Muhammad - Knowledge

1390:); the lack of such a chain for the biographical literature makes it unverifiable in their eyes. The hadiths generally present an idealized view of Muhammad. Western scholars have expressed skepticism regarding the verifiability of these chains of transmission. It is widely believed by Western scholars that there was widespread fabrication of hadith during the early centuries of Islam to support certain theological and legal positions, and it has been suggested that it is "very likely that a considerable number of hadiths that can be found in the hadith collections did not actually originate with the Prophet". In addition, the meaning of a hadith may have drifted from its original telling to when it was finally written down, even if the chain of transmission is authentic. Overall, some Western academics have cautiously viewed the hadith collections as accurate historical sources, while the "dominant paradigm" in Western scholarship is to consider their reliability suspect. Scholars such as 3271: 3150:, resulted in actual fighting and capture of booty and prisoners. In March 624, Muhammad led some three hundred warriors in a raid on a Meccan merchant caravan. The Muslims set an ambush for the caravan at Badr. Aware of the plan, the Meccan caravan eluded the Muslims. A Meccan force was sent to protect the caravan and went on to confront the Muslims upon receiving word that the caravan was safe. Due to being outnumbered more than three to one, a spirit of fear ran throughout the Muslim camp; Muhammad tried to boost their morale by telling them he had a dream in which God promised to send 1,000 angels to fight with them. From a tactical standpoint, Muhammad placed troops in front of all of the wells so the Quraysh would have to fight for water, and positioned other troops in such a way that would require the Quraysh to fight uphill while also facing the sun. The 4604: 55: 3331:, Muhammad disclosed that he had received a divine revelation of a planned assassination attempt on him by the Banu Nadir, which involved dropping a boulder from a rooftop. Muhammad then initiated a siege on the tribe; during this time he also commanded the felling and burning of their palm groves, which was an unambiguous symbol of declaring war in Arabia. After a fortnight or so, the Banu Nadir capitulated. They were directed to vacate their land and permitted to carry only one camel-load of goods for every three people. From the spoils, Muhammad claimed a fertile piece of land where barley sprouted amongst palm trees. 2126:, who jubilantly exclaimed "Holy! Holy! If you have spoken the truth to me, O Khadijah, there has come to him the great divinity who came to Moses aforetime, and lo, he is the prophet of his people." Khadija instructed Muhammad to let her know if Gabriel returned. When he appeared during their private time, Khadija conducted tests by having Muhammad sit on her left thigh, right thigh, and lap, inquiring Muhammad if the being was still present each time. After Khadija removed her clothes with Muhammad on her lap, he reported that Gabriel left at that moment. Khadija thus told him to rejoice as she concluded it was not 4812:, in which he presents the lives of these three "great men", "the greatest legislators of the universe", and compares their careers as religious reformers and lawgivers. He rejects the common view that Muhammad is an impostor and argues that the Quran proffers "the most sublime truths of cult and morals"; it defines the unity of God with an "admirable concision". Pastoret writes that the common accusations of his immorality are unfounded: on the contrary, his law enjoins sobriety, generosity, and compassion on his followers: the "legislator of Arabia" was "a great man". 3385:, located to the south of Medina, entered into negotiations with Meccan forces to revolt against Muhammad. Although the Meccan forces were swayed by suggestions that Muhammad was sure to be overwhelmed, they desired reassurance in case the confederacy was unable to destroy him. No agreement was reached after prolonged negotiations, partly due to sabotage attempts by Muhammad's scouts. After the coalition's retreat, the Muslims accused the Banu Qurayza of treachery and besieged them in their forts for 25 days. The Banu Qurayza eventually surrendered; according to 2270:. As Muhammad passed by them, they reportedly said hurtful things to him. The same happened when he passed by them a second time. On his third pass, Muhammad stopped and said, "Will you listen to me, O Quraysh? By Him (God), who holds my life in His hand, I bring you slaughter." They fell silent and told him to go home, saying that he was not a violent man. The next day, a number of Quraysh approached him, asking if he had said what they had heard from their companions. He answered yes, and one of them seized him by his cloak. 4105: 2137:, a soothsayer, or a magician, suggesting that his experiences during these events bore resemblance to those associated with such figures widely recognized in ancient Arabia. Nonetheless, these enigmatic seizure events might have served as persuasive evidence for his followers regarding the divine origin of his revelations. Some historians posit that the graphic descriptions of Muhammad's condition in these instances are likely genuine, as they are improbable to have been concocted by later Muslims. 1126: 4411: 3539: 3985: 2011:, which had previously consisted only of walls. A complete rebuild was needed to accommodate the new weight. Amid concerns about upsetting the deities, a man stepped forth with a pickaxe and exclaimed, "O goddess! Fear not! Our intentions are only for the best." With that, he began demolishing it. The anxious Meccans awaited divine retribution overnight, but his unharmed continuation the next day was seen as a sign of heavenly approval. According to a narrative collected by 2691:

would warn them that a prophet would be sent to punish them. On hearing Muhammad's religious message, they said to each other, "This is the very prophet of whom the Jews warned us. Don't let them get to him before us!" Upon embracing Islam, they returned to Medina and shared their encounter, hoping that by having their people—the Khazraj and the Aws, who had been at odds for so long—accept Islam and adopt Muhammad as their leader, unity could be achieved between them.

4476: 3488:, a man nearing death from an infection in his wounds from the previous Meccan siege. He pronounced that all the men should be put to death, their possessions to be distributed among Muslims, and their women and children to be taken as captives. Muhammad approved this pronouncement saying it aligned with the God's judgement. Consequently, 600–900 men of Banu Qurayza were executed. The women and children were distributed as slaves, with some being transported to 25931: 21947: 4576:

eyelashes. His hair, black and not entirely curly, hung over his ears. His long, dense beard stood out against his neatly trimmed mustache. His nose was long and aquiline, ending in a fine point. His teeth were well-spaced. His face was described as intelligent, and his clear skin had a line of hair from his neck to his navel. Despite a slight stoop, his stride was brisk and purposeful. Muhammad's lip and cheek were ripped by a slingstone during the

1974: 2141: 3905: 4732: 3691: 1794: 2499:, prohibiting trade and marriage with them. Nevertheless, Banu Hashim members could still move around the town freely. Despite facing increasing verbal abuse, Muhammad continued to navigate the streets and engage in public debates without being physically harmed. At a later point, a faction within Quraysh, sympathizing with Banu Hashim, initiated efforts to end the sanctions, resulting in a general consensus in 619 to lift the ban. 3769: 3221:, which tells the story of a Muslim woman being pranked by a Qaynuqa goldsmith. Regardless of the cause, the Banu Qaynuqa sought refuge in their fort, where Muhammad blockaded them, cutting off their access to food supplies. The Banu Qaynuqa requested help from their Arab allies, but the Arabs refused since they were supporters of Muhammad. After roughly two weeks, the Banu Qaynuqa capitulated without engaging in combat. 4232: 3347:, Muhammad's troops executed a surprise attack on them at their watering place, causing them to flee rapidly. In the confrontation, the Muslims lost one man, while the enemy suffered ten casualties. As part of their triumph, the Muslims seized 2,000 camels, 500 sheep and goats, and 200 women from the tribe. The Muslim soldiers desired the captive women, but they also sought ransom money. They asked Muhammad about using 2600: 25952: 21936: 765: 4466:) and covers a broad array of activities and beliefs ranging from religious rituals, personal hygiene, and burial of the dead to the mystical questions involving the love between humans and God. The Sunnah is considered a model of emulation for pious Muslims and has to a great degree influenced the Muslim culture. The greeting that Muhammad taught Muslims to offer each other, "may peace be upon you" (Arabic: 2636:, holy enclosure in Mecca, is widely accepted as the starting point, but there is disagreement among Islamic traditions as to what constitutes "the farthest place of worship". Some modern scholars maintain that the earliest tradition saw this faraway site as a celestial twin of the Kaaba, so that Muhammad's journey took him directly from Mecca through the heavens. A later tradition, however, refers to it as 25941: 4668:, these were essentially "printed manuscripts". Today, millions of historical reproductions and modern images are available in some Muslim-majority countries, especially Turkey and Iran, on posters, postcards, and even in coffee-table books, but are unknown in most other parts of the Islamic world, and when encountered by Muslims from other countries, they can cause considerable consternation and offense. 1324: 1224: 3666:, a Jewish woman whose father, uncle, and husband had been killed by the Muslims. When asked why she did it, she replied, "You know what you've done to my people... I said to myself: If he is truly a prophet, he will know about the poison. If he's merely a king, I'll be rid of him." Muhammad suffered illness for a period due to the poison he ingested, and he endured sporadic pain from it until his death. 1895:, unsuccessfully attempted to conquer Mecca. Recent studies, however, challenge this notion, as other evidence suggests that the expedition, if it had occurred, would have transpired substantially before Muhammad's birth. Later Muslim scholars presumably linked Abraha's renowned name to the narrative of Muhammad's birth to elucidate the unclear passage about "the men of elephants" in Quran 105:1–5. 2711:, which basically means "severing of kinship ties." The departures spanned approximately three months. To avoid arriving in Medina by himself with his followers remaining in Mecca, Muhammad chose not to go ahead and instead stayed back to watch over them and persuade those who were reluctant. Some were held back by their families from leaving, but in the end, there were no Muslims left in Mecca. 2161:

rejected Muhammad's God and alluded to past and future calamities. The verses also stressed the imminent final judgment and the threat of hellfire for skeptics. Due to the complexity of the experience, Muhammad was initially very reluctant to tell others about his revelations; at first, he confided in only a few select family members and friends. According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad's wife

2042: 2122:. By the time he got to her, he was already crawling on his hands and knees, shaking wildly and crying "Cover me!", as he thrusted himself onto her lap. Khadijah wrapped him in a cloak and tucked him in her arms until his fears dissipated. She had absolutely no doubts about his revelation; she insisted it was real and not a jinn. Muhammad was also reassured by Khadija's Christian cousin 3719:, had allied with the Meccans. A clan of the Bakr made a night raid against the Khuza'a, killing a few of them. The Meccans helped the Banu Bakr with weapons and, according to some sources, a few Meccans also took part in the fighting. After this event, Muhammad sent a message to Mecca with three conditions, asking them to accept one of them. These were: either the Meccans would pay 3641:, to whom the treasure of Banu al-Nadir was entrusted, denied knowing its whereabouts. After a Jew disclosed his habitual presence around a particular ruin, Muhammad ordered excavations, and the treasure was found. When questioned about the remaining wealth, Kenana refused to divulge it. Kinana was then put through torture by Muhammad's decree and subsequently beheaded by 3158:. Seventy prisoners had been acquired, many of whom were ransomed. Muhammad and his followers saw the victory as confirmation of their faith and Muhammad ascribed the victory to the assistance of an invisible host of angels. The Quranic verses of this period, unlike the Meccan verses, dealt with practical problems of government and issues like the distribution of spoils. 1309:

cases, may have been subject only to "tendential shaping". Other scholars have criticized the reliability of this method, suggesting that one cannot neatly divide traditions into purely legal and historical categories. Western historians describe the purpose of these early biographies as largely to convey a message, rather than to strictly and accurately record history.

2585:. Mut'im agreed, and after equipping himself, he rode out in the morning with his sons and nephews to accompany Muhammad to the city. When Abu Jahl saw him, he asked if Mut'im was simply giving him protection or if he had already converted to his religion. Mut'im replied, "Granting him protection, of course." Then Abu Jahl said, "We will protect whomever you protect." 777: 3858: 2488:, which claimed that Muhammad was infallible and thus could not be fooled by Satan, the historical memory of the early community has been reevaluated. As of the 20th century CE, Muslim scholars unanimously rejected this incident. On the other hand, most European biographers of Muhammad recognize the veracity of this incident of satanic verses on the basis of the 3630:. With the prospect of rich spoils from the mission, numerous volunteers answered his call. To keep their movements hidden, the Muslim military chose to march during the nighttime. As dawn arrived and the city folks stepped out of their fortifications to harvest their dates, they were taken aback by the sight of the advancing Muslim forces. Muhammad cried out, " 4686:, religion for Muhammad was not a private and individual matter but "the total response of his personality to the total situation in which he found himself. He was responding [not only]... to the religious and intellectual aspects of the situation but also to the economic, social, and political pressures to which contemporary Mecca was subject." 4852:'s admiration for Islam as an aesthetic product, enviably authentic, radiantly holistic, played such a central role in his view of Mohammed as an exemplary world-fashioner that he even used it as a scale of judgement for the classical (the dithyramb, we are told, has to radiate pure beauty if it is to resemble 'a Koran of poetry')". After quoting 1969:, a wealthy businesswoman who had staked out a successful career as a merchant in the caravan trade industry. She asked him to take one of her caravans into Syria, after which she was so impressed by his competence in the expedition that she proposed marriage to him; Muhammad accepted her offer and remained monogamous with her until her death. 2783:). Tree trunks were used as pillars to hold up the roof, and there was no fancy pulpit; instead, Muhammad stood on top of a small stool to speak to the congregation. The structure was completed after about seven months in April 623, becoming the first Muslim building and mosque; its northern wall had a stone marking the direction of prayer ( 3472:. As the situation turned against the Qurayza, the tribe proposed to leave their land with one loaded camel each, but Muhammad refused. They then offered to leave without taking anything, but this was rejected as well, with Muhammad insisting on their unconditional surrender. The Qurayza subsequently requested to confer with one of their 2019:, a dispute arose over which clan should have the privilege. It was determined that the first person to step into the Kaaba's court would arbitrate. Muhammad took on this role, asking for a cloak. He placed the stone on it, guiding clan representatives to jointly elevate it to its position. He then personally secured it within the wall. 2246:, such as bringing forth springs of water, yet he declined, reasoning that the regularities of nature already served as sufficient proof of God's majesty. Some satirized his lack of success by wondering why God had not bestowed treasure upon him. Others called on him to visit Paradise and return with tangible parchment scrolls of the 2366:. As for the third query, concerning the nature of the spirit, the Qur'anic revelation asserted that it was beyond human comprehension. Neither the Jews who devised the questions nor the Quraysh who posed them to Muhammad converted to Islam upon receiving the answers. Nadr and Uqba were later executed on Muhammad's orders after the 5209:, writing for the Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: "The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the founder of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger ( 2858:

a treaty or a unilateral proclamation by Muhammad, the number of documents it comprised, the primary parties, the specific timing of its creation (or that of its constituent parts), whether it was drafted before or after Muhammad's removal of the three leading Jewish tribes of Medina, and the proper approach to translating it.

4356:. According to a BBC summary, "the Prophet Muhammad did not try to abolish slavery, and bought, sold, captured, and owned slaves himself. But he insisted that slave owners treat their slaves well and stressed the virtue of freeing slaves. Muhammad treated slaves as human beings and clearly held some in the highest esteem". 3896:. He also reaffirmed that husbands had the right to discipline and strike their wives without excessive force if they were unfaithful or misbehaved. He explained that wives were entrusted to their husbands and, if obedient, deserved to be provided with food and clothing, as they were gifts from God for personal enjoyment. 2302:"By God, we can no longer endure this vilification of our forefathers, this derision of our traditional values, this abuse of our gods. Either you stop Muhammad yourself, Abu Talib, or you must let us stop him. Since you yourself take the same position as we do, in opposition to what he’s saying, we will rid you of him." 5262:, Satan tempted him to utter the following lines after verses 19 and 20: "Have you thought of Allāt and al-'Uzzā and Manāt the third, the other; These are the exalted Gharaniq, whose intercession is hoped for." (Allāt, al-'Uzzā and Manāt were three goddesses worshiped by the Meccans). cf Ibn Ishaq, A. Guillaume p. 166. 4630:, typically in literary genres describing the life and deeds of Muhammad. During the Ilkhanid period, when Persia's Mongol rulers converted to Islam, competing Sunni and Shi'a groups used visual imagery, including images of Muhammad, to promote their particular interpretation of Islam's key events. Influenced by the 3582:'s second cousin, to negotiate with the Quraysh. As the negotiations were prolonged, rumors of Uthman's death began to spark, prompting Muhammad to call his followers to renew their oaths of loyalty. Uthman returned with news of a negotiation impasse. Muhammad remained persistent. In the end, the Quraysh sent 3816:. Several motives are proposed, including avenging the defeat at Mu'tah and earning vast booty. Because of the drought and severe heat at that time, some of the Muslims refrained from participating. This led to the revelation of Quran 9:38 which rebuked those slackers. When Muhammad and his army reached 3381:. The siege of Medina began on 31 March 627 and lasted two weeks. Abu Sufyan's troops were unprepared for the fortifications, and after an ineffectual siege, the coalition decided to return home. The Quran discusses this battle in sura Al-Ahzab, in verses 33:9–27. During the battle, the Jewish tribe of 4634:

tradition of representational religious art predating the Mongol elite's conversion, this innovation was unprecedented in the Islamic world, and accompanied by a "broader shift in Islamic artistic culture away from abstraction toward representation" in "mosques, on tapestries, silks, ceramics, and in

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In the siege of Medina, the Meccans exerted the available strength to destroy the Muslim community. The failure resulted in a significant loss of prestige; their trade with Syria vanished. Following the Battle of the Trench, Muhammad made two expeditions to the north, both ended without any fighting.

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and some of Muhammad's daughters, since it was considered shameful to kill a man in front of the women in his family. They instead chose to wait until Muhammad left the house the next morning; one of the men peeked into a window and saw what he believed to be Muhammad (but was actually Ali dressed in

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Muhammad was confident that he could distinguish his own thoughts from these messages. The early Quranic revelations utilized approaches of cautioning non-believers with divine punishment, while promising rewards to believers. They conveyed potential consequences like famine and killing for those who

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During the 632 pilgrimage season, Muhammad personally led the ceremonies and gave a sermon. Among the key points highlighted are said to have been the prohibition of usury and vendettas related to past murders from the pre-Islamic era; the brotherhood of all Muslims; and the adoption of twelve lunar

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offered their help, which Muhammad declined. Despite being outnumbered, the Muslims initially held their ground but lost advantage when some archers disobeyed orders. As rumors of Muhammad's death spread, the Muslims started to flee, but he had only been injured and managed to escape with a group of

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or corroboration. The appellation is generally deemed imprecise, as the text neither established a state nor enacted Quranic statutes, but rather addressed tribal matters. While scholars from both the West and the Muslim world agree on the text's authenticity, disagreements persist on whether it was

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wished to send a prophet, couldn't He have found a better person than you, a weak and fatherless orphan?" Realizing his efforts were in vain, Muhammad asked the people of Ta'if to keep the matter a secret, fearing that this would embolden the hostility of the Quraysh against him. However, instead of

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Abu Talib politely dismissed them at first, thinking it was just a heated talk. But as Muhammad grew more vocal, Abu Talib requested Muhammad to not burden him beyond what he could bear, to which Muhammad wept and replied that he would not stop even if they put the sun in his right hand and the moon

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Shortly after Waraqa's death, the revelations ceased for a period, causing Muhammad great distress and thoughts of suicide. On one occasion, he reportedly climbed a mountain intending to jump off. However, upon reaching the peak, Gabriel appeared to him, affirming his status as the true Messenger of

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When he divided the plentiful loot acquired at Hunayn among his soldiers, the rest of the Hawazin converted to Islam and implored Muhammad to release their children and women, reminding him that he had been nursed by some of those women when he was a baby. He complied but held on to the rest of the

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offered his services, explaining that the task would require deception. Muhammad did not contest this. He then gathered accomplices, including Ka'b's foster brother, Abu Naila. They pretended to complain about their post-conversion hardships, persuading Ka'b to lend them food. On the night of their

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and staunch critic of Muhammad, had just returned from Mecca after producing poetry that mourned the death of the Quraysh at Badr and aroused them to retaliate. When Muhammad learned of this incitement against the Muslims, he asked his followers, "Who is ready to kill Ka'b, who has hurt God and His

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Permission has been given to those who are being fought, because they were wronged. And indeed, Allah is competent to give them victory. Those who have been evicted from their homes without right—only because they say, "Our Lord is Allah." And were it not that Allah checks the people, some by means

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to join them on their return to Medina to promote Islam. Come June 622, a significant clandestine meeting was convened, again at Aqaba. In this gathering, seventy-five individuals from Yathrib (Medina) attended, including two women, representing all the converts of the oases. Muhammad asked them to

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As resistance to his proselytism in Mecca grew, Muhammad began to limit his efforts to non-Meccans who attended fairs or made pilgrimages. During this period, Muhammad had an encounter with six individuals from the Banu Khazraj. These men had a history of raiding Jews in their locality, who in turn

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dismiss the idea that Muhammad deliberately deceived his followers, arguing that Muhammad "was absolutely sincere and acted in complete good faith" and Muhammad's readiness to endure hardship for his cause, with what seemed to be no rational basis for hope, shows his sincerity. Watt, however, says

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Muhammad began to prepare for a campaign. In 630, Muhammad marched on Mecca with 10,000 Muslim converts. With minimal casualties, Muhammad seized control of Mecca. He declared an amnesty for past offences, except for ten men and women who were "guilty of murder or other offences or had sparked off

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chieftain who had been aided by the Qaynuqa in the past encouraged Muhammad to show leniency. In a narrated incident, Muhammad turned away from Ibn Ubayy, but undeterred, the chieftain grasped Muhammad's cloak, and refused to let go until Muhammad agreed to treat the tribe leniently. Despite being

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at that time. Muhammad used the building to host public and political meetings, as well as a place for the poor to gather to receive alms, food, and care. Christians and Jews were also allowed to participate in community worship at the mosque. Initially, Muhammad's religion had no organized way to

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included only the story of Muhammad's ascension from the sanctuary in Mecca to "the earthly heaven". Tabari placed this story at the beginning of Muhammad's public ministry, between his account of Khadija becoming "the first to believe in the Messenger of God" and his account of "the first male to

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for his methods, in particular his decision to omit his sources. Recent studies have led scholars to distinguish between traditions touching legal matters and purely historical events. In the legal group, traditions could have been subject to invention while historic events, aside from exceptional

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Islam (1%) than among Shias (10%–15%). While both Sunnis and Shias have created images of Muhammad in the past, Islamic depictions of Muhammad are rare. They have mostly been limited to the private and elite medium of the miniature, and since about 1500 most depictions show Muhammad with his face

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on it and instructed him to read. When Muhammad confessed his illiteracy, Gabriel choked him forcefully, nearly suffocating him, and repeated the command. As Muhammad reiterated his inability to read, Gabriel choked him again in a similar manner. This sequence took place once more before Gabriel

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Various sources present a probable description of Muhammad in the prime of his life. He was slightly above average in height, with a sturdy frame and wide chest. His neck was long, bearing a large head with a broad forehead. His eyes were described as dark and intense, accentuated by long, dark

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put upon his tongue two short verses: "These are the high flying ones / whose intercession is to be hoped for." This led to a general reconciliation between Muhammad and the Meccans, and the Muslims in Abyssinia began to return home. However, the next day, Muhammad retracted these verses at the

2408:, and her husband. The Quraysh then sent two men to retrieve them. Because leatherwork at the time was highly prized in Abyssinia, they gathered a lot of skins and transported them there so they could distribute some to each of the kingdom's generals. But the king firmly rejected their request. 3780:

gathered their entire tribe, including their families, to fight. They are estimated to have around 4,000 warriors. Muhammad led 12,000 soldiers to raid them, but they surprised him at Wadi Hunayn. The Muslims overpowered them and took their women, children and animals. Muhammad then turned his

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regarding Muhammad. The rabbis advised them to ask Muhammad three questions: recount the tale of young men who ventured forth in the first age; narrate the story of a traveler who reached both the eastern and western ends of the earth; and provide details about the spirit. If Muhammad answered

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of the 'Amr b. 'Awf tribe, had composed verses taunting and insulting the Muslims. They were killed by people belonging to their own or related clans, and Muhammad did not disapprove of the killings. This report, however, is considered by some to be a fabrication. Most members of those tribes

1954:, who is said to have then foretold his prophethood. There are multiple versions of the story with details that contradict each other. All accounts of Bahira and his meeting with Muhammad have been considered fictitious by modern historians as well as by some medieval Muslim scholars such as 3652:

Following their defeat by the Muslims, some of the Jews proposed to Muhammad that they stay and serve as tenant farmers, given the Muslims' lack of expertise and labor force for date palm cultivation. They agreed to give half of the annual produce to the Muslims. Muhammad consented to this

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took power in the early 16th century. The Safavaids, who made Shi'i Islam the state religion, initiated a departure from the traditional Ilkhanid and Timurid artistic style by covering Muhammad's face with a veil to obscure his features and at the same time represent his luminous essence.

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have disputed the accuracy of Ibn Ishaq's narrative. Arafat believes that Ibn Ishaq's Jewish sources, speaking over 100 years after the event, conflated this account with memories of earlier massacres in Jewish history; he notes that Ibn Ishaq was considered an unreliable historian by his

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The historical record of Mecca during Muhammad's early life is limited and fragmentary, making it difficult to distinguish between fact and legend. Several Islamic narratives relate that Muhammad, as a child, went on a trading trip to Syria with his uncle Abu Talib and met a monk named

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to prevent pregnancy, to which Muhammad replied, "You are not under any obligation to forbear from that..." Later, envoys arrived in Medina to negotiate the ransom for the women and children. Despite having the choice, all of them chose to return to their country instead of staying.

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and discussed how they had never faced such serious problems as they were facing from Muhammad. They said that he had derided their culture, denigrated their ancestors, scorned their faith, shattered their community, and cursed their gods. Sometime later, Muhammad came, kissing the

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which was published posthumously in 1730, described Muhammad as a gifted political leader and a just lawmaker. He presents him as a divinely inspired messenger whom God employed to confound the bickering Oriental Christians, to liberate the Orient from the despotic rule of the

4997:, who were seeking for the inner meaning of the Quran and the inner nature of Muhammad, viewed the prophet of Islam not only as a prophet but also as a perfect human being. All Sufi orders trace their chain of spiritual descent back to Muhammad. Some notable Sufis, such as 4595:, and instead decorate mosques with calligraphy, Quranic inscriptions, or geometrical designs. Today, the interdiction against images of Muhammad—designed to prevent worship of Muhammad, rather than God—is much more strictly observed in Sunni Islam (85%–90% of Muslims) and 4337:

Nine of Muhammad's wives survived him. Aisha, who became known as Muhammad's favorite wife in Sunni tradition, survived him by decades and was instrumental in helping assemble the scattered sayings of Muhammad that form the Hadith literature for the Sunni branch of Islam.

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immediately sent an envoy to Muhammad and agreed to the same terms of relinquishing 50% of their annual harvest. However, since no combat occurred, the rank and file had no claim to a portion of the spoils. Consequently, all the loot became Muhammad's exclusive wealth.

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spoke for them, Muhammad refrained from executing them and commanded that they be exiled from Medina. Following the Battle of Badr, Muhammad also made mutual-aid alliances with a number of Bedouin tribes to protect his community from attacks from the northern part of

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in Medina, Muhammad received revelations from God that he should be facing Mecca rather than Jerusalem during prayer. Muhammad adjusted to the new direction, and his companions praying with him followed his lead, beginning the tradition of facing Mecca during prayer.

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written by Muhammad. In the constitution, Medina's Arab and Jewish tribes promised to live peacefully alongside the Muslims and to refrain from making a separate treaty with Mecca. It also guaranteed the Jews freedom of religion. In the agreement, everyone under its

3312:. Mass casualties suffered by the Muslims in the Battle of Uhud resulted in many wives and daughters being left without a male protector, so after the battle, Muhammad received revelation allowing Muslim men to have up to four wives each, marking the beginning of 2177:. As word of Muhammad's revelations continued to spread throughout the rest of his family, they became increasingly divided on the matter, with the youth and women generally believing in him, while most of the men in the elder generations were staunchly opposed. 2735:

Muhammad's cloak), though unbeknownst to them, Muhammad had previously escaped from the back of the residence. When Ali went outside to go for a walk the following morning, the men realized they had been fooled, and the Quraysh consequently offered a 100-camel

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mustered a force of 10,000 men. Muhammad prepared a force of about 3,000 men and adopted a form of defense unknown in Arabia at that time; the Muslims dug a trench wherever Medina lay open to cavalry attack. The idea is credited to a Persian convert to Islam,

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arrangement with the caveat that he could displace them at any time. While they were allowed to farm, he demanded the surrender of all gold or silver, executing those who secreted away their wealth. Taking a cue from what transpired in Khaybar, the Jews in

2467:, claiming that they had been cast by Satan to his tongue and God had abrogated them. Instead, verses that revile those goddesses were then revealed. The returning Muslims thus had to make arrangements for clan protection before they could re-enter Mecca. 2439:, the episodes were more complex than the traditional accounts suggest; he proposes that there were divisions within the embryonic Muslim community, and that they likely went there to trade in competition with the prominent merchant families of Mecca. In 1965:. But likely owing to his poverty, his proposal was rejected by her father, Abu Talib, who chose a more illustrious suitor. When Muhammad was 25, his fortunes turned around; his business reputation caught the attention of his 40-year-old distant relative 2540:

to try to establish himself in the city and gain aid and protection against the Meccans, but he was met with a response: "If you are truly a prophet, what need do you have of our help? If God sent you as his messenger, why doesn't He protect you? And if

2199:. These converts keenly awaited each new revelation from Muhammad; when he recited it, they all would repeat after him and memorize it, and the literate ones recorded it in writing. Muhammad also introduced rituals to his group which included prayer ( 3299:, they assembled an army to oppose Muhammad. Upon being alerted by his scout about the impending threat, Muhammad convened a war council. Initially, he considered defending from the city center, but later decided to meet the enemy in open battle at 3161:

The victory strengthened Muhammad's position in Medina and dispelled earlier doubts among his followers. As a result, the opposition to him became less vocal. Pagans who had not yet converted were very bitter about the advance of Islam. Two pagans,

2346:

and asked Muhammad the questions, he told them he would provide the answers the next day. However, 15 days passed without a response from his God, leading to gossip among the Meccans and causing Muhammad distress. At some point later, the angel

4274:

who was 40 years old. The marriage lasted for 25 years and was a happy one. Muhammad did not enter into marriage with another woman during this marriage. After Khadijah's death, Khawla bint Hakim suggested to Muhammad that he should marry

4529:) to the worlds". The association of rain with mercy in Oriental countries has led to imagining Muhammad as a rain cloud dispensing blessings and stretching over lands, reviving the dead hearts, just as rain revives the seemingly dead earth. 3461:. Abu Sufyan refused their requirement. Nevertheless, later accounts claim that 11 Jewish individuals from the Qurayza were indeed agitated and acted against Muhammad, though the course of event may have been dramatized within the tradition. 3809:, who had fought bravely in the battle, but received close to nothing, were unhappy with this. One of them remarked, "It is not with such gifts that one seeks God's face." Disturbed by this utterance, Muhammad retorted, "He changed color." 4298:

Muhammad performed household chores such as preparing food, sewing clothes, and repairing shoes. He is also said to have had accustomed his wives to dialogue; he listened to their advice, and the wives debated and even argued with him.

1824:

tribe, which was a dominant force in western Arabia. While his clan was one of the more distinguished in the tribe, it seems to have experienced a lack of prosperity during his early years. According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad was a

1870:) when he was young; however, historians differ as to whether it was given by people as a reflection of his nature or was simply a given name from his parents, i.e., a masculine form of his mother's name "Amina". Muhammad acquired the 1275:. However, Ibn Hisham wrote in the preface to his biography of Muhammad that he omitted matters from Ibn Ishaq's biography that "would distress certain people". Another early historical source is the history of Muhammad's campaigns by 4295:. Muhammad is said to have asked for arrangements to marry both. According to classical sources, Muhammad married Aisha when she was 6–7 years old; the marriage was consummated later, when she was 9 years old and he was 53 years old. 3483:

After a 25-day siege, the Banu Qurayza surrendered. The Muslims of Banu Aws entreated Muhammad for leniency, prompting him to suggest that one of their own should serve as the judge, which they accepted. Muhammad assigned the role to

11431: 3984: 3456:

incited the Qurayza to attack the Muslims from their compound, but the Qurayza demanded the Quraysh to provide 70 hostages from among themselves to ascertain their commitment to their plans, as proposed by Muhammad's secret agent

2770:

A few days after settling in Medina, Muhammad negotiated for the purchase of a piece of land; upon this plot, the Muslims began constructing a building that would become Muhammad's residence as well as a community gathering place

2800:) like the Jews or a wooden clapper like the Christians, but one of the Muslims in the community had a dream where a man in a green cloak told him that someone with a loud booming voice should announce the service by crying out " 2492:. Historian Alfred T. Welch proposes that the period of Muhammad's turning away from strict monotheism was likely far longer but was later encapsulated in a story that made it much shorter and implicated Satan as the culprit. 2281:

attempted to entice Muhammad to quit preaching by giving him admission to the merchants' inner circle as well as an advantageous marriage, but he refused both of the offers. A delegation of them then, led by the leader of the

3661:

At the feast following the battle, the meal served to Muhammad was reportedly poisoned. His companion, Bishr, fell dead after consuming it, while Muhammad himself managed to vomit it out after tasting it. The perpetrator was

2157:

God. This encounter soothed Muhammad, and he returned home. Later, when there was another long break between revelations, he repeated this action, but Gabriel intervened similarly, calming him and causing him to return home.

3785:, a city that was famous for its vineyards and gardens. He ordered them to be destroyed and besieged the city, which was surrounded by walls. After 15–20 days of failing to breach their defenses, he abandoned the attempts. 4690:

says there are two important political traditions in Islam—Muhammad as a statesman in Medina, and Muhammad as a rebel in Mecca. In his view, Islam is a great change, akin to a revolution, when introduced to new societies.

3418:, Muhammad's wife. Aisha was exonerated from accusations when Muhammad announced he had received a revelation confirming Aisha's innocence and directing that charges of adultery be supported by four eyewitnesses (sura 24, 4073:

retook—and this time managed to keep—the city. In the Wahhabi interpretation of Islam, burial is to take place in unmarked graves. Although the practice is frowned upon by the Saudis, many pilgrims continue to practice a

2694:

The next year, five of the earlier converts revisited Muhammad, bringing with them seven newcomers, three of whom were from the Banu Aws. At Aqaba, near Mecca, they pledged their loyalty to him. Muhammad then entrusted

5271:"Apart from this one-day lapse, which was excised from the text, the Quran is simply unrelenting, unaccommodating and outright despising of paganism." (The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad, Jonathan E. Brockopp, p. 35). 1083:) that Muhammad reported receiving until his death form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the verbatim "Word of God" on which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices ( 3480:. When asked about Muhammad's intentions, he gestured towards his throat, indicating an imminent massacre. He immediately regretted his indiscretion and tied himself to one of the Mosque pillars as a form of penance. 2550:, a Meccan chief with a summer residence in Ta'if. Muhammad felt despair due to the unexpected rejection and hostility he received in the city; at this point, he realized he had no security or protection except from 3831:

The Hawazin's acceptance of Islam resulted in Taif losing its last major ally. After enduring a year of unrelenting thefts and terror attacks from the Muslims following the siege, the people of Taif, known as the

4393:. Islamic belief is that ideally the Shahadah is the first words a newborn will hear; children are taught it immediately and it will be recited upon death. Muslims repeat the shahadah in the call to prayer ( 4069:, Saud's followers, destroyed nearly every tomb dome in Medina in order to prevent their veneration, and the one of Muhammad is reported to have narrowly escaped. Similar events took place in 1925, when the 3789:

plunder. Some of his men opposed giving away their portions, so he compensated them with six camels each from subsequent raids. Muhammad distributed a big portion of the booty to the new converts from the

11535: 18177: 3634:! Khaybar is destroyed. For when we approach a people's land, a terrible morning awaits the warned ones." After a strenuous battle lasting more than a month, the Muslims successfully captured the city. 9961:

Quraysh had put pictures in the Ka'ba including two of Jesus son of Mary and Mary (on both of whom be peace!). ... The apostle ordered that the pictures should be erased except those of Jesus and Mary.

2640:, which is generally associated with Jerusalem. Over time, these different traditions merged to present the journey as one that began in Mecca, passed through Jerusalem, and then ascended to heaven. 6148:

Things which it is disgraceful to discuss; matters which would distress certain people; and such reports as I have been told are not to be accepted as trustworthy – all these things have I omitted.

3927:

After praying at the burial site in June 632, Muhammad suffered a dreadful headache that made him cry in pain. He continued to spend the night with each of his wives one by one, but he fainted in

25387: 2565:, and he said, "They did not allow him to enter Ta'if, so let us deny him entry to Mecca as well." Knowing the gravity of the situation, Muhammad asked a passing horseman to deliver a message to 1182:

to Muhammad. The Quran is mainly addressed to a single "Messenger of God" who is referred to as Muhammad in a number of verses. The Quranic text also describes the settlement of his followers in

974:, died around the time Muhammad was born. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan. He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, 11336: 4472:) is used by Muslims throughout the world. Many details of major Islamic rituals such as daily prayers, the fasting and the annual pilgrimage are only found in the Sunnah and not the Quran. 3593:

If a Qurayshite came to Muhammad's side without his guardian's allowance, he was to be returned to the Quraysh; yet, if a Muslim came to the Quraysh, he would not be surrendered to Muhammad.

11413: 13901:

The Life of Mahomet and History of Islam to the Era of the Hegira: With Introductory Chapters on the Original Sources for the Biography of Mahomet and on the Pre-Islamite History of Arabia

4555:. In casual writing, the abbreviations SAW (for the Arabic phrase) or PBUH (for the English phrase) are sometimes used; in printed matter, a small calligraphic rendition is commonly used ( 25407: 2558:

stopped by and offered grapes, which Muhammad accepted. By the end of the encounter, Addas felt overwhelmed and kissed Muhammad's head, hands, and feet in recognition of his prophethood.

6384:

of Mālik b. Anas (d. 179/796). Later ḥadīth compendia often included other collections as well. None of these books, however, has enjoyed the esteem of al-Bukhārīʼs and Muslimʼs works.

3103:

Following the emigration, the people of Mecca seized property of Muslim emigrants to Medina. War would later break out between the people of Mecca and the Muslims. Muhammad delivered

1193:

The Quran, however, provides minimal assistance for Muhammad's chronological biography; most Quranic verses do not provide significant historical context and timeline. Almost none of

1386:

Muslim scholars have typically placed a greater emphasis on the hadith literature instead of the biographical literature, since hadiths maintain a traditional chain of transmission (

4830:

be in earnest". Carlyle's interpretation has been widely cited by Muslim scholars as a demonstration that Western scholarship validates Muhammad's status as a great man in history.

4510:

Muslims have traditionally expressed love and veneration for Muhammad. Stories of Muhammad's life, his intercession and of his miracles have permeated popular Muslim thought and

2478:

and documented by nearly all of the major biographers of Muhammad in Islam's first two centuries, which according to them corresponds to Quran 22:52. But since the rise of the

4856:, who said in a letter to some friend that "I must admit that you, the great prophet of Mecca, are the greatest poet and that your Quran... will not easily escape my memory", 25665: 25397: 25392: 4173:

between the two had devastated the region, making the empires unpopular amongst local tribes. Furthermore, in the lands that would be conquered by Muslims, many Christians (

3233:

angered by the incident, Muhammad spared the Qaynuqa, stipulating that they must depart Medina within three days and relinquish their property to the Muslims, with a fifth (

2743:

for Medina, which at the time was still named Yathrib; the two men arrived in Medina on 4 September 622. The Meccan Muslims who undertook the migration were then called the

1351:

collections, accounts of verbal and physical teachings and traditions attributed to Muhammad. Hadiths were compiled several generations after his death by Muslims including

4142:. This choice was disputed by some of Muhammad's companions, who held that Ali ibn Abi Talib, his cousin and son-in-law, had been designated the successor by Muhammad at 3209:, regarded as the weakest and wealthiest of Medina's three main Jewish tribes. Muslim sources provide different reasons for the siege, including an altercation involving 1197:

are mentioned by name in the Quran, hence not providing sufficient information for a concise biography. The Quran is considered to be contemporary with Muhammad, and the

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On February 631, Muhammad received a revelation granting idolaters four months of grace, after which the Muslims would attack, kill, and plunder them wherever they met.

3154:

commenced, and the Muslims ultimately won, killing at least forty-five Meccans with fourteen Muslims dead. They also succeeded in killing many Meccan leaders, including

2903: 3402:. Ahmad argues that only some of the tribe were killed, while some of the fighters were merely enslaved. Watt finds Arafat's arguments "not entirely convincing", while 2569:, a member of his mother's clan, requesting his protection so that he could enter in safety. But Akhnas declined, saying that he was only a confederate of the house of 152: 4541:-dominated Saudi Arabia where these public celebrations are discouraged. When Muslims say or write the name of Muhammad, they usually follow it with the Arabic phrase 2521:, also died. Despite Muhammad's persuasions to Abu Talib to embrace Islam on his deathbed, he clung to his polytheistic beliefs until the end. Muhammad's other uncle, 3959:, Muhammad said that he felt his aorta being severed because of the food he ate at Khaybar. On 8 June 632, Muhammad died. In his last moments, he reportedly uttered: 2354:

In response to the first query, the Qur'an tells a story about a group of men sleeping in a cave (Qur'an 18:9–25), which scholars generally link to the legend of the

4804:(1762), "brushing aside hostile legends of Muhammad as a trickster and impostor, presents him as a sage legislator who wisely fused religious and political powers". 21696: 5192:, p. 63, gives 8 June 632 CE, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier (primarily non-Islamic) traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the 4154:) forces because of the previous defeat, although he first had to put down a rebellion by Arab tribes in an event that Muslim historians later referred to as the 2629:, while Mi'raj is from Jerusalem to the heavens. There is considered no substantial basis for the Mi'raj in the Quran, as the Quran does not address it directly. 21578: 3951:. He replied that God would not afflict him with such a vile disease, and ordered all the women to also take the remedy. According to various sources, including 2454:

Along with many others, Tabari recorded that Muhammad was desperate, hoping for an accommodation with his tribe. So, while he was in the presence of a number of

1246:(around the 8th and 9th century CE respectively). These include traditional Muslim biographies of Muhammad, which provide additional information about his life. 2307:

in his left. When he turned around, Abu Talib called him and said, "Come back nephew, say what you please, for by God I will never give you up on any account."

20946: 3772:

Conquests of Muhammad (green lines) and the Rashidun caliphs (black lines). Shown: Byzantine empire (North and West) & Sassanid-Persian empire (Northeast).

4326:, who both died in childhood). All but one of his daughters, Fatimah, died before him. Some Shi'a scholars contend that Fatimah was Muhammad's only daughter. 25382: 23110: 1566:, the "Mountain of Light" near Mecca. At age 40, Angel Jebreel (Gabriel) was said to appear to Muhammad on the mountain and call him "the Prophet of Allah" 4790:

he vilifies Muhammad as a symbol of fanaticism, and in an essay in 1748 he calls him "a sublime and hearty charlatan". But in Voltaire's historical survey

1780: 7007:"From the Literal to the Spiritual: The Development of the Prophet Muhammad's Portrayal from 13th Century Ilkhanid Miniatures to 17th Century Ottoman Art" 3734:

the war and disrupted the peace". Some of these were later pardoned. Most Meccans converted to Islam and Muhammad proceeded to destroy all the statues of

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that sincerity does not directly imply correctness: in contemporary terms, Muhammad might have mistaken his subconscious for divine revelation. Watt and

4822: 3327:, and they agreed to his request. However, while waiting, he departed from his companions and disappeared. When they found him at his home, according to 14115: 2093:, this time seeing a mighty being that engulfed the horizon and stared back at Muhammad even when he turned to face a different direction. This was the 1914:

to illness and became an orphan. For the next two years, until he was eight years old, Muhammad was under the guardianship of his paternal grandfather,

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Any tribes interested in forming alliances with Muhammad or the Quraysh were free to do so. These alliances were also protected by the ten-year truce.

