive Saudi subsidies. On a doctrinal level, the differences are certainly significant between the MBs and the
Wahhabis, but their common references to Hanbalism ... their rejection of the division into juridical schools, and their virulent opposition to Shiism and popular religious practices (the cult of 'saints') furnished them with the common themes of a reformist and puritanical preaching. This alliance carried in its wake older fundamentalist movements, non-Wahhabi but with strong local roots, such as the Pakistani Ahl-i Hadith or the Ikhwan of continental China.
3687:
fundraisers" had regularly travelled to the UAE, where the
Taliban and Haqqani networks laundered money through local front companies. (The reports complained of weak financial regulation and porous borders in the UAE, but not difficulties in persuading UAE officials of terrorist danger.) Kuwait was described as a "source of funds and a key transit point" for al-Qaida and other militant groups, whose government was concerned about terror attacks on its own soil, but "less inclined to take action against Kuwait-based financiers and facilitators plotting attacks" in our countries. Kuwait refused to ban the
2704:(d. 1996) who wrote a critique of the influence of Wahhabi Salafism upon the "Salafi creed"âits alleged "literalism, anti-rationalism, and anti-interpretive approach to Islamic texts". Despite the fact that al-Ghazali took care to use the term "Ahl al-Hadith" not "Wahhabi", the reaction to his book was "frantic and explosive", according to Abou el Fadl. Not only did a "large number" of "puritans" write to condemn al-Ghazali and "to question his motives and competence", but "several major" religious conferences were held in Egypt and Saudi Arabia to criticize the book, and the Saudi newspaper
7830:
borne back to every corner of the Muslim community. `No limit`, announced a royal directive, `should be put on expenditures for the propagation of Islam.` The government allocated more than $ 27 billion over the years to this missionary fund, while Fahd devoted millions more from his personal fortune to improve the structures of the two holy sites in Mecca and Medina. Vast white marble halls and decorative arches were raised by the Bin Laden company at the king's personal expense to provide covered worshiping space for several hundred thousand more pilgrims.
2079:'s Iraq, which was opposed by the Saudi kingdom and supported by most if not all Islamic Revivalist groups, including many who had been funded by the Saudis. Saudi government and foundations had spent many millions on transportation, training, etc. Jihadist fighters in Afghanistan, many of whom then returned to their own country, including Saudi Arabia, to continue jihad with attacks on civilians. Osama bin Laden's passport was revoked in 1994. In March 2014 the Saudi government declared the Muslim Brotherhood a "terrorist organization." The "
8295:
which were built in what was called the
Pakistani `international style`, gleaming with marble and green neon lighting. This break with the local Islamic architectural traditions illustrates how Wahhabite doctrine achieved an international dimension in Muslim cities. A civic culture focused on reproducing ways of life that prevailed in the Gulf also surfaced in the form of shopping centers for veiled women, which imitated the malls of Saudi Arabia, where American-style consumerism co-existed with mandatory segregation of the sexes.
2309:
3691:, which the US had designated a terrorist entity in June 2008 for providing aid to al-Qaida and affiliated groups, including LeT. According to the cables, "overall level" of counter-terror co-operation with the U.S. was "considered the worst in the region". More recently, in late 2014, US Vice President also complained "the Saudis, the Emirates" had "poured hundreds of millions of dollars and tens of tons of weapons" into Syria for "al-Nusra, and al-Qaeda, and the extremist elements of jihadis."
2327:(ODA) to poor countries, averaging 1.5% of their gross national income (GNI) from 1973 to 2008, about five times the average assistance provided by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member states such as the United States. From 1975 to 2005, the Saudi Arabia government donated ÂŁ49 billion in aid - the most per capita of any donor country per capita. (This aid was to Muslim causes and countries, in 2006 Saudi made its first donation to a non-Muslim countryâCambodia.)
5583:
printed and distributed millions of Korans free of charge, along with
Wahhabite doctrinal texts, among the world's mosques, from the African plains to the rice paddies of Indonesia and the Muslim immigrant high-rise housing projects of European cities. For the first time in fourteen centuries, the same books ... could be found from one end of the Umma to the other... hewed to the same doctrinal line and excluded other currents of thought that had formerly been part of a more pluralistic Islam.
9074:
would contrast that war, in which
Egyptian soldiers went into battle shouting `Land! Sea! Air!` with the struggle of 1973, in which the same soldiers cried `Allah Akhbar!` and were consequently more successful. However it was interpreted, the 1967 defeat seriously undermined the ideological edifice of nationalism and created a vacuum to be filled a few years later by Qutb's Islamist philosophy, which until then had been confined to small circles of Muslim Brothers, prisoners, ..."
3683:
Arabia". They also set up front companies to launder funds and receive money "from government-sanctioned charities". Clinton complained in the cable of the "challenge" of persuading "Saudi officials to treat terrorist funds emanating from Saudi Arabia as a strategic priority", and that the Saudis had refused to ban three charities classified by the US as terrorist entities, despite the fact that, "Intelligence suggests" that the groups "at times, fund extremism overseas".
9796:"At the end of July the Taliban used their new trucks, enhanced with machine guns to finally capture the northern town of Mazar-e-Sharif .... Ahmed Rashid later estimated that 6000 to 8000 Shia men, women and children were slaughtered in a rampage of murder and rape that included slitting people's throats and bleeding them to death, halal-style, and baking hundreds of victims into shipping containers without water to be baked alive in the desert sun." (p.209-10)
935:
2763:"the money sent home by Gulf emigrants amounted to $ 3 billion, compared with a total of $ 735 million given to the nation in foreign aid. .... The underpaid petty functionary of yore could now drive back to his hometown at the wheel of a foreign car, build himself a house in a residential suburb, and settle down to invest his savings or engage in trade.... he owed nothing to his home state, where he could never have earned enough to afford such luxuries."
3325:
Jane's International Security. In addition to training and indoctrination the war served as âas a crucible for the synthesis of disparate Islamic revivalist organizations into loose coalition of likeminded jihadist groups that viewed the war" not as a struggle between freedom and foreign tyranny, but "between Islam and unbelief.â The war turned Jihadists from a "relatively insignificant" group into "a major force in the Muslim world."
2083:", whose "roots are in Wahhabism," has vowed to overthrow the Saudi kingdom. In July 2015, Saudi author Turki al-Hamad lamented in an interview on Saudi Rotana Khalijiyya Television that "Our youth" serves as "fuel for ISISâ driven by the "prevailing" Saudi culture. "It is our youth who carry out bombings. ⊠You can see the volunteers in Syria ripping up their Saudi passports.â (An estimated 2,500 Saudis have fought with ISIS.)
2417:, who later became the grand mufti of Egypt, spent four years at the Islamic University. Tantawy demonstrated his devotion to the kingdom in a June 2000 interview with the Saudi newspaper Ain al-Yaqeen, where he blamed the "violent campaign" against Saudi human rights policy on the campaigners' antipathy towards Islam. "Saudi Arabia leads the world in the protection of human rights because it protects them according to the
7231:
finger at Qatar for funding Islamic State (Isis). While there is no evidence to suggest Qatar's regime is directly funding Isis, powerful private individuals within the state certainly are, and arms intended for other jihadi groups are likely to have fallen into their hands. According to a secret memo signed by Hillary Clinton, released by Wikileaks, Qatar has the worst record of counter-terrorism cooperation with the US.
7678:... a shift in the balance of power among Muslim states toward the oil-producing countries. Under Saudi influence, the notion of a worldwide `Islamic domain of shared meaning` transcending the nationalist divisions among Arabs, Turks, Africans, and Asians was created. All Muslims were offered a new identity that emphasized their religious commonality while downplaying differences of language, ethnicity, and nationality.
5715:
an inclusive definition of the community of believers. ... he would urge his followers, `Let us cooperate in those things on which we can agree and be lenient in those on which we cannot.` ... A salient element in Banna's notion of Islam as a total way of life came from the idea that the Muslim world was backward and the corollary that the state is responsible for guaranteeing decent living conditions for its citizens.
3233:
1418:
924:
2112:
Fourth High-Level Strategic Dialogue between the State of Qatar & the United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism (UNOCT) discussed strategic priorities and collaboration for effective United Nations support to Member States on counter-terrorism. The State of Qatar is the second largest contributor to the United Nations Trust Fund for Counter-Terrorism out of a total 35 other donors. According to journalist
1688:
1000:
10062:
literature. The same was true of more sophisticated books issued by the Saudi Ministry of Islamic Practices. Even the English-language Korans which were made available in the hotels which were located in the Kingdom contained parenthetical passages which condemned Christians and Jews, passages that were not contained in any English language editions of the Koran which were published outside Saudi Arabia.
6434:
co-religionists in Africa and Asia. By becoming the managers of a huge empire of charity and good works, the Saudi government sought to legitimize a prosperity it claimed was manna from heaven, blessing the peninsula where the Prophet Mohammed had received his Revelation. Thus, an otherwise fragile Saudi monarchy buttressed its power by projecting its obedient and charitable dimension internationally.
2300:âfor example leveling hill peaks to make room for tents, providing electricity for tents and cooling pilgrims with ice and air conditioningâhas also been described as part of "Petro-Islam" (by author Sandra Mackey), and a way of winning the loyalty of the Muslim faithful to the Saudi government. Kepel describes Saudi control of the two holy cities as "an essential instrument of hegemony over Islam."
2480:. Published material was examined from many mosques and Islamic institutions within the United Kingdom. The 2007 study uncovered a considerable volume of Salafi material. The preface-wording of the first (of 11 recommendations of the study) says, "The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia must come clean about the publication and dissemination of this material abroad". The study report is entitled,
1789:) that had supported the independence of the Islamic scholars/jurists for centuries were taken over by the state and the jurists were made salaried employees. The nationalist rulers naturally encouraged their employees (and their employees interpretations of Islam) to serve their employer/rulers' interests, and inevitably the jurists came to be seen by the Muslim public as doing so.
4196:. While Saudi Wahhabis were "the largest funders of local Muslim Brotherhood chapters and other hard-line Islamists" during this time, they opposed jihadi resistance to Muslim governments and assassination of Muslim leaders because of their belief that "the decision to wage jihad lay with the ruler, not the individual believer". In 2005, British author and religion academic
3412:, hand a check for one billion Saudi riyals (approximately $ 267 million as of 10/2015) to a top Taliban leader in Afghanistan. (The Saudi government denies providing any funding and it is thought that the funding came not from the government but from wealthy Saudis and possibly other gulf Arabs who were urged to support the Taliban by the influential Saudi Grand Mufti
4470:), that is ISIL's standard reference for justifying its extraordinary acts of violence. The book has been described by counter-terrorism scholar Orwa Ajjoub as rationalizing and justifying "suicide operations, the mutilation of corpses, beheading, and the killing of children and non-combatants". His theological and legal justifications influenced ISIL, al-Qaeda, and
2823:
after a crackdown in Bangladesh on the Islamist Jamaat-e Islami party, which according to the Economist magazine "serves as a standard-bearer" for Saudi Arabia's "strand of Islam in Bangladesh". (In fiscal year 2012, Bangladesh received $ 3.7 billion in official remittances from Saudi Arabia, "which is quite a lot more than either receives in economic aid.")
8005:... it is important to refer to the position of Shikh `Abdil-Halim Mahmud (d.1978) Shikh of al-'Azhar ... towards Saudi Arabia. Shikh Mahmud had an ideological affinity with the Saudi interpretation of Islam. Due to his links with Saudi Arabia, he moved loser to al-Ikhwan al-Muslimum. This position contrasted with the position of al-`Azhar in the 1960s...
4546:"As for warfare, until today, we did not fight anyone, except in defense of our lives and honor. They came to us in our area and did not spare any effort in fighting us. We only initiated fighting against some of them in retaliation for their continued aggression, (42:40)... they are the ones who started declaring us to be unbelievers and fighting us"
9702:"Prince Turki Al-Faisal flatly denies this. `The Saudi government gave no financial aid to the Taliban whatsoever, .... The Taliban got their assistance from Pakistani intelligence and also from outside businesspeople and well-wishers. Some of those came from the Gulf -- from Kuwait and the Emirates -- and some of them many have been Saudis.` ....
3344:âwhich initially generated considerable enthusiasm among Muslimsâand contain its revolutionary, anti-monarchist influence (and also Shia influence in general) in the region. Its funding was also accompanied by Salafi literature and preachers who helped propagate the faith. With the help of Pakistani Deobandi groups, it oversaw the creation of new
5862:
the Sufis. ... in the 1980s ... during the Afghan resistance against the Soviet invasion, elements in Saudi Arabia poured in money, arms and extremist ideology. Through a network of madrasas, Saudi-sponsored Wahhabi Islam indoctrinated young Muslims with fundamentalist Puritanism, denouncing Sufi music and poetry as decadent and immoral.
2116:, "powerful private" Qatar citizens are "certainly" funding the self-described "Islamic State" and "wealthy Kuwaitis" are funding Islamist groups "like Jabhat al-Nusra" in Syria. In Kuwait the "Revival of Islamic Heritage Society" funds al-Qaida according to US Treasury. According to Kristian Coates Ulrichsen, (an associate fellow at
2068:
imperialism"; on the importance of "eliminating backwardness" in the Muslim world through "mass public education, health care, minimum wages and constitutional government" (Commins); and its toleration of revolutionary as well as conservative social groups, contrasted with the exclusively social conservative orientation of Salafism.
3707:, while it is possible that charities with significant Saudi government sponsorship diverted funds to al Qaeda, and "Saudi Arabia has long been considered the primary source of al Qaeda funding, ... we have found no evidence that the Saudi government as an institution or senior Saudi officials individually funded the organization."
1826:, according to Kepel the "real victors" of the war were the Arab "oil-exporting countries", whose embargo against Israel's Western allies stopped Israel's counter-offensive. The embargo's political success enhanced the prestige of the embargo-ers and the reduction in the global supply of oil sent oil prices soaring (from US$ 3 per
4895:
all Muslims as extremists Analyzing Wahhabism means identifying the extreme element that, although enjoying immense political and financial resources, thanks to support by a sector of the Saudi state, seeks to globally hijack Islam The extremist ideology is Wahhabism, a major force behind terrorist groups, like al Qaeda.
5369:, now minister of defense, who often is touted as a potential future king. Supporting da'wah, which literally means `making an invitation` to Islam, is a religious requirement that Saudi rulers feel they could not abandon without losing their domestic legitimacy as protectors and propagators of Islam. Yet in the wake of
6696:
The most well known of these organizations was the World Muslim League, founded in Mecca in 1962, which distributed books and cassettes by al-Banna, Qutb and other foreign Salafi luminaries. Saudi Arabia successfully courted academics at al-Azhar University, and invited radical Salafis to teach at its own Universities.
4885:, the terror group didn't have to start from scratch on its curricula. Instead, its members took to the Internet, downloading PDFs of textbooks that had been posted online by Saudi Arabia's ministry of education and that preached hatred for anyone who's not a follower of the ultra-conservative Wahhabi branch of Islam.
8654:
Muslim world, the wrong type of speech or conduct (such as failing to veil or advocate the veil) meant the denial of Saudi largesse or the denial of the possibility of attaining Saudi largesse, and in numerous contexts this meant the difference between enjoying a decent standard of living or living in abject poverty.
3523:, encourages hatred towards non-Muslims. Insofar as those hated and found intolerable are subject to violence, Salafi teachings leads to violence. The interpretation is spread (among other ways) by textbooks in Saudi Arabia and in "thousands of schools worldwide funded by fundamentalist Sunni Muslim charities".
1895:âbut many of the guiding figures in these bodies were foreign Salafis (including the Muslim Brotherhood, an organization defined as Salafi in the broad sense), not Arabian Wahhabis or Indian Ahl-e-Hadith. The World Muslim League distributed books and cassettes by non-Salafi foreign Islamist activists including
5263:"STATEMENT OF ZUHDI JASSER, M.D., PRESIDENT, AMERICAN ISLAMIC FORUM FOR DEMOCRACY. 2013 ANTIâSEMITISM: A GROWING THREAT TO ALL FAITHS. HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON AFRICA, GLOBAL HEALTH, GLOBAL HUMAN RIGHTS, AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS OF THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES"
10860:
Some Western writing since "9/11" has blamed Saudi Arabia for most of the region's Islamic fundamentalism, and used the term Wahhabi carelessly to describe all such movements. In fact, most such extremism is not based on Saudi Islamic beliefs. It is based on a much broader stream of thought in Islam,
8653:
A wide range of institutions, whether schools, book publishers, magazines, newspapers, or even governments, as well as individuals, such as imams, teachers, or writers, learned to shape their behavior, speech, and thought in such a way as to incur and benefit from Saudi largesse. In many parts of the
8294:
For many of those returning from the El Dorado of oil, social ascent went hand in hand with an intensification of religious practice. In contrast to the bourgeois ladies of the preceding generation, who like to hear their servants address them as Madame .... her maid would call her hajja ... mosques,
7851:
Saudi embassies and multilateral Muslim institutions, funded by Riyadh, disseminate Wahhabi teachings. Saudi universities and religious institutes train thousands of teachers and preachers to propagate Wahhabi doctrine, frequently in the name of reviving `Salafi` Islam, the idea of a pristine form of
6968:
Since 2009 Bangladesh has been sending to Saudi Arabia an average of only 14,500 people... That decline, ... will be worth about $ 200m a year in remittances alone. ... Bangladesh appears somehow to have fallen out of favour as a source of labour with the Saudis. ... Saudi Arabia silently disapproves
6854:
I wrote this Fatwa and it was originally larger than its present size. I showed it to our Great Respected Sheikh Abdul Aziz Bin Bazz. I read it to him, he improved upon it and he said "it is good" and agreed with it. But, he suggested to me to shorten it and to write an introduction for it with which
6121:
Prior to 1973, Islam was everywhere dominated by national or local traditions rooted in the piety of the common people, with clerics from the different schools of Sunni religious law established in all major regions of the Muslim world (Hanafite in the Turkish zones of South Asia, Malakite in Africa,
5861:
Unlike many Sunnis in Iraq, most Taliban in Afghanistan and Pakistan have embraced the puritanical and fundamentalist Islam of the Wahhabi mullahs from Saudi Arabia who wage a ruthless war not just against western "infidels" but also against fellow Muslims they consider to be apostates, in particular
5763:
In the melting pot of Arabia during the 1960s, local clerics trained in the Wahhabite tradition joined with activists and militants affiliated with the Muslims Brothers who had been exiled from the neighboring countries of Egypt, Syria and Iraq ... The phenomenon of Osama bin Laden and his associates
5714:
shared with the Wahhabis a strong revulsion against western influences and unwavering confidence that Islam is both the true religion and a sufficient foundation for conducting worldly affairs ... More generally, Banna's keen desire for Muslim unity to ward off western imperialism led him to espouse
2822:
Saudi Arabia has expressed its displeasure with policies of poor Muslim countries by not hiring or expelling nationals from the country, thus denying them badly needed workers' remittances. In 2013 it punished the government of Bangladesh by lessening the number of Bangladeshis allowed to enter Saudi
2767:
Muslims who had moved to Saudi Arabia, or other "oil-rich monarchies of the peninsula" to work, often returned to their poor home country following religious practice more intensely, particularly practices of Salafi Muslims. Having grown prosperous in a Salafi environment, it was not surprising that
2372:
In 1984, a massive printing complex was opened to print Qurans to give to each pilgrim. This was popularly viewd as the evidence for "Wahhabi generosity that was borne back to every corner of the Muslim community." King Fahd spent millions on "vast white marble halls and decorative arches" to enlarge
2148:
In Libya in particular, Qatar has supported the Islamist government established in Tripoli. During the 2011 revolution that ousted President Muammar Gaddafi, Qatar provided "tens of millions of dollars in aid, military training and more than 20,000 tons of weapons" to anti-Gaddafi rebels and Islamist
1974:
movement politically and financially even before the oil embargo (since the time of King Saud). Jamaat's educational networks received Saudi funding and Jamaat was active in the "Saudi-dominated" Muslim World League. The constituent council of the Muslim World League included non-Salafi Islamists and
1782:
The first three schools "held Saudi inspired puritanism" (the Hanbali school) in "great suspicion on account of its sectarian character," according to Gilles Kepel. But the legitimacy of this class of traditional Islamic jurists had become undermined in the 1950s and 60s by the power of post-colonial
1497:
From 1982 to 2005 in an effort to spread Wahhabi Islam, over $ 75 billion was spent, via international organizations and religious attaches at dozens of Saudi embassies, to establish/build 200 Islamic colleges, 210 Islamic centers, 1,500 mosques, and 2,000 schools for Muslim children in Muslim and
6050:
Before the 1970s, the Saudis acted as if Wahhabism was an internal affair well adapted to native needs of Saudi society and culture. The 1970s became a turning point in that the Saudi government decided to undertake a systematic campaign of aggressively exporting the Wahhabi creed to the rest of the
3682:
According to the US cable the problem is acute in Saudi Arabia, where militants seeking donations often come during the hajj season purporting to be pilgrims. This is "a major security loophole since pilgrims often travel with large amounts of cash and the Saudis cannot refuse them entry into Saudi
3391:
Saudis helped the Taliban in a number of ways. Saudi Arabia was one of only three countries (Pakistan and United Arab Emirates being the others) officially to recognize the Taliban as the official government of Afghanistan before the 9/11 attacks, (after 9/11 no country recognized it). King Fahd of
2563:
played a pioneering role in supporting Islamic associations, mosques, and investment plans for the future. It opened offices in "every area of the world where Muslims lived." The process of financing mosques usually involved presenting a local office of the Muslim World League with evidence of the
2152:
Hamas, in Palestine, has received considerable financial support. hosting Hamas' politburo since 2012; which has met with international delegations on Qatari territory. More recently, Qatar has been accused of channeling material support to Hamas' terrorist operations under the guise of assisting
1873:
With its new wealth the rulers of Saudi Arabia sought to replace nationalist movements in the Muslim world with Islam, to bring Islam "to the forefront of the international scene", and to unify Islam worldwide under the a single Salafi creed, paying particular attention to Muslims who had immigrated
9997:
Although Sunniâextremist fervor dissipates the further one travels from the wellsprings of Cairo and Riyadh, Salafist (and very similar Wahhabi) teaching is prominently featured at thousands of worldwide schools funded by fundamentalist Sunni Muslim charities, especially those from Saudi Arabia and
9658:
The new documents, provided to The New York Times by the lawyers, are among several hundred thousand pages of investigative material obtained by the Sept. 11 families and their insurers as part of a long-running civil lawsuit seeking to hold Saudi Arabia and its royal family liable for financing Al
8921:
Around 1975, young men with college degrees, along with experienced professors, artisans and country people, began to move en masse from the Sudan, Pakistan, India, Southeast Asia, Egypt, Palestine, Lebanon, and Syria to the Gulf states. These states harbored 1.2 million immigrants in 1975, of whom
8762:
I have focused here on Sulayman's treatise in which he criticized his brother and the Wahhabi movement because of the historical importance of that text. Not surprisingly, Sulayman's treatise is banned by Saudi Arabia, and there has been considerable effort expended in that country and elsewhere to
8260:
Tapping the financial circuits of the Gulf to finance a mosque usually began with private initiative. An adhoc association would prepare a dossier to justify a given investment, usually citing the need felt by locals for a spiritual center. They would then seek a `recommendation` (tazkiya) from the
7230:
Take Qatar. There is evidence that, as the US magazine The Atlantic puts it, "Qatar's military and economic largesse has made its way to Jabhat al-Nusra", an al-Qaida group operating in Syria. Less than two weeks ago, Germany's development minister, Gerd Mueller, was slapped down after pointing the
7006:
The two currents share certain major points of doctrine -- notably the imperative of returning to Islam's `fundamentals` and the strict implementation of all its injunctions and prohibitions in the legal, moral, and private spheres. But whereas Islamism tolerates revolutionary social groups as well
6695:
Although Saudi Arabia is commonly characterized as aggressively exporting Wahhabism, it has in fact imported pan-Islamic Salafism. Saudi Arabia founded and funded transnational organizations and headquartered them in the kingdom, but many of the guiding figures in these bodies were foreign Salafis.
5683:
The Muslim Brothers agreed not to operate in Saudi Arabia itself, but served as a relay for contacts with foreign Islamist movements. The MBs also used as a relay in South Asia movements long established on an indigenous basis (Jamaat-i Islami). Thus the MB played an essential role in the choice of
5544:
A former US Treasury Department official is quoted by Washington Post reporter David Ottaway in a 2004 article as estimating that the late king spent `north of $ 75 billion` in his efforts to spread Wahhabi Islam. According to Ottaway, the king boasted on his personal Web site that he established
4894:
Journalists and experts, as well as spokespeople of the world, have said that Wahhabism is the source of the overwhelming majority of terrorist atrocities in today's world, from Morocco to Indonesia, via Israel, Saudi Arabia, Chechnya. To examine the role of Wahhabism and terrorism is not to label
4179:
The militant Islam of Osama bin Laden did not have its origins in the teachings of Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab and was not representative of Wahhabi Islam as it is practiced in contemporary Saudi Arabia, yet for the media it came to define Wahhabi Islam during the later years of bin Laden's lifetime. However
4004:
on 25 August 1988, the board members recommended the death penalty for acts of terrorism. However, Ibn al-Uthaymeen had previously supported a position in which he permitted attacks on women and children by classifying them as "retaliation", a position which was contrary to classical Sunni thought.
