543:(roughly meaning "those of the nations", as opposed to Arab tribes), who, despite the remarkable differences in their views, generally rejected the stressed and often dogmatized belief that the Arabs, as well as their language, were far superior to all other races and ethnicities, and so the term later came to be applied pejoratively to such groups by their rivals. Moreover, many Arabic grammarians strove to attribute as many words as possible to a "pure Arabic origin", especially those in the Qur'an. Thus, exegetes, theologians, and grammarians who entertained the idea of the presence of "impurities" (for example, naturalized loanwords) in the Qur'an were severely criticized and their proposed etymologies denounced in most cases. Nonetheless, the belief in the racial and ethnic supremacy of the Arabs and the belief in the
387:
5529:
551:
or dialectal. Despite this, these, along with the Qur'an, were perceived as the principal foundation upon which grammatical inquiry, theorizing, and reasoning were to be based. They also formed the literary ideal to be followed, quoted, and imitated in solemn texts and speeches. Lexically, Classical Arabic may retain one or more of the dialectal forms of a given word as variants of the standardized forms, albeit often with much less currency and use.
2516:
49:
339:
Several written grammars of
Classical Arabic were published with the exegesis of Arabic grammar being at times based on the existing texts and the works of previous texts, in addition to various early sources considered to be of most venerated genesis of Arabic. The primary focus of such works was to
550:
Poems and sayings attributed to Arabic-speaking personages who lived before the standardization of the
Classical idiom, which are preserved mainly in far later manuscripts, contain traces of elements in morphology and syntax that began to be regarded as chiefly poetic or characteristically regional
2400:
Proto-Central
Semitic, Proto-Arabic, various forms of Old Arabic, and some modern Najdi dialects to this day have alternation in the performative vowel of the prefix conjugation, depending on the stem vowel of the verb. Early forms of Classical Arabic allowed this alternation, but later forms of
2612:
Versteegh (1997) believes that early
Medieval Arabic etymologists and philologists, be they exegetes, grammarians, or both, were noticeably far more eager to ascribe words to historically non-Arabic origins, and so he concludes that the spread of the association of "linguistic supremacy" with
431:
were probably the most conservative (or at least resembled the elevated intertribal idiom morphologically and lexically more than the other contemporary vernaculars), a view possibly supported by the romanticization of the ‘purity’ of the language of the desert-dwellers (as opposed to the
2014:
The definite article spread areally among the
Central Semitic languages and it would seem that Proto-Arabic lacked any overt marking of definiteness. Besides dialects with no definite article, the Safaitic inscriptions exhibit about four different article forms, ordered by frequency:
1604:("the infidels"). Imala could also occur in the absence of an i-vowel in an adjacent syllable. It was considered acceptable Classical Arabic by Sibawayh, and still occurs in numerous modern Arabic dialects, particularly the urban dialects of the Fertile Crescent and the Mediterranean.
2654:
423:. It is uncertain to what degree the spoken vernaculars corresponded to the literary style, however, as many surviving inscriptions in the region seem to indicate simplification or absence of the inflectional morphology of Classical Arabic. It is often said that the
436:" dialects of the city-dwellers) expressed in many medieval Arabic works, especially those on grammar, though some argue that all the spoken vernaculars probably deviated greatly from the supraregional literary norm to different degrees, while others, such as
574:(if they spoke another language as their first language and a regional variety of colloquial Arabic as their second language). Nonetheless, the pronunciation of Classical Arabic was likely influenced by the
1609:
may have been the original pronunciation of a final ی which is otherwise pronounced as . In the Kisā'i and Hamzah recitations of the Qur'an, this pronunciation is used, whereas in the Hafs pronunciation
539:, became the subject of much mythicization and was eventually associated with religious, ethnic, and racial conflicts, such as the rise of many groups traditionally categorized under the broad label of
1614:
is used instead. An example of this can be seen in the names Mūsā (Moses), 'īsā (Jesus), and Yahyā (John), which would be pronounced as Musē, 'īsē and Yahyē in the former two manners of recitation.
515:) the language had been standardized by Arabic grammarians and knowledge of Classical Arabic became a prerequisite for rising into the higher classes throughout the Islamic world, since it was the
2603:, wherein he begins by attacking "al-Shu'ubiyya" and thanking Allah for making him "a faithful ally of the Arabs". However the term was also used positively as it derives from the Qur'an.
2629:, a Persian philologist, exegete, and historian who was later accused of "hating Arabs", asserted that "the Qur'an was revealed in a clear Arabic tongue, and so whosoever claims that "
582:). The differences in pronunciation and vocabulary in the regional Arabic varieties were in turn variously influenced by the native languages spoken in the conquered regions, such as
2578:
Such views were not held only by Arabs. Many
Islamized Persians appear to have internalized similar beliefs, and they are expressed in the works of such renowned Persian scholars as
409:
scripts as well as fragments of pre-Islamic poetry preserved in the classical literature. It is hypothesized that by the late 6th century AD a relatively uniform intertribal "poetic
358:
of Modern
Standard Arabic are different from Classical Arabic, and Modern Standard Arabic uses a subset of the syntactic structures available in Classical Arabic, but the
2039:
almost never exhibits the assimilation of the coda to the coronals; the same situation is attested in the Graeco-Arabica, but in A1 the coda assimilates to the following
2940:"Al-Jallad. 2015. New Epigraphica from Jordan I: a pre-Islamic Arabic inscription in Greek letters and a Greek inscription from north-eastern Jordan, w. A. al-Manaser"
2063:, which alone among the palatal consonants exhibits assimilation, indicating that assimilation ceased to be productive before that consonant shifted from Old Arabic
366:
have remained basically unchanged. In the Arab world little distinction is made between
Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic and both are normally called
1232:), but some modern linguists cast doubt upon this testimony. It is likely that the word used to describe it did not mean voiced but rather unaspirated.
3099:
1317:
This is retrospectively reconstructed based on ancient texts describing the proper pronunciation and discouraging the use of any other pronunciation.
5583:
1645:
in a dialect showing affinities to that of the
Safaitic inscriptions shows that short final high vowels had been lost in at least some dialects of
500:(and also many of its readings also) and the later normalized orthography of Classical Arabic as a standard literary register in the 8th century.
5568:
3137:
1649:
at that time, obliterating the distinction between nominative and genitive case in the singular, leaving the accusative the only marked case:
2059:, with the coda of the article exhibiting assimilation to the following dental and denti-alveolar consonants. Note the inclusion of palatal
470:
sometimes ascribe the origins of the script, and oftentimes the language itself also, to one of the ancient major figures in Islam, such as
417:
distinct from the spoken vernaculars, had developed with conservative as well as innovative features, including the case endings known as
350:
in writing and in formal speaking, for example prepared speeches, some radio and television broadcasts and non-entertainment content. The
5588:
2799:
3934:
3788:
3399:
2968:
Bin-Muqbil, Musaed (2006). "Phonetic and
Phonological Aspects of Arabic Emphatics and Gutturals". University of Wisconsin–Madison.
