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733:, an American university matriculation exam, only 15 percent of the students wrote their essay answers in cursive. However, students might be discouraged from using cursive on standardized tests because they will receive lower marks if their answers are hard to read, and some graders may have difficulties reading cursive. Nevertheless, in 2007, a survey of 200 teachers of first through third grades in all 50 American states, 90 percent of respondents said their schools required the teaching of cursive, but a nationwide survey in 2008 found elementary school teachers lacking formal training in teaching handwriting; only 12 percent reported having taken a course in how to teach it.
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968:. While several letters resemble Latin counterparts, many of them represent different sounds. Most handwritten Russian, especially personal letters and schoolwork, uses the cursive Russian (Cyrillic) alphabet although use of block letters in private writing has been rising. Most children in Russian schools are taught in the first grade how to write using this Russian script.
63:. It varies in functionality and modern-day usage across languages and regions; being used both publicly in artistic and formal documents as well as in private communication. Formal cursive is generally joined, but casual cursive is a combination of joins and pen lifts. The writing style can be further divided as "looped", "
804:, who have difficulty learning to read because their brains have difficulty associating sounds and letter combinations efficiently, have found that cursive can help them with the decoding process because it integrates hand-eye coordination, fine motor skills and other brain and memory functions. However, students with
790:
had already mandated cursive in schools as a part of the Back to Basics program designed to maintain the integrity of cursive handwriting. Cursive instruction is required by grade 5 in
Illinois, starting with the 2018â2019 school year. Some argue that cursive is not worth teaching in schools and "in
656:
in the 1930s to replace looped cursive with cursive italic penmanship resurfaced. It was motivated by the claim that cursive instruction was more difficult than it needed to be; that conventional (looped) cursive was unnecessary, and it was easier to write in cursive italic. Because of this, various
400:
or later cursive, developed from old cursive. It was used from approximately the 3rd century to the 7th century, and uses letter forms that are more recognizable to modern eyes; "a", "b", "d", and "e" have taken a more familiar shape, and the other letters are proportionate to each other rather than
210:âuses non-looped joins, and not all letters are joined. In italic cursive, there are no joins from g, j, q, or y, and a few other joins are discouraged. Italic penmanship became popular in the 15th-century Italian Renaissance. The term "italic" as it relates to handwriting is not to be confused with
70:
The cursive method is used with many alphabets due to infrequent pen lifting and beliefs that it increases writing speed. Despite this belief, more elaborate or ornamental styles of writing can be slower to reproduce. In some alphabets, many or all letters in a word are connected, sometimes making a
529:
for schools in the United
Kingdom, only that one font style needs to be used consistently throughout the school. In both the cursive and the continuous cursive writing styles, letters are created through joining lines and curve shapes in a particular way. Once pupils have learnt how to clearly form
150:
Ligature is writing the letters of words with lines connecting the letters so that one does not have to pick up the pen or pencil between letters. Commonly some of the letters are written in a looped manner to facilitate the connections. In common printed Greek texts, the modern small letter fonts
756:
Many historical documents, such as the United States
Constitution, are written in cursiveâsome argue the inability to read cursive therefore precludes one from being able to fully appreciate such documents in their original format. Despite the decline in the day-to-day use of cursive, it is being
439:. Some features of this handwriting were later adopted into Greek minuscule, the dominant form of handwriting in the medieval and early modern era. In the 19th and 20th centuries, an entirely new form of cursive Greek, more similar to contemporary Western European cursive scripts, was developed.
648:
Although women's handwriting had noticeably different particulars from men's, the general forms were not prone to rapid change. In the mid-19th century, most children were taught the contemporary cursive; in the United States, this usually occurred in second or third grade (around ages seven to
346:
A distinctive feature of this script is that the head stroke is written before the letters, in order to produce a "ruled page" for writing in lines. It has several characteristics that facilitate writing so that moving from one character to the next minimises lifting the pen from the paper for
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and György BĂrĂł, further developed the ballpoint pen by changing the design and using different ink that dried quickly. Unlike older pen designs, this new invention guaranteed that the ink would not smudge and did not require such careful penmanship. After World War II, the ballpoint pen was
644:
In both the
British Empire and the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries, before the typewriter, professionals used cursive for their correspondence. This was called a "fair hand", meaning it looked good, and firms trained all their clerks to write in exactly the same script.