2841:

was required to defend and protect the oasis if attacked. Politically, the agreement helped Muhammad better understand which people were on his side.

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accepting his request, they pelted him with stones, injuring his limbs. He eventually evaded this chaos and persecution by escaping to the garden of

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was among the first to present a more positive view of Muhammad when he argued that Muhammad should be esteemed by Christians as a valid prophet.

3135:

in which the name of Allah is much mentioned. And Allah will surely support those who support Him. Indeed, Allah is Powerful and Exalted in Might.

16883: 16075: 2896: 2320: 2133:

Muhammad's demeanor during his moments of inspiration frequently led to allegations from his contemporaries that he was under the influence of a

4993:

The Sunnah contributed much to the development of Islamic law, particularly from the end of the first Islamic century. Muslim mystics, known as

26003: 23356: 18340: 6368:

of Abū Dāwūd (d. 275/889) and al-Nāsaʾī (d. 303/915). The Five Book canon, which is first noted in the sixth/twelfth century, incorporates the

4722:) for the benefit of the poor; as Muhammad's power grew he demanded that tribes who wished to ally with him implement the zakat in particular. 3566:, Muhammad embarked on the journey. He was dressed in his customary pilgrim attire and was accompanied by a group of followers. Upon reaching 3464:

Citing the intrigue of the Qurayza, Muhammad besieged the tribe, though the tribe denied the charges. However, there are sources that say the

3270: 2085:, which made him no longer want to live. In desperation, Muhammad fled from the cave and began climbing up towards the top of the mountain to 25370: 3973:

Historian Alfred T. Welch speculates that Muhammad's death was caused by Medinan fever, which was aggravated by physical and mental fatigue.

3516:, whom Zayd had raided in the past, the tribe seized the opportunity for revenge, attacking the caravan and injuring him. Upon his return to 2370:, while other captives were held for ransom. As Uqba pleaded, "But who will take care of my children, Muhammad?" Muhammad responded, "Hell!" 1062:. The conquest went largely uncontested, and Muhammad seized the city with minimal casualties. In 632, a few months after returning from the 3558:). The Kaaba has been rebuilt several times; the present structure, built in 1629, is a reconstruction of an earlier building dating to 683. 5060: 4389:: "I testify that there is no god but God, and I testify that Muhammad is a Messenger of God". The Shahadah is the basic creed or tenet of 2435:

after the event of Hijra. These accounts agree that persecution played a major role in Muhammad sending them there. According to historian

15049: 10750: 2081:

When Muhammad came to his senses, he felt scared; he started to think that after all of this spiritual struggle, he had been visited by a

1058:. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and 26118: 21983: 21593: 15662: 12883: 12623: 11636: 11566: 10793: 10685: 10620: 10523: 4525:(1211–1294) is particularly well-known, and widely held to possess a healing, spiritual power. The Quran refers to Muhammad as "a mercy ( 2804:" ("God is greater") to remind Muslims of their top priority; when Muhammad heard about this dream, he agreed with the idea and selected 14791: 14156: 13044: 12458: 12303: 11883: 11761:, where, astonishingly for the sixteenth century, he argued that Muhammad ought to be esteemed even in Christendom as a genuine prophet. 11600: 11390: 11239: 10716: 10654: 10583: 5024: 3947:

fed him an Abyssinian remedy when he was unconscious. When he came to, he inquired about it, and they explained they were afraid he had

3723:

for the slain among the Khuza'ah tribe, they disavow themselves of the Banu Bakr, or they should declare the truce of Hudaybiyyah null.

2667:'s account, the Isra' came first and then the Mi'raj, and he put these stories before the deaths of Khadija and Abu Talib. In contrast, 24146: 23787: 16876: 12177: 11108: 8125: 2929: 2889: 2730:, the group of planned assassins approached Muhammad's home to carry out the attack but changed their minds upon hearing the voices of 3550:

long held a major economic and religious role for the area. Seventeen months after Muhammad's arrival in Medina, it became the Muslim

2443:'s letter preserved by Tabari, these emigrants returned after the conversion to Islam of a number of individuals in positions such as 21667: 21583: 15138: 12822:(1987). "Abraha and Muhammad: some observations apropos of chronology and literary topoi in the early Arabic historical tradition1". 5901: 4062: 4706:

privilege, rejected hierarchy, and adopted a formula of the career open to the talents". Muhammad's message transformed society and

26113: 25934: 25412: 25333: 24331: 21684: 18077: 5193: 5080: 3303:

Hill, following the insistence of the younger faction of his followers. As they prepared to depart, the remaining Jewish allies of

2529:

clan leadership, was initially willing to provide Muhammad with protection. However, upon hearing from Muhammad that Abu Talib and

1773: 7006: 26013: 25944: 25611: 24939: 24241: 21647: 21568: 15841: 15097: 5028: 3389:, all the men apart from a few converts to Islam were beheaded, while the women and children were enslaved. Walid N. Arafat and 3178:, one of three main Jewish tribes, but some historians contend that the expulsion happened after Muhammad's death. According to 2700:

protect him as they would protect their wives and children. They concurred and gave him their oath, commonly referred to as the

24360: 22621: 21588: 20536: 6364:. Beyond these two foundational classics, some fourth-/tenth-century scholars refer to a four-book selection that adds the two 4603: 3684: 3107:

verses permitting Muslims to fight the Meccans. According to the traditional account, on 11 February 624, while praying in the

1021: 483: 2632:

Quranic verse 17:1 recounts Muhammad's night journey from a revered place of prayer to the most distant place of worship. The

1301:

AH). Due to these early biographical efforts, more is known about Muhammad than almost any other founder of a major religion.

1242:

Important sources regarding Muhammad's life may be found in the historic works by writers of the 2nd and 3rd centuries of the

25772: 24348: 21598: 21555: 15024: 15000: 14981: 14955: 14874: 14851: 14830: 14777: 14726: 14702: 14678: 14643: 14619: 14595: 14573: 14546: 14525: 14504: 14480: 14458: 14437: 14413: 14392: 14373: 14354: 14301: 14277: 14253: 14226: 14205: 14184: 14150: 14100: 14076: 14055: 14034: 14010: 13986: 13965: 13941: 13920: 13885: 13861: 13837: 13813: 13785: 13761: 13737: 13713: 13692: 13670: 13645: 13621: 13597: 13573: 13538: 13517: 13491: 13466: 13442: 13418: 13392: 13371: 13341: 13317: 13273: 13252: 13228: 13205: 13181: 13135: 13111: 13087: 13063: 13038: 13007: 12983: 12953: 12925: 12893: 12872: 12809: 12757: 12736: 12708: 12684: 12663: 12642: 12617: 12593: 12565: 12501: 12480: 12452: 12431: 12410: 12386: 12362: 12343: 12289: 12258: 12233: 12208: 12153: 11877: 11829: 11750: 11630: 11594: 11560: 11529: 11500: 11467: 11425: 11384: 11299: 11233: 11102: 10787: 10744: 10710: 10679: 10648: 10614: 10577: 10507: 9947: 9853: 9817: 9354: 9109: 8697: 8672: 8579: 8119: 8080: 6788: 6550: 6480: 6434: 6349: 6272: 6141: 5781: 5754: 5356: 4784:, and to spread the knowledge of the unity of God from India to Spain. Voltaire had a mixed opinion on Muhammad: in his play 3867: 3622:, a flourishing oasis about 75 miles (121 km) north of Medina. The city was populated by Jews, including those from the 1206: 17664: 14941: 6355: 4607:

Muhammad's entry into Mecca and the destruction of idols. Muhammad is shown as a flame in this manuscript. Found in Bazil's

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Turkey and elsewhere, but mosques were never decorated with images of Muhammad. Illustrated accounts of the night journey (

2739:

for the return of Muhammad's body, dead or alive. After staying hidden for three days, Muhammad subsequently departed with

627: 14922: 5014: 3820:, there were no hostile forces present. However, he was able to force some of the local chiefs to accept his rule and pay 25049: 24959: 19492: 16068: 15067: 4414:

Calligraphic rendering of "may God honor him and grant him peace", customarily added after Muhammad's name, encoded as a

2718:

proposed a joint assassination of Muhammad by representatives of each clan. Having been informed about this by the angel

2238:, who were indifferent to his proselytizing activities, but when he started to attack their beliefs, tensions arose. The 1766: 1232: 25074: 15082: 6252: 3570:, they encountered Quraysh emissaries who questioned their intentions. Muhammad explained they had come to venerate the 25758: 23349: 22207: 6315: 6181: 4612: 1638: 807: 26108: 26018: 25672: 25512: 21450: 21404: 21064: 21058: 18889: 18588: 15016:

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: The Classical Texts and Their Interpretation, Volume I: From Convenant to Community

14899: 14750: 14126: 12529: 6619: 5774:

The History of The Qur'anic Text: From Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments

5100: 4352:. Zayd then became the couple's adopted son, but was later disowned when Muhammad was about to marry Zayd's ex-wife, 3637:

The spoils, inclusive of the wives of the slain warriors, were distributed among the Muslims. The chief of the Jews,

2186: 1031: 592: 507: 15698: 9894: 4635:

glass and metalwork" besides books. In the Persian lands, this tradition of realistic depictions lasted through the

25998: 25993: 25563: 25482: 25019: 23469: 23180: 23100: 23080: 21321: 21177: 20712: 20608: 17668: 17426: 16854: 16771: 16084: 14973: 12516: 8787: 4677: 3991: 3049: 2794:

call the community to prayer in a coordinated manner. To resolve this, Muhammad had considered using a ram's horn (

928: 17956: 13384:

The Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 1A, The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War

11667: 4868:, and thus, "writing about Islam was for Jews a way of indulging in a fantasy world, far from the persecution and 4259:(from 622 until 632). Muhammad is said to have had thirteen wives in total (although two have ambiguous accounts, 3750:

and Jesus, but other traditions suggest that all pictures were erased. The Quran discusses the conquest of Mecca.

3586:, an envoy with full negotiation powers. Following lengthy discussions, a treaty was finally enacted, with terms: 25475: 25235: 23975: 23826: 21976: 21805: 21621: 15487: 15455: 5435: 5075: 5041:

tradition honors several "mentors" and "prophets," and Muhammad is considered an important prophet of God in the

4948: 4849: 4714:, and the hierarchy of values. Economic reforms addressed the plight of the poor, which was becoming an issue in 3649:, as his own slave and later advised her to convert to Islam. She accepted and agreed to become Muhammad's wife. 2999: 2913: 2877: 2508: 1394:

do not reject the hadith which have been compiled in later periods, but judge them in their historical context.

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forces and their allies withdrew, Muhammad, while bathing at his wife's abode, received a visit from the angel

2621:

lay out the famous Isra' and Mi'raj. Nowadays, Isra' is believed by Muslims to be the journey of Muhammad from

2118:

Frightened and unable to understand the experience, Muhammad hurriedly staggered down the mountain to his wife

2086: 2028: 991: 620: 554: 11619:"Persian illustrated lithographed books on the miʻrāj: improving children's Shi'i beliefs in the Qajar period" 11376:

The challenge of the silver screen: an analysis of the cinematic portraits of Jesus, Rama, Buddha and Muhammad

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argue that viewing Muhammad as a self-seeking impostor makes it impossible to understand Islam's development.

25723: 25713: 25658: 25597: 25216: 25089: 24311: 23342: 23070: 22581: 21238: 20997: 20732: 19351: 18895: 15539: 15168: 15131: 14813: 12321: 9937: 6104: 5769: 5622: 5428: 5065: 5010: 4892:

holds that Muhammad was able to be so influential and successful because of his firm belief in his vocation.

3836:, finally reached a tipping point and acknowledged that embracing Islam was the most sensible path for them. 3477: 3009: 2823: 2518: 1919: 1287: 1116: 975: 530: 19203: 18083: 12885:

Science and Technology in World History, Volume 2: Early Christianity, the Rise of Islam and the Middle Ages

11414:"Between Logos (Kalima) and Light (Nur): Representations of the Muslim Prophet Muhammad in Islamic Painting" 6372:

of al-Tirmidhī (d. 279/892). Finally, the Six Book canon, which hails from the same period, adds either the

4860:

goes on to show how Jews in Europe in particular held more nuanced views about Muhammad and Islam, being an

4644:

Concomitantly, some of the unveiled images from earlier periods were defaced. Later images were produced in

3812:

Roughly 10 months after he captured Mecca, Muhammad took his army to attack the wealthy border provinces of

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Cimino, Richard (December 2005). ""No God in Common": American Evangelical Discourse on Islam after 9/11".

3024: 2517:, a crucial source of his financial and emotional support, died. In the same year, his uncle and guardian, 1903: 1459: 1360: 1272: 959: 347: 265: 225: 11791: 25338: 25129: 25124: 24909: 22442: 21892: 21757: 21573: 21341: 21134: 20569: 20058: 18309: 18300: 16994: 15848: 10970: 5105: 4805: 3893: 3872: 3410:

While returning from one of these journeys (or some years earlier according to other early accounts), an

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Subsequently, Muhammad called upon the Meccan Muslims to relocate to Medina. This event is known as the

2250:. But Muhammad asserted that the Quran, in the form he conveyed it, was already an extraordinary proof. 26088: 26053: 25801: 25779: 25730: 25437: 25291: 23794: 23454: 23323: 21969: 21652: 21535: 21052: 20529: 18525: 15482: 15194: 14807: 13827: 12860: 12315: 4652:) were particularly popular from the Ilkhanid period through the Safavid era. During the 19th century, 3004: 2701: 2577:, who similarly declined on the basis of tribal principle. Finally, Muhammad dispatched someone to ask 2489: 1304:

Many scholars accept these early biographies as authentic. However, Waqidi's biography has been widely

971: 24111: 22586: 18543: 3295:, wearied by Muhammad's continuous attacks on their caravans, decided to take decisive action. Led by 26043: 25549: 25356: 24158: 24101: 23686: 23210: 23160: 22090: 21732: 21433: 21262: 20958: 20738: 20701: 18480: 17308: 16783: 15807: 15551: 15360: 15350: 15210: 14716: 14322: 11909:

Tolan, John. "The Prophet Muhammad: A Model of Monotheistic Reform for Nineteenth-Century Ashkenaz."

10826: 8183: 8166: 6639: 5501: 4971:. Contemporary criticism involves questioning Muhammad's legitimacy as a prophet, his moral conduct, 4660:

books, with Muhammad's face veiled, aimed in particular at illiterates and children in the manner of

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The Meccans replied that they accepted the last condition. Soon they realized their mistake and sent

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recorded that Muhammad's Mi'raj took place first, from near the Kaaba to the heavens, on the 27th of

2444: 2362:, literally "he of the two horns" (Qur'an 18:93–99), a tale that academics widely associate with the 1939: 1923: 1910:, and her husband until he was two years old. At the age of six, Muhammad lost his biological mother 1752: 1541: 1134: 1027: 669: 28: 20507:

Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)

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Imperialism in Medieval History I: Dualism in Byzantine History 476–638 and Dualism in Islam 572–732

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took Medina in 1805, Muhammad's tomb was stripped of its gold and jewel ornamentation. Adherents to

2342:

correctly, they stated, he would be a Prophet; otherwise, he would be a liar. When they returned to

54: 26078: 25693: 25521: 25499: 24999: 23200: 23150: 22959: 22249: 21887: 21616: 21440: 21213: 20751: 20378: 19480: 19168: 19068: 16507: 15533: 15278: 15221: 15124: 14692: 13847: 13153: 11518:"When Nubuvvat encounters Valayat: Safavid painting of the "Prophet" Mohammad's Mi'raj, c. 1500–50" 10600: 4768: 4423: 4202: 4198: 4138:, Muhammad's friend and collaborator. With additional support, Abu Bakr was confirmed as the first 4039: 4027: 3735: 3431: 3019: 2969: 2934: 2578: 2397: 2274:

intervened, tearfully saying, "Would you kill a man for saying God is my Lord?" And they left him.

1876:

of Abu al-Qasim later in his life after the birth of his son Qasim, who died two years afterwards.

1194: 11522:

The Art and Material Culture of Iranian Shi'ism: Iconography and Religious Devotion in Shi'i Islam

3828:

that he sent for a raid also managed to acquire some booty including 2,000 camels and 800 cattle.

3618:

Roughly ten weeks subsequent to his return from Hudaybiyya, Muhammad expressed his plan to invade

2495:

In 616, an agreement was established whereby all other Quraysh clans were to enforce a ban on the

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of nineteenth-century Europe, where Jews could live in harmony with their non-Jewish neighbors".

4845: 4683: 4271: 4190: 3928: 3716: 3520:, Muhammad ordered Zayd to lead a punitive operation against the Fazara in which their matriarch 3224:

Following the surrender of the Qaynuqa, Muhammad was moving to execute the men of the tribe when

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Once the ransom arrangements for the Meccan captives were finalized, he initiated a siege on the

3029: 2989: 2851:, maintains that Muhammad penned the text and divulges its assumed content without supplying any 1962: 1907: 1519: 1418: 1291: 1120: 732: 634: 290: 24713: 22944: 20778: 19243: 19026: 18105: 17544: 14450:

The Legend of Sergius Baḥīrā: Eastern Christian Apologetics and Apocalyptic in Response to Islam

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in the 13th century, although the green color was added in the 16th century, under the reign of

2431:, while the majority of the second group remained in Abyssinia at the time and went directly to 26048: 26033: 25744: 25432: 25258: 24306: 24286: 24136: 23806: 23434: 22566: 22478: 21902: 21831: 21800: 21740: 20722: 20717: 20635: 20074: 19324: 18579: 18520: 18410: 17890: 17281: 15677: 15345: 15243: 15102: 15087: 15072: 15054: 14946: 14927: 14768: 13434:

Witnesses to a World Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century

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The History of al-Ṭabarī Vol. 8: The Victory of Islam: Muhammad at Medina A.D. 626-630/A.H. 5-8

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The Canonization of al-Bukhārī and Muslim: The Formation and Function of the Sunnī Ḥadīth Canon

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to lie in his bed covered with his green hadrami mantle, assuring that it would safeguard him.

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finally recited the verses, allowing Muhammad to memorize them. These verses later constituted

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The Meccan tribe of Quraysh and the Muslim community in Medina sign a 10-year truce called the

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Muslims were then required to depart back to Medina, however, they were permitted to make the

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was the first to believe he was a prophet. She was followed by Muhammad's ten-year-old cousin

1922:, the new leader of the Banu Hashim. Abu Talib's brothers assisted with Muhammad's learning — 26038: 24460: 24415: 24226: 23821: 23285: 23275: 23170: 22696: 22651: 22154: 21848: 21826: 20645: 20522: 19579: 19448: 19345: 18140: 18007: 17796: 17700: 17555: 17468: 17180: 16945: 16489: 16296: 16005: 15875: 15622: 15429: 15330: 15010: 14473:

Reading the Middle Ages: Sources from Europe, Byzantium, and the Islamic World, Third Edition

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Quinn, Frederick (2008). "The Prophet as Antichrist and Arab Lucifer (Early Times to 1600)".

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Muhammad ordered a number of raids to capture Meccan caravans, but only the 8th of them, the

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or the pledge of war. Paradise was Muhammad's promise to them in exchange for their loyalty.

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Watt, W. Montgomery (1998). "Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume I (A-B): [Fasc. 1-22]".

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to be sold. The proceeds were then utilized to purchase weapons and horses for the Muslims.

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Around 613, Muhammad began to preach to the public; many of his first followers were women,

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Orientalism and Islam: European Thinkers on Oriental Despotism in the Middle East and India

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Muhammad was buried where he died in Aisha's house. During the reign of the Umayyad caliph

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On Muhammad's return journey to Mecca, news of the events in Ta'if had reached the ears of

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after their expulsion by the Quraysh, and briefly mentions military encounters such as the

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In Islamic belief, Muhammad is regarded as the last prophet sent by God. Writings such as

1906:, died almost six months before he was born. Muhammad then stayed with his foster-mother, 373:ٱبْن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه بْن عَبْد ٱلْمُطَّلِب بْن هَاشِم بْن عَبْد مَنَاف بْن قُصَيّ بْن كِلَاب 8: 25988: 25858: 25829: 25679: 25528: 25492: 25159: 25039: 25009: 24929: 24455: 24395: 23716: 23636: 23130: 22691: 22636: 22556: 22498: 22381: 22276: 22006: 21745: 21626: 21520: 21336: 20833: 20630: 19630: 19574: 19369: 19037: 18679: 17902: 17597: 17267: 17049: 17026: 16020: 16010: 15938: 15933: 15569: 15460: 15293: 15235: 13295: 11141: 8470: 6331: 5889: 4998: 4972: 4800: 4703: 4441: 4404: 4240: 4222: 4131: 4019: 4015: 3994: 3876: 3845: 3825: 3817: 3794: 3763: 3646: 3579: 3453: 3304: 3296: 3225: 3183: 3108: 3069: 3054: 2696: 2616: 2405: 2094: 2065:. According to Islamic tradition, one day in 610 CE, when he was 40 years old, the angel 1352: 1259: 1218: 1071: 1063: 725: 490: 459: 359: 144: 127: 62: 24203: 18535: 18461: 15248: 13287: 11846: 4710:

of life in the Arabian Peninsula; society focused on the changes to perceived identity,

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before the hijrah. As is well known, these two stories were later combined into one. In

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We can discern three strata of the Sunni ḥadīth canon. The perennial core has been the

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that as Muhammad was reciting Sūra Al-Najm (Q.53), as revealed to him by the Archangel

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these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "submission" (

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The Origins of the Druze People and Religion: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings

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Sometime later in his life, Muhammad proposed marriage to his cousin and first love,

1813: 1738: 1403: 1100: 1067: 1059: 900: 793: 610: 466: 442: 199: 24: 24188: 22809: 22503: 13215:

Goddard, Hugh (2000). "The First Age of Christian-Muslim Interaction (c. 830/215)".

12120: 4794:, he presents Mohammed as a legislator and conqueror and calls him an "enthusiast". 4499: 3411: 3155: 1054:, also known as the Hijri calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the 26103: 25879: 25872: 25822: 25708: 25139: 25069: 24839: 24758: 24753: 24678: 24653: 24598: 24588: 24578: 24548: 24528: 24518: 24385: 24380: 24338: 24281: 24078: 23761: 23756: 23731: 23676: 23651: 23295: 22969: 22929: 22919: 22869: 22854: 22844: 22804: 22764: 22754: 22631: 22601: 22561: 22447: 22283: 22261: 22051: 22041: 21912: 21897: 21657: 21362: 21084: 21022: 21012: 21002: 20987: 20793: 20696: 20668: 20556: 20415: 20015: 20008: 19928: 19687: 19615: 19562: 19470: 19290: 18877: 18616: 18559: 18417: 18345: 18206: 17751: 17601: 17576: 17534: 17208: 17067: 16789: 16693: 16471: 16308: 16272: 15928: 15800: 15740: 15714: 14583: 13823: 13795: 13505: 13327: 13283: 13191: 13149: 12831: 12778: 12551: 12543: 11757:

Indeed, greater tolerance for other religions was much in evidence in Πανθενωδια:

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Nemoy, "Barakat Ahmad's "Muhammad and the Jews", p. 325. Nemoy is sourcing Ahmad's

7795: 6691: 6468: 6422: 6341: 6260: 6225: 5095: 4976: 4952: 4936: 4826:(1841) describes "Mahomet" as "A silent great soul; he was one of those who cannot 4777: 4764: 4756: 4748: 4445:

attribute several miracles or supernatural events to Muhammad. One of these is the

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of Arab society. For example, according to Lewis, Islam "from the first denounced

3512:

was tasked with guarding the convoy. When they journeyed through the territory of

3308:

loyal adherents. Satisfied they had restored their honor, the Meccans returned to

1850:

The name Muhammad means "praiseworthy" in Arabic and it appears four times in the

1238:, believed to have been transmitted by his students shortly after his death in 833 26073: 25622: 25576: 25453: 25196: 24869: 24788: 24748: 24718: 24703: 24668: 24663: 24633: 24608: 24593: 24568: 24553: 24488: 24465: 24450: 24435: 24420: 24291: 24246: 24231: 24221: 24043: 24038: 23895: 23890: 23870: 23858: 23245: 23240: 23004: 22949: 22934: 22914: 22894: 22849: 22824: 22734: 22686: 22671: 22571: 22531: 22422: 22417: 22244: 22132: 22046: 22021: 21838: 21545: 21490: 21290: 20976: 20936: 20887: 20839: 20613: 20205: 19966: 19922: 19052: 18736: 18438: 18350: 17831: 17654: 17502: 17185: 17149: 16868: 16729: 16711: 16465: 16197: 15768: 15591: 15557: 15465: 15392: 15258: 15173: 15035: 15014: 14937: 14885: 14866: 14841: 14787: 14668: 14654: 14633: 14563: 14515: 14494: 14448: 14427: 14423: 14403: 14344: 14291: 14216: 14195: 14066: 14045: 14024: 14000: 13976: 13955: 13931: 13910: 13899: 13875: 13851: 13803: 13799: 13775: 13727: 13703: 13660: 13635: 13631: 13611: 13587: 13563: 13528: 13481: 13456: 13432: 13382: 13331: 13307: 13303: 13263: 13195: 13171: 13157: 13125: 13101: 13077: 13053: 12915: 12819: 12799: 12747: 12698: 12694: 12674: 12653: 12632: 12603: 12583: 12511: 12491: 12470: 12421: 12400: 12376: 12333: 12310:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017. 12279: 11671: 11341: 11289: 9898: 9371: 9344: 8066: 7371: 7369: 6778: 6536: 6520: 4889: 4837: 4816:

admired Muhammad and Islam, and described him as a model lawmaker and conqueror.

4781: 4744: 4698:, family structure, slavery and the rights of women and children improved on the 4695: 4636: 4345: 4166: 3712: 3458: 3074: 2939: 2805: 2736: 2727: 2574: 2530: 2396:

and found a small colony under the protection of the Christian Ethiopian emperor

2108: 1915: 1491: 978:. In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named 963: 879: 859: 494: 363: 351: 231: 20: 17951: 13729:

Jews, Christians, and the Abode of Islam: Modern Scholarship, Medieval Realities

11623:

The Prophet's ascension: cross-cultural encounters with the Islamic mi'rāj tales

8389: 6695: 6513: 5956: 4104: 2069:

appeared to him during his visit to the cave. The angel showed him a cloth with

19:

This article is about the Islamic prophet. For other people named Muhammad, see

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With Muhammad's death, disagreement broke out over who his successor would be.

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O God, forgive me and have mercy on me; and let me join the highest companions.

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were destined for hell due to not believing in Islam, he withdrew his support.

2471: 2383: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2316: 2287: 1872: 1697: 1684: 1376: 1334: 1187: 1167: 924: 920: 380: 19440: 12914:

El-Azhari, Taef Kamal (2019). "Two Wives at the Same Time: Sawda and 'Aisha".

12835: 9891: 8527: 8525: 8017: 7393: 7366: 7339: 6472: 6426: 4462:

represents the actions and sayings of Muhammad (preserved in reports known as

3753: 3468:

broke the treaty with Muhammad and assisted the enemies of Muslims during the

2607:. It marks the spot where Muhammad is believed by Muslims to have ascended to 1125: 25977: 25915: 25651: 25630: 25506: 25423: 25119: 24949: 24859: 24808: 24778: 24768: 24698: 24693: 24683: 24543: 24533: 24523: 24498: 24365: 24343: 24261: 24168: 24141: 24126: 24068: 23751: 23305: 23014: 22999: 22989: 22974: 22924: 22879: 22839: 22774: 22769: 22739: 22606: 22546: 22488: 22212: 22026: 21853: 21690: 21540: 21079: 21042: 21017: 20902: 20063: 19775: 19698: 19675: 19120: 18530: 18486: 18427: 18393: 18317: 18216: 18150: 17792: 17761: 17496: 17444: 16234: 16216: 16179: 15954: 15832: 15814: 15782: 15377: 14965: 14795: 14263: 13871: 13747: 13723: 13359: 13145: 13024: 12993: 12963: 12935: 12521: 10730: 8365: 8341: 7807: 7021: 6774: 6297: 6237: 4885: 4857: 4687: 4581: 3806: 3798: 3538: 3390: 3340: 3320: 2748: 2254: 2062: 2061:, his wealthy wife, gave him plenty of free time to spend in solitude in the 2050: 1931: 1666: 1563: 1138: 979: 912: 168: 154: 18848: 18454: 17622: 7139: 7137: 4739:

by M. Prideaux (1699). He holds a sword and a crescent while trampling on a

4591:, Islamic religious art mainly focuses on the word. Muslims generally avoid 4410: 3702:

manuscript. The angels Gabriel, Michael, Israfil and Azrail, are also shown.

2419:

mentioned only one migration to Abyssinia, there were two sets according to

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Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: The Legacy of 'A'isha Bint Abi Bakr

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clan and Muhammad's caretaker, giving him an ultimatum to disown Muhammad:

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Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa: Islam and the Ideology of Enslavement

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The Generalship of Muhammad: Battles and Campaigns of the Prophet of Allah

14117:

The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition

12555: 12251:

The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status

5213:), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind." 3730:

to renew the Hudaybiyyah treaty, a request that was declined by Muhammad.

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Arafat. "New Light on the Story of Banu Qurayza and the Jews of Medina".

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where, according to Muslim belief, Muhammad received his first revelation

2016: 1995: 1817: 1618: 1104: 679: 301: 281: 18045: 17847: 17274: 16053: 14346:

The Emergence of Islam: Classical Traditions in Contemporary Perspective

9973: 5223: 4694:

Historians generally agree that Islamic social changes in areas such as

4042:. Among tombs adjacent to that of Muhammad are those of his companions ( 2881: 1020:), and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other 25841: 25765: 25303: 25181: 24989: 24889: 24738: 24658: 24430: 24321: 24163: 24106: 24083: 24048: 23997: 23987: 23955: 23900: 23726: 23706: 23631: 23595: 23499: 23484: 23409: 23334: 23270: 23230: 22799: 22789: 22666: 22596: 22483: 22452: 22432: 22376: 22371: 22326: 22221: 21795: 20892: 20867: 19878: 19758: 19662: 19653: 19237: 18884: 18837: 18721: 18402: 18155: 17228: 15984: 15974: 15959: 15288: 15268: 15216: 14761: 14629: 14538:

Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume III (H-Iram): [Fasc. 41-60, 60a]

14002:

Muhammad's Mission: Religion, Politics, and Power at the Birth of Islam

13530:

The Life of the Prophet Muḥammad: A Translation of Al-Sīra Al-Nabawiyya

13501: 12790: 12652:

Borup, Jørn; Fibiger, Marianne Qvortrup; Kühle, Lene (1 October 2019).

12299: 11664: 10640:

Islamic art in the 19th century: tradition, innovation, and eclecticism

10500:

Architectural Conservation in Islam: Case Study of the Prophet's Mosque

9902: 8816: 8072: 7815: 7002: 6214:"Writing the Biography of the Prophet Muhammad: Problems and Solutions" 4960: 4924: 4865: 4833: 4715: 4711: 4344:

was a slave that Khadija gave to Muhammad. He was bought by her nephew

4155: 4023: 4011: 4002: 3727: 3623: 3373: 3369: 3324: 3300: 3247: 2664: 2482:

movement and systematic theology with its new doctrines, including the

2416: 2401: 2207: 1955: 1879:

Islamic tradition states that Muhammad's birth year coincided with the

1832: 1368: 1268: 1243: 1228: 1000: 888: 309: 140: 92: 88: 20174: 17934: 17895: 17235: 17058: 6690:

Marr J.S., Hubbard E., Cathey J.T. (2014): The Year of the Elephant.

6176:. Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado: ABC-CLIO. p. 1634. 2099: 1973: 1918:, until the latter's death. He then came under the care of his uncle, 1263:

written c. 767 CE (150 AH). Although the original work was lost, this

25308: 25298: 24879: 24818: 24375: 24018: 23945: 23930: 23851: 23771: 23766: 23691: 23646: 23626: 23605: 23590: 23570: 23555: 23419: 23379: 23310: 23260: 23024: 22899: 22626: 22397: 22321: 22228: 22202: 22122: 21510: 20941: 20756: 20437: 20427: 20115: 19567: 19378: 19304: 19150: 18938: 18807: 18508: 18492: 17837: 17484: 17172: 17121: 16985: 15923: 15601: 15563: 15545: 15189: 14664: 14490: 13512:. Translated by Gassick, Prof Trevor Le. Reading: Garnet Publishing. 13477: 13167: 12904: 12423:

Muhammad and the Empires of Faith: The Making of the Prophet of Islam

12396: 12372: 11971: 11332: 11027: 9923:

Harold Wayne Ballard, Donald N. Penny, W. Glenn Jonas (2002), p. 163.

7215: 7167: 6611: 4596: 4538: 4522: 4284: 4147: 4066: 3880: 3743: 3739: 3562:

Early in 628, following a dream of making an unopposed pilgrimage to

3521: 3386: 3328: 3319:

Sometime later, Muhammad found himself needing to pay blood money to

3218: 3179: 3128: 3120: 2842: 2790: 2744: 2668: 2626: 2522: 2412: 2291: 2140: 2012: 1999: 1372: 1276: 1254: 21961: 20132: 14656:

Foundations of Muslim Images and Treatment of the World Beyond Islam

14197:

Muhammad and Jesus: A Comparison of the Prophets and Their Teachings

12782: 7799: 5160:, and others; there are also variant spellings of Muhammad, such as 4919:

has existed since the 7th century, when Muhammad was decried by his

4731: 3904: 3690: 2615:

It is at this low point in Muhammad's life that the accounts in the

1793: 25154: 24733: 24470: 24028: 24002: 23982: 23935: 23746: 23701: 23585: 23489: 23479: 23444: 23414: 23235: 22711: 22407: 22366: 22361: 22127: 22102: 21843: 21349: 21207: 21159: 20953: 20907: 20871: 20339: 20179: 20164: 19453: 19135: 18975: 18964: 18957: 18746: 18594: 18573: 18201: 18095: 18020: 17360: 17322: 17128: 15913: 15647: 15503: 12355:

The Translation of the Meanings of Sahih Al-Bukhari: Arabic-English

11517: 7622: 7537: 7155: 4640: 4631: 4624: 4503: 4487: 4385: 4288: 4235:

The tomb of Muhammad is located in the quarters of his third wife,

4135: 4095: 4047: 3948: 3694:

A depiction of Muhammad (with veiled face) advancing on Mecca from

3473: 3256:

meeting with Ka'b, they murdered him when he was caught off-guard.

2740: 2554:, so he began praying. Shortly thereafter, Utbah's Christian slave 2271: 2192: 2170: 15642: 14269:

In the Footsteps of the Prophet: Lessons from the Life of Muhammad

12121:"Sufis celebrate birthday of Sheikh Abu El-Haggag at Luxor mosque" 10840: 9939:

The Life of Muhammad. A translation of Ishaq's "Sirat Rasul Allah"

6153: 3768: 2714:

Islamic tradition recounts that in light of the unfolding events,

1095: 25617: 25474: 25191: 25104: 23992: 23960: 23950: 23721: 23681: 23514: 23439: 23424: 23404: 22473: 22336: 22117: 22075: 22058: 21858: 21464: 21152: 21032: 20924: 20917: 20912: 20654: 20405: 20200: 19704: 19517: 19474: 19403: 19398: 19335: 19270: 19256: 19158: 18813: 18802: 18601: 18564: 18294: 18238: 18144: 17755: 17727: 17580: 17538: 17454: 17391: 17342: 17263: 16699: 16562: 16314: 16278: 15918: 15868: 15859: 15637: 15606: 13381:

Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (21 April 1977).

10431: 9162:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

8543: 7598: 5857: 5855: 5505: 5259: 5031:, but consider his teachings to have been superseded by those of 4869: 4589:

hadith prohibits the creation of images of sentient living beings

4419: 4379:, the belief in Muhammad's prophethood is the main aspect of the 4315: 4231: 4077: 4043: 3802: 3790: 3777: 3619: 3441: 3437: 3292: 2719: 2648: 2599: 2570: 2464: 2455: 2348: 2334: 2278: 2239: 2149: 2066: 1927: 1844: 1840: 1821: 1804:

Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim was born in

1179: 987: 967: 697: 659: 14991:

Muslim, Imam Abul-Husain; Al-Khattab, Nasiruddin (1 June 2007).

13877:

God Has Ninety-Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East

13483:

The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat Rasūl Allāh

12015: 12013: 11548: 4018:(the Mosque of the Prophet) was expanded to include the site of 2234:

Initially, he had no serious opposition from the inhabitants of

2070: 25286: 23940: 23741: 23529: 23504: 23494: 23464: 23449: 23255: 22346: 22316: 22168: 22080: 22011: 21382: 21356: 21315: 21276: 21193: 21106: 21027: 20882: 20828: 20823: 20590: 20514: 20448: 20323: 20195: 20110: 20029: 19971: 19787: 19781: 19487: 19313: 19298: 19095: 19047: 18984: 18952: 18865: 18775: 18710: 18606: 18354: 18335: 18230: 18196: 17841: 17810: 17787: 17658: 17566: 17458: 17330: 17166: 17109: 17089: 17031: 17018: 17003: 16846: 16735: 16717: 16501: 15908: 15731: 15703: 15672: 15632: 15627: 15515: 15450: 15355: 10671:

Prophets and princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the present

10632: 10630: 10606:

Prophets and princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the present

5027:." He is thought to be the final manifestation, or seal of the 4988: 4841: 4530: 4511: 4480: 4463: 4459: 4451: 4435: 4380: 4376: 4244: 4139: 4070: 3998: 3631: 3627: 3575: 3517: 3505: 3419: 3344: 3279: 3132: 2847: 2796: 2785: 2773: 2708: 2685: 2652: 2643:

The dating of the events also differs from account to account.

2608: 2479: 2432: 2428: 1951: 1911: 1892: 1884: 1809: 1670: 1477: 1414: 1348: 1323: 1318: 1223: 1183: 1090: 1085: 1047: 1043: 944: 940: 908: 707: 502: 471: 123: 66: 19195:(The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and 14240:

The Sum of All Heresies: The Image of Islam in Western Thought

13978:

Suicide in the Middle Ages: Volume 2: The Curse on Self-Murder

10939: 10736:

Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the contemporary world

8293: 7786:

Ahmed, Shahab (1998). "Ibn Taymiyyah and the Satanic Verses".

6251:

Lecker, Michael (19 April 2010), Brockopp, Jonathan E. (ed.),

5852: 5661: 4193:

which deemed them heretics. Within a decade Muslims conquered

1994:, illustrating the story of Muhammad's role in re-setting the 1899:

deems the tale of Abraha's war elephant expedition as a myth.

1066:, he fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the 1016: 25666:

The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History

25313: 23970: 23459: 23394: 22356: 22351: 22331: 22139: 21631: 21456: 21410: 21398: 21200: 21186: 21145: 20818: 20675: 20661: 20582: 20545: 20369: 20024: 20001: 19979: 19769: 19763: 19733: 19415: 19317: 19140: 19113: 19089: 18999: 18870: 18782: 18554: 18503: 18466: 18372: 18090: 18073: 17802: 17745: 17717: 17640: 17626: 17611: 17587: 17561: 17528: 17506: 17478: 17402: 17372: 17365: 17356: 17347: 17196: 17154: 16949: 16900: 16858: 16807: 16753: 16587: 16544: 16526: 16453: 16435: 16253: 16203: 15903: 15708: 15424: 15253: 14366:

Arabia and Ethiopia. In The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity

13933:

Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice

13705:

Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History

12357:. Translated by Khan, Muhammad M. Dar-us-Salam Publications. 12010: 11898:

History of Islam in German Thought: From Leibniz to Nietzsche

11824:. Cambridge Companions to Religion. AuthorHouse. p. 15. 11775: 11773: 11771: 11769: 11271: 11269: 9569: 9567: 8107: 7831: 7112: 7110: 7047: 7014:

Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Turkish Art

6495: 5038: 4740: 4719: 4491: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4292: 4280: 4236: 3932: 3821: 3715:

had good relations with Muhammad, whereas their enemies, the

3654: 3600: 3571: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3415: 3309: 3235: 3188: 3104: 2779: 2765: 2633: 2622: 2555: 2542: 2484: 2459: 2424: 2343: 2338: 2267: 2247: 2235: 2227:). By this point, Muhammad's religious movement was known as 2223: 2217: 2201: 2127: 2008: 1851: 1827: 1805: 1505: 1473: 1387: 1171: 1163: 1010: 995: 955: 936: 896: 841: 550: 406: 333: 246: 99: 11094:

The mantle odes: Arabic praise poems to the Prophet Muḥammad

10627: 10275: 9395: 8715: 8713: 8711: 8709: 8145: 8143: 7766: 7764: 7762: 7760: 2423:. Of these two, the majority of the first group returned to 2041: 23965: 23389: 22341: 21297: 21269: 21219: 21166: 21111: 20682: 20169: 20093: 19724: 19507: 19180: 18969: 18859: 18843: 18388: 18100: 17806: 17765: 17636: 17591: 17448: 17297: 17201: 16240: 16222: 16185: 15509: 15116: 12917:

Queens, Eunuchs and Concubines in Islamic History, 661-1257

11739:

Defending the West: A Critique of Edward Said's Orientalism

11621:. In Christiane J. Gruber; Frederick Stephen Colby (eds.). 11090: 10092: 10090: 9843: 9841: 9718: 9660: 9658: 9656: 9654: 9414: 9412: 9410: 9040: 9038: 8905: 8903: 8730: 8728: 8418: 8416: 8235: 8233: 8231: 8206: 8204: 7947: 7945: 7721: 6922: 6920: 6662: 6660: 6459:

Brown, Daniel W. (2 January 2020), Brown, Daniel W. (ed.),

5872: 5870: 5700: 4994: 4653: 4519: 4302:

Khadijah is said to have had four daughters with Muhammad (

4251:

Muhammad's life is traditionally defined into two periods:

4186: 4051: 3782: 3754:

Subduing the Hawazin and Thaqif and the expedition to Tabuk

3738:

in and around the Kaaba. According to reports collected by

3489: 2537: 2448: 2205:) with physical postures that embodied complete surrender ( 2134: 2082: 2036: 1079: 1042:

in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to

895:

religious, social, and political leader and the founder of

892: 847: 832: 702: 14970:

TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 30 (Misra – Muhammedi̇yye)

13829:

The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate

13458:

Islamic History: A Framework for Inquiry – Revised Edition

13333:

The Venture of Islam, Volume 1: The Classical Age of Islam

12472:

Messianism and Sociopolitical Revolution in Medieval Islam

11766: 11266: 11254: 10951: 10888: 10800: 10757: 10443: 10359: 10311: 10174: 10063: 9737: 9735: 9733: 9564: 9300: 9254: 9252: 8281: 7709: 7651: 7649: 7610: 7586: 7477: 7107: 6983: 6259:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 61–80, 3171:

converted to Islam, and little pagan opposition remained.

1582:

Begins spreading message of Islam publicly to all Meccans

1253:(biographies of Muhammad and quotes attributed to him) is 23534: 23429: 20359: 19753: 19535: 16939: 15521: 14995:(First ed.). Riyadh: Dar-us-Salam Publications Inc. 12281:

Muhammad, the Messenger of Islam: His Life & Prophecy

10455: 10186: 10162: 9639: 9349:. Pakistan Branch, Oxford University Press. p. 453. 9276: 8939: 8864: 8852: 8788:

Muhammad: Biography of the Prophet. Karen Armstrong. 2023

8706: 8604: 8377: 8140: 7757: 7661: 7634: 7501: 7441: 7381: 6721: 6719: 6706: 6704: 6413:

Görke, Andreas (2 January 2020), Brown, Daniel W. (ed.),

5842: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5678: 5676: 4864:

minority feeling discriminated, they specifically lauded

3936: 3645:

in revenge for his brother. Muhammad took Kinana's wife,

3476:

allies who had embraced Islam, leading to the arrival of

3214: 2723: 2374:

Migration to Abyssinia and the incident of Satanic Verses

2166: 2115:

that resisted the ordinary limits of humanity and space.