3710:
As of 2014, âdeep-pocket donors and charitable organizationsâ in the Arabian gulf, are still providing "millions of dollars worth of aid to Al Qaeda and other terrorist organizations, according to David S. Cohen, the US Department of Treasury under secretary for terrorism and financial intelligence
3592:
Imprisoned former al-Qaeda operative, Zacarias Moussaoui, stated in deposition transcripts filed in February 2015 that more than a dozen prominent Saudi figures, (including Prince Turki al-Faisal Al Saud, a former Saudi intelligence chief) donated to al Qaeda in the late 1990s. Saudi officials have
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the northern town of Mazar-e-Sharif. "Ahmed Rashid later estimated that 6000 to 8000 Shia men, women and children were slaughtered in a rampage of murder and rape that included slitting people's throats and bleeding them to death, halal-style, and baking hundreds of victims into shipping containers
3451:
common in Saudi Arabia. Ahmed Rashid came across ten thousand men and children gathering at Kandahar football stadium one Thursday afternoon, curious as to why (the Taliban had banned sports) he "went inside to discover a convicted murderer being led between the goalposts to be executed by a member
2384:
Saudi universities and religious institutes have trained thousands of teachers and preachers urging them to revive `Salafi` Islam. David Commins say they are propagating such doctrines frequently for "the idea of a pristine form of Islam practiced by the early Muslim generations". From Indonesia to
2368:
Hajjâ"the greatest and most sacred annual assembly of Muslims on earth"âtakes place in the Hijaz region of Saudi Arabia. While only 90,000 pilgrims visited Mecca in 1926, since 1979 between 1.5 million and 2 million Muslims have made the pilgrims each year. Saudi control of the Hajj has been called
1918:
One observer (Trevor Stanley) argues that "Saudi Arabia is commonly characterized as aggressively exporting Wahhabism, it has in fact imported pan-Islamic Salafism," which influenced native Saudi religious/political beliefs. Muslim Brotherhood members fleeing persecution of Arab nationalist regimes
7829:
In 1984 the presses of Medina's massive $ 130 million King Fahd Holy Koran Printing Complex rolled into action. That year and every year thereafter, a free Koran was presented to each of the two million or so pilgrims who came to Mecca to perform their hajj, evidence of Wahhabi generosity that was
7708:
The House of Saud believed that by coupling its image as the champion of Islam with its vast financial resources, petro-Islam could mobilize the approximately six hundred million Moslem faithful worldwide to defend Saudi Arabia against the real and perceived threats to its security and its rulers.
3360:) for Afghan refugees in Pakistan appeared in the 1980s near the Afghan-Pakistan border. Initially funded by zakat donations from Pakistan, nongovernmental organizations in Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states became "important backers" later on. Many were radical schools sponsored by the Pakistan
3274:
During the 1980s and â90s, the monarchy and the clerics of Saudi Arabia helped to channel tens of millions of dollars to Sunni jihad fighters in Afghanistan, Bosnia and elsewhere. While apart from the Afghan jihad against the Soviets and perhaps the Taliban jihad, the jihads may not have worked to
2758:
By 1975, over one million workersâfrom unskilled country people to experienced professors, from Sudan, Pakistan, India, Southeast Asia, Egypt, Palestine, Lebanon, and Syriaâhad moved to Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf states to work, and return after a few years with savings. A majority of these
2471:
the Saudi public school religious curriculum continues to propagate an ideology of hate toward the âunbeliever,â that is, Christians, Jews, Shiites, Sufis, Sunni Muslims who do not follow Wahhabi doctrine, Hindus, atheists and others. This ideology is introduced in a religion textbook in the first
1869:
Saudi Arabians viewed their oil wealth not as an accident of geology or history, but directly connected to their practice of religionâa blessing given them by God, "vindicate them in their separateness from other cultures and religions," but also something to "be solemnly acknowledged and lived up
9704:
the Afghan jihad was being fought over again, with pure, young Salafi warriors. Abdul Aziz bin Baz .... a particular enthusiast. ... It is not known ... which of the family of Abdul Aziz privately parted with money at the venerable shiekh's request, but what was pocket money to them could easily
9073:
the Six Day War of June 1967. ... It was the progressives, and above all Nasser, who had started the war and been most seriously humiliated militarily. ... marked a major symbolic rupture.... Later on, conservative Saudis would call 1967 a form of divine punishment for forgetting religion. They
8070:
Starting in the 1950s, religious institutions in Saudi Arabia published and disseminated new editions of Ibn Taymiyya's works for free throughout the world, financed by petroleum royalties. These works have been cited widely: by Abd al-Salam Faraj, the spokesperson for the group that assassinated
5582:
founded in 1962 as a counterweight to Nasser's propaganda, opened new offices in every area of the world where Muslims lived. The league played a pioneering role in supporting Islamic associations, mosques, and investment plans for the future. In addition, the Saudi ministry for religious affairs
3879:
states that Wahhabism is the Islamic State's "closest religious cognate," and that "for Al Qaeda, violence is a means to an ends; for ISIS, it is an end in itself." An anonymous scholar with "long experience in Saudi Arabia", quoted by Scott Shane, describes Saudi preaching as sometimes causing a
2274:
in the political, moral and cultural spheres". Estimates of Saudi spending on religious causes abroad include "upward of $ 100 billion"; between $ 2 and 3 billion per year since 1975 (compared to the annual Soviet propaganda budget of $ 1 billion/year); and "at least $ 87 billion" from 1987-2007.
8163:
According to scholar David Commins, The Arabic term rendered `cloak` or veil` in the Wahhabi translation actually means a dress or robe that one might use to cover one's legs or torso. Muslim commentators on the verse disagree on its exact implication. Some suggest that the verse orders women to
6464:
The ideology of such regimes has been pejoratively labelled by some `petro-Islam.` This is mainly the ideology of Saudi Arabia but it is also echoed to one degree or another in most of the smaller Gulf countries. Petro-Islam proceeds from the premise that it is not merely an accident that oil is
3742:
In each place I visited, the Wahhabi influence was an insidious presence, changing the local sense of identity; displacing historic, culturally vibrant forms of Islamic practice; and pulling along individuals who were either paid to follow their rules or who became on their own custodians of the
3403:
told Ahmed Badeeb, the chief of staff of the Saudi General Intelligence: `Whatever Saudi Arabia wants me to do, ... I will do`. The Saudis in turn "provided fuel, money, and hundreds of new pickups to the Taliban ... Much of this aid was flown in to Kandahar from the Gulf port city of Dubai,"
2508:
O Prophet! Tell your wives and thy daughters and the women of the believers to draw their cloaks (veils) all over their bodies (i.e. screen themselves completely except the eyes or one eye to see the way). That will be better, that they should be known (as free respectable women) so as not to be
2111:
magazine âQatar's military and economic largesse has made its way" to the al-Qaida group operating in Syria, "Jabhat al-Nusraâ. According to a secret memo signed by Hillary Clinton, released by Wikileaks, Qatar has the worst record of counter-terrorism cooperation with the US. In March 2022, the
9000:
Since 2009 Bangladesh has been sending to Saudi Arabia an average of only 14,500 people ... Bangladesh appears somehow to have fallen out of favour as a source of labour with the Saudis. ... Saudi Arabia silently disapproves of the imminent hangings of the leadership of the Jamaat-e-Islami, the
8833:
This first sphere supplied a mechanism for the partial redistribution of oil revenues among the member states of OIC by way of the Islamic Development Bank, which opened for business in 1975. This strengthened Islamic cohesion -- and increased dependence -- between the poorer member nations of
3859:
For their guiding principles, the leaders of the Islamic State, also known as ISIS or ISIL, are open and clear about their almost exclusive commitment to the Wahhabi movement of Sunni Islam. The group circulates images of Wahhabi religious textbooks from Saudi Arabia in the schools it controls.
3702:
with creating a digital database to catalog al Qaeda's donors, and that donors he entered into the database including several members of the Saudi Royal family, including Prince Turki al-Faisal Al Saud, former director-general of Saudi Arabia's Foreign Intelligence Service and ambassador to the
3476:
Another activity Afghan Muslims had not engaged in before this time was destruction of statues. In 2001, the Taliban dynamited and rocketed the nearly 2000-year-old statues Buddhist Bamiyan Valley, which had been undamaged by Afghan Sunni Muslim for centuries prior to then. Mullah Omar declared
3328:
The 1988-89 withdrawal by the Soviets from Afghanistan leaving the Soviet allied Afghan Marxists to their own fate was interpreted by jihad fighters and supporters as "a sign of God's favor and the righteousness of their struggle.â Afghan Arabs volunteers returned from Afghanistan to join local
3324:
training camps in Pakistan trained not just volunteers fighting the Soviets but Islamists returning to Kashmir (including the Kashmir Hizb-i Islami) and Philippine (Moros), among others. Among the foreign volunteers there were more Saudi nationals than any other nationality in 2001 according to
3299:
The Afghan jihad against the Soviet Army following the Soviet's December 1979 invasion of Kabul Afghanistan, has been called a "great cause with which Islamists worldwide identified," and the peak of Salafii-Islamist and Islamic Revivalist "collaboration and triumph.â The Saudis spent several
2462:
Insofar as curriculum used by foreign students in Saudi Arabia or in Saudi-sponsored schools mirrors that of Saudi schools, critics complain that traditionally it âencourages violence toward others, and misguides the pupils into believing that in order to safeguard their own religion, they must
2067:
influences and an "unwavering confidence" that Islam is both the true religion and a "sufficient foundation for conducting worldly affairs." The "significant doctrinal differences" between the MBs/Islamists/Islamic revivalists include the Brotherhood's focus on "Muslim unity to ward off western
2006:
describes the cooperation beginning in the 1980s between Saudis and Arab Muslim Brothers as "a kind of joint venture." "The Muslim Brothers agreed not to operate in Saudi Arabia itself, but served as a relay for contacts with foreign Islamist movements" and as a "relay" in South Asia with "long
1886:
For Salafists, working with grassroots non-Salafi Islamist groups and individuals had significant advantages, because outside of Saudi Arabia the audience for Salafi doctrines were limited to the elites and "religiously conservative milieus," and majority of people followed popular folk culture
10061:
Many aspects of the Saudi curriculum were not fully modernized after the 1960s. Some Saudi textbooks taught Islamic tolerance while others condemned Jews and Christians. Anti-Christian and anti-Jewish passages remained in grade school textbooks that use rhetoric that were little more than hate
6926:
In Pakistan, Jamaat-e-Islami proved a natural and enthusiastic ally for the Wahhabis. Maududi's writings, while more anti-establishment than Saudi Arabia's self-protecting monarchy might tolerate at home, nonetheless promoted many of the Islamic moral and social transformations sought by Saudi
6264:
The war of October 1973 was started by Egypt with the aim of avenging the humiliation of 1967 and restoring the lost legitimacy of the two states' ... emerged with a symbolic victory ... the real victors in this war were the oil-exporting countries, above all Saudi Arabia. In addition to the
6002:
What has aptly been called the Arab Cold War was then underway: a struggle between the camps led respectively by Egypt and its associates and Saudi Arabia and its friends." " `Islamic solidarity` with such implausible champions of Islam as Bourguiba and Shah "And on the ideological front, it
3686:
Besides Saudi Arabia, businesses based in the United Arab Emirates provide "significant funds" for the Afghan Taliban and their militant partners the Haqqani network according to one US embassy cable released by Wikileaks. According to a January 2010 US intelligence report, "two senior Taliban
11039:
More than 6,000 Saudi nationals have been recruited into al Qaeda armies in Iraq, Pakistan, Syria and Yemen since the Sept. 11 attacks. In Iraq, two years after the U.S. invasion, an estimated 3,000 Saudi nationals fought alongside Al Qaeda in Iraq, comprising the majority of foreign fighters
8802:
The reaction to al-Ghazali's book was frantic and explosive, with a large number of puritans writing to condemn al-Ghazali and to question his motives and competence. Several major conferences were held in Egypt and Saudi Arabia to criticize the book, and the Saudi newspaper al-Sharq al-Awsat
5416:
The Kingdom's 70 or so embassies around the world already featured cultural, educational, and military attaches, along with consular officers who organized visas for the hajj. Now they were joined by religious attaches, whose job was to get new mosques built in their countries and to persuade
4335:
as calling for a defensive endeavour, with an additional emphasis on safeguarding the lives of non-combatants in scenarios of warfare. Furthermore, he had advocated cordial relations with non-Muslims in order to soften their hearts towards Islam, adopting a persuasive approach to conversions.
6433:
The propagation of the faith was not the only issue for the leaders in Riyadh. Religious obedience on the part of the Saudi population became the key to winning government subsidies, the kingdom's justification for its financial pre-eminence, and the best way to allay envy among impoverished
2810:
for the hearts and minds of Arab Muslims but changed "the balance of power among Muslim states", with Saudi Arabia and other oil-exporting countries gaining as Egypt lost influence. The oil-exporters emphasized "religious commonality" among Arabs, Turks, Africans, and Asians, and downplayed
3932:
Thomas F. Lynch III, Sunni Jihadists perpetrated about 700 terror attacks killing roughly 7,000 people; while Shi'a extremists carried out 158 terror attacks causing the deaths of about 3000 people, between 1981 and 2006. What connection there is between Wahhabism proper and the ideology of
2424:
According to Mohamed Charfi, a former minister of education in Tunisia, "Saudi Arabia ... has also been one of the main supporters of Islamic fundamentalism because of its financing of schools following the ... Wahhabi doctrine. Saudi-backed madrasas in Pakistan and Afghanistan have played
10541:
Official Wahhabism may not encourage antistate violence, but it is a particularly severe and intolerant interpretation of Islam ... The Saudi elites should consider just what role such a severe doctrine and the vast religious infrastructure they have built around it played in bin Laden's
2541:
5944:
currents within Arab and Islamic societies more widely. With the backing of the United States, Britain, and other Western nations, Saudi Arabia entered into proxy wars against leftist regimes and developed a globalized Wahhabist ideology in response to the Cold-War ideologies of
2839:, and move Islamism more towards fundamentalism or "neofundamentalism", where opposition to the West is "expressed in religious terms", i.e. "criticism of Christianity" and "marked anti-Semitism". In Afghanistan for example, the Salafis circulated an anti-Shiite pamphlet titled
2794:
against Israel which ended not in the elimination of Israel but in the decisive defeat of the Arab forces and loss of a substantial chunk of Egyptian territory. This defeat, combined with the economic stagnation from which Egypt suffered, were contrasted six years later with an
2494:
In distributing free copies of English translations of the Quran, Saudi Arabia naturally used interpretations favored by its religious establishment. An example being sura 33, aya 59 where a literal translation of a verse (according to critic Khaled M. Abou El Fadl) would read:
2222:, (in the Arab Muslim world) which followed the Arab Salafi-Wahhabi attack on the (non-Arab) Ottoman Empire. Although the Salafis strongly opposed nationalism, the fact that they were Arab undoubtedly appealed to the large majority of Ottoman Empire citizens who were Arab also;
3941:
who carry out these attacks has been disputed. According to many Islamists, Bin Laden and his followers did not identify themselves as Wahhabists. Bin Laden identified as a Salafist, but that is not necessarily synonymous with Wahhabism in its entirety. Moreover, the Wahhabi
3880:ârecalibrating of the religious center of gravityâ for young people, making it âeasier for them to swallow or make sense of the ISIS religious narrative when it does arrive. It doesn't seem quite as foreign as it might have, had that Saudi religious influence not been there.â
6265:
embargo's political success, it had reduced the world supply of oil and sent the price per barrel soaring. In the aftermath of the war, the oil states abruptly found themselves with revenues gigantic enough to assure them a clear position of dominance within the Muslim world.
3320:, Muslim World League, and privately, from Saudi princes. At "training camps and religious schools (madrasa)" across the frontier in Pakistanâmore than 100,000 Muslim volunteer fighters from 43 countries over the yearsâwere provided with "radical, extremist indoctrination".
2149:
militias in particular. The flow of weapons was not suspended after Gaddafi's government was removed. Qatar supported cleric Ali al-Sallabi, the leader of the Islamist militia "February 17 Katiba" Ismail al-Sallabi, and the Tripoli Military Council leader Abdel Hakim Belhaj.
2062:
describes the MB and Saudis as sharing "the imperative of returning to Islam's `fundamentals` and the strict implementation of all its injunctions and prohibitions in the legal, moral, and private spheres"; and David Commins, as their both having a "strong revulsion" against
8261:
local office of the Muslim World League to a generous donor within the kingdom or one of the emirates. This procedure was much criticised over the years ... The Saudi leadership's hope was that these new mosques would produce new sympathizers for the Wahhabite persuasion.
2011:. "Thus the MB played an essential role in the choice of organisations and individuals likely to receive Saudi subsidies." Roy describes the Muslim Brotherhood and the Salafis as sharing "common themes of a reformist and puritanical preaching"; "common references" to
8327:
For example, a Saudi agency that had taken charge of the `restoration` of the Gazi Husrev Beg mosque in Sarajevo ordered the ornate Ottoman tilework and painted wall decorations stripped off and discarded. The interior and exterior were redone `in gleaming hospital
4919:
3920:, "more than 6,000 Saudi nationals" have been recruited into al-Qaeda armies in Iraq, Pakistan, Syria, and Yemen "since the Sept. 11 attacks". In Iraq, an estimated 3,000 Saudi nationals, "the majority of foreign fighters", were fighting alongside Al Qaeda in Iraq.
3509:
at the expense of other forms of Islam. There has been an intense debate over whether Saudi aid and Salafism has fomented extremism in recipient countries. The two main ways in which Salafism and its funding is alleged to be connected to terror attacks are through
3371:
Several years after the Soviet withdrawal and fall of the Marxist government, many of these Afghan refugee students developed as a religious-political-military force to stop the civil war among Afghan mujahideen factions and unify (most of) the country under their
1891:. When Saudi first took control of the Hejaz, the Wahhabi Salafis in particular, made up less than 1% of the world Muslim population. Saudi Arabia founded and funded transnational organizations and headquartered them in the kingdomâthe most well known being the
7132:
1878:, "when Saudi imams arrived in Muslim countries in Asia or Africa, or in Muslim communities in Europe or the Americas, wearing traditional Arabian robes, speaking the language of the Quran â and carrying a generous checkbook â they had automatic credibility."
9695:
The Taliban were effectively placing themselves under Saudi sponsorship, asking for Saudi money and materials, and according to Ahmed Rashid they received it. `The Saudis provided fuel, money, and hundreds of new pickups to the Taliban,` he wrote in his book
8723:
Rida's liberal ideas and writings were fundamentally inconsistent with Wahhabism ... the Saudis banned the writings of Rida, successfully preventing the republication of his work even in Egypt, and generally speaking made his books very difficult to locate.
3887:
ruling elite is divided. Some applaud that ISIS is fighting Iranian Shiite "fire" with Sunni "fire"; that a new Sunni state is taking shape at the very heart of what they regard as a historical Sunni patrimony; and they are drawn by Da'ish's strict Salafist
2692:
According to Khalid Abou el Fadl, books by alternative non-Saudi scholars of Salafism have been made scarce by Saudi government approved Salafis who have discouraged distributing copies of their work. Examples of such authors are the Syrian Salafi scholar
2749:
By 1995, there were "144 Islamic financial institutions worldwide", (not all of them Saudi financed) including 33 government-run banks, 40 private banks, and 71 investment companies. As of 2014, about $ 2 trillion of banking assets were "sharia-compliant".
7972:
Almost two decades of such Saudi funding had made the state's largest Islamic institution even more conservative. Many ulema had worked in Saudi Arabia, among them Mufti Tantawi, Egypt's chief sheikh, who had spent four years at the Islamic University of
9154:
5834:
A whole generation of Muslims, therefore, has grown up with a maverick form of Islam that has given them a negative view of other faiths and an intolerantly sectarian understanding of their own. While not extremist per se, this is an outlook in which
3774:
that Yousef hoped would topple the North Tower, killing tens of thousands of office workers) have noted the influence of Salafism through Ramzi Yousef's father, Muhammad Abdul Karim, who was introduced to Salafism in the early 1980s while working in
2759:
workers were Arab and most were Muslim. Ten years later the number had increased to 5.15 million and Arabs were no longer in the majority. 43% (mostly Muslims) came from the Indian subcontinent. In one country, Pakistan, in a single year, (1983),
5545:
200 Islamic colleges, 210 Islamic centers, 1500 mosques, and 2000 schools for Muslim children in non-Islamic nations. The late king also launched a publishing center in Medina that by 2000 had distributed 138 million copies of the Koran worldwide.
2472:
grade and reinforced and developed in following years of the public education system, culminating in the twelfth grade, where a text instructs students that it is a religious obligation to do âbattleâ against infidels in order to spread the faith.
3443:`I remember that all the Taliban who had worked or done hajj in Saudi Arabia were terribly impressed by the religious police and tried to copy that system to the letter. The money for their training and salaries came partly from Saudi Arabia.`
3561:
Terrorist Financing Task Force report found that: âFor years, individuals and charities based in Saudi Arabia have been the most important source of funds for al-Qaeda. And for years, Saudi officials have turned a blind eye to this problem.â
8071:
Egyptian President Anwar Sadat in 1981; in GIA tracts calling for the massacre of `infidels`during the Algerian civil war in the 1990s; and today on Internet sites exhorting Muslim women in the west to wear veils as a religious obligation.
2710:
published "several long article responding to al-Ghazali." Saudi-backed Salafis "successfully preventing the republication of his work" even in his home country of Egypt, and "generally speaking made his books very difficult to locate."
1955:, sometimes called "the father of the modern global jihad," was a lecturer at King Abdul Aziz University in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, after being fired from his teaching job in Jordan and until he left for Pakistan in 1979. His famous fatwa
1830:
to nearly $ 12) and with them, oil exporter revenues. This put Arab oil-exporting states in a "clear position of dominance within the Muslim world." The most dominant was Saudi Arabia, the largest exporter by far (see bar chart below).
3308:(fighters of jihad) fighting the Soviets and their Afghan allies. The Saudi government provided approximately $ 4 billion in aid to the mujahidin from 1980-1990, that went primarily to militarily ineffective but ideologically kindred
4554:
had been rebuked by the scholarly leadership of the Wahhabi movement who took care to condemn and religiously delegitimise such war crimes. Condemning the military excesses committed during the Wahhabi conquest of Mecca in 1218â1803,
3565:
According to a July 10, 2002, briefing given to the US Department of Defense Defense Policy Board, ("a group of prominent intellectuals and former senior officials that advises the Pentagon on defense policy.") by a Neo-Conservative
3625:
by Al-Qaeda-connected terrorists on Saudi soil and according to American officials, in the decade since then the Saudi government has become a "valuable partner against terrorism", assisting in the fight against al-Qaeda and the
5249:` included Wahhabi ulemas and Islamist intellectuals and promoted strict implementation of the sharia in the political, moral and cultural spheres; this proto-movement had few social concerns and even fewer revolutionary ones.
2619:
channel, reaches a reported 100 million viewers, According to Indian journalist Shoaib Daniyal, Naik's "massive popularity amongst India's English-speaking Muslims" is a reflection of "how deep Salafism has spread its roots".
2517:, the first surah, parenthetical references to Jews and Christians are added, speaking of addressing Allah "those who earned Your Anger (such as the Jews), nor of those who went astray (such as the Christians)." According to
4401:
throughout the 19th century, the sole Muslim dynasty that had claimed to represent the institution of Caliphate. Despite their hostilities, the Wahhabis never declared a counter-caliphate. Other scholars have postulated that
2499:
O Prophet! Tell your wives and thy daughters and the women of the believers to lower (or possibly, draw upon themselves) their garments. This is better so that they will not be known and molested. And, God is forgiving and
3501:"have been the subject of years" of US "government investigations and furious debate". Wahhabism has been called "the fountainhead of Islamic extremism that promotes and legitimizes" violence against civilians (Yousaf Butt)
3504:
Between the mid-1970s and 2002 Saudi Arabia provided over $ 70 billion in "overseas development aid", the vast majority of this development being religious, specifically the propagation and extension of the influence of
8569:
1510:". Supporting proselytizing or preaching of Islam has been called "a religious requirement" for Saudi rulers that cannot be abandoned "without losing their domestic legitimacy" as protectors and propagators of Islam.
11675:
3459:
may also have been influenced by Salafism, which had a history of attacking Shia Muslims whom they considered heretics. In late July 1998, the Taliban used the trucks (donated by Saudis) mounted with machine guns to
3844:" during this time, they opposed jihadi resistance to Muslim governments and assassination of Muslim leaders because of their belief that "the decision to wage jihad lay with the ruler, not the individual believer".
4347:, "The religious character of the Islamic State is, without doubt, overwhelmingly Wahhabi, but the group does depart from Wahhabi tradition in four critical respects: dynastic alliance, the caliphate, violence, and
4180:"unrepresentative" bin Laden's global jihad was of Islam in general and Wahhabi Islam in particular, its prominence in headline news took Wahhabi Islam across the spectrum from revival and reform to global jihad.
7852:
Islam practiced by the early Muslim generations. From Indonesia to France to Nigeria, Wahhabi-inspired Muslims aspire to rid religious practices of so-called heretical innovations and to instill strict morality.
4435:, the Islamic State's gut-wrenching displays of beheading, immolation, and other brutal acts of extreme violence which are aimed at instilling psychological terror in the general population have no parallels in
3607:
a "confidential German intelligence report" with "line-by-line" descriptions of bank transfers with "dates and dollar amounts" made in the early 1990s, indicating tens of millions of dollars were sent by Prince
1911:), etc. Members of the Brotherhood also provided "critical manpower" for the international efforts of the Muslim World League and other Saudi backed organizations. Saudi Arabia successfully courted academics at
6465:
concentrated in the thinly populated Arabian countries rather than in the densely populated Nile Valley or the Fertile Crescent, and that this apparent irony of fate is indeed a grace and a blessing from God (
3436:
8350:
2193:
According to Shane the influence of Saudi teaching on Muslim culture is particularly and literally visible in "parts of Africa and Southeast Asia", more women cover their hair and more men have grown beards.
3637:(released by the aforementioned 9/11 family lawyers) -- a prominent Saudi charity heavily supported by members of the Saudi royal familyâshowed âsupport for terrorist organizationsâ at least through 2006.
7763:
Saudi Arabia has donated ÂŁ49 billion in aid in the past three decades - making it the world's most generous donor nation per capita - but the cash has previously been earmarked only for Muslim countries.
7450:
3912:
Saudi intelligence sources estimate that from 1979 to 2001 as many as 25,000 Saudis received military training in Afghanistan and other locations abroad, and many helped in jihad outside of the Kingdom.
2466:
As of 2006, despite promises by then Saudi foreign minister Prince Saud Al-Faisal, that â...the whole system of education is being transformed from top to bottom,â the Center for Religious Freedom found
1835:
4268:
publicly espouses their adherence to Wahhabi movement in their "guiding principles". Kirkpatrick reported that IS disseminated pictures of Saudi religious curriculum in its educational centres, while
3329:
Islamist groups in struggles against their allegedly âapostateâ governments. Others went to fight jihad in places such as Bosnia, Chechnya and Kashmir. In at least one case a former Soviet fighter --
2404:. The school was intended to education students from across the Muslim world, and eventually 85% of its student body was non-Saudi making it an import tool for spreading Salafi Islam internationally.
3960:
in his legal treatises were rejected as heretical by the Wahhabi scholars. Jonathan Sozek reports that while Bin Laden self-identified as a Salafist, he was not affiliated with the Wahhabi movement.
11556:
5807:
2575:
Saudi-financed mosques did not local Islamic architectural traditions, but were built in the austere Salafi style, using marble `international style` design and green neon lighting. An example is
7109:
3392:
Saudi Arabia âexpressed happiness at the good measures taken by the Taliban and over the imposition of shariâa in our country," During a visit by the Taliban's leadership to the kingdom in 1997.
2771:
As of 2013 there are some 9 million registered foreign workers and at least a few million more illegal immigrants in Saudi Arabia, about half of the estimated 16 million citizens in the kingdom.
10572:
It is undoubtedly true that the extremely strict, intolerant version of Islam that is taught and practices in Saudi Arabia created the milieu from which Osama bin Laden and his recruits emerged.
3535:, but contributions are often more like 10% rather than the obligatory 2.5% of their income producing assets, and are followed up with minimal if any investigation of the contributions results.
10673:
1927:, came to Saudi Arabia after being released from prison. There he taught as a professor of Islamic Studies and edited and published the books of his older brother who had been executed by the
10861:
known as the Salafi interpretation, which literally means a return to Islam's original state, and by a long tradition of movements in Islam that call for islah (reform) and tajdid (renewal).
4406:
ideologues employ a strategy of exploiting the works of Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab in order to cement legitimacy for their campaigns in the Muslim World. By applying Ibn Taymiyya's
3404:
according to Rashid. Another source, a witness to lawyers for the families of 9/11 victims, testified in a sworn statement that in 1998 he had seen an emissary for the director general of
11625:
5900:
1605:. As of 2017, changes to Saudi religious policy have led some to suggest that "Islamists throughout the world will have to follow suit or risk winding up on the wrong side of orthodoxy".
7507:
7528:
17:
4052:
and condemned terrorist acts by Al-Qaeda. Anti-establishment Wahhabi scholars have also been vehemently opposed to tactics advocated by Bin Laden, not withstanding their opposition to
4514:
whose purpose must be strictly defensive in nature. Various contemporary militant Jihadist groups theorize their warfare as a global endeavour for expanding the territories of Islam (
4208:
in 1966. Almost every fundamentalist movement in Sunni Islam has been strongly influenced by Qutb, so there is a good case for calling the violence that some of his followers commit "
3883:
According to former British intelligence officer Alastair Crooke, ISIS "is deeply Wahhabist", but also "a corrective movement to contemporary Wahhabism." In Saudi Arabia itself, the
2071:
Salafi alliances with, or assistance to, other conservative non-Salafi Sunni groups have not necessarily been permanent or without tension. A major rupture came after the August 1990
12016:
8444:
3428:
hybridâprovided the Taliban with funds, use of his training camps and veteran "Arab-Afghan forces for combat, and engaged in all-night conversations with the Taliban leadership.
11250:
11087:
3864:
ISIS eventually published its own books and out of the twelve works by Muslim scholars it republished, seven were by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the founder of Wahhabism. Sheikh
11753:
8577:
6487:
3730:
Amongst those critics who allege that Salafi influence continues to created ideological "narrative" helpful to extremist violence (if not al-Qaeda specifically) is US scholar
2385:
France to Nigeria, the Saudi-trained and inspired Muslims aspire to rid religious practices of (what they believe to be) heretical innovations and to instill strict morality.
12075:
11648:
10626:
The Saudi export of Wahabiism has helped bring about the current Islamist milieu. Saudis must reform their educational system and they must create a modern education system.t
8726:
Another liberal thinker whose writings, due to sustained Saudi pressure, were made to disappear was a Yemeni jurist named Muhammad al-Amir al-Husayni al-San'ani (d.1182-1768)
7588:
1999:, Saudi Arabia expressed its displeasure by cutting back on the number of Bangladeshi guest workers allowed to work in (and sent badly needed remittances from) Saudi Arabia.
1707:, religion throughout the Muslim world was "dominated by national or local traditions rooted in the piety of the common people." Clerics looked to their different schools of
419:
158:
30:
3904:
and its sister terrorist organizations are flourishing." However, the Saudi government strenuously denies these claims or that it exports religious or cultural extremism.
2583:
whose restoration was funded and supervised by Saudis, was stripped of its ornate Ottoman tilework and painted wall decorations, to the disapproval of some local Muslims.
8164:
cover everything but the `face, hands and feet.` A less common position maintains that it means women must also conceal their faces. [148. source:Abou El Fadl, Khaled M.
5873:
1529:
and Gulf monarchies in the 1990s). While their alliances were not always permanent, they were said to have formed a "joint venture", sharing a strong "revulsion" against
10290:
8874:
11592:
3601:
2719:
One mechanism for the redistribution of (some) oil revenues from Saudi Arabia and other Muslim oil-exporters, to the poorer Muslim nations of Africa and Asia, was the
8340:
5977:, Sayyid's brother, and other radicalized members of the Brotherhood and provided some of them university positions and an increasingly sophisticated global platform.
4303:
movement had shunned violent rebellion against governments, IS embraces political call to revolutions. While historically Wahhabis were not champions of the idea of
3675:") paid by all Saudis to charities, and amounting to at least 2.5% of their income. It is alleged that some of the charities serve as fronts for money laundering and
3604:, a charity "largely controlled by members of the royal family", provided "money and supplies to al-Qaeda" in the 1990s and "hired militant operatives" like himself.
4168:
3872:
of Mecca, told a television interviewer in January 2016 that the Islamic State leaders âdraw their ideas from what is written in our own books, our own principles.â
3799:
3698:, an Al-Qaeda member imprisoned in the US testified under oath that members of the Saudi royal family supported al Qaeda. According to Moussaoui, he was tasked by
3612:(now King of Saudi Arabia) and other members of the Saudi royal family to a "charity that was suspected of financing militantsâ activities in Pakistan and Bosnia".
11974:
10313:
4570:
it was committed by the ignorant, who were admonished, along with others, from repeating this and similar actions. The stance that we take is that we do not take
11717:
8373:
7441:
3574:
analyst), "The Saudis are active at every level of the terror chain, from planners to financiers, from cadre to foot-soldier, from ideologist to cheerleader,"
2428:
Saudi funding to Egypt's al-Azhar center of Islamic learning, has been credited with causing that institution to adopt a more religiously conservative approach.
10599:
3376:". (Eight Taliban government ministers came from one school, Dar-ul-Uloom Haqqania.) While in power, the Taliban implemented the "strictest interpretation of
2182:
82% of Muslims polled in Pakistan, 77% in Egypt, 65% in Nigeria and 58% in Jordan support whippings and cutting off of hands for crimes like theft and robbery;
11405:
11225:
6969:
of the imminent hangings of the leadership of the Jamaat-e-Islami, the religious party that serves as a standard-bearer for its strand of Islam in Bangladesh.
5298:
Mandaville, Peter; Hammond, Andrew (2022). "1: Wahhabism and the World: The Historical Evolution, Structure, and Future of Saudi Religious Transnationalism".
11615:
11003:
10515:
9250:
5886:
11457:
11428:
11361:
11316:
7217:
5282:
Lastly, the Saudis spent tens of billions of dollars throughout the world to pump Wahhabism or petro-Islam, a particularly virulent and militant version of
4188:
distinguishes between what he calls the "deeply conservative" Wahhabis and what he calls the "followers of political Islam in the 1980s and 1990s", such as
3824:
distinguishes between what he calls the "deeply conservative Wahhabis" and what he calls the "followers of political Islam in the 1980s and 1990s," such as
12061:
7243:
2455:, the spokesperson for the group that assassinated Egyptian President Anwar Sadat in 1981; in GIA tracts calling for the massacre of `infidels`during the
11546:
7080:
5821:
5620:
Hostile as they were to the `sheikists`, the jihadist-salafists were even angrier with the Muslim Brothers, whose excessive moderation they denounced ...
3747:
Dore Gold points out that bin Laden was not only given a Salafi education but among other pejoratives accused his targetâthe United Statesâof being "the
3209:
2974:
2435:, an Indonesian commentator (Jusuf Wanandi) worried about the danger of "extremist influences of Wahhabism from Saudi Arabia" in the educational system.
414:
153:
12307:
11841:
5777:
1490:
describes it as "dwarfing the Sovietsâ propaganda efforts at the height of the Cold War" funded by petroleum exports. On the other hand, scholars like
8389:
2270:, `petro-Islam` was a "sort of nickname" for a "constituency" of Salafi preachers and Muslim intellectuals who promoted "strict implementation of the
3364:
religious party and became "a supply line for jihad" in Afghanistan. According to analysts the ideology of the schools became "hybridization" of the
2799:
by the Arab "oil-exporting countries" against Israel's western allies that stopped Israel's counteroffensive, and Saudi Arabia great economic power.
11523:
11281:
A number of Islamists claim that Bin Laden has no connection with Wahhabism and also point to his Yemeni background, which is typically non-Wahhabi.
7369:
526:
493:
7750:
1494:
have cautioned against such hyperbolic assertions, pointing out the unreliability of inconsistent data estimates based on "non-specific hearsay".
10488:
9700:, published in 2000, the first significant history of the movement. `Much of this aid was flown in to Kandahar from the Gulf port city of Dubai.`
8475:
4287:, "for Al Qaeda, violence is a means to an end; for ISIS, it is an end in itself." Wahhabism is the Islamic State's "closest religious cognate".
538:
10584:
Fuller, Thomas (January 31, 2002). "Driving Al-Qaeda: Religious Decrees: Terrorism Expert Lays Out the Evidence". International Herald Tribune.
8969:
district of Cairo; and Al Salam Shopping Centers Li-l Mouhaggabat that specialized in "providing shopping facilities for veiled women." (Kepel,
7498:
4818:
During the Afghan jihad against the Soviets, for example, in addition to the Saudi government, "Saudi movements or personalities such as Sheikh
4081:(then known by the name Stephen Schwartz) presented an alternative view that argued for Wahhabi connections to Al-Qaeda. In June 2003, when the
3348:
and mosques in Pakistan, which increased the influence of Sunni Salafi Islam in that country and prepare recruits for the jihad in Afghanistan.
10340:
7054:
5455:... money that brought Wahabis power throughout the Arab world and financed networks of fundamentalist schools from Sudan to northern Pakistan.
4033:
4029:
3743:
Wahhabi world view. Funding all this was Saudi money, which paid for things like the textbooks, mosques, TV stations and the training of Imams.
830:
7532:
6003:
established in 1962-not coincidentally, the same year as the republican uprising in neighboring Yemen-a body called the Muslim World League (
4139:
in the Saudi domain since the founding of the modern state at the outset of the twentieth century. It has not been a barrier to a very close
3180:
2568:). that the Muslim group hoping for a mosque would present, not to the Saudi government, but to "a generous donor" within the kingdom or the
2376:
In 1986 the Saudi king took the title of the "Custodian of the Two Holy Places", the better to emphasize Salafi control of Mecca and Medina.
478:
5596:
5509:
5434:
3633:
However, there is some evidence Saudi support for terror continues. According to internal documents from the U.S. Treasury Department, the
2697:, Yemeni jurist Muhammad al-Amir al-Husayni al-San'ani, and Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's own brother and critic Sulayman Ibn Abd al-Wahhab.
4155:, through greater democracy or direct U.S. action, can offer no assurances that a new regime would be any friendlier to the United States."
3655:, "donors in Saudi Arabia constitute the most significant source of funding to Sunni terrorist groups worldwide"âterrorist groups such as
3300:
billion dollars (along with the United States and Pakistan), supported with "financing, weaponry, and intelligence" the native Afghan and "
3093:
2559:
More than 1,500 Mosques were built around the world from 1975 to 2000 paid for by Saudi public funds. The Saudi-headquartered and financed
2532:
that Salafis disapproved of were deleted, such as a nineteenth century Sufi scholar's reference to Wahhabis as the "agents of the devil".
563:
488:
12006:
4528:". Another objective is overthrowing the ruling governments in the Muslim world, which they regard as apostates, and replacing them with "
11265:
11102:
4296:
514:
8431:
To examine this infrastructure, it is useful to consider the case of Zakir Naik, perhaps the most influential Salafi ideologue in India.
7182:
2120:), âHigh profile Kuwaiti clerics were quite openly supporting groups like al-Nusra, using TV programmes in Kuwait to grandstand on it.â
12386:
11837:
11401:
10904:
10639:
8965:
examples include residential areas built to "house members of the devoutly Islamic business class who have returned from the Gulf", in
7788:
7020:
4053:
3688:
3261:
2623:
Naik has gotten at least some publicity and funds in the form of Islamic awards from Saudi and other Gulf states. His awards include:
1992:
963:
11338:
11053:
10877:
9977:
9845:
2157:
reconstruction. (Hamas politburo maintains that most of Qatar's support has been collected through charities and popular committees.)
1560:, where thousands of Muslims were trained and equipped to fight against Soviets and their Afghan allies in Afghanistan in the 1980s.
5929:
5852:
5362:
4788:
3975:
3634:
3313:
2347:
1636:
1575:) went on to wage jihad against Muslim governments and civilians in other countries. And that conservative Sunni groups such as the
820:
11294:
2847:. In turn, articles and stories of how Salafism allegedly is "a creation of British imperialism" circulate in some Iranian circles.
12048:
11030:
4140:
483:
2628:
11743:
9365:
4065:
3192:
2836:
2179:
82% of Muslims polled in Egypt and Pakistan, 70% in Jordan, and 56% in Nigeria support the stoning of people who commit adultery;
2142:
denouncing Morsi's removal from office. In June 2016, Morsi was sentenced to a life sentence for passing state secrets to Qatar.
825:
11139:
4147:, not a revolutionary creed... Wahhabismâs official arbiters counsel loyalty to the ruler, not revolution...Those who advocate â
3703:
United States, and others he named in his testimony. Saudi government representatives have denied the charges. According to the
1467:(and appearing to diminish after 2017), Salafism and Wahhabism â along with other Sunni interpretations of Islam favored by the
9878:
8517:
7605:
Yahya Birt, an academic who is director of The City Circle, a networking body of young British Muslim professionals, quoted in
12129:
10835:
10106:
10036:
8543:
6909:
6838:
4945:
Musa, Mohd Faizal (2018). "The Riyal and Ringgit of Petro-Islam: Investing Salafism in Education". In Saat, Norshahril (ed.).
2685:
Another incentive available to the Saudi Arabia, according to Abou el Fadl, is the power to grant or deny scholars a visa for
10986:
10210:
10182:
10086:
10019:
9934:
9909:
9825:
6079:
5878:
5040:
4868:
but as a heretical sect created and manipulated by the British secret services." (It had earlier published a similar series.)
4673:
3275:
propagate conservative Islam, and the numbers of their participants was relatively small, they did have considerable impact.
1446:
11582:
7159:
7096:
IS is certainly an Islamic movement, it is neither typical nor mired in the distant past, because its roots are in Wahhabism
6674:
6632:
12283:
10955:
7606:
5704:
5373:, American anger at the kingdom led the U.S. government to demand controls on Saudi largesse to Islamic groups that funded
4235:
3848:
3738:) who "traveled to 80 countries between 2009 and 2014 as the first ever U.S. special representative to Muslim communities."
3667:
in South Asia, for which "Saudi Arabia remains a critical financial support base". Part of this funding arises through the
3640:
3627:
3493:), killing roughly 7,000 people. What connection, if any, there is between Wahhabism and Saudi Arabia on the one hand and
2635:
2080:
8308:
6743:
5262:
3456:
11197:
10396:
7621:
4225:
3424:âwho though in very bad graces with the Saudi government was very much influenced by Salafism or the Muslim Brotherhood-
3197:
3018:
2812:
2724:
2262:
1838:
10745:
10586:
Bin Laden may be the CEO of but there's a whole board of directors in Saudi Arabia and other countries around the Gulf.
3643:
in 2010 contain numerous complaints of funding of Sunni extremists by Saudis and other Gulf Arabs. According to a 2009
3485:
From 1981 to 2006 an estimated 700 terror attacks outside of combat zones were perpetrated by Sunni extremists (usually
12262:
12237:
12182:
12149:
12109:
12069:
11961:
11933:
11900:
11875:
11792:
10794:
Natana J. Delong-Bas, "Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad", (Oxford University Press: 2004), p. 279
10317:
5346:
5307:
4792:
4377:. IS does not follow the pattern of the first three Saudi-Wahhabi states in integrating its religious mission with the
3755:, the seventh century stone idol, follows the Salafi focus on the importance of the need to destroy any and all idols.
3679:
operations, and further that some Saudis "know full well the terrorist purposes to which their money will be applied".
3399:
who spent much time in Afghanistan, in the mid 1990s the Taliban asked Saudis for money and materials. Taliban leader
3133:
2459:
in the 1990s; and today on Internet sites exhorting Muslim women in the west to wear veils as a religious obligation."
2400:
control in 1961 when the Islamic University was founded. The school was not under the jurisdiction of the Saudi grand
11704:
8363:
7921:
6447:
4542:. Justifying the Wahhabi military campaigns as defensive operations against their enemies, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab asserts:
4250:
has been described as both more violent than al-Qaeda and more closely aligned with Wahhabism, alongside Salafism and
2275:
Funding came from the Saudi government, foundations, private sources such as networks based on religious authorities.
12366:
12340:
12317:
12296:
10757:
10649:
10527:
9789:
9734:
9688:
9514:
9488:
9454:
9427:
9300:
9066:
8914:
8826:
8795:
8755:
8716:
8683:
8646:
8424:
8320:
8287:
8253:
8063:
7998:
7958:
7897:
7822:
7701:
7671:
7030:
6919:
6795:
6755:
6608:
6497:
6457:
6426:
6394:
6320:
6257:
6223:
6159:
6114:
6043:
5787:
5749:
5665:
5637:
5606:
5575:
5409:
5238:
5177:
5159:
4970:
4024:
and froze all his assets, turning him into a fugitive and the Bin Laden family disowned him. After Saudi pressure on
3448:
1841:
revenue in billions of dollars per annum for five major Arab petroleum exporting countries. Saudi Arabian production
1644:
1289:
670:
463:
10610:
9444:
8113:
6277:
6074:
Daryl Champion (2002), The Paradoxical Kingdom: Saudi Arabia and the Momentum of Reform, Columbia University Press,
5365:, and various royal charities such as the Popular Committee for Assisting the Palestinian Muhahedeen, led by Prince
2175:
study) as an example of Salafi influence in those countries. The Pew Research Center study reports that as of 2011,
1915:, and invited radical Islamists to teach at its own universities where they influenced Saudis like Osama bin Laden.
1563:
The funding has been criticized for promoting an intolerant, fanatical form of Islam that allegedly helped to breed
11389:
11214:
9417:
8763:
bury that text. Presently, this important work is not well known in the Muslim world and is very difficult to find.
6484:
Gilles Kepel and Nazih N. Ayubi both use the term Petro-Islam, but others subscribe to this view as well, example:
4397:
system is noticeably absent in pre-20th century Wahhabi treatises. Ironically, Saudi States had conflicts with the
3648:
3294:
3290:
3128:
2654:
2233:
1590:
1021:
10706:
7986:
7887:
4482:
as a "horrendous crime" that violated all Islamic principles. The IS doctrinal views on theological concepts like
3498:
12419:
11468:
11439:
11372:
11324:
7472:
7265:
5353:
To this day, the regime funds numerous international organizations to spread fundamentalist Islam, including the
4556:
4082:
3771:
3123:
3118:
2723:. Headquartered in Saudi Arabia, it opened for business in 1975. Its lenders and borrowers were member states of
2324:
1919:
in Egypt and Syria were given refuge in Saudi and sometimes ended up teaching in Saudi schools and universities.
1557:
1514:
10465:
8195:
7691:
6855:
it should be published. ... Likewise, I read it to Sheikh Mohammed Bin Salah Bin Uthaimin and he too signed it.
5197:
3860:
Videos from the group's territory have shown Wahhabi texts plastered on the sides of an official missionary van.
2482:
2131:
1661:
Although Saudi Arabia had been an oil exporter since 1939, and active leading the conservative opposition among
9056:
8904:
6247:
6096:
5358:
4784:
3373:
3334:
3254:
3187:
3023:
2359:
2278:
In the coming decades, Saudi Arabia's interpretation of Islam became influential (according to Kepel) through
956:
8599:
6527:
6126:. The Saudis' zeal now embraced the entire world ... immigrant Muslim populations were their special target."
2266:
to the subject - "Building Petro-Islam on the Ruins of Arab Nationalism"), in the years immediately after the
11818:
11667:
9013:
8983:
7948:
6955:
4277:
4229:
3596:
Lawyers filing a lawsuit against Saudi Arabia for the families of 9/11 victims provided documents including
3589:, a Saudi who hosted and otherwise helped two of the September 11 hijackers when they reached America. They
2658:
2611:. Naik dresses in a suit rather than traditional garb and gives colloquial lectures speaking in English not
2389:
2047:
1870:
to" with pious behavior, and so "legitimize" its prosperity and buttressing and "otherwise fragile" dynasty.
680:
8216:
1967:. Muslim Brethren who became wealthy in Saudi Arabia became key contributors to Egypt's Islamist movements.
720:
8086:
7402:
4668:
4120:
3735:
3558:
3333:
of Uzbekistanâwent on to fight jihad in his ex-Soviet Union state home, setting up the headquarters of his
3113:
2639:
2185:
86% of Muslims polled in Jordan, 84% in Egypt, and 76% in Pakistan support the death penalty for those who
2124:
12387:"THE INVOLVEMENT OF SALAFISM/WAHHABISM IN THE SUPPORT AND SUPPLY OF ARMS TO REBEL GROUPS AROUND THE WORLD"
7789:"THE INVOLVEMENT OF SALAFISM/WAHHABISM IN THE SUPPORT AND SUPPLY OF ARMS TO REBEL GROUPS AROUND THE WORLD"
3622:
3544:
American politicians and media have accused the Saudi government of supporting terrorism and tolerating a
3465:
without water to be baked alive in the desert sun." This reminded at least one writer (Dore Gold) of the
3337:
in Taliban Afghanistan in 1997, and reportedly given millions of dollars worth of aid by Osama bin Laden.
2831:
According to one source (Olivier Roy), the fusion/joint venture/hybridisation of the two Sunni movements (
12414:
11513:
10805:
10554:
Gause III, F. Gregory (Spring 2002). "Be Careful What You Wish for: The Future of U.S.-Saudi Relations".
5966:
4479:
4105:
3175:
3033:
3028:
2735:
2700:
One critic who suffered at the hands of Saudi-backed Wahhabi Salafists was an influential Salafi jurist,
1819:
1223:
165:
9641:
9478:
7377:
12215:
Manifest Enmity: The Origins, Development, and Persistence of Classical Wahhabism (1153â1351/1741â1932)
12141:
12134:
Terrorism, Political Violence, and Extremism: New Psychology to Understand, Face, and Defuse the Threat
12125:
10442:
10362:
7546:
4712:
4683:
4361:
represents a significant break from the political discourse of the historical Saudi-Wahhabi states. IS
3477:"Muslims should be proud of smashing idols. It has given praise to Allah that we have destroyed them."
3405:
3385:
3088:
2452:
1783:
nationalist governments. In "the vast majority" of Muslim countries, the private religious endowments (
1640:
1328:
790:
458:
282:
108:
4458:
behind modern jihadist violence. It was the Al-Muhajir's legal manual on violence, popularly known as
3806:, argues that though bin Laden "came to define Wahhabi Islam during the later years" of his life, his
2525:, these explanations of who makes God angry and who went astray have "no basis in Islamic tradition."
12137:
5081:
4690:
4600:
4200:
declared that "Bin Laden was not inspired by Wahhabism but by the writings of the Egyptian ideologue
4124:
4041:
3983:
3247:
3143:
3006:
2787:
and the president of the Arab world's largest country had great prestige and popularity among Arabs.
1996:
1964:
1632:
1580:
1439:
1051:
1009:
949:
904:
247:
54:
8094:. Center for Religious Freedom of Freedom House with the Institute for Gulf Affairs. 2006. p. 9
1684:
that greatly enhanced its wealth and stature, and ability to advocate Salafi missionary activities.
11700:
10227:
9776:
Inside the Kingdom : Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia
9721:
Inside the Kingdom : Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia
9675:
Inside the Kingdom : Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia
7809:
Inside the Kingdom : Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia
5653:
5649:
5474:
4678:
4508:
as an activity that must have a valid religious justification and which can only be declared by an
4273:
3518:
3409:
3361:
2720:
2139:
2092:
1988:
1723:
1522:
1472:
10443:"US embassy cables: Afghan Taliban and Haqqani Network using United Arab Emirates as funding base"
8018:
5064:
Hasan, Noorhaidi (2010). "The Failure of the Wahhabi Campaign: Transnational Islam and the Salafi
10932:
Former Imam of the Grand Mosque in Mecca, Adel Kalbani: Daesh ISIS have the same beliefs as we do
9564:
9288:
8368:
6598:
5513:
5442:
4436:
3466:
2414:
2055:
2043:
2003:
1947:
lived in Saudi Arabia from 1977 to 1980 teaching at a girls' college in Riyadh. Al-Qaeda leader,
1046:
867:
9781:
9726:
9680:
9292:
5127:
5001:
Wagemakers, Joas (2021). "Part 3: Fundamentalisms and Extremists â The Citadel of Salafism". In
4831:
Another factor that contributed to bring Arab nationalism down was the perceived victory of the
3855:
has been described as both more violent than al-Qaeda and more closely aligned with Wahhabism.
607:
10363:"US embassy cables: Hillary Clinton says Saudi Arabia 'a critical source of terrorist funding'"
10254:
7814:
6881:
6815:
5917:," which broke out in the 1960s, that Saudi rulers began to transform Wahhabi doctrines into a
5401:
4663:
4189:
3825:
3759:
3704:
3609:
2946:
2899:
2576:
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1648:
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1031:
735:
171:
9817:
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as captives and will not practice that in the future. We did not initiate hostilities against
2447:â were distributed for free throughout the world starting in the 1950s. Critics complain that
11671:
11215:"A GUIDE TO REFUTING JIHADISM Critiquing radical Islamist claims to theological authenticity"
8816:
8787:
8747:
8708:
8675:
8638:
8412:
8277:
8243:
7661:
6883:
International Relations of an Islamist Movement: The Case of the Jama'at-i Islami of Pakistan
6414:
6308:
6205:
6201:
6035:
5882:
5565:
5461:
5396:
Inside the Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia
5366:
5228:
4646:
4172:
4112:
3869:
3803:
3672:
3644:
3284:
3083:
3043:
1738:
1064:
808:
647:
448:
4032:. Taliban's denial of Saudi requests to extradite Bin Laden led to a diplomatic row between
1498:
Non-Muslim majority countries. Mosque funding was combined with persuasion to propagate the
1478:
The impetus for the international propagation of these interpretations of Islam through the
12429:
11346:
10157:
Funding Terrorism in Southeast Asia: The Financial Network of Al Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiyah
9950:
9276:
7721:
7110:"Qatar and Saudi Arabia 'have ignited time bomb by funding global spread of radical Islam'"
6031:
5954:
5370:
5245:
Well before the full emergence of Islamism in the 1970s, a growing constituency nicknamed `
4440:
4344:
4261:
4247:
4160:
4101:
3852:
3791:
3763:
3063:
2743:
2730:
Saudi Arabians also helped establish Islamic banks with private investors and depositors.
2666:
2647:
2608:
2569:
1984:
1952:
1670:
1602:
1513:
Other strict and conservative interpretations of Sunni Islam assisted by funding from the
1432:
982:
725:
519:
113:
8177:
For two more examples of the slant in the Wahhabi translation see Abou El Fadl, Khaled M.
8114:"The hijacking of British Islam: How extremist literature is subverting mosques in the UK"
7794:. European Parliament - DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR EXTERNAL POLICIES OF THE UNION. June 2013.
3810:"was not representative of Wahhabi Islam as it is practiced in contemporary Saudi Arabia"
2521:, professor of Islamic studies at George Washington University and the editor in chief of
2207:
Early in the 20th century, before the appearance of oil export wealth, other factors gave
1991:), Maulanda Abu'l-Hasan Nadvi (d. 2000) of India. In 2013 when the Bangladeshi government
627:
8:
12392:. European Parliament - DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR EXTERNAL POLICIES OF THE UNION. June 2013
11302:
8547:
8345:
6215:
6019:
5354:
5328:
5077:
4819:
4780:
4697:
4474:, as well as several other jihadi terrorist groups. The burning alive of Jordanian pilot
4390:
4358:
4311:
4128:
4093:
4071:
3987:
3923:
3676:
3413:
3214:
2701:
2679:
2560:
2518:
2393:
2355:
2323:
According to the World Bank, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates provided
2212:
2172:
2113:
1960:
1912:
1892:
1483:
1381:
1041:
892:
862:
93:
10905:"Frontline. Confronting ISIS WATCH: Inside the Awkward U.S.-Saudi Alliance Against ISIS"
9316:
2483:
The hijacking of British Islam: How extremist literature is subverting mosques in the UK
2285:
an increased migration of Muslims to work in Saudi Arabia and other Persian Gulf states;
2171:
gives the high percentage of Muslim supporting strict traditional punishments (citing a
1834:
12434:
11748:
10837:
Saudi Arabia Enters The 21st Century: IV. Opposition and Islamic Extremism Final Review
10108:
Saudi Arabia Enters The 21st Century: IV. Opposition and Islamic Extremism Final Review
10038:
Saudi Arabia Enters The 21st Century: IV. Opposition and Islamic Extremism Final Review
9810:
9774:
9719:
9673:
9356:
9281:
7807:
6140:
5962:
5491:, this funding was for support for Saudi approved Islam in Non-Muslim countries alone.
5394:
5109:
5101:
4976:
4605:
4551:
4533:
4432:
4428:
4256:
4215:
4205:
4164:
4100:
claimed before the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology, and Homeland Security of the
3837:
3795:
3695:
3341:
3202:
3148:
2843:(The gift of the twelver Shia) republished in Turkey in 1988 and widely distributed in
2780:
2456:
2432:
2343:
2288:
a shift in the balance of power among Muslim states toward the oil-producing countries.
2166:
2072:
1900:
1849:
1666:
1526:
1518:
1026:
837:
813:
675:
453:
438:
348:
201:
11583:"You Can't Understand ISIS If You Don't Know the History of Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia"
10956:"You Can't Understand ISIS If You Don't Know the History of Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia"
7344:
7317:
4369:
scholars; who categorised the knowledge of the End Times strictly within the realm of
12424:
12362:
12355:
12336:
12313:
12292:
12258:
12233:
12178:
12155:
12145:
12105:
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11896:
11871:
11788:
11193:
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11128:
10982:
10753:
10681:
10645:
10523:
10206:
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10015:
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9905:
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6390:
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6110:
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5997:
5950:
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5661:
5642:
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in 1991, before exiling him the same year. In 1994, Saudi Arabia revoked Bin Laden's
3957:
3929:
3833:
3807:
3582:
3578:
3494:
3486:
2921:
2706:
2186:
2038:). Along with cooperation there was also competition between the two even before the
1948:
1944:
1861:
1776:
1594:
1564:
1507:
1323:
1301:
1161:
897:
847:
775:
740:
715:
695:
612:
573:
549:
308:
260:
221:
211:
187:
103:
65:
3814:
states that Osama bin Laden, like most Islamic extremists, followed the ideology of
3461:
2308:
2007:
established" movements like the Jamaat-i Islami and older Salafi reform movement of
1936:
11971:
11921:
11833:
11780:
11714:
11663:
11397:
11261:
11098:
10844:
10563:
10115:
10045:
9812:
American Taliban: How War, Sex, Sin, and Power Bind Jihadists and the Radical Right
5678:
5085:
5026:
5022:
5002:
4958:
4954:
4862:
published a series titled "The Wahhabis," in which Wahhabism was "defined not as a
4588:
4504:
ideologues of the 20th and 21st centuries, Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab had defined
4444:
4006:
3949:
3571:
3567:
3340:
Saudi Arabia saw its support for jihad against the Soviets as a way to counter the
3305:
3138:
2803:
2784:
2739:
2662:
2219:
2095:
were smaller in population and oil wealth than Saudi Arabia but some (particularly
2046:
in Algeria and Jamil al-Rahman in Afghanistan, while the Brotherhood supported the
1932:
1734:
1673:
1656:
1491:
1296:
780:
730:
338:
236:
231:
216:
42:
11775:
Romero, Juan (2022). "1: Ancient, medieval and early modern extremist movements".
11547:"Wahhabism to ISIS: how Saudi Arabia exported the main source of global terrorism"
9317:"Inside Al-Qaeda: A Window Into the World of Militant Islam and the Afghan Alumni"
7499:"Israel lied about Isil soldiers entering Gaza to justify its siege, Hamas claims"
7081:"Wahhabism to ISIS: how Saudi Arabia exported the main source of global terrorism"
5808:"Wahhabism to ISIS: how Saudi Arabia exported the main source of global terrorism"
1475:â achieved a "preeminent position of strength in the global expression of Islam."
11578:
7625:
7401:
Dagher, Sam; Tripoli, Charles Levinson in; Doha, Margaret Coker in (2011-10-17).
5953:. Saudi rulers and clerics also found common cause with Islamist ideologues like
5877:, Professor of History and Literature of Islam and Comparative Literature at the
5803:
5338:
5333:
5283:
4767:
4724:
4719:
4707:
4593:
4536:
were strictly defensive and rebuked his opponents as being the first to initiate
4532:". However, Ibn ÊżAbd al-WahhÄb had maintained that the military campaigns of the
4403:
4251:
4197:
4075:
3934:
3865:
3811:
3724:
3699:
3664:
3652:
3600:
an interview with a "self-described Qaeda operative in Bosnia" who said that the
3586:
3551:
3421:
2979:
2965:
2916:
2909:
2807:
2796:
2522:
2477:
2127:, related to the way in which, and to what groups, Salafism is being propagated.
2064:
1971:
1896:
1704:
1691:
Map of the Muslim world. Hanbali (dark green) is the predominant Sunni school in
1614:
1598:
1572:
1487:
1397:
1387:
1306:
1036:
939:
690:
602:
443:
353:
277:
148:
98:
46:
34:
11004:"A Nation Challenged: Saudi Arabia: Holy war Lured Saudis as Rulers Looked Away"
10044:. Center for Strategic and International Studies. pp. 17â18. Archived from
9251:"A NATION CHALLENGED: SAUDI ARABIA; Holy War Lured Saudis As Rulers Looked Away"
8476:"Why a Saudi award for televangelist Zakir Naik is bad news for India's Muslims"
5928:. The Saudi kingdom felt threatened by the secularist nationalism epitomized by
3585:, the Saudi ambassador to Washingtonâtotaling as much as $ 73,000 ended up with
3368:
school of the Pakistani sponsors and the Salafism supported by Saudi financers.
2734:(Dar al-Mal al-Islami: the House of Islamic Finance), founded in 1981 by Prince
2107:) also aided conservative Sunni causes, including jihadist groups. According to
10809:
10567:
6911:
Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from ...
5937:
5300:
Wahhabism and the World: Understanding Saudi Arabia's Global Influence on Islam
4832:
4566:"As for the fact that some Bedouins destroyed books belonging to the people of
4398:
4378:
4348:
4284:
4144:
4085:
had listed al-Qaeda as "the number one terrorist threat to the United States",
3876:
3219:
3058:
2926:
2643:
2604:
2443:
The works of one strict classical Islamic jurist often cited in Salafi books â
2267:
2076:
2051:
1980:
1940:
1845:
1801:
1766:
1762:
1681:
1626:
1530:
1238:
1166:
885:
852:
755:
705:
665:
642:
597:
531:
433:
404:
379:
333:
10930:
8341:"Home secretary Theresa May bans radical preacher Zakir Naik from entering UK"
7618:
6600:
Wanted Women: Faith, Lies, and the War on Terror: The Lives of Ayaan Hirsi ...
5031:
4962:
4143:
over the past decades... Wahhabism, as it has developed in Saudi Arabia, is a
12408:
12159:
11551:
11264:: THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. February 2003. Archived from
11251:"Al-Qaeda: the misunderstood Wahhabi connection and the ideology of violence"
11101:: THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. February 2003. Archived from
11088:"Al-Qaeda: the misunderstood Wahhabi connection and the ideology of violence"
10685:
8573:
7414:
7007:
as conservatives, Wahhabism entails an exclusive conservatism within society.
6748:
Towards the Dignity of Difference?: Neither 'End of History' nor 'Clash of ..
6539:
6211:
6102:
5974:
5914:
5896:
5874:
5812:
5165:
5097:
5050:
4634:
4610:
4559:
4529:
4288:
4265:
4221:
4148:
4086:
4078:
3897:
3731:
3330:
3048:
3038:
2931:
2596:
2544:
2448:
2444:
2330:
The Saudi ministry for religious affairs printed and distributed millions of
2135:
2117:
2031:
1920:
1827:
1677:
1618:
1545:
1248:
1181:
1156:
1151:
857:
765:
750:
700:
685:
637:
617:
543:
289:
226:
12329:
10750:
Mastermind: The Many Faces of the 9/11 Architect, Khalid Shaikh Mohammed84:4
7473:"Qatar Is a U.S. Ally. They Also Knowingly Abet Terrorism. What's Going On?"
4520:) and Muslim control and believe it to be an ongoing, permanent duty of the
4040:. Throughout the 1990s, mainstream Wahhabi clerics in the Kingdom supported
2086:
1860:
are excluded because their revenue fluctuated due to the revolution and the
12050:
The Development of the Theological and Political Aspects of Jihadi-Salafism
12011:
11966:
11709:
11518:
10782:
The New Jackals: Ramzi Yousef, Osama bin Laden, and the Future of Teorrrism
10401:
10367:
9212:
8966:
7160:"Global outrage at Saudi Arabia as jailed blogger receives public flogging"
6147:
6062:
5922:
5155:
5089:
4745:
4516:
4417:
4386:
4308:
4269:
4185:
4037:
4017:
3917:
3821:
3767:
3396:
3381:
3317:
3309:
3301:
3237:
3153:
2313:
2293:
2257:
2108:
2059:
2008:
1976:
1692:
1571:. Critics argue that volunteers mobilized to fight in Afghanistan (such as
1482:
was, according to political scientist Alex Alexiev, "the largest worldwide
1479:
1468:
1422:
1402:
1316:
1230:
928:
909:
785:
770:
710:
592:
399:
384:
343:
272:
243:
38:
12309:
Hatred's Kingdom : How Saudi Arabia Supports the New Global Terrorism
11925:
11784:
6186:
Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience
4492:
are also alien to the historical and contemporary Wahhabi understandings.
1844:
Years were chosen to shown revenue for before (1973) and after (1974) the
12175:
Salafi Social and Political Contexts: National and Transnational Contexts
12102:
Salafi Social and Political Contexts: National and Transnational Contexts
11893:
Salafi Social and Political Contexts: National and Transnational Contexts
11868:
Salafi Social and Political Contexts: National and Transnational Contexts
10419:
9602:
Dupree Hatch, Nancy. "Afghan Women under the Taliban" in Maley, William.
6285:
6106:
5989:
5970:
5540:
On Saudi Arabia : Its People, Past, Religion, Fault Lines and Future
5246:
5169:
4846:
4702:
4413:
4362:
4201:
4021:
3815:
3783:
3400:
2791:
2694:
2564:
need for a mosque/Islamic center to obtain the offices `recommendation` (
1924:
1904:
1875:
1793:
1652:
1622:
1552:
and visitations of their tombs), and a belief in the importance of armed
999:
990:
872:
760:
745:
632:
556:
11188:
Al-Atawneh, Muhammad (2010). "Appendix A: Translated Decisions of BSU".
10397:"WikiLeaks cables portray Saudi Arabia as a cash machine for terrorists"
10175:
Great powers and regional orders: the United States and the Persian Gulf
10156:
8390:"Saudi Arabia gives top prize to cleric who blames George Bush for 9/11"
5105:
4447:, who took inspiration from the writings of Abu Abdullah al-Muhajir, an
934:
12191:
8607:
8191:
7244:"The United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism and the State of Qatar"
5958:
5933:
5006:
4639:
4471:
3554:
and fifteen out of the nineteen 9/11 hijackers were from Saudi Arabia.
3053:
2884:
2600:
2154:
2019:
1758:
1742:
1662:
1541:
1234:
842:
622:
394:
141:
11063:. Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. pp. 17, 24â40, 53, 74
10641:
The Two Faces of Islam: Saudi Fundamentalism and Its Role in Terrorism
8445:"Saudi Award Goes to Muslim Televangelist Who Harshly Criticizes U.S."
3924:
Debate about the impact of propagation on Salafi-Jihadist insurgencies
1502:; schools were "fundamentalist" in outlook and formed a network "from
8521:
7183:"'Thank God for the Saudis': ISIS, Iraq, and the Lessons of Blowback"
5946:
5488:
4950:
4651:
4455:
4394:
4315:
4304:
4109:
3991:
3720:
3506:
2969:
2904:
2889:
2731:
2548:
2514:
2397:
1363:
1311:
1188:
409:
206:
7318:"Mohammed Morsi: Egypt's former president given life in spying case"
7291:
6449:
Over-stating the Arab State: Politics and Society in the Middle East
5779:
Hatred's Kingdom: How Saudi Arabia Supports the New Global Terrorism
5495:
Hatred's Kingdom: How Saudi Arabia Supports the New Global Terrorism
4791:, and various royal charities) Led by Prince Salman bin Abdul-Aziz,
4550:
Moreover, the excesses committed by the newly recruited soldiers of
4216:
Similarities and differences between Salafists and the Islamic State
2247:, which gave Salafis great influence on Muslim culture and thinking;
11620:
11587:
8495:
5973:. After Qutb's execution in Egypt, Saudi Arabia provided asylum to
5925:
5891:
5334:
On Saudi Arabia: Its People, Past, Religion, Fault Lines and Future
4882:
4658:
4625:
4501:
4478:
in 2015, one of the most infamous acts of IS, was condemned by the
4451:
4421:
4370:
4116:
4049:
4013:
3969:
3938:
3901:
3841:
3829:
3787:
3656:
3546:
3490:
3432:
3365:
3345:
3013:
2955:
2863:
2616:
2580:
2334:
free of charge. The late king also launched a publishing center in
2145:
Qatar has also backed Islamist factions in Libya, Syria and Yemen.
2039:
1556:. A "fusion", or "hybrid", of the two movements came out of the
1244:
1111:
1104:
389:
265:
131:
73:
50:
12255:
Biography and Mission of Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab: Second Edition
12230:
Biography and Mission of Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab: Second Edition
12173:
Bano, Masooda (2021). "7: Wahhabi Salafism Versus Islamic State".
12100:
Bano, Masooda (2021). "7: Wahhabi Salafism Versus Islamic State".
11891:
Bano, Masooda (2021). "7: Wahhabi Salafism Versus Islamic State".
11649:"From Paper State to Caliphate: The Ideology of the Islamic State"
10314:"U.S. considers declassifying report on Saudi funding of al Qaeda"
4276:
were simultaneously bombing IS military bases in Syria during the
4012:
Bin Laden's feud with the Saudi government intensified during the
3719:
Among those who believe there is, or may be, a connection between
2746:(a Saudi billionaire), were both transnational holding companies.
2425:
significant roles" in the strengthening of "radical Islam" there.
12007:"The core Isis manual that twisted Islam to legitimise barbarity"
11962:"Abu Abdullah al-Muhajir: The Obscure Theologian Who Shaped ISIS"
6528:"Saudis and Extremism: 'Both the Arsonists and the Firefighters'"
5941:
4864:
4340:
4292:
4209:
4123:, contrasting such portrayals of Wahhabism with attempts made by
4097:
3963:
3660:
3470:
3001:
2960:
2844:
2012:
1908:
1772:
1718:
1576:
1140:
1071:
374:
136:
10823:
by Noah Feldman, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003, p.47
9217:
Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia
7950:
God Has Ninety-Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East
7874:
God has Ninety-Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East
4393:
is another departure from Wahhabism. Theoretical elaboration of
4319:
4291:
represented the ideological amalgamation of various elements of
2373:
worship space to hold "several hundred thousand more pilgrims."
9879:"How Saudi Wahhabism Is the Fountainhead of Islamist Terrorism"
5817:
5512:. Council on foreign relations. Washington Post. Archived from
5018:
5014:
4920:"If Saudi Arabia Reforms, What Happens to Islamists Elsewhere?"
4837:
4538:
4488:
4353:
4328:
4307:, the Islamic State vigorously fights for the restoration of a
4152:
3953:
3776:
3455:
The Taliban's brutal treatment of Shia, and the destruction of
3377:
2894:
2816:
2540:
2529:
2335:
2271:
2244:
2236:
in 1925 (which had attempted to replace the Ottoman Caliphate);
2100:
2023:
1888:
1823:
1806:
1752:
1748:
1730:
1687:
1568:
1534:
1358:
1333:
1267:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1121:
1016:
295:
193:
11656:
The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World
4578:
either, and we do not agree to killing of women and children."
4454:
theoretician and ideologue identified as the key theorist and
4106:
overwhelming majority of terrorist atrocities in today's world
2463:
violently repress and even physically eliminate the âother.ââ
2392:
was established as an alternative to the famous and venerable
1800:
had been the military slogan; in the perceived victory of the
11744:"ISIS' Harsh Brand of Islam Is Rooted in Austere Saudi Creed"
10878:"ISIS' Harsh Brand of Islam Is Rooted in Austere Saudi Creed"
9553:
7004:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 51.
6942:. Oneonta, NY: Islamic Publications International. pp. 49, 50
6489:
Western Dominance and Political Islam: Challenge and Response
6123:
4822:, the highest authority of Wahhabism" had their own networks.
4805:
4620:
4571:
4521:
4505:
4448:
4408:
4374:
4324:
4243:
4136:
4025:
3996:
3990:(d. 1999), had issued strong condemnation of various acts of
3944:
3752:
3748:
3668:
3531:
3417:
2879:
2603:, a controversial figure who believes that then US President
2592:
2409:
2401:
2339:
2331:
2282:
the spread of Salafi religious doctrines via Saudi charities;
2240:
2226:
2104:
1957:
Defence of the Muslim Lands, the First Obligation after Faith
1943:
spent several years in exile in Saudi Arabia. "Blind Shiekh"
1928:
1874:
to the West (a "special target"). In the words of journalist
1815:
1811:
1714:
1696:
1585:
1553:
1503:
1464:
1460:
1353:
1275:
1258:
1081:
1076:
314:
302:
254:
88:
31:
International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region
11499:
After Jihad: American and the Struggle for Islamic Democracy
10821:
After Jihad: American and the Struggle for Islamic Democracy
9358:
Wahhabism: Is it a Factor in the Spread of Global Terrorism?
4412:, militant Jihadists seek to inter-link modern era with the
4005:
He later retracted this position. The Yemeni origins of the
2811:"differences of language, ethnicity, and nationality." The
2727:(OIC) and it strengthened "Islamic cohesion" between them.
2130:
Qatar backed the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt even after the
12217:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University. p. 244.
12177:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 174â180.
12057:
11819:"The Kingdom and the Caliphate: Duel of the Islamic States"
11514:"The label of Catholic terror was never used about the IRA"
11390:"Terrorism: Growing Wahhabi Influence in the United States"
8803:
published several long article responding to al-Ghazali ...
7619:
Saudi Arabia, Wahhabism and the Spread of Sunni Theofascism
4878:
4575:
4567:
4525:
4510:
4365:
narrative also departs from the religious doctrines of the
4239:
4090:
4001:
3956:. The doctrine of suicide bombings which was justified by
2686:
2612:
2451:
has been cited by perpetrators of violence or fanaticism: "
2297:
2035:
2027:
2015:
1857:
1853:
1785:
1709:
1549:
1271:
1144:
1116:
1091:
1086:
12232:. Madinah Publishers and Distributors. pp. 267, 276.
11478:
10806:
The label of Catholic terror was never used about the IRA.
10275:
Michael Iskioff and Evan Thomas, "The Saudi Money Trail,"
9855:. Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. pp. 29â30
8544:"Zakir Naik named Dubai's Islamic Personality of the Year"
7345:"Egyptian court sentences 2 Al-Jazeera employees to death"
5601:. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 220.
5128:"6 common misconceptions about Salafi Muslims in the West"
5013:. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21.
4327:
as a justification for their aggressive fight against all
3836:. While Saudi Wahhabis were "the largest funders of local
3602:
Saudi High Commission for Relief of Bosnia and Herzegovina
2835:
movement and Sunni Islamism) helped isolate Islamist Shia
2211:
movement appeal to some Muslims according to one scholar (
11960:
al-Saud, Abdullah K.; Winter, Charlie (4 December 2016).
8834:
Africa and Asia, and the wealthy oil-exporting countries.
6065:
Reorienting the Veil, University of North Carolina (2009)
4881:
began setting up schools to teach the next generation of
4169:
Prince Alwaleed Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding
3948:
of Saudi Arabia had ruled the illegality of all forms of
3893:
3800:
Prince Alwaleed Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding
2509:
annoyed. And Allah is Ever Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.
2096:
2087:
Influence of other conservative Sunni Persian Gulf-states
1907:(Egyptian founder of radical Salafi-Jihadist doctrine of
1126:
11181:
6173:
The guardians of the Islamic tradition were the jurists.
3577:
Some examples of funding are checks written by Princess
2819:
in Western Saudi Arabiaâwas founded after the 1967 war.
11616:"Wahhabist Ideology: What It Is And Why It's A Problem"
10516:"The Kingdom in the Middle, Saudi Arabia's Double Game"
10225:
9807:
9207:
9205:
9155:"Pre-9/11 Ties Haunt Saudis as New Accusations Surface"
8179:
Conference of the Books: The Search for Beauty in Islam
8166:
Conference of the Books: The Search for Beauty in Islam
8134:
Conference of the Books: The Search for Beauty in Islam
8041:
8039:
7774:
Dawood al-Shirian, 'What Is Saudi Arabia Going to Do?'
7218:"To really combat terror, end support for Saudi Arabia"
6473:) that should be solemnly acknowledged and lived up to.
6415:"Building Petro-Islam on the Ruins of Arab Nationalism"
6309:"Building Petro-Islam on the Ruins of Arab Nationalism"
5887:"Wahhabist Ideology: What It Is And Why It's A Problem"
4115:
have strongly opposed such sweeping assertions made by
4016:; prompting Saudi authorities to place Bin Laden under
3982:
in Saudi Arabia, composed of influential scholars like
2338:
that by 2000 had distributed 138 million copies of the
1852:(1978-1979), and during the market turnaround in 1986.
12104:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 175.
12060:: Swedish South Asian Studies Network (SASNET) at the
11895:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 175.
11870:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 175.
10390:
10388:
10386:
10384:
10382:
10380:
10378:
9987:. Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. p. 30
9419:
Russia and The Commonwealth of Independent States 2013
9391:
Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad
9283:
Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad
8054:. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp.
8019:"Forget the West, Indonesia must act for its own sake"
7442:"How Qatar is funding the rise of Islamist extremists"
7439:
Spencer, David Blair and Richard (20 September 2014).
2160:
11166:"Osama bin Laden's Global Islamism and Wahhabi Islam"
11129:"Osama bin Laden's Global Islamism and Wahhabi Islam"
10219:
9705:
have bought a fleet of pickup trucks for the Taliban.
8881:. The Economist Newspaper Limited. September 13, 2014
8570:"Islamic personality award to be given to Zakir Naik"
8419:. London, England: Taylor & Francis. p. 61.
7263:
6995:
6993:
6675:"Understanding the Origins of Wahhabism and Salafism"
5387:
5385:
2629:
King Faisal International Prize for Services to Islam
12257:. Madinah Punlishers and Distributors. p. 419.
12062:
Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Lund University
11192:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 161â162.
10489:"How Kosovo Was Turned Into Fertile Ground for ISIS"
10332:
10100:
10098:
9202:
8782:
The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists
8742:
The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists
8703:
The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists
8670:
The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists
8633:
The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists
8036:
7572:
The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists
6889:. New York: council on foreign relations. p. 42
6868:
Fundamentalism and Intellectuals in Egypt, 1973-1999
6631:
LEIKEN, ROBERT S.; BROOKE, STEVEN (April 23, 2007).
6624:
6026:
The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists
5537:
5302:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 6â10.
4913:
4911:
3316:. Other funding for volunteers came from the Saudi
2634:
Islamic Personality of the Year Award 2013 from the
12380:
The Failure of Political Islam muslim world league.
11054:"Sunni and Shi'a Terrorism Differences that Matter"
10375:
10305:
9998:
those which are based across the Arabian Peninsula.
9978:"Sunni and Shi'a Terrorism Differences that Matter"
9846:"Sunni and Shi'a Terrorism Differences that Matter"
7744:
7742:
7296:
Gulf Cooperation Council's Challenges and Prospects
6744:"21. Sudan, Africa's Civilizational Fault Line ..."
5764:
cannot be understood outside this hybrid tradition.
4495:
4314:. Unlike the Islamic State ideologues who used the
4135:"Wahhabism has been the official interpretation of
1951:, was also allowed into Saudi Arabia in the 1980s.
18:
International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism
12354:
12328:
11501:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 47.
9872:
9870:
9809:
9773:
9718:
9672:
9664:
9604:Fundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the Taliban
9280:
8898:
8896:
8779:
8739:
8700:
8667:
8630:
8518:"Zakir Naik named Islamic Personality of the Year"
8496:"Zakir Naik wins Saudi prize for service to Islam"
8047:
7889:Princes of Darkness: The Saudi Assault on the West
7806:
7798:
7655:
7653:
7497:
7440:
7174:
6990:
6779:
6378:
6139:
6023:
6000:: Islamic Publications International. p. 48.
5733:
5641:
5393:
5382:
3416:. ) After the Taliban captured the Afghan capital
2369:"an essential instrument of hegemony over Islam."
12000:
11998:
11996:
11994:
11992:
10826:
10205:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 178, 222.
10133:
10095:
9765:
9710:
8853:
8851:
7987:"The Attitudes Towards Selected Muslim Countries"
7403:"Tiny Kingdom's Huge Role in Libya Draws Concern"
7400:
7292:"GCC's 2014 Crisis: Causes, Issues and Solutions"
5796:
5297:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4908:
4351:". Islamic State's apocalyptic interpretation of
4299:and the doctrines of Wahhabi movement. While the
1804:, it was replaced with the Islamic battle cry of
12406:
11190:WahhÄbÄ« Islam Facing the Challenges of Modernity
10028:
9751:
9749:
9244:
9242:
8773:
8771:
7978:
7739:
7636:
7634:
7211:
7209:
7207:
7205:
7203:
6708:
6706:
6704:
6573:
6571:
6381:Saudi Arabia Exposed: Inside a Kingdom in Crisis
6356:
6354:
6352:
6350:
6348:
6300:
5727:
5725:
5723:
2225:Religious reformism, which followed a return to
1583:are attacking and killing not only Non-Muslims (
12042:
12040:
12038:
12036:
12034:
11955:
11953:
11951:
11949:
11947:
11945:
11779:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 147, 19.
11538:
10520:How Did this Happen?: Terrorism and the New War
10341:"Wikileaks: Saudis 'chief funders of al-Qaeda'"
9867:
9606:. London: Hurst and Company, 2001, pp. 145-166.
9524:
9348:
9148:
9146:
8893:
8417:Religion and Security in South and Central Asia
8144:
8142:
7840:
7838:
7650:
7101:
7072:
7055:"Saudi Arabia's Muslim Brotherhood predicament"
5426:
5323:
5321:
5319:
4339:According to the American scholar Cole Bunzel,
3356:During the Soviet-Afghan war, Islamic schools (
3278:
2551:was built after a $ 28 million grant from King
2354:, the Medical Emergency Relief Charity (MERC),
11989:
11022:
10480:
10466:"New allegations of Saudi involvement in 9/11"
10434:
9969:
9470:
9153:HUBBARD, BEN; SHANE, SCOTT (4 February 2015).
9127:
9111:
9095:
9079:
9032:
8943:
8927:
8867:
8848:
8392:. Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 1 March 2015
8384:
8382:
6587:
6340:OPEC: Twenty-Five Years of Prices and Politics
6196:
6194:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5487:According to diplomat and political scientist
5191:
5189:
4987:
4947:Islam in Southeast Asia: Negotiating Modernity
4757:according to political scientist Alex Alexiev,
4059:
4028:, the Al-Qaeda leader sought refuge under the
3964:Bin Laden's conflict with the Saudi government
3751:of the age", in need of destruction. Focus on
1881:
12253:Abu alrub, Jalal (2013). Mencke, Alaa (ed.).
12228:Abu alrub, Jalal (2013). Mencke, Alaa (ed.).
11959:
11737:
11735:
10896:
10457:
10422:. Institute for the Analysis of Global Terror
9746:
9635:
9633:
9631:
9629:
9627:
9625:
9561:The Taliban Phenomenon, Afghanistan 1994â1997
9269:
9239:
9223:
9173:
8768:
8235:
8209:
8196:"The greatest recitation of Surat al-Fatihah"
7631:
7370:"The UAE and Qatar Wage a Proxy War in Libya"
7200:
7151:
7124:
6974:
6735:
6701:
6568:
6552:
6370:
6345:
5720:
5533:
5531:
5272:. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. p. 27
5150:
5148:
4795:at the time, who became king in January 2015.
4283:According to the American historian of Islam
3907:
3408:, Saudi Arabia's intelligence agency prince,
3255:
2591:One of the most popular Islamic preachers is
1995:on Jamaat-e Islami for war crimes during the
1544:and popular Islamic religious practices (the
1440:
957:
12031:
11942:
11496:
11382:
10995:
10928:
10871:
10869:
10721:
10414:
10412:
10282:
9837:
9309:
9152:
9143:
8976:
8875:"Islamic finance: Big interest, no interest"
8777:
8737:
8698:
8665:
8628:
8469:
8467:
8465:
8306:
8271:
8269:
8217:"Faisal Mosque not a 'gift' by Saudi Arabia"
8139:
8128:
8126:
7879:
7835:
7683:
7289:
7283:
7012:
6950:
6948:
6873:
6786:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p.
6647:
6630:
6137:
6018:
5736:The War for Muslim Minds: Islam and the West
5559:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5316:
5195:
3431:Saudi Salafi practices, also influenced the
2646:and Minister of Finance and Industry of the
2251:
527:Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
11742:Kirkpatrick, David D. (24 September 2014).
11741:
10976:
10876:KIRKPATRICK, DAVID D. (24 September 2014).
10875:
10834:Cordesman, Anthony H. (December 31, 2002).
10105:Cordesman, Anthony H. (December 31, 2002).
10081:. Cambridge University Press. p. 233.
10009:
9442:
8488:
8436:
8379:
8190:
8106:
8081:
8079:
7984:
6771:
6241:
6239:
6237:
6235:
6191:
6090:
6088:
5689:
5508:Ibrahim, Youssef Michel (August 11, 2002).
5501:
5433:Ibrahim, Youssef Michel (August 11, 2002).
5186:
4809:(literally "making an invitation" to Islam)
2815:âwhose permanent Secretariat is located in
2042:, with (for example) Saudis supporting the
12208:
12206:
12197:
11920:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 148.
11916:Romero, Juan (2022). "7: Rules of Jihad".
11838:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
11732:
11484:
11402:United States Government Publishing Office
11187:
10949:
10947:
10591:
10197:
10073:
9832:Muslims should be proud of smashing idols.
9622:
9409:
9275:
7876:, (New York: Touchstone Books, 1996), p.79
7768:
6131:
5867:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5528:
5510:"The Mideast Threat That's Hard to Define"
5435:"The Mideast Threat That's Hard to Define"
5222:
5220:
5218:
5145:
5000:
3723:and Al-Qaeda include F. Gregory Gause III
3689:Society of the Revival of Islamic Heritage
3641:US diplomatic cables released by Wikileaks
3262:
3248:
2489:
1939:" in the government of Sudanese president
1810:. While the Yom Kippur War was started by
1447:
1433:
964:
950:
12252:
12227:
12212:
11918:Terrorism: The Power and Weakness of Fear
11777:Terrorism: The Power and Weakness of Fear
11544:
11511:
11052:Lynch III, Thomas F. (29 December 2008).
11051:
10866:
10833:
10773:
10631:
10577:
10553:
10513:
10409:
10311:
10104:
10034:
9976:Lynch III, Thomas F. (29 December 2008).
9975:
9844:Lynch III, Thomas F. (29 December 2008).
9843:
9642:"Documents Back Saudi Link to Extremists"
9639:
9509:
9507:
9483:. Harvard University Press. p. 124.
9422:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 299.
9415:
9364:. NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL. p. 52.
8462:
8372:. 22 June 2010. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
8349:. 18 June 2010. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
8309:"Middle East: Cradle of the Muslim World"
8266:
8123:
7722:"Regulation of Foreign Aid: Saudi Arabia"
7078:
7018:
6945:
6593:
5802:
5588:
5550:
5363:International Islamic Relief Organization
5030:
4789:International Islamic Relief Organization
3635:International Islamic Relief Organization
2348:International Islamic Relief Organization
1983:(the founder of the Muslim Brotherhood),
1959:, was supported by leading Salafi Sheikh
1637:History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser
821:Liberal and reform movements within Islam
12004:
11082:
11080:
11078:
10902:
10737:
10705:Doran, Michael Scott (8 December 2001).
10637:
10338:
9436:
8088:Saudi Arabia's Curriculum of Intolerance
8076:
8010:
7892:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 56.
7885:
7495:
7470:
7130:
6836:
6741:
6668:
6666:
6406:
6232:
6207:Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam
6085:
5982:
5769:
5196:Gaffney, Jr., Frank (December 8, 2003).
4938:
2826:
2539:
2307:
2123:In mid 2017, tensions escalated between
1923:, the brother of the highly influential
1833:
1686:
1533:, a belief in strict implementation of
12203:
11812:
11810:
11808:
11806:
11804:
11458:"Saudi Arabia and the War on Terrorism"
11429:"Saudi Arabia and the War on Terrorism"
11362:"Saudi Arabia and the War on Terrorism"
11295:"Yemen still close to al-Qaeda's heart"
11292:
11028:
10944:
10743:
10671:
10463:
10228:"Task Force Report Terrorist Financing"
8473:
8442:
8364:"Muslim group welcomes ban on preacher"
8356:
8300:
8148:
8016:
7940:
7913:
7844:
7781:
7438:
7342:
7180:
7046:
6830:
6672:
6376:
5702:
5625:
5507:
5432:
5215:
5011:Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements
4331:; Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab interpreted those
4066:Beliefs and ideology of Osama bin Laden
4009:also reflected a non-Wahhabi heritage.
3499:Allegations of Saudi links to terrorism
3193:Jihadist extremism in the United States
1970:Saudi Arabia backed the Pakistan-based
14:
12407:
12046:
11915:
11816:
11774:
11646:
11577:
10953:
10903:Taddonio, Patrice (October 11, 2016).
10797:
10698:
10583:
10507:
10246:
9596:
9504:
9354:
9211:
8808:
7946:
7919:
7748:
7689:
7612:
7599:
7574:, Harper San Francisco, 2005, p.70-72.
6999:
6813:
6807:
6802:Ayman he fled to Saudi Arabia in 1985.
6777:
6485:
6478:
6200:
5598:Jihad: On the Trail of Political Islam
5254:
4562:(1751â1829 C.E/ 1164â1244 A.H) stated:
3900:described Saudi as "the soil in which
3539:
2725:Organisation of the Islamic Conference
2197:
12124:
12081:from the original on 10 February 2021
11720:from the original on 16 February 2015
11613:
11559:from the original on 27 November 2014
11545:Armstrong, Karen (27 November 2014).
11526:from the original on 13 February 2014
11455:
11426:
11408:from the original on 15 December 2018
11359:
11231:from the original on February 6, 2015
11075:
10779:
10704:
10522:. BBS Public Affairs. pp. 109+.
10440:
10394:
10255:"Briefing Depicted Saudis as Enemies"
10252:
10161:The National Bureau of Asian Research
9927:Islamic Economics and the Final Jihad
9924:
9902:Islamic Economics and the Final Jihad
9899:
9771:
9716:
9670:
9476:
9054:
9006:
8902:
8814:
8410:
8275:
8241:
8168:, (Lanham, MD, 2001), pp.290-293. ...
8045:
7922:"Reaching the Next Muslim Generation"
7804:
7693:The Saudis: Inside the Desert Kingdom
7659:
7471:Boghardt, Lori Plotkin (2014-10-06).
7434:
7432:
7430:
7396:
7394:
7264:Jaffrelot, Christophe (5 July 2017).
7215:
7157:
7107:
7079:Armstrong, Karen (27 November 2014).
6663:
6525:
6521:
6519:
6517:
6515:
6513:
6511:
6509:
6445:
6439:
6412:
6306:
6245:
6094:
5988:
5731:
5594:
5563:
5391:
5327:
5226:
5154:
5063:
4917:
4674:Persecution of minority Muslim groups
4104:that "Wahhabism is the source of the
3727:, Rohan Gunaratna, Stephen Schwartz.
2260:, (who devoted a chapter of his book
12347:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam.
12285:The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia
12172:
12099:
11890:
11865:
11801:
11699:
11293:Scheuer, Michael (7 February 2008).
11001:
10843:. CSIS. pp. 6â7. Archived from
10784:. London: Andre Deutch. p. 113.
10644:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
10547:
10486:
10312:HOSENBALL, MARK (February 5, 2015).
10288:
10172:
10114:. CSIS. pp. 6â7. Archived from
9876:
9404:The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia
9343:The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia
9248:
9197:The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia
9014:"Revenge of the migrants' employer?"
8984:"Revenge of the migrants' employer?"
8151:The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia
8017:Wanandi, Jusuf (November 12, 2002).
7847:The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia
7628:| By Ambassador Curtin Winsor, Ph.D.
7131:Friedman, Thomas L. (29 July 2015).
6956:"Revenge of the migrants' employer?"
6907:
6901:
6879:
6816:"The 9/11 Attacks' Spiritual Father"
6814:Riedel, Bruce (September 11, 2011).
5740:. Harvard University Press. p.
5706:The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia
5492:
4944:
4858:In March 1988 the Iranian newspaper
4744:what the French political scientist
4054:American foreign policy in West Asia
2636:Dubai International Holy Quran Award
2504:while the authorized version reads:
2303:
2202:
12331:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam
11756:from the original on 6 October 2014
11614:Sells, Michael (22 December 2016).
11595:from the original on 28 August 2014
11212:
11145:from the original on March 26, 2015
10253:Ricks, Thomas E. (August 6, 2002).
9416:Shoemaker, M. Wesley (2013-08-30).
9249:JEHL, DOUGLAS (December 27, 2001).
9219:. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 130.
9058:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam
8906:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam
8845:son of the assassinated King Faisal
8818:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam
8279:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam
8245:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam
7714:
7663:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam
7052:
7002:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam
6419:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam
6342:(Cambridge: University Press, 1988)
6313:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam
6270:
6249:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam
6098:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam
5636:
5567:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam
5230:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam
5161:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam
3094:Insurgency in the Maghreb and Sahel
3019:Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine
2813:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
2774:
2161:Examples of the result of influence
24:
12275:
11847:from the original on 28 March 2016
11681:from the original on 21 March 2015
11467:. pp. 91, 102. Archived from
11345:. 1 September 2007. Archived from
11002:Jehl, Douglas (27 December 2001).
10672:Pandith, Farah (8 December 2015).
10597:
10395:Walsh, Declan (December 5, 2010).
10339:Spillius, Alex (5 December 2010).
10177:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 68.
9371:from the original on April 7, 2014
8181:, (Lanham, MD, 2001), ppl 294-301.
7953:. Simon and Schuster. p. 79.
7920:Charfi, Mohamed (March 12, 2002).
7751:"Saudis donate aid to non-Muslims"
7531:. 10 December 2005. Archived from
7427:
7391:
7133:"For the Mideast, It's Still 1979"
6870:, (London: Frank Cass, 1995), p.47
6506:
6188:, (Simon and Schuster, 2002, p.31)
5853:"Pakistan must confront Wahhabism"
5417:existing mosques to propagate the
5260:
4524:for the purpose of extinguishing "
4234:More recently, the self-declared "
3671:charitable donations (one of the "
3457:Buddhist statues in Bamiyan Valley
3395:According to Pakistani journalist
3210:Foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq
3134:Moro insurgency in the Philippines
2714:
2018:, while rejecting sectarianism in
1887:associated with local variants of
539:Principles of State and Government
515:The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate
25:
12446:
12385:
11977:from the original on 12 June 2018
11817:Bunzel, Cole (18 February 2016).
11628:from the original on 8 April 2020
11512:Armstrong, Karen (10 July 2005).
11163:
11126:
10441:Olson, Richard (7 January 2010).
10316:. uk.reuters.com/. Archived from
10291:"Terror Two Years After (Page 2)"
10142:INVOLVEMENT OF SALAFISM/WAHHABISM
10139:
9951:"Jihad and the Saudi petrodollar"
9904:. Xulon Press. pp. 249â250.
9640:LICHTBLAU, ERIC (June 23, 2009).
8786:. Harper San Francisco. pp.
8746:. Harper San Francisco. pp.
8707:. Harper San Francisco. pp.
8474:Daniyal, Shoaib (10 March 2015).
8315:. Rand Corporation. p. 103.
6673:Stanley, Trevor (July 15, 2005).
6633:"The Moderate Muslim Brotherhood"
5903:from the original on 8 April 2020
5850:
4918:DAOUD, KAMEL (16 November 2017).
4030:Taliban government in Afghanistan
3847:More recently the self-declared "
3734:(an adjunct senior fellow at the
3351:
2850:
464:List of Islamic political parties
12281:
12246:
12221:
12166:
12118:
12093:
12019:from the original on 9 June 2018
11909:
11884:
11859:
11768:
11693:
11640:
11607:
11571:
11505:
11490:
11449:
11438:. pp. 90â92. Archived from
11420:
11353:
11331:
11309:
11286:
11243:
11206:
11157:
11120:
11045:
10970:
10922:
10814:
10788:
10665:
10600:"Interview with Rohan Gunaratna"
10464:Sciutto, Jim (4 February 2015).
10355:
10269:
10191:
10166:
10149:
10067:
10003:
9943:
9918:
9893:
9808:Markos Moulitsas ZĂșniga (2010).
9801:
9609:
9583:
9570:
9540:
9396:
9383:
9335:
9189:
9048:
8959:
8839:
8731:
8692:
8674:. Harper San Francisco. p.
8659:
8637:. Harper San Francisco. p.
8622:
8592:
8562:
8536:
8510:
8415:. In Warikoo, Kulbhushan (ed.).
8404:
8333:
8184:
8171:
8157:
8136:, (Lanham, MD, 2001), pp.290-293
7866:
7857:
7181:CLEMONS, STEVE (June 23, 2014).
4888:
4871:
4852:
4825:
4496:Classical Wahhabi views on Jihad
3649:United States Secretary of State
3497:on the other hand, is disputed.
3231:
3181:Islamic terrorism in the Balkans
3129:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
2790:However, in 1967 Nasser led the
2655:Sharjah Award for Voluntary Work
2586:
1794:Egypt's "shattering" 1967 defeat
1416:
998:
933:
922:
12326:
11323:. 27 April 2022. Archived from
11040:targeting Americans and Iraqis.
11029:ALAHMED, ALI (March 27, 2014).
10981:. Nova Publishers. p. 27.
10954:Crooke, Alastair (2014-08-27).
10014:. Nova Publishers. p. 26.
9530:
9179:
9038:
8949:
8933:
8857:
7609:| Paul Vallely 01 November 2007
7577:
7564:
7539:
7521:
7510:from the original on 2022-01-11
7489:
7464:
7453:from the original on 2022-01-11
7362:
7343:Hendawi, Hamza (18 June 2016).
7336:
7310:
7257:
7236:
7108:Blair, David (4 October 2014).
6958:. The Economist. March 26, 2013
6932:
6860:
6722:
6712:
6558:
6360:
6332:
6278:"The price of oil â in context"
6178:
6142:The Place of Tolerance in Islam
6068:
6056:
6012:
5844:
5481:
5291:
4812:
4798:
4773:
4760:
3772:1993 World Trade Center bombing
3480:
3384:," and was noted for its harsh
3124:Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
3119:East Turkestan Islamic Movement
2742:, established in 1982 by Sheik
2325:official development assistance
12357:The Failure of Political Islam
12352:
12005:Townsend, Mark (13 May 2018).
10977:Malbouisson, Cofie D. (2007).
10514:Gause III, F. Gregory (2001).
10487:GALL, CARLOTTA (21 May 2016).
10289:RENO, JAMIE (September 2003).
10234:. Council on Foreign Relations
10163:14, no. 5 (December 2003): 22.
10035:Cordesman, Anthony H. (2002).
10010:Malbouisson, Cofie D. (2007).
9133:
9117:
9101:
9085:
9020:. economist.com. 26 March 2013
8990:. economist.com. 26 March 2013
7749:Barton, Jack (26 March 2006).
7640:
7496:Lazareva, Inna (15 May 2016).
7290:Islam Hassan (31 March 2015).
7216:Jones, Owen (31 August 2014).
7158:Black, Ian (11 January 2015).
6980:
6577:
6315:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 61â2.
5644:The Failure of Political Islam
5359:World Assembly of Muslim Youth
5120:
5057:
4835:, whose Islamic battle cry of
4785:World Assembly of Muslim Youth
4751:
4738:
4297:20th-century Egyptian Islamism
4000:issued at its 32nd session in
3851:" in Iraq and Syria headed by
3374:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
3335:Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
3188:Islamism in the United Kingdom
3154:Arab mujahideen in Afghanistan
2995:Notable jihadist organisations
2673:
2476:A study was undertaken by the
2360:World Assembly of Muslim Youth
2022:; virulent opposition to both
13:
1:
12305:
12130:"The Psychology of Terrorism"
11668:Center for Middle East Policy
10727:
10226:Chair: Maurice R. Greenberg.
9755:
9446:Afghanistan: A Modern History
9321:Jane's International Security
9229:
8909:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 70â1.
8778:Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2005).
8738:Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2005).
8699:Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2005).
8666:Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2005).
8629:Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2005).
8498:. Dawn.com. AFP. 2 March 2015
8443:HUBBARD, BEN (2 March 2015).
8413:"Islamist terrorism in India"
7607:Wahhabism: A deadly scripture
6839:"DEFENSE OF THE MUSLIM LANDS"
6746:. In Mahdavi, Mojtaba (ed.).
6653:
6138:Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2002).
6063:Jurisprudence and Law â Islam
5775:
5538:House, Karen Elliott (2012).
4901:
4420:was under constant attack by
4343:and historian specialized in
4230:Ideology of the Islamic State
4184:American academic and author
3840:chapters and other hard-line
3435:Taliban. One example was the
2659:Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi
2638:. The award was presented by
2528:Passages in commentaries and
2438:
2390:Islamic University of Madinah
1645:IsraelâSaudi Arabia relations
1608:
1525:(until the break between the
681:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani
12361:. Harvard University Press.
12335:. Harvard University Press.
12282:Commins, David Dean (2006).
12200:, pp. 202â203, 241â242.
11371:. p. 91. Archived from
11343:Council on Foreign Relations
11317:"Osama bin Laden Fast Facts"
9929:. Xulon Press. p. 250.
9443:Rasanayagam, Angelo (2007).
7985:Abdelnasser, Walid (2011) .
7863:Al-Jazira, September 7, 2001
7376:. 2015-12-13. Archived from
7298:. Al Jazeera Research Center
6750:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd..
6603:Harper Collins. p. 14.
5965:circles associated with the
4669:Islamic schools and branches
4381:, rather they consider them
4246:which was originally led by
3782:Others connect the group to
3736:Council on Foreign Relations
3714:
3616:
3559:Council on Foreign Relations
3295:Afghan Civil War (1992â1996)
3291:Afghan Civil War (1989â1992)
3279:Afghan jihad against Soviets
3114:Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
2753:
2665:(one of the emirates of the
2640:Hamdan bin Rashid Al Maktoum
2379:
2125:Saudi Arabia / UAE and Qatar
1975:Islamic revivalists such as
7:
11647:Bunzel, Cole (March 2015).
10929:Integrity UK (2016-01-27),
10518:. In Hoge, James F. (ed.).
10371:. London. December 5, 2010.
9877:Butt, Yousaf (2015-01-20).
9816:. Polipoint Press. p.
9617:Wahhabism: A Critical Essay
9449:. I.B.Tauris. p. 209.
9355:Dillon, Michael R. (2009).
8821:. I.B. Tauris. p. 79.
8313:The Muslim World After 9/11
8282:. I.B. Tauris. p. 72.
8248:. I.B. Tauris. p. 73.
7886:Murawiec, Laurent (2005) .
7849:. I.B.Tauris. p. vii.
7696:. W.W.Norton. p. 327.
7666:. I.B. Tauris. p. 73.
7374:International Policy Digest
6940:Wahhabism: A Critical Essay
6837:Azzam, Abdullah (c. 1993).
6526:Shane, Scott (2016-08-25).
6452:. I.B.Tauris. p. 232.
6421:. I.B. Tauris. p. 70.
6252:. I.B. Tauris. p. 69.
5994:Wahhabism: A Critical Essay
5712:. I.B.Tauris. p. 141.
5570:. I.B. Tauris. p. 72.
5233:. I.B. Tauris. p. 51.
5198:"Waging the 'War of Ideas'"
4582:
4480:Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia
4141:Saudi-American relationship
4060:Post-9/11 debates in the US
3916:According to Saudi analyst
3621:In 2003 there were several
3447:The taliban also practiced
3176:Islamic terrorism in Europe
3034:Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan
3024:Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
2736:Mohammed bin Faisal Al Saud
2453:Muhammad abd-al-Salam Faraj
1882:Non-Salafi Muslim influence
1676:since the beginning of the
475:Militant Islamism based in
10:
12451:
12142:Greenwood Publishing Group
11339:"Profile: Osama bin Laden"
10638:Schwartz, Stephen (2002).
10568:10.1215/07402775-2002-2010
9136:Failure of Political Islam
9120:Failure of Political Islam
9104:Failure of Political Islam
9088:Failure of Political Islam
9061:. I.B.Tauris. p. 63.
8153:. I.B.Tauris. p. 193.
7643:Failure of Political Islam
7019:Kassimyar, Akhtar (2009).
6983:Failure of Political Islam
6908:Coll, Steve (2004-12-28).
6685:(14). Jamestown Foundation
6580:Failure of Political Islam
6492:. SUNY Press. p. 95.
6486:Sayeed, Khalid B. (1995).
6005:Rabitat al-`Alam al-Islami
5202:Center for Security Policy
4713:Political aspects of Islam
4684:Iran-Saudi Arabia conflict
4468:The Jurisprudence of Blood
4464:The Jurisprudence of Jihad
4439:. They were introduced by
4323:(verses) which pertain to
4219:
4192:and later al-Qaeda leader
4063:
3967:
3908:Individual Saudi nationals
3288:
3282:
3198:Foreign fighters in Bosnia
3089:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado
2783:, the leading exponent of
2535:
2513:In the translation of the
2138:, with Qatar ruler Sheikh
1641:Iran-Saudi Arabia conflict
1630:
1612:
791:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
459:Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan
28:
12138:Santa Barbara, California
10744:Miniter, Richard (2011).
10203:A History of Saudi Arabia
10079:A History of Saudi Arabia
9925:David, J Jonsson (2006).
9900:David, J Jonsson (2006).
8311:. In Angel Rabasa (ed.).
7991:Islamic Movement In Egypt
7025:. iUniverse. p. 51.
6778:Wright, Lawrence (2006).
6742:Abouyoub, Younes (2012).
6377:Bradley, John R. (2005).
5082:SOAS University of London
5068:in post-9/11 Indonesia".
5032:10.1163/9789004435544_019
4963:10.1355/9789814818001-006
4601:Islam and other religions
4278:War against Islamic State
3984:Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymeen
3517:. The Salafi doctrine of
3452:of the victim's family."
3144:South Thailand insurgency
2975:International propagation
2802:This not only devastated
2413:attended the university.
2396:in Cairo which was under
2232:Destruction of the Hejaz
2030:religious practices (the
1997:Bangladesh liberation war
1965:Muhammad ibn al Uthaymeen
1680:in the 1960s, it was the
1224:Sunni schools of theology
905:Islam and other religions
415:International propagation
154:International propagation
12213:M. Bunzel, Cole (2018).
11705:"What ISIS Really Wants"
9521:, NovemberâDecember 2000
9515:Pakistan's Jihad Culture
8132:Abou El Fadl, Khaled M.
8050:The War for Muslim Minds
7690:Mackey, Sandra (2002) .
6446:Ayubi, Nazih N. (1995).
5782:. Regnery. p. 237.
5654:Harvard University Press
5650:Cambridge, Massachusetts
5070:South East Asia Research
4766:according to journalist
4732:
4373:, affairs known only to
4264:, the leadership of the
3410:Turki bin Faisal Al Saud
2837:Islamic Republic of Iran
2721:Islamic Development Bank
2140:Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani
1540:, an opposition to both
567:Governance of the Jurist
11456:Gause III, F. Gregory.
11427:Gause III, F. Gregory.
11360:Gause III, F. Gregory.
11031:"Stop Bowing to Riyadh"
10979:Focus on Islamic issues
10012:Focus on Islamic issues
9565:Oxford University Press
9480:The Ultimate Terrorists
9477:Stern, Jessica (2000).
9289:Oxford University Press
9287:(First ed.). USA:
8411:Swami, Praveen (2011).
8369:Daily News and Analysis
8149:Commins, David (2009).
7947:Miller, Judith (1996).
7845:Commins, David (2009).
5703:Commins, David (2009).
5497:. Regnery. p. 126.
4226:Northern Iraq offensive
4131:. Gregory Gause states:
3868:, a former imam of the
3439:, according to Rashid.
3406:Al Mukhabarat Al A'amah
2841:Tuhfa-i ithna ashariyya
2779:In the 1950s and 1960s
2490:Literature translations
2415:Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy
2407:Many of Egypt's future
2344:religious text of Islam
2044:Islamic Salvation Front
2020:Sunni juridical schools
1469:Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
1022:Prophets and Messengers
671:JamÄl al-DÄ«n al-AfghÄnÄ«
12420:Islamic fundamentalism
12327:Kepel, Gilles (2002).
11866:Bano, Masooda (2021).
10674:"Where Jihadism Grows"
9772:Lacey, Robert (2009).
9717:Lacey, Robert (2009).
9671:Lacey, Robert (2009).
9055:Kepel, Gilles (2003).
8903:Kepel, Gilles (2003).
8815:Kepel, Gilles (2006).
8276:Kepel, Gilles (2006).
8242:Kepel, Gilles (2006).
8046:Kepel, Gilles (2004).
7805:Lacey, Robert (2009).
7660:Kepel, Gilles (2006).
7570:Abou El Fadl, Khaled,
7266:"The Saudi connection"
7022:The Truth of Terrorism
7000:Gilles, Kepel (2002).
6413:Kepel, Gilles (2006).
6307:Kepel, Gilles (2006).
6246:Kepel, Gilles (2003).
6095:Kepel, Gilles (2003).
5732:Kepel, Gilles (2004).
5595:Kepel, Gilles (2002).
5564:Kepel, Gilles (2006).
5542:. Knopf. p. 234.
5392:Lacey, Robert (2009).
5227:Kepel, Gilles (2006).
5090:10.5367/sear.2010.0015
4664:Islamic fundamentalism
4580:
4548:
4431:was not absent in the
4204:, who was executed by
4190:Egyptian Islamic Jihad
4182:
4157:
3974:As early as 1988, the
3890:
3862:
3826:Egyptian Islamic Jihad
3760:Khalid Shaikh Mohammed
3745:
3705:9/11 Commission Report
3647:communication by then
3445:
3437:Saudi religious police
2947:Islamic fundamentalism
2873:Practices and concepts
2765:
2556:
2553:Faisal of Saudi Arabia
2511:
2502:
2474:
2431:Following the October
2352:al-Haramain Foundation
2320:
2296:on facilities for the
1935:who later became the "
1866:
1820:land conquered in 1967
1700:
1649:Siege of Mecca in 1979
1290:Contemporary movements
1105:Rightly-Guided Caliphs
1032:Succession to Muhammad
736:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani
172:Islamic fundamentalism
12353:Roy, Olivier (1994).
12047:Ajjoub, Orwa (2021).
11926:10.4324/9781003260943
11785:10.4324/9781003260943
11672:Brookings Institution
11497:Noah Feldman (2003).
11258:Middle East Programme
11222:Henry Jackson Society
11095:Middle East Programme
10780:Reeve, Simon (1990).
10173:Kaim, Markus (2008).
9277:DeLong-Bas, Natana J.
8307:David Thaler (2004).
7349:Associated Press News
6938:Algar, Hamid (2002).
6914:Penguin. p. 26.
6730:War for Muslim Minds,
5885:(22 December 2016) .
5883:University of Chicago
5367:Salman bin Abdul-Aziz
4691:SufiâSalafi relations
4647:Islam in Saudi Arabia
4564:
4557:Abdullah ibn Muhammad
4544:
4443:, founding leader of
4177:
4173:Georgetown University
4133:
3994:. In a comprehensive
3976:Board of Senior Ulema
3968:Further information:
3885:
3857:
3804:Georgetown University
3740:
3673:Five Pillars of Islam
3645:U.S. State Department
3610:Salman bin Abdul Aziz
3550:culture, noting that
3441:
3289:Further information:
3084:Boko Haram insurgency
3044:Islamic State of Iraq
2827:Influence on Islamism
2761:
2543:
2506:
2497:
2469:
2311:
2256:According to scholar
1837:
1739:Eastern Mediterranean
1690:
1633:ArabâIsraeli conflict
1631:Further information:
809:Criticism of Islamism
803:Criticism of Islamism
721:Necip Fazıl KısakĂŒrek
648:Hibatullah Akhundzada
55:SufiâSalafi relations
29:Further information:
11213:Ali, Rashad (2014).
10556:World Policy Journal
10293:. San Diego Magazine
7547:"Stoning Adulterers"
7535:on 10 December 2005.
6385:. Palgrave. p.
6216:Simon & Schuster
6032:Harper San Francisco
6020:Abou El Fadl, Khaled
5967:Egyptian Brotherhood
5806:(27 November 2014).
5516:on September 4, 2014
5445:on September 4, 2014
5329:House, Karen Elliott
5284:supremacist Islamism
5078:Taylor & Francis
5025:. pp. 333â347.
4679:ShiaâSunni relations
4441:Abu Musab al-Zarqawi
4395:Khilafah (Caliphate)
4345:Near Eastern studies
4262:David D. Kirkpatrick
4248:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
4161:Natana J. DeLong-Bas
3853:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
3792:Natana J. DeLong-Bas
3762:("architect" of the
3581:âthe wife of Prince
3169:Jihadism in the West
3064:Hayat Tahrir al-Sham
2744:Saleh Abdullah Kamel
2678:According to critic
2648:United Arab Emirates
2570:United Arab Emirates
2229:(as-Salaf aáčŁ-áčąÄliáž„);
2189:the Muslim religion.
2134:of the MB regime of
1953:Abdullah Yusuf Azzam
1593:they consider to be
1459:Starting in the mid-
1072:Declaration of Faith
608:Recep Tayyip ErdoÄan
565:Islamic Government:
12306:Gold, Dore (2003).
10707:"Gods and monsters"
10598:Walker, Stephanie.
10343:. London: Telegraph
9780:. Viking. pp.
9725:. Viking. pp.
9559:Matinuddin, Kamal,
9323:. 28 September 2001
8610:on 17 November 2016
8580:on 20 February 2014
8548:The Express Tribune
8346:The Daily Telegraph
8339:Hope, Christopher.
8194:(3 December 2009).
7726:Library of Congress
7551:Pew Research Center
7407:Wall Street Journal
7053:Lacroix, Stéphane.
6880:Nasr, Vali (2000).
6338:source: Ian Skeet,
5913:It was during the "
5892:The Huffington Post
5824:on 27 November 2014
5776:Gold, Dore (2003).
5493:Gold, Dore (2003).
5355:Muslim World League
4847:disastrous 1967 war
4820:Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz
4793:Minister of Defense
4781:Muslim World League
4698:Muslim World League
4534:Emirate of DirÊżiyya
4500:In contrast to the
4129:American patriotism
4125:far-right militants
4121:Bush administration
4070:Despite this, some
3818:, not "Wahhabism".
3677:terrorist financing
3540:Funding before 2003
3414:Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz
3215:Homegrown terrorism
2858:Part of a series on
2702:Muhammad al-Ghazali
2680:Khaled Abou El Fadl
2561:Muslim World League
2519:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
2394:Al-Azhar University
2356:World Muslim League
2213:Khaled Abou El Fadl
2198:Types of influences
2165:Scott Shane of the
2054:in Algeria and the
1961:Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz
1913:Al-Azhar University
1893:World Muslim League
1669:'s progressive and
1579:in Afghanistan and
1484:propaganda campaign
940:Politics portal
893:Islam and modernity
569:("Velayat-e faqih")
551:Ma'alim fi al-Tariq
12415:Islam and politics
11749:The New York Times
11581:(30 March 2017) .
11465:Hoover Institution
11436:Hoover Institution
11369:Hoover Institution
11008:The New York Times
10882:The New York Times
10803:Armstrong, Karen.
10678:The New York Times
10493:The New York Times
10279:, December 2, 2002
10199:Al-Rasheed, Madawi
10075:Al-Rasheed, Madawi
9957:. 15 November 2007
9679:. Viking. p.
9646:The New York Times
9567:, (1999), pp. 25â6
9255:The New York Times
9159:The New York Times
8448:The New York Times
8362:Shukla, Ashutosh.
8223:. 13 February 2017
7926:The New York Times
7813:. Viking. p.
7624:2016-05-03 at the
7270:The Indian Express
7137:The New York Times
6595:Scroggins, Deborah
6532:The New York Times
6218:. pp. 64â67.
6082:, p. 23 footnote 7
5963:Muslim Brotherhood
5469:Unknown parameter
5400:. Viking. p.
5172:. pp. 61â62.
4957:. pp. 63â88.
4924:The New York Times
4606:Islam and violence
4552:Emirate of Diriyah
4433:Emirate of Diriyah
4429:religious violence
4349:apocalyptic fervor
4257:The New York Times
4165:research assistant
4094:Republican Senator
3838:Muslim Brotherhood
3796:research assistant
3696:Zacarias Moussaoui
3520:Al-Wala' wal Bara'
3469:on Shia shrine in
3386:treatment of women
3342:Iranian Revolution
3203:Bosnian mujahideen
3149:Taliban insurgency
3077:Jihadism in Africa
2781:Gamal Abdel Nasser
2557:
2457:Algerian civil war
2433:2002 Bali bombings
2321:
2073:Invasion of Kuwait
1901:Muslim Brotherhood
1867:
1850:Iranian Revolution
1839:Petroleum products
1701:
1667:Gamal Abdel Nasser
1531:Western influences
1527:Muslim Brotherhood
1519:Muslim Brotherhood
1329:Neo-traditionalism
838:Khaled Abu al-Fadl
814:Criticism of Islam
676:Qazi Hussain Ahmad
494:Sub-Saharan Africa
454:Muslim Brotherhood
439:Iranian Revolution
349:Islamic Golden Age
202:Islamic governance
12064:. pp. 1â28.
11752:. New York City.
11349:on 18 March 2022.
11327:on 2 August 2022.
11271:on 4 January 2022
11174:McGill University
11164:Sozek, Jonathan.
11136:McGill University
11127:Sozek, Jonathan.
11108:on 4 January 2022
10988:978-1-60021-204-8
10746:"1. The Outsider"
10616:on 13 August 2017
10257:. Washington Post
10212:978-0-521-74754-7
10184:978-0-7546-7197-8
10088:978-0-521-74754-7
10021:978-1-60021-204-8
9936:978-1-59781-980-0
9911:978-1-59781-980-0
9827:978-1-936227-02-0
7587:aired in the UK,
6782:The Looming Tower
6679:Terrorism Monitor
6080:978-0-231-12814-8
5998:Oneonta, New York
5951:liberal democracy
5270:FEBRUARY 27, 2013
5080:on behalf of the
5042:978-90-04-43554-4
5003:Cusack, Carole M.
4860:Jumhuri-ye-islami
4616:Islamic terrorism
4476:Muath al-Kasasbeh
4210:Qutbian terrorism
4194:Ayman al-Zawahiri
4159:American scholar
4108:". Scholars like
4042:US-Saudi alliance
3930:U.S. Army colonel
3834:Ayman al-Zawahiri
3583:Bandar bin Sultan
3579:Haifa bint Faisal
3449:public beheadings
3380:ever seen in the
3285:SovietâAfghan War
3272:
3271:
3007:Pakistani Taliban
2922:Islamic terrorism
2707:al-Sharq al-Awsat
2607:orchestrated the
2304:Religious funding
2203:Pre-oil influence
1985:Abul A'la Maududi
1949:Ayman al-Zawahiri
1945:Omar Abdel-Rahman
1865:
1818:to take back the
1798:Land, Sea and Air
1777:Arabian Peninsula
1565:Islamic terrorism
1508:northern Pakistan
1457:
1456:
1302:Deobandi movement
974:
973:
848:Abdelwahab Meddeb
776:Haji Shariatullah
741:Yusuf al-Qaradawi
726:Abul A'la Maududi
716:Ruhollah Khomeini
696:Rached Ghannouchi
628:Alija IzetbegoviÄ
613:Ruhollah Khomeini
520:RashÄ«d RÄ«Äha 1922
420:by country/region
309:Two-nation theory
261:Islamic terrorism
222:Islamic socialism
212:Islamic democracy
188:Apostasy in Islam
159:by country/region
16:(Redirected from
12442:
12401:
12399:
12397:
12391:
12382:
12377:
12375:
12360:
12349:
12334:
12323:
12302:
12290:
12269:
12268:
12250:
12244:
12243:
12225:
12219:
12218:
12210:
12201:
12195:
12189:
12188:
12170:
12164:
12163:
12144:. pp. 5â6.
12122:
12116:
12115:
12097:
12091:
12090:
12088:
12086:
12080:
12055:
12044:
12029:
12028:
12026:
12024:
12002:
11987:
11986:
11984:
11982:
11972:Washington, D.C.
11957:
11940:
11939:
11913:
11907:
11906:
11888:
11882:
11881:
11863:
11857:
11856:
11854:
11852:
11846:
11834:Washington, D.C.
11823:
11814:
11799:
11798:
11772:
11766:
11765:
11763:
11761:
11739:
11730:
11729:
11727:
11725:
11715:Washington, D.C.
11697:
11691:
11690:
11688:
11686:
11680:
11664:Washington, D.C.
11653:
11644:
11638:
11637:
11635:
11633:
11611:
11605:
11604:
11602:
11600:
11579:Crooke, Alastair
11575:
11569:
11568:
11566:
11564:
11542:
11536:
11535:
11533:
11531:
11509:
11503:
11502:
11494:
11488:
11482:
11476:
11475:
11473:
11462:
11453:
11447:
11446:
11444:
11433:
11424:
11418:
11417:
11415:
11413:
11404:. 26 June 2003.
11398:Washington, D.C.
11386:
11380:
11379:
11377:
11366:
11357:
11351:
11350:
11335:
11329:
11328:
11313:
11307:
11306:
11301:. Archived from
11290:
11284:
11283:
11278:
11276:
11270:
11262:Washington, D.C.
11255:
11247:
11241:
11240:
11238:
11236:
11230:
11219:
11210:
11204:
11203:
11185:
11179:
11178:
11170:
11161:
11155:
11154:
11152:
11150:
11144:
11133:
11124:
11118:
11117:
11115:
11113:
11107:
11099:Washington, D.C.
11092:
11084:
11073:
11072:
11070:
11068:
11058:
11049:
11043:
11042:
11026:
11020:
11019:
11017:
11015:
11010:. New York Times
10999:
10993:
10992:
10974:
10968:
10967:
10965:
10963:
10951:
10942:
10941:
10940:
10939:
10926:
10920:
10919:
10917:
10915:
10900:
10894:
10893:
10891:
10889:
10884:. new york times
10873:
10864:
10863:
10857:
10855:
10849:
10842:
10830:
10824:
10818:
10812:
10801:
10795:
10792:
10786:
10785:
10777:
10771:
10770:
10768:
10766:
10741:
10735:
10730:Hatred's Kingdom
10725:
10719:
10718:
10716:
10714:
10702:
10696:
10695:
10693:
10692:
10669:
10663:
10662:
10660:
10658:
10635:
10629:
10628:
10623:
10621:
10615:
10609:. Archived from
10604:
10595:
10589:
10588:
10581:
10575:
10574:
10551:
10545:
10544:
10538:
10536:
10511:
10505:
10504:
10502:
10500:
10495:. New York Times
10484:
10478:
10477:
10475:
10473:
10461:
10455:
10454:
10452:
10450:
10438:
10432:
10431:
10429:
10427:
10420:"Fueling Terror"
10416:
10407:
10406:
10392:
10373:
10372:
10359:
10353:
10352:
10350:
10348:
10336:
10330:
10329:
10327:
10325:
10320:on 29 March 2015
10309:
10303:
10302:
10300:
10298:
10286:
10280:
10273:
10267:
10266:
10264:
10262:
10250:
10244:
10243:
10241:
10239:
10223:
10217:
10216:
10195:
10189:
10188:
10170:
10164:
10155:Zachary Abuza, â
10153:
10147:
10137:
10131:
10130:
10128:
10126:
10120:
10113:
10102:
10093:
10092:
10071:
10065:
10064:
10058:
10056:
10050:
10043:
10032:
10026:
10025:
10007:
10001:
10000:
9994:
9992:
9982:
9973:
9967:
9966:
9964:
9962:
9947:
9941:
9940:
9922:
9916:
9915:
9897:
9891:
9890:
9888:
9886:
9874:
9865:
9864:
9862:
9860:
9850:
9841:
9835:
9834:
9815:
9805:
9799:
9798:
9779:
9769:
9763:
9758:Hatred's Kingdom
9753:
9744:
9743:
9724:
9714:
9708:
9707:
9678:
9668:
9662:
9661:
9655:
9653:
9648:. New York Times
9637:
9620:
9613:
9607:
9600:
9594:
9587:
9581:
9574:
9568:
9557:
9551:
9544:
9538:
9528:
9522:
9513:Jessica Stern, "
9511:
9502:
9501:
9499:
9497:
9474:
9468:
9467:
9465:
9463:
9440:
9434:
9433:
9413:
9407:
9400:
9394:
9387:
9381:
9380:
9378:
9376:
9370:
9363:
9352:
9346:
9339:
9333:
9332:
9330:
9328:
9313:
9307:
9306:
9286:
9273:
9267:
9266:
9264:
9262:
9257:. New York Times
9246:
9237:
9232:Hatred's Kingdom
9227:
9221:
9220:
9209:
9200:
9195:Commins, David,
9193:
9187:
9177:
9171:
9170:
9168:
9166:
9161:. New York Times
9150:
9141:
9131:
9125:
9115:
9109:
9099:
9093:
9083:
9077:
9076:
9052:
9046:
9036:
9030:
9029:
9027:
9025:
9010:
9004:
9003:
8997:
8995:
8980:
8974:
8963:
8957:
8947:
8941:
8931:
8925:
8924:
8900:
8891:
8890:
8888:
8886:
8871:
8865:
8855:
8846:
8843:
8837:
8836:
8812:
8806:
8805:
8785:
8775:
8766:
8765:
8745:
8735:
8729:
8728:
8706:
8696:
8690:
8689:
8673:
8663:
8657:
8656:
8636:
8626:
8620:
8619:
8617:
8615:
8606:. Archived from
8596:
8590:
8589:
8587:
8585:
8576:. Archived from
8566:
8560:
8559:
8557:
8555:
8540:
8534:
8533:
8531:
8529:
8514:
8508:
8507:
8505:
8503:
8492:
8486:
8485:
8483:
8482:
8471:
8460:
8459:
8457:
8455:
8450:. New York Times
8440:
8434:
8433:
8408:
8402:
8401:
8399:
8397:
8386:
8377:
8360:
8354:
8337:
8331:
8330:
8304:
8298:
8297:
8273:
8264:
8263:
8239:
8233:
8232:
8230:
8228:
8213:
8207:
8206:
8204:
8202:
8188:
8182:
8175:
8169:
8161:
8155:
8154:
8146:
8137:
8130:
8121:
8120:
8118:
8110:
8104:
8103:
8101:
8099:
8093:
8083:
8074:
8073:
8053:
8043:
8034:
8033:
8031:
8029:
8014:
8008:
8007:
7982:
7976:
7975:
7969:
7967:
7944:
7938:
7937:
7935:
7933:
7928:. New York Times
7917:
7911:
7910:
7908:
7906:
7883:
7877:
7870:
7864:
7861:
7855:
7854:
7842:
7833:
7832:
7812:
7802:
7796:
7795:
7793:
7785:
7779:
7772:
7766:
7765:
7760:
7758:
7746:
7737:
7736:
7734:
7732:
7718:
7712:
7711:
7687:
7681:
7680:
7657:
7648:
7638:
7629:
7616:
7610:
7603:
7597:
7581:
7575:
7568:
7562:
7561:
7559:
7558:
7543:
7537:
7536:
7525:
7519:
7518:
7516:
7515:
7501:
7493:
7487:
7486:
7484:
7483:
7468:
7462:
7461:
7459:
7458:
7444:
7436:
7425:
7424:
7422:
7421:
7398:
7389:
7388:
7386:
7385:
7366:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7340:
7334:
7333:
7331:
7329:
7314:
7308:
7307:
7305:
7303:
7287:
7281:
7280:
7278:
7276:
7261:
7255:
7254:
7253:. 24 March 2022.
7248:
7240:
7234:
7233:
7227:
7225:
7213:
7198:
7197:
7195:
7193:
7178:
7172:
7171:
7169:
7167:
7155:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7144:
7139:. New York Times
7128:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7117:
7105:
7099:
7098:
7093:
7091:
7076:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7065:
7050:
7044:
7043:
7041:
7039:
7016:
7010:
7009:
6997:
6988:
6978:
6972:
6971:
6965:
6963:
6952:
6943:
6936:
6930:
6929:
6905:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6894:
6888:
6877:
6871:
6864:
6858:
6857:
6851:
6849:
6834:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6823:
6811:
6805:
6804:
6785:
6775:
6769:
6768:
6766:
6764:
6739:
6733:
6726:
6720:
6710:
6699:
6698:
6692:
6690:
6670:
6661:
6656:Hatred's Kingdom
6651:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6640:
6635:. New York Times
6628:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6617:
6591:
6585:
6575:
6566:
6556:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6546:
6523:
6504:
6503:
6482:
6476:
6475:
6443:
6437:
6436:
6410:
6404:
6403:
6384:
6374:
6368:
6358:
6343:
6336:
6330:
6329:
6304:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6293:
6284:. Archived from
6274:
6268:
6267:
6243:
6230:
6229:
6198:
6189:
6184:Murphy, Caryle,
6182:
6176:
6175:
6170:
6168:
6145:
6135:
6129:
6128:
6092:
6083:
6072:
6066:
6060:
6054:
6053:
6029:
6016:
6010:
6009:
5986:
5980:
5979:
5910:
5908:
5871:
5865:
5864:
5848:
5842:
5841:
5831:
5829:
5820:. Archived from
5804:Armstrong, Karen
5800:
5794:
5793:
5773:
5767:
5766:
5760:
5758:
5739:
5729:
5718:
5717:
5711:
5700:
5687:
5686:
5679:Internet Archive
5676:
5674:
5647:
5634:
5623:
5622:
5617:
5615:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5561:
5548:
5547:
5535:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5521:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5472:
5467:
5465:
5457:
5452:
5450:
5441:. Archived from
5430:
5424:
5423:
5399:
5389:
5380:
5379:
5325:
5314:
5313:
5295:
5289:
5288:
5279:
5277:
5267:
5258:
5252:
5251:
5224:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5193:
5184:
5183:
5152:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5034:
5023:Brill Publishers
4998:
4985:
4984:
4955:ISEAS Publishing
4942:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4926:. New York Times
4915:
4896:
4892:
4886:
4875:
4869:
4856:
4850:
4845:, slogan of the
4833:October 1973 war
4829:
4823:
4816:
4810:
4802:
4796:
4777:
4771:
4764:
4758:
4755:
4749:
4742:
4589:History of Islam
4522:Muslim community
4445:al-Qaeda in Iraq
4391:global caliphate
4312:global caliphate
4206:President Nasser
4113:F. Gregory Gause
4076:neo-conservative
4007:Bin Laden family
3950:suicide bombings
3935:Salafi jihadists
3721:Wahhabi movement
3694:In October 2014
3572:RAND Corporation
3568:Laurent Murawiec
3314:Ittehad-e Islami
3264:
3257:
3250:
3238:Islam portal
3236:
3235:
3234:
3139:Sinai insurgency
3107:Jihadism in Asia
2855:
2854:
2804:Arab nationalism
2785:Arab nationalism
2775:State leadership
2631:worth $ 200,000;
2220:Arab nationalism
2058:in Afghanistan.
1979:, son-in-law of
1933:Hassan al-Turabi
1899:(founder of the
1862:war between them
1846:October 1973 War
1843:
1802:October 1973 war
1775:in parts of the
1705:1973 oil embargo
1682:October 1973 War
1674:Arab nationalism
1657:War of Attrition
1492:Peter Mandaville
1449:
1442:
1435:
1423:Islam portal
1421:
1420:
1419:
1297:Barelvi movement
1263:
1262:
1176:
1175:
1002:
993:
987:
986:
976:
975:
966:
959:
952:
938:
937:
929:Islam portal
927:
926:
925:
831:in North America
781:Hassan Al-Turabi
731:Abul Hasan Nadwi
339:Anti-imperialism
237:Islamic republic
232:Islamic monarchy
217:Islamic feminism
76:
70:
69:
59:
58:
43:Wahhabi movement
21:
12450:
12449:
12445:
12444:
12443:
12441:
12440:
12439:
12405:
12404:
12395:
12393:
12389:
12373:
12371:
12369:
12343:
12320:
12299:
12291:. I.B. Tauris.
12288:
12278:
12276:Further reading
12273:
12272:
12265:
12251:
12247:
12240:
12226:
12222:
12211:
12204:
12198:DeLong-Bas 2004
12196:
12192:
12185:
12171:
12167:
12152:
12126:Stout, Chris E.
12123:
12119:
12112:
12098:
12094:
12084:
12082:
12078:
12072:
12053:
12045:
12032:
12022:
12020:
12003:
11990:
11980:
11978:
11958:
11943:
11936:
11914:
11910:
11903:
11889:
11885:
11878:
11864:
11860:
11850:
11848:
11844:
11826:Carnegie Papers
11821:
11815:
11802:
11795:
11773:
11769:
11759:
11757:
11740:
11733:
11723:
11721:
11698:
11694:
11684:
11682:
11678:
11651:
11645:
11641:
11631:
11629:
11612:
11608:
11598:
11596:
11576:
11572:
11562:
11560:
11543:
11539:
11529:
11527:
11510:
11506:
11495:
11491:
11485:DeLong-Bas 2004
11483:
11479:
11474:on 7 June 2023.
11471:
11460:
11454:
11450:
11445:on 7 June 2023.
11442:
11431:
11425:
11421:
11411:
11409:
11388:
11387:
11383:
11378:on 7 June 2023.
11375:
11364:
11358:
11354:
11337:
11336:
11332:
11315:
11314:
11310:
11305:on 2 July 2016.
11291:
11287:
11274:
11272:
11268:
11253:
11249:
11248:
11244:
11234:
11232:
11228:
11217:
11211:
11207:
11200:
11199:978-900418469 5
11186:
11182:
11168:
11162:
11158:
11148:
11146:
11142:
11131:
11125:
11121:
11111:
11109:
11105:
11090:
11086:
11085:
11076:
11066:
11064:
11056:
11050:
11046:
11027:
11023:
11013:
11011:
11000:
10996:
10989:
10975:
10971:
10961:
10959:
10952:
10945:
10937:
10935:
10927:
10923:
10913:
10911:
10901:
10897:
10887:
10885:
10874:
10867:
10853:
10851:
10850:on 4 March 2016
10847:
10840:
10831:
10827:
10819:
10815:
10802:
10798:
10793:
10789:
10778:
10774:
10764:
10762:
10760:
10742:
10738:
10726:
10722:
10712:
10710:
10703:
10699:
10690:
10688:
10670:
10666:
10656:
10654:
10652:
10636:
10632:
10619:
10617:
10613:
10602:
10596:
10592:
10582:
10578:
10552:
10548:
10534:
10532:
10530:
10512:
10508:
10498:
10496:
10485:
10481:
10471:
10469:
10462:
10458:
10448:
10446:
10439:
10435:
10425:
10423:
10418:
10417:
10410:
10393:
10376:
10361:
10360:
10356:
10346:
10344:
10337:
10333:
10323:
10321:
10310:
10306:
10296:
10294:
10287:
10283:
10274:
10270:
10260:
10258:
10251:
10247:
10237:
10235:
10224:
10220:
10213:
10196:
10192:
10185:
10171:
10167:
10154:
10150:
10138:
10134:
10124:
10122:
10121:on 4 March 2016
10118:
10111:
10103:
10096:
10089:
10072:
10068:
10054:
10052:
10051:on 4 March 2016
10048:
10041:
10033:
10029:
10022:
10008:
10004:
9990:
9988:
9980:
9974:
9970:
9960:
9958:
9949:
9948:
9944:
9937:
9923:
9919:
9912:
9898:
9894:
9884:
9882:
9875:
9868:
9858:
9856:
9848:
9842:
9838:
9828:
9806:
9802:
9792:
9770:
9766:
9754:
9747:
9737:
9715:
9711:
9703:
9701:
9691:
9669:
9665:
9651:
9649:
9638:
9623:
9614:
9610:
9601:
9597:
9588:
9584:
9575:
9571:
9558:
9554:
9545:
9541:
9529:
9525:
9519:Foreign Affairs
9512:
9505:
9495:
9493:
9491:
9475:
9471:
9461:
9459:
9457:
9441:
9437:
9430:
9414:
9410:
9401:
9397:
9388:
9384:
9374:
9372:
9368:
9361:
9353:
9349:
9340:
9336:
9326:
9324:
9315:
9314:
9310:
9303:
9274:
9270:
9260:
9258:
9247:
9240:
9228:
9224:
9210:
9203:
9194:
9190:
9178:
9174:
9164:
9162:
9151:
9144:
9132:
9128:
9116:
9112:
9100:
9096:
9084:
9080:
9069:
9053:
9049:
9037:
9033:
9023:
9021:
9018:March 26th 2013
9012:
9011:
9007:
8993:
8991:
8988:March 26th 2013
8982:
8981:
8977:
8964:
8960:
8948:
8944:
8932:
8928:
8917:
8901:
8894:
8884:
8882:
8873:
8872:
8868:
8856:
8849:
8844:
8840:
8829:
8813:
8809:
8798:
8776:
8769:
8758:
8736:
8732:
8725:
8719:
8697:
8693:
8686:
8664:
8660:
8649:
8627:
8623:
8613:
8611:
8600:"SHARJAH AWARD"
8598:
8597:
8593:
8583:
8581:
8568:
8567:
8563:
8553:
8551:
8542:
8541:
8537:
8527:
8525:
8516:
8515:
8511:
8501:
8499:
8494:
8493:
8489:
8480:
8478:
8472:
8463:
8453:
8451:
8441:
8437:
8427:
8409:
8405:
8395:
8393:
8388:
8387:
8380:
8361:
8357:
8338:
8334:
8323:
8305:
8301:
8290:
8274:
8267:
8256:
8240:
8236:
8226:
8224:
8215:
8214:
8210:
8200:
8198:
8189:
8185:
8176:
8172:
8162:
8158:
8147:
8140:
8131:
8124:
8116:
8112:
8111:
8107:
8097:
8095:
8091:
8085:
8084:
8077:
8066:
8044:
8037:
8027:
8025:
8015:
8011:
8001:
7983:
7979:
7965:
7963:
7961:
7945:
7941:
7931:
7929:
7918:
7914:
7904:
7902:
7900:
7884:
7880:
7872:Judith Miller,
7871:
7867:
7862:
7858:
7843:
7836:
7825:
7803:
7799:
7791:
7787:
7786:
7782:
7773:
7769:
7756:
7754:
7753:. The Telegraph
7747:
7740:
7730:
7728:
7720:
7719:
7715:
7704:
7688:
7684:
7674:
7658:
7651:
7639:
7632:
7626:Wayback Machine
7617:
7613:
7604:
7600:
7594:The Independent
7582:
7578:
7569:
7565:
7556:
7554:
7545:
7544:
7540:
7527:
7526:
7522:
7513:
7511:
7494:
7490:
7481:
7479:
7469:
7465:
7456:
7454:
7437:
7428:
7419:
7417:
7399:
7392:
7383:
7381:
7368:
7367:
7363:
7353:
7351:
7341:
7337:
7327:
7325:
7316:
7315:
7311:
7301:
7299:
7288:
7284:
7274:
7272:
7262:
7258:
7246:
7242:
7241:
7237:
7223:
7221:
7214:
7201:
7191:
7189:
7179:
7175:
7165:
7163:
7156:
7152:
7142:
7140:
7129:
7125:
7115:
7113:
7112:. The Telegraph
7106:
7102:
7089:
7087:
7077:
7073:
7063:
7061:
7059:Washington Post
7051:
7047:
7037:
7035:
7033:
7017:
7013:
6998:
6991:
6979:
6975:
6961:
6959:
6954:
6953:
6946:
6937:
6933:
6922:
6906:
6902:
6892:
6890:
6886:
6878:
6874:
6865:
6861:
6847:
6845:
6835:
6831:
6821:
6819:
6812:
6808:
6798:
6776:
6772:
6762:
6760:
6758:
6740:
6736:
6727:
6723:
6711:
6702:
6688:
6686:
6671:
6664:
6652:
6648:
6638:
6636:
6629:
6625:
6615:
6613:
6611:
6592:
6588:
6576:
6569:
6557:
6553:
6544:
6542:
6524:
6507:
6500:
6483:
6479:
6460:
6444:
6440:
6429:
6411:
6407:
6397:
6375:
6371:
6359:
6346:
6337:
6333:
6323:
6305:
6301:
6291:
6289:
6288:on June 9, 2007
6276:
6275:
6271:
6260:
6244:
6233:
6226:
6199:
6192:
6183:
6179:
6166:
6164:
6162:
6136:
6132:
6117:
6093:
6086:
6073:
6069:
6061:
6057:
6046:
6017:
6013:
5987:
5983:
5955:Mawlana Maududi
5906:
5904:
5879:Divinity School
5872:
5868:
5851:Pabst, Adrian.
5849:
5845:
5827:
5825:
5801:
5797:
5790:
5774:
5770:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5730:
5721:
5709:
5701:
5690:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5635:
5626:
5613:
5611:
5609:
5593:
5589:
5578:
5562:
5551:
5536:
5529:
5519:
5517:
5506:
5502:
5486:
5482:
5470:
5468:
5459:
5458:
5448:
5446:
5431:
5427:
5419:dawah wahhabiya
5412:
5390:
5383:
5349:
5341:. p. 234.
5326:
5317:
5310:
5296:
5292:
5275:
5273:
5265:
5261:JASSER, ZUHDI.
5259:
5255:
5241:
5225:
5216:
5206:
5204:
5194:
5187:
5180:
5153:
5146:
5137:
5135:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5062:
5058:
5043:
4999:
4988:
4973:
4943:
4939:
4929:
4927:
4916:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4893:
4889:
4877:see also "When
4876:
4872:
4857:
4853:
4843:Land! Sea! Air!
4830:
4826:
4817:
4813:
4803:
4799:
4778:
4774:
4768:David A. Kaplan
4765:
4761:
4756:
4752:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4725:Salafi jihadism
4720:Salafi movement
4708:Political Islam
4594:Spread of Islam
4585:
4498:
4404:Salafi-Jihadist
4254:. According to
4252:Salafi jihadism
4232:
4218:
4198:Karen Armstrong
4127:to appropriate
4068:
4062:
3972:
3966:
3952:, including in
3926:
3910:
3866:Adil al-Kalbani
3812:Karen Armstrong
3788:Political Islam
3770:(leader of the
3758:Biographers of
3725:Roland Jacquard
3717:
3700:Osama bin Laden
3665:Lashkar-e-Taiba
3653:Hillary Clinton
3619:
3587:Omar al-Bayoumi
3552:Osama bin Laden
3542:
3527:Funding attacks
3515:Basic teachings
3483:
3422:Osama bin Laden
3354:
3297:
3287:
3281:
3268:
3232:
3230:
3225:
3224:
3171:
3170:
3161:
3160:
3109:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3079:
3078:
3069:
3068:
2997:
2996:
2987:
2986:
2980:Salafi jihadism
2951:
2950:
2937:
2936:
2917:Beheading video
2910:Martyrdom video
2875:
2874:
2853:
2829:
2808:Islamic revival
2777:
2756:
2740:Al Baraka group
2717:
2715:Islamic banking
2676:
2663:emir of Sharjah
2589:
2577:Gazi Husrev-beg
2538:
2523:The Study Quran
2492:
2478:Policy Exchange
2441:
2382:
2306:
2254:
2252:"Petro-dollars"
2205:
2200:
2163:
2089:
1989:Jamaat-i-Islami
1972:Jamaat-i-Islami
1897:Hassan al-Banna
1884:
1842:
1659:
1629:
1615:1973 oil crisis
1613:Main articles:
1611:
1573:Osama bin Laden
1523:Jamaat-e-Islami
1515:Gulf monarchies
1500:dawah Salafiyya
1488:David A. Kaplan
1486:ever mounted",
1473:Gulf monarchies
1453:
1417:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1388:Kutub al-Sittah
1377:
1369:
1368:
1349:
1339:
1338:
1292:
1282:
1281:
1256:
1255:
1226:
1216:
1215:
1173:
1172:
1147:
1132:
1131:
1107:
1097:
1096:
1067:
1057:
1056:
1012:
989:
988:
980:
979:
970:
932:
923:
921:
915:
914:
888:
878:
877:
804:
796:
795:
691:Hassan al-Banna
661:
653:
652:
603:Muammar Gaddafi
588:
580:
579:
566:
509:
501:
500:
444:Jamaat-e-Islami
367:
359:
358:
354:Islamic revival
329:
321:
320:
278:Political Islam
183:
175:
174:
168:
149:Salafi movement
127:
119:
118:
84:
72:
71:
63:
62:
57:
47:Salafi jihadism
35:Salafi movement
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12448:
12438:
12437:
12432:
12427:
12422:
12417:
12403:
12402:
12383:
12367:
12350:
12341:
12324:
12318:
12303:
12297:
12277:
12274:
12271:
12270:
12264:978-0985632694
12263:
12245:
12239:978-0985632694
12238:
12220:
12202:
12190:
12184:978-1474479127
12183:
12165:
12151:978-1440851926
12150:
12117:
12111:978-1474479127
12110:
12092:
12071:978-9178957729
12070:
12030:
11988:
11941:
11935:978-1032198064
11934:
11908:
11902:978-1474479127
11901:
11883:
11877:978-1474479127
11876:
11858:
11800:
11794:978-1032198064
11793:
11767:
11731:
11703:(March 2015).
11692:
11639:
11606:
11570:
11537:
11504:
11489:
11487:, p. 279.
11477:
11448:
11419:
11381:
11352:
11330:
11308:
11285:
11242:
11205:
11198:
11180:
11156:
11119:
11074:
11044:
11021:
10994:
10987:
10969:
10943:
10921:
10895:
10865:
10825:
10813:
10810:guardian.co.uk
10796:
10787:
10772:
10758:
10736:
10720:
10709:. The Guardian
10697:
10664:
10650:
10630:
10590:
10576:
10546:
10528:
10506:
10479:
10456:
10445:. The Guardian
10433:
10408:
10374:
10354:
10331:
10304:
10281:
10268:
10245:
10218:
10211:
10190:
10183:
10165:
10148:
10132:
10094:
10087:
10066:
10027:
10020:
10002:
9968:
9942:
9935:
9917:
9910:
9892:
9866:
9836:
9826:
9800:
9790:
9764:
9745:
9735:
9709:
9689:
9663:
9621:
9615:Algar, Hamid,
9608:
9595:
9582:
9576:Ahmed Rashid,
9569:
9552:
9539:
9523:
9503:
9489:
9469:
9455:
9435:
9428:
9408:
9395:
9382:
9347:
9334:
9308:
9301:
9268:
9238:
9222:
9201:
9188:
9172:
9142:
9126:
9110:
9094:
9078:
9067:
9047:
9031:
9005:
8975:
8958:
8942:
8926:
8915:
8892:
8866:
8847:
8838:
8827:
8807:
8796:
8767:
8756:
8730:
8717:
8691:
8684:
8658:
8647:
8621:
8591:
8561:
8550:. 29 July 2013
8535:
8524:. 28 July 2013
8509:
8487:
8461:
8435:
8425:
8403:
8378:
8376:7 August 2011.
8355:
8353:7 August 2011.
8332:
8321:
8299:
8288:
8265:
8254:
8234:
8208:
8183:
8170:
8156:
8138:
8122:
8105:
8075:
8064:
8035:
8009:
7999:
7977:
7959:
7939:
7912:
7898:
7878:
7865:
7856:
7834:
7823:
7797:
7780:
7778:, May 19, 2003
7767:
7738:
7713:
7702:
7682:
7672:
7649:
7630:
7611:
7598:
7576:
7563:
7538:
7529:"Dar Al Hayat"
7520:
7488:
7463:
7426:
7390:
7361:
7335:
7324:. 18 June 2016
7309:
7282:
7256:
7251:United Nations
7235:
7220:. The Guardian
7199:
7173:
7162:. The Guardian
7150:
7123:
7100:
7071:
7045:
7031:
7011:
6989:
6973:
6944:
6931:
6920:
6900:
6872:
6859:
6829:
6806:
6796:
6770:
6756:
6734:
6732:(2004) p.174-5
6721:
6700:
6662:
6646:
6623:
6609:
6586:
6567:
6551:
6505:
6498:
6477:
6458:
6438:
6427:
6405:
6395:
6369:
6344:
6331:
6321:
6299:
6269:
6258:
6231:
6224:
6190:
6177:
6160:
6130:
6115:
6109:. p. 70.
6084:
6067:
6055:
6044:
6011:
5981:
5930:Nasser's Egypt
5866:
5843:
5795:
5788:
5768:
5750:
5719:
5688:
5666:
5624:
5607:
5587:
5576:
5549:
5527:
5500:
5480:
5425:
5410:
5381:
5348:978-0307473288
5347:
5315:
5309:978-0197532577
5308:
5290:
5253:
5239:
5214:
5185:
5178:
5144:
5119:
5056:
5041:
5007:Upal, M. Afzal
4986:
4971:
4937:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4887:
4870:
4851:
4824:
4811:
4797:
4772:
4759:
4750:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4676:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4618:
4613:
4603:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4584:
4581:
4560:Aal Ash-Shaykh
4530:Islamic states
4497:
4494:
4399:Ottoman Empire
4379:Saudi monarchy
4363:eschatological
4285:Bernard Haykel
4260:correspondent
4217:
4214:
4145:state ideology
4072:US journalists
4061:
4058:
4046:Ba'athist Iraq
3986:(d. 2001) and
3965:
3962:
3925:
3922:
3909:
3906:
3877:Bernard Haykel
3808:militant Islam
3716:
3713:
3618:
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3605:
3541:
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3536:
3524:
3495:Jihadi Salafis
3487:Jihadi Salafis
3482:
3479:
3420:, Saudi expat
3353:
3352:Afghan Taliban
3350:
3283:Main article:
3280:
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3220:Jihadi tourism
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3059:Al-Nusra Front
3056:
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2927:Suicide attack
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2897:
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2867:
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2860:
2859:
2852:
2851:Military jihad
2849:
2828:
2825:
2806:vis-a-vis the
2776:
2773:
2755:
2752:
2716:
2713:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2651:
2644:Ruler of Dubai
2632:
2605:George W. Bush
2588:
2585:
2537:
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2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
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2190:
2183:
2180:
2168:New York Times
2162:
2159:
2132:2013 overthrow
2088:
2085:
2077:Saddam Hussein
2052:Mahfoud Nahnah
1981:Hasan al-Banna
1941:Jaafar Nimeiri
1937:Ă©minence grise
1883:
1880:
1780:
1779:
1770:
1767:Horn of Africa
1763:Southeast Asia
1756:
1746:
1627:Yom Kippur War
1610:
1607:
1591:fellow Muslims
1455:
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1444:
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1047:Predestination
1044:
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886:Related topics
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865:
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853:Maryam Namazie
850:
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708:
706:Muhammad Iqbal
703:
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673:
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666:Muhammad Abduh
662:
660:Key ideologues
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643:House of Thani
640:
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598:Omar al-Bashir
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587:Heads of state
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553:("Milestones")
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523:
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489:Southeast Asia
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434:Hizb ut-Tahrir
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405:Sahwa movement
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380:Dawat-e-Islami
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334:Anti-communism
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11552:New Statesman
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11177:. p. 34.
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9546:Ahmed Rahid,
9543:
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9490:9780674003941
9486:
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9213:Rashid, Ahmed
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7380:on 2016-07-01
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6328:
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6322:9781845112578
6318:
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6287:
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6259:9781845112578
6255:
6251:
6250:
6242:
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6238:
6236:
6227:
6225:0-7432-3342-5
6221:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6208:
6203:
6202:Wright, Robin
6197:
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6187:
6181:
6174:
6163:
6161:9780807002292
6157:
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6149:
6144:
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6118:
6116:9781845112578
6112:
6108:
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6100:
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6091:
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6081:
6077:
6071:
6064:
6059:
6052:
6051:Muslim world.
6047:
6045:9780060563394
6041:
6037:
6033:
6028:
6027:
6021:
6015:
6008:
6006:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5985:
5978:
5976:
5975:Muhammad Qutb
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5915:Arab Cold War
5902:
5898:
5894:
5893:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5875:Michael Sells
5870:
5863:
5858:
5854:
5847:
5840:
5838:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5814:
5813:New Statesman
5809:
5805:
5799:
5791:
5789:9781596988194
5785:
5781:
5780:
5772:
5765:
5753:
5751:9780674015753
5747:
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5726:
5724:
5716:
5708:
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5699:
5697:
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5680:
5669:
5667:9780674291416
5663:
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5639:
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5621:
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5608:9781845112578
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5577:9781845112578
5573:
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5511:
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5490:
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5471:|agency=
5463:
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5436:
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5411:9780670021185
5407:
5403:
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5364:
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5356:
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5340:
5336:
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5320:
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5271:
5264:
5257:
5250:
5248:
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5240:9781845112578
5236:
5232:
5231:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5203:
5199:
5192:
5190:
5181:
5179:9781845112578
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5156:Kepel, Gilles
5151:
5149:
5133:
5129:
5123:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
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5091:
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5079:
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5028:
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5012:
5008:
5004:
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4995:
4993:
4991:
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4978:
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4972:9789814818001
4968:
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4956:
4952:
4948:
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4637:
4636:
4635:Islam in Iran
4633:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4611:Islam and war
4609:
4608:
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4602:
4599:
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4587:
4586:
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4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4437:Saudi history
4434:
4430:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4418:Islamic World
4415:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4396:
4392:
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4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
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4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4266:Islamic State
4263:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4236:Islamic State
4231:
4227:
4223:
4222:Islamic State
4213:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4149:regime change
4146:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4096:and lobbyist
4095:
4092:
4088:
4087:Lulu Schwartz
4084:
4080:
4079:Lulu Schwartz
4077:
4073:
4067:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
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4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4008:
4003:
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3998:
3993:
3989:
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3981:
3978:(BSU) of the
3977:
3971:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3928:According to
3921:
3919:
3914:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3898:James Woolsey
3895:
3889:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3849:Islamic State
3845:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
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3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3780:
3778:
3773:
3769:
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3761:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3732:Farah Pandith
3728:
3726:
3722:
3712:
3711:at the time.
3708:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3690:
3684:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3659:, the Afghan
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3636:
3631:
3629:
3628:Islamic State
3624:
3611:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3593:denied this.
3590:
3588:
3584:
3580:
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3508:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3467:Salafi attack
3463:
3458:
3453:
3450:
3444:
3440:
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3419:
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3398:
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3375:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3331:Jumma Kasimov
3326:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3296:
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3186:
3182:
3179:
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3082:
3081:
3073:
3072:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
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3049:Islamic State
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3039:Ahrar al-Sham
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
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3017:
3015:
3012:
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2999:
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2981:
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2962:
2959:
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2932:Jihadist flag
2930:
2928:
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2898:
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2703:
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2618:
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2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2597:televangelist
2594:
2587:Televangelism
2584:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2545:Faisal Mosque
2542:
2533:
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2526:
2524:
2520:
2516:
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2496:
2487:
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2479:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2454:
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2449:Ibn Taymiyyah
2446:
2445:Ibn Taymiyyah
2436:
2434:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2411:
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2399:
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2386:
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2366:
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2357:
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2349:
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2342:(the central
2341:
2337:
2333:
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2319:
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2176:
2174:
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2169:
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2146:
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2136:Mohamed Morsi
2133:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2118:Chatham House
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:Gulf Kingdoms
2084:
2082:
2081:Islamic State
2078:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2056:Hezb-e Islami
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2036:Muslim saints
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2016:jurisprudence
2014:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1921:Muhammad Qutb
1916:
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1722:, plus Shi'a
1721:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1703:Prior to the
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1678:Arab Cold War
1675:
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1619:Arab Cold War
1616:
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1550:Muslim saints
1547:
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1528:
1524:
1520:
1517:include the
1516:
1511:
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1249:Ahl al-Hadith
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1120:
1118:
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1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1042:Judgement Day
1040:
1038:
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1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
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919:
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891:
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882:
881:
874:
871:
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858:Maajid Nawaaz
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
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839:
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832:
829:
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784:
782:
779:
777:
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772:
769:
767:
766:Navvab Safavi
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
751:Tariq Ramadan
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
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734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
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701:Safwat Hegazi
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
686:Muhammad Asad
684:
682:
679:
677:
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672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
657:
656:
649:
646:
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641:
639:
638:House of Saud
636:
634:
633:Mohammed Omar
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
618:Mohamed Morsi
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
584:
583:
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574:Khomeini 1970
571:
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568:
561:
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541:
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474:
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445:
442:
440:
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44:
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36:
32:
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19:
12394:. Retrieved
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12372:. Retrieved
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12214:
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12168:
12133:
12120:
12101:
12095:
12083:. Retrieved
12049:
12021:. Retrieved
12012:The Guardian
12010:
11981:28 September
11979:. Retrieved
11967:The Atlantic
11965:
11917:
11911:
11892:
11886:
11867:
11861:
11849:. Retrieved
11829:
11825:
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11770:
11758:. Retrieved
11747:
11722:. Retrieved
11710:The Atlantic
11708:
11701:Wood, Graeme
11695:
11683:. Retrieved
11659:
11655:
11642:
11630:. Retrieved
11624:. New York.
11619:
11609:
11597:. Retrieved
11591:. New York.
11586:
11573:
11561:. Retrieved
11550:
11540:
11528:. Retrieved
11519:The Guardian
11517:
11507:
11498:
11492:
11480:
11469:the original
11464:
11451:
11440:the original
11435:
11422:
11410:. Retrieved
11393:
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11347:the original
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11325:the original
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11303:the original
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11273:. Retrieved
11266:the original
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11245:
11233:. Retrieved
11221:
11208:
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11159:
11147:. Retrieved
11135:
11122:
11110:. Retrieved
11103:the original
11094:
11065:. Retrieved
11061:gsmcneal.com
11060:
11047:
11038:
11034:
11024:
11012:. Retrieved
11007:
10997:
10978:
10972:
10960:. Retrieved
10958:. World Post
10936:, retrieved
10931:
10924:
10912:. Retrieved
10908:
10898:
10888:26 September
10886:. Retrieved
10881:
10859:
10852:. Retrieved
10845:the original
10836:
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10763:. Retrieved
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10700:
10689:. Retrieved
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10667:
10655:. Retrieved
10640:
10633:
10625:
10618:. Retrieved
10611:the original
10606:
10593:
10585:
10579:
10571:
10562:(1): 37â50.
10559:
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10540:
10533:. Retrieved
10519:
10509:
10497:. Retrieved
10492:
10482:
10470:. Retrieved
10459:
10447:. Retrieved
10436:
10424:. Retrieved
10402:The Guardian
10400:
10368:The Guardian
10366:
10357:
10345:. Retrieved
10334:
10322:. Retrieved
10318:the original
10307:
10295:. Retrieved
10284:
10276:
10271:
10259:. Retrieved
10248:
10236:. Retrieved
10232:October 2002
10231:
10221:
10202:
10193:
10174:
10168:
10160:
10151:
10141:
10135:
10123:. Retrieved
10116:the original
10107:
10078:
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10060:
10053:. Retrieved
10046:the original
10037:
10030:
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10005:
9996:
9989:. Retrieved
9985:gsmcneal.com
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9971:
9959:. Retrieved
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9901:
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9883:. Retrieved
9881:. World Post
9857:. Retrieved
9853:gsmcneal.com
9852:
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9650:. Retrieved
9645:
9616:
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9603:
9598:
9593:(2000), p.29
9590:
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9494:. Retrieved
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9472:
9460:. Retrieved
9445:
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9390:
9389:DeLong-Bas,
9385:
9375:16 September
9373:. Retrieved
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9325:. Retrieved
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9259:. Retrieved
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9050:
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9034:
9022:. Retrieved
9017:
9008:
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8992:. Retrieved
8987:
8978:
8973:, 2002, 385)
8970:
8967:Medinet Nasr
8961:
8951:
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8929:
8920:
8905:
8885:15 September
8883:. Retrieved
8878:
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8608:the original
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8578:the original
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8538:
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8512:
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8490:
8479:. Retrieved
8452:. Retrieved
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7729:. Retrieved
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7566:
7555:. Retrieved
7553:. 2011-01-18
7550:
7541:
7533:the original
7523:
7512:. Retrieved
7503:
7491:
7480:. Retrieved
7477:New Republic
7476:
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7455:. Retrieved
7446:
7418:. Retrieved
7406:
7382:. Retrieved
7378:the original
7373:
7364:
7354:30 September
7352:. Retrieved
7348:
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7321:
7312:
7300:. Retrieved
7295:
7285:
7273:. Retrieved
7269:
7259:
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7229:
7222:. Retrieved
7190:. Retrieved
7187:The Atlantic
7186:
7176:
7164:. Retrieved
7153:
7141:. Retrieved
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7126:
7114:. Retrieved
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7095:
7088:. Retrieved
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7062:. Retrieved
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7036:. Retrieved
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6960:. Retrieved
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6761:. Retrieved
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6687:. Retrieved
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6637:. Retrieved
6626:
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6599:
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6543:. Retrieved
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6286:the original
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6165:. Retrieved
6148:Beacon Press
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6004:
6001:
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5990:Algar, Hamid
5984:
5912:
5907:13 September
5905:. Retrieved
5890:
5869:
5860:
5856:
5846:
5839:can develop.
5833:
5826:. Retrieved
5822:the original
5811:
5798:
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5762:
5755:. Retrieved
5735:
5713:
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5682:
5677:– via
5671:. Retrieved
5643:
5638:Roy, Olivier
5619:
5612:. Retrieved
5597:
5590:
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5566:
5543:
5539:
5518:. Retrieved
5514:the original
5503:
5494:
5483:
5462:cite journal
5454:
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5443:the original
5438:
5428:
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5415:
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5281:
5274:. Retrieved
5269:
5256:
5244:
5229:
5205:. Retrieved
5201:
5160:
5136:. Retrieved
5134:. 2016-10-05
5131:
5122:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5059:
5010:
4946:
4940:
4928:. Retrieved
4923:
4890:
4873:
4863:
4859:
4854:
4842:
4838:Allahu Akbar
4836:
4827:
4814:
4804:
4800:
4775:
4762:
4753:
4746:Gilles Kepel
4740:
4565:
4549:
4545:
4537:
4517:Dar al-islam
4515:
4509:
4499:
4487:
4483:
4467:
4463:
4460:Fiqh al-Dima
4459:
4426:
4414:medieval age
4407:
4387:pan-Islamist
4366:
4352:
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4332:
4329:non Muslimss
4318:
4309:pan-Islamist
4300:
4282:
4270:Saudi Arabia
4255:
4233:
4186:Noah Feldman
4183:
4178:
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4069:
4038:Saudi Arabia
4018:house arrest
4011:
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3979:
3973:
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3927:
3918:Ali al-Ahmed
3915:
3911:
3891:
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3882:
3874:
3870:Grand Mosque
3863:
3858:
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3822:Noah Feldman
3820:
3781:
3768:Ramzi Yousef
3764:9/11 attacks
3757:
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3564:
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3526:
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3503:
3484:
3481:Other jihads
3475:
3454:
3446:
3442:
3430:
3425:
3397:Ahmed Rashid
3394:
3390:
3382:Muslim world
3370:
3357:
3355:
3339:
3327:
3321:
3318:Red Crescent
3310:Hezbi Islami
3302:Afghan Arabs
3298:
3273:
2945:
2840:
2832:
2830:
2821:
2801:
2789:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2748:
2729:
2718:
2705:
2699:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2622:
2609:9/11 attacks
2590:
2574:
2565:
2558:
2527:
2512:
2507:
2503:
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2493:
2481:
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2470:
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2427:
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2387:
2383:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2350:(IIRO), the
2329:
2322:
2317:
2314:Saudi Arabia
2294:petrodollars
2291:
2277:
2261:
2258:Gilles Kepel
2255:
2208:
2206:
2192:
2173:Pew Research
2167:
2164:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2129:
2122:
2109:The Atlantic
2090:
2070:
2060:Gilles Kepel
2026:and popular
2009:Ahl-i Hadith
2001:
1993:cracked down
1987:(founder of
1977:Said Ramadan
1969:
1956:
1931:government.
1917:
1885:
1872:
1868:
1848:, after the
1807:Allahu Akbar
1805:
1797:
1791:
1784:
1781:
1717:
1708:
1702:
1693:Saudi Arabia
1660:
1584:
1562:
1558:Afghan jihad
1535:
1512:
1499:
1496:
1480:Muslim world
1477:
1458:
1386:
1317:Ahl-i Hadith
1257:In terms of
1254:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1171:
1065:Five Pillars
920:
910:Islamophobia
786:Ahmed Yassin
771:Ali Shariati
711:Ali Khamenei
593:Ali Khamenei
564:
562:
550:
537:
525:
513:
469:
468:
427:
426:
385:Ahl-i Hadith
369:
344:Anti-Zionism
313:
301:
294:
273:Pan-Islamism
253:
248:of knowledge
244:Islamization
192:
83:Fundamentals
39:Ahl-i Hadith
26:
12430:Sunni Islam
12312:. Regnery.
11394:govinfo.gov
11275:17 November
11112:17 November
10854:26 November
10752:. Penguin.
10125:26 November
8221:Daily Times
8192:Durie, Mark
8098:10 November
6962:25 November
6843:archive.org
6822:6 September
6167:21 December
6107:I.B. Tauris
5971:Sayyid Qutb
5923:pan-Islamic
5828:8 September
5247:petro-Islam
5170:I.B. Tauris
5084:: 675â705.
4930:16 November
4703:Petro-Islam
4389:call for a
4357:related to
4274:Gulf allies
4202:Sayyid Qutb
4102:U.S. Senate
4048:during the
4034:Afghanistan
4022:citizenship
3980:Dar al-Ifta
3816:Sayyid Qutb
3790:. Academic
3784:Sayyid Qutb
3401:Mullah Omar
2792:Six-Day War
2695:Rashid Rida
2674:Other means
2292:The use of
2239:Control of
2004:Olivier Roy
1925:Sayyid Qutb
1905:Sayyid Qutb
1876:Scott Shane
1663:Arab states
1653:Six-Day War
1623:Petro-Islam
1589:) but also
1403:Persecution
1239:Ahl al-Ra'y
991:Sunni Islam
873:Bassam Tibi
868:Olivier Roy
761:Rashid Rida
746:Sayyid Qutb
532:Iqbal 1930s
479:MENA region
449:MillĂź GörĂŒĆ
12409:Categories
12015:. London.
11555:. London.
11522:. London.
11299:Asia Times
11067:22 October
10962:30 October
10938:2017-06-22
10914:19 October
10832:see also:
10713:28 October
10691:2017-06-27
10657:28 October
10620:22 October
10535:22 October
10472:4 February
10449:6 November
10297:31 October
10055:31 October
9991:31 October
9885:31 October
9859:22 October
9406:, 175-176.
9291:. p.
9165:5 February
8584:3 February
8554:3 February
8528:3 February
8481:2013-12-03
7592:review in
7590:The Qur'an
7585:The Qur'an
7557:2017-06-22
7514:2016-06-09
7482:2016-06-09
7457:2016-06-09
7420:2016-06-09
7384:2016-06-09
7166:6 November
6893:26 October
6818:. Brooking
6545:2017-06-22
6150:. p.
6034:. p.
5959:South Asia
5837:radicalism
5656:. p.
5520:25 October
5138:2021-08-20
4902:References
4748:defined as
4640:Khomeinism
4472:Boko Haram
4367:Muwahhidun
4301:Muwahhidun
4238:" (IS) in
4220:See also:
4175:, argues:
4064:See also:
3828:and later
3557:In 2002 a
3378:Sharia law
3306:mujahideen
3054:Boko Haram
3029:Al-Shabaab
2885:Mujahideen
2738:, and the
2601:Zakir Naik
2439:Literature
2316:wearing a
2114:Owen Jones
2091:The other
2050:of Sheikh
2032:veneration
1743:South Asia
1713:(the four
1671:secularist
1609:Background
1597:, such as
1546:veneration
1471:and other
1382:Literature
1347:Holy sites
1235:Maturidism
1092:Pilgrimage
1027:Holy books
863:Sam Harris
843:Farag Foda
623:Zia ul-Haq
484:South Asia
395:Madkhalism
370:Scholastic
328:Influences
142:Khomeinism
126:Ideologies
114:Secularism
12435:Wahhabism
12160:994829038
12128:(2018) .
11674:): 1â48.
10686:0362-4331
10405:. London.
10261:17 August
9652:17 August
9402:Commins,
9341:Commins,
8522:Gulf News
8028:21 August
7932:21 August
7447:Telegraph
7415:0099-9660
6689:2 January
6540:0362-4331
6204:(2001) .
5947:communism
5938:socialist
5932:, and by
5489:Dore Gold
5473:ignored (
5449:21 August
5375:terrorism
5114:147114018
5098:2043-6874
5051:1874-6691
4981:159438333
4951:Singapore
4841:replaced
4652:Wahhabism
4576:non-Arabs
4484:Hakimiyya
4456:ideologue
4427:Although
4422:Crusaders
4416:when the
4383:apostates
4359:End Times
4305:caliphate
4163:, senior
4117:war hawks
4110:Professor
4089:and then-
4074:like the
3992:terrorism
3896:director
3888:ideology.
3842:Islamists
3794:, senior
3715:Teachings
3617:Post 2003
3473:in 1802.
3426:Salafiyya
3358:madrassas
3346:madrassas
3322:Mujahidin
2970:Wahhabism
2905:Inghimasi
2890:Istishhad
2833:Salafiyya
2754:Migration
2657:from the
2653:The 2013
2627:the 2015
2549:Islamabad
2515:Al-Fatiha
2500:merciful.
2421:of God."
2398:Nasserist
2380:Education
2312:Woman in
2209:Salafiyya
1595:apostates
1364:Jerusalem
1324:Modernism
1312:Wahhabism
1272:al-Wijdan
1231:Ash'arism
898:Modernism
826:in Europe
557:Qutb 1965
544:Asad 1961
508:Key texts
428:Political
410:Wahhabism
366:Movements
207:Caliphate
104:Economics
12425:Islamism
12076:Archived
12017:Archived
11975:Archived
11842:Archived
11840:: 1â43.
11754:Archived
11718:Archived
11676:Archived
11626:Archived
11621:HuffPost
11593:Archived
11588:HuffPost
11557:Archived
11524:Archived
11406:Archived
11226:Archived
11140:Archived
11035:Politico
10765:10 April
10542:rise.ion
10347:28 April
10277:Newsweek
10201:(2010).
10077:(2010).
9955:BBC News
9591:Taliban,
9393:, p.267.
9366:Archived
9279:(2004).
9215:(2000).
8374:Archived
8351:Archived
8227:8 August
7776:Al-Hayat
7622:Archived
7508:Archived
7451:Archived
7322:BBC News
7064:20 March
6848:15 April
6597:(2012).
6282:CBC News
6212:New York
6103:New York
6022:(2005).
5992:(2002).
5926:ideology
5919:militant
5901:Archived
5897:New York
5857:Guardian
5640:(1994).
5331:(2012).
5276:31 March
5166:New York
5158:(2003).
5106:23750964
5009:(eds.).
4659:Islamism
4626:Jihadism
4583:See also
4526:unbelief
4502:Jihadist
4452:Jihadist
4449:Egyptian
4371:Al-Ghayb
4316:Qur'anic
4272:and its
4050:Gulf War
4044:against
4014:Gulf War
3970:Gulf War
3958:Zawahiri
3939:al-Qaeda
3937:such as
3902:Al-Qaeda
3875:Scholar
3830:al-Qaeda
3657:al-Qaeda
3547:jihadist
3507:Salafism
3491:Al-Qaeda
3489:such as
3433:Deobandi
3366:Deobandi
3014:Al-Qaeda
2966:Salafism
2956:Islamism
2900:Shahidka
2864:Jihadism
2617:Peace TV
2581:Sarajevo
2362:(WAMY).
2358:and the
2268:1973 War
2048:movement
2040:Gulf War
2002:Scholar
1929:Egyptian
1765:and the
1719:Madhhabs
1581:Pakistan
1307:Salafism
1276:al-Kashf
1245:Atharism
1112:Abu Bakr
983:a series
981:Part of
470:Militant
390:Deobandi
266:Jihadism
182:Concepts
132:Islamism
109:Politics
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12374:2 April
11724:28 June
11685:28 June
11632:28 June
11599:28 June
11563:28 June
11530:28 June
11412:26 June
11014:8 April
10426:29 July
10146:: p.120
9961:29 July
9762:: p.133
9698:Taliban
9619:, p.57.
9589:Rashid,
9578:Taliban
9548:Taliban
9537:: p.223
9531:Kepel,
9496:4 April
9327:8 April
9261:4 April
9236:: p.127
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9140:: p.218
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9092:: p.120
9039:Kepel,
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8858:Kepel,
8502:30 June
8328:white`.
8201:23 June
8119:. 2007.
8023:The Age
7973:Medina.
7966:2 April
7905:2 April
7647:: p.118
7328:19 June
7143:29 July
6987:: p.119
6927:clergy.
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6660:: p.126
6584:: p.116
6559:Kepel,
6361:Kepel,
6292:May 29,
5969:leader
5942:Marxist
5934:liberal
5881:of the
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5439:cfr.org
5132:OUPblog
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4883:jihadis
4865:madhhab
4354:hadiths
4341:Arabist
4293:Qutbism
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4119:in the
4098:Jon Kyl
3988:Ibn Baz
3892:Former
3832:leader
3798:at the
3661:Taliban
3623:attacks
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2961:Qutbism
2845:Peshwar
2797:embargo
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1773:Hanbali
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1751:in the
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1010:Beliefs
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283:aspects
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