4060:
3985:
1331:
1133:
4067:
3404:
3367:
2809:
2746:
2707:
386:
1121:
1105:
260:
4528:
3130:
2736:
478:, though others mention that it was introduced to Arabia from afar. In the 7th century AD the distinctive features of
3019:
3002:
1071:
3239:
933:
2781:"Case in the Qurˀānic Consonantal Text. Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 108 (2018), pp. 143–179"
5175:
4072:
3625:
3612:
3166:
885:
466:
since, unlike Aramaic, the scripts of Arabic and Syriac are both cursive. Indigenous speculations concerning the
250:
2871:
Kinberg, Naphtali (2001). "Treatise on the Pronunciation of the Dad". In Kinberg, Leah; Versteegh, Kees (eds.).
4702:
3968:
3823:
3191:
2888:
959:
467:
5150:
3927:
3783:
3748:
3389:
3181:
3123:
5563:
4467:
4018:
3379:
3332:
3176:
909:
3110:
2363:
2339:
2298:
2274:
2260:
2246:
2228:
2214:
2198:
2178:
2156:
2142:
2118:
2064:
2060:
1611:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1566:
1562:
1542:
1532:
1528:
1515:
1510:
1496:
1466:
1461:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1364:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1229:
73:
5578:
1631:
1472:
1044:
971:
329:
2697:
5111:
4590:
3761:
3307:
3262:
3196:
3171:
2559:
1579:
1300:
1145:
947:
897:
752:
440:, believe that "the differences between the classical and spoken language were not too far-reaching".
5573:
5558:
5553:
4864:
4854:
4831:
3480:
3409:
3267:
3252:
1577:
1399:
1379:
1329:
1298:
1290:
1268:
1256:
1004:
159:
3070:
3044:
2986:
2853:
5532:
5440:
4922:
3920:
3793:
3485:
3419:
3384:
2084:
1479:
1263:
and that it might have been the old Arabic pronunciation of the letter, he even describes that the
790:
650:
575:
359:
355:
3026:
Watson, Janet (2002). "The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic". New York: Oxford University Press.
4687:
4630:
4033:
3637:
3530:
3500:
3465:
3257:
3201:
3186:
1032:
992:
839:
825:
778:
4989:
3115:
4795:
4755:
4680:
4675:
4439:
3975:
3891:
3678:
3495:
3394:
2880:
2539:
1292:
853:
579:
394:
343:
333:
154:
125:
1847:
Classical Arabic however, shows a far more archaic system, essentially identical with that of
5521:
5354:
5306:
5116:
5098:
5091:
5081:
5076:
5068:
4888:
4623:
4595:
4585:
4389:
4013:
3512:
3505:
3414:
3327:
3322:
3057:
3031:
2973:
2626:
2554:
2549:
1401:
1099:
712:
698:
406:
144:
2872:
5257:
5017:
4937:
4417:
3881:
3743:
3653:
3632:
3542:
3535:
3279:
2071:
1270:
1258:
670:
599:
4058:
3090:
38:
8:
5316:
5126:
4999:
4822:
4373:
4287:
4224:
3871:
3778:
3756:
3713:
3698:
3663:
3607:
3552:
3547:
3426:
3312:
3289:
3234:
2544:
879:
874:
742:
595:
351:
321:
4215:
5484:
5170:
5086:
4883:
4808:
4547:
4533:
3768:
3577:
3522:
3517:
3472:
3431:
3224:
3150:
414:
391:
57:
vocalized in a reading tradition considered normative Classical Arabic, written in the
4553:
4350:
4332:
4125:
3668:
2854:"Ibn Khaldūn as a Historical Linguist with an Excursus on the Question of Ancient gāf"
1111:
5231:
4904:
4844:
4607:
4499:
4410:
4053:
3896:
3861:
3846:
3830:
3818:
3803:
3773:
3733:
3703:
3683:
3673:
3617:
3597:
3587:
3572:
3557:
3452:
3447:
3374:
3344:
3339:
3317:
3299:
3294:
3284:
3274:
3015:
2998:
2884:
2873:
2805:
2742:
2703:
2316:
2089:
1381:
1180:
1076:
1059:
1016:
921:
764:
737:
675:
655:
603:
559:
317:
313:
149:
4984:
4514:
4341:
2617:
as a notable exception to this puristic attitude, which eventually became prevalent.
2031:. The Old Arabic of the Nabataean inscriptions exhibits almost exclusively the form
256:
5252:
5050:
5031:
4994:
4873:
4803:
4746:
4658:
4504:
4489:
4396:
4100:
4043:
4003:
3876:
3808:
3798:
3738:
3728:
3723:
3708:
3693:
3688:
3602:
3592:
3460:
3354:
3247:
3229:
3219:
2079:
984:
819:
665:
645:
640:
624:
607:
587:
448:
5394:
4731:
5435:
5364:
5301:
5295:
5164:
5039:
4979:
4839:
4783:
4768:
4763:
4736:
4726:
4670:
4643:
4618:
4519:
4476:
4458:
4048:
4028:
3963:
3886:
3866:
3851:
3813:
3718:
3658:
3582:
3567:
3562:
3362:
3349:
2763:
2534:
660:
583:
567:
563:
433:
304:'the most eloquent classic Arabic') is the standardized literary form of
210:
136:
5515:
5445:
5379:
5284:
5058:
4947:
4942:
4927:
4912:
4878:
4663:
4038:
3980:
3901:
3856:
3007:
2600:
1642:
591:
571:
528:
455:
203:
1151:
5547:
5477:
5472:
5458:
5404:
5339:
5321:
5207:
5192:
5186:
5155:
4974:
4969:
4954:
4917:
4778:
4773:
4697:
4653:
4509:
4483:
4008:
3995:
1286:
1168:
544:
540:
536:
516:
463:
444:
5450:
5409:
5349:
5329:
5289:
5202:
5197:
4964:
4959:
4849:
4572:
4558:
4262:
4172:
4145:
2521:
2390:
2107:
2099:
1848:
804:
685:
524:
459:
320:
literary texts such as poetry, elevated prose and oratory, and is also the
93:
5275:
4360:
4351:
4342:
4333:
4324:
4315:
4314:
4306:
4297:
4288:
4279:
4270:
4260:
4252:
4242:
4234:
4225:
4216:
4207:
4198:
4188:
4180:
4170:
4162:
4153:
4143:
4135:
4126:
4117:
4116:
5344:
5274:
5236:
5180:
4932:
4093:
1456:
1444:
1434:
1416:
1242:
629:
Like Modern Standard Arabic, Classical Arabic had 28 consonant phonemes:
520:
437:
418:
309:
4233:
4179:
4152:
570:(if they spoke the colloquial dialects as their first language) or as a
4494:
4403:
4269:
1646:
1505:
1449:
1439:
692:
512:
504:
479:
402:
347:
193:
4359:
4305:
4296:
4251:
4244:
4197:
4190:
4161:
531:, and thus the region eventually developed into a widespread state of
16:
Form of the Arabic language used in Umayyad and Abbasid literary texts
5399:
3146:
2634:
2614:
2599:, a treatise on Arabic grammar by the Persian theologian and exegete
2583:
2579:
1487:
532:
497:
235:
223:
83:
4323:
4134:
3107:– Free Video lectures on basic and advanced Classical Arabic grammar
2939:
2920:
2780:
5384:
5374:
4077:
3089:
1264:
1215:
555:
487:
268:
5267:
3912:
2613:"etymological purity" was a later development, though he mentions
1573:
547:
of Arabic did not seem to be necessary entailments of each other.
410:
5419:
4083:
3145:
475:
451:
424:
264:
58:
458:, which have been adopted to write Arabic, though some, such as
5334:
5262:
3958:
3943:
2529:
363:
305:
164:
61:
48:
5414:
5369:
5359:
4278:
4206:
4088:
2630:
1641:
The A1 inscription dated to the 3rd or 4th century AD in the
1341:
810:
483:
325:
119:
103:
54:
5389:
3104:
492:
471:
428:
3085:
2303:
1569:
in later Classical Arabic and most modern Arabic dialects.
462:, have postulated that it instead derives direct from the
267:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2055:
In Classical Arabic, the definite article takes the form
1596:, where C was a non-emphatic, non-uvular consonant, e.g.
2875:
Studies in the Linguistic Structure of Classical Arabic
2677:
2665:
508:
3101:– Lectures on Quranic Arabic by Dr. Khalid Zaheer (CA)
2595:
The term is used disparagingly in the introduction to
2035:. Unlike the Classical Arabic article, the Old Arabic
566:. Arabic-speakers usually spoke Classical Arabic as a
562:, wherein scores of words were borrowed directly from
535:. Consequently the classical language, as well as the
2730:
2728:
2726:
2921:"solomon i.sara_sibawayh on imalah-text translation"
2897:
2818:
2779:
Putten, Marijn van; Stokes, Phillip (January 2018).
2511:
1358:
367:
292:
3052:
Bin Radhan, Neil. "Die Wissenschaft des Tadschwīd".
2995:
Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties
2937:
346:is its direct descendant used today throughout the
2734:
2723:
1538:arose from two separate sources, often conflated:
558:from Classical Arabic, a situation similar to the
2938:Al-Manaser, Ali; Al-Jallad, Ahmad (19 May 2015).
2785:Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes
5545:
2839:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics
2765:On Pseudo-corrections in Some Semitic Languages
2659:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics
486:, lenition of final /-at/ to /-ah/ and lack of
3088:– Visualization of Classical Quranic Grammar (
482:, such as loss of final short vowels, loss of
3928:
3131:
2735:Versteegh, Kees; Versteegh, C. H. M. (1997).
2401:Classical Arabic levelled the /a/ allomorph:
2395:
308:used from the 7th century and throughout the
2778:
2768:. Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.
2370:
2346:
2324:
2308:
2281:
2267:
2253:
2235:
2221:
2205:
2185:
2163:
2149:
2125:
2047:
1248:
1221:
1184:
1149:
1137:
1125:
1109:
1080:
1048:
1036:
1020:
1008:
996:
975:
963:
951:
937:
925:
913:
901:
889:
857:
843:
829:
808:
794:
782:
768:
756:
716:
702:
373:
32:
2837:Danecki, Janusz (2008). "Majhūra/Mahmūsa".
1336:is a marginal phoneme that only appears in
447:is generally believed to have evolved from
390:Distribution of Arabic dialects before the
299:
3935:
3921:
3138:
3124:
2967:
2695:
2683:
2671:
401:The earliest forms of Arabic are known as
378:) in Arabic, meaning 'the most eloquent'.
47:
3112:– A hub for learners of Classical Arabic.
2652:
1572:A completely different phenomenon called
340:facilitate different linguistic aspects.
2879:. Leiden; Boston; Koln: Brill. pp.
385:
328:. Classical Arabic is, furthermore, the
5584:Languages attested from the 7th century
2870:
2836:
261:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
5546:
3105:Institute of the Language of the Quran
3086:Classical Arabic Grammar Documentation
3051:
3025:
2903:
2824:
2797:
1855:Classical Arabic (ca. 7th century AD)
490:, influenced the consonantal text (or
118:Continued as a liturgical language of
3916:
3119:
2914:
2912:
2851:
637:
2841:. Vol. III. Brill. p. 124.
2761:
2655:"Polygenesis in the Arabic Dialects"
1745:Safaitic (ca. 3rd – 4th century AD)
1535:after uvular and emphatic consonants
633:Classical Arabic consonant phonemes
3942:
2918:
2371:
2347:
2325:
2309:
2282:
2268:
2254:
2236:
2222:
2206:
2186:
2164:
2150:
2126:
2048:
1297:may have been a palatalized velar:
1249:
1222:
1185:
1138:
1126:
1081:
1049:
1037:
1021:
1009:
997:
976:
964:
952:
938:
926:
914:
902:
890:
858:
844:
830:
795:
783:
769:
757:
717:
703:
374:
285:
33:
13:
5589:7th-century establishments in Asia
5520:Languages between parentheses are
2931:
2909:
2864:
1721:and they pastured on fresh herbage
1541:The contraction of the triphthong
14:
5600:
3079:
2315:
1661:Arabic approximate transcription
1478:
1471:
1179:
1144:
1132:
1120:
1104:
1075:
1070:
1043:
1031:
1015:
1003:
991:
970:
958:
946:
932:
920:
908:
896:
884:
852:
838:
824:
803:
789:
777:
763:
751:
711:
697:
5528:
5527:
2801:The Handbook of Language Contact
2514:
578:to different degrees (much like
332:of the Arabic language on which
2845:
2830:
2791:
2653:Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2011-05-30).
2620:
2606:
1245:described the pronunciation of
554:Various Arabic dialects freely
405:and survive in inscriptions in
5524:of the language on their left.
3022:(Ch.5 available in link below)
2997:Georgetown University Press.
2798:Hickey, Raymond (2013-04-24).
2772:
2755:
2689:
2646:
2589:
2572:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1372:
1322:
1310:
1278:
1235:
1208:
1:
5569:Verb–subject–object languages
2960:
2741:. Columbia University Press.
2637:has committed a great error".
618:
4019:Ancient South Arabian script
3986:Influence on other languages
1699:because of scarcity; he came
1658:Original Greek transcription
1503:
613:
7:
5276:
4361:
4352:
4343:
4334:
4325:
4316:
4307:
4298:
4289:
4280:
4271:
4261:
4253:
4243:
4235:
4226:
4217:
4208:
4199:
4189:
4181:
4171:
4163:
4154:
4144:
4136:
4127:
4118:
4059:
3368:Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect
3091:
3014:Edinburgh University Press
2699:Arabische Dialektgeographie
2507:
1632:Arabic nouns and adjectives
1398:when it becomes unemphatic
1359:
1352:when it becomes unemphatic
368:
293:
39:
10:
5605:
2944:Arabian Epigraphic Notes 1
2396:Barth-Ginsberg alternation
2388:
1677:son of Bannāʾ son of Kazim
1629:
1620:
1386:is emphatic except before
1374:
1324:
1312:
1280:
1237:
1210:
622:
381:
5507:
5500:Islam and Arabic language
5493:
5428:
5315:
5245:
5224:
5149:
5067:
5049:
5010:
4903:
4863:
4830:
4821:
4794:
4754:
4745:
4719:
4606:
4466:
4457:
4448:
4427:
4381:
4372:
4109:
3994:
3951:
3839:
3646:
3440:
3212:
3157:
2804:. John Wiley & Sons.
2696:Einführung, Eine (2005).
2408:
2088:
2083:
2078:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1873:
1861:
1824:
1817:
1798:
1778:
1514:
1509:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1410:
1167:
1150:
1110:
1098:
1058:
873:
809:
736:
691:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
247:
233:
221:
216:
200:
186:
133:
109:
99:
89:
79:
69:
46:
31:
26:
21:
5441:Arabic script in Unicode
5176:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
4536:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
2565:
2384:
2009:
1710:to Bannāʾ in this region
1625:
1218:described the consonant
126:modernized pronunciation
84:Early Islamic Caliphates
4703:Western Egyptian Bedawi
3400:Regional North American
1636:
1588:adjacent to a sequence
1561:("it increased"). This
1367:('in the name of God').
74:/alʕaraˈbijjalˈfusˤħaː/
3824:Dialects and varieties
3395:Received Pronunciation
3240:American Sign Language
3065:Cite journal requires
3039:Cite journal requires
2981:Cite journal requires
2560:Arabic–English Lexicon
2540:Modern Standard Arabic
1576:led to the raising of
580:Modern Standard Arabic
398:
344:Modern Standard Arabic
334:Modern Standard Arabic
249:This article contains
5307:Quranic Arabic Corpus
4014:Ancient North Arabian
2852:Heinrichs, Wolfhart.
2762:Blau, Joshua (1970).
2702:. Brill. p. 27.
2555:Quranic Arabic Corpus
2550:Ancient North Arabian
468:history of the script
407:Ancient North Arabian
389:
294:al-ʻArabīyah al-Fuṣḥā
115:7th to 9th century AD
40:al-ʻArabīyah al-Fuṣḥā
5258:Sun and moon letters
4418:Pre-classical Arabic
2993:Holes, Clive (2004)
2919:Studies, Sibawayhi.
2074:in Classical Arabic
1527:is the allophone of
600:Modern South Arabian
545:linguistic supremacy
5564:Classical languages
5112:Judeo-Tripolitanian
4591:Judeo-Tripolitanian
3749:Proto-Indo-European
3405:White South African
3012:The Arabic Language
2738:The Arabic Language
2545:Varieties of Arabic
2075:
1856:
1746:
1666:ʾAws son of ʿūḏ (?)
1557:(< *zayida) for
1549:(< *banaya) for
1420:
1340:, the name of God,
1285:As it derives from
634:
503:By the 2nd century
322:liturgical language
5579:Medieval languages
5485:MacArabic encoding
2858:Harvard University
2070:
1854:
1744:
1702:οα μισειαζ αθαοευ̣
1545:. Some Arabs said
1415:
1267:may have used the
1255:as a voiced velar
632:
415:synthetic language
399:
312:, most notably in
5541:
5540:
5516:extinct languages
5455:MS-DOS codepages
5220:
5219:
5216:
5215:
4899:
4898:
4817:
4816:
4715:
4714:
4411:Old Hijazi Arabic
3910:
3909:
3410:Standard Canadian
3151:world's languages
2811:978-1-118-44869-4
2748:978-0-231-11152-2
2709:978-90-47-40649-5
2505:
2504:
2382:
2381:
2007:
2006:
1871:Masculine plural
1845:
1844:
1761:Masculine plural
1742:
1741:
1688:the ʾidāmite came
1553:("he built") and
1521:
1520:
1360:bismi l–lāhi
1202:
1201:
1060:Lateral fricative
604:Old South Arabian
560:Romance languages
454:varieties of the
395:Islamic conquests
303:
291:
275:
274:
257:rendering support
253:phonetic symbols.
5596:
5574:Sacred languages
5559:Arabic languages
5554:Classical Arabic
5531:
5530:
5279:
4828:
4827:
4752:
4751:
4688:Western Algerian
4635:Eastern Algerian
4631:Algerian Saharan
4561:(Lesser Kabylia)
4464:
4463:
4455:
4454:
4397:Nabataean Arabic
4379:
4378:
4364:
4355:
4346:
4337:
4328:
4319:
4310:
4301:
4292:
4283:
4274:
4266:
4256:
4248:
4238:
4229:
4220:
4211:
4202:
4194:
4184:
4176:
4166:
4157:
4149:
4139:
4130:
4121:
4101:Maltese alphabet
4064:
4044:Algerian Braille
4034:Eastern numerals
4004:Nabataean script
3937:
3930:
3923:
3914:
3913:
3762:Kerkrade dialect
3385:General American
3140:
3133:
3126:
3117:
3116:
3094:
3074:
3068:
3063:
3061:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3027:
2990:
2984:
2979:
2977:
2969:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2916:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2878:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2732:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2650:
2638:
2624:
2618:
2610:
2604:
2593:
2587:
2576:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2404:
2403:
2374:
2373:
2365:
2350:
2349:
2341:
2328:
2327:
2319:
2312:
2311:
2300:
2285:
2284:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2262:
2257:
2256:
2248:
2239:
2238:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2189:
2188:
2180:
2167:
2166:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2129:
2128:
2120:
2076:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2051:
2050:
1874:Feminine plural
1857:
1853:
1764:Feminine plural
1747:
1743:
1724:αουα ειραυ βακλα
1652:
1651:
1613:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1568:
1564:
1544:
1534:
1530:
1517:
1512:
1498:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1463:
1421:
1414:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1316:
1304:
1296:
1284:
1274:
1265:prophet Muhammad
1262:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1241:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1214:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1000:
999:
995:
979:
978:
974:
967:
966:
962:
955:
954:
950:
941:
940:
936:
929:
928:
924:
917:
916:
912:
905:
904:
900:
893:
892:
888:
861:
860:
856:
847:
846:
842:
833:
832:
828:
814:
813:
807:
798:
797:
793:
786:
785:
781:
772:
771:
767:
760:
759:
755:
720:
719:
715:
706:
705:
701:
635:
631:
625:Arabic phonology
594:in the Maghreb;
377:
376:
371:
301:
298:
296:
290:romanized:
289:
287:
278:Classical Arabic
226:
206:
170:Classical Arabic
139:
75:
53:Verses from the
51:
42:
36:
35:
22:Classical Arabic
19:
18:
5604:
5603:
5599:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5594:
5593:
5544:
5543:
5542:
5537:
5503:
5489:
5436:Arabic keyboard
5424:
5319:
5311:
5296:Mater lectionis
5290:Triliteral root
5241:
5212:
5153:
5145:
5063:
5045:
5006:
4895:
4859:
4813:
4790:
4741:
4711:
4602:
4582:Judeo-Maghrebi
4450:
4444:
4440:Modern Standard
4423:
4368:
4105:
4049:Maltese Braille
4029:Arabic numerals
3990:
3947:
3941:
3911:
3906:
3835:
3789:Scottish Gaelic
3642:
3496:Standard Modern
3436:
3248:Modern Standard
3208:
3153:
3144:
3082:
3077:
3066:
3064:
3055:
3054:
3040:
3038:
3029:
3028:
3008:Versteegh, Kees
2982:
2980:
2971:
2970:
2963:
2958:
2957:
2948:
2946:
2936:
2932:
2917:
2910:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2869:
2865:
2850:
2846:
2835:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2796:
2792:
2777:
2773:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2733:
2724:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2694:
2690:
2684:Bin-Muqbil 2006
2682:
2678:
2672:Bin-Muqbil 2006
2670:
2666:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2607:
2594:
2590:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2535:Arabic in Islam
2520:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2409:Pre-Classical (
2398:
2393:
2387:
2012:
2000:
1993:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1838:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1773:
1691:μου αλΙδαμι αθα
1639:
1634:
1628:
1623:
1413:
1344:, except after
1246:
1219:
627:
621:
616:
610:in the Levant.
568:second language
564:Classical Latin
384:
255:Without proper
222:
207:
202:
196:
189:
182:
160:Central Semitic
140:
137:Language family
135:
65:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5602:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5525:
5518:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5495:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5467:
5464:
5461:
5453:
5448:
5446:ISO/IEC 8859-6
5443:
5438:
5432:
5430:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5380:Naskh (script)
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5326:
5324:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5249:
5247:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5228:
5226:
5222:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5160:
5158:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5117:Judeo-Tunisian
5114:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5104:
5099:Judeo-Moroccan
5096:
5095:
5094:
5084:
5082:Judeo-Egyptian
5079:
5077:Judeo-Algerian
5073:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5059:Bedouin Arabic
5055:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4909:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4881:
4876:
4870:
4868:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4836:
4834:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4800:
4798:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4771:
4766:
4760:
4758:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4671:Moroccan koiné
4668:
4667:
4666:
4656:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4644:Tunisian koiné
4640:Eastern Hilal
4638:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4624:Judeo-Algerian
4619:Algerian koiné
4615:Central Hilal
4612:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4596:Judeo-Tunisian
4593:
4588:
4586:Judeo-Moroccan
4580:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4556:
4551:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4480:
4472:
4470:
4461:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4385:
4383:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4357:
4348:
4339:
4330:
4321:
4312:
4303:
4294:
4285:
4276:
4267:
4258:
4249:
4240:
4231:
4222:
4213:
4204:
4195:
4186:
4177:
4168:
4159:
4150:
4141:
4132:
4123:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4039:Arabic Braille
4036:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3940:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3917:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3794:Serbo-Croatian
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3475:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3169:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3143:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3097:
3081:
3080:External links
3078:
3076:
3075:
3067:|journal=
3049:
3041:|journal=
3023:
3005:
2991:
2983:|journal=
2964:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2930:
2908:
2896:
2889:
2863:
2844:
2829:
2817:
2810:
2790:
2771:
2754:
2747:
2722:
2708:
2688:
2676:
2664:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2619:
2605:
2601:al-Zamakhshari
2588:
2582:and his pupil
2570:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2407:
2397:
2394:
2389:Main article:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2313:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2272:
2258:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2226:
2212:
2210:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2154:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2085:Denti-alveolar
2082:
2072:Sun consonants
2052:'the region'.
2011:
2008:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1962:(ʾal-)...-ayni
1957:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1777:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:α Βαναα αδαυρα
1711:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1643:Greek alphabet
1638:
1635:
1630:Main article:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1570:
1536:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1369:
1368:
1365:/bismi‿lːaːhi/
1319:
1318:
1307:
1306:
1276:
1275:pronunciation.
1233:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1142:
1130:
1118:
1116:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1041:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1013:
1001:
989:
987:
981:
980:
968:
956:
944:
942:
930:
918:
906:
894:
882:
877:
871:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
850:
848:
836:
834:
822:
816:
815:
801:
799:
787:
775:
773:
761:
749:
747:
745:
740:
734:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
709:
707:
695:
689:
688:
683:
679:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
651:Denti-alveolar
648:
643:
638:
620:
617:
615:
612:
606:in Yemen; and
572:third language
556:borrowed words
529:Horn of Africa
456:Aramaic script
383:
380:
286:العربية الفصحى
282:Quranic Arabic
273:
272:
259:, you may see
245:
244:
239:
231:
230:
227:
219:
218:
217:Language codes
214:
213:
208:
204:Writing system
201:
198:
197:
192:
190:
187:
184:
183:
181:
180:
179:
178:
177:
176:
175:
174:
173:
172:
143:
141:
134:
131:
130:
129:
128:
124:Spoken with a
122:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
80:Native to
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
52:
44:
43:
34:العربية الفصحى
29:
28:
27:Quranic Arabic
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5601:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5534:
5526:
5523:
5519:
5517:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5506:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5486:
5483:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5468:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5427:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5405:Sini (script)
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5395:Ruqʿah script
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5340:Hijazi script
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5318:
5314:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5273:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5223:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5152:
5148:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5125:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5018:Central Asian
5016:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4990:Taʽizzi-Adeni
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4862:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4574:
4571:
4569:Traras-Msirda
4568:
4567:
4565:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4365:
4363:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4009:Arabic script
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3938:
3933:
3931:
3926:
3924:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3638:Luxembourgish
3636:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3626:Maastrichtian
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3167:Orthographies
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3136:
3134:
3129:
3127:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3072:
3059:
3050:
3046:
3033:
3024:
3021:
3020:0-7486-1436-2
3017:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3003:1-58901-022-1
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2975:
2966:
2965:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2913:
2906:, p. 16.
2905:
2900:
2892:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2876:
2867:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2840:
2833:
2827:, p. 13.
2826:
2821:
2813:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2767:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2711:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2692:
2686:, p. 15.
2685:
2680:
2674:, p. 14.
2673:
2668:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2645:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2512:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2392:
2378:
2376:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2306:
2305:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2279:
2273:
2265:
2259:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2233:
2227:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2161:
2155:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2058:
2053:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1969:(ʾal-)...-īna
1963:
1959:الـ)..ـَيْنِ)
1956:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1914:(ʾal-)...-ūna
1910:
1908:
1907:(ʾal-)...-āni
1903:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1852:
1850:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1822:
1821:(ʾal-)...-ayn
1815:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1633:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1581:
1575:
1571:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1422:
1418:
1403:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1361:
1343:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1294:
1288:
1287:Proto-Semitic
1283:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1002:
994:
990:
988:
986:
983:
982:
973:
969:
961:
957:
949:
945:
943:
935:
931:
923:
919:
911:
907:
899:
895:
887:
883:
881:
878:
876:
872:
869:
867:
865:
863:
855:
851:
849:
841:
837:
835:
827:
823:
821:
818:
817:
812:
806:
802:
800:
792:
788:
780:
776:
774:
766:
762:
754:
750:
748:
746:
744:
741:
739:
735:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
714:
710:
708:
700:
696:
694:
690:
687:
684:
681:
680:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
636:
630:
626:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
552:
548:
546:
542:
541:al-Shu'ibiyya
538:
537:Arabic script
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:lingua franca
514:
510:
507:(9th century
506:
501:
499:
495:
494:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:Syriac script
461:
457:
453:
450:
446:
445:Arabic script
441:
439:
435:
430:
426:
422:
421:
416:
412:
408:
404:
396:
393:
388:
379:
370:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
295:
283:
279:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
252:
246:
243:
240:
238:
237:
232:
228:
225:
220:
215:
212:
209:
205:
199:
195:
191:
185:
171:
168:
167:
166:
163:
162:
161:
158:
157:
156:
153:
152:
151:
148:
147:
146:
142:
138:
132:
127:
123:
121:
117:
114:
113:
112:
108:
105:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
85:
82:
78:
72:
70:Pronunciation
68:
63:
60:
56:
50:
45:
41:
30:
25:
20:
5511:
5451:Windows-1256
5410:Taliq script
5350:Jeli Thuluth
5330:Ajami script
5294:
5198:Pidgin madam
5185:
5163:
5127:Judeo-Yemeni
5069:Judeo-Arabic
5051:Sociological
5038:
5000:Judeo-Yemeni
4823:Mesopotamian
4698:Libyan koiné
4482:
4475:
4468:Pre-Hilalian
4434:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4395:
4390:Proto-Arabic
4388:
4023:Zabūr script
3976:Romanization
3892:West Frisian
3679:Massachusett
3192:Prepositions
3161:
3058:cite journal
3032:cite journal
3011:
2994:
2974:cite journal
2947:. Retrieved
2943:
2933:
2925:Academia.edu
2924:
2899:
2874:
2866:
2857:
2847:
2838:
2832:
2820:
2800:
2793:
2784:
2774:
2764:
2757:
2737:
2713:. Retrieved
2698:
2691:
2679:
2667:
2658:
2648:
2622:
2608:
2596:
2591:
2574:
2522:Islam portal
2499:
2494:
2489:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2410:
2399:
2391:Arabic verbs
2366:
2342:
2320:
2302:
2277:
2263:
2249:
2231:
2217:
2201:
2181:
2159:
2145:
2121:
2056:
2054:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2001:
1994:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1966:الـ)..ـِينَ)
1961:
1954:
1946:
1939:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1911:الـ)..ـُونَ)
1906:
1904:الـ)..ـَانِ)
1899:
1891:
1884:
1849:Proto-Arabic
1846:
1839:
1828:(ʾal-)...-īn
1827:
1820:
1818:الـ)..ـَيْن)
1813:
1802:(ʾal-)...-āt
1801:
1795:(ʾal-)...-ūn
1794:
1788:(ʾal-)...-ān
1787:
1780:
1774:
1732:during Kānūn
1705:من شحاص أتو
1694:الإدامي أتو
1680:Βαναου Χαζιμ
1640:
1601:
1597:
1565:merged with
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1373:
1357:
1338:/(ʔa)lːˁɑːh/
1323:
1311:
1279:
1236:
1209:
1203:
628:
553:
549:
525:North Africa
502:
491:
460:Jean Starcky
442:
427:dialects of
419:
400:
342:
338:
281:
277:
276:
248:
241:
234:
211:Arabic abjad
169:
155:West Semitic
145:Afro-Asiatic
94:Muslim World
5345:Jawi script
5317:Calligraphy
5246:Linguistics
5171:Gulf Pidgin
5087:Judeo-Iraqi
5028:Kashkadarya
4884:Judeo-Iraqi
4809:Palestinian
4720:Nile Valley
4382:Pre-Islamic
4094:Dagger alif
3622:Limburgish
3513:Greenlandic
3390:New Zealand
3323:Northern Wu
3182:Determiners
3162:Phonologies
3147:Phonologies
2904:Watson 2002
2825:Watson 2002
2627:Abu 'Ubayda
2597:Al-Mufaṣṣal
1983:ʾal-...-āti
1934:Accusative
1928:ʾal-...-ātu
1879:Nominative
1840:(ʾal-)...-∅
1825:الـ)..ـِين)
1814:(ʾal-)...-a
1808:Accusative
1799:الـ)..ـَات)
1792:الـ)..ـُون)
1785:الـ)..ـَان)
1775:(ʾal-)...-∅
1769:Nominative
1716:بناء الدور
1669:Αυσος Ουδου
1655:Translation
1602:al-kāfirīna
1598:al-kēfirīna
1417:Monophthong
1243:Ibn Khaldun
1228:as voiced (
1100:Approximant
576:vernaculars
521:Middle East
519:across the
438:Joshua Blau
310:Middle Ages
263:instead of
5548:Categories
5232:Literature
4905:Peninsular
4845:Khuzestani
4575:(Mountain)
4495:Australian
4404:Old Arabic
4054:Diacritics
3981:Numerology
3882:Vietnamese
3753:Ripuarian
3744:Portuguese
3654:Macedonian
3633:Lithuanian
3543:Hindustani
3380:Australian
3333:Historical
3280:Belarusian
3177:Adjectives
2961:References
2949:2015-12-09
2890:9004117652
2416:Classical
2301:(< *ɬ)
2043:, αδαυρα *
1980:الـ..ـَاتِ
1925:الـ..ـَاتُ
1727:ويرعو بقل
1683:بناء كازم
1647:Old Arabic
671:Pharyngeal
623:See also:
619:Consonants
596:Himyaritic
586:in Egypt;
527:, and the
480:Old Hijazi
403:Old Arabic
360:morphology
356:stylistics
348:Arab world
336:is based.
194:Old Arabic
188:Early form
5522:varieties
5514:indicate
5429:Technical
5400:Shahmukhi
5355:Kairouani
5253:Phonology
5032:Khorasani
5022:Bakhtiari
4874:Anatolian
4804:Jordanian
4784:Damascene
4747:Levantine
4659:Hassaniya
4500:Cottenera
4435:Classical
4374:Varieties
3952:Overviews
3872:Ukrainian
3779:Sardinian
3757:Colognian
3714:Old Saxon
3699:Norwegian
3664:Maldivian
3608:Latgalian
3553:Icelandic
3548:Hungarian
3427:Esperanto
3313:Cantonese
3290:Bulgarian
3263:Levantine
3235:Afrikaans
2615:al-Suyuti
2584:Ibn Jinni
2580:al-Farisi
2045:ʾad-dawra
2002:ʾal-...-i
1989:Genitive
1947:ʾal-...-a
1892:ʾal-...-u
1862:Triptote
1834:Genitive
1752:Triptote
1419:phonemes
880:voiceless
875:Fricative
743:voiceless
614:Phonology
533:diglossia
496:) of the
434:corrupted
284:(Arabic:
236:Glottolog
224:ISO 639-3
100:Ethnicity
5533:Category
5385:Nastaliq
5375:Muhaqqaq
5365:Maghrebi
5225:Academic
5165:Bimbashi
5121:Tunisene
5092:Baghdadi
5040:Shirvani
4980:Hadhrami
4938:Bahraini
4889:Baghdadi
4840:Baghdadi
4779:Aleppine
4769:Lebanese
4764:Cilician
4737:Sudanese
4727:Egyptian
4608:Hilalian
4566:Western
4544:Eastern
4541:Village
4520:Żurrieqi
4484:Sicilian
4477:Andalusi
4459:Maghrebi
4428:Literary
4080:(tanwin)
4078:Nunation
3964:Alphabet
3959:Language
3946:language
3769:Romanian
3578:Japanese
3536:Biblical
3523:Hawaiian
3518:Gujarati
3481:Standard
3473:Galician
3461:Parisian
3432:Estonian
3363:Standard
3308:Mandarin
3304:Chinese
3268:Tunisian
3253:Egyptian
3225:Acehnese
3197:Pronouns
3172:Grammars
2635:Nabatean
2508:See also
2500:na-...-u
2495:na-qtulu
2490:ni-rkabu
2480:ya-...-u
2475:ya-qtulu
2465:ya-rkabu
2461:3 m.sg.
2455:ta-...-u
2450:ta-qtulu
2445:ti-rkabu
2441:2 m.sg.
2435:ʾa-...-u
2430:ʾa-qtulu
2425:ʾi-rkabu
2411:taltalah
2108:emphatic
2100:emphatic
1865:Diptote
1837:∅..(الـ)
1811:الـ..ـَا
1755:Diptote
1672:أوس عوذ
1253:⟩
1247:⟨
1226:⟩
1220:⟨
1216:Sibawayh
686:emphatic
488:nunation
392:Rashidun
369:al-fuṣḥā
330:register
269:Help:IPA
5512:Italics
5420:Thuluth
5285:Grammar
5156:pidgins
5151:Creoles
5140:Sanʽani
5025:Bukhara
4985:Sanʽani
4948:Kuwaiti
4943:Emirati
4928:Dhofari
4913:Bahrani
4879:Cypriot
4867:(Qeltu)
4694:Sulaym
4681:Western
4676:Eastern
4554:Sfaxian
4550:(Sahel)
4505:Gozitan
4490:Maltese
4110:Letters
4084:Shaddah
4073:Harakat
4068:Tashkil
3996:Scripts
3969:History
3897:Yiddish
3862:Turkish
3847:Tagalog
3831:Swedish
3819:Spanish
3804:Slovene
3774:Russian
3734:Persian
3704:Occitan
3684:Medumba
3674:Marathi
3618:Latvian
3598:Kurdish
3588:Konkani
3573:Italian
3558:Ingrian
3527:Hebrew
3501:Ancient
3486:Bernese
3477:German
3457:French
3453:Finnish
3448:Faroese
3375:English
3345:Cornish
3340:Chukchi
3318:Hokkien
3300:Catalan
3295:Burmese
3285:Bengali
3275:Avestan
3244:Arabic
3149:of the
3010:(2001)
2715:7 April
2467:(< *
2090:Palatal
1999:الـ..ـِ
1944:الـ..ـَ
1937:ـًا، ـً
1889:الـ..ـُ
1738:بكانون
1735:βιΧανου
1621:Grammar
1524:Notes:
1204:Notes:
738:Plosive
676:Glottal
656:Palatal
608:Aramaic
476:Ishmael
452:cursive
425:Bedouin
382:History
318:Abbasid
314:Umayyad
302:
265:Unicode
150:Semitic
59:cursive
5335:Diwani
5322:Script
5280:(case)
5277:ʾIʿrāb
5263:Tajwid
5208:Bongor
5187:Maridi
5137:Habban
5011:Others
4995:Tihami
4975:Yemeni
4970:Shihhi
4955:Hejazi
4923:Bedawi
4918:Bareqi
4774:Syrian
4732:Saʽidi
4664:Nemadi
4650:Maqil
4548:Sahili
4515:Żejtun
4451:spoken
4449:Modern
3944:Arabic
3877:Uyghur
3809:Somali
3799:Slovak
3739:Polish
3729:Pashto
3724:Ottawa
3709:Ojibwe
3694:Nepali
3689:Navajo
3603:Kyrgyz
3593:Korean
3531:Modern
3492:Greek
3466:Quebec
3420:Middle
3359:Dutch
3355:Danish
3258:Hejazi
3230:Adyghe
3220:Abkhaz
3018:
3001:
2887:
2883:-267.
2808:
2745:
2706:
2530:Arabic
2486:1 pl.
2421:1 sg.
2104:plain
2096:plain
2080:Dental
2049:الدورة
2027:, and
1772:∅..الـ
1426:Short
1411:Vowels
985:voiced
820:voiced
682:plain
666:Uvular
646:Dental
641:Labial
602:, and
588:Berber
584:Coptic
498:Qur'an
420:ʾiʿrab
375:الفصحى
364:syntax
306:Arabic
165:Arabic
90:Region
62:Arabic
5494:Other
5415:Tawqi
5370:Mashq
5360:Kufic
5268:Imāla
5237:Names
5203:Turku
5131:Adeni
4965:Omani
4960:Najdi
4865:North
4855:South
4850:Shawi
4832:Gilit
4796:South
4756:North
4654:Fessi
4573:Jebli
4559:Jijel
4534:Tunis
4529:Urban
4510:Qormi
4119:ʾAlif
4089:Hamza
4061:i‘jām
3887:Welsh
3867:Ubykh
3852:Tamil
3814:Sotho
3784:Scots
3719:Oromo
3669:Māori
3659:Malay
3613:Latin
3583:Kiowa
3568:Irish
3563:Inuit
3506:Koine
3350:Czech
3202:Verbs
3187:Nouns
3092:iʻrāb
2633:" is
2566:Notes
2385:Verbs
2010:State
1976:-ātin
1973:ـَاتٍ
1921:-ātun
1918:ـَاتٌ
1868:Dual
1758:Dual
1626:Nouns
1600:<
1594:Ci(ː)
1590:i(ː)C
1574:imāla
1457:Close
1445:Front
1435:Front
1429:Long
1404:]
1400:[
1342:Allah
693:Nasal
661:Velar
592:Punic
484:hamza
449:local
413:", a
411:koiné
352:lexis
326:Islam
120:Islam
104:Arabs
55:Quran
5390:Rasm
5193:Nubi
5181:Juba
5154:and
5134:Beda
5106:Wqal
5103:Kjal
4933:Gulf
4281:Ġayn
4272:ʿAyn
3902:Zuni
3857:Taos
3071:help
3045:help
3016:ISBN
2999:ISBN
2987:help
2885:ISBN
2806:ISBN
2743:ISBN
2717:2021
2704:ISBN
2631:taha
1637:Case
1586:/aː/
1584:and
1567:/aː/
1563:/eː/
1559:zāda
1555:zēda
1551:banā
1547:banē
1543:*ayV
1533:/aː/
1531:and
1506:Open
1497:(eː)
1450:Back
1440:Back
1394:and
1392:/iː/
1350:/iː/
1289:*g,
1230:/dˁ/
590:and
493:rasm
472:Adam
443:The
429:Najd
362:and
354:and
316:and
300:lit.
242:None
5478:864
5473:720
5469:711
5466:710
5463:709
5459:708
5302:IPA
4362:Yāʾ
4353:Wāw
4344:Hāʾ
4335:Nūn
4326:Mīm
4317:Lām
4308:Kāf
4299:Qāf
4290:Fāʾ
4263:Ẓāʾ
4254:Ṭāʾ
4245:Ḍād
4236:Ṣād
4227:Šīn
4218:Sīn
4209:Zāy
4200:Rāʾ
4191:Ḏāl
4182:Dāl
4173:Ḫāʾ
4164:Ḥāʾ
4155:Ǧīm
4146:Ṯāʾ
4137:Tāʾ
4128:Bāʾ
3840:T–Z
3647:M–S
3441:F–L
3415:Old
3328:Old
3213:A–E
2881:197
2469:yi-
2065:/ɬ/
2061:/ɕ/
2057:al-
2033:ʾl-
2029:hn-
2025:ʾl-
1995:-in
1940:-an
1885:-un
1592:or
1529:/a/
1488:Mid
1396:/j/
1388:/i/
1354:/l/
1348:or
1346:/i/
1169:Tap
474:or
324:of
280:or
251:IPA
110:Era
5550::
5320:·
3062::
3060:}}
3056:{{
3036::
3034:}}
3030:{{
2978::
2976:}}
2972:{{
2942:.
2923:.
2911:^
2856:.
2783:.
2725:^
2657:.
2471:)
2413:)
2369:–
2345:–
2323:–
2317:ɮˤ
2307:–
2280:–
2266:–
2261:ðˤ
2252:–
2234:–
2229:sˤ
2220:–
2204:–
2184:–
2162:–
2157:tˤ
2148:–
2124:–
2067::
2037:ʾl
2023:,
2021:ʾ-
2019:,
2017:h-
1992:ـٍ
1951:ـَ
1896:ـُ
1882:ـٌ
1851::
1612:aː
1516:aː
1480:uː
1473:iː
1390:,
1382:rˁ
1375:^7
1356::
1332:lˁ
1325:^6
1313:^5
1301:ɡʲ
1281:^3
1238:^2
1211:^1
1181:rˁ
1134:lˁ
1017:ðˁ
922:sˁ
779:kʰ
765:tˁ
753:tʰ
598:,
523:,
513:CE
509:AD
505:AH
297:,
288:,
3936:e
3929:t
3922:v
3139:e
3132:t
3125:v
3096:)
3073:)
3069:(
3047:)
3043:(
2989:)
2985:(
2952:.
2927:.
2893:.
2860:.
2814:.
2787:.
2751:.
2719:.
2661:.
2586:.
2372:ر
2367:r
2364:r
2348:ل
2343:l
2340:l
2326:ض
2321:ḍ
2310:ش
2304:š
2299:ɕ
2283:ز
2278:z
2275:z
2269:ظ
2264:ẓ
2255:ذ
2250:ḏ
2247:ð
2237:ص
2232:ṣ
2223:س
2218:s
2215:s
2207:ث
2202:ṯ
2199:θ
2187:د
2182:d
2179:d
2165:ط
2160:ṭ
2151:ت
2146:t
2143:t
2127:ن
2122:n
2119:n
2041:d
1955:a
1953:-
1900:u
1898:-
1781:∅
1779:-
1582:/
1580:a
1578:/
1511:a
1467:u
1462:i
1406:.
1402:r
1384:/
1380:/
1334:/
1330:/
1305:.
1303:/
1299:/
1295:/
1293:ɟ
1291:/
1273:/
1271:ɡ
1269:/
1261:/
1259:ɡ
1257:/
1250:ق
1223:ط
1186:ر
1152:ي
1146:j
1139:ل
1127:ل
1122:l
1112:و
1106:w
1082:ض
1077:ˁ
1072:ɮ
1050:ع
1045:ʕ
1038:غ
1033:ʁ
1022:ظ
1010:ز
1005:z
998:ذ
993:ð
977:ه
972:h
965:ح
960:ħ
953:خ
948:χ
939:ش
934:ʃ
927:ص
915:س
910:s
903:ث
898:θ
891:ف
886:f
859:ج
854:ɟ
845:د
840:d
831:ب
826:b
811:ء
805:ʔ
796:ق
791:q
784:ك
770:ط
758:ت
718:ن
713:n
704:م
699:m
511:/
432:"
397:.
372:(
271:.
229:–
64:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