2089:. But when he reached the summit, he experienced another 14635:

Understanding the Hadith: The Sacred Traditions of Islam

13777:

God's Crucible: Islam and the Making of Europe, 570-1215

13282: 11977: 11799: 11184: 11157:

Ann Goldman, Richard Hain, Stephen Liben (2006), p. 212.

11151: 10481: 10479: 10383: 10347: 10251: 10138: 10087: 9838: 9788: 9786: 9651: 9615: 9591: 9554: 9552: 9513: 9489: 9477: 9431: 9429: 9427: 9407: 9385: 9383: 9288: 9116: 9097: 9055: 9053: 9035: 9011: 8999: 8987: 8975: 8927: 8900: 8804: 8747: 8745: 8743: 8725: 8488: 8428: 8413: 8353: 8317: 8245: 8228: 8201: 8189: 7942: 7915: 7745: 7697: 7562: 7315: 7266: 7254: 7242: 7122: 6937: 6935: 6917: 6857: 6657: 6578: 6292: 6290: 6082: 6080: 5974: 5925:, Mary Pat Fisher, 1997, p. 338, I.B. Tauris Publishers. 5923:

Living Religions: An Encyclopaedia of the World's Faiths

5867: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5814: 3857: 3776:

Upon learning that Mecca had fallen to the Muslims, the

2502: 14950:. Vol. 7 (2nd ed.). Brill. pp. 360–376. 14475:. Toronto Buffalo London: University of Toronto Press. 12000: 11998: 11705: 11586:

Islamic Art and Visual Culture: An Anthology of Sources

11196: 11172: 11060: 10855: 10636: 10335: 10287: 10263: 10239: 10227: 10215: 10150: 10126: 10051: 10027: 10015: 10003: 9979: 9807: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9747: 9730: 9706: 9670: 9603: 9537: 9501: 9465: 9343:

Ibn Hishām, ʻAbd al-Malik; Ibn Isḥāq, Muḥammad (1967).

9249: 9237: 9128: 9023: 8915: 8888: 8840: 8828: 8792: 8757: 8621: 8619: 8305: 7932: 7930: 7903: 7843: 7673: 7646: 7513: 7465: 7453: 5688: 5587:

See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif

3931:'s hut. He requested his wives to allow him to stay in 982:

for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, circa 610

19030:('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') 14976:, Centre for Islamic Studies. 2005. pp. 406–479. 14565:

Muhammad's People: An Anthology of Muslim Civilization

12824:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

12076: 11160: 10555: 10323: 9694: 9525: 9324: 9065: 8951: 8329: 8269: 8216: 8111:

The Grove encyclopedia of Islamic art and architecture

7993: 7969: 7685: 7356: 7354: 7187: 7185: 7083: 7035: 6947: 6716: 6701: 6672: 5673: 4763:

praised Muhammad because "he did not deviate from the

4619:

The earliest extant depictions come from 13th century

3943:, as his legs were trembling. His wives and his uncle 3590:

A ten-year truce was established between both parties.

2808:, a former Abyssinian slave known for his loud voice. 1433:

Important dates and locations in the life of Muhammad

1046:(then known as Yathrib) later in 622. This event, the 23111:

The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

14772:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Brill. pp. 867–8. 14535:

Schacht; Lewis; Pellat; Ménage, eds. (26 June 1998),

13654: 12170:"A Baháʼí Approach to the Claim of Finality in Islam" 12030: 12028: 11983: 10876: 10476: 10395: 10371: 10299: 10114: 10102: 10075: 10039: 9991: 9783: 9682: 9627: 9579: 9549: 9453: 9441: 9424: 9380: 9312: 9264: 9222: 9220: 9218: 9050: 8740: 8257: 8155: 7891: 7879: 7733: 7525: 7489: 7278: 7071: 7059: 6932: 6893: 6881: 6869: 6743: 6645: 6287: 6077: 6065: 6055: 6053: 5986: 5811: 5525: 5023:

venerate Muhammad as one of a number of prophets or "

3746:, Muhammad personally spared paintings or frescos of 2513:

In 619, Muhammad faced a period of sorrow. His wife,

19728:(literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage) 11995: 11925: 11579: 10419: 10407: 9798: 9771: 9759: 8644: 8616: 8567: 8452: 8089: 8005: 7981: 7927: 7290: 7230: 6959: 6731: 6566: 5729: 5727: 5712: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5643: 4840:

writers generally held positive views of Muhammad: "

4823:

On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History

4075: 3952: 3909: 3626:, who had previously been expelled by Muhammad from 3406:

has contradicted the arguments of Arafat and Ahmad.

2351:

came to Muhammad and provided him with the answers.

873: 850: 14786: 14659:. Michigan State University. Department of History. 14142:

Jesus and Muhammad: Parallel Tracks, Parallel Lives

13475: 12335:

Before Orthodoxy: The Satanic Verses in Early Islam

12064: 12052: 12040: 11937: 11612: 11610: 11542: 9869: 9342: 9203: 8440: 7867: 7549: 7429: 7351: 7182: 6465:

The Wiley Blackwell Concise Companion to the Hadith

6419:

The Wiley Blackwell Concise Companion to the Hadith

6389: 5799: 5667: 5504:mentioning the differing accounts of the status of 5206: 4146:. Abu Bakr immediately moved to strike against the 3935:'s hut. He could not walk there without leaning on 3504:, Muhammad organized a caravan to conduct trade in 3444:, who instructed him to attack the Jewish tribe of 3323:. He sought monetary help from the Jewish tribe of 3217:in the Banu Qaynuqa market, and another version by 844: 838: 835: 829: 16898: 14843:Muhammad and the Supernatural: Medieval Arab Views 14670:The Life of Muḥammad: Al-Wāqidī's Kitāb Al-maghāzī 14237: 14114: 13533:. Center for Muslim Contribution to Civilization. 13366:(paperback ed.). Cambridge University Press. 12967: 12585:Arabic Literature to the End of the Umayyad Period 12402:The History of al-Tabari Vol. 6: Muhammad at Mecca 12025: 11484: 11451: 11015:. Mountain View, Ca.: Unicode, Inc. 1 October 2009 10867: 10817: 10815: 10637:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris; Vernoit, Stephen (2006). 9215: 8690:The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab al-Maghazi 8068:The History of al-Ṭabarī Vol. 6: Muhammad at Mecca 7828:The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad (2010), p. 35. 7095: 6190: 6050: 5140:He is referred to by many appellations, including 4718:Mecca. The Quran requires payment of an alms tax ( 4600:veiled, or symbolically represent him as a flame. 1839:. He is also claimed to have been a descendant of 1472:Possible date of birth: 12 or 17 Rabi al Awal: in 1205:to his lifetime, its discovery largely disproving 16857:above are only the ones mentioned by name in the 14611:The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book 13500: 12651: 11848:On heroes, hero worship and the heroic in history 11515: 11445: 11443: 11441: 11411: 10739:. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 173–74. 10561: 10437: 7628: 7604: 7543: 6905: 6845: 6024: 5787: 5765: 5763: 5724: 5640: 4455:compilations is a literal splitting of the Moon. 4161:The pre-Islamic Middle East was dominated by the 3495: 3274:"The Prophet Muhammad and the Muslim Army at the 25975: 25571:Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources 19338:, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration') 17926:Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo 16045: 14990: 14790:; Moussalli, Ahmad S.; Newby, Gordon D. (2009). 13350: 12353:Al-Bukhari, Muhammed Ibn Ismaiel (1 June 1997). 11607: 11337:"Why Islam does (not) ban images of the Prophet" 11226:Effigies dei: essays on the history of religions 6821: 6809: 5861: 5464: 3398:, and a transmitter of "odd tales" by the later 2310: 1141:likely dated within Muhammad's lifetime between 1034:for 13 years. To escape ongoing persecution, he 947:forming the basis for Islamic religious belief. 14293:The Expeditions: An Early Biography of Muḥammad 13427: 11482: 11449: 11372: 11219: 11084: 10812: 8586: 8101: 6036:"New Light on the History of the Quranic Text?" 4270:At the age of 25, Muhammad married the wealthy 4134:, a prominent companion of Muhammad, nominated 3879:, 17th-century Ottoman copy of a 14th-century ( 3425: 3194: 2675: 2388:In 615, Muhammad sent some of his followers to 2321:Theories about Alexander the Great in the Quran 1946:on the northern segment of the route to Syria. 16849:believe that there were many prophets sent by 15095: 15080: 14534: 13401: 13286:; Montgomery, Mary W.; Grimme, Hubert (1906). 13223:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 34–41. 12538: 12217: 11438: 11368: 11366: 11364: 11135: 10945: 10595: 10593: 9148:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia 8299: 7116: 7053: 6107:: The Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing 5760: 5470: 4533:is celebrated as a major feast throughout the 2861: 1571:Begins in secret to gather followers in Mecca 1030:were initially few in number, and experienced 25243: 23350: 21977: 20530: 16884: 16069: 15132: 14590:. Columbia University Press. pp. 39–40. 13794: 13002:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 198. 12920:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 24–5. 12242: 12144:. Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications. p. 11659: 11657: 11655: 11625:. Indiana University Press. pp. 252–54. 11491:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 11281: 9831: 9829: 9827: 4108:Expansion of the caliphate, 622–750 CE: 2897: 2404:, the daughter of one of the Quraysh chiefs, 2358:. For the second query, the Qur'an speaks of 2195:, servants, slaves, and other members of the 2057:The financial security Muhammad enjoyed from 1774: 1174:. Muslims believe it represents the words of 801: 25408:Protest outside the Danish embassy in London 23856: 22219: 22173: 22159: 16998:(wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph 16678: 16669: 16660: 16651: 16642: 16633: 16624: 16615: 16414: 16405: 16396: 16387: 16378: 16369: 16360: 16351: 16342: 16164: 16155: 16146: 16137: 16128: 16119: 16110: 16101: 14800:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 13687:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 13613:Society and Religion from Jahiliyya to Islam 12612:. Continuum International Publishing Group. 12308:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 11573: 11458:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 11215: 11213: 11211: 11043: 10692: 10661: 9369: 5061:Arabian tribes that interacted with Muhammad 4564: 4556: 3334: 3119:of others, there would have been demolished 2747:, while the Medinan Muslims were dubbed the 2221:) as a requirement of the Muslim community ( 1637:The year of sorrows: Khadija (his wife) and 424: 397: 371: 324: 23:. For the Islamic view and perspective, see 23792: 14745:. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 14614:. Jewish Publication Society. p. 236. 14121:. Vol. 1. Princeton University Press. 14047:Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices 13846: 13380: 13144: 12201:Encyclopedia of Sacred Places, 2nd Edition 12198: 11616: 11549:Elizabeth Edwards; Kaushik Bhaumik (2008). 11509: 11405: 11361: 11091:Suzanne Pinckney Stetkevych (24 May 2010). 10590: 9200:Kister, "The Massacre of the Banu Quraiza". 7963: 7727: 6761: 1855: 1655:(reported ascension to heaven to meet God) 1267:survives as extensive excerpts in works by 25257: 25250: 25236: 23357: 23343: 21984: 21970: 20537: 20523: 19356:A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: 18670:ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim 18472:Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad) 17850:(Joshua, companion and successor of Moses) 16891: 16877: 16076: 16062: 15139: 15125: 13662:Female Stereotypes in Religious Traditions 13526: 12352: 12141:A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith 11652: 10769: 10723: 10705:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 84. 10498:Ariffin, Syed Ahmad Iskandar Syed (2005). 10449: 9824: 8822: 5916: 5882: 5355:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWatt1964 ( 5330: 4119: Rashidun caliphate, 632–661 CE. 3448:. Islamic sources recount that during the 2904: 2890: 2766:Building the religious community in Medina 2022: 1797:The birth of Muhammad in the 16th-century 1781: 1767: 808: 794: 53: 17217: 16083: 14935: 14910: 14582: 14561: 14467: 14319:: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making 13904:. Smith, Elder&Company, 65, Cornhill. 13510:The Life of the Prophet Muhammad Volume I 13451: 13244:Believers: spiritual leaders of the world 12913: 12746:Cheikh, Nadia Maria El (6 October 2015). 12510: 12489: 12395: 12371: 12253:. Michigan University press. p. 17. 12082: 12019: 11865: 11649:Cambridge History of Islam (1970), p. 30. 11208: 11097:. Indiana University Press. p. xii. 10526:. Archnet.org. 2 May 2005. Archived from 10461: 9932: 9082: 9080: 8969: 8882: 8775: 8719: 8531: 8422: 8407: 8395: 8383: 8371: 8347: 8149: 8023: 7861: 7837: 7781: 7779: 7770: 7703: 7580: 7447: 7423: 7411: 7399: 7375: 7345: 7333: 7260: 7248: 7203: 7143: 7128: 6977: 6926: 6839: 6666: 6159: 5846: 5567: 5380: 5374: 4671: 4125: Umayyad caliphate, 661–750 CE. 3711:was enforced for two years. The tribe of 3500:A few months after the conflict with the 2911: 2811: 1755:, and death, in what is now Saudi Arabia 23364: 15663:Muhammad's letters to the heads of state 15033: 14839: 14820: 14604: 14514:Ṣallābī, ʻAlī Muḥammad Muḥammad (2005). 14422: 14382: 14339: 14171: 14044:Nigosian, Solomon A. (29 January 2004). 14043: 13822: 13302: 13051: 13023: 12992: 12962: 12934: 12672: 12465: 11989: 11805: 11779: 11711: 11420:. Vol. 26. Brill. pp. 234–35. 11327: 11325: 11323: 11260: 11190: 11066: 11037: 11033: 10998: 10923: 10921: 10861: 10806: 10609:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 102–03. 10389: 10365: 10353: 10317: 10257: 10180: 10144: 10096: 10069: 9942:. Oxford University Press. p. 552. 9881: 9724: 9664: 9621: 9597: 9573: 9519: 9495: 9483: 9418: 9401: 9306: 9294: 9172: 9122: 9044: 9017: 9005: 8993: 8981: 8933: 8909: 8810: 8734: 8434: 8323: 8311: 8287: 8251: 8239: 8210: 8195: 8108:Jonathan M. Bloom; Sheila Blair (2009). 7951: 7921: 7794:(87). Maisonneuve & Larose: 67–124. 7715: 7667: 7655: 7616: 7592: 7568: 7507: 7321: 7272: 7089: 6989: 6953: 6767: 6710: 6678: 6651: 6572: 6535: 6501: 6330: 6086: 5706: 5694: 5682: 5611: 5605: 5543: 5531: 5482: 5318: 5295: 5283: 5081:List of founders of religious traditions 5001:, are directly descended from Muhammad. 4730: 4725: 4602: 4474: 4449:, which according to earliest available 4409: 4230: 4103: 4005:built over Muhammad's tomb in the center 3903: 3856: 3767: 3689: 3537: 3269: 2598: 2139: 2040: 2007:In 605, the Quraysh decided to roof the 1972: 1792: 1628: 1554: 1322: 1222: 1124: 24940:Reflections on the Revolution in France 14883: 14513: 14446: 14401: 14262: 14109: 13908: 13722: 13701: 13679: 13589:The Cambridge Companion to Antisemitism 13561: 13326: 13309:The First Muslim: The Story of Muhammad 13237: 13219:A History of Christian-Muslim Relations 13214: 13120: 13096: 13072: 13047:from the original on 30 September 2015. 13033:(2 ed.). Oxford University Press. 13030:What everyone needs to know about Islam 12970:What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam 12673:Brockopp, Jonathan E. (19 April 2010). 12626:from the original on 22 September 2015. 12602: 12581: 12557:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume XI (V-Z) 12419: 12373:Al-Tabari, Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Jarir 12004: 11844: 11603:from the original on 24 September 2015. 11569:from the original on 23 September 2015. 11202: 11178: 11166: 10894: 10796:from the original on 24 September 2015. 10763: 10698: 10657:from the original on 30 September 2015. 10586:from the original on 24 September 2015. 10497: 10341: 10293: 10269: 10245: 10233: 10221: 10192: 10168: 10156: 10132: 10057: 10033: 10021: 10009: 9852:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKhan1998 ( 9816:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKhan1998 ( 9741: 9712: 9645: 9609: 9531: 9507: 9471: 9330: 9282: 9258: 9243: 9153: 9134: 9108:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWatt1964 ( 9029: 8945: 8921: 8894: 8870: 8858: 8846: 8834: 8798: 8763: 8662: 8610: 8578:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWatt1961 ( 8558: 8398:, p. 30–32, Chapter Three: Hijrah. 8335: 8275: 8114:. 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Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. 13974: 13950: 13929: 13870: 13606: 13547: 13527:Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar (1998). 13261: 12902: 12881: 12850: 12818: 12766: 12745: 12070: 12058: 12046: 11978:Gottheil, Montgomery & Grimme 1906 11886:from the original on 4 September 2015. 11817: 11736: 11275: 10957: 10882: 10667: 10599: 10485: 10329: 9700: 9688: 9633: 9389: 9318: 9140: 9077: 8957: 8687: 8359: 8222: 7975: 7864:, p. 36, Chapter Two: Jahiliyyah. 7776: 7751: 7739: 7691: 7583:, p. 26, Chapter Two: Jahiliyyah. 7531: 7495: 7483: 7426:, p. 15, Chapter Two: Jahiliyyah. 7414:, p. 14, Chapter Two: Jahiliyyah. 7296: 7284: 7236: 7077: 6749: 6737: 6605: 6358:from the original on 18 October 2017. 6250: 6171: 6098: 6071: 5992: 5805: 5655: 5561: 5555: 5410: 5392: 4656:saw a boom of printed and illustrated 3839: 3685:Muhammad after the occupation of Mecca 3607: 2180: 950:Muhammad was born in approximately 570 16:Founding prophet of Islam (c. 570–632) 26004:7th-century Islamic religious leaders 25687:The Quest for the Historical Muhammad 25231: 23338: 21991: 21965: 21717: 21485: 21101: 20518: 19948: 19536:Events, incidents, occasions or times 19534: 18923: 18259: 17915:Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos 17869: 17643:)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)') 17424: 16924: 16911: 16872: 16057: 16044: 15120: 15091:. Vol. 11 (2nd ed.). Brill. 14489: 14363: 14235: 14194:Phipps, William E. (6 October 2016). 13995: 13770: 13746: 13630: 13565:The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity 13190: 13127:Muhammad: Islam's First Great General 13103:Muhammad: Islam's First Great General 13052:Fontaine, P. F. M. (4 October 2022). 12717: 12693: 12630: 12582:Beeston, A. F. L. (3 November 1983). 12461:from the original on 22 January 2018. 12440: 12328: 12298: 12228:. Library of Alexandria. p. 37. 12223: 12137: 12113: 12110:, Encyclopædia Britannica, pp. 11–12. 12034: 11639:from the original on 16 October 2015. 11373:Freek L. 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Muhammad then sent a message to 1812:is believed to be in the month of 1558:Qur'anic revelation begins in the 14: 26130: 25673:The Cartoons that Shook the World 19892:('Before the rising of the Sun') 15582:(Khadija's slave and Adopted son) 15112: 14159:from the original on 14 June 2013 14068:Muhammad and the Origins of Islam 13146:Gibb, Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen 12882:Deming, David (10 January 2014). 12180:from the original on 19 June 2016 11393:from the original on 15 June 2013 11308:from the original on 14 June 2013 11242:from the original on 15 June 2013 11111:from the original on 15 June 2013 11013:The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 10977:from the original on 24 June 2017 8128:from the original on 15 June 2013 7336:, p. 32, Chapter One: Mecca. 7206:, p. 31, Chapter One: Mecca. 7146:, p. 30, Chapter One: Mecca. 6980:, p. 20, Chapter One: Mecca. 6842:, p. 18, Chapter One: Mecca. 5776:, pp. 26–27. 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Among Arabic odes to Muhammad, 4375:Following the attestation to the 3339:Upon receiving a report that the 3246:, a wealthy half-Jewish man from 2845:, following his narration of the 2187:Persecution of Muslims by Meccans 1504:His grandfather transfers him to 1089:), found in transmitted reports ( 1032:hostility from Meccan polytheists 119:8 June 632 CE (11 AH; aged 61–62) 25950: 25939: 25930: 25929: 25564:Muhammad: A Prophet for Our Time 25020:The Open Society and Its Enemies 23181:The Closing of the American Mind 23101:Civilization and Its Discontents 23081:A Vindication of Natural Society 21946: 21945: 21934: 21465:Schools of islamic jurisprudence 20713:Timeline of the history of Islam 20544: 20059:Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles 18495:(Emigrants from Mecca to Medina) 14861:Willis, John Ralph, ed. (2013). 14840:Williams, Rebecca (2 May 2013). 14349:. Augsburg Fortress Publishers. 13173:A History of Palestine, 634–1099 13130:. University of Oklahoma Press. 13106:. 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Every Muslim proclaims in the 4113: Muhammad, 622–632 CE. 4046:), the first two Muslim caliphs 4026:above the tomb was built by the 3983: 3908:The death of Muhammad. From the 2754: 2655:, while the Isra' from Mecca to 2400:. Among those who departed were 2325:The leaders of the Quraysh sent 1854:. He was also known as al-Amin ( 825: 775: 763: 259:Rasul Allah ('Messenger of God') 59:"Muhammad, the Messenger of God" 26114:Characters in the Divine Comedy 23827:Family as a model for the state 21806:List of ex-Muslim organisations 19701:(The Sacred or Forbidden Month) 19106:('Sanctuary (which is) Secure') 18462:Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog 17136:', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter') 14742:Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman 14653:Towghi, Malek Muhammad (1991). 14408:. University Press of Florida. 14215:Powers, David S. (8 May 2014). 13732:. University of Chicago Press. 13336:. University of Chicago Press. 13262:Gordon, Matthew (30 May 2005). 11552:Visual sense: a cultural reader 11520:. 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Non-Muslims wishing to 4253:pre-hijra (emigration) in Mecca 2878:List of expeditions of Muhammad 1397: 1337:, dated within his lifetime in 1099:), are also upheld and used as 26014:7th-century military personnel 25773:Muhammad: The Messenger of God 25177:Separation of church and state 25075:Collectivism and individualism 25030:The Origins of Totalitarianism 19005:Salsabīl (A river in Paradise) 18898:at the time of Abraham and Lot 18362:(People of Sodom and Gomorrah) 18029:(King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd)) 17521:(Joachim the father of Maryam) 16925: 16912: 15699:Sacred Relics (Topkapı Palace) 15552:Al-‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib 15040:. Pakistan Historical Society. 15019:. Princeton University Press. 14865:. Vol. 1. New York City: 14387:. Cambridge University Press. 14095:. Princeton University Press. 14065:Peters, F. E. (6 April 1994). 13853:Mohammed and the Rise of Islam 13832:. Cambridge University Press. 13780:. W. W. Norton & Company. 13708:. 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Bloomsbury Publishing USA. 13411:A History of the Arab Peoples 12637:. University of Texas Press. 12397:Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir 12306:. In John L. Esposito (ed.). 12199:C. Brockman, Norbert (2011). 11294:. HarperCollins. p. 32. 11006:"Arabic Presentation Forms-A" 10936:Ordoni (1990), pp. 32, 42–44. 9890:by Ayatullah Ja'far Subhani, 7629:Ibn Kathir & Gassick 2000 7605:Ibn Kathir & Gassick 2000 7544:Ibn Kathir & Gassick 2000 6780:Medieval Islamic civilization 6526:. Retrieved 15 February 2017. 6265:10.1017/ccol9780521886079.004 6109:. Darwin Press. p. 132. 6105:Narratives of Islamic Origins 5623:Encyclopaedia of Islam Online 5122: 5066:Diplomatic career of Muhammad 4923:contemporaries for preaching 4543:ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam 4334:, who died at two years old. 4085: 4082:—a ritual visit—to the tomb. 3917: 3574:, not to fight. He then sent 2824:Diplomatic career of Muhammad 2311:Quraysh delegation to Yathrib 1988: 1449: 1408: 1338: 1142: 1117:Historiography of early Islam 1050:, marks the beginning of the 884: 82: 25309:Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari 25115:Institutional discrimination 25110:History of political thought 23842:Negative and positive rights 23141:The Society of the Spectacle 21791:Apostasy in Islam by country 21668:Liberalism and progressivism 19797:(The Afternoon or the Night) 19695:12 months: Four holy months 19247:('Place-of-Landing Blessed') 18840:(s) or People of the Injil) 18178:Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel 17707:names and titles of Muhammad 17425: 16952:found in the Quran, such as 16046:Articles related to Muhammad 15668:Names and titles of Muhammad 15146: 14432:. New York Review of Books. 14364:Robin, Christian J. (2012). 14050:. Indiana University Press. 13640:. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner. 12770:Review of Religious Research 12752:. Harvard University Press. 12475:. Univ of California Press. 12426:. Univ of California Press. 12338:. Harvard University Press. 11759:compostio omnium dissidiorum 11416:. In Gulru Necipoglu (ed.). 10927:Nicholas Awde (2000), p. 10. 10699:Cornell, Vincent J. (2007). 10502:. Penerbit UTM. p. 88. 8592:Rodinson (2002), pp. 168–69. 6608:Islam: The Basics (Volume 1) 6005:Bora, Fozia (22 July 2015). 5634: 5240:Emory C. Bogle (1998), p. 7. 5194:Muslim conquest of Palestine 5015:Muhammad in the Baháʼí Faith 4895: 4216: 4189:) were disaffected from the 4056:Muslims believe awaits Jesus 3997:("the Prophet's mosque") in 3426:Invasion of the Banu Qurayza 3368:With the help of the exiled 3195:Conflicts with Jewish tribes 2722:, Muhammad asked his cousin 2603:Quranic inscriptions on the 2107:; it was not a naturalistic 1747: 1734: 1720: 1706: 1693: 1680: 1662: 1648: 1614: 1600: 1589: 1578: 1528: 1514: 1500: 1486: 1468: 1454: 1422: 1361:Muhammad ibn Isa at-Tirmidhi 1296: 1281: 1207:Western revisionist theories 1060:marched on the city of Mecca 1014:) is the right way of life ( 960:Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib 266:Names and titles of Muhammad 226:Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib 7: 26099:Prophets in the Druze faith 25339:Everybody Draw Mohammed Day 25125:Justification for the state 24910:Two Treatises of Government 19566:(Flood of the Great Dam of 17887:Adam's immediate relatives 15204:Foster brothers and sisters 15034:Sa'd, Muḥammad Ibn (1972). 14884:Zeitlin, Irving M. (2007). 14721:. Oxford University Press. 14697:. Oxford University Press. 14272:. Oxford University Press. 14145:. Oxford University Press. 13808:. Oxford University Press. 13756:. Oxford University Press. 13568:. Oxford University Press. 13486:. Oxford University Press. 13476:Ibn Hisham, ʻAbd al-Malik; 13247:. Oxford University Press. 13079:Muhammad: A Short Biography 12700:A New Introduction to Islam 12655:Religious Diversity in Asia 12278:Adil, Hajjah Amina (2002). 11144:, Encyclopædia Britannica, 10906:Asma Barlas (2002), p. 125. 9370:Ibn Sa'd, Muḥammad (1972). 9092:Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an 8663:Zeitlin, Irving M. (2007). 6696:10.6084/m9.figshare.1186833 6596:Louis Jacobs (1995), p. 272 5347:Rodinson (2002), pp. 209–11 5254:The aforementioned Islamic 5048: 4076: 3953: 3910: 3554:, or direction for prayer ( 3343:were planning an attack on 3166:of the Aws Manat tribe and 3093:Military career of Muhammad 2874:Military career of Muhammad 2862:Beginning of armed conflict 2290:, went to Muhammad's uncle 2130:but an angel visiting him. 2029:Muhammad's first revelation 1427:Timeline of Muhammad's life 1209:about the Quran's origins. 1131:Birmingham Quran manuscript 931:. He is believed to be the 874: 675:Hadith of the pen and paper 10: 26135: 25802:Muhammad: The Final Legacy 25731:Muhammad: The Last Prophet 23795:Bellum omnium contra omnes 21718: 19773:('Remembrance', including 19419:(literally 'The Barrier') 18447:('Companions of the Wood') 18336:Companions of the Elephant 18285:People of the Burnt Garden 18260: 17649:('Companion of the Whale') 17245:('The Trustworthy Spirit') 16021:Mosque with the two Qiblas 15483:Aqaba pledge of allegiance 15050:"Ḥalīma Bint Abī Ḏh̲uʾayb" 14974:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation 13554:Mahomet and His Successors 12861:Cambridge University Press 12270: 11900:, Routledge (2009), p. 93. 11872:. Harvard UP. p. 48. 11516:Christiane Gruber (2011). 11412:Christiane Gruber (2009). 11379:. Brill. pp. 207–09. 11228:. Brill. pp. 119–24. 10821:Barbara Freyer Stowasser, 7117:Wensinck & Rippen 2002 7054:Wensinck & Jomier 1990 6542:Muhammad: Prophet of Islam 6162:, p. 3, Introduction. 6133:In the Shadow of the Sword 5770:Muhammad Mustafa Al-A'zami 5471:Hourani & Ruthven 2003 5011:Judaism's view of Muhammad 5008: 4986: 4905: 4899: 4675: 4568: 4368: 4220: 4089: 3861:Anonymous illustration of 3849: 3843: 3757: 3678: 3611: 3531: 3429: 3361: 3263: 3198: 3090: 2871: 2865: 2821: 2815: 2758: 2683: 2592: 2506: 2490:criterion of embarrassment 2377: 2314: 2266:and performing the ritual 2184: 2026: 1412: 1401: 1316: 1271:and to a lesser extent by 1216: 1178:revealed by the archangel 1155: 1114: 1036:sent some of his followers 990:in the cave and receiving 972:Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim 907:to preach and confirm the 18: 25925: 25893: 25839: 25796: 25789: 25707: 25606: 25467: 25421: 25369: 25329: 25322: 25269: 25212: 25062: 24831: 24479: 24212: 24092: 24011: 23923: 23914: 23780: 23614: 23543: 23372: 23319: 23223: 23211:Intellectuals and Society 23161:The Culture of Narcissism 23052: 22720: 22512: 22461: 22390: 22304: 22297: 22237: 21999: 21929: 21814: 21781: 21731: 21727: 21713: 21640: 21607: 21579:Geography and cartography 21554: 21501: 21497: 21481: 21307: 21229: 21176: 21125: 21121: 21097: 20967: 20849: 20809: 20692: 20644: 20568: 20564: 20553: 20502: 20461: 20389: 20312: 20273: 20222: 20188: 20152: 20125: 20047: 20040:('Mother of the Book(s)') 19955: 19949: 19944: 19910: 19744: 19715: 19684: 19666:(The Sabbath or Saturday) 19644: 19592: 19588: 19541: 19530: 19391: 19280: 19227: 19167: 19012: 18960:, literally 'The Garden') 18930: 18919: 18849:Qissis (Christian priest) 18765: 18701: 18628: 18552: 18383: 18270: 18266: 18255: 18187: 18123: 18054: 17993: 17880: 17876: 17865: 17824: 17775: 17678: 17437: 17433: 17420: 17383: 17340: 17295: 17147: 17078: 16976: 16969: 16965: 16931: 16920: 16907: 16899:People and things in the 16843: 16679: 16670: 16661: 16652: 16643: 16634: 16625: 16616: 16609: 16605: 16415: 16406: 16397: 16388: 16379: 16370: 16361: 16352: 16343: 16336: 16332: 16165: 16156: 16147: 16138: 16129: 16120: 16111: 16102: 16095: 16091: 16051: 15998: 15947: 15896: 15889: 15858: 15831: 15808:Al-Muwahib al-Ladunniyyah 15792: 15730: 15723: 15686: 15615: 15496: 15488:Muhammad's visit to Ta'if 15443: 15415: 15370: 15361:Zayd ibn Haritha al-Kalbi 15351:Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad 15316: 15307: 15234: 15211:Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib 15203: 15182: 15161: 15154: 14869:. pp. vii–xi, 3–26. 14812:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 14665:Waqidi, Muḥammad ibn Umar 14323:New York University Press 14200:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 13154:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund 13082:. Oneworld Publications. 12836:10.1017/S0041977X00049016 12320:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 12224:Hitti, Philip K. (1928). 12203:. ABC-CLIO. p. 259. 12098:, Encyclopaedia of Islam. 10915:Armstrong (1992), p. 157. 10827:Encyclopedia of the Quran 10562:Al-Haqqani, Shaykh Adil; 8692:. Routledge. p. 79. 8555:Glubb (2002), pp. 179–86. 8184:Encyclopedia of the Quran 8167:Encyclopedia of the Quran 6640:Encyclopedia of the Quran 6473:10.1002/9781118638477.ch2 6427:10.1002/9781118638477.ch4 6136:. Doubleday. p. 42. 5502:Encyclopedia of the Quran 4982: 4565:Appearance and depictions 4426: 4359: 4308:Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad 4267:, as wife or concubine). 4158:, or "Wars of Apostasy". 4001:, Saudi Arabia, with the 3335:Raid on the Banu Mustaliq 3088: 2925: 2509:Muhammad's visit to Ta'if 2356:Seven Sleepers of Ephesus 1759: 1625: 1551: 1432: 1425: 1312: 432: 405: 379: 332: 308: 299: 274: 252: 241: 218: 205: 192: 135: 108: 78: 73: 52: 45: 38: 29:Muhammad (disambiguation) 26109:The Fourteen Infallibles 26019:7th-century Asian people 25694:The Truth About Muhammad 25000:The Revolt of the Masses 23201:The Malaise of Modernity 23151:The History of Sexuality 22250:Catholic social teaching 21888:Islamic view of miracles 18896:Mesopotamian polytheists 18844:Ruhban (Christian monks) 18718:(People of the Verandah) 18595:People of Sabaʾ or Sheba 18398:(literally 'The Romans') 18318:Companions of Noah's Ark 18235:Rahmah the wife of Ayyub 18164:(Korah, cousin of Moses) 18084:Magicians of the Pharaoh 17986:(Muhammad's adopted son) 17278:(Angel of Death, Azrael) 17062:(fish or whale) of Jonah 15849:Shama'il al-Muhammadiyya 15534:Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib 15222:Abu Sufyan ibn al-Harith 14972:(in Turkish). Istanbul: 14499:. Taylor & Francis. 14383:Robinson, David (2004). 14177:Muhammad, Prophet of God 13909:Muranyi, Miklos (1998). 13702:Lapidus, Ira M. (2012). 12941:Islam: The Straight Path 12851:Curtis, Michael (2009). 12634:Islam: Origin and Belief 12631:Bogle, Emory C. (1998). 11922:Watt, Bell (1995) p. 18. 11845:Carlyle, Thomas (1841). 11483:Johan Elverskog (2010). 11450:Johan Elverskog (2010). 11220:Kees Wagtendonk (1987). 10873:Bullough (1998), p. 119. 10572:. ISCA. pp. 65–66. 9914:Rodinson (2002), p. 261. 8506:Rodinson (2002), p. 164. 8063:Watt, William Montgomery 6461:"Western Hadith Studies" 5953:Watt, William Montgomery 5127: 5106:Muhammad's views on Jews 4963:, or portrayed him as a 4848:'s nation builder (...) 4769:Henri de Boulainvilliers 4549:) or the English phrase 4054:, and an empty one that 4040:Suleiman the Magnificent 3899: 3432:Invasion of Banu Qurayza 3201:Muhammad's views on Jews 1831:, someone who professed 1808:about the year 570, and 1327:Early manuscript of the 1151: 1093:) and in his biography ( 422:('Seal of the Prophets') 46: 25999:7th-century Arab people 25994:6th-century Arab people 25816:Islam: The Untold Story 24980:The Communist Manifesto 23906:Tyranny of the majority 23817:Consent of the governed 23281:Philosophy of education 21653:Creationism (evolution) 20379:Forbidden fruit of Adam 19849:('Decline of the Sun') 19737:(The Lesser Pilgrimage) 19467:Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn 18892:at the time of Muhammad 18866:Ahbār (Jewish scholars) 18323:Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm 18219:the companion of Joshua 17053:(female ant) of Solomon 15694:Possessions of Muhammad 15658:Family tree of Muhammad 15524:(son-in-law and cousin) 15299:Maymunah bint al-Harith 15195:Halima bint Abi Dhu'ayb 14887:The Historical Muhammad 14568:. Courier Corporation. 14246:Oxford University Press 13805:Antisemitism: A History 13328:Hodgson, Marshall G. S. 13200:. Cooper Square Press. 12976:Oxford University Press 12946:Oxford University Press 12729:Oxford University Press 12554:, eds. (27 June 2002). 10776:Clark, Malcolm (2011). 8665:The Historical Muhammad 6524:Encyclopedia Britannica 6519:9 February 2017 at the 6308:Oxford University Press 5243:Rodinson (2002), p. 71. 5226:cited in EoI; Muhammad. 5111:Possessions of Muhammad 5086:List of notable Hijazis 4929:Jewish tribes of Arabia 4877:William Montgomery Watt 4875:Recent writers such as 4684:William Montgomery Watt 4272:Khadijah bint Khuwaylid 4255:(from 570 to 622), and 4191:Eastern Orthodox Church 3976: 2651:, 18 months before the 2244:him to perform miracles 2023:Beginnings of the Quran 1908:Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb 1419:Family tree of Muhammad 1260:Life of God's Messenger 1227:An early manuscript of 1121:Historicity of Muhammad 935:within Islam, with the 887: 570 – 8 June 632 484:After Conquest of Mecca 291:Family tree of Muhammad 284:('Family of the House') 25745:Islam: Empire of Faith 23857: 23807:Clash of civilizations 23793: 22220: 22174: 22160: 21903:Persecution of Muslims 21801:List of former Muslims 20718:Succession to Muhammad 19991:(Scroll(s) of Abraham) 19983:(The Book of Muhammad) 19493:Cave of Seven Sleepers 19316:, literally 'Place of 19204:Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah 18580:Companions of the Rass 18481:Companions of Muhammad 18327:Companions of the Cave 17262:Angel of the Trumpet ( 15678:Muhammad and the Bible 15653:Tala' al Badru 'Alayna 15564:Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas 15346:Ruqayyah bint Muhammad 15331:Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad 15244:Khadija bint Khuwaylid 15103:Encyclopaedia of Islam 15088:Encyclopaedia of Islam 15073:Encyclopaedia of Islam 15055:Encyclopaedia of Islam 14947:Encyclopaedia of Islam 14928:Encyclopaedia of Islam 14911:Encyclopaedia of Islam 14769:Encyclopaedia of Islam 14402:Rodgers, Russ (2012). 14341:Reynolds, Gabriel Said 14137:Peters, Francis Edward 14111:Peters, Francis Edward 14087:Peters, Francis Edward 14026:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13880:. Simon and Schuster. 13429:Howard-Johnston, James 11818:Younos, Farid (2010). 11687:Encyclopedia of Ethics 11055:Encyclopaedia of Islam 10564:Kabbani, Shaykh Hisham 10550:Encyclopaedia of Islam 10210:Encyclopaedia of Islam 9232:Encyclopaedia of Islam 8688:Faizer, Rizwi (2010). 8637:Maulana Muhammad Ali, 6606:Turner, Colin (2005). 6172:Çakmak, Cenap (2017). 5142:Muhammad ibn Abd Allah 5091:Muhammad and the Bible 4912:Criticism of the Quran 4808:published in 1787 his 4752: 4672:Islamic social reforms 4616: 4593:depictions of Muhammad 4580:. The wound was later 4571:Depictions of Muhammad 4507: 4430: 4320:Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad 4304:Ruqayyah bint Muhammad 4248: 4209:, and established the 4127: 4100:Early Muslim conquests 4092:Succession to Muhammad 3971: 3924: 3884: 3773: 3703: 3559: 3534:Treaty of al-Hudaybiya 3450:preceding Meccan siege 3412:accusation of adultery 3288: 3138: 2830:Constitution of Medina 2818:Constitution of Medina 2812:Constitution of Medina 2702:second pledge of Aqaba 2612: 2536:Muhammad then went to 2474:incident was reported 2380:Migration to Abyssinia 2304: 2153: 2054: 2003: 1979:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani 1963:Fakhita bint Abi Talib 1891:viceroy in the former 1801: 1365:Abd ar-Rahman al-Nasai 1344: 1290:of Waqidi's secretary 1239: 1188:Muslim victory at Badr 1148: 1056:Constitution of Medina 670:Companions of Muhammad 508:Milestones and records 27:. For other uses, see 26094:Prophets of the Quran 26069:Founders of religions 26064:Entering heaven alive 26059:7th-century diplomats 26009:7th-century merchants 25522:Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya 25500:Shama'il Muhammadiyah 23822:Divine right of kings 23286:Philosophy of history 23276:Philosophy of culture 23171:A Conflict of Visions 21697:Conversion to mosques 21564:Alchemy and chemistry 20232:(literally 'lamps'): 20145:statue) of Israelites 20078:(Casket of Shekhinah) 19580:Treaty of Hudaybiyyah 19427:(Black Stone) & 19207:('The Blessed Place') 18675:Daughters of Muhammad 18665:Household of Muhammad 18641:Household of Abraham 18489:(literally 'Helpers') 17944:Disciples (including 17604:the son of Zechariah) 17193:(Honourable Scribes) 17181:Bearers of the Throne 16085:Prophets in the Quran 15623:Muhammad in the Quran 15430:Splitting of the Moon 15289:Ramla bint Abi Sufyan 14469:Rosenwein, Barbara H. 13960:. Lutterworth Press. 13848:Margoliouth, David S. 13772:Lewis, David Levering 13659:(24 September 2018). 13657:Hanegraaff, Wouter J. 13637:The Religion of Islám 13506:Gassick, Dr Trevor Le 13453:Humphreys, R. Stephen 13192:Glubb, Sir John Bagot 12609:In search of Muhammad 12249:Dana, Nissim (2008). 12020:Buhl & Welch 1993 11869:The Lives of Muhammad 11555:. Berg. p. 344. 10995:Farah (1994), p. 135. 10668:Weston, Mark (2008). 10643:. Brill. p. 22. 10462:Buhl & Welch 1993 10284:, p. 344–5, 359. 9901:referencing Sirah by 9866:Lings (1987), p. 292. 9835:Lings (1987), p. 291. 9189:Muhammad and the Jews 8720:Buhl & Welch 1993 8384:Buhl & Welch 1993 8150:Buhl & Welch 1993 7771:Buhl & Welch 1993 7448:Buhl & Welch 1993 7261:Buhl & Welch 1993 7224:, 154, in Guillaume, 7176:, 153, in Guillaume, 6927:Buhl & Welch 1993 6667:Buhl & Welch 1993 6504:, pp. xi, 19–20. 6130:Holland, Tom (2012). 6032:Lumbard, Joseph E. B. 5847:Buhl & Welch 1993 5158:Last Prophet of Islam 5056:Ashtiname of Muhammad 5025:Manifestations of God 4917:Criticism of Muhammad 4902:Criticism of Muhammad 4796:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 4734: 4726:European appreciation 4664:. Reproduced through 4606: 4478: 4447:splitting of the Moon 4413: 4330:bore him a son named 4279:, a Muslim widow, or 4234: 4221:Further information: 4107: 4090:Further information: 3961: 3907: 3871:, depicting Muhammad 3860: 3797:and two of his sons, 3771: 3693: 3664:Zaynab bint al-Harith 3541: 3452:, the Quraysh leader 3436:On the exact day the 3273: 3199:Further information: 3115: 3091:Further information: 2822:Further information: 2676:Migration to Medina ( 2602: 2300: 2143: 2113:transcendent presence 2044: 1976: 1816:. He belonged to the 1796: 1753:event of Ghadir Khumm 1751:Farewell pilgrimage, 1726:Treaty of Hudaybiyyah 1490:Death of his mother, 1458:Death of his father, 1326: 1249:The earliest written 1235:l-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah 1226: 1199:Birmingham manuscript 1195:Muhammad's companions 1158:Muhammad in the Quran 1128: 570:Splitting of the Moon 169:24.46750°N 39.61139°E 25866:Cartoon Wars Part II 25809:The Life of Muhammad 25752:Innocence of Muslims 25550:Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum 25514:Al-Sira Al-Nabawiyya 25438:2020 stabbing attack 25403:Akkari-Laban dossier 24970:Democracy in America 24349:political philosophy 24332:political philosophy 24147:political philosophy 23976:political philosophy 23886:Separation of powers 23847:Night-watchman state 23832:Monopoly on violence 23366:Political philosophy 23291:Political philosophy 23091:Democracy in America 21423:Ma malakat aymanukum 20998:Association football 20012:(Scroll(s) of Moses) 19890:Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams 19607:('the Confederates') 19595:military expeditions 19370:The Prophet's Mosque 19328:('The Sacred Grove') 19124:(Station of Abraham) 18939:Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah 18615:('Companions of the 18414:(Sodom and Gomorrah) 18406:(Children of Israel) 18101:Moses' sister-in-law 18080:, who adopted Moses) 18023:, Qatafir or Qittin) 18002:Brothers (including 17748:He who spoke to God) 17071:(she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ 17043:sleepers of the cave 17011:) of the Abyssinians 15822:Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum 15528:Ja'far ibn Abi Talib 15398:Umm Kulthum bint Ali 15341:Zainab bint Muhammad 15336:Ibrahim ibn Muhammad 15279:Jawairia bint Harith 15264:Zaynab bint Khuzayma 14825:. George Braziller. 14638:. Prometheus Books. 14584:Spellberg, Denise A. 14496:The Life of Muhammad 14471:, ed. (3 May 2018). 14139:(10 November 2010). 14023:(19 December 2013). 13912:The Life of Muhammad 13796:Lindemann, Albert S. 13753:The Arabs in History 13508:(1 September 2000). 13170:(27 February 1997). 13150:Donzel, Emeri J. van 12903:Dibble, Roy (1926). 12719:Brown, Jonathan A.C. 11968:Lewis (1993), p. 45. 11737:Warraq, Ibn (2007). 11670:8 April 2010 at the 11617:Ali Boozari (2010). 11581:D. Fairchild Ruggles 11291:Memories of Muhammad 10823:Wives of the Prophet 9905:, vol. II, page 409. 9346:The Life of Muhammad 8639:Muhammad The Prophet 8601:Lewis (2002), p. 44. 8564:Lewis (2002), p. 41. 8075:. pp. 116–117. 8052:(London, 1955), 193. 8050:The Life of Muhammad 6636:Names of the Prophet 6634:Jean-Louis Déclais, 6332:Jonathan, A.C. Brown 5890:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein 5709:, pp. 38, 41–3. 4941:Seal of the Prophets 4332:Ibrahim ibn Muhammad 4312:Zainab bint Muhammad 4257:post-hijra in Medina 4152:Eastern Roman Empire 3709:truce of Hudaybiyyah 3643:Muhammad ibn Maslama 3528:Treaty of Hudaybiyya 3470:Battle of the Trench 3364:Battle of the Trench 3358:Battle of the Trench 3010:1st Daumat al-Jandal 2525:, who succeeded the 2427:before the event of 2095:spirit of revelation 2033:History of the Quran 1881:Year of the Elephant 1711:Battle of the Trench 1621:clan boycott begins 1357:Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj 1292:Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi 1111:Biographical sources 1028:Muhammad's followers 992:his first revelation 958:. He was the son of 933:Seal of the Prophets 880:[mʊˈħæm.mæd] 782:Biography portal 213:Children of Muhammad 26029:Angelic visionaries 25859:Cartoon Wars Part I 25680:The Jewel of Medina 25529:Al-Khasais-ul-Kubra 25334:Lars Vilks drawings 25160:Right-wing politics 25040:A Theory of Justice 25010:The Road to Serfdom 24930:The Social Contract 23637:Christian democracy 23131:One-Dimensional Man 19631:Expedition of Tabuk 19575:Farewell Pilgrimage 19325:Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām 19244:Munzalanm-Mubārakan 19063:Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām 19038:Iram of the Pillars 18341:People of al-Ukhdūd 18293:(Companions of the 17752:Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh 17019:Domesticated donkey 16989:(cow) of Israelites 16011:Al-Masjid an-Nabawi 15570:Abu Sufyan ibn Harb 15461:Farewell Pilgrimage 15294:Safiyya bint Huyayy 15064:Watt, W. Montgomery 15046:Watt, W. Montgomery 14737:Watt, W. Montgomery 14713:Watt, W. Montgomery 14707:. ASIN: B000IUA52A. 14689:Watt, W. Montgomery 14606:Stillman, Norman A. 14290:(15 October 2015). 14131:. ASIN: B0012385Z6. 14021:Netton, Ian Richard 13802:(28 October 2010). 13774:(12 January 2009). 13478:Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad 13306:(4 February 2014). 13296:Kopelman Foundation 13292:Jewish Encyclopedia 13124:(22 October 2014). 13122:Gabriel, Richard A. 13098:Gabriel, Richard A. 12820:Conrad, Lawrence I. 12697:(17 October 2003). 12548:Bosworth, C. Edmund 12469:(25 October 2022). 12467:Arjomand, Said Amir 12022:, pp. 360–376. 11796:(1903), pp. 279–80. 11278:, pp. 159–161. 11142:Seyyed Hossein Nasr 10946:Bearman et al. 2002 9850:, pp. 274–275. 9404:, pp. 211–212. 9106:, pp. 170–172. 8825:, Vol. 5, no. 4037. 8497:, pp. 112–114. 8300:Schacht et al. 1998 7031:on 3 December 2004. 6587:, pp. 286–287. 4999:Yusuf Abu al-Haggag 4977:ownership of slaves 4933:Biblical narratives 4792:Essai sur les mœurs 4587:However, since the 4531:Muhammad's birthday 4241:Al-Masjid an-Nabawi 4132:Umar ibn al-Khattab 4063:Saud bin Abdul-Aziz 4016:al-Masjid an-Nabawi 3995:Al-Masjid an-Nabawi 3877:Farewell Pilgrimage 3846:Farewell Pilgrimage 3840:Farewell pilgrimage 3764:Expedition of Tabuk 3647:Safiyya bint Huyayy 3608:Invasion of Khaybar 3184:Abd-Allah ibn Ubaiy 3109:Masjid al-Qiblatayn 2581:, the chief of the 2331:Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt 2181:Opposition in Mecca 1902:Muhammad's father, 1353:Muhammad al-Bukhari 1219:Prophetic biography 1064:Farewell Pilgrimage 903:, he was a prophet 726:Al-Masjid an-Nabawi 491:Farewell Pilgrimage 426:خَاتَم ٱلنَّبِيِّين 164: / 25852:Super Best Friends 25592:Muhammad at Medina 25345:The Satanic Verses 25282:Aniconism in Islam 25172:Political violence 25167:Political theology 25150:Left-wing politics 25145:Political spectrum 23251:Cultural pessimism 23246:Cultural criticism 22145:National character 21908:Quran and miracles 21822:Criticism of Islam 21536:Geometric patterns 21388:Gender segregation 20959:Non-denominational 20086:Trumpet of Israfil 19832:('The Late-Night') 19699:Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām 19445:(Cave of the Bull) 19430:Al-Hijr of Isma'il 19342:Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām 19034:Iram dhāt al-ʿImād 19019:(excluding Madyan) 18942:('The Holy Land') 18890:Meccan polytheists 18828:People of the Book 18686:Household of Salih 18661:Household of Moses 18609:(people of Ṣāliḥ) 18310:Disciples of Jesus 18282:People of Paradise 18074:Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim 17963:People of Solomon 17923:People of Abraham 17903:Believer of Ya-Sin 17871:People of Prophets 17569:(Jethro, Reuel or 17376:('Rebellious one') 17100:Beast of the Earth 15970:Mina, Saudi Arabia 15876:Dala'il al-Khayrat 15575:Waraqah ibn Nawfal 15403:Umamah bint Zainab 15326:Qasim ibn Muhammad 14718:Muhammad at Medina 14317:Muhammad in Europe 14288:Rāshid, Maʿmar ibn 14248:. pp. 17–54. 13954:(1 January 2018). 13655:Kloppenborg, Ria; 13549:Irving, Washington 13356:Lambton, Ann K. S. 13239:Goldman, Elizabeth 12496:. Harper Collins. 12375:(9 January 1997). 12138:Smith, P. (1999). 11866:Kecia Ali (2014). 11349:on 2 February 2012 10971:"Slavery in Islam" 10960:, p. 100-101. 10897:, pp. 168–69. 10524:"Prophet's Mosque" 9897:2 May 2012 at the 8048:, trans. and ed., 8036:Muhammad ibn Ishaq 7840:, p. 107–112. 7486:, p. 120-121. 6310:. pp. 33–34. 6303:Islam and the West 5955:(4 January 2024). 5745:Howarth, Stephen. 5419:, pp. 170–173 5333:, Vol. 5, no. 4037 5180:, and many others. 5116:Relics of Muhammad 4908:Criticism of Islam 4814:Napoleon Bonaparte 4753: 4628:Persian miniatures 4617: 4508: 4494:; Muhammad is the 4469:as-salamu 'alaykum 4431: 4324:Qasim ibn Muhammad 4277:Sawdah bint Zam'ah 4249: 4211:Rashidun Caliphate 4171:Roman–Persian Wars 4128: 3925: 3885: 3774: 3704: 3639:Kenana ibn al-Rabi 3560: 3379:Salman the Persian 3350:coitus interruptus 3305:Abdullah ibn Ubayy 3289: 3260:Meccan retaliation 3244:Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf 3226:Abdullah ibn Ubayy 3141:— Quran (22:39–40) 3050:3rd Wadi al-Qurra' 2761:Muhammad in Medina 2613: 2392:to the Abyssinian 2327:Nadr ibn al-Harith 2231:("purification"). 2215:, and almsgiving ( 2197:lower social class 2173:, and adopted son 2154: 2055: 2004: 1837:pre-Islamic Arabia 1802: 1518:Meets and marries 1345: 1240: 1149: 1129:Two folios of the 1072:converted to Islam 628:Medieval Christian 420:Khātam al-Nabiyyīn 174:24.46750; 39.61139 26089:People from Mecca 26054:Arab slave owners 25971: 25970: 25965: 25964: 25889: 25888: 25703: 25702: 25585:Muhammad at Mecca 25493:Sirah Rasul Allah 25463: 25462: 25277:Muhammad in Islam 25225: 25224: 25135:Philosophy of law 25080:Conflict theories 24920:The Spirit of Law 24827: 24826: 23876:Original position 23332: 23331: 23048: 23047: 22193:Spontaneous order 22183:Social alienation 22032:Cultural heritage 21993:Social philosophy 21959: 21958: 21925: 21924: 21921: 21920: 21893:Domestic violence 21883:Islamic terrorism 21878:Islamic extremism 21709: 21708: 21705: 21704: 21477: 21476: 21473: 21472: 21263:Marriage contract 21093: 21092: 21053:Political aspects 20840:Story of Prophets 20609:Prophets of Islam 20512: 20511: 20498: 20497: 20471:(Water or fluid) 20457: 20456: 20444:Sidrat al-Muntahā 20288:(Garlic or wheat) 20218: 20217: 20214: 20213: 19940: 19939: 19936: 19935: 19882:('The Afternoon') 19873:('The Afternoon') 19803:('The Mornings') 19636:Conquest of Mecca 19621:Battle of Khaybar 19557:Event of Mubahala 19553:(Night of Decree) 19526: 19525: 19481:Bilād ar-Rāfidayn 19424:Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad 19387: 19386: 19379:Salat (Synagogue) 19332:Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā 19183:Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan 19016:Arabian Peninsula 18991:Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn 18915: 18914: 18911: 18910: 18907: 18906: 18697: 18696: 18693: 18692: 18645:Brothers of Yūsuf 18516:Children of Ayyub 18509:Wife of Abu Lahab 18467:People of Fir'aun 18458:(People of Jonah) 18432:People of Shuaib 18418:People of Ibrahim 18351:People of Yathrib 18251: 18250: 18247: 18246: 18226:Nebuchadnezzar II 18119: 18118: 17861: 17860: 17857: 17856: 17820: 17819: 17689:and Strong Will') 17416: 17415: 17412: 17411: 17291: 17290: 17231:(Gabriel, chief) 17143: 17142: 16866: 16865: 16839: 16838: 16834: 16833: 16601: 16600: 16596: 16595: 16328: 16327: 16323: 16322: 16038: 16037: 16034: 16033: 15885: 15884: 15755:Sunan al-Tirmidhi 15586:Hassan ibn Thabit 15580:Zayd ibn Harithah 15411: 15410: 15284:Maria al-Qibtiyya 15274:Zaynab bint Jahsh 15230: 15229: 15026:978-0-691-22682-8 15002:978-9960-9919-0-0 14983:978-975-389-402-9 14957:978-90-04-09419-2 14876:978-0-7146-3142-4 14853:978-1-135-94085-0 14832:978-0-8076-0165-5 14808:cite encyclopedia 14779:978-90-04-08114-7 14728:978-0-19-577307-1 14704:978-0-19-577277-7 14694:Muhammad at Mecca 14680:978-0-415-57434-1 14645:978-1-61592-243-7 14632:(29 April 2011). 14621:978-0-8276-0198-7 14597:978-0-231-07999-0 14575:978-0-486-42502-3 14548:978-90-04-08118-5 14527:978-9960-9678-9-9 14506:978-1-351-88676-5 14493:(19 April 2022). 14482:978-1-4426-3673-6 14460:978-90-474-4195-3 14439:978-1-68137-493-2 14415:978-0-8130-3766-0 14394:978-0-521-82627-3 14375:978-0-19-533693-1 14356:978-1-5064-7388-8 14303:978-1-4798-0047-6 14279:978-0-19-530880-8 14255:978-0-19-532563-8 14244:. New York City: 14228:978-0-8122-0995-2 14207:978-1-4742-8935-1 14186:978-0-8028-0754-0 14152:978-0-19-974746-7 14102:978-0-691-11553-5 14078:978-1-4384-1597-0 14057:978-0-253-11074-9 14036:978-1-135-17960-1 14012:978-3-11-067498-9 13988:978-0-19-161399-9 13967:978-0-7188-9522-8 13943:978-0-313-36026-8 13922:978-0-86078-703-7 13887:978-1-4391-2941-8 13863:978-1-61640-503-8 13839:978-0-521-64696-3 13824:Madelung, Wilferd 13815:978-0-19-923503-2 13787:978-0-393-06790-3 13763:978-0-19-280310-8 13739:978-0-226-47107-5 13726:(15 March 2012). 13715:978-0-521-51441-5 13694:978-0-521-77933-3 13672:978-90-04-37888-9 13647:978-90-90-00408-2 13623:978-1-000-58502-5 13599:978-1-108-78765-9 13575:978-0-19-027753-6 13540:978-1-85964-040-1 13519:978-1-85964-142-2 13493:978-0-19-636034-8 13468:978-0-691-00856-1 13444:978-0-19-157608-9 13420:978-0-674-01017-8 13394:978-0-521-29135-4 13373:978-0-521-29135-4 13343:978-0-226-34686-1 13319:978-1-59463-230-3 13284:Gottheil, Richard 13275:978-0-313-32522-9 13265:The Rise of Islam 13254:978-0-19-508240-1 13230:978-1-56663-340-6 13207:978-0-8154-1176-5 13183:978-0-521-59984-9 13137:978-0-8061-8250-6 13113:978-0-8061-3860-2 13089:978-1-85168-131-0 13076:(24 April 1997). 13065:978-90-04-50234-5 13040:978-0-19-979413-3 13009:978-0-19-512558-0 12985:978-0-19-515713-0 12955:978-0-19-511234-4 12927:978-1-4744-2318-2 12895:978-0-7864-5642-0 12874:978-0-521-76725-5 12859:. New York City: 12811:978-0-8264-4964-1 12804:. A&C Black. 12759:978-0-674-73636-8 12738:978-0-19-955928-2 12710:978-0-631-21604-9 12686:978-1-139-82838-3 12665:978-90-04-41581-2 12644:978-0-292-70862-4 12619:978-0-304-70401-9 12595:978-0-521-24015-4 12567:978-90-04-12756-2 12552:Donzel, E. J. van 12544:Bianquis, Thierry 12503:978-0-06-115577-2 12482:978-0-520-38759-1 12454:978-1-136-48984-6 12433:978-0-520-97452-4 12412:978-0-88706-707-5 12399:(1 August 1987). 12388:978-0-7914-3150-4 12364:978-9960-717-31-9 12345:978-0-674-04742-6 12332:(24 April 2017). 12316:cite encyclopedia 12291:978-1-930409-11-8 12260:978-1-903900-36-9 12235:978-1-4655-4662-3 12210:978-1-59884-655-3 12174:bahai-library.com 12155:978-1-85168-184-6 11879:978-0-674-74448-6 11831:978-1-4918-2344-6 11752:978-1-61592-020-4 11632:978-0-253-35361-0 11596:978-1-4051-5401-7 11562:978-1-84520-741-0 11531:978-1-84885-168-9 11502:978-0-8122-4237-9 11469:978-0-8122-4237-9 11427:978-90-04-17589-1 11386:978-90-04-16861-9 11301:978-0-06-123135-3 11263:, pp. 14–15. 11235:978-90-04-08655-5 11222:"Images in Islam" 11104:978-0-253-22206-0 10809:, pp. 35–36. 10789:978-1-118-05396-6 10779:Islam For Dummies 10766:, p. 182–83. 10746:978-0-8078-5577-5 10712:978-0-275-98734-3 10681:978-0-470-18257-4 10650:978-90-04-14442-2 10616:978-0-470-18257-4 10579:978-1-930409-18-7 10509:978-983-52-0373-2 9949:978-0-19-636033-1 9934:Guillaume, Alfred 9727:, p. 139–40. 9356:978-0-19-636034-8 9178:Ahmad, pp. 85–94. 9074:, pp. 36–37. 8699:978-1-136-92113-1 8674:978-0-7456-5488-1 8186:, vol.1, p.176–7. 8121:978-0-19-530991-1 8082:978-1-4384-2340-1 8041:Sirat Rasul Allah 7390:, pp. 37–39. 7221:Sirat Rasul Allah 7173:Sirat Rasul Allah 6992:, p. 50, 55. 6790:978-0-415-96690-0 6552:978-1-86064-827-4 6482:978-1-118-63851-4 6436:978-1-118-63851-4 6351:978-90-04-15839-9 6274:978-0-521-88607-9 6143:978-0-7481-1951-6 6038:. Huffington Post 5879:, pp. 31–32. 5782:978-1-872531-65-6 5755:978-0-8264-8034-7 5304:, pp. 109–10 5256:histories recount 5071:Glossary of Islam 5019:Followers of the 4806:Emmanuel Pastoret 4761:Gottfried Leibniz 4737:La vie de Mahomet 4613:Jammu and Kashmir 4552:peace be upon him 4371:Muhammad in Islam 4365:Islamic tradition 4354:Zaynab bint Jahsh 4348:at the market in 4328:Maria al-Qibtiyya 4265:Maria al-Qibtiyya 4261:Rayhana bint Zayd 4205:, large parts of 4032:Al Mansur Qalawun 3873:prohibiting Nasī' 3698:, a 16th-century 3681:Conquest of Mecca 3675:Conquest of Mecca 3614:Battle of Khaybar 3510:Zayd ibn Harithah 3459:Nu'aym ibn Mas'ud 3414:was made against 3314:polygyny in Islam 3100: 3099: 2567:Akhnas ibn Shariq 2548:Utbah ibn Rabi'ah 2364:Alexander Romance 2167:Ali ibn Abi Talib 2152:visiting Muhammad 2124:Waraqa ibn Nawfal 2087:jump to his death 1938:. Another uncle, 1893:Himyarite kingdom 1791: 1790: 1739:Conquest of Mecca 1673:(called Yathrib) 1404:Muhammad in Mecca 1213:Early biographies 1203:radiocarbon dated 1077:The revelations ( 1068:Arabian Peninsula 1022:prophets in Islam 905:divinely inspired 872: 818: 817: 436: 435: 415: 389: 342: 318: 200:Wives of Muhammad 25:Muhammad in Islam 26126: 26044:Arab politicians 25957:Islam portal 25955: 25954: 25953: 25943: 25942: 25933: 25932: 25794: 25793: 25472: 25471: 25327: 25326: 25252: 25245: 25238: 25229: 25228: 25140:Political ethics 25130:Machiavellianism 25070:Authoritarianism 25055: 25045: 25035: 25025: 25015: 25005: 24995: 24985: 24975: 24965: 24955: 24945: 24935: 24925: 24915: 24905: 24895: 24885: 24875: 24865: 24855: 24845: 23921: 23920: 23862: 23798: 23788:Balance of power 23762:Social democracy 23757:Social Darwinism 23732:Multiculturalism 23677:Environmentalism 23652:Communitarianism 23359: 23352: 23345: 23336: 23335: 23296:Social criticism 23216: 23206: 23196: 23186: 23176: 23166: 23156: 23146: 23136: 23126: 23116: 23106: 23096: 23086: 23076: 23066: 22302: 22301: 22284:Frankfurt School 22262:Communitarianism 22225: 22179: 22165: 21986: 21979: 21972: 21963: 21962: 21949: 21948: 21941:Islam portal 21939: 21938: 21937: 21729: 21728: 21721: 21715: 21714: 21556:Medieval science 21499: 21498: 21489: 21483: 21482: 21140:Economic history 21123: 21122: 21099: 21098: 21085:Islam by country 20918:Bektashi Alevism 20566: 20565: 20557:Outline of Islam 20539: 20532: 20525: 20516: 20515: 20398:Plants of Sheba 20310: 20309: 20153:Of Noah's people 20123: 20122: 20091: 20090: 20082:Throne of Bilqis 20075:Tābūt as-Sakīnah 20016:Tablets of Stone 19946: 19945: 19929:First Pilgrimage 19745:Times for prayer 19688:Islamic calendar 19616:Battle of Hunayn 19590: 19589: 19532: 19531: 19471:Bayt al-Muqaddas 19010: 19009: 18921: 18920: 18680:Muhammad's wives 18655:Progeny of Imran 18537:Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj 18439:People of Madyan 18381: 18380: 18370: 18369: 18268: 18267: 18257: 18256: 17991: 17990: 17957:Zechariah's wife 17941:People of Jesus 17930:Ishmael's mother 17878: 17877: 17867: 17866: 17676: 17675: 17617:Isrāʾīl (Israel) 17602:John the Baptist 17435: 17434: 17422: 17421: 17215: 17214: 17209:Munkar and Nakir 16974: 16973: 16967: 16966: 16922: 16921: 16909: 16908: 16893: 16886: 16879: 16870: 16869: 16855:Islamic prophets 16853:to mankind. The 16684: 16683: 16682: 16675: 16674: 16673: 16666: 16665: 16664: 16657: 16656: 16655: 16648: 16647: 16646: 16639: 16638: 16637: 16630: 16629: 16628: 16621: 16620: 16619: 16612: 16611: 16607: 16606: 16420: 16419: 16418: 16411: 16410: 16409: 16402: 16401: 16400: 16393: 16392: 16391: 16384: 16383: 16382: 16375: 16374: 16373: 16366: 16365: 16364: 16357: 16356: 16355: 16348: 16347: 16346: 16339: 16338: 16334: 16333: 16170: 16169: 16168: 16161: 16160: 16159: 16152: 16151: 16150: 16143: 16142: 16141: 16134: 16133: 16132: 16125: 16124: 16123: 16116: 16115: 16114: 16107: 16106: 16105: 16098: 16097: 16093: 16092: 16078: 16071: 16064: 16055: 16054: 16042: 16041: 15894: 15893: 15869:Durod e Ibrahimi 15801:Sirat Ibn Hisham 15741:Sahih al-Bukhari 15728: 15727: 15715:Seal of Muhammad 15314: 15313: 15249:Sawda bint Zamʿa 15159: 15158: 15141: 15134: 15127: 15118: 15117: 15107: 15092: 15077: 15059: 15041: 15030: 15013:(9 March 2021). 15006: 14987: 14961: 14932: 14905: 14880: 14857: 14836: 14817: 14811: 14803: 14796:John L. Esposito 14788:Welch, Alford T. 14783: 14756: 14732: 14708: 14684: 14660: 14649: 14625: 14601: 14579: 14558: 14557: 14555: 14531: 14510: 14486: 14464: 14443: 14426:(2 March 2021). 14424:Rodinson, Maxime 14419: 14398: 14379: 14360: 14343:(7 March 2023). 14336: 14325:. pp. 6–7. 14307: 14283: 14259: 14243: 14232: 14211: 14190: 14173:Peterson, Daniel 14168: 14166: 14164: 14132: 14120: 14106: 14082: 14061: 14040: 14016: 13992: 13971: 13947: 13926: 13905: 13891: 13874:(19 July 2011). 13867: 13843: 13819: 13800:Levy, Richard S. 13791: 13767: 13743: 13719: 13698: 13676: 13651: 13627: 13603: 13579: 13558: 13557:. P. F. Collier. 13544: 13523: 13497: 13472: 13448: 13431:(10 June 2010). 13424: 13398: 13377: 13347: 13323: 13304:Hazleton, Lesley 13299: 13279: 13258: 13234: 13222: 13211: 13187: 13163: 13148:; Lewis, Brian; 13141: 13117: 13093: 13069: 13048: 13020: 13018: 13016: 12989: 12973: 12959: 12944:(3rd ed.). 12931: 12910: 12899: 12878: 12858: 12847: 12815: 12801:Six World Faiths 12794: 12763: 12742: 12714: 12695:Brown, Daniel W. 12690: 12669: 12648: 12627: 12604:Bennett, Clinton 12599: 12578: 12576: 12574: 12535: 12512:Armstrong, Karen 12507: 12486: 12462: 12437: 12416: 12392: 12368: 12349: 12325: 12319: 12311: 12295: 12265: 12264: 12246: 12240: 12239: 12221: 12215: 12214: 12196: 12190: 12189: 12187: 12185: 12166: 12160: 12159: 12135: 12129: 12128: 12127:. 11 March 2023. 12117: 12111: 12105: 12099: 12092: 12086: 12080: 12074: 12068: 12062: 12056: 12050: 12044: 12038: 12032: 12023: 12017: 12008: 12002: 11993: 11987: 11981: 11975: 11969: 11966: 11960: 11953: 11947: 11941: 11935: 11929: 11923: 11920: 11914: 11911:Common Knowledge 11907: 11901: 11894: 11888: 11887: 11863: 11857: 11856: 11842: 11836: 11835: 11815: 11809: 11803: 11797: 11789: 11783: 11782:, p. 240–2. 11777: 11764: 11763: 11743:Prometheus Books 11734: 11728: 11721: 11715: 11709: 11703: 11696: 11690: 11680: 11674: 11661: 11650: 11647: 11641: 11640: 11614: 11605: 11604: 11577: 11571: 11570: 11546: 11540: 11539: 11513: 11507: 11506: 11490: 11480: 11474: 11473: 11457: 11447: 11436: 11435: 11409: 11403: 11402: 11400: 11398: 11370: 11359: 11358: 11356: 11354: 11345:. 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Vol. 7, p. 295 11047: 11041: 11031: 11025: 11024: 11022: 11020: 11010: 11002: 10996: 10993: 10987: 10986: 10984: 10982: 10967: 10961: 10955: 10949: 10943: 10937: 10934: 10928: 10925: 10916: 10913: 10907: 10904: 10898: 10892: 10886: 10880: 10874: 10871: 10865: 10859: 10853: 10852: 10839:Subhani, Jafar. 10836: 10830: 10819: 10810: 10804: 10798: 10797: 10773: 10767: 10761: 10755: 10754: 10727: 10721: 10720: 10696: 10690: 10689: 10665: 10659: 10658: 10634: 10625: 10624: 10597: 10588: 10587: 10559: 10553: 10546: 10540: 10539: 10537: 10535: 10530:on 23 March 2012 10520: 10514: 10513: 10495: 10489: 10483: 10474: 10471: 10465: 10459: 10453: 10447: 10441: 10435: 10429: 10423: 10417: 10411: 10405: 10399: 10393: 10387: 10381: 10375: 10369: 10368:, p. 286–7. 10363: 10357: 10351: 10345: 10339: 10333: 10327: 10321: 10320:, p. 285–6. 10315: 10309: 10303: 10297: 10291: 10285: 10279: 10273: 10267: 10261: 10255: 10249: 10243: 10237: 10231: 10225: 10219: 10213: 10204:M.A. al-Bakhit, 10202: 10196: 10195:, p. 192–3. 10190: 10184: 10183:, p. 274–5. 10178: 10172: 10171:, p. 192–4. 10166: 10160: 10154: 10148: 10142: 10136: 10130: 10124: 10118: 10112: 10106: 10100: 10094: 10085: 10079: 10073: 10072:, p. 263–4. 10067: 10061: 10055: 10049: 10043: 10037: 10031: 10025: 10019: 10013: 10007: 10001: 9995: 9989: 9988:, p. 320–1. 9983: 9977: 9970: 9964: 9963: 9958: 9956: 9930: 9924: 9921: 9915: 9912: 9906: 9885: 9879: 9873: 9867: 9864: 9858: 9857: 9845: 9836: 9833: 9822: 9821: 9809: 9796: 9790: 9781: 9775: 9769: 9763: 9757: 9756:, p. 283–4. 9751: 9745: 9739: 9728: 9722: 9716: 9710: 9704: 9698: 9692: 9686: 9680: 9679:, p. 282–3. 9674: 9668: 9662: 9649: 9648:, p. 200–1. 9643: 9637: 9631: 9625: 9619: 9613: 9607: 9601: 9595: 9589: 9583: 9577: 9576:, p. 251–2. 9571: 9562: 9556: 9547: 9546:, p. 265–6. 9541: 9535: 9529: 9523: 9517: 9511: 9505: 9499: 9493: 9487: 9481: 9475: 9469: 9463: 9457: 9451: 9445: 9439: 9433: 9422: 9416: 9405: 9399: 9393: 9387: 9378: 9377: 9367: 9361: 9360: 9340: 9334: 9328: 9322: 9316: 9310: 9309:, p. 211–2. 9304: 9298: 9292: 9286: 9285:, p. 147–8. 9280: 9274: 9268: 9262: 9256: 9247: 9241: 9235: 9224: 9213: 9207: 9201: 9198: 9192: 9185: 9179: 9176: 9170: 9169: 9157: 9151: 9144: 9138: 9132: 9126: 9120: 9114: 9113: 9101: 9095: 9084: 9075: 9069: 9063: 9057: 9048: 9042: 9033: 9027: 9021: 9015: 9009: 9003: 8997: 8991: 8985: 8979: 8973: 8967: 8961: 8955: 8949: 8948:, p. 127–8. 8943: 8937: 8931: 8925: 8919: 8913: 8907: 8898: 8892: 8886: 8880: 8874: 8873:, p. 120–3. 8868: 8862: 8861:, p. 113–4. 8856: 8850: 8844: 8838: 8832: 8826: 8820: 8814: 8808: 8802: 8796: 8790: 8785: 8779: 8773: 8767: 8761: 8755: 8749: 8738: 8732: 8723: 8717: 8704: 8703: 8685: 8679: 8678: 8660: 8654: 8648: 8642: 8635: 8629: 8623: 8614: 8608: 8602: 8599: 8593: 8590: 8584: 8583: 8571: 8565: 8562: 8556: 8553: 8547: 8541: 8535: 8529: 8520: 8513: 8507: 8504: 8498: 8492: 8486: 8480: 8474: 8468: 8462: 8456: 8450: 8444: 8438: 8432: 8426: 8420: 8411: 8405: 8399: 8393: 8387: 8381: 8375: 8369: 8363: 8362:, p. 186–7. 8357: 8351: 8345: 8339: 8333: 8327: 8321: 8315: 8309: 8303: 8297: 8291: 8290:, p. 245–7. 8285: 8279: 8273: 8267: 8261: 8255: 8249: 8243: 8237: 8226: 8220: 8214: 8208: 8199: 8193: 8187: 8178:Sells, Michael. 8176: 8170: 8161:Sells, Michael. 8159: 8153: 8147: 8138: 8137: 8135: 8133: 8105: 8099: 8093: 8087: 8086: 8059: 8053: 8033: 8027: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8003: 8002:, p. 145–6. 7997: 7991: 7985: 7979: 7973: 7967: 7964:Holt et al. 1977 7961: 7955: 7949: 7940: 7934: 7925: 7919: 7913: 7907: 7901: 7895: 7889: 7883: 7877: 7871: 7865: 7859: 7853: 7852:, p. 256–7. 7847: 7841: 7835: 7829: 7826: 7820: 7819: 7783: 7774: 7768: 7755: 7754:, p. 173–4. 7749: 7743: 7737: 7731: 7728:Margoliouth 2010 7725: 7719: 7718:, p. 167–8. 7713: 7707: 7701: 7695: 7689: 7683: 7677: 7671: 7665: 7659: 7653: 7644: 7643:, p. 460–1. 7638: 7632: 7631:, p. 344–5. 7626: 7620: 7619:, p. 125–7. 7614: 7608: 7602: 7596: 7595:, p. 125–6. 7590: 7584: 7578: 7572: 7566: 7560: 7553: 7547: 7546:, p. 342–3. 7541: 7535: 7529: 7523: 7522:, p. 113–4. 7517: 7511: 7505: 7499: 7493: 7487: 7481: 7475: 7469: 7463: 7462:, p. 35–36. 7457: 7451: 7445: 7439: 7433: 7427: 7421: 7415: 7409: 7403: 7397: 7391: 7385: 7379: 7373: 7364: 7358: 7349: 7343: 7337: 7331: 7325: 7319: 7313: 7306: 7300: 7294: 7288: 7282: 7276: 7270: 7264: 7258: 7252: 7246: 7240: 7234: 7228: 7226:Life of Muhammad 7213: 7207: 7201: 7195: 7189: 7180: 7178:Life of Muhammad 7165: 7159: 7153: 7147: 7141: 7132: 7126: 7120: 7114: 7105: 7099: 7093: 7087: 7081: 7075: 7069: 7063: 7057: 7051: 7045: 7044:, p. 79-81. 7039: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7024:. Archived from 7011: 6999: 6993: 6987: 6981: 6975: 6969: 6963: 6957: 6951: 6945: 6939: 6930: 6924: 6915: 6909: 6903: 6897: 6891: 6885: 6879: 6873: 6867: 6866:, p. 38–46. 6861: 6855: 6849: 6843: 6837: 6831: 6825: 6819: 6813: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6771: 6765: 6762:Gibb et al. 1986 6759: 6753: 6747: 6741: 6735: 6729: 6723: 6714: 6708: 6699: 6688: 6682: 6676: 6670: 6664: 6655: 6649: 6643: 6632: 6626: 6625: 6603: 6597: 6594: 6588: 6582: 6576: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6537:Rodinson, Maxime 6533: 6527: 6511: 6505: 6499: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6456: 6447: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6410: 6399: 6393: 6387: 6386: 6342:Brill Publishers 6328: 6322: 6321: 6294: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6209: 6200: 6194: 6188: 6187: 6169: 6163: 6157: 6151: 6150: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6096: 6090: 6084: 6075: 6069: 6063: 6057: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6034:(24 July 2015). 6028: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6011:The Conversation 6002: 5996: 5990: 5984: 5983:, p. 18–19. 5978: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5949: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5886: 5880: 5874: 5865: 5859: 5850: 5844: 5809: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5767: 5758: 5747:Knights Templar. 5743: 5737: 5731: 5722: 5716: 5710: 5704: 5698: 5692: 5686: 5680: 5671: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5628: 5594: 5588: 5585: 5579: 5534:, pp. 150–1 5514: 5508: 5494: 5488: 5459: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5440:Oxford Reference 5369: 5363: 5360: 5342: 5336: 5327:, pp. 112–4 5313: 5307: 5292:, pp. 197–8 5286:, pp. 173–4 5278: 5272: 5269: 5263: 5252: 5246: 5233: 5227: 5220: 5214: 5203: 5197: 5187: 5181: 5150:Prophet Muhammad 5146:Messenger of God 5138: 5096:Muhammad in film 4765:natural religion 4757:Guillaume Postel 4749:Ten Commandments 4621:Anatolian Seljuk 4560: 4559: 4516:Qasidat al-Burda 4496:Messenger of God 4428: 4405:convert to Islam 4342:Zayd ibn Haritha 4318:) and two sons ( 4223:Muhammad's wives 4124: 4118: 4112: 4081: 4020:Muhammad's tomb. 3987: 3969: 3958: 3955:Sahih al-Bukhari 3922: 3919: 3915: 3826:Khalid ibn Walid 3824:. A group under 3760:Battle of Hunayn 3242:Back in Medina, 3164:Asma bint Marwan 3142: 2945:Dhu al-'Ushairah 2920: 2906: 2899: 2892: 2883: 2882: 2697:Mus'ab ibn Umayr 2605:Dome of the Rock 2595:Isra' and Mi'raj 2589:Isra' and Mi'raj 2579:Mut'im ibn 'Adiy 2398:Aṣḥama ibn Abjar 2394:Kingdom of Aksum 2049:in the mountain 1993: 1990: 1984:Jami al-Tawarikh 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1783: 1776: 1769: 1763: 1669:, emigration to 1641:(his uncle) die 1451: 1423: 1392:Wilferd Madelung 1343: 1340: 1300: 1298: 1285: 1283: 1147: 1144: 1135:early manuscript 1052:Islamic calendar 985: 953: 901:Islamic doctrine 886: 883:"praiseworthy"; 882: 877: 867: 865: 857: 856: 853: 852: 849: 846: 843: 840: 837: 834: 831: 810: 803: 796: 780: 779: 778: 770:Islam portal 768: 767: 766: 750:History of Islam 555:First revelation 438: 437: 428: 427: 409: 401: 400: 383: 375: 374: 352:ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib 336: 328: 327: 312: 253:Other names 188: 187: 185: 184: 183: 181: 176: 175: 170: 165: 162: 161: 160: 157: 147:, Medina, Arabia 145:Prophet's Mosque 118: 116: 87: 84: 63:Prophet's Mosque 57: 36: 35: 26134: 26133: 26129: 26128: 26127: 26125: 26124: 26123: 26079:Miracle workers 25974: 25973: 25972: 25967: 25966: 25961: 25951: 25949: 25921: 25909:Muslim Massacre 25885: 25835: 25785: 25711: 25699: 25602: 25480: 25477: 25459: 25454:Je suis Charlie 25417: 25374: 25372:Jyllands-Posten 25365: 25318: 25265: 25256: 25226: 25221: 25208: 25197:Totalitarianism 25058: 25053: 25043: 25033: 25023: 25013: 25003: 24993: 24983: 24973: 24963: 24953: 24943: 24933: 24923: 24913: 24903: 24893: 24883: 24873: 24870:Treatise on Law 24863: 24853: 24843: 24823: 24481: 24475: 24214: 24208: 24094: 24088: 24007: 23910: 23896:State of nature 23891:Social contract 23871:Ordered liberty 23859:Noblesse oblige 23776: 23610: 23539: 23368: 23363: 23333: 23328: 23315: 23241:Critical theory 23219: 23214: 23204: 23194: 23184: 23174: 23164: 23154: 23144: 23134: 23124: 23114: 23104: 23094: 23084: 23074: 23064: 23044: 22722: 22716: 22514: 22508: 22457: 22386: 22293: 22245:Budapest School 22233: 22022:Cosmopolitanism 21995: 21990: 21960: 21955: 21935: 21933: 21917: 21839:Cultural Muslim 21810: 21777: 21733:Other religions 21723: 21719: 21701: 21636: 21603: 21550: 21493: 21491:Islamic studies 21487: 21469: 21303: 21248: 21225: 21172: 21117: 21116: 21089: 21038:Moral teachings 20981: 20963: 20937:Nation of Islam 20898:Twelver Shi'ism 20845: 20811:Religious texts 20805: 20723:Early conquests 20706: 20688: 20640: 20560: 20549: 20543: 20513: 20508: 20494: 20453: 20391: 20385: 20308: 20269: 20224: 20210: 20184: 20148: 20121: 20095: 20094:Mentioned idols 20089: 20051: 20049: 20043: 19988:Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm 19951: 19932: 19923:Laylat al-Mabit 19906: 19858:('The Evening') 19847:Dulūk ash-Shams 19815:('The Morning') 19809:('The Morning') 19746: 19740: 19711: 19686: 19680: 19669:Days of battles 19640: 19594: 19584: 19545:Incident of Ifk 19537: 19522: 19513:Palestine River 19383: 19352:Masjid al-Dirar 19282: 19276: 19223: 19171: 19163: 19018: 19014: 19008: 18945:'Blessed' Land' 18926: 18903: 18767: 18761: 18742:Umayyad Dynasty 18703: 18689: 18650:Lot's daughters 18634: 18633:('People of the 18632: 18624: 18576:(people of Hud) 18562: 18548: 18540:(Gog and Magog) 18423:People of Ilyas 18376: 18374: 18368: 18301:Jesus' apostles 18278:Aṣḥāb al-Jannah 18262: 18243: 18189: 18183: 18147:of Moses' time) 18115: 18091:Wise, pious man 18078:Wife of Pharaoh 18070:Imraʾat Firʿawn 18057:Aaron and Moses 18056: 18050: 18006:(Benjamin) and 17995: 17989: 17907:Family of Noah 17872: 17853: 17816: 17771: 17742:Mūsā Kalīmullāh 17688: 17686: 17684: 17674: 17600:ibn Zakariyyā ( 17429: 17408: 17379: 17336: 17287: 17249:Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus 17239:('The Spirit') 17213: 17191:Kirāman Kātibīn 17186:Harut and Marut 17163:Angels of Hell 17139: 17074: 16961: 16927: 16916: 16903: 16897: 16867: 16862: 16835: 16830: 16812: 16794: 16776: 16758: 16740: 16722: 16704: 16680: 16671: 16662: 16653: 16644: 16635: 16626: 16617: 16597: 16592: 16574: 16549: 16531: 16513: 16494: 16476: 16458: 16440: 16416: 16407: 16398: 16389: 16380: 16371: 16362: 16353: 16344: 16324: 16319: 16301: 16283: 16265: 16246: 16227: 16209: 16190: 16166: 16157: 16148: 16139: 16130: 16121: 16112: 16103: 16087: 16082: 16047: 16039: 16030: 16006:Masjid al-Haram 15994: 15943: 15881: 15854: 15827: 15788: 15776:Sunan al-Nasa'i 15769:Sunan Abi Dawud 15719: 15682: 15611: 15592:Bilal ibn Rabah 15558:Abd al-Muttalib 15512:(father-in-law) 15506:(father-in-law) 15492: 15466:Farewell Sermon 15439: 15435:Isra and Mi'raj 15407: 15393:Zaynab bint Ali 15366: 15303: 15259:Hafsa bint Umar 15226: 15199: 15178: 15174:Amina bint Wahb 15150: 15145: 15115: 15110: 15027: 15003: 14984: 14964: 14958: 14913: 14908: 14902: 14877: 14854: 14833: 14805: 14804: 14780: 14753: 14729: 14705: 14681: 14646: 14622: 14598: 14576: 14553: 14551: 14549: 14528: 14507: 14483: 14461: 14440: 14416: 14395: 14376: 14357: 14333: 14304: 14280: 14256: 14229: 14208: 14187: 14162: 14160: 14153: 14129: 14103: 14079: 14058: 14037: 14013: 13999:(6 July 2020). 13989: 13968: 13952:Muesse, Mark W. 13944: 13923: 13888: 13864: 13856:. Cosimo, Inc. 13840: 13816: 13788: 13764: 13740: 13716: 13695: 13673: 13648: 13624: 13600: 13586:(2 June 2022). 13576: 13541: 13520: 13494: 13469: 13445: 13421: 13407:Ruthven, Malise 13403:Hourani, Albert 13395: 13374: 13344: 13330:(15 May 2009). 13320: 13276: 13255: 13231: 13208: 13184: 13138: 13114: 13090: 13074:Forward, Martin 13066: 13041: 13014: 13012: 13010: 12986: 12956: 12928: 12909:. Viking Press. 12896: 12875: 12812: 12783:10.2307/3512048 12760: 12739: 12711: 12687: 12666: 12645: 12620: 12596: 12572: 12570: 12568: 12532: 12504: 12483: 12455: 12434: 12413: 12389: 12365: 12346: 12313: 12312: 12292: 12273: 12268: 12261: 12247: 12243: 12236: 12222: 12218: 12211: 12197: 12193: 12183: 12181: 12168: 12167: 12163: 12156: 12136: 12132: 12119: 12118: 12114: 12106: 12102: 12093: 12089: 12081: 12077: 12069: 12065: 12057: 12053: 12045: 12041: 12033: 12026: 12018: 12011: 12003: 11996: 11988: 11984: 11976: 11972: 11967: 11963: 11954: 11950: 11942: 11938: 11930: 11926: 11921: 11917: 11908: 11904: 11895: 11891: 11880: 11864: 11860: 11843: 11839: 11832: 11821:Islamic Culture 11816: 11812: 11804: 11800: 11790: 11786: 11778: 11767: 11753: 11745:. p. 147. 11735: 11731: 11722: 11718: 11710: 11706: 11697: 11693: 11681: 11677: 11672:Wayback Machine 11662: 11653: 11648: 11644: 11633: 11615: 11608: 11597: 11578: 11574: 11563: 11547: 11543: 11532: 11514: 11510: 11503: 11481: 11477: 11470: 11448: 11439: 11428: 11410: 11406: 11396: 11394: 11387: 11371: 11362: 11352: 11350: 11342:Washington Post 11330: 11321: 11311: 11309: 11302: 11286: 11282: 11274: 11267: 11259: 11255: 11245: 11243: 11236: 11218: 11209: 11201: 11197: 11189: 11185: 11177: 11173: 11165: 11161: 11156: 11152: 11140: 11136: 11128: 11124: 11114: 11112: 11105: 11089: 11085: 11077: 11073: 11065: 11061: 11049:A.J. Wensinck, 11048: 11044: 11032: 11028: 11018: 11016: 11008: 11004: 11003: 10999: 10994: 10990: 10980: 10978: 10969: 10968: 10964: 10956: 10952: 10944: 10940: 10935: 10931: 10926: 10919: 10914: 10910: 10905: 10901: 10893: 10889: 10881: 10877: 10872: 10868: 10860: 10856: 10837: 10833: 10820: 10813: 10805: 10801: 10790: 10774: 10770: 10762: 10758: 10747: 10728: 10724: 10713: 10697: 10693: 10682: 10666: 10662: 10651: 10635: 10628: 10617: 10598: 10591: 10580: 10560: 10556: 10547: 10543: 10533: 10531: 10522: 10521: 10517: 10510: 10496: 10492: 10484: 10477: 10472: 10468: 10460: 10456: 10450:Ibn Kathīr 1998 10448: 10444: 10436: 10432: 10424: 10420: 10412: 10408: 10400: 10396: 10388: 10384: 10376: 10372: 10364: 10360: 10352: 10348: 10340: 10336: 10328: 10324: 10316: 10312: 10304: 10300: 10292: 10288: 10280: 10276: 10268: 10264: 10256: 10252: 10244: 10240: 10232: 10228: 10220: 10216: 10203: 10199: 10191: 10187: 10179: 10175: 10167: 10163: 10155: 10151: 10143: 10139: 10131: 10127: 10119: 10115: 10107: 10103: 10095: 10088: 10080: 10076: 10068: 10064: 10056: 10052: 10044: 10040: 10032: 10028: 10020: 10016: 10008: 10004: 9996: 9992: 9984: 9980: 9971: 9967: 9954: 9952: 9950: 9931: 9927: 9922: 9918: 9913: 9909: 9899:Wayback Machine 9886: 9882: 9874: 9870: 9865: 9861: 9851: 9846: 9839: 9834: 9825: 9815: 9810: 9799: 9791: 9784: 9776: 9772: 9764: 9760: 9752: 9748: 9740: 9731: 9723: 9719: 9711: 9707: 9699: 9695: 9687: 9683: 9675: 9671: 9663: 9652: 9644: 9640: 9632: 9628: 9620: 9616: 9608: 9604: 9596: 9592: 9584: 9580: 9572: 9565: 9557: 9550: 9542: 9538: 9530: 9526: 9518: 9514: 9506: 9502: 9494: 9490: 9482: 9478: 9470: 9466: 9458: 9454: 9446: 9442: 9434: 9425: 9417: 9408: 9400: 9396: 9388: 9381: 9368: 9364: 9357: 9341: 9337: 9329: 9325: 9317: 9313: 9305: 9301: 9293: 9289: 9281: 9277: 9269: 9265: 9257: 9250: 9242: 9238: 9225: 9216: 9208: 9204: 9199: 9195: 9186: 9182: 9177: 9173: 9158: 9154: 9145: 9141: 9133: 9129: 9121: 9117: 9107: 9102: 9098: 9085: 9078: 9070: 9066: 9058: 9051: 9043: 9036: 9028: 9024: 9016: 9012: 9004: 9000: 8992: 8988: 8980: 8976: 8968: 8964: 8956: 8952: 8944: 8940: 8932: 8928: 8920: 8916: 8908: 8901: 8893: 8889: 8881: 8877: 8869: 8865: 8857: 8853: 8845: 8841: 8833: 8829: 8823:Al-Bukhari 1997 8821: 8817: 8809: 8805: 8797: 8793: 8786: 8782: 8774: 8770: 8762: 8758: 8750: 8741: 8733: 8726: 8718: 8707: 8700: 8686: 8682: 8675: 8661: 8657: 8649: 8645: 8636: 8632: 8624: 8617: 8609: 8605: 8600: 8596: 8591: 8587: 8577: 8572: 8568: 8563: 8559: 8554: 8550: 8542: 8538: 8530: 8523: 8514: 8510: 8505: 8501: 8493: 8489: 8481: 8477: 8469: 8465: 8457: 8453: 8445: 8441: 8433: 8429: 8421: 8414: 8406: 8402: 8394: 8390: 8382: 8378: 8370: 8366: 8358: 8354: 8346: 8342: 8334: 8330: 8322: 8318: 8310: 8306: 8298: 8294: 8286: 8282: 8274: 8270: 8262: 8258: 8250: 8246: 8238: 8229: 8221: 8217: 8209: 8202: 8194: 8190: 8177: 8173: 8169:, vol.1, p.176. 8160: 8156: 8148: 8141: 8131: 8129: 8122: 8106: 8102: 8094: 8090: 8083: 8060: 8056: 8034: 8030: 8022: 8018: 8010: 8006: 7998: 7994: 7986: 7982: 7974: 7970: 7962: 7958: 7950: 7943: 7935: 7928: 7920: 7916: 7908: 7904: 7896: 7892: 7884: 7880: 7872: 7868: 7860: 7856: 7848: 7844: 7836: 7832: 7827: 7823: 7800:10.2307/1595926 7788:Studia Islamica 7784: 7777: 7769: 7758: 7750: 7746: 7738: 7734: 7726: 7722: 7714: 7710: 7702: 7698: 7690: 7686: 7678: 7674: 7670:, p. 75–6. 7666: 7662: 7654: 7647: 7639: 7635: 7627: 7623: 7615: 7611: 7603: 7599: 7591: 7587: 7579: 7575: 7567: 7563: 7554: 7550: 7542: 7538: 7530: 7526: 7518: 7514: 7510:, p. 45–6. 7506: 7502: 7494: 7490: 7482: 7478: 7470: 7466: 7458: 7454: 7446: 7442: 7434: 7430: 7422: 7418: 7410: 7406: 7398: 7394: 7386: 7382: 7374: 7367: 7359: 7352: 7344: 7340: 7332: 7328: 7324:, p. 40–2. 7320: 7316: 7307: 7303: 7295: 7291: 7283: 7279: 7275:, p. 53–4. 7271: 7267: 7259: 7255: 7247: 7243: 7235: 7231: 7214: 7210: 7202: 7198: 7190: 7183: 7166: 7162: 7154: 7150: 7142: 7135: 7127: 7123: 7115: 7108: 7100: 7096: 7088: 7084: 7076: 7072: 7064: 7060: 7052: 7048: 7040: 7036: 7028: 7009: 7005:(August 1999). 7000: 6996: 6988: 6984: 6976: 6972: 6964: 6960: 6952: 6948: 6940: 6933: 6925: 6918: 6910: 6906: 6898: 6894: 6886: 6882: 6874: 6870: 6862: 6858: 6850: 6846: 6838: 6834: 6826: 6822: 6814: 6810: 6800: 6798: 6791: 6772: 6768: 6760: 6756: 6748: 6744: 6736: 6732: 6724: 6717: 6709: 6702: 6689: 6685: 6677: 6673: 6665: 6658: 6650: 6646: 6633: 6629: 6622: 6604: 6600: 6595: 6591: 6583: 6579: 6571: 6567: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6534: 6530: 6521:Wayback Machine 6512: 6508: 6500: 6496: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6457: 6450: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6411: 6402: 6394: 6390: 6352: 6329: 6325: 6318: 6295: 6288: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6249: 6245: 6218:History Compass 6210: 6203: 6195: 6191: 6184: 6170: 6166: 6158: 6154: 6144: 6128: 6124: 6117: 6097: 6093: 6085: 6078: 6074:, pp. 6–7. 6070: 6066: 6058: 6051: 6041: 6039: 6029: 6025: 6015: 6013: 6003: 5999: 5991: 5987: 5979: 5975: 5965: 5963: 5950: 5941: 5933: 5929: 5921: 5917: 5907: 5905: 5887: 5883: 5875: 5868: 5860: 5853: 5845: 5812: 5804: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5768: 5761: 5744: 5740: 5732: 5725: 5717: 5713: 5705: 5701: 5697:, p. 9,12. 5693: 5689: 5685:, pp. 4–5. 5681: 5674: 5666: 5662: 5654: 5641: 5637: 5632: 5631: 5595: 5591: 5586: 5582: 5570:, pp. 24–5 5552:, pp. 76–7 5546:, pp. 96–7 5540:, pp. 88–9 5515: 5511: 5495: 5491: 5460: 5456: 5444: 5442: 5434: 5370: 5366: 5354: 5343: 5339: 5331:Al-Bukhari 1997 5314: 5310: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5266: 5253: 5249: 5234: 5230: 5222:See also Quran 5221: 5217: 5204: 5200: 5188: 5184: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5051: 5017: 5007: 5005:Other religions 4991: 4985: 4921:non-Muslim Arab 4914: 4904: 4898: 4890:Alford T. Welch 4838:German Romantic 4801:Social Contract 4754: 4728: 4696:social security 4680: 4674: 4637:Timurid dynasty 4609:Hamla-i Haydari 4573: 4567: 4373: 4367: 4362: 4346:Hakim bin Hizam 4229: 4219: 4203:Byzantine Egypt 4199:Byzantine Syria 4126: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4114: 4110: 4102: 4088: 4008: 4007: 4006: 3993: 3988: 3979: 3970: 3967: 3920: 3902: 3892:months without 3886: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3814:Byzantine Syria 3766: 3758:Main articles: 3756: 3705: 3687: 3679:Main articles: 3677: 3672: 3616: 3610: 3536: 3530: 3498: 3434: 3428: 3366: 3360: 3337: 3268: 3262: 3203: 3197: 3144: 3140: 3101: 3096: 3095: 3084: 2921: 2912: 2910: 2880: 2870: 2864: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2768: 2763: 2757: 2688: 2682: 2597: 2591: 2575:Suhayl ibn Amir 2531:Abd al-Muttalib 2511: 2505: 2386: 2378:Main articles: 2376: 2323: 2313: 2189: 2183: 2169:, close friend 2148:image of angel 2144:A 16th-century 2111:, but rather a 2039: 2025: 2005: 1991: 1977:Miniature from 1916:Abd al-Muttalib 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1787: 1761: 1653:Isra and Mi'raj 1428: 1421: 1411: 1406: 1400: 1341: 1321: 1315: 1295: 1280: 1221: 1215: 1166:is the central 1160: 1154: 1145: 1123: 1115:Main articles: 1113: 983: 964:Amina bint Wahb 951: 939:as well as his 899:. According to 828: 824: 814: 776: 774: 764: 762: 755: 754: 721: 713: 712: 693: 685: 684: 655: 645: 644: 606: 598: 597: 583: 575: 574: 563:Isra and Mi'raj 546: 536: 535: 521: 513: 512: 495:Farewell Sermon 462: 423: 408: 399:أَبُو ٱلْقَاسِم 396: 382: 370: 335: 323: 311: 295: 270: 237: 232:Amina bint Wahb 179: 177: 173: 171: 167: 166: 163: 158: 155: 153: 151: 150: 149: 148: 131: 130: 128:State of Medina 120: 114: 112: 104: 103: 102:, Hejaz, Arabia 96: 85: 69: 60: 48: 41: 32: 21:Muhammad (name) 17: 12: 11: 5: 26132: 26122: 26121: 26116: 26111: 26106: 26101: 26096: 26091: 26086: 26081: 26076: 26071: 26066: 26061: 26056: 26051: 26046: 26041: 26036: 26031: 26026: 26021: 26016: 26011: 26006: 26001: 25996: 25991: 25986: 25969: 25968: 25963: 25962: 25960: 25959: 25947: 25937: 25926: 25923: 25922: 25920: 25919: 25912: 25905: 25897: 25895: 25891: 25890: 25887: 25886: 25884: 25883: 25876: 25869: 25862: 25855: 25847: 25845: 25837: 25836: 25834: 25833: 25826: 25819: 25812: 25805: 25797: 25791: 25787: 25786: 25784: 25783: 25776: 25769: 25762: 25755: 25748: 25741: 25734: 25727: 25719: 25717: 25705: 25704: 25701: 25700: 25698: 25697: 25690: 25683: 25676: 25669: 25662: 25655: 25648: 25641: 25634: 25627: 25620: 25615: 25607: 25604: 25603: 25601: 25600: 25595: 25588: 25581: 25574: 25567: 25560: 25553: 25546: 25539: 25532: 25525: 25518: 25510: 25503: 25496: 25488: 25486: 25469: 25465: 25464: 25461: 25460: 25458: 25457: 25450: 25448:Issue No. 1178 25445: 25443:Issue No. 1011 25440: 25435: 25429: 25427: 25419: 25418: 25416: 25415: 25410: 25405: 25400: 25395: 25390: 25385: 25379: 25377: 25367: 25366: 25364: 25363: 25354: 25349: 25341: 25336: 25330: 25324: 25320: 25319: 25317: 25316: 25311: 25306: 25301: 25296: 25295: 25294: 25284: 25279: 25273: 25271: 25267: 25266: 25255: 25254: 25247: 25240: 25232: 25223: 25222: 25220: 25219: 25213: 25210: 25209: 25207: 25206: 25199: 25194: 25189: 25187:Social justice 25184: 25179: 25174: 25169: 25164: 25163: 25162: 25157: 25152: 25142: 25137: 25132: 25127: 25122: 25117: 25112: 25107: 25102: 25097: 25095:Egalitarianism 25092: 25087: 25085:Contractualism 25082: 25077: 25072: 25066: 25064: 25060: 25059: 25057: 25056: 25046: 25036: 25026: 25016: 25006: 24996: 24986: 24976: 24966: 24956: 24946: 24936: 24926: 24916: 24906: 24896: 24886: 24876: 24866: 24856: 24846: 24835: 24833: 24829: 24828: 24825: 24824: 24822: 24821: 24816: 24811: 24806: 24801: 24796: 24791: 24786: 24781: 24776: 24771: 24766: 24761: 24756: 24751: 24746: 24741: 24736: 24731: 24726: 24721: 24716: 24711: 24706: 24701: 24696: 24691: 24686: 24681: 24676: 24671: 24666: 24661: 24656: 24651: 24646: 24641: 24636: 24631: 24626: 24621: 24616: 24611: 24606: 24601: 24596: 24591: 24586: 24581: 24576: 24571: 24566: 24561: 24556: 24551: 24546: 24541: 24536: 24531: 24526: 24521: 24516: 24511: 24506: 24501: 24496: 24491: 24485: 24483: 24477: 24476: 24474: 24473: 24468: 24463: 24458: 24453: 24448: 24443: 24438: 24433: 24428: 24423: 24418: 24413: 24408: 24403: 24398: 24393: 24388: 24383: 24378: 24373: 24368: 24363: 24358: 24353: 24352: 24351: 24341: 24336: 24335: 24334: 24324: 24319: 24314: 24309: 24304: 24299: 24294: 24289: 24284: 24279: 24274: 24269: 24264: 24259: 24254: 24249: 24244: 24239: 24234: 24229: 24224: 24218: 24216: 24210: 24209: 24207: 24206: 24201: 24196: 24191: 24186: 24181: 24176: 24171: 24166: 24161: 24156: 24151: 24150: 24149: 24139: 24134: 24129: 24124: 24119: 24114: 24109: 24104: 24098: 24096: 24090: 24089: 24087: 24086: 24081: 24076: 24071: 24066: 24061: 24056: 24051: 24046: 24041: 24036: 24031: 24026: 24021: 24015: 24013: 24009: 24008: 24006: 24005: 24000: 23995: 23990: 23985: 23980: 23979: 23978: 23968: 23963: 23958: 23953: 23948: 23943: 23938: 23933: 23927: 23925: 23918: 23912: 23911: 23909: 23908: 23903: 23898: 23893: 23888: 23883: 23881:Overton window 23878: 23873: 23868: 23863: 23854: 23849: 23844: 23839: 23834: 23829: 23824: 23819: 23814: 23809: 23804: 23799: 23790: 23784: 23782: 23778: 23777: 23775: 23774: 23769: 23764: 23759: 23754: 23749: 23744: 23739: 23734: 23729: 23724: 23719: 23714: 23712:Libertarianism 23709: 23704: 23699: 23694: 23689: 23684: 23679: 23674: 23669: 23664: 23659: 23654: 23649: 23644: 23639: 23634: 23629: 23624: 23618: 23616: 23612: 23611: 23609: 23608: 23603: 23598: 23593: 23588: 23583: 23578: 23573: 23568: 23563: 23558: 23553: 23547: 23545: 23541: 23540: 23538: 23537: 23532: 23527: 23522: 23517: 23512: 23507: 23502: 23497: 23492: 23487: 23482: 23477: 23472: 23467: 23462: 23457: 23452: 23447: 23442: 23437: 23432: 23427: 23422: 23417: 23412: 23407: 23402: 23397: 23392: 23387: 23382: 23376: 23374: 23370: 23369: 23362: 23361: 23354: 23347: 23339: 23330: 23329: 23327: 23326: 23320: 23317: 23316: 23314: 23313: 23308: 23303: 23301:Social science 23298: 23293: 23288: 23283: 23278: 23273: 23268: 23263: 23258: 23253: 23248: 23243: 23238: 23233: 23227: 23225: 23221: 23220: 23218: 23217: 23207: 23197: 23191:Gender Trouble 23187: 23177: 23167: 23157: 23147: 23137: 23127: 23121:The Second Sex 23117: 23107: 23097: 23087: 23077: 23067: 23056: 23054: 23050: 23049: 23046: 23045: 23043: 23042: 23037: 23032: 23027: 23022: 23017: 23012: 23007: 23002: 22997: 22992: 22987: 22982: 22977: 22972: 22967: 22962: 22957: 22952: 22947: 22942: 22937: 22932: 22927: 22922: 22917: 22912: 22907: 22902: 22897: 22892: 22887: 22882: 22877: 22872: 22867: 22862: 22857: 22852: 22847: 22842: 22837: 22832: 22827: 22822: 22817: 22812: 22807: 22802: 22797: 22792: 22787: 22782: 22777: 22772: 22767: 22762: 22757: 22752: 22747: 22742: 22737: 22732: 22726: 22724: 22718: 22717: 22715: 22714: 22709: 22704: 22699: 22694: 22689: 22684: 22679: 22674: 22669: 22664: 22659: 22654: 22649: 22644: 22639: 22634: 22629: 22624: 22619: 22614: 22609: 22604: 22599: 22594: 22589: 22584: 22579: 22574: 22569: 22564: 22559: 22554: 22549: 22544: 22539: 22534: 22529: 22524: 22518: 22516: 22510: 22509: 22507: 22506: 22501: 22496: 22491: 22486: 22481: 22476: 22471: 22465: 22463: 22459: 22458: 22456: 22455: 22450: 22445: 22440: 22435: 22430: 22425: 22420: 22415: 22410: 22405: 22400: 22394: 22392: 22388: 22387: 22385: 22384: 22379: 22374: 22369: 22364: 22359: 22354: 22349: 22344: 22339: 22334: 22329: 22324: 22319: 22314: 22308: 22306: 22299: 22295: 22294: 22292: 22291: 22286: 22281: 22280: 22279: 22269: 22264: 22259: 22258: 22257: 22247: 22241: 22239: 22235: 22234: 22232: 22231: 22226: 22217: 22216: 22215: 22205: 22200: 22195: 22190: 22185: 22180: 22171: 22166: 22157: 22152: 22147: 22142: 22137: 22136: 22135: 22125: 22120: 22115: 22113:Invisible hand 22110: 22105: 22100: 22099: 22098: 22088: 22083: 22078: 22073: 22068: 22067: 22066: 22056: 22055: 22054: 22049: 22044: 22034: 22029: 22024: 22019: 22014: 22009: 22003: 22001: 21997: 21996: 21989: 21988: 21981: 21974: 21966: 21957: 21956: 21954: 21953: 21943: 21930: 21927: 21926: 21923: 21922: 21919: 21918: 21916: 21915: 21910: 21905: 21900: 21895: 21890: 21885: 21880: 21875: 21874: 21873: 21863: 21862: 21861: 21856: 21851: 21841: 21836: 21835: 21834: 21829: 21818: 21816: 21815:Related topics 21812: 21811: 21809: 21808: 21803: 21798: 21793: 21787: 21785: 21779: 21778: 21776: 21775: 21770: 21765: 21760: 21755: 21754: 21753: 21748: 21737: 21735: 21725: 21724: 21711: 21710: 21707: 21706: 21703: 21702: 21700: 21699: 21694: 21687: 21682: 21681: 21680: 21670: 21665: 21660: 21655: 21650: 21644: 21642: 21638: 21637: 21635: 21634: 21629: 21624: 21619: 21613: 21611: 21605: 21604: 21602: 21601: 21596: 21591: 21586: 21581: 21576: 21571: 21566: 21560: 21558: 21552: 21551: 21549: 21548: 21543: 21538: 21533: 21528: 21523: 21518: 21513: 21507: 21505: 21495: 21494: 21479: 21478: 21475: 21474: 21471: 21470: 21468: 21467: 21462: 21461: 21460: 21448: 21446:Sources of law 21443: 21438: 21437: 21436: 21426: 21419: 21414: 21407: 21402: 21395: 21390: 21385: 21380: 21375: 21370: 21365: 21360: 21353: 21346: 21345: 21344: 21339: 21334: 21324: 21319: 21311: 21309: 21305: 21304: 21302: 21301: 21294: 21287: 21280: 21273: 21266: 21259: 21251: 21249: 21247: 21246: 21241: 21236: 21230: 21227: 21226: 21224: 21223: 21216: 21211: 21204: 21197: 21190: 21182: 21180: 21174: 21173: 21171: 21170: 21163: 21156: 21149: 21142: 21137: 21131: 21129: 21119: 21118: 21115: 21114: 21109: 21103: 21095: 21094: 21091: 21090: 21088: 21087: 21082: 21077: 21072: 21070:Social welfare 21067: 21062: 21055: 21050: 21045: 21040: 21035: 21030: 21025: 21020: 21015: 21010: 21005: 21000: 20995: 20990: 20984: 20982: 20980: 20979: 20974: 20968: 20965: 20964: 20962: 20961: 20956: 20951: 20950: 20949: 20939: 20934: 20929: 20928: 20927: 20922: 20921: 20920: 20910: 20905: 20900: 20890: 20885: 20880: 20879: 20878: 20855: 20853: 20847: 20846: 20844: 20843: 20836: 20831: 20826: 20821: 20815: 20813: 20807: 20806: 20804: 20803: 20802: 20801: 20796: 20791: 20786: 20781: 20776: 20771: 20766: 20754: 20749: 20742: 20735: 20733:Historiography 20730: 20725: 20720: 20715: 20709: 20707: 20705: 20704: 20699: 20693: 20690: 20689: 20687: 20686: 20679: 20672: 20665: 20658: 20650: 20648: 20642: 20641: 20639: 20638: 20633: 20628: 20621: 20616: 20611: 20606: 20605: 20604: 20594: 20587: 20586: 20585: 20574: 20572: 20562: 20561: 20554: 20551: 20550: 20542: 20541: 20534: 20527: 20519: 20510: 20509: 20503: 20500: 20499: 20496: 20495: 20493: 20492: 20486: 20485: 20484: 20483:(River or sea) 20478: 20465: 20463: 20459: 20458: 20455: 20454: 20452: 20451: 20446: 20441: 20431: 20421: 20420: 20419: 20409: 20395: 20393: 20387: 20386: 20384: 20383: 20382: 20381: 20373: 20363: 20353: 20343: 20333: 20327: 20316: 20314: 20307: 20301: 20295: 20289: 20283: 20277: 20275: 20271: 20270: 20268: 20267: 20266: 20265: 20253: 20252: 20251: 20239: 20228: 20226: 20220: 20219: 20216: 20215: 20212: 20211: 20209: 20208: 20203: 20198: 20192: 20190: 20186: 20185: 20183: 20182: 20177: 20172: 20167: 20162: 20156: 20154: 20150: 20149: 20147: 20146: 20135: 20129: 20127: 20120: 20119: 20103: 20099: 20097: 20088: 20087: 20084: 20079: 20071: 20066: 20061: 20055: 20053: 20045: 20044: 20042: 20041: 20033: 20020: 20019: 20018: 20013: 19992: 19984: 19975: 19961: 19959: 19953: 19952: 19942: 19941: 19938: 19937: 19934: 19933: 19931: 19926: 19919: 19914: 19912: 19908: 19907: 19905: 19904: 19903: 19902: 19887: 19886: 19885: 19884: 19883: 19874: 19859: 19844: 19835: 19834: 19833: 19823:('The Night') 19818: 19817: 19816: 19810: 19798: 19779:('Praising'), 19750: 19748: 19747:or remembrance 19742: 19741: 19739: 19738: 19729: 19719: 19717: 19713: 19712: 19710: 19709: 19708: 19707: 19702: 19692: 19690: 19682: 19681: 19679: 19678: 19673: 19670: 19667: 19658: 19648: 19646: 19642: 19641: 19639: 19638: 19633: 19628: 19626:Battle of Uhud 19623: 19618: 19613: 19611:Battle of Badr 19608: 19598: 19596: 19586: 19585: 19583: 19582: 19577: 19571: 19559: 19554: 19550:Laylat al-Qadr 19546: 19542: 19539: 19538: 19528: 19527: 19524: 19523: 19521: 19520: 19514: 19511: 19505: 19500: 19495: 19490: 19485: 19477: 19468: 19465: 19460: 19459: 19458: 19457: 19456: 19451: 19446: 19442:Ghār ath-Thawr 19438: 19433: 19408: 19407: 19406: 19395: 19393: 19389: 19388: 19385: 19384: 19382: 19381: 19376: 19375: 19374: 19373: 19372: 19367: 19354: 19349: 19339: 19329: 19307: 19302: 19295: 19286: 19284: 19278: 19277: 19275: 19274: 19265:('Township of 19260: 19250: 19249: 19248: 19234: 19232: 19225: 19224: 19222: 19221: 19212: 19211: 19210: 19209: 19208: 19193:Al-Wādil-Ayman 19187:Valley of Tuwa 19175: 19173: 19165: 19164: 19162: 19161: 19156: 19155: 19154: 19132: 19131: 19130: 19128:Safa and Marwa 19125: 19117: 19107: 19098: 19083: 19078: 19073: 19065: 19056: 19043: 19042: 19041: 19022: 19020: 19007: 19006: 19003: 18993: 18988: 18978: 18976:Door of Hittah 18973: 18961: 18948: 18947: 18946: 18934: 18932: 18928: 18927: 18917: 18916: 18913: 18912: 18909: 18908: 18905: 18904: 18902: 18901: 18900: 18899: 18893: 18882: 18881: 18880: 18875: 18874: 18873: 18868: 18853: 18852: 18851: 18846: 18821: 18820: 18819: 18811: 18799: 18791: 18790: 18789: 18779: 18776:Ahl al-Dhimmah 18771: 18769: 18763: 18762: 18760: 18759: 18753: 18744: 18739: 18737:Iranian people 18734: 18729: 18724: 18719: 18713: 18707: 18705: 18699: 18698: 18695: 18694: 18691: 18690: 18688: 18687: 18684: 18683: 18682: 18677: 18672: 18662: 18659: 18658: 18657: 18652: 18647: 18638: 18636: 18626: 18625: 18623: 18622: 18621: 18620: 18604: 18599: 18598: 18597: 18582: 18577: 18570: 18568: 18550: 18549: 18547: 18546: 18541: 18533: 18528: 18523: 18518: 18513: 18512: 18511: 18500: 18499: 18498: 18497: 18496: 18490: 18477:Aṣḥāb Muḥammad 18469: 18464: 18459: 18450: 18449: 18448: 18445:Aṣḥāb al-Aykah 18442: 18430: 18425: 18420: 18415: 18407: 18399: 18391: 18384: 18378: 18367: 18366: 18365:Nation of Noah 18363: 18357: 18348: 18343: 18338: 18333: 18320: 18315: 18314: 18313: 18298: 18288: 18287: 18286: 18283: 18274: 18272: 18264: 18263: 18253: 18252: 18249: 18248: 18245: 18244: 18242: 18241: 18236: 18233: 18228: 18223: 18220: 18217:Caleb or Kaleb 18214: 18209: 18204: 18199: 18193: 18191: 18185: 18184: 18182: 18181: 18175: 18170: 18165: 18159: 18153: 18148: 18138: 18127: 18125: 18121: 18120: 18117: 18116: 18114: 18113: 18108: 18103: 18098: 18093: 18088: 18087: 18086: 18081: 18067: 18060: 18058: 18052: 18051: 18049: 18048: 18043: 18042: 18041: 18030: 18024: 18011: 17999: 17997: 17988: 17987: 17981: 17980: 17979: 17974: 17972:Queen of Sheba 17969: 17961: 17960: 17959: 17954: 17949: 17939: 17938: 17937: 17935:Isaac's mother 17932: 17927: 17921: 17918: 17917: 17916: 17913: 17905: 17900: 17899: 17898: 17893: 17884: 17882: 17874: 17873: 17863: 17862: 17859: 17858: 17855: 17854: 17852: 17851: 17848:Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn 17845: 17835: 17828: 17826: 17822: 17821: 17818: 17817: 17815: 17814: 17800: 17790: 17785: 17779: 17777: 17776:Debatable ones 17773: 17772: 17770: 17769: 17759: 17758:Friend of God) 17749: 17739: 17738: 17737: 17731: 17711: 17710: 17709: 17703: 17692: 17690: 17685:('Those of the 17673: 17672: 17662: 17652: 17651: 17650: 17644: 17620: 17619: 17618: 17605: 17595: 17584: 17574: 17564: 17559: 17549: 17548: 17547: 17532: 17522: 17516: 17510: 17500: 17494: 17488: 17482: 17472: 17462: 17452: 17441: 17439: 17431: 17430: 17418: 17417: 17414: 17413: 17410: 17409: 17407: 17406: 17399: 17387: 17385: 17381: 17380: 17378: 17377: 17369: 17353: 17351: 17338: 17337: 17335: 17334: 17327: 17319: 17312: 17304: 17302: 17293: 17292: 17289: 17288: 17286: 17285: 17279: 17271: 17260: 17259: 17258: 17257: 17256: 17246: 17243:Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn 17225: 17223: 17212: 17211: 17206: 17205: 17204: 17199: 17188: 17183: 17178: 17177: 17176: 17169: 17160: 17158: 17145: 17144: 17141: 17140: 17138: 17137: 17125: 17113: 17103: 17093: 17082: 17080: 17076: 17075: 17073: 17072: 17063: 17054: 17045: 17035: 17022: 17012: 16999: 16990: 16980: 16978: 16971: 16963: 16962: 16960: 16959: 16958: 16957: 16932: 16929: 16928: 16918: 16917: 16905: 16904: 16896: 16895: 16888: 16881: 16873: 16864: 16863: 16844: 16841: 16840: 16837: 16836: 16832: 16831: 16829: 16828: 16823: 16815: 16813: 16811: 16810: 16805: 16797: 16795: 16793: 16792: 16787: 16779: 16777: 16775: 16774: 16769: 16761: 16759: 16757: 16756: 16751: 16743: 16741: 16739: 16738: 16733: 16725: 16723: 16721: 16720: 16715: 16707: 16705: 16703: 16702: 16697: 16689: 16686: 16685: 16676: 16667: 16658: 16649: 16640: 16631: 16622: 16610: 16603: 16602: 16599: 16598: 16594: 16593: 16591: 16590: 16585: 16577: 16575: 16573: 16572: 16569:Gautama Buddha 16566: 16560: 16552: 16550: 16548: 16547: 16542: 16534: 16532: 16530: 16529: 16524: 16516: 16514: 16512: 16511: 16505: 16497: 16495: 16493: 16492: 16487: 16479: 16477: 16475: 16474: 16469: 16461: 16459: 16457: 16456: 16451: 16443: 16441: 16439: 16438: 16433: 16425: 16422: 16421: 16412: 16403: 16394: 16385: 16376: 16367: 16358: 16349: 16337: 16330: 16329: 16326: 16325: 16321: 16320: 16318: 16317: 16312: 16304: 16302: 16300: 16299: 16294: 16286: 16284: 16282: 16281: 16276: 16268: 16266: 16264: 16263: 16257: 16249: 16247: 16245: 16244: 16238: 16230: 16228: 16226: 16225: 16220: 16212: 16210: 16208: 16207: 16201: 16193: 16191: 16189: 16188: 16183: 16175: 16172: 16171: 16162: 16153: 16144: 16135: 16126: 16117: 16108: 16096: 16089: 16088: 16081: 16080: 16073: 16066: 16058: 16052: 16049: 16048: 16036: 16035: 16032: 16031: 16029: 16028: 16023: 16018: 16016:Masjid al-Aqsa 16013: 16008: 16002: 16000: 15996: 15995: 15993: 15992: 15987: 15982: 15977: 15972: 15967: 15962: 15957: 15951: 15949: 15945: 15944: 15942: 15941: 15936: 15931: 15926: 15921: 15916: 15911: 15906: 15900: 15898: 15891: 15887: 15886: 15883: 15882: 15880: 15879: 15872: 15864: 15862: 15856: 15855: 15853: 15852: 15845: 15837: 15835: 15829: 15828: 15826: 15825: 15818: 15811: 15804: 15796: 15794: 15790: 15789: 15787: 15786: 15779: 15772: 15765: 15762:Sunan Ibn Maja 15758: 15751: 15744: 15736: 15734: 15725: 15721: 15720: 15718: 15717: 15712: 15706: 15701: 15696: 15690: 15688: 15687:Related things 15684: 15683: 15681: 15680: 15675: 15670: 15665: 15660: 15655: 15650: 15645: 15640: 15635: 15630: 15625: 15619: 15617: 15616:Related topics 15613: 15612: 15610: 15609: 15604: 15599: 15597:Anas ibn Malik 15594: 15589: 15583: 15577: 15572: 15567: 15561: 15555: 15549: 15543: 15537: 15531: 15525: 15519: 15513: 15507: 15500: 15498: 15494: 15493: 15491: 15490: 15485: 15480: 15478:Year of Sorrow 15475: 15473:Delegates Year 15470: 15469: 15468: 15458: 15453: 15447: 15445: 15441: 15440: 15438: 15437: 15432: 15427: 15421: 15419: 15413: 15412: 15409: 15408: 15406: 15405: 15400: 15395: 15390: 15388:Muhsin ibn Ali 15385: 15383:Husayn ibn Ali 15380: 15374: 15372: 15368: 15367: 15365: 15364: 15358: 15353: 15348: 15343: 15338: 15333: 15328: 15322: 15320: 15311: 15305: 15304: 15302: 15301: 15296: 15291: 15286: 15281: 15276: 15271: 15266: 15261: 15256: 15251: 15246: 15240: 15238: 15232: 15231: 15228: 15227: 15225: 15224: 15219: 15214: 15207: 15205: 15201: 15200: 15198: 15197: 15192: 15186: 15184: 15183:Foster parents 15180: 15179: 15177: 15176: 15171: 15165: 15163: 15156: 15152: 15151: 15144: 15143: 15136: 15129: 15121: 15114: 15113:External links 15111: 15109: 15108: 15093: 15078: 15060: 15042: 15031: 15025: 15007: 15001: 14988: 14982: 14962: 14956: 14933: 14914: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14906: 14900: 14881: 14875: 14858: 14852: 14837: 14831: 14818: 14784: 14778: 14757: 14751: 14733: 14727: 14709: 14703: 14685: 14679: 14661: 14650: 14644: 14626: 14620: 14602: 14596: 14580: 14574: 14559: 14547: 14532: 14526: 14520:. Darussalam. 14511: 14505: 14487: 14481: 14465: 14459: 14444: 14438: 14420: 14414: 14399: 14393: 14380: 14374: 14361: 14355: 14337: 14331: 14308: 14302: 14284: 14278: 14264:Ramadan, Tariq 14260: 14254: 14233: 14227: 14212: 14206: 14191: 14185: 14169: 14151: 14133: 14127: 14107: 14101: 14083: 14077: 14062: 14056: 14041: 14035: 14017: 14011: 13993: 13987: 13981:. OUP Oxford. 13972: 13966: 13948: 13942: 13927: 13921: 13906: 13892: 13886: 13872:Miller, Judith 13868: 13862: 13844: 13838: 13820: 13814: 13792: 13786: 13768: 13762: 13748:Lewis, Bernard 13744: 13738: 13724:Lassner, Jacob 13720: 13714: 13699: 13693: 13677: 13671: 13652: 13646: 13628: 13622: 13604: 13598: 13580: 13574: 13559: 13545: 13539: 13524: 13518: 13498: 13492: 13473: 13467: 13449: 13443: 13437:. OUP Oxford. 13425: 13419: 13399: 13393: 13378: 13372: 13360:Lewis, Bernard 13348: 13342: 13324: 13318: 13300: 13280: 13274: 13259: 13253: 13235: 13229: 13212: 13206: 13188: 13182: 13164: 13142: 13136: 13118: 13112: 13094: 13088: 13070: 13064: 13049: 13039: 13025:Esposito, John 13021: 13008: 12996:, ed. (2003). 12994:Esposito, John 12990: 12984: 12964:Esposito, John 12960: 12954: 12936:Esposito, John 12932: 12926: 12911: 12900: 12894: 12879: 12873: 12848: 12816: 12810: 12795: 12764: 12758: 12743: 12737: 12715: 12709: 12691: 12685: 12670: 12664: 12649: 12643: 12628: 12618: 12600: 12594: 12579: 12566: 12536: 12530: 12508: 12502: 12487: 12481: 12463: 12453: 12438: 12432: 12417: 12411: 12405:. SUNY Press. 12393: 12387: 12381:. SUNY Press. 12369: 12363: 12350: 12344: 12326: 12296: 12290: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12266: 12259: 12241: 12234: 12216: 12209: 12191: 12161: 12154: 12130: 12112: 12100: 12087: 12083:Spellberg 1996 12075: 12063: 12051: 12039: 12024: 12009: 11994: 11982: 11970: 11961: 11948: 11936: 11934:, p. 232. 11924: 11915: 11902: 11889: 11878: 11858: 11837: 11830: 11810: 11808:, p. 244. 11798: 11784: 11765: 11751: 11729: 11716: 11704: 11691: 11683:Islamic ethics 11675: 11651: 11642: 11631: 11606: 11595: 11572: 11561: 11541: 11530: 11508: 11501: 11475: 11468: 11437: 11426: 11404: 11385: 11360: 11335:(5 May 2011). 11319: 11300: 11280: 11265: 11253: 11234: 11207: 11205:, p. 121. 11195: 11193:, p. 181. 11183: 11181:, p. 120. 11171: 11159: 11150: 11134: 11122: 11103: 11083: 11071: 11059: 11042: 11036:, p. 12; 11026: 10997: 10988: 10962: 10950: 10948:, p. 475. 10938: 10929: 10917: 10908: 10899: 10887: 10875: 10866: 10854: 10831: 10811: 10799: 10788: 10768: 10756: 10745: 10731:Ernst, Carl W. 10722: 10711: 10691: 10680: 10660: 10649: 10626: 10615: 10589: 10578: 10554: 10541: 10515: 10508: 10490: 10475: 10466: 10464:, p. 374. 10454: 10452:, p. 344. 10442: 10440:, p. 132. 10430: 10428:, p. 268. 10418: 10416:, p. 147. 10406: 10404:, p. 361. 10394: 10392:, p. 287. 10382: 10380:, p. 360. 10370: 10358: 10356:, p. 286. 10346: 10344:, p. 203. 10334: 10332:, p. 140. 10322: 10310: 10308:, p. 358. 10298: 10296:, p. 200. 10286: 10274: 10272:, p. 189. 10262: 10260:, p. 269. 10250: 10248:, p. 226. 10238: 10236:, p. 188. 10226: 10224:, p. 230. 10214: 10197: 10185: 10173: 10161: 10159:, p. 191. 10149: 10147:, p. 274. 10137: 10135:, p. 189. 10125: 10123:, p. 328. 10113: 10111:, p. 327. 10101: 10099:, p. 264. 10086: 10084:, p. 326. 10074: 10062: 10060:, p. 225. 10050: 10048:, p. 325. 10038: 10036:, p. 186. 10026: 10024:, p. 182. 10014: 10012:, p. 181. 10002: 10000:, p. 321. 9990: 9978: 9965: 9948: 9925: 9916: 9907: 9880: 9868: 9859: 9837: 9823: 9814:, p. 274. 9797: 9795:, p. 283. 9782: 9770: 9758: 9746: 9744:, p. 203. 9729: 9717: 9715:, p. 202. 9705: 9703:, p. 128. 9693: 9681: 9669: 9667:, p. 254. 9650: 9638: 9626: 9624:, p. 200. 9614: 9612:, p. 197. 9602: 9600:, p. 253. 9590: 9588:, p. 280. 9578: 9563: 9561:, p. 267. 9548: 9536: 9524: 9522:, p. 248. 9512: 9510:, p. 179. 9500: 9498:, p. 235. 9488: 9486:, p. 213. 9476: 9474:, p. 152. 9464: 9462:, p. 252. 9452: 9450:, p. 119. 9440: 9438:, p. 251. 9423: 9421:, p. 212. 9406: 9394: 9379: 9362: 9355: 9335: 9323: 9311: 9299: 9297:, p. 211. 9287: 9275: 9273:, p. 249. 9263: 9261:, p. 141. 9248: 9246:, p. 148. 9236: 9214: 9202: 9193: 9180: 9171: 9152: 9139: 9137:, p. 141. 9127: 9125:, p. 126. 9115: 9096: 9076: 9064: 9062:, p. 262. 9049: 9047:, p. 197. 9034: 9032:, p. 130. 9022: 9020:, p. 196. 9010: 9008:, p. 194. 8998: 8996:, p. 240. 8986: 8984:, p. 193. 8974: 8970:Armstrong 2013 8962: 8960:, p. 219. 8950: 8938: 8936:, p. 192. 8926: 8924:, p. 127. 8914: 8912:, p. 191. 8899: 8897:, p. 137. 8887: 8883:Armstrong 2013 8875: 8863: 8851: 8849:, p. 113. 8839: 8837:, p. 110. 8827: 8815: 8813:, p. 176. 8803: 8801:, p. 107. 8791: 8780: 8776:Armstrong 2013 8768: 8766:, p. 143. 8756: 8754:, p. 197. 8739: 8737:, p. 173. 8724: 8722:, p. 370. 8705: 8698: 8680: 8673: 8655: 8653:, p. 179. 8643: 8641:, pp. 199–200. 8630: 8628:, p. 178. 8615: 8603: 8594: 8585: 8576:, p. 123. 8566: 8557: 8548: 8536: 8532:Armstrong 2013 8521: 8508: 8499: 8487: 8485:(1993), p. 21. 8475: 8473:(1979), p. 21. 8463: 8461:, p. 227. 8451: 8439: 8437:, p. 111. 8427: 8423:Humphreys 1991 8412: 8408:Armstrong 2013 8400: 8396:Armstrong 2013 8388: 8386:, p. 367. 8376: 8372:Armstrong 2013 8364: 8352: 8348:Armstrong 2013 8340: 8328: 8326:, p. 246. 8316: 8304: 8302:, p. 366. 8292: 8280: 8268: 8266:, p. 144. 8256: 8254:, p. 245. 8244: 8242:, p. 144. 8227: 8225:, p. 211. 8215: 8213:, p. 143. 8200: 8198:, p. 244. 8188: 8171: 8154: 8152:, p. 366. 8139: 8120: 8100: 8098:, p. 148. 8088: 8081: 8054: 8028: 8024:Armstrong 2013 8016: 8014:, p. 146. 8004: 7992: 7990:, p. 145. 7980: 7978:, p. 572. 7968: 7956: 7954:, p. 135. 7941: 7926: 7924:, p. 134. 7914: 7912:, p. 184. 7902: 7900:, p. 129. 7890: 7888:, p. 126. 7878: 7866: 7862:Armstrong 2013 7854: 7842: 7838:Al-Tabari 1987 7830: 7821: 7775: 7773:, p. 365. 7756: 7744: 7732: 7730:, p. 135. 7720: 7708: 7704:Schroeder 2002 7696: 7694:, p. 114. 7684: 7682:, p. 210. 7672: 7660: 7645: 7633: 7621: 7609: 7607:, p. 344. 7597: 7585: 7581:Armstrong 2013 7573: 7571:, p. 125. 7561: 7559:(1977), p. 36. 7548: 7536: 7524: 7512: 7500: 7488: 7476: 7474:, p. 102. 7464: 7452: 7450:, p. 364. 7440: 7428: 7424:Armstrong 2013 7416: 7412:Armstrong 2013 7404: 7400:Armstrong 2013 7392: 7380: 7376:Armstrong 2013 7365: 7350: 7346:Armstrong 2013 7338: 7334:Armstrong 2013 7326: 7314: 7312:(1977), p. 31. 7301: 7289: 7287:, p. 552. 7277: 7265: 7263:, p. 363. 7253: 7251:, p. 146. 7249:Rosenwein 2018 7241: 7229: 7208: 7204:Armstrong 2013 7196: 7181: 7160: 7148: 7144:Armstrong 2013 7133: 7131:, p. 148. 7129:Rosenwein 2018 7121: 7106: 7094: 7082: 7080:, p. 235. 7070: 7058: 7056:, p. 319. 7046: 7034: 6994: 6982: 6978:Armstrong 2013 6970: 6968:, p. 100. 6958: 6946: 6931: 6929:, p. 362. 6916: 6904: 6892: 6880: 6868: 6856: 6844: 6840:Armstrong 2013 6832: 6820: 6808: 6789: 6775:Meri, Josef W. 6766: 6754: 6752:, p. 213. 6742: 6730: 6728:, p. 286. 6715: 6700: 6683: 6671: 6669:, p. 361. 6656: 6644: 6627: 6620: 6614:. p. 16. 6598: 6589: 6577: 6565: 6551: 6528: 6506: 6494: 6481: 6448: 6435: 6400: 6388: 6350: 6323: 6317:978-0195090611 6316: 6298:Lewis, Bernard 6286: 6273: 6243: 6224:(2): 581–602. 6201: 6189: 6183:978-1610692175 6182: 6164: 6160:Armstrong 2013 6152: 6142: 6122: 6115: 6091: 6076: 6064: 6049: 6023: 5997: 5995:, p. 261. 5985: 5973: 5939: 5927: 5915: 5881: 5866: 5851: 5810: 5798: 5786: 5759: 5738: 5723: 5711: 5699: 5687: 5672: 5660: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5626: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5602:, p. 234. 5589: 5580: 5578: 5577: 5571: 5568:El-Azhari 2019 5565: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5541: 5535: 5529: 5523: 5509: 5489: 5487: 5486: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5454: 5452: 5451: 5436:"Banu Qurayza" 5432: 5420: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5381:Armstrong 2007 5378: 5375:Al-Tabari 1997 5364: 5362: 5361: 5348: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5328: 5322: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5273: 5264: 5247: 5245: 5244: 5241: 5228: 5215: 5198: 5182: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5006: 5003: 4984: 4981: 4955:labeled him a 4900:Main article: 4897: 4894: 4862:ethnoreligious 4854:Heinrich Heine 4818:Thomas Carlyle 4773:Vie de Mahomed 4729: 4727: 4724: 4676:Main article: 4673: 4670: 4662:graphic novels 4615:, India, 1808. 4578:battle of Uhud 4569:Main article: 4566: 4563: 4500:Topkapı Palace 4486:of faith, the 4377:oneness of God 4369:Main article: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4283:, daughter of 4218: 4215: 4121: 4115: 4109: 4087: 4084: 4071:Saudi militias 3990: 3989: 3982: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3965: 3941:Fadl ibn Abbas 3901: 3898: 3855: 3844:Main article: 3841: 3838: 3755: 3752: 3688: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3612:Main article: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3584:Suhayl ibn Amr 3532:Main article: 3529: 3526: 3497: 3494: 3486:Sa'd ibn Muadh 3430:Main article: 3427: 3424: 3404:Meir J. Kister 3396:Malik ibn Anas 3362:Main article: 3359: 3356: 3336: 3333: 3276:Battle of Uhud 3266:Battle of Uhud 3264:Main article: 3261: 3258: 3196: 3193: 3152:Battle of Badr 3148:Raid of Nakhla 3114: 3098: 3097: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 3000:Badr al-Maw'id 2997: 2992: 2990:Hamra' al-Asad 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2909: 2908: 2901: 2894: 2886: 2868:Battle of Badr 2866:Main article: 2863: 2860: 2834:legal covenant 2816:Main article: 2813: 2810: 2777:) for prayer ( 2767: 2764: 2759:Main article: 2756: 2753: 2684:Main article: 2681: 2674: 2657:Bayt al-Maqdis 2638:Bayt al-Maqdis 2593:Main article: 2590: 2587: 2507:Main article: 2504: 2501: 2472:Satanic verses 2384:Satanic Verses 2375: 2372: 2368:Battle of Badr 2360:Dhu al-Qarnayn 2317:Seven Sleepers 2312: 2309: 2294:, head of the 2182: 2179: 2071:Quranic verses 2024: 2021: 1971: 1814:Rabi' al-Awwal 1789: 1788: 1786: 1785: 1778: 1771: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1741: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1728: 1722: 1719: 1715: 1714: 1708: 1705: 1701: 1700: 1698:Battle of Uhud 1695: 1692: 1688: 1687: 1685:Battle of Badr 1682: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1650: 1647: 1643: 1642: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1608: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1573: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1548: 1530: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1508: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1480: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1462: 1456: 1453: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1410: 1407: 1402:Main article: 1399: 1396: 1377:Malik ibn Anas 1335:Malik ibn Anas 1317:Main article: 1314: 1311: 1217:Main article: 1214: 1211: 1168:religious text 1156:Main article: 1153: 1150: 1146: 568–645 1112: 1109: 970:tribal leader 816: 815: 813: 812: 805: 798: 790: 787: 786: 785: 784: 772: 757: 756: 753: 752: 746: 745: 740: 735: 729: 728: 722: 719: 718: 715: 714: 711: 710: 705: 700: 694: 691: 690: 687: 686: 683: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 656: 651: 650: 647: 646: 643: 642: 637: 631: 630: 624: 623: 618: 613: 607: 604: 603: 600: 599: 596: 595: 590: 584: 581: 580: 577: 576: 573: 572: 566: 565: 559: 558: 547: 542: 541: 538: 537: 534: 533: 528: 522: 519: 518: 515: 514: 511: 510: 505: 499: 498: 487: 486: 480: 479: 474: 469: 463: 458: 457: 454: 453: 447: 446: 434: 433: 430: 429: 417: 403: 402: 391: 377: 376: 344: 330: 329: 320: 306: 305: 297: 296: 294: 293: 285: 278: 276: 272: 271: 269: 268: 260: 256: 254: 250: 249: 243: 242:Known for 239: 238: 236: 235: 229: 222: 220: 216: 215: 207: 203: 202: 194: 190: 189: 139: 137: 133: 132: 122: 121: 110: 106: 105: 98: 97: 80: 76: 75: 71: 70: 58: 50: 49: 43: 42: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 26131: 26120: 26117: 26115: 26112: 26110: 26107: 26105: 26102: 26100: 26097: 26095: 26092: 26090: 26087: 26085: 26082: 26080: 26077: 26075: 26072: 26070: 26067: 26065: 26062: 26060: 26057: 26055: 26052: 26050: 26049:Arab prophets 26047: 26045: 26042: 26040: 26037: 26035: 26034:Arab generals 26032: 26030: 26027: 26025: 26022: 26020: 26017: 26015: 26012: 26010: 26007: 26005: 26002: 26000: 25997: 25995: 25992: 25990: 25987: 25985: 25982: 25981: 25979: 25958: 25948: 25946: 25938: 25936: 25928: 25927: 25924: 25918: 25917: 25916:Faith Fighter 25913: 25911: 25910: 25906: 25904: 25903: 25899: 25898: 25896: 25892: 25881: 25877: 25874: 25870: 25867: 25863: 25860: 25856: 25853: 25849: 25848: 25846: 25844: 25843: 25838: 25832: 25831: 25827: 25825: 25824: 25820: 25818: 25817: 25813: 25811: 25810: 25806: 25804: 25803: 25799: 25798: 25795: 25792: 25788: 25782: 25781: 25777: 25775: 25774: 25770: 25768: 25767: 25763: 25761: 25760: 25756: 25754: 25753: 25749: 25747: 25746: 25742: 25740: 25739: 25735: 25733: 25732: 25728: 25726: 25725: 25721: 25720: 25718: 25715: 25710: 25706: 25696: 25695: 25691: 25689: 25688: 25684: 25682: 25681: 25677: 25675: 25674: 25670: 25668: 25667: 25663: 25661: 25660: 25656: 25654: 25653: 25652:Rangila Rasul 25649: 25647: 25646: 25642: 25640: 25639: 25635: 25633: 25632: 25631:Izhar ul-Haqq 25628: 25626: 25625: 25621: 25619: 25616: 25614: 25613: 25609: 25608: 25605: 25599: 25596: 25594: 25593: 25589: 25587: 25586: 25582: 25580: 25579: 25575: 25573: 25572: 25568: 25566: 25565: 25561: 25559: 25558: 25554: 25552: 25551: 25547: 25545: 25544: 25540: 25538: 25537: 25533: 25531: 25530: 25526: 25524: 25523: 25519: 25517: 25515: 25511: 25509: 25508: 25507:Sirat-un-Nabi 25504: 25502: 25501: 25497: 25495: 25494: 25490: 25489: 25487: 25484: 25479: 25473: 25470: 25466: 25456: 25455: 25451: 25449: 25446: 25444: 25441: 25439: 25436: 25434: 25433:2015 shooting 25431: 25430: 25428: 25426: 25425: 25424:Charlie Hebdo 25420: 25414: 25411: 25409: 25406: 25404: 25401: 25399: 25396: 25394: 25391: 25389: 25386: 25384: 25381: 25380: 25378: 25376: 25373: 25368: 25362: 25360: 25355: 25353: 25350: 25348: 25346: 25342: 25340: 25337: 25335: 25332: 25331: 25328: 25325: 25323:Controversies 25321: 25315: 25312: 25310: 25307: 25305: 25302: 25300: 25297: 25293: 25290: 25289: 25288: 25285: 25283: 25280: 25278: 25275: 25274: 25272: 25268: 25264: 25260: 25253: 25248: 25246: 25241: 25239: 25234: 25233: 25230: 25218: 25215: 25214: 25211: 25205: 25204: 25200: 25198: 25195: 25193: 25190: 25188: 25185: 25183: 25180: 25178: 25175: 25173: 25170: 25168: 25165: 25161: 25158: 25156: 25153: 25151: 25148: 25147: 25146: 25143: 25141: 25138: 25136: 25133: 25131: 25128: 25126: 25123: 25121: 25120:Jurisprudence 25118: 25116: 25113: 25111: 25108: 25106: 25103: 25101: 25098: 25096: 25093: 25091: 25088: 25086: 25083: 25081: 25078: 25076: 25073: 25071: 25068: 25067: 25065: 25061: 25052: 25051: 25047: 25042: 25041: 25037: 25032: 25031: 25027: 25022: 25021: 25017: 25012: 25011: 25007: 25002: 25001: 24997: 24992: 24991: 24987: 24982: 24981: 24977: 24972: 24971: 24967: 24962: 24961: 24957: 24952: 24951: 24950:Rights of Man 24947: 24942: 24941: 24937: 24932: 24931: 24927: 24922: 24921: 24917: 24912: 24911: 24907: 24902: 24901: 24897: 24892: 24891: 24887: 24882: 24881: 24877: 24872: 24871: 24867: 24862: 24861: 24860:De re publica 24857: 24852: 24851: 24847: 24842: 24841: 24837: 24836: 24834: 24830: 24820: 24817: 24815: 24812: 24810: 24807: 24805: 24802: 24800: 24797: 24795: 24792: 24790: 24787: 24785: 24782: 24780: 24777: 24775: 24772: 24770: 24767: 24765: 24762: 24760: 24757: 24755: 24752: 24750: 24747: 24745: 24742: 24740: 24737: 24735: 24732: 24730: 24727: 24725: 24722: 24720: 24717: 24715: 24712: 24710: 24707: 24705: 24702: 24700: 24697: 24695: 24692: 24690: 24687: 24685: 24682: 24680: 24677: 24675: 24672: 24670: 24667: 24665: 24662: 24660: 24657: 24655: 24652: 24650: 24647: 24645: 24642: 24640: 24637: 24635: 24632: 24630: 24627: 24625: 24622: 24620: 24617: 24615: 24612: 24610: 24607: 24605: 24602: 24600: 24597: 24595: 24592: 24590: 24587: 24585: 24582: 24580: 24577: 24575: 24572: 24570: 24567: 24565: 24562: 24560: 24557: 24555: 24552: 24550: 24547: 24545: 24542: 24540: 24537: 24535: 24532: 24530: 24527: 24525: 24522: 24520: 24517: 24515: 24512: 24510: 24507: 24505: 24502: 24500: 24497: 24495: 24492: 24490: 24487: 24486: 24484: 24480:20th and 21st 24478: 24472: 24469: 24467: 24464: 24462: 24459: 24457: 24454: 24452: 24449: 24447: 24444: 24442: 24439: 24437: 24434: 24432: 24429: 24427: 24424: 24422: 24419: 24417: 24414: 24412: 24409: 24407: 24404: 24402: 24399: 24397: 24394: 24392: 24389: 24387: 24384: 24382: 24379: 24377: 24374: 24372: 24369: 24367: 24364: 24362: 24359: 24357: 24354: 24350: 24347: 24346: 24345: 24342: 24340: 24337: 24333: 24330: 24329: 24328: 24325: 24323: 24320: 24318: 24315: 24313: 24310: 24308: 24305: 24303: 24300: 24298: 24295: 24293: 24290: 24288: 24285: 24283: 24280: 24278: 24275: 24273: 24270: 24268: 24265: 24263: 24260: 24258: 24255: 24253: 24250: 24248: 24245: 24243: 24240: 24238: 24235: 24233: 24230: 24228: 24225: 24223: 24220: 24219: 24217: 24213:18th and 19th 24211: 24205: 24202: 24200: 24197: 24195: 24192: 24190: 24187: 24185: 24182: 24180: 24177: 24175: 24172: 24170: 24167: 24165: 24162: 24160: 24157: 24155: 24152: 24148: 24145: 24144: 24143: 24140: 24138: 24135: 24133: 24130: 24128: 24125: 24123: 24120: 24118: 24115: 24113: 24110: 24108: 24105: 24103: 24100: 24099: 24097: 24091: 24085: 24082: 24080: 24077: 24075: 24072: 24070: 24069:Nizam al-Mulk 24067: 24065: 24062: 24060: 24057: 24055: 24052: 24050: 24047: 24045: 24042: 24040: 24037: 24035: 24032: 24030: 24027: 24025: 24022: 24020: 24017: 24016: 24014: 24010: 24004: 24001: 23999: 23996: 23994: 23991: 23989: 23986: 23984: 23981: 23977: 23974: 23973: 23972: 23969: 23967: 23964: 23962: 23959: 23957: 23954: 23952: 23949: 23947: 23944: 23942: 23939: 23937: 23934: 23932: 23929: 23928: 23926: 23922: 23919: 23917: 23913: 23907: 23904: 23902: 23899: 23897: 23894: 23892: 23889: 23887: 23884: 23882: 23879: 23877: 23874: 23872: 23869: 23867: 23864: 23861: 23860: 23855: 23853: 23850: 23848: 23845: 23843: 23840: 23838: 23835: 23833: 23830: 23828: 23825: 23823: 23820: 23818: 23815: 23813: 23810: 23808: 23805: 23803: 23800: 23797: 23796: 23791: 23789: 23786: 23785: 23783: 23779: 23773: 23770: 23768: 23765: 23763: 23760: 23758: 23755: 23753: 23752:Republicanism 23750: 23748: 23745: 23743: 23740: 23738: 23735: 23733: 23730: 23728: 23725: 23723: 23720: 23718: 23715: 23713: 23710: 23708: 23705: 23703: 23700: 23698: 23695: 23693: 23690: 23688: 23685: 23683: 23680: 23678: 23675: 23673: 23670: 23668: 23665: 23663: 23660: 23658: 23655: 23653: 23650: 23648: 23645: 23643: 23640: 23638: 23635: 23633: 23630: 23628: 23625: 23623: 23620: 23619: 23617: 23613: 23607: 23604: 23602: 23599: 23597: 23594: 23592: 23589: 23587: 23584: 23582: 23579: 23577: 23574: 23572: 23569: 23567: 23564: 23562: 23559: 23557: 23554: 23552: 23549: 23548: 23546: 23542: 23536: 23533: 23531: 23528: 23526: 23523: 23521: 23518: 23516: 23513: 23511: 23508: 23506: 23503: 23501: 23498: 23496: 23493: 23491: 23488: 23486: 23483: 23481: 23478: 23476: 23473: 23471: 23468: 23466: 23463: 23461: 23458: 23456: 23453: 23451: 23448: 23446: 23443: 23441: 23438: 23436: 23433: 23431: 23428: 23426: 23423: 23421: 23418: 23416: 23413: 23411: 23408: 23406: 23403: 23401: 23398: 23396: 23393: 23391: 23388: 23386: 23383: 23381: 23378: 23377: 23375: 23371: 23367: 23360: 23355: 23353: 23348: 23346: 23341: 23340: 23337: 23325: 23322: 23321: 23318: 23312: 23309: 23307: 23306:Social theory 23304: 23302: 23299: 23297: 23294: 23292: 23289: 23287: 23284: 23282: 23279: 23277: 23274: 23272: 23269: 23267: 23264: 23262: 23259: 23257: 23254: 23252: 23249: 23247: 23244: 23242: 23239: 23237: 23234: 23232: 23229: 23228: 23226: 23222: 23213: 23212: 23208: 23203: 23202: 23198: 23193: 23192: 23188: 23183: 23182: 23178: 23173: 23172: 23168: 23163: 23162: 23158: 23153: 23152: 23148: 23143: 23142: 23138: 23133: 23132: 23128: 23123: 23122: 23118: 23113: 23112: 23108: 23103: 23102: 23098: 23093: 23092: 23088: 23083: 23082: 23078: 23073: 23072: 23068: 23063: 23062: 23058: 23057: 23055: 23051: 23041: 23038: 23036: 23033: 23031: 23028: 23026: 23023: 23021: 23018: 23016: 23013: 23011: 23008: 23006: 23003: 23001: 22998: 22996: 22993: 22991: 22988: 22986: 22983: 22981: 22978: 22976: 22973: 22971: 22968: 22966: 22963: 22961: 22960:Radhakrishnan 22958: 22956: 22953: 22951: 22948: 22946: 22943: 22941: 22938: 22936: 22933: 22931: 22928: 22926: 22923: 22921: 22918: 22916: 22913: 22911: 22908: 22906: 22903: 22901: 22898: 22896: 22893: 22891: 22888: 22886: 22883: 22881: 22878: 22876: 22873: 22871: 22868: 22866: 22863: 22861: 22858: 22856: 22853: 22851: 22848: 22846: 22843: 22841: 22838: 22836: 22833: 22831: 22828: 22826: 22823: 22821: 22818: 22816: 22813: 22811: 22808: 22806: 22803: 22801: 22798: 22796: 22793: 22791: 22788: 22786: 22783: 22781: 22778: 22776: 22773: 22771: 22768: 22766: 22763: 22761: 22758: 22756: 22753: 22751: 22748: 22746: 22743: 22741: 22738: 22736: 22733: 22731: 22728: 22727: 22725: 22721:20th and 21st 22719: 22713: 22710: 22708: 22705: 22703: 22700: 22698: 22695: 22693: 22690: 22688: 22685: 22683: 22680: 22678: 22675: 22673: 22670: 22668: 22665: 22663: 22660: 22658: 22655: 22653: 22650: 22648: 22645: 22643: 22640: 22638: 22635: 22633: 22630: 22628: 22625: 22623: 22620: 22618: 22615: 22613: 22610: 22608: 22605: 22603: 22600: 22598: 22595: 22593: 22590: 22588: 22585: 22583: 22580: 22578: 22575: 22573: 22570: 22568: 22565: 22563: 22560: 22558: 22555: 22553: 22550: 22548: 22545: 22543: 22540: 22538: 22535: 22533: 22530: 22528: 22525: 22523: 22520: 22519: 22517: 22513:18th and 19th 22511: 22505: 22502: 22500: 22497: 22495: 22492: 22490: 22487: 22485: 22482: 22480: 22477: 22475: 22472: 22470: 22467: 22466: 22464: 22460: 22454: 22451: 22449: 22446: 22444: 22441: 22439: 22436: 22434: 22431: 22429: 22426: 22424: 22421: 22419: 22416: 22414: 22411: 22409: 22406: 22404: 22401: 22399: 22396: 22395: 22393: 22389: 22383: 22380: 22378: 22375: 22373: 22370: 22368: 22365: 22363: 22360: 22358: 22355: 22353: 22350: 22348: 22345: 22343: 22340: 22338: 22335: 22333: 22330: 22328: 22325: 22323: 22320: 22318: 22315: 22313: 22310: 22309: 22307: 22303: 22300: 22296: 22290: 22287: 22285: 22282: 22278: 22275: 22274: 22273: 22270: 22268: 22265: 22263: 22260: 22256: 22253: 22252: 22251: 22248: 22246: 22243: 22242: 22240: 22236: 22230: 22227: 22224: 22223: 22218: 22214: 22211: 22210: 22209: 22206: 22204: 22201: 22199: 22196: 22194: 22191: 22189: 22186: 22184: 22181: 22178: 22177: 22172: 22170: 22167: 22164: 22163: 22158: 22156: 22153: 22151: 22148: 22146: 22143: 22141: 22138: 22134: 22131: 22130: 22129: 22126: 22124: 22121: 22119: 22116: 22114: 22111: 22109: 22106: 22104: 22101: 22097: 22094: 22093: 22092: 22089: 22087: 22084: 22082: 22079: 22077: 22074: 22072: 22069: 22065: 22062: 22061: 22060: 22057: 22053: 22050: 22048: 22045: 22043: 22040: 22039: 22038: 22035: 22033: 22030: 22028: 22025: 22023: 22020: 22018: 22015: 22013: 22010: 22008: 22005: 22004: 22002: 21998: 21994: 21987: 21982: 21980: 21975: 21973: 21968: 21967: 21964: 21952: 21944: 21942: 21932: 21931: 21928: 21914: 21911: 21909: 21906: 21904: 21901: 21899: 21896: 21894: 21891: 21889: 21886: 21884: 21881: 21879: 21876: 21872: 21869: 21868: 21867: 21864: 21860: 21857: 21855: 21854:Post-Islamism 21852: 21850: 21847: 21846: 21845: 21842: 21840: 21837: 21833: 21830: 21828: 21825: 21824: 21823: 21820: 21819: 21817: 21813: 21807: 21804: 21802: 21799: 21797: 21794: 21792: 21789: 21788: 21786: 21784: 21780: 21774: 21771: 21769: 21766: 21764: 21761: 21759: 21756: 21752: 21751:Protestantism 21749: 21747: 21744: 21743: 21742: 21739: 21738: 21736: 21734: 21730: 21726: 21716: 21712: 21698: 21695: 21693: 21692: 21688: 21686: 21683: 21679: 21676: 21675: 21674: 21671: 21669: 21666: 21664: 21661: 21659: 21656: 21654: 21651: 21649: 21646: 21645: 21643: 21639: 21633: 21630: 21628: 21625: 21623: 21620: 21618: 21615: 21614: 21612: 21610: 21606: 21600: 21597: 21595: 21594:Ophthalmology 21592: 21590: 21587: 21585: 21582: 21580: 21577: 21575: 21572: 21570: 21567: 21565: 21562: 21561: 21559: 21557: 21553: 21547: 21544: 21542: 21539: 21537: 21534: 21532: 21529: 21527: 21524: 21522: 21519: 21517: 21514: 21512: 21509: 21508: 21506: 21504: 21500: 21496: 21492: 21484: 21480: 21466: 21463: 21459: 21458: 21454: 21453: 21452: 21449: 21447: 21444: 21442: 21439: 21435: 21432: 21431: 21430: 21427: 21425: 21424: 21420: 21418: 21415: 21413: 21412: 21408: 21406: 21403: 21401: 21400: 21396: 21394: 21391: 21389: 21386: 21384: 21381: 21379: 21376: 21374: 21371: 21369: 21366: 21364: 21361: 21359: 21358: 21354: 21352: 21351: 21347: 21343: 21342:Death penalty 21340: 21338: 21335: 21333: 21330: 21329: 21328: 21325: 21323: 21320: 21318: 21317: 21313: 21312: 21310: 21308:Other aspects 21306: 21300: 21299: 21295: 21293: 21292: 21288: 21286: 21285: 21281: 21279: 21278: 21274: 21272: 21271: 21267: 21265: 21264: 21260: 21258: 21257: 21253: 21252: 21250: 21245: 21242: 21240: 21237: 21235: 21232: 21231: 21228: 21222: 21221: 21217: 21215: 21212: 21210: 21209: 21205: 21203: 21202: 21198: 21196: 21195: 21191: 21189: 21188: 21184: 21183: 21181: 21179: 21175: 21169: 21168: 21164: 21162: 21161: 21157: 21155: 21154: 21150: 21148: 21147: 21143: 21141: 21138: 21136: 21133: 21132: 21130: 21128: 21124: 21120: 21113: 21112:Jurisprudence 21110: 21108: 21105: 21104: 21100: 21096: 21086: 21083: 21081: 21078: 21076: 21073: 21071: 21068: 21066: 21063: 21061: 21060: 21056: 21054: 21051: 21049: 21046: 21044: 21041: 21039: 21036: 21034: 21031: 21029: 21026: 21024: 21021: 21019: 21016: 21014: 21011: 21009: 21006: 21004: 21001: 20999: 20996: 20994: 20991: 20989: 20986: 20985: 20983: 20978: 20975: 20973: 20970: 20969: 20966: 20960: 20957: 20955: 20952: 20948: 20945: 20944: 20943: 20940: 20938: 20935: 20933: 20930: 20926: 20923: 20919: 20916: 20915: 20914: 20911: 20909: 20906: 20904: 20901: 20899: 20896: 20895: 20894: 20891: 20889: 20886: 20884: 20881: 20877: 20873: 20869: 20865: 20862: 20861: 20860: 20857: 20856: 20854: 20852: 20851:Denominations 20848: 20842: 20841: 20837: 20835: 20832: 20830: 20827: 20825: 20822: 20820: 20817: 20816: 20814: 20812: 20808: 20800: 20797: 20795: 20792: 20790: 20787: 20785: 20782: 20780: 20777: 20775: 20772: 20770: 20767: 20765: 20764: 20760: 20759: 20758: 20755: 20753: 20750: 20748: 20747: 20743: 20741: 20740: 20736: 20734: 20731: 20729: 20726: 20724: 20721: 20719: 20716: 20714: 20711: 20710: 20708: 20703: 20700: 20698: 20695: 20694: 20691: 20685: 20684: 20680: 20678: 20677: 20673: 20671: 20670: 20666: 20664: 20663: 20659: 20657: 20656: 20652: 20651: 20649: 20647: 20643: 20637: 20636:Holiest sites 20634: 20632: 20631:Judgement Day 20629: 20627: 20626: 20622: 20620: 20617: 20615: 20612: 20610: 20607: 20603: 20600: 20599: 20598: 20595: 20593: 20592: 20588: 20584: 20581: 20580: 20579: 20576: 20575: 20573: 20571: 20567: 20563: 20559: 20558: 20552: 20547: 20540: 20535: 20533: 20528: 20526: 20521: 20520: 20517: 20506: 20501: 20490: 20487: 20482: 20479: 20476: 20473: 20472: 20470: 20467: 20466: 20464: 20460: 20450: 20447: 20445: 20442: 20439: 20435: 20432: 20429: 20425: 20422: 20417: 20413: 20410: 20407: 20403: 20400: 20399: 20397: 20396: 20394: 20390:Bushes, trees 20388: 20380: 20377: 20376: 20374: 20371: 20367: 20364: 20361: 20357: 20354: 20351: 20347: 20344: 20341: 20337: 20334: 20331: 20328: 20325: 20321: 20318: 20317: 20315: 20311: 20305: 20302: 20299: 20296: 20293: 20290: 20287: 20284: 20281: 20278: 20276: 20272: 20263: 20260: 20259: 20257: 20254: 20249: 20246: 20245: 20243: 20240: 20237: 20234: 20233: 20231: 20227: 20221: 20207: 20204: 20202: 20199: 20197: 20194: 20193: 20191: 20187: 20181: 20178: 20176: 20173: 20171: 20168: 20166: 20163: 20161: 20158: 20157: 20155: 20151: 20144: 20140: 20136: 20134: 20131: 20130: 20128: 20126:Of Israelites 20124: 20117: 20113: 20112: 20107: 20104: 20101: 20100: 20098: 20096:(cult images) 20092: 20085: 20083: 20080: 20077: 20076: 20072: 20070: 20069:Staff of Musa 20067: 20065: 20062: 20060: 20057: 20056: 20054: 20046: 20039: 20038: 20034: 20031: 20027: 20026: 20021: 20017: 20014: 20011: 20010: 20006: 20005: 20003: 19999: 19998: 19993: 19990: 19989: 19985: 19982: 19981: 19976: 19973: 19969: 19968: 19963: 19962: 19960: 19958: 19954: 19947: 19943: 19930: 19927: 19925: 19924: 19920: 19918: 19915: 19913: 19909: 19900: 19899: 19894: 19893: 19891: 19888: 19881: 19880: 19875: 19872: 19869: 19868: 19866: 19865: 19860: 19857: 19856: 19851: 19850: 19848: 19845: 19842: 19841: 19836: 19831: 19830: 19825: 19824: 19822: 19819: 19814: 19811: 19808: 19805: 19804: 19802: 19799: 19796: 19793: 19792: 19790: 19789: 19784: 19783: 19778: 19777: 19772: 19771: 19766: 19765: 19760: 19756: 19755: 19749: 19743: 19736: 19735: 19730: 19727: 19726: 19721: 19720: 19718: 19714: 19706: 19703: 19700: 19697: 19696: 19694: 19693: 19691: 19689: 19685:Months of the 19683: 19677: 19674: 19671: 19668: 19665: 19664: 19659: 19656: 19655: 19650: 19649: 19647: 19643: 19637: 19634: 19632: 19629: 19627: 19624: 19622: 19619: 19617: 19614: 19612: 19609: 19606: 19605: 19600: 19599: 19597: 19591: 19587: 19581: 19578: 19576: 19572: 19569: 19565: 19564: 19563:Sayl al-ʿArim 19560: 19558: 19555: 19552: 19551: 19547: 19544: 19543: 19540: 19533: 19529: 19519: 19515: 19512: 19509: 19506: 19504: 19501: 19499: 19496: 19494: 19491: 19489: 19486: 19484:(Mesopotamia) 19483: 19482: 19478: 19476: 19472: 19469: 19466: 19464: 19461: 19455: 19452: 19450: 19447: 19444: 19443: 19439: 19437: 19434: 19432: 19431: 19426: 19425: 19421: 19420: 19418: 19417: 19412: 19411: 19409: 19405: 19402: 19401: 19400: 19397: 19396: 19394: 19390: 19380: 19377: 19371: 19368: 19365: 19361: 19358: 19357: 19355: 19353: 19350: 19347: 19346:Sacred Mosque 19343: 19340: 19337: 19333: 19330: 19327: 19326: 19322: 19321: 19319: 19315: 19311: 19308: 19306: 19303: 19301: 19300: 19296: 19293: 19292: 19288: 19287: 19285: 19279: 19272: 19268: 19264: 19261: 19258: 19254: 19251: 19246: 19245: 19241: 19240: 19239: 19236: 19235: 19233: 19231: 19226: 19220: 19216: 19213: 19206: 19205: 19201: 19200: 19198: 19194: 19191: 19190: 19188: 19184: 19182: 19177: 19176: 19174: 19172:or Tīh Desert 19170: 19166: 19160: 19157: 19152: 19148: 19145: 19144: 19142: 19138: 19137: 19133: 19129: 19126: 19123: 19122: 19121:Maqām Ibrāhīm 19118: 19115: 19111: 19108: 19105: 19103: 19099: 19097: 19094: 19093: 19091: 19087: 19084: 19082: 19079: 19077: 19074: 19071: 19070: 19066: 19064: 19060: 19057: 19054: 19050: 19049: 19044: 19039: 19035: 19032: 19031: 19029: 19028: 19024: 19023: 19021: 19017: 19011: 19004: 19001: 18997: 18994: 18992: 18989: 18986: 18982: 18979: 18977: 18974: 18971: 18967: 18966: 18962: 18959: 18955: 18954: 18949: 18944: 18943: 18941: 18940: 18936: 18935: 18933: 18929: 18922: 18918: 18897: 18894: 18891: 18888: 18887: 18886: 18883: 18879: 18876: 18872: 18871:Rabbani/Rabbi 18869: 18867: 18864: 18863: 18861: 18857: 18854: 18850: 18847: 18845: 18842: 18841: 18839: 18835: 18832: 18831: 18829: 18825: 18822: 18817: 18816: 18815: 18812: 18809: 18805: 18804: 18800: 18798: 18795: 18792: 18787: 18786: 18785: 18784: 18780: 18778: 18777: 18773: 18772: 18770: 18764: 18758: 18754: 18752: 18748: 18745: 18743: 18740: 18738: 18735: 18733: 18730: 18728: 18725: 18723: 18720: 18717: 18714: 18712: 18709: 18708: 18706: 18700: 18685: 18681: 18678: 18676: 18673: 18671: 18668: 18667: 18666: 18663: 18660: 18656: 18653: 18651: 18648: 18646: 18643: 18642: 18640: 18639: 18637: 18631: 18627: 18618: 18614: 18613:Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr 18611: 18610: 18608: 18605: 18603: 18600: 18596: 18593: 18592: 18590: 18586: 18583: 18581: 18578: 18575: 18572: 18571: 18569: 18566: 18561: 18557: 18556: 18551: 18545: 18542: 18539: 18538: 18534: 18532: 18529: 18527: 18524: 18522: 18519: 18517: 18514: 18510: 18507: 18506: 18505: 18501: 18494: 18491: 18488: 18485: 18484: 18482: 18478: 18475: 18474: 18473: 18470: 18468: 18465: 18463: 18460: 18457: 18456: 18451: 18446: 18443: 18440: 18437: 18434: 18433: 18431: 18429: 18428:People of Nuh 18426: 18424: 18421: 18419: 18416: 18413: 18412: 18408: 18405: 18404: 18400: 18397: 18396: 18392: 18390: 18386: 18385: 18382: 18379: 18371: 18364: 18361: 18358: 18356: 18352: 18349: 18347: 18344: 18342: 18339: 18337: 18334: 18332: 18328: 18324: 18321: 18319: 18316: 18311: 18307: 18304: 18303: 18302: 18299: 18296: 18292: 18291:Aṣḥāb as-Sabt 18289: 18284: 18281: 18280: 18279: 18276: 18275: 18273: 18269: 18265: 18258: 18254: 18240: 18237: 18234: 18232: 18229: 18227: 18224: 18221: 18218: 18215: 18213: 18210: 18208: 18207:Bal'am/Balaam 18205: 18203: 18200: 18198: 18195: 18194: 18192: 18190:not specified 18186: 18179: 18176: 18174: 18171: 18169: 18166: 18163: 18160: 18157: 18154: 18152: 18149: 18146: 18142: 18139: 18136: 18132: 18129: 18128: 18126: 18122: 18112: 18109: 18107: 18104: 18102: 18099: 18097: 18094: 18092: 18089: 18085: 18082: 18079: 18075: 18071: 18068: 18065: 18064: 18062: 18061: 18059: 18053: 18047: 18044: 18039: 18035: 18031: 18028: 18025: 18022: 18018: 18015: 18014: 18012: 18009: 18005: 18001: 18000: 17998: 17992: 17985: 17982: 17978: 17975: 17973: 17970: 17968: 17965: 17964: 17962: 17958: 17955: 17953: 17952:Mary's mother 17950: 17947: 17943: 17942: 17940: 17936: 17933: 17931: 17928: 17925: 17924: 17922: 17919: 17914: 17912: 17911:Father Lamech 17909: 17908: 17906: 17904: 17901: 17897: 17894: 17892: 17889: 17888: 17886: 17885: 17883: 17879: 17875: 17868: 17864: 17849: 17846: 17843: 17839: 17836: 17833: 17830: 17829: 17827: 17823: 17812: 17808: 17804: 17801: 17798: 17794: 17791: 17789: 17786: 17784: 17781: 17780: 17778: 17774: 17767: 17763: 17760: 17757: 17753: 17750: 17747: 17743: 17740: 17736:(Son of Mary) 17735: 17732: 17729: 17725: 17722: 17721: 17719: 17715: 17712: 17708: 17704: 17702: 17699: 17698: 17697: 17694: 17693: 17691: 17683: 17682: 17677: 17670: 17666: 17663: 17661:son of Jacob) 17660: 17656: 17653: 17648: 17645: 17642: 17638: 17634: 17631: 17630: 17628: 17624: 17621: 17616: 17615: 17613: 17609: 17606: 17603: 17599: 17596: 17593: 17589: 17585: 17583:son of David) 17582: 17578: 17575: 17572: 17568: 17565: 17563: 17560: 17557: 17553: 17550: 17546: 17543: 17542: 17540: 17536: 17533: 17530: 17526: 17523: 17520: 17517: 17514: 17511: 17508: 17504: 17501: 17498: 17495: 17492: 17489: 17486: 17483: 17480: 17476: 17473: 17470: 17466: 17463: 17460: 17456: 17453: 17450: 17446: 17443: 17442: 17440: 17436: 17432: 17428: 17423: 17419: 17405: 17404: 17400: 17398: 17394: 17393: 17389: 17388: 17386: 17382: 17375: 17374: 17370: 17367: 17364:(the (chief) 17363: 17362: 17358: 17355: 17354: 17352: 17349: 17345: 17344: 17339: 17333: 17332: 17328: 17325: 17324: 17320: 17318: 17317: 17313: 17311: 17310: 17306: 17305: 17303: 17300: 17299: 17294: 17283: 17280: 17277: 17276: 17272: 17269: 17265: 17261: 17254: 17250: 17247: 17244: 17241: 17240: 17238: 17237: 17233: 17232: 17230: 17227: 17226: 17224: 17222: 17221: 17216: 17210: 17207: 17203: 17200: 17198: 17195: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17184: 17182: 17179: 17175: 17174: 17170: 17168: 17165: 17164: 17162: 17161: 17159: 17156: 17152: 17151: 17146: 17135: 17131: 17130: 17126: 17123: 17119: 17118: 17114: 17111: 17107: 17104: 17101: 17097: 17096:Dābbat al-Arḍ 17094: 17091: 17087: 17084: 17083: 17081: 17077: 17070: 17069: 17064: 17061: 17060: 17055: 17052: 17051: 17046: 17044: 17041:(dog) of the 17040: 17036: 17033: 17029: 17028: 17023: 17020: 17016: 17013: 17010: 17006: 17005: 17000: 16997: 16996: 16991: 16988: 16987: 16982: 16981: 16979: 16975: 16972: 16968: 16964: 16955: 16951: 16947: 16944: 16943: 16941: 16937: 16934: 16933: 16930: 16923: 16919: 16915: 16910: 16906: 16902: 16894: 16889: 16887: 16882: 16880: 16875: 16874: 16871: 16860: 16856: 16852: 16848: 16842: 16827: 16824: 16822: 16821: 16817: 16816: 16814: 16809: 16806: 16804: 16803: 16799: 16798: 16796: 16791: 16788: 16786: 16785: 16781: 16780: 16778: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16767: 16763: 16762: 16760: 16755: 16752: 16750: 16749: 16745: 16744: 16742: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16731: 16727: 16726: 16724: 16719: 16716: 16714: 16713: 16709: 16708: 16706: 16701: 16698: 16696: 16695: 16691: 16690: 16688: 16687: 16677: 16668: 16659: 16650: 16641: 16632: 16623: 16614: 16613: 16608: 16604: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16583: 16579: 16578: 16576: 16570: 16567: 16564: 16561: 16559: 16558: 16554: 16553: 16551: 16546: 16543: 16541: 16540: 16536: 16535: 16533: 16528: 16525: 16523: 16522: 16518: 16517: 16515: 16509: 16506: 16504: 16503: 16499: 16498: 16496: 16491: 16488: 16486: 16485: 16481: 16480: 16478: 16473: 16470: 16468: 16467: 16463: 16462: 16460: 16455: 16452: 16450: 16449: 16445: 16444: 16442: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16431: 16427: 16426: 16424: 16423: 16413: 16404: 16395: 16386: 16377: 16368: 16359: 16350: 16341: 16340: 16335: 16331: 16316: 16313: 16311: 16310: 16306: 16305: 16303: 16298: 16295: 16293: 16292: 16288: 16287: 16285: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16274: 16270: 16269: 16267: 16261: 16258: 16256: 16255: 16251: 16250: 16248: 16242: 16239: 16237: 16236: 16232: 16231: 16229: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16218: 16214: 16213: 16211: 16205: 16202: 16200: 16199: 16195: 16194: 16192: 16187: 16184: 16182: 16181: 16177: 16176: 16174: 16173: 16163: 16154: 16145: 16136: 16127: 16118: 16109: 16100: 16099: 16094: 16090: 16086: 16079: 16074: 16072: 16067: 16065: 16060: 16059: 16056: 16050: 16043: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16012: 16009: 16007: 16004: 16003: 16001: 15997: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15955:Jabal al-Nour 15953: 15952: 15950: 15946: 15940: 15937: 15935: 15932: 15930: 15927: 15925: 15922: 15920: 15917: 15915: 15912: 15910: 15907: 15905: 15902: 15901: 15899: 15895: 15892: 15888: 15878: 15877: 15873: 15871: 15870: 15866: 15865: 15863: 15861: 15857: 15851: 15850: 15846: 15844: 15843: 15839: 15838: 15836: 15834: 15833:Sirat-un-Nabi 15830: 15824: 15823: 15819: 15817: 15816: 15815:Sirat-un-Nabi 15812: 15810: 15809: 15805: 15803: 15802: 15798: 15797: 15795: 15791: 15785: 15784: 15783:Kitab al-Kafi 15780: 15778: 15777: 15773: 15771: 15770: 15766: 15764: 15763: 15759: 15757: 15756: 15752: 15750: 15749: 15745: 15743: 15742: 15738: 15737: 15735: 15733: 15729: 15726: 15722: 15716: 15713: 15710: 15707: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15697: 15695: 15692: 15691: 15689: 15685: 15679: 15676: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15666: 15664: 15661: 15659: 15656: 15654: 15651: 15649: 15646: 15644: 15641: 15639: 15636: 15634: 15631: 15629: 15626: 15624: 15621: 15620: 15618: 15614: 15608: 15605: 15603: 15600: 15598: 15595: 15593: 15590: 15587: 15584: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15571: 15568: 15565: 15562: 15560:(grandfather) 15559: 15556: 15553: 15550: 15547: 15544: 15541: 15538: 15535: 15532: 15529: 15526: 15523: 15520: 15517: 15514: 15511: 15508: 15505: 15502: 15501: 15499: 15495: 15489: 15486: 15484: 15481: 15479: 15476: 15474: 15471: 15467: 15464: 15463: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15449: 15448: 15446: 15442: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15426: 15423: 15422: 15420: 15418: 15414: 15404: 15401: 15399: 15396: 15394: 15391: 15389: 15386: 15384: 15381: 15379: 15378:Hasan ibn Ali 15376: 15375: 15373: 15371:Grandchildren 15369: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15334: 15332: 15329: 15327: 15324: 15323: 15321: 15319: 15315: 15312: 15310: 15306: 15300: 15297: 15295: 15292: 15290: 15287: 15285: 15282: 15280: 15277: 15275: 15272: 15270: 15267: 15265: 15262: 15260: 15257: 15255: 15252: 15250: 15247: 15245: 15242: 15241: 15239: 15237: 15233: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15215: 15212: 15209: 15208: 15206: 15202: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15187: 15185: 15181: 15175: 15172: 15170: 15167: 15166: 15164: 15160: 15157: 15153: 15149: 15142: 15137: 15135: 15130: 15128: 15123: 15122: 15119: 15105: 15104: 15099: 15094: 15090: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15075: 15074: 15069: 15065: 15061: 15057: 15056: 15051: 15047: 15043: 15039: 15038: 15032: 15028: 15022: 15018: 15017: 15012: 15011:Peters, F. E. 15008: 15004: 14998: 14994: 14989: 14985: 14979: 14975: 14971: 14967: 14963: 14959: 14953: 14949: 14948: 14943: 14939: 14934: 14930: 14929: 14924: 14920: 14916: 14915: 14903: 14901:9780745654881 14897: 14893: 14889: 14888: 14882: 14878: 14872: 14868: 14864: 14859: 14855: 14849: 14846:. Routledge. 14845: 14844: 14838: 14834: 14828: 14824: 14819: 14815: 14809: 14801: 14797: 14793: 14789: 14785: 14781: 14775: 14771: 14770: 14765: 14764: 14758: 14754: 14752:0-19-881078-4 14748: 14744: 14743: 14738: 14734: 14730: 14724: 14720: 14719: 14714: 14710: 14706: 14700: 14696: 14695: 14690: 14686: 14682: 14676: 14673:. Routledge. 14672: 14671: 14666: 14662: 14658: 14657: 14651: 14647: 14641: 14637: 14636: 14631: 14627: 14623: 14617: 14613: 14612: 14607: 14603: 14599: 14593: 14589: 14585: 14581: 14577: 14571: 14567: 14566: 14560: 14550: 14544: 14540: 14539: 14533: 14529: 14523: 14519: 14518: 14512: 14508: 14502: 14498: 14497: 14492: 14488: 14484: 14478: 14474: 14470: 14466: 14462: 14456: 14452: 14451: 14445: 14441: 14435: 14431: 14430: 14425: 14421: 14417: 14411: 14407: 14406: 14400: 14396: 14390: 14386: 14381: 14377: 14371: 14367: 14362: 14358: 14352: 14348: 14347: 14342: 14338: 14334: 14328: 14324: 14320: 14318: 14313: 14312:Reeves, Minou 14309: 14305: 14299: 14296:. NYU Press. 14295: 14294: 14289: 14285: 14281: 14275: 14271: 14270: 14265: 14261: 14257: 14251: 14247: 14242: 14241: 14234: 14230: 14224: 14220: 14219: 14213: 14209: 14203: 14199: 14198: 14192: 14188: 14182: 14178: 14174: 14170: 14158: 14154: 14148: 14144: 14143: 14138: 14134: 14130: 14128:0-691-11460-9 14124: 14119: 14118: 14112: 14108: 14104: 14098: 14094: 14093: 14088: 14084: 14080: 14074: 14070: 14069: 14063: 14059: 14053: 14049: 14048: 14042: 14038: 14032: 14029:. Routledge. 14028: 14027: 14022: 14018: 14014: 14008: 14004: 14003: 13998: 13997:Nagel, Tilman 13994: 13990: 13984: 13980: 13979: 13973: 13969: 13963: 13959: 13958: 13957:Four Wise Men 13953: 13949: 13945: 13939: 13935: 13934: 13928: 13924: 13918: 13914: 13913: 13907: 13903: 13902: 13897: 13896:Muir, William 13893: 13889: 13883: 13879: 13878: 13873: 13869: 13865: 13859: 13855: 13854: 13849: 13845: 13841: 13835: 13831: 13830: 13825: 13821: 13817: 13811: 13807: 13806: 13801: 13797: 13793: 13789: 13783: 13779: 13778: 13773: 13769: 13765: 13759: 13755: 13754: 13749: 13745: 13741: 13735: 13731: 13730: 13725: 13721: 13717: 13711: 13707: 13706: 13700: 13696: 13690: 13686: 13682: 13678: 13674: 13668: 13664: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13649: 13643: 13639: 13638: 13633: 13629: 13625: 13619: 13616:. Routledge. 13615: 13614: 13609: 13608:Kister, M. J. 13605: 13601: 13595: 13591: 13590: 13585: 13581: 13577: 13571: 13567: 13566: 13560: 13556: 13555: 13550: 13546: 13542: 13536: 13532: 13531: 13525: 13521: 13515: 13511: 13507: 13503: 13499: 13495: 13489: 13485: 13484: 13479: 13474: 13470: 13464: 13460: 13459: 13454: 13450: 13446: 13440: 13436: 13435: 13430: 13426: 13422: 13416: 13412: 13408: 13404: 13400: 13396: 13390: 13386: 13385: 13379: 13375: 13369: 13365: 13361: 13357: 13353: 13349: 13345: 13339: 13335: 13334: 13329: 13325: 13321: 13315: 13311: 13310: 13305: 13301: 13297: 13293: 13289: 13285: 13281: 13277: 13271: 13267: 13266: 13260: 13256: 13250: 13246: 13245: 13240: 13236: 13232: 13226: 13221: 13220: 13213: 13209: 13203: 13199: 13198: 13193: 13189: 13185: 13179: 13175: 13174: 13169: 13165: 13162:. E.J. Brill. 13161: 13160: 13155: 13151: 13147: 13143: 13139: 13133: 13129: 13128: 13123: 13119: 13115: 13109: 13105: 13104: 13099: 13095: 13091: 13085: 13081: 13080: 13075: 13071: 13067: 13061: 13057: 13056: 13050: 13046: 13042: 13036: 13032: 13031: 13026: 13022: 13011: 13005: 13001: 13000: 12995: 12991: 12987: 12981: 12977: 12972: 12971: 12965: 12961: 12957: 12951: 12947: 12943: 12942: 12937: 12933: 12929: 12923: 12919: 12918: 12912: 12908: 12907: 12901: 12897: 12891: 12888:. McFarland. 12887: 12886: 12880: 12876: 12870: 12866: 12862: 12857: 12856: 12849: 12845: 12841: 12837: 12833: 12830:(2): 225–40. 12829: 12825: 12821: 12817: 12813: 12807: 12803: 12802: 12796: 12792: 12788: 12784: 12780: 12777:(2): 162–74. 12776: 12772: 12771: 12765: 12761: 12755: 12751: 12750: 12744: 12740: 12734: 12730: 12726: 12725: 12720: 12716: 12712: 12706: 12702: 12701: 12696: 12692: 12688: 12682: 12678: 12677: 12671: 12667: 12661: 12657: 12656: 12650: 12646: 12640: 12636: 12635: 12629: 12625: 12621: 12615: 12611: 12610: 12605: 12601: 12597: 12591: 12587: 12586: 12580: 12569: 12563: 12559: 12558: 12553: 12549: 12545: 12541: 12540:Bearman, Peri 12537: 12533: 12531:9780062316837 12527: 12523: 12522:HarperCollins 12519: 12518: 12513: 12509: 12505: 12499: 12495: 12494: 12488: 12484: 12478: 12474: 12473: 12468: 12464: 12460: 12456: 12450: 12447:. Routledge. 12446: 12445: 12439: 12435: 12429: 12425: 12424: 12418: 12414: 12408: 12404: 12403: 12398: 12394: 12390: 12384: 12380: 12379: 12374: 12370: 12366: 12360: 12356: 12351: 12347: 12341: 12337: 12336: 12331: 12330:Ahmed, Shahab 12327: 12323: 12317: 12309: 12305: 12301: 12297: 12293: 12287: 12283: 12282: 12276: 12275: 12262: 12256: 12252: 12245: 12237: 12231: 12227: 12220: 12212: 12206: 12202: 12195: 12179: 12175: 12171: 12165: 12157: 12151: 12147: 12143: 12142: 12134: 12126: 12122: 12116: 12109: 12104: 12097: 12091: 12084: 12079: 12072: 12067: 12060: 12055: 12048: 12043: 12036: 12031: 12029: 12021: 12016: 12014: 12006: 12001: 11999: 11991: 11990:Stillman 1979 11986: 11979: 11974: 11965: 11958: 11952: 11946:, p. 17. 11945: 11940: 11933: 11928: 11919: 11912: 11906: 11899: 11893: 11885: 11881: 11875: 11871: 11870: 11862: 11854: 11850: 11849: 11841: 11833: 11827: 11823: 11822: 11814: 11807: 11806:Brockopp 2010 11802: 11795: 11794: 11788: 11781: 11780:Brockopp 2010 11776: 11774: 11772: 11770: 11762: 11760: 11754: 11748: 11744: 11740: 11733: 11726: 11720: 11714:, p. 30. 11713: 11712:Esposito 1998 11708: 11701: 11695: 11688: 11684: 11679: 11673: 11669: 11666: 11660: 11658: 11656: 11646: 11638: 11634: 11628: 11624: 11620: 11613: 11611: 11602: 11598: 11592: 11588: 11587: 11582: 11576: 11568: 11564: 11558: 11554: 11553: 11545: 11537: 11533: 11527: 11523: 11519: 11512: 11504: 11498: 11494: 11489: 11488: 11479: 11471: 11465: 11461: 11456: 11455: 11446: 11444: 11442: 11433: 11429: 11423: 11419: 11415: 11408: 11392: 11388: 11382: 11378: 11377: 11369: 11367: 11365: 11348: 11344: 11343: 11338: 11334: 11328: 11326: 11324: 11307: 11303: 11297: 11293: 11292: 11284: 11277: 11272: 11270: 11262: 11261:Esposito 2011 11257: 11241: 11237: 11231: 11227: 11223: 11216: 11214: 11212: 11204: 11199: 11192: 11191:Rodinson 2021 11187: 11180: 11175: 11169:, p. 36. 11168: 11163: 11154: 11147: 11143: 11138: 11132: 11126: 11110: 11106: 11100: 11096: 11095: 11087: 11080: 11075: 11069:, p. 47. 11068: 11067:Brockopp 2010 11063: 11056: 11052: 11046: 11040:, p. 17. 11039: 11038:Nigosian 2004 11035: 11034:Esposito 1998 11030: 11014: 11007: 11001: 10992: 10976: 10972: 10966: 10959: 10954: 10947: 10942: 10933: 10924: 10922: 10912: 10903: 10896: 10891: 10885:, p. 46. 10884: 10879: 10870: 10864:, p. 18. 10863: 10862:Esposito 1998 10858: 10850: 10846: 10842: 10835: 10828: 10824: 10818: 10816: 10808: 10807:Esposito 1998 10803: 10795: 10791: 10785: 10781: 10780: 10772: 10765: 10760: 10752: 10748: 10742: 10738: 10737: 10732: 10726: 10718: 10714: 10708: 10704: 10703: 10695: 10687: 10683: 10677: 10673: 10672: 10664: 10656: 10652: 10646: 10642: 10641: 10633: 10631: 10622: 10618: 10612: 10608: 10607: 10602: 10596: 10594: 10585: 10581: 10575: 10571: 10570: 10565: 10558: 10551: 10545: 10529: 10525: 10519: 10511: 10505: 10501: 10494: 10488:, p. 90. 10487: 10482: 10480: 10470: 10463: 10458: 10451: 10446: 10439: 10434: 10427: 10422: 10415: 10410: 10403: 10398: 10391: 10390:Rodinson 2021 10386: 10379: 10374: 10367: 10366:Rodinson 2021 10362: 10355: 10354:Rodinson 2021 10350: 10343: 10338: 10331: 10326: 10319: 10318:Rodinson 2021 10314: 10307: 10302: 10295: 10290: 10283: 10278: 10271: 10266: 10259: 10258:Rodinson 2021 10254: 10247: 10242: 10235: 10230: 10223: 10218: 10211: 10207: 10201: 10194: 10189: 10182: 10181:Rodinson 2021 10177: 10170: 10165: 10158: 10153: 10146: 10145:Rodinson 2021 10141: 10134: 10129: 10122: 10117: 10110: 10105: 10098: 10097:Rodinson 2021 10093: 10091: 10083: 10078: 10071: 10070:Rodinson 2021 10066: 10059: 10054: 10047: 10042: 10035: 10030: 10023: 10018: 10011: 10006: 9999: 9994: 9987: 9982: 9975: 9969: 9962: 9951: 9945: 9941: 9940: 9935: 9929: 9920: 9911: 9904: 9900: 9896: 9893: 9889: 9884: 9878:, p. 66. 9877: 9872: 9863: 9855: 9849: 9844: 9842: 9832: 9830: 9828: 9819: 9813: 9808: 9806: 9804: 9802: 9794: 9789: 9787: 9780:, p. 49. 9779: 9774: 9768:, p. 48. 9767: 9762: 9755: 9750: 9743: 9738: 9736: 9734: 9726: 9721: 9714: 9709: 9702: 9697: 9691:, p. 75. 9690: 9685: 9678: 9673: 9666: 9665:Rodinson 2021 9661: 9659: 9657: 9655: 9647: 9642: 9636:, p. 65. 9635: 9630: 9623: 9622:Rodinson 2021 9618: 9611: 9606: 9599: 9598:Rodinson 2021 9594: 9587: 9582: 9575: 9574:Rodinson 2021 9570: 9568: 9560: 9555: 9553: 9545: 9540: 9534:, p. 88. 9533: 9528: 9521: 9520:Rodinson 2021 9516: 9509: 9504: 9497: 9496:Hazleton 2014 9492: 9485: 9484:Rodinson 2021 9480: 9473: 9468: 9461: 9456: 9449: 9444: 9437: 9432: 9430: 9428: 9420: 9419:Rodinson 2021 9415: 9413: 9411: 9403: 9402:Rodinson 2021 9398: 9392:, p. 62. 9391: 9386: 9384: 9375: 9374: 9366: 9358: 9352: 9348: 9347: 9339: 9333:, p. 42. 9332: 9327: 9321:, p. 91. 9320: 9315: 9308: 9307:Rodinson 2021 9303: 9296: 9295:Rodinson 2021 9291: 9284: 9279: 9272: 9267: 9260: 9255: 9253: 9245: 9240: 9233: 9229: 9223: 9221: 9219: 9212:, p. 39. 9211: 9206: 9197: 9190: 9184: 9175: 9167: 9163: 9156: 9149: 9143: 9136: 9131: 9124: 9123:Peterson 2007 9119: 9111: 9105: 9100: 9093: 9089: 9083: 9081: 9073: 9068: 9061: 9056: 9054: 9046: 9045:Rodinson 2021 9041: 9039: 9031: 9026: 9019: 9018:Rodinson 2021 9014: 9007: 9006:Rodinson 2021 9002: 8995: 8994:Hazleton 2014 8990: 8983: 8982:Rodinson 2021 8978: 8971: 8966: 8959: 8954: 8947: 8942: 8935: 8934:Rodinson 2021 8930: 8923: 8918: 8911: 8910:Rodinson 2021 8906: 8904: 8896: 8891: 8884: 8879: 8872: 8867: 8860: 8855: 8848: 8843: 8836: 8831: 8824: 8819: 8812: 8811:Rodinson 2021 8807: 8800: 8795: 8789: 8784: 8777: 8772: 8765: 8760: 8753: 8748: 8746: 8744: 8736: 8735:Rodinson 2021 8731: 8729: 8721: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8710: 8701: 8695: 8691: 8684: 8676: 8670: 8666: 8659: 8652: 8647: 8640: 8634: 8627: 8622: 8620: 8612: 8607: 8598: 8589: 8581: 8575: 8570: 8561: 8552: 8545: 8540: 8533: 8528: 8526: 8518: 8512: 8503: 8496: 8491: 8484: 8479: 8472: 8471:Fazlur Rahman 8467: 8460: 8455: 8448: 8443: 8436: 8435:Arjomand 2022 8431: 8425:, p. 92. 8424: 8419: 8417: 8409: 8404: 8397: 8392: 8385: 8380: 8373: 8368: 8361: 8356: 8349: 8344: 8338:, p. 49. 8337: 8332: 8325: 8324:Fontaine 2022 8320: 8314:, p. 10. 8313: 8312:Nigosian 2004 8308: 8301: 8296: 8289: 8288:Fontaine 2022 8284: 8278:, p. 61. 8277: 8272: 8265: 8260: 8253: 8252:Fontaine 2022 8248: 8241: 8240:Rodinson 2021 8236: 8234: 8232: 8224: 8219: 8212: 8211:Rodinson 2021 8207: 8205: 8197: 8196:Fontaine 2022 8192: 8185: 8181: 8175: 8168: 8164: 8158: 8151: 8146: 8144: 8127: 8123: 8117: 8113: 8112: 8104: 8097: 8092: 8084: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8069: 8064: 8058: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8025: 8020: 8013: 8008: 8001: 7996: 7989: 7984: 7977: 7972: 7965: 7960: 7953: 7952:Rodinson 2021 7948: 7946: 7939:, p. 22. 7938: 7933: 7931: 7923: 7922:Rodinson 2021 7918: 7911: 7906: 7899: 7894: 7887: 7882: 7876:, p. 77. 7875: 7870: 7863: 7858: 7851: 7846: 7839: 7834: 7825: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7782: 7780: 7772: 7767: 7765: 7763: 7761: 7753: 7748: 7742:, p. 32. 7741: 7736: 7729: 7724: 7717: 7716:Rodinson 2021 7712: 7706:, p. 86. 7705: 7700: 7693: 7688: 7681: 7676: 7669: 7668:Peterson 2007 7664: 7658:, p. 75. 7657: 7656:Peterson 2007 7652: 7650: 7642: 7637: 7630: 7625: 7618: 7617:Hazleton 2014 7613: 7606: 7601: 7594: 7593:Hazleton 2014 7589: 7582: 7577: 7570: 7569:Hazleton 2014 7565: 7558: 7552: 7545: 7540: 7534:, p. 68. 7533: 7528: 7521: 7516: 7509: 7508:Brockopp 2010 7504: 7498:, p. 40. 7497: 7492: 7485: 7480: 7473: 7468: 7461: 7456: 7449: 7444: 7438:, p. 68. 7437: 7432: 7425: 7420: 7413: 7408: 7401: 7396: 7389: 7384: 7377: 7372: 7370: 7363:, p. 86. 7362: 7357: 7355: 7347: 7342: 7335: 7330: 7323: 7322:Brockopp 2010 7318: 7311: 7305: 7299:, p. 11. 7298: 7293: 7286: 7281: 7274: 7273:Peterson 2007 7269: 7262: 7257: 7250: 7245: 7239:, p. 37. 7238: 7233: 7227: 7223: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7205: 7200: 7194:, p. 73. 7193: 7188: 7186: 7179: 7175: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7157: 7152: 7145: 7140: 7138: 7130: 7125: 7118: 7113: 7111: 7103: 7098: 7092:, p. 51. 7091: 7090:Peterson 2007 7086: 7079: 7074: 7068:, p. 35. 7067: 7062: 7055: 7050: 7043: 7038: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7008: 7004: 6998: 6991: 6990:Rodinson 2021 6986: 6979: 6974: 6967: 6962: 6956:, p. 49. 6955: 6954:Rodinson 2021 6950: 6944:, p. 73. 6943: 6938: 6936: 6928: 6923: 6921: 6913: 6908: 6902:, p. 56. 6901: 6896: 6890:, p. 52. 6889: 6884: 6878:, p. 46. 6877: 6872: 6865: 6860: 6853: 6848: 6841: 6836: 6829: 6824: 6817: 6812: 6796: 6792: 6786: 6782: 6781: 6776: 6770: 6764:, p. 102 6763: 6758: 6751: 6746: 6740:, p. 61. 6739: 6734: 6727: 6722: 6720: 6713:, p. 16. 6712: 6711:Reynolds 2023 6707: 6705: 6697: 6693: 6687: 6681:, p. 51. 6680: 6679:Rodinson 2021 6675: 6668: 6663: 6661: 6653: 6652:Esposito 1998 6648: 6641: 6637: 6631: 6623: 6621:9780415341066 6617: 6613: 6609: 6602: 6593: 6586: 6581: 6574: 6573:Esposito 2003 6569: 6554: 6548: 6544: 6543: 6538: 6532: 6525: 6522: 6518: 6515: 6510: 6503: 6502:Madelung 1997 6498: 6484: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6455: 6453: 6438: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6398:, p. 99. 6397: 6392: 6385: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6357: 6353: 6347: 6344:. p. 9. 6343: 6339: 6338: 6333: 6327: 6319: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6304: 6299: 6293: 6291: 6276: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6247: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6208: 6206: 6199:, p. xv. 6198: 6193: 6185: 6179: 6175: 6168: 6161: 6156: 6149: 6145: 6139: 6135: 6134: 6126: 6118: 6112: 6108: 6106: 6101: 6095: 6088: 6087:Nigosian 2004 6083: 6081: 6073: 6068: 6062:, p. xi. 6061: 6056: 6054: 6037: 6033: 6027: 6012: 6008: 6001: 5994: 5989: 5982: 5977: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5937: 5931: 5924: 5919: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5885: 5878: 5873: 5871: 5864:, p. 57. 5863: 5858: 5856: 5848: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5807: 5802: 5795: 5790: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5766: 5764: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5742: 5735: 5730: 5728: 5721:, p. 22. 5720: 5715: 5708: 5707:Rodinson 2021 5703: 5696: 5695:Esposito 1998 5691: 5684: 5683:Esposito 2002 5679: 5677: 5669: 5664: 5657: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5639: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5614:, p. 98. 5613: 5612:Esposito 1998 5610: 5608:, p. 21. 5607: 5606:Robinson 2004 5604: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5584: 5576:, p. 115 5575: 5572: 5569: 5566: 5564:, p. 134 5563: 5560: 5558:, p. 142 5557: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5545: 5544:Peterson 2007 5542: 5539: 5536: 5533: 5532:Rodinson 2021 5530: 5527: 5524: 5522:, p. 301 5521: 5518: 5517: 5513: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5493: 5485:, p. 36. 5484: 5483:Esposito 1998 5481: 5479:, p. 32. 5478: 5475: 5473:, p. 22. 5472: 5469: 5467:, p. 57. 5466: 5463: 5462: 5458: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5431:in Sunnah.com 5430: 5426: 5425: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5413:, p. 225 5412: 5409: 5407:, p. 140 5406: 5403: 5401:, p. 259 5400: 5397: 5395:, p. 149 5394: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5383:, p. 148 5382: 5379: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5368: 5358: 5353:, p. 169 5352: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5341: 5332: 5329: 5326: 5323: 5321:, p. 176 5320: 5319:Rodinson 2021 5317: 5316: 5312: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5296:Brockopp 2010 5294: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5284:Rodinson 2021 5282: 5281: 5277: 5268: 5261: 5257: 5251: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5225: 5219: 5212: 5208: 5205:According to 5202: 5195: 5191: 5186: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5154:God's Apostle 5151: 5147: 5143: 5137: 5133: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5046: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5016: 5012: 5002: 5000: 4996: 4990: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4957:false prophet 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4927:, and by the 4926: 4922: 4918: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4893: 4891: 4887: 4886:Bernard Lewis 4882: 4878: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4802: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4788: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4733: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4692: 4689: 4688:Bernard Lewis 4685: 4682:According to 4679: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4626: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4601: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4572: 4562: 4554: 4553: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4535:Islamic world 4532: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4454: 4453: 4448: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4437: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4412: 4408: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4382: 4381:Islamic faith 4378: 4372: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4316:Fatimah Zahra 4313: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4224: 4214: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4169:empires. The 4168: 4164: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3986: 3974: 3964: 3960: 3957: 3956: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3914: 3913: 3906: 3897: 3895: 3894:intercalation 3889: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3837: 3835: 3829: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3784: 3781:attention to 3779: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3731: 3729: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3686: 3682: 3667: 3665: 3659: 3656: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3615: 3602: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3462: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3394:contemporary 3392: 3391:Barakat Ahmad 3388: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3365: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3346: 3342: 3341:Banu Mustaliq 3332: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3257: 3254: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3238: 3237: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3202: 3192: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3094: 3087: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3005:Dhat ar-Riqa' 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2970:Banu Qaynuqa' 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2907: 2902: 2900: 2895: 2893: 2888: 2887: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2869: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2850: 2849: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2798: 2792: 2788: 2787: 2782: 2781: 2776: 2775: 2762: 2755:Medinan years 2752: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2705: 2703: 2698: 2692: 2687: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2619: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2500: 2498: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2381: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2322: 2318: 2308: 2303: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2255:Amr ibn al-As 2253:According to 2251: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2220: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2209: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2194: 2188: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2158: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2138: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2052: 2051:Jabal al-Nour 2048: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2001: 1997: 1986: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1932:swordsmanship 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1875: 1874: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1829: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1800: 1795: 1784: 1779: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1765: 1764: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1677: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1665: 1659: 1658: 1654: 1651: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1624: 1620: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1597: 1596: 1592: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1575: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1564:Jabal an-Nour 1561: 1557: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1457: 1448: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1431: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1405: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1336: 1332: 1331: 1325: 1320: 1310: 1307: 1302: 1293: 1289: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1237: 1236: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1159: 1140: 1139:Hijazi script 1136: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1087: 1082: 1081: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1003: 1002: 997: 993: 989: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 948: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 911:teachings of 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 881: 876: 870: 861: 855: 822: 811: 806: 804: 799: 797: 792: 791: 789: 788: 783: 773: 771: 761: 760: 759: 758: 751: 748: 747: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 730: 727: 724: 723: 717: 716: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 695: 689: 688: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 657: 654: 649: 648: 641: 638: 636: 633: 632: 629: 626: 625: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 608: 602: 601: 594: 591: 589: 586: 585: 579: 578: 571: 568: 567: 564: 561: 560: 556: 552: 549: 548: 545: 540: 539: 532: 529: 527: 524: 523: 517: 516: 509: 506: 504: 501: 500: 496: 492: 489: 488: 485: 482: 481: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 464: 461: 456: 455: 452: 449: 448: 444: 440: 439: 431: 421: 418: 416: 413: 404: 395: 392: 390: 387: 378: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 343: 340: 331: 321: 319: 316: 307: 304: 303: 298: 292: 289: 286: 283: 280: 279: 277: 273: 267: 264: 261: 258: 257: 255: 251: 248: 245:Establishing 244: 240: 233: 230: 227: 224: 223: 221: 217: 214: 211: 208: 204: 201: 198: 195: 191: 186: 146: 142: 138: 136:Resting place 134: 129: 125: 111: 107: 101: 94: 90: 81: 77: 72: 68: 64: 56: 51: 44: 37: 34: 30: 26: 22: 26039:Arab Muslims 25914: 25907: 25901: 25840: 25828: 25821: 25814: 25807: 25800: 25778: 25771: 25764: 25757: 25750: 25743: 25736: 25729: 25722: 25692: 25685: 25678: 25671: 25664: 25657: 25650: 25643: 25636: 25629: 25623: 25610: 25590: 25583: 25577: 25569: 25562: 25555: 25548: 25543:Marzban-nama 25541: 25536:Siyer-i Nebi 25534: 25527: 25520: 25516:(Ibn Kathir) 25513: 25505: 25498: 25491: 25476:Biographies 25452: 25422: 25383:Descriptions 25371: 25358: 25344: 25262: 25201: 25100:Elite theory 25048: 25038: 25028: 25018: 25008: 24998: 24988: 24978: 24968: 24958: 24948: 24938: 24928: 24918: 24908: 24898: 24888: 24878: 24868: 24858: 24848: 24838: 24137:Guicciardini 24093:Early modern 24063: 23916:Philosophers 23866:Open society 23802:Body politic 23672:Distributism 23662:Conservatism 23657:Confucianism 23576:Gerontocracy 23566:Dictatorship 23520:Sovereignty‎ 23510:Ruling class 23400:Emancipation 23385:Citizenship‎ 23209: 23199: 23189: 23179: 23169: 23159: 23149: 23139: 23129: 23119: 23109: 23099: 23089: 23079: 23069: 23059: 22479:Guicciardini 22462:Early modern 22437: 22298:Philosophers 22272:Conservatism 22267:Confucianism 22255:Distributism 22188:Social norms 22176:Sittlichkeit 22162:Ressentiment 22108:Institutions 22086:Human nature 21866:Islamophobia 21741:Christianity 21689: 21622:Contemporary 21516:Architecture 21455: 21421: 21409: 21397: 21355: 21348: 21314: 21296: 21291:Nikah mut'ah 21289: 21282: 21275: 21268: 21261: 21254: 21218: 21206: 21199: 21192: 21185: 21165: 21158: 21151: 21144: 21057: 20838: 20762: 20744: 20737: 20681: 20674: 20667: 20660: 20653: 20646:Five Pillars 20623: 20596: 20589: 20578:God in Islam 20555: 20504: 20488: 20480: 20474: 20468: 20433: 20423: 20411: 20401: 20375:In Paradise 20365: 20355: 20345: 20335: 20329: 20319: 20303: 20300:(Plant stem) 20297: 20291: 20285: 20279: 20274:Plant matter 20261: 20255: 20247: 20241: 20235: 20229: 20138: 20109: 20105: 20073: 20037:Umm al-Kitāb 20035: 20022: 20009:Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā 20007: 19994: 19986: 19977: 19964: 19921: 19917:Ghadir Khumm 19901:('The Dawn') 19895: 19889: 19876: 19870: 19861: 19852: 19846: 19843:('The Noon') 19837: 19826: 19820: 19812: 19806: 19800: 19794: 19786: 19780: 19774: 19768: 19762: 19752: 19731: 19722: 19672:Days of Hajj 19660: 19657:(The Friday) 19651: 19603: 19561: 19548: 19516:Paradise of 19503:Jordan River 19498:Dār an-Nadwa 19497: 19479: 19441: 19436:Cave of Hira 19428: 19423: 19413: 19360:Masjid Qubāʾ 19359: 19341: 19331: 19323: 19309: 19297: 19289: 19263:Qaryat Yūnus 19262: 19252: 19242: 19202: 19192: 19178: 19169:Sinai Region 19151:Dam of Sheba 19146: 19134: 19119: 19109: 19100: 19085: 19067: 19045: 19033: 19025: 18995: 18990: 18980: 18963: 18950: 18937: 18855: 18833: 18824:Ahl al-Kitāb 18823: 18801: 18797:Zoroastrians 18793: 18788:disbelievers 18781: 18774: 18732:Banu Qurayza 18727:Banu Qaynuqa 18716:Ahl as-Suffa 18715: 18629: 18612: 18584: 18553: 18536: 18521:Sons of Adam 18476: 18452: 18444: 18435: 18409: 18403:Banī Isrāʾīl 18401: 18394: 18359: 18322: 18305: 18290: 18277: 18222:Luqman's son 18069: 18033: 18026: 18016: 17920:Luqman's son 17891:Martyred son 17783:Dhūl-Qarnain 17733: 17723: 17695: 17687:Perseverance 17679: 17657:ibn Ya‘qūb ( 17647:Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt 17646: 17635:('He of the 17632: 17545:Dhabih Ullah 17401: 17396: 17390: 17371: 17359: 17341: 17329: 17321: 17314: 17307: 17296: 17275:Malakul-Mawt 17273: 17248: 17242: 17234: 17219: 17190: 17171: 17148: 17127: 17115: 17105: 17095: 17085: 17066: 17057: 17048: 17038: 17034:) of Solomon 17025: 17014: 17002: 16993: 16984: 16953: 16825: 16818: 16800: 16782: 16764: 16746: 16728: 16710: 16692: 16580: 16555: 16537: 16519: 16500: 16482: 16464: 16446: 16428: 16307: 16289: 16271: 16252: 16233: 16215: 16196: 16178: 16167:إِسْمَاعِيْل 16149:إِبْرَاهِيْم 15980:Mount Arafat 15874: 15867: 15847: 15840: 15820: 15813: 15806: 15799: 15781: 15774: 15767: 15760: 15753: 15748:Sahih Muslim 15746: 15739: 15518:(son-in-law) 15147: 15101: 15086: 15071: 15053: 15036: 15015: 14993:Sahih Muslim 14992: 14969: 14945: 14926: 14919:Abel, Armand 14892:Polity Press 14886: 14862: 14842: 14822: 14799: 14767: 14762: 14741: 14717: 14693: 14669: 14655: 14634: 14610: 14587: 14564: 14552:, retrieved 14537: 14516: 14495: 14472: 14449: 14428: 14404: 14384: 14365: 14345: 14315: 14292: 14268: 14239: 14217: 14196: 14176: 14161:. Retrieved 14141: 14116: 14091: 14067: 14046: 14025: 14001: 13977: 13956: 13932: 13911: 13900: 13876: 13852: 13828: 13804: 13776: 13752: 13728: 13704: 13684: 13681:Lapidus, Ira 13661: 13636: 13632:Klein, F. A. 13612: 13588: 13584:Katz, Steven 13564: 13553: 13529: 13509: 13482: 13457: 13433: 13410: 13383: 13363: 13332: 13308: 13291: 13264: 13243: 13218: 13196: 13172: 13158: 13126: 13102: 13078: 13054: 13029: 13013:. Retrieved 12998: 12969: 12940: 12916: 12905: 12884: 12854: 12827: 12823: 12800: 12774: 12768: 12748: 12723: 12699: 12675: 12654: 12633: 12608: 12584: 12571:. Retrieved 12556: 12515: 12492: 12471: 12443: 12422: 12401: 12377: 12354: 12334: 12307: 12280: 12250: 12244: 12225: 12219: 12200: 12194: 12182:. Retrieved 12173: 12164: 12140: 12133: 12124: 12115: 12107: 12103: 12095: 12094:J. Schacht, 12090: 12078: 12066: 12054: 12042: 12005:Goddard 2000 11985: 11973: 11964: 11956: 11951: 11939: 11927: 11918: 11910: 11905: 11897: 11896:Ian Almond, 11892: 11868: 11861: 11847: 11840: 11820: 11813: 11801: 11792: 11787: 11758: 11756: 11738: 11732: 11724: 11719: 11707: 11699: 11694: 11682: 11678: 11645: 11622: 11585: 11575: 11551: 11544: 11521: 11511: 11486: 11478: 11453: 11417: 11407: 11395:. Retrieved 11375: 11351:. Retrieved 11347:the original 11340: 11310:. Retrieved 11290: 11283: 11256: 11244:. Retrieved 11225: 11203:Gabriel 2014 11198: 11186: 11179:Gabriel 2014 11174: 11167:Bennett 1998 11162: 11153: 11145: 11137: 11125: 11113:. Retrieved 11093: 11086: 11078: 11074: 11062: 11050: 11045: 11029: 11017:. Retrieved 11012: 11000: 10991: 10979:. Retrieved 10965: 10953: 10941: 10932: 10911: 10902: 10895:Ramadan 2007 10890: 10878: 10869: 10857: 10844: 10834: 10822: 10802: 10778: 10771: 10764:Bennett 1998 10759: 10735: 10725: 10701: 10694: 10670: 10663: 10639: 10605: 10601:Weston, Mark 10568: 10557: 10549: 10544: 10532:. Retrieved 10528:the original 10518: 10499: 10493: 10469: 10457: 10445: 10433: 10421: 10409: 10397: 10385: 10373: 10361: 10349: 10342:Gabriel 2014 10337: 10325: 10313: 10301: 10294:Gabriel 2014 10289: 10277: 10270:Gabriel 2007 10265: 10253: 10246:Rodgers 2012 10241: 10234:Gabriel 2007 10229: 10222:Rodgers 2012 10217: 10205: 10200: 10193:Gabriel 2014 10188: 10176: 10169:Gabriel 2014 10164: 10157:Gabriel 2014 10152: 10140: 10133:Gabriel 2014 10128: 10116: 10104: 10077: 10065: 10058:Rodgers 2012 10053: 10041: 10034:Gabriel 2007 10029: 10022:Gabriel 2007 10017: 10010:Gabriel 2007 10005: 9993: 9981: 9968: 9960: 9953:. Retrieved 9938: 9928: 9919: 9910: 9887: 9883: 9871: 9862: 9773: 9761: 9749: 9742:Rodgers 2012 9720: 9713:Rodgers 2012 9708: 9696: 9684: 9672: 9646:Rodgers 2012 9641: 9629: 9617: 9610:Rodgers 2012 9605: 9593: 9581: 9539: 9532:Peters 2003b 9527: 9515: 9508:Rodgers 2012 9503: 9491: 9479: 9472:Rodgers 2012 9467: 9455: 9443: 9397: 9372: 9365: 9345: 9338: 9331:Lapidus 2012 9326: 9314: 9302: 9290: 9283:Rodgers 2012 9278: 9266: 9259:Gabriel 2007 9244:Rodgers 2012 9239: 9227: 9205: 9196: 9188: 9183: 9174: 9165: 9161: 9155: 9147: 9142: 9135:Ramadan 2007 9130: 9118: 9099: 9087: 9067: 9030:Gabriel 2014 9025: 9013: 9001: 8989: 8977: 8965: 8953: 8946:Gabriel 2007 8941: 8929: 8922:Gabriel 2014 8917: 8895:Rodgers 2012 8890: 8878: 8871:Gabriel 2007 8866: 8859:Gabriel 2007 8854: 8847:Gabriel 2007 8842: 8835:Gabriel 2007 8830: 8818: 8806: 8799:Gabriel 2007 8794: 8783: 8771: 8764:Lassner 2012 8759: 8689: 8683: 8664: 8658: 8646: 8638: 8633: 8611:Rodgers 2012 8606: 8597: 8588: 8569: 8560: 8551: 8539: 8516: 8511: 8502: 8490: 8478: 8466: 8454: 8449:, p. 8. 8442: 8430: 8403: 8391: 8379: 8367: 8355: 8343: 8336:Rodgers 2012 8331: 8319: 8307: 8295: 8283: 8276:Gabriel 2007 8271: 8259: 8247: 8218: 8191: 8179: 8174: 8162: 8157: 8130:. Retrieved 8110: 8103: 8091: 8067: 8057: 8049: 8046:A. Guillaume 8039: 8031: 8019: 8007: 7995: 7983: 7971: 7966:, p. 39 7959: 7917: 7910:Lapidus 2012 7905: 7893: 7881: 7869: 7857: 7845: 7833: 7824: 7791: 7787: 7747: 7735: 7723: 7711: 7699: 7687: 7680:Beeston 1983 7675: 7663: 7641:Ṣallābī 2005 7636: 7624: 7612: 7600: 7588: 7576: 7564: 7556: 7551: 7539: 7527: 7515: 7503: 7491: 7479: 7472:Muranyi 1998 7467: 7455: 7443: 7431: 7419: 7407: 7395: 7388:Ramadan 2007 7383: 7341: 7329: 7317: 7309: 7304: 7292: 7280: 7268: 7256: 7244: 7232: 7225: 7219: 7211: 7199: 7177: 7171: 7163: 7151: 7124: 7104:, p. 7. 7097: 7085: 7073: 7066:Rodgers 2012 7061: 7049: 7037: 7026:the original 7013: 6997: 6985: 6973: 6961: 6949: 6942:Anthony 2020 6914:, p. 9. 6907: 6900:Gabriel 2007 6895: 6888:Roggema 2008 6883: 6876:Roggema 2008 6871: 6864:Roggema 2008 6859: 6854:, p. 8. 6847: 6835: 6823: 6811: 6799:. Retrieved 6779: 6769: 6757: 6745: 6733: 6726:Johnson 2015 6686: 6674: 6654:, p. 6. 6647: 6635: 6630: 6607: 6601: 6592: 6580: 6568: 6556:. Retrieved 6541: 6531: 6509: 6497: 6486:, retrieved 6464: 6440:, retrieved 6418: 6391: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6359: 6336: 6326: 6301: 6278:, retrieved 6256: 6246: 6221: 6217: 6192: 6173: 6167: 6155: 6147: 6132: 6125: 6103: 6100:Donner, Fred 6094: 6089:, p. 6. 6067: 6040:. Retrieved 6026: 6014:. Retrieved 6010: 6000: 5988: 5981:Bennett 1998 5976: 5964:. Retrieved 5960: 5930: 5922: 5918: 5908:24 September 5906:. Retrieved 5897: 5884: 5877:Lapidus 2002 5808:, p. 9. 5801: 5789: 5773: 5746: 5741: 5736:, p. 7. 5719:Rodgers 2012 5714: 5702: 5690: 5663: 5618: 5592: 5583: 5574:Anthony 2020 5538:Forward 1997 5528:, p. 89 5512: 5498:Banu Qurayza 5497: 5492: 5477:Lapidus 2002 5457: 5443:. Retrieved 5439: 5424:Sahih Muslim 5422: 5405:Ramadan 2007 5389:, p. 42 5377:, p. 14 5367: 5340: 5325:Gabriel 2007 5311: 5302:Rodgers 2012 5298:, p. 72 5276: 5267: 5250: 5235: 5231: 5218: 5210: 5201: 5190:Goldman 1995 5185: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5136: 5037: 5029:Adamic cycle 5021:Baháʼí Faith 5018: 4992: 4915: 4881:Richard Bell 4874: 4832: 4827: 4821: 4820:in his book 4809: 4799: 4791: 4785: 4772: 4755: 4736: 4735:Muhammad in 4708:moral orders 4704:aristocratic 4699: 4693: 4681: 4657: 4649: 4618: 4608: 4586: 4574: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4537:, excluding 4526: 4509: 4467: 4457: 4450: 4440: 4434: 4432: 4394: 4384: 4374: 4340: 4336: 4301: 4297: 4269: 4250: 4179:Monophysites 4160: 4144:Ghadir Khumm 4129: 4060: 4009: 3972: 3962: 3926: 3912:Siyer-i Nebi 3890: 3887: 3866: 3852:Ghadir Khumm 3830: 3811: 3787: 3778:Banu Hawazin 3775: 3736:Arabian gods 3732: 3725: 3713:Banu Khuza'a 3706: 3696:Siyer-i Nebi 3660: 3651: 3636: 3632:Allahu Akbar 3617: 3561: 3502:Banu Qurayza 3499: 3482: 3466:Banu Qurayza 3463: 3446:Banu Qurayza 3435: 3408: 3383:Banu Qurayza 3367: 3348: 3338: 3318: 3291:In 625, the 3290: 3285:Siyer-i Nebi 3283: 3241: 3234: 3223: 3207:Banu Qaynuqa 3204: 3176:Banu Qaynuqa 3173: 3160: 3145: 3139: 3117: 3116: 3102: 3020:Banu Qurayza 2917: 2852: 2846: 2839:jurisdiction 2827: 2802:allahu akbar 2795: 2789:) which was 2784: 2778: 2772: 2769: 2713: 2706: 2693: 2689: 2677: 2661:Last Rabi’ul 2656: 2642: 2637: 2631: 2617: 2614: 2560: 2535: 2512: 2494: 2483: 2475: 2469: 2453: 2410: 2387: 2353: 2324: 2305: 2301: 2276: 2252: 2233: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2206: 2200: 2190: 2159: 2155: 2146:Siyer-i Nebi 2132: 2117: 2098: 2080: 2076:Quran 96:1-5 2063:cave of Hira 2056: 2006: 1982: 1960: 1948: 1936:martial arts 1901: 1896: 1878: 1871: 1849: 1826: 1820:clan of the 1810:his birthday 1803: 1799:Siyer-i Nebi 1646:c. 620 1612:c. 616 1598:c. 615 1587:c. 614 1576:c. 613 1560:Cave of Hira 1546:Fatima Zahra 1526:c. 599 1512:c. 595 1498:c. 583 1484:c. 577 1466:c. 570 1398:Meccan years 1385: 1381:al-Daraqutni 1346: 1329: 1303: 1264: 1258: 1250: 1248: 1241: 1234: 1192: 1161: 1094: 1084: 1078: 1076: 1026: 1015: 1009: 999: 949: 927:, and other 909:monotheistic 820: 819: 665:Ghadir Khumm 605:Perspectives 450: 411: 394:Abū al-Qāsim 385: 338: 314: 300: 287: 262: 209: 196: 33: 25984:570s births 25894:Video games 25738:The Message 25478:of Muhammad 25361:controversy 25347:controversy 25292:collections 24974:(1835–1840) 24854:(c. 350 BC) 24844:(c. 375 BC) 24461:Tocqueville 24426:Saint-Simon 24391:Montesquieu 24242:Bolingbroke 24174:Machiavelli 24054:Ibn Khaldun 24019:Alpharabius 24012:Middle Ages 23837:Natural law 23812:Common good 23737:Nationalism 23697:Imperialism 23667:Corporatism 23642:Colonialism 23622:Agrarianism 23601:Technocracy 23581:Meritocracy 23561:Bureaucracy 23551:Aristocracy 23266:Historicism 23095:(1835–1840) 23061:De Officiis 22785:de Beauvoir 22755:Baudrillard 22707:Vivekananda 22697:Tocqueville 22612:Kierkegaard 22428:Ibn Khaldun 22398:Alpharabius 22289:Personalism 22198:Stewardship 22155:Reification 22150:Natural law 22071:Familialism 22037:Culturalism 21641:Other areas 21632:Theological 21627:Eschatology 21584:Mathematics 21521:Calligraphy 21451:Theological 21405:Inheritance 21322:Cleanliness 20752:Shi'a Imams 20746:Ahl al-Bayt 20350:Pomegranate 20250:(The Earth) 20143:golden calf 19716:Pilgrimages 19449:Hudaybiyyah 19364:Quba Mosque 19318:Prostration 19269:,' that is 19230:Mesopotamia 19219:Mount Tabor 19215:Mount Sinai 19197:Mount Sinai 19147:ʿArim Sabaʾ 18885:Polytheists 18635:Household') 18630:Ahl al-Bayt 18587:(People of 18585:Qawm Tubbaʿ 18531:Wife of Lut 18526:Wife of Nuh 18377:or families 18375:ethnicities 18096:Moses' wife 17579:ibn Dāwūd ( 17361:ash-Shayṭān 17253:Holy Spirit 17079:Non-related 16408:ذُو الكِفْل 16026:Quba Mosque 15965:Jabal Thawr 15793:Books about 15456:Expeditions 15309:Descendants 14938:Welch, A.T. 14630:Swarup, Ram 14368:. OUP USA. 13915:. Ashgate. 13352:Holt, P. M. 13312:. Penguin. 12300:Ahmad, Anis 12071:Willis 2013 12059:Cimino 2005 12047:Curtis 2009 11353:27 December 11312:29 December 11276:Peters 2010 10958:Powers 2014 10883:Reeves 2003 10845:The Message 10841:"Chapter 9" 10486:Peters 2003 10330:Phipps 2016 9888:The Message 9701:Morgan 2009 9689:Swarup 2011 9634:Phipps 2016 9390:Kister 2022 9319:Miller 2011 8958:Peters 1994 8483:John Kelsay 8360:Peters 1994 8223:Peters 2021 8132:26 December 7976:Towghi 1991 7752:Peters 1994 7740:Cheikh 2015 7692:Phipps 2016 7532:Deming 2014 7496:Phipps 2016 7484:Gordon 2005 7297:Rāshid 2015 7285:Murray 2011 7237:Phipps 2016 7078:Netton 2013 7003:Ali, Wijdan 6750:Muesse 2018 6738:Peters 2010 6072:Reeves 2003 5993:Peters 1994 5806:Peters 2003 5656:Conrad 1987 5617:R. Walzer, 5562:Morgan 2009 5556:Phipps 2016 5411:Waqidi 2011 5393:Irving 1904 5211:rasūl Allāh 5043:Druze faith 5033:Bahá'u'lláh 4969:Christendom 4945:Middle Ages 4716:pre-Islamic 4666:lithography 4422:code point 4227:Ahl al-Bayt 4195:Mesopotamia 3921: 1595 3875:during the 3834:Banu Thaqif 3721:blood money 3670:Final years 3514:Banu Fazara 3253:Ibn Maslama 3228:, a Muslim 3121:monasteries 3035:Hudaybiyyah 3030:Banu Lahyan 3025:al-Muraysi' 2583:Banu Nawfal 2527:Banu Hashim 2497:Banu Hashim 2264:Black Stone 2242:challenged 2017:Black Stone 1996:Black Stone 1992: 1315 1818:Banu Hashim 1762:This box: 1619:Banu Hashim 1542:Umm Kulthum 1137:written in 1105:Islamic law 733:Possessions 680:Ahl al-Bayt 635:Historicity 302:Arabic name 282:Ahl al-Bayt 172: / 25989:632 deaths 25978:Categories 25842:South Park 25790:Television 25766:Fetih 1453 25304:Ibn Hisham 25259:Depictions 25182:Separatism 24990:On Liberty 24890:The Prince 24619:Huntington 24122:Campanella 24049:al-Ghazali 23998:Thucydides 23956:Lactantius 23901:Statolatry 23727:Monarchism 23707:Liberalism 23632:Capitalism 23615:Ideologies 23596:Plutocracy 23544:Government 23500:Revolution 23485:Propaganda 23435:Legitimacy 23410:Government 23271:Humanities 23231:Agnotology 22890:Kołakowski 22453:Ibn Tufayl 22433:Maimonides 22377:Thucydides 22372:Tertullian 22327:Lactantius 22222:Volksgeist 22203:Traditions 22017:Convention 21796:Ex-Muslims 21691:Shu'ubiyya 21685:Psychology 21673:Literature 21663:Inventions 21609:Philosophy 21417:Leadership 21393:Honorifics 21048:Philosophy 20903:Isma'ilism 20868:Maturidism 20757:Caliphates 20728:Golden Age 20619:Revelation 20244:(Planets) 20238:(The Moon) 20189:Of Quraysh 20064:Noah's Ark 19957:Holy books 19801:Al-Ghuduww 19795:Al-ʿAshiyy 19759:Invocation 19751:Times for 19602:Battle of 19593:Battles or 19185:(The Holy 19051:(formerly 18998:(Mainland 18808:Hypocrites 18755:People of 18722:Banu Nadir 18702:Implicitly 18544:Son of Nuh 18502:People of 18436:Ahl Madyan 18411:Muʾtafikāt 18331:Al-Raqaim? 18306:Ḥawāriyyūn 18188:Implied or 18133:(possibly 18063:Egyptians 18055:People of 18013:Egyptians 17834:(Jeremiah) 17734:Ibn Maryam 17487:(Ezekiel?) 17326:(Asmodeus) 17220:Muqarrabun 16956:(Generous) 16926:Non-humans 16914:Characters 16654:زَكَرِيَّا 16618:سُلَيْمَان 16557:Dhu l-Kifl 15985:Green Dome 15975:Muzdalifah 15960:Mount Uhud 15269:Umm Salama 14966:"MUHAMMED" 14942:"Muḥammad" 14936:Buhl, F.; 14792:"Muḥammad" 14491:Rubin, Uri 14332:0814775640 14163:1 December 13502:Ibn Kathir 13288:"Mohammed" 13168:Gil, Moshe 12863:. p. 12035:Quinn 2008 11397:1 December 11333:Safi, Omid 11246:1 December 11115:27 January 11051:Muʿd̲j̲iza 10534:26 January 10402:Glubb 2001 10378:Glubb 2001 10306:Glubb 2001 10282:Glubb 2001 10121:Glubb 2001 10109:Glubb 2001 10082:Glubb 2001 10046:Glubb 2001 9998:Glubb 2001 9986:Glubb 2001 9955:8 December 9903:Ibn Hisham 9892:chapter 48 9793:Glubb 2001 9778:Brown 2011 9766:Brown 2011 9754:Glubb 2001 9677:Glubb 2001 9586:Glubb 2001 9559:Glubb 2001 9544:Glubb 2001 9460:Glubb 2001 9448:Nagel 2020 9436:Glubb 2001 9271:Glubb 2001 9060:Glubb 2001 8752:Glubb 2001 8447:Rubin 2022 8264:Glubb 2001 8073:SUNY Press 8044:, 280, in 7937:Brown 2011 7898:Glubb 2001 7886:Glubb 2001 7850:Ahmed 2017 7520:Glubb 2001 7460:Lewis 2002 7192:Brown 2003 7102:Klein 1906 7042:Glubb 2001 6966:Brown 2011 6585:Robin 2012 6415:"Muhammad" 6396:Ardic 2012 6116:0878501274 6016:4 February 5966:4 February 5957:"Muhammad" 5794:Ahmad 2009 5550:Brown 2011 5520:Nagel 2020 5427:, hadith 5387:Brown 2011 5290:Glubb 2001 5123:References 5009:See also: 4987:See also: 4961:Antichrist 4943:." In the 4925:monotheism 4906:See also: 4866:Al-Andalus 4858:John Tolan 4836:says that 4834:Ian Almond 4747:, and the 4712:world view 4700:status quo 4639:until the 4582:cauterized 4484:profession 4399:) and the 4175:Nestorians 4156:Ridda wars 4086:Succession 4024:Green Dome 4012:al-Walid I 4003:Green Dome 3850:See also: 3795:Abu Sufyan 3728:Abu Sufyan 3624:Banu Nadir 3580:Abu Sufyan 3568:Hudaybiyya 3478:Abu Lubaba 3454:Abu Sufyan 3374:Abu Sufyan 3370:Banu Nadir 3325:Banu Nadir 3297:Abu Sufyan 3251:apostle?" 3248:Banu Nadir 3129:synagogues 2995:Banu Nadir 2872:See also: 2728:That night 2665:Ibn Hisham 2463:behest of 2437:W. M. Watt 2417:Ibn Hisham 2406:Abu Sufyan 2402:Umm Habiba 2315:See also: 2185:See also: 2027:See also: 1956:al-Dhahabi 1833:monotheism 1452: 570 1413:See also: 1409:Early life 1369:Abu Dawood 1342: 780 1299: 230 1284: 207 1269:Ibn Hisham 1229:Ibn Hisham 653:Succession 593:Christians 531:Diplomatic 381:Teknonymic 360:ʿAbd Manāf 348:ʿAbd Allāh 334:Patronymic 180:Green Dome 178: ( 159:39°36′41″E 156:24°28′03″N 141:Green Dome 86: 570 25299:Ibn Ishaq 24900:Leviathan 24880:Monarchia 24874:(c. 1274) 24709:Oakeshott 24654:Mansfield 24649:Luxemburg 24634:Kropotkin 24529:Bernstein 24482:centuries 24396:Nietzsche 24339:Jefferson 24267:Condorcet 24215:centuries 24194:Pufendorf 24059:Marsilius 23946:Confucius 23931:Aristotle 23924:Antiquity 23852:Noble lie 23772:Third Way 23767:Socialism 23692:Feudalism 23647:Communism 23627:Anarchism 23606:Theocracy 23591:Oligarchy 23571:Democracy 23556:Autocracy 23470:Pluralism 23455:Obedience 23420:Hierarchy 23380:Authority 23311:Sociology 23261:Historism 22970:Santayana 22940:Oakeshott 22910:MacIntyre 22895:Kropotkin 22870:Heidegger 22723:centuries 22637:Nietzsche 22602:Jefferson 22587:Helvétius 22552:Condorcet 22515:centuries 22499:Montaigne 22322:Confucius 22312:Augustine 22229:Worldview 22123:Modernity 22096:Formation 21913:Symbolism 21871:Incidents 21849:Criticism 21746:Mormonism 21648:Astrology 21574:Cosmology 21569:Astronomy 21511:Arabesque 21378:Etiquette 21337:Blasphemy 21127:Economics 20942:Ahmadiyya 20876:Mu'tazili 20864:Ash'arism 20438:Date palm 20428:Palm tree 20416:Lote-tree 20392:or plants 20336:Qith-thāʾ 20264:(The Sun) 20262:Ash-Shams 20223:Celestial 20116:False god 20052:or beings 20050:of people 20032:of David) 19974:of Jesus) 19807:Al-Bukrah 19570:in Sheba) 19348:of Mecca) 19305:Monastery 19283:locations 19281:Religious 19238:Al-Jūdiyy 18931:Mentioned 18925:Locations 18838:Christian 18818:Believers 18803:Munāfiqūn 18766:Religious 18704:mentioned 18617:Stoneland 18493:Muhajirun 18271:Mentioned 18173:Abū Lahab 18168:As-Sāmirī 18158:(Goliath) 18124:Evil ones 18038:Zulaykhah 17994:People of 17881:Good ones 17681:Ulul-ʿAzm 17669:Zechariah 17665:Zakariyyā 17485:Dhūl-Kifl 17438:Mentioned 17284:(Michael) 17173:Zabāniyah 17150:Malāʾikah 17122:Honey bee 16772:Zechariah 15929:Abyssinia 15924:Jerusalem 15842:Ash-Shifa 15602:Umm Ayman 15546:Abu Lahab 15363:(Adopted) 15190:Thuwaybah 15155:Relatives 14867:Routledge 14541:, Brill, 14453:. BRILL. 14113:(2003b). 13750:(2002) . 13665:. BRILL. 13058:. BRILL. 12844:162350288 12703:. Wiley. 12658:. BRILL. 12560:. Brill. 12125:Arab News 11944:Watt 1974 11932:Watt 1974 10426:Cole 1996 10414:Katz 2022 9876:Watt 1956 9848:Khan 1998 9812:Khan 1998 9725:Sa'd 1972 9210:Watt 1956 9168:: 100–07. 9150:, p. 754. 9104:Watt 1964 9088:, Quraysh 9086:Uri Rubin 9072:Watt 1956 8651:Watt 1956 8626:Watt 1956 8574:Watt 1961 8495:Watt 1974 8459:Watt 1956 8180:Ascension 8163:Ascension 8096:Adil 2002 8012:Adil 2002 8000:Adil 2002 7988:Adil 2002 7874:Watt 1974 7808:0585-5292 7436:Watt 1953 7361:Watt 1953 7216:Ibn Ishaq 7168:Ibn Ishaq 7022:0928-6802 6912:Watt 1974 6852:Watt 1974 6828:Watt 1960 6816:Watt 1971 6801:3 January 6612:Routledge 6238:1478-0542 6197:Watt 1953 6060:Watt 1953 5734:Watt 1974 5635:Citations 5600:Watt 1974 5417:Watt 1974 5399:Muir 1861 5351:Watt 1964 4973:marriages 4953:Byzantine 4896:Criticism 4798:, in his 4771:, in his 4597:Ahmadiyya 4523:al-Busiri 4506:, Turkey. 4285:Umm Ruman 4217:Household 4183:Jacobites 4167:Sassanian 4163:Byzantine 4148:Byzantine 4067:Wahhabism 3881:Ilkhanate 3863:al-Bīrūnī 3744:al-Azraqi 3740:Ibn Ishaq 3717:Banu Bakr 3522:Umm Qirfa 3400:Ibn Hajar 3387:Ibn Ishaq 3329:Ibn Ishaq 3321:Banu Amir 3219:Ibn Ishaq 3180:al-Waqidi 3168:Abu 'Afak 2975:Dhu 'Amar 2914:Campaigns 2843:Ibn Ishaq 2791:Jerusalem 2745:Muhajirun 2669:al-Tabari 2627:Jerusalem 2523:Abu Lahab 2519:Abu Talib 2292:Abu Talib 2045:The cave 2013:Ibn Ishaq 2000:Ilkhanate 1920:Abu Talib 1843:, son of 1639:Abu Talib 1532:Birth of 1373:Ibn Majah 1286:AH), and 1277:al-Waqidi 1273:Al-Tabari 1255:Ibn Ishaq 1244:Hijri era 1201:has been 1040:Abyssinia 996:preaching 976:Abu Talib 945:practices 941:teachings 891:) was an 869:romanized 640:Criticism 275:Relatives 115:632-06-08 26084:Muhammad 26024:Adoptees 25935:Category 25714:Category 25578:Muhammad 25483:Category 25398:Timeline 25393:Opinions 25388:Reprints 25375:cartoons 25359:Idomeneo 25263:Muhammad 25155:Centrism 24850:Politics 24840:Republic 24809:Voegelin 24789:Spengler 24774:Shariati 24749:Rothbard 24704:Nussbaum 24604:Habermas 24579:Fukuyama 24569:Foucault 24494:Ambedkar 24471:Voltaire 24441:de Staël 24416:Rousseau 24297:Franklin 24272:Constant 24232:Beccaria 24064:Muhammad 24044:Gelasius 24029:Averroes 24003:Xenophon 23983:Polybius 23936:Chanakya 23781:Concepts 23747:Populism 23717:Localism 23702:Islamism 23687:Feminism 23586:Monarchy 23490:Property 23480:Progress 23445:Monopoly 23415:Hegemony 23324:Category 23236:Axiology 23224:See also 23015:Voegelin 23005:Spengler 22980:Shariati 22935:Nussbaum 22920:Maritain 22880:Irigaray 22860:Habermas 22825:Foucault 22810:Durkheim 22712:Voltaire 22677:de Staël 22652:Rousseau 22577:Franklin 22438:Muhammad 22423:Gelasius 22408:Avempace 22391:Medieval 22367:Polybius 22362:Plutarch 22128:Morality 22103:Ideology 22091:Identity 22000:Concepts 21951:Category 21844:Islamism 21827:Muhammad 21783:Apostasy 21758:Hinduism 21658:Feminism 21589:Medicine 21429:Military 21383:Gambling 21332:Apostasy 21327:Criminal 21239:Marriage 21208:Tayammum 21160:Murabaha 21033:Madrasas 21023:Holidays 21013:Clothing 21008:Children 21003:Calendar 20954:Quranism 20908:Alawites 20872:Atharism 20763:Rashidun 20602:In Islam 20597:Muhammad 20426:(Tender 20406:Tamarisk 20340:Cucumber 20258:(Stars) 20236:Al-Qamar 20201:Al-ʿUzzā 20048:Objects 19862:Qabl al- 19813:Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ 19676:Doomsday 19604:al-Aḥzāb 19294:(Church) 19027:Al-Aḥqāf 18965:Jahannam 18958:Paradise 18565:Bedouins 18360:Qawm Lūṭ 18202:Abu Bakr 18032:Wife of 18021:Potiphar 18004:Binyāmin 17724:Al-Masīḥ 17696:Muḥammad 17633:Dhūn-Nūn 17577:Sulaymān 17515:(Elijah) 17427:Prophets 17343:Shayāṭīn 17301:(Genies) 17129:Qaswarah 17110:Wild ass 17088:(Female 17086:ʿAnkabūt 17009:elephant 16826:Muhammad 16820:Muhammad 16766:Zakariya 16694:Sulayman 16681:مُحَمَّد 16627:إِلْيَاس 16372:أَيُّوْب 16354:يَعْقُوب 16345:إِسْحَاق 15990:Al-Baqi' 15948:Symbolic 15648:Al-Burda 15566:(cousin) 15530:(cousin) 15504:Abu Bakr 15417:Miracles 15318:Children 15148:Muhammad 15066:(1960). 15048:(1971). 14940:(1993). 14923:"Baḥīrā" 14921:(1960). 14739:(1974). 14715:(1956). 14691:(1953). 14667:(2011). 14608:(1979). 14586:(1996). 14429:Muhammad 14314:(2003). 14266:(2007). 14175:(2007). 14157:Archived 14089:(2003). 13898:(1861). 13850:(2010). 13826:(1997). 13683:(2002). 13634:(1906). 13610:(2022). 13551:(1904). 13480:(1978). 13455:(1991). 13409:(2003). 13362:(1977). 13241:(1995). 13194:(2001). 13156:(1986). 13100:(2007). 13045:Archived 13027:(2011). 12966:(2002). 12938:(1998). 12906:Mohammed 12721:(2011). 12624:Archived 12606:(1998). 12514:(2013). 12459:Archived 12302:(2009). 12284:. ISCA. 12178:Archived 12108:Muhammad 11959:, p. 37. 11884:Archived 11727:, p. 52. 11702:, p. 34. 11668:Archived 11637:Archived 11601:Archived 11583:(2011). 11567:Archived 11536:Archived 11432:Archived 11418:Muqarnas 11391:Archived 11306:Archived 11240:Archived 11148:, p. 13. 11146:Muhammad 11109:Archived 11079:Muhammad 10981:16 April 10975:Archived 10849:Archived 10794:Archived 10751:Archived 10733:(2004). 10717:Archived 10686:Archived 10655:Archived 10621:Archived 10603:(2008). 10584:Archived 10566:(2002). 9936:(1955). 9895:Archived 8613:, ch. 1. 8519:, p. 45. 8126:Archived 8065:(1988). 7156:Quran 53 7016:(7): 3. 6795:Archived 6777:(2004). 6539:(2002). 6517:Archived 6514:Muhammad 6382:Muwaṭṭaʾ 6362:Ṣaḥīḥayn 6356:Archived 6334:(2007). 6300:(1993). 6102:(1998). 6042:24 March 5902:Archived 5894:"Qurʾān" 5892:(2007). 5772:(2003), 5619:Ak̲h̲lāḳ 5166:Mohammed 5049:See also 4850:Schlegel 4782:Persians 4641:Safavids 4632:Buddhist 4625:Ilkhanid 4504:Istanbul 4488:Shahadah 4416:ligature 4386:Shahadah 4289:Abu Bakr 4136:Abu Bakr 4096:Rashidun 4048:Abu Bakr 3968:Muhammad 3966:— 3949:pleurisy 3945:al-Abbas 3929:Maymunah 3799:Muawiyya 3282:-Turkic 3182:, after 3156:Abu Jahl 3125:churches 2918:Muhammad 2741:Abu Bakr 2716:Abu Jahl 2645:Ibn Sa'd 2563:Abu Jahl 2476:en masse 2421:Ibn Sa'd 2390:emigrate 2288:Abu Jahl 2272:Abu Bakr 2193:freedmen 2171:Abu Bakr 2120:Khadijah 1998:in 605 ( 1967:Khadijah 1944:caravans 1904:Abdullah 1889:Aksumite 1865:faithful 1606:Ethiopia 1538:Ruqayyah 1520:Khadijah 1460:Abdullah 1288:the work 929:prophets 875:Muḥammad 864:مُحَمَّد 821:Muhammad 544:Miracles 526:Military 451:Muhammad 443:a series 441:Part of 326:مُحَمَّد 322:Muḥammad 310:Personal 234:(mother) 228:(father) 206:Children 74:Personal 47:مُحَمَّد 40:Muhammad 26104:Quraysh 25945:Commons 25902:Quraish 25830:Khaybar 25638:Mahomet 25624:Inferno 25618:Falnama 25270:History 25192:Statism 25105:Elitism 25063:Related 24864:(51 BC) 24794:Strauss 24769:Scruton 24764:Schmitt 24754:Russell 24674:Michels 24669:Maurras 24664:Marcuse 24624:Kautsky 24594:Gramsci 24589:Gentile 24559:Dworkin 24549:Du Bois 24544:Dmowski 24539:Chomsky 24534:Burnham 24519:Benoist 24489:Agamben 24456:Thoreau 24446:Stirner 24436:Spencer 24381:Mazzini 24371:Maistre 24366:Madison 24361:Le Play 24292:Fourier 24257:Carlyle 24237:Bentham 24227:Bastiat 24222:Bakunin 24199:Spinoza 24189:Müntzer 24159:Leibniz 24132:Grotius 24112:Bossuet 24079:Plethon 24024:Aquinas 23993:Sun Tzu 23961:Mencius 23951:Han Fei 23722:Marxism 23682:Fascism 23515:Society 23440:Liberty 23425:Justice 23405:Freedom 23065:(44 BC) 22995:Sombart 22990:Skinner 22975:Scruton 22955:Polanyi 22930:Niebuhr 22915:Marcuse 22850:Gramsci 22845:Gentile 22805:Du Bois 22795:Deleuze 22765:Benoist 22735:Agamben 22692:Thoreau 22682:Stirner 22672:Spencer 22622:Le Play 22572:Fourier 22557:Emerson 22542:Carlyle 22527:Bentham 22504:Müntzer 22474:Erasmus 22448:Plethon 22443:Photios 22403:Aquinas 22337:Mencius 22305:Ancient 22238:Schools 22118:Loyalty 22076:History 22064:Counter 22059:Culture 22027:Customs 21898:Nursing 21859:Qutbism 21773:Sikhism 21768:Judaism 21763:Jainism 21599:Physics 21546:Pottery 21531:Gardens 21526:Carpets 21441:Slavery 21363:Divorce 21350:Dhabiĥa 21178:Hygiene 21153:Takaful 21135:Banking 21065:Science 21059:Qurbani 21028:Mosques 20988:Animals 20977:Culture 20925:Zaydism 20913:Alevism 20799:Ottoman 20789:Almohad 20784:Fatimid 20779:Córdoba 20774:Abbasid 20769:Umayyad 20702:Leaders 20697:History 20655:Shahada 20570:Beliefs 20491:(Drink) 20477:(River) 20462:Liquids 20294:(Shoot) 20282:(Onion) 20242:Kawākib 20230:Maṣābīḥ 20175:Yaghūth 19911:Implied 19871:Al-Aṣīl 19821:Al-Layl 19705:Ramaḍān 19654:Jumuʿah 19518:Shaddad 19410:Arabia 19404:Antakya 19399:Antioch 19392:Implied 19336:Al-Aqsa 19271:Nineveh 19257:Babylon 19102:Ḥaraman 19072:(Hegra) 19069:Al-Ḥijr 19059:ʿArafāt 19053:Yathrib 19048:Madīnah 18878:Sabians 18814:Muslims 18783:Kāfirūn 18751:Khazraj 18602:Quraysh 18373:Tribes, 18295:Sabbath 18239:Shaddad 18212:Barṣīṣā 18145:Pharaoh 18141:Firʿawn 17838:Ṣamūʾīl 17825:Implied 17756:Abraham 17728:Messiah 17581:Solomon 17567:Shuʿayb 17539:Ishmael 17535:Ismāʿīl 17499:(Eber?) 17493:(Aaron) 17455:Al-Yasa 17392:Ghilmān 17268:Raphael 17264:Isrāfīl 17027:hud-hud 16977:Related 16970:Animals 16847:Muslims 16730:Al-Yasa 16700:Solomon 16663:يَحْيَى 16636:اليَسَع 16563:Ezekiel 16399:هَارُون 16381:شُعَيْب 16315:Ishmael 16279:Abraham 16273:Ibrahim 16113:إِدرِيس 15999:Mosques 15919:Khaybar 15711:(Camel) 15607:Gabriel 15554:(uncle) 15548:(uncle) 15542:(uncle) 15536:(uncle) 15213:(Uncle) 15162:Parents 15098:"Ka'ba" 15068:"Āmina" 14798:(ed.). 14554:21 June 13015:19 June 12791:3512048 12573:13 June 12271:Sources 12184:20 June 10973:. BBC. 10548:"Isa", 9974:110:1–3 8544:Quran 8 7816:1595926 6488:26 June 6442:29 June 6280:27 June 5757:p. 199. 5506:Rayhana 5445:28 June 5260:Gabriel 5178:Mohamed 5174:Muhamad 5170:Mahamad 5162:Mohamet 4965:heretic 4949:Western 4937:figures 4870:pogroms 4646:Ottoman 4539:Wahhabi 4492:the God 4429:‎ 4420:Unicode 4078:ziyarat 4044:Sahabah 4038:sultan 4036:Ottoman 4030:sultan 3791:Quraysh 3700:Ottoman 3620:Khaybar 3442:Gabriel 3438:Quraysh 3293:Quraysh 3230:Khazraj 3133:mosques 3105:Quranic 3045:Khaybar 2720:Gabriel 2649:Ramadan 2571:Quraysh 2515:Khadija 2465:Gabriel 2456:Quraysh 2349:Gabriel 2335:Yathrib 2284:Makhzum 2279:Quraysh 2240:Quraysh 2229:tazakka 2163:Khadija 2150:Gabriel 2105:Gabriel 2067:Gabriel 2059:Khadija 2002:period) 1928:archery 1883:, when 1859: 1845:Abraham 1841:Ishmael 1822:Quraysh 1562:on the 1330:Muwatta 1184:Yathrib 1180:Gabriel 1101:sources 988:Gabriel 968:Quraysh 917:Abraham 871:: 720:Related 698:Salawat 660:Saqifah 621:Judaism 407:Epithet 219:Parents 143:at the 26074:Medina 25287:Hadith 25054:(1992) 25044:(1971) 25034:(1951) 25024:(1945) 25014:(1944) 25004:(1929) 24994:(1859) 24984:(1848) 24964:(1820) 24954:(1791) 24944:(1790) 24934:(1762) 24924:(1748) 24914:(1689) 24904:(1651) 24894:(1532) 24884:(1313) 24814:Walzer 24804:Taylor 24759:Sartre 24724:Popper 24719:Pareto 24714:Ortega 24699:Nozick 24689:Mouffe 24639:Laclau 24599:Guénon 24584:Gandhi 24524:Berlin 24514:Bauman 24509:Badiou 24499:Arendt 24466:Tucker 24356:Le Bon 24317:Herder 24307:Haller 24302:Godwin 24287:Fichte 24282:Engels 24277:Cortés 24247:Bonald 24204:Suárez 24179:Milton 24169:Luther 24142:Hobbes 24127:Filmer 24117:Calvin 24102:Boétie 24095:period 24074:Ockham 23941:Cicero 23742:Nazism 23530:Utopia 23505:Rights 23495:Regime 23465:People 23450:Nation 23256:Ethics 23215:(2010) 23205:(1991) 23195:(1990) 23185:(1987) 23175:(1987) 23165:(1979) 23155:(1976) 23145:(1967) 23135:(1964) 23125:(1949) 23115:(1935) 23105:(1930) 23085:(1756) 23075:(1486) 23020:Walzer 23010:Taylor 23000:Sowell 22985:Simmel 22950:Pareto 22945:Ortega 22855:Guénon 22840:Gehlen 22835:Gandhi 22790:Debord 22775:Butler 22770:Berlin 22760:Bauman 22750:Badiou 22740:Arendt 22730:Adorno 22662:Ruskin 22617:Le Bon 22592:Herder 22567:Fichte 22562:Engels 22532:Bonald 22522:Arnold 22494:Milton 22489:Luther 22469:Calvin 22347:Origen 22317:Cicero 22277:Social 22213:Family 22208:Values 22169:Rights 22133:Public 22081:Honour 22012:Anomie 22007:Agency 21720: 21678:poetry 21488: 21373:Ethics 21357:Dhimmi 21316:Baligh 21277:Mahram 21234:Family 21214:Toilet 21194:Miswak 20947:Lahori 20888:Salafi 20834:Seerah 20829:Tafsir 20824:Hadith 20794:Sokoto 20739:Sahaba 20614:Angels 20591:Tawhid 20548:topics 20489:Sharāb 20449:Zaqqūm 20366:Zaytūn 20346:Rummān 20332:(Herb) 20324:Lentil 20313:Fruits 20306:(Seed) 20248:Al-Arḍ 20225:bodies 20196:Al-Lāt 20111:Ṭāghūt 20102:'Ansāb 20030:Psalms 19997:Tawrāt 19980:Qurʾān 19972:Gospel 19864:Ghurūb 19829:ʿIshāʾ 19788:Tasbīḥ 19782:Takbīr 19776:Taḥmīd 19568:Ma'rib 19488:Canaan 19475:'Ariha 19473:& 19314:Mosque 19310:Masjid 19299:Miḥrāb 19110:Kaʿbah 19104:Āminan 19096:Bakkah 19086:Makkah 19081:Ḥunayn 19013:In the 18985:Midian 18981:Madyan 18953:Jannah 18834:Naṣārā 18768:groups 18711:Amalek 18607:Thamūd 18395:Ar-Rūm 18355:Medina 18261:Groups 18231:Nimrod 18197:Abraha 18111:Sister 18106:Mother 18046:Mother 18008:Simeon 17996:Joseph 17977:Vizier 17967:Mother 17842:Samuel 17832:Irmiyā 17811:Gideon 17793:Maryam 17788:Luqmān 17705:Other 17659:Joseph 17608:Yaʿqūb 17519:ʿImrān 17459:Elisha 17397:Wildān 17384:Others 17348:Demons 17316:ʿIfrīt 17282:Mīkāil 17251:('The 17236:Ar-Rūḥ 17229:Jibrīl 17155:Angels 17090:spider 17050:namlah 17032:hoopoe 16986:baqara 16938:('The 16845:Note: 16736:Elisha 16718:Elijah 16672:عِيسَى 16645:يُونُس 16508:Jethro 16502:Shuayb 16472:Joseph 16430:Is'haq 16417:دَاوُد 16390:مُوسَى 16363:يُوسُف 16309:Ismail 16140:صَالِح 15909:Medina 15897:Cities 15890:Places 15860:Durood 15732:Hadith 15704:Pulpit 15673:Hadith 15638:Durood 15628:Mawlid 15588:(poet) 15516:Uthman 15497:People 15444:Events 15356:Fatima 15083:"Waḥy" 15023: 14999: 14980: 14954: 14898: 14873: 14850: 14829: 14776: 14749: 14725: 14701: 14677: 14642: 14618: 14594: 14572: 14545: 14524: 14503: 14479: 14457: 14436: 14412: 14391: 14372: 14353: 14329: 14300: 14276: 14252: 14225: 14204: 14183: 14149: 14125: 14099: 14075: 14054: 14033: 14009: 13985: 13964: 13940: 13919: 13884: 13860: 13836: 13812: 13784: 13760: 13736: 13712: 13691: 13669: 13644: 13620: 13596: 13572: 13537: 13516: 13490: 13465: 13441: 13417: 13391: 13370: 13340: 13316: 13272: 13251: 13227: 13204: 13180: 13134: 13110: 13086: 13062: 13037: 13006: 12982: 12952: 12924: 12892: 12871: 12842: 12808: 12789: 12756: 12735: 12707: 12683: 12662: 12641: 12616: 12592: 12564: 12528: 12500: 12479: 12451: 12430: 12409: 12385: 12361: 12342: 12288: 12257: 12232: 12207: 12152: 11955:Watt, 11876: 11828: 11749: 11723:Watt, 11698:Watt, 11665:(1998) 11663:Lewis 11629: 11593: 11559: 11528: 11499: 11466: 11424: 11383: 11298: 11232: 11131:21:107 11129:Quran 11101: 10786: 10743: 10709: 10678: 10647: 10613: 10576: 10506: 9972:Quran 9946: 9353: 9226:Watt, 9146:Meri, 8696: 8671: 8515:Watt, 8118: 8079: 7814: 7806: 7555:Watt, 7308:Watt, 7020: 6787: 6618: 6558:12 May 6549: 6479: 6433: 6366:Sunans 6348: 6314: 6271: 6236: 6180: 6140: 6113: 5936:17:106 5934:Quran 5780: 5753: 5749:1985. 4989:Sufism 4983:Sufism 4959:, the 4846:Herder 4842:Goethe 4778:Romans 4658:mi'raj 4650:mi'raj 4527:rahmat 4512:poetry 4498:", in 4481:Muslim 4464:Hadith 4460:Sunnah 4452:tafsir 4436:hadith 4424:U+FDFA 4401:prayer 4360:Legacy 4245:Medina 4207:Persia 4140:caliph 4123: 4117: 4111: 4098:, and 4028:Mamluk 3999:Medina 3628:Medina 3576:Uthman 3518:Medina 3420:An-Nur 3345:Medina 3280:Mamluk 3131:, and 3065:Hunayn 3055:Mu'tah 3015:Trench 2980:Bahran 2935:Safwan 2930:Al-‘Īṣ 2848:hijrah 2832:was a 2797:shofar 2786:qiblah 2774:masjid 2737:bounty 2732:Sawdah 2709:Hijrah 2686:Hijrah 2678:Hijrah 2653:Hijrah 2609:heaven 2480:hadith 2433:Medina 2413:Tabari 2411:While 2339:rabbis 2296:Hashim 2248:Qur'an 2091:vision 2035:, and 1952:Bahira 1934:, and 1887:, the 1885:Abraha 1748:61–62 1735:59–60 1721:57–58 1707:56–57 1694:54–55 1681:53–54 1671:Medina 1663:51–52 1649:49–50 1615:45–46 1601:44–45 1590:43–44 1544:, and 1534:Zainab 1529:28–29 1515:24–25 1501:12–13 1478:Arabia 1444:Event 1415:Mawlid 1349:hadith 1319:Hadith 1313:Hadith 1091:hadith 1086:sunnah 1048:Hijrah 1044:Medina 984: 954:CE in 952: 860:Arabic 738:Relics 708:Mawlid 692:Praise 520:Career 503:Hadith 477:Medina 472:Hijrah 364:Quṣayy 356:Hāshim 193:Spouse 124:Medina 67:Medina 25780:Bilal 25709:Films 25468:Books 25357:2006 25314:Hilya 25203:Index 24832:Works 24819:Weber 24784:Spann 24779:Sorel 24744:Röpke 24739:Rawls 24694:Negri 24684:Mosca 24679:Mises 24644:Lenin 24614:Hoppe 24609:Hayek 24574:Fromm 24564:Evola 24554:Dugin 24451:Taine 24431:Smith 24411:Renan 24406:Paine 24327:Iqbal 24312:Hegel 24262:Comte 24252:Burke 24164:Locke 24154:James 24107:Bodin 24039:Dante 24034:Bruni 23988:Shang 23971:Plato 23525:State 23475:Power 23460:Peace 23395:Elite 23373:Terms 23053:Works 23040:Žižek 23025:Weber 22965:Röpke 22925:Negri 22905:Lasch 22875:Hoppe 22830:Fromm 22820:Evola 22800:Dewey 22780:Camus 22687:Taine 22667:Smith 22657:Royce 22647:Renan 22582:Hegel 22547:Comte 22537:Burke 22484:Locke 22418:Dante 22413:Bruni 22382:Xunzi 22357:Plato 22352:Philo 22332:Laozi 22140:Mores 22052:Multi 22042:Inter 21832:Quran 21722:Other 21617:Early 21541:Music 21457:Kalam 21411:Jizya 21399:Hudud 21284:Nikah 21201:Najis 21187:Ghusl 21146:Sukuk 21075:Women 21043:Music 21018:Flags 20932:Ibadi 20859:Sunni 20819:Quran 20676:Zakat 20662:Salah 20625:Qadar 20583:Allah 20546:Islam 20505:Note: 20434:Nakhl 20424:Līnah 20370:Olive 20320:ʿAdas 20292:Shaṭʾ 20280:Baṣal 20256:Nujūm 20206:Manāt 20180:Yaʿūq 20165:Suwāʿ 20133:Baʿal 20028:(The 20025:Zabūr 20002:Torah 20000:(The 19970:(The 19967:Injīl 19950:Other 19855:Masāʾ 19770:Dhikr 19764:Ṣalāh 19754:Duʿāʾ 19734:Umrah 19510:River 19454:Ta'if 19416:Ḥijāz 19344:(The 19291:Bayʿa 19267:Jonah 19253:Bābil 19141:Sheba 19136:Sabaʾ 19114:Kaaba 19090:Mecca 19000:Egypt 18856:Yahūd 18794:Majūs 18589:Tubba 18560:Arabs 18555:Aʿrāb 18504:Mecca 18487:Anṣār 18455:Yūnus 18453:Qawm 18162:Qārūn 18156:Jālūt 18151:Hāmān 18135:Terah 18034:ʿAzīz 18027:Malik 18017:ʿAzīz 17946:Peter 17803:Ṭālūt 17746:Moses 17726:(The 17718:Jesus 17701:Aḥmad 17655:Yūsuf 17641:Whale 17627:Jonah 17623:Yūnus 17612:Jacob 17598:Yaḥyā 17588:Uzair 17571:Hobab 17562:Ṣāliḥ 17529:Isaac 17525:Isḥāq 17513:Ilyās 17507:Enoch 17503:Idrīs 17491:Hārūn 17479:David 17475:Dāwūd 17465:Ayyūb 17373:Mārid 17366:Devil 17357:Iblīs 17331:Qarīn 17323:Sakhr 17197:Raqib 17167:Mālik 17106:Ḥimār 17068:nāqat 17015:Ḥimār 16995:dhiʾb 16954:Karīm 16950:Allah 16946:Names 16936:Allāh 16901:Quran 16859:Quran 16808:Jesus 16784:Yahya 16754:Jonah 16748:Yunus 16712:Ilyas 16588:David 16582:Dawud 16545:Aaron 16539:Harun 16527:Moses 16484:Ayyub 16466:Yusuf 16454:Jacob 16448:Yaqub 16436:Isaac 16260:Selah 16254:Salih 16204:Enoch 16198:Idris 15939:Tabuk 15934:Mutah 15914:Ta'if 15904:Mecca 15724:Books 15709:Qaswa 15643:Salam 15451:Hijra 15425:Quran 15254:Aisha 15236:Wives 14823:Islam 14794:. 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