872:) was used in German-language longhand. Kurrent was not used exclusively, but rather in parallel to modern cursive (which is the same as English cursive). Writers used both cursive styles: location, contents and context of the text determined which style to use. A successor of
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dipping in ink. Some characters are "broken" versions of their
Devanagari counterparts. Many characters are more circular in shape. The long 'Ä«' (à€) and short 'u' (à€) are used in place of the short 'i' (à€) and long 'Ć«' (à€) respectively.
725:
Cursive has been in decline throughout the 21st century because it is no longer perceived as necessary. The
Fairfax Education Association, the largest teachers' union in Fairfax County, Virginia, has called cursive a "dying art".
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the 1960s cursive was implemented because of preference and not an educational basis; Hawaii and
Indiana have replaced cursive instruction with 'keyboard proficiency' and 44 other states are currently weighing similar measures."
292:
In the
Bengali cursive script (also known in Bengali as "professional writing") the letters are more likely to be more curvy in appearance than in standard Bengali handwriting. Also, the horizontal supporting bar on each letter
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passed cursive handwriting legislation in 2023, adding to a wave of state legislation between 2013 and 2023 that requires the incorporation of cursive handwriting into elementary education. Other states such as
588:
Whether cursive or continuous cursive is to be favoured remains a subject of debate. While many schools in the United
Kingdom are opting to teach continuous cursive throughout the year groups, often starting in
722:
mass-produced and sold cheaply, changing how people wrote. Over time, the emphasis on using cursive declined slowly, and was later impacted by other technologies such as the phone, computer, and keyboard.
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Cursive handwriting developed into something approximating its current form from the 17th century, but its use was neither uniform, nor standardized either in
England itself or elsewhere in the
1859:
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748:(which do not include instruction in cursive) were proposed in 2009 and had been adopted by 44 states as of July 2011 - all of which have debated whether to augment them with cursive.
1754:
994:" (mistakenly called "grass script" due to literal misinterpretation) is the cursive. The running aspect of this script has more to do with the formation and connectedness of strokes
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announced that their schools would no longer be required to teach cursive (but will still be permitted to), and instead will be required to teach "keyboard proficiency". Nationwide
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1012:
1986:
Graham, Steve; Harris, Karen R.; Mason, Linda; Fink-Chorzempa, Barbara; Moran, Susan; Saddler, Bruce (2008). "How do primary grade teachers teach handwriting? A national survey".
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variant of Devanagari as the standard writing system for Marathi, Modi largely fell out of use by the mid-20th century. Since then there have been attempts to revive this script.
904:
2100:
1643:
299:) runs continuously through the entire word, unlike in standard handwriting. This cursive handwriting often used by literature experts differs in appearance from the
388:
cursive and capitalis cursive, was the everyday form of handwriting used for writing letters, by merchants writing business accounts, by schoolchildren learning the
339:
script. It was used alongside Devanagari until the 20th century as a shorthand script for quick writing in business and administration. Due to the promotion of the
1589:
Adak, Chandranath; Chaudhuri, Bidyut B.; Blumenstein, Michael (23â26 October 2016). "Offline Cursive Bengali Word Recognition Using CNNS with a Recurrent Model".
222:
The origins of the cursive method are associated with the practical advantages of writing speed and infrequent pen-lifting to accommodate the limitations of the
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professionally re-wrote the presentation copy of the Declaration in a fully joined, cursive hand. Eighty-seven years later, in the middle of the 19th century,
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226:. Quills are fragile, easily broken, and will spatter unless used properly. They also run out of ink faster than most contemporary writing utensils. Steel
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593:, critics have argued that conjoined writing styles leave many children struggling with the high level of gross and fine motor coordination required.
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argued that writing with straight lines is more difficult than writing with curved lines and children would benefit from learning cursive first.
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269:('to run, hasten'). Although by the 2010s, the use of cursive appeared to be on the decline, as of 2019 it seemed to be coming back into use.
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alphabets, many or all letters in a word are connected (while others must not), sometimes making a word one single complex stroke. In
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has had several cursive forms in the course of its development. In antiquity, a cursive form of handwriting was used in writing on
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499:, though a few were joined as in a cursive hand. In England itself, Edward Cocker had begun to introduce a version of the French
59:
in which characters are written joined in a flowing manner, generally for the purpose of making writing faster, in contrast to
175:
have loops which provide for joins. This is generally what people refer to when they say "cursive" in the context of English.
91:, in which the letters of a word are unconnected and in Roman/Gothic letterform rather than joined-up script. Not all cursive
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1670:
1606:
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followed quills; they were sturdier, but still had some limitations. The individuality of the provenance of a document (see
214:
letters. Many, but not all, letters in the handwriting of the Renaissance were joined, as most are today in cursive italic.
1918:
303:
as it is free hand writing, where sometimes the alphabets are complex and appear different from the standard handwriting.
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an individual character than with connections between characters as in Western connected cursive. The latter are rare in
95:
join all letters; formal cursive is generally joined, but casual cursive is a combination of joins and pen lifts. In the
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1758:
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495:. In the English colonies of the early 17th century, most of the letters are clearly separated in the handwriting of
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manner, generally for the purpose of making writing faster. This writing style is distinct from "print-script" using
1593:. 15th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (ICFHR). Shenzhen, China. pp. 429â434.
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The standard modern Russian Cyrillic cursive alphabet with uppercase and lowercase letters, used in school education
488:âwas widely used for both personal correspondence and official documents in England from early in the 16th century.
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One of the earliest forms of new technology that caused the decline of handwriting was the invention of the
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384:. It is customarily divided into old (or ancient) cursive, and new cursive. Old Roman cursive, also called
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https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/more-states-require-schools-to-teach-cursive-writing-why/2023/11
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One page of the album "Thousand Character classic in formal and Cursive script" attributed to Zhi Yong
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886:, was widely used in the period 1911â1941 until the Nazi Party banned it and its printed equivalent
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919:(1969). The German National Primary Schoolteachers' Union has proposed replacing all three with
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238:. Cursive was also favoured because the writing tool was rarely taken off the paper. The term
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single letters, they are taught how single letters can be joined to form a flowing script.
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Cursive is a style of penmanship in which the symbols of the language are written in a
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2101:"Learning cursive in school, long scorned as obsolete, is now the law in California"
1773:"From punishing to pleasurable, how cursive writing is looping back into our hearts"
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Today, three different styles of cursive writing are taught in German schools, the
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article on the advantages of italic hand over both full cursive and block printing
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nine). Few simplifications appeared as the middle of the 20th century approached.
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What's The Difference between Cursive and Continuous Cursive Handwriting Fonts? (
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may be badly served, or even substantially hindered, by demands for cursive.
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Offline Cursive Bengalese Word Recognition Using CNNs with a Recurrent Model
1563:"Cursive Seemed to Go the Way of Quills and Parchment. Now It's Coming Back"
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Not all such cursive, then or now, joined all of the letters within a word.
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2235:(A. E. George, Trans.; First Schocken paperback edition.). Schocken Books.
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Normal and Bold Victorian Modern Cursive electronic fonts for downloading
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24:
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665:. In the 21st century, some of the surviving cursive writing styles are
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435:. It employed slanted and partly connected letter forms as well as many
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style, which was then further developed and popularized throughout the
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Classical poem in cursive script at Treasures of Ancient China exhibit
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1971:
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Be School Ready â What Letter Font is Your Childâs School Teaching? (
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reintroduced to the curriculum of some schools in the United States.
385:
231:
172:
36:
2031:"Typing Beats Scribbling: Indiana Schools Can Stop Teaching Cursive"
606:
In the American colonies, on the eve of their independence from the
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1836:
1644:"Band of researchers, enthusiasts strive to keep Modi script alive"
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801:
246:
684:
277:
260:, which literally means 'running'. This term in turn derives from
40:
Example of classic American business cursive handwriting known as
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1940:"Poor handwriting 'may hinder students' chances of exam success'"
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928:
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863:
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340:
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1985:
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152:
2246:"How cursive can help students with dyslexia connect the dots"
2316:"German teachers campaign to simplify handwriting in schools"
2141:
Bill Text: CA AB446 | 2023-2024 | Regular Session | Chaptered
1319:
1003:
999:
763:
601:
361:
261:
223:
1627:"N4034: Proposal to Encode the Modi Script in ISO/IEC 10646"
1443:"What is Cursive Writing? - Definition, History & Types"
1418:"Signing off: Finnish schools phase out handwriting classes"
1018:
Semi-cursive style Calligraphy of Chinese poem by Mo Ruzheng
187:
Looped cursive, as taught in Britain in the mid-20th century
1006:
characters which are usually well separated by the writer.
533:
Characteristics of cursive and continuous cursive scripts:
235:
2126:
More States Require Schools to Teach Cursive Writing. Why?
1197:
Example of classic American business handwriting known as
927:, a simplified form of non-cursive handwriting adopted by
689:
630:
in a cursive hand that would not look out of place today.
2440:
1860:"Cursive handwriting is disappearing from public schools"
1324:
752:
Conservation efforts and effects on the learning disabled
730:
1588:
516:
19:
For the Chinese cursive handwriting in calligraphy, see
2057:"Hawaii No Longer Requires Teaching Cursive In Schools"
614:
joined most, but not all the letters when drafting the
2143:. (n.d.). LegiScan. Retrieved November 24, 2023, from
2075:"Five Reasons Kids Should Still Learn Cursive Writing"
1894:"Tossing the Script: The End of the Line for Cursive?"
1721:
2365:
magazine article on the demise of cursive handwriting
2157:"Is cursive handwriting slowly dying out in America?"
1823:
Enstrom, E. A. (1965). "The Decline of Handwriting".
1391:"Do we need to teach children joined-up handwriting?"
1124:
Letter to Manuel I of Portugal by PĂȘro Vaz de Caminha
1967:"Schools debate: Is cursive writing worth teaching?"
1692:
The Art of Calligraphy, Western Europe & America
1210:
709:
Cursive handwriting instruction in the United States
1753:Angela Webb: 'Continuous Cursive: Cure or Curse?',
1673:, John Fletcher (Glenbridge Publishing Ltd., 1994)
1181:Bold running hand exemplar by English chirographer
1073:poem, Quatrain on Heavenly Mountain. Attributed to
900:continued to use it well into the post-war period.
596:
2381:, supporters of teaching a simplified cursive hand
2128:Education Week. Retrieved November 24, 2023, from
1727:Teach handwriting: The three handwriting stages (
986:are used in calligraphy; "running script" is the
484:in a cursive script. A cursive handwriting styleâ
2756:
1111:Table of 19th-century Greek cursive letter forms
1054:Calligraphy of both cursive and semi-cursive by
657:new forms of cursive italic appeared, including
652:After the 1960s, a movement originally begun by
401:varying wildly in size and placement on a line.
2341:, including scans of the January 1932 issue of
717:, patented in 1888 by John Loud. Two brothers,
685:Decline of English cursive in the United States
480:typically include a boundary clause written in
472:Cursive writing was used in English before the
1994:(1â2). New York: Springer Netherlands: 49â69.
2426:
2145:https://legiscan.com/CA/text/AB446/id/2845873
2022:
1744:), 9 November 2017, access date 30 March 2022
1718:), 29 August 2019, access date 30 March 2022
123:, there was a cursive alphabet, known as the
2734:
2725:
2711:
2654:
920:
912:
895:
887:
879:
873:
861:
847:
839:
640:Cursive handwriting from the 19th-century US
2407:State Library of Kansas' KGI Online Library
1708:
1517:Writing: The Story of Alphabets and Scripts
582:Letters taught with entry and exit strokes
264:
255:
234:) was a factor also, as opposed to machine
2433:
2419:
2385:Has Technology Killed Cursive Handwriting?
1796:
1734:
602:Development in the 18th and 19th centuries
2205:
2072:
1667:Cardenio, Or, the Second Maiden's Tragedy
1167:United States Declaration of Independence
616:United States Declaration of Independence
396:issuing commands. New Roman, also called
1911:
1524:' series. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd.
938:
688:
635:
457:
451:An English letter from 1894, written in
446:
418:
360:
316:
276:
35:
2405:Hausam's practical writing course. 1917
2208:"Is Cursive Handwriting Going Extinct?"
1891:
1857:
1851:
1822:
1689:
1415:
563:Always on the writing line (except for
335:that is thought to be derived from the
331:Modi is a cursive script used to write
2757:
2395:Why Cursive Still Matters in Education
2028:
1799:"How The Ballpoint Pen Killed Cursive"
1770:
1656:from the original on 10 December 2014.
1624:
1620:
1618:
1466:
579:Letters taught with exit strokes only
2414:
2400:Cursive Coming Back in the US Schools
2339:The Golden Age of American Penmanship
2098:
1937:
1669:, pp. 131â3: By William Shakespeare,
517:Cursive writing in the United Kingdom
155:) though the letters do not connect.
2313:
2272:"Myths and Fact ... Dysgraphia"
1625:Pandey, Anshuman (5 November 2011).
1560:
1510:
1467:Bounds, Gwendolyn (5 October 2010).
423:Greek cursive script, 6th century CE
151:are called "cursive" (as opposed to
119:, the letters are not connected. In
1797:Giesbrecht, Josh (28 August 2015).
1694:. London: Bloomsbury. p. 400.
1615:
1077:, the tenth Chinese Emperor of the
1042:Eight cursive characters for dragon
13:
2379:The Society for Italic Handwriting
2206:Serratore, Angela (6 March 2013).
1892:Braiker, Brian (25 January 2011).
1771:Heller, Karen (2 September 2018).
1534:
1469:"How Handwriting Boosts the Brain"
1460:
894:. German speakers brought up with
513:by John Ayers and William Banson.
509:in the 17th and 18th centuries as
14:
2791:
2357:Mourning the Death of Handwriting
2332:
2124:Heubeck, E. (2023, November 16).
1938:Adams, Richard (21 August 2016).
1858:Shapiro, T. Rees (4 April 2013).
23:. For the style of typeface, see
2578:
2099:Blume, Howard (8 January 2024).
1919:"The Handwriting Is on the Wall"
1755:National Handwriting Association
1561:Rueb, Emily S. (13 April 2019).
1213:
1190:
1174:
1159:
1135:
1116:
1104:
1085:
1062:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1011:
829:
820:
736:In 2012, the American states of
597:Cursive writing in North America
571:, which have a top exit stroke)
180:
71:word one single complex stroke.
2307:
2289:
2264:
2238:
2225:
2199:
2174:
2149:
2134:
2118:
2092:
2073:Steinmetz, Katy (4 June 2014).
2066:
2050:
1979:
1959:
1931:
1885:
1816:
1790:
1764:
1747:
1683:
1660:
1636:
1416:Russell, Helen (31 July 2015).
1069:Four columns in cursive script
696:, a cursive alphabet, shown in
521:Today there is no standardised
372:is a form of handwriting (or a
2301:grundschrift-schreibschrift.de
1582:
1554:
1528:
1504:
1435:
1409:
1383:
964:) when handwriting the modern
1:
2697:Barchowsky Fluent Handwriting
2297:"Grundschrift-Schreibschrift"
2182:"An act concerning education"
2029:Webley, Kayla (6 July 2011).
1825:The Elementary School Journal
1690:Whalley, Joyce Irene (1980).
1376:
960:alphabet is used (instead of
846:(left, pre-19th century) and
663:Barchowsky Fluent Handwriting
618:. However, a few days later,
411:History of the Greek alphabet
283:National Anthem of Bangladesh
134:
2737:Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift
2314:Pidd, Helen (29 June 2011).
1761:), access date 30 March 2022
1731:), access date 30 March 2022
1002:and in the derived Japanese
915:Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift
850:Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift
560:Finishing point for letters
380:and to some extent into the
365:Example of old Roman cursive
7:
1541:Online Etymology Dictionary
1206:
1126:reporting the discovery of
1097:
905:Lateinische Ausgangsschrift
746:Common Core State Standards
555:Always on the writing line
549:Starting point for letters
139:
10:
2796:
1330:Ronde script (calligraphy)
1265:Cursive script (East Asia)
978:Cursive script (East Asia)
975:
971:
946:
934:
907:(introduced in 1953), the
706:
525:stipulated in the various
442:
408:
354:
310:
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272:
196:
143:
127:script, used to write the
74:
21:Cursive script (East Asia)
18:
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2576:
2453:
2000:10.1007/s11145-007-9064-z
811:
562:
301:standard Bengali alphabet
217:
192:
158:
27:. For the rock band, see
860:Up to the 19th century,
608:Kingdom of Great Britain
576:Single letter formation
404:
350:
206:penmanshipâderived from
2369:Op-Art: The Write Stuff
2231:Montessori, M. (1964).
1632:. ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2.
1599:10.1109/ICFHR.2016.0086
1474:The Wall Street Journal
1075:Emperor Gaozong of Song
247:
2735:
2726:
2712:
2655:
944:
921:
913:
896:
888:
880:
874:
862:
848:
840:
704:
641:
469:
455:
424:
366:
328:
289:
265:
256:
45:
2233:The Montessori method
1276:Emphasis (typography)
942:
692:
639:
610:, it is notable that
461:
450:
422:
364:
320:
285:, written in cursive
280:
39:
2343:Austin Norman Palmer
1652:. 21 February 2014.
1281:Hand (writing style)
909:Schulausgangsschrift
527:national curriculums
478:Anglo-Saxon charters
465:'s will, written in
2780:Western calligraphy
2635:Technical lettering
2061:The Huffington Post
1988:Reading and Writing
1924:The Washington Post
1864:The Washington Post
1777:The Washington Post
1370:Zaner-Bloser Method
1295:Cursive hieroglyphs
544:Continuous cursive
463:William Shakespeare
67:", or "connected".
16:Style of penmanship
2707:Getty-Dubay Italic
2673:Ukrainian skoropys
1975:. 23 January 2009.
1927:. 11 October 2006.
1649:The Times of India
1568:The New York Times
1397:. 11 November 2017
1300:History of writing
984:Chinese characters
945:
854:(right, from 1969)
705:
659:Getty-Dubay Italic
642:
628:Gettysburg Address
470:
456:
453:Continuous Cursive
425:
367:
329:
327:in the Modi script
290:
146:Ligature (writing)
55:) is any style of
46:
2752:
2751:
2105:Los Angeles Times
1701:978-0-906223-64-2
1608:978-1-5090-0981-7
1535:Harper, Douglas.
1355:Spencerian Method
1199:Spencerian script
982:Cursive forms of
962:the block letters
586:
585:
398:minuscule cursive
321:A verse from the
167:penmanship, some
53:joined-up writing
42:Spencerian script
2787:
2740:
2731:
2717:
2689:Teaching scripts
2660:
2582:
2541:Serbian Cyrillic
2435:
2428:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2326:
2325:
2311:
2305:
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2293:
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2132:
2122:
2116:
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2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
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2070:
2064:
2063:. 1 August 2011.
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2048:
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2026:
2020:
2019:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1963:
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1956:
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1687:
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1671:Charles Hamilton
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1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1387:
1366:â German Cursive
1335:Rotunda (script)
1271:D'Nealian Method
1223:
1218:
1217:
1194:
1183:Joseph Carstairs
1178:
1163:
1139:
1120:
1108:
1089:
1066:
1051:
1039:
1027:
1015:
966:Russian language
955:Russian Cursive
926:
918:
911:(1968), and the
899:
893:
885:
877:
867:
853:
845:
833:
824:
795:Maria Montessori
694:D'Nealian script
612:Thomas Jefferson
536:
535:
497:William Bradford
268:
259:
250:
208:chancery cursive
184:
129:Marathi language
2795:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2683:
2664:Russian cursive
2583:
2574:
2455:
2449:
2439:
2347:American Penman
2335:
2330:
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2255:
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2216:
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2200:
2190:
2188:
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2163:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2139:
2135:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2071:
2067:
2055:
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2041:
2039:
2027:
2023:
1984:
1980:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1936:
1932:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1856:
1852:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
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1765:
1752:
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1739:
1735:
1726:
1722:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1688:
1684:
1665:
1661:
1642:
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1637:
1629:
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1609:
1587:
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1398:
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1384:
1379:
1374:
1219:
1212:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1186:
1179:
1170:
1164:
1155:
1154:(14 March 1758)
1140:
1131:
1121:
1112:
1109:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1081:
1067:
1058:
1052:
1043:
1040:
1031:
1028:
1019:
1016:
980:
974:
951:
949:Russian cursive
937:
868:(also known as
858:
857:
856:
855:
836:
835:
834:
826:
825:
814:
754:
711:
687:
624:Abraham Lincoln
620:Timothy Matlack
604:
599:
523:teaching script
519:
474:Norman conquest
445:
417:
415:Greek minuscule
409:Main articles:
407:
359:
353:
315:
309:
275:
220:
201:
195:
188:
185:
161:
148:
142:
137:
77:
51:(also known as
32:
17:
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11:
5:
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2567:
2562:
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2538:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2528:Early Cyrillic
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2493:Insular script
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2409:
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2402:
2397:
2392:
2391:, 11 June 2013
2382:
2376:
2373:New York Times
2366:
2354:
2349:
2334:
2333:External links
2331:
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2133:
2117:
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1837:10.1086/460256
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1345:Secretary hand
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1322:
1317:
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1267:(Grass script)
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1230:Asemic writing
1226:
1225:
1224:
1221:Writing portal
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1204:
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1142:A letter from
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1010:
976:Main article:
973:
970:
947:Main article:
936:
933:
870:German cursive
838:
837:
828:
827:
819:
818:
817:
816:
815:
813:
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800:Students with
780:South Carolina
776:North Carolina
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507:British Empire
493:British Empire
486:secretary hand
467:secretary hand
444:
441:
429:Greek alphabet
406:
403:
392:, and even by
390:Latin alphabet
355:Main article:
352:
349:
311:Main article:
308:
305:
274:
271:
253:Medieval Latin
219:
216:
204:Cursive italic
197:Main article:
194:
191:
190:
189:
186:
179:
165:looped cursive
160:
157:
144:Main article:
141:
138:
136:
133:
113:Hebrew cursive
76:
73:
29:Cursive (band)
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2059:. Education.
2058:
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2017:
2013:
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1679:0-944435-24-6
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1512:Jean, Georges
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1321:
1318:
1316:
1315:Palmer Method
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1305:Italic script
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
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1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
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1255:Chancery hand
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1228:
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1169:(4 July 1776)
1168:
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1150:, written in
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941:
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792:
789:
785:
781:
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772:Massachusetts
769:
765:
760:
749:
747:
743:
739:
734:
732:
727:
723:
720:
716:
715:ballpoint pen
710:
703:
699:
695:
691:
682:
680:
676:
672:
671:Palmer Method
668:
664:
660:
655:
654:Paul Standard
650:
646:
638:
634:
631:
629:
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613:
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370:Roman cursive
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357:Roman cursive
348:
344:
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326:
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304:
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279:
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258:
254:
249:
245:
244:Middle French
242:derives from
241:
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233:
229:
225:
215:
213:
209:
205:
200:
199:Italic script
183:
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177:
176:
174:
170:
166:
156:
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147:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
117:Roman cursive
114:
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94:
90:
89:block letters
86:
82:
72:
68:
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62:
61:block letters
58:
54:
50:
43:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2744:Zaner-Bloser
2714:Grundschrift
2594:
2456:and medieval
2372:
2360:
2346:
2321:The Guardian
2319:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2279:. Retrieved
2275:
2266:
2254:. Retrieved
2252:. 6 May 2014
2250:PBS NewsHour
2249:
2240:
2232:
2227:
2215:. Retrieved
2211:
2201:
2189:. Retrieved
2185:
2176:
2164:. Retrieved
2161:PBS NewsHour
2160:
2151:
2140:
2136:
2125:
2120:
2108:. Retrieved
2104:
2094:
2082:. Retrieved
2078:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2040:. Retrieved
2034:
2024:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1970:
1961:
1949:. Retrieved
1945:The Guardian
1943:
1933:
1922:
1913:
1901:. Retrieved
1897:
1887:
1875:. Retrieved
1863:
1853:
1831:(1): 22â27.
1828:
1824:
1818:
1806:. Retrieved
1803:The Atlantic
1802:
1792:
1780:. Retrieved
1776:
1766:
1749:
1736:
1723:
1710:
1691:
1685:
1666:
1662:
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1566:
1556:
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1540:
1530:
1522:New Horizons
1515:
1506:
1494:. Retrieved
1472:
1462:
1450:. Retrieved
1446:
1437:
1425:. Retrieved
1422:The Guardian
1421:
1411:
1399:. Retrieved
1394:
1385:
1310:Palaeography
1130:(1 May 1500)
1079:Song dynasty
1056:Dong Qichang
995:
992:rough script
988:semi-cursive
981:
954:
952:
923:Grundschrift
902:
869:
859:
799:
793:
755:
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728:
724:
712:
679:Zaner-Bloser
651:
647:
643:
632:
626:drafted the
605:
587:
568:
564:
532:
520:
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471:
452:
426:
378:ancient Rome
369:
368:
345:
330:
324:Dnyaneshwari
322:
295:
291:
281:Half of the
239:
221:
212:italic typed
203:
202:
164:
162:
149:
84:
78:
69:
52:
48:
47:
33:
2765:Calligraphy
2640:Copperplate
2503:Blackletter
2488:Carolingian
2483:Merovingian
2443:handwritten
2212:Smithsonian
1951:14 November
1782:8 September
1574:1 September
1286:Handwriting
1250:Calligraphy
1240:Blackletter
482:Old English
382:Middle Ages
313:Modi script
121:Maharashtra
44:, from 1884
25:Italic type
2770:Penmanship
2759:Categories
2645:Spencerian
2565:Court hand
2553:Glagolitic
2498:Beneventan
2478:Visigothic
2256:30 October
2217:30 October
2166:30 October
2084:30 October
1903:30 October
1877:30 October
1808:30 October
1546:29 October
1377:References
1340:Round hand
1260:Court hand
990:form and "
806:dysgraphia
784:New Jersey
759:California
707:See also:
702:lower case
698:upper case
667:Spencerian
511:round hand
376:) used in
337:Devanagari
173:descenders
135:Subclasses
57:penmanship
2728:SĂŒtterlin
2702:D'Nealian
2679:Shorthand
2625:Secretary
2605:Johannine
2570:Lombardic
2546:BosanÄica
2535:Poluustav
2445:European
2441:Types of
2281:8 October
2191:30 August
2110:9 January
2042:30 August
2016:143793778
2008:0922-4777
1972:USA Today
1872:0190-8286
1845:144897364
1537:"cursive"
1496:30 August
1491:0099-9660
1483:Dow Jones
1447:study.com
1360:SĂŒtterlin
1350:Shorthand
1245:Book hand
931:schools.
897:SĂŒtterlin
882:SĂŒtterlin
788:Tennessee
675:D'Nealian
591:Reception
552:Variable
437:ligatures
386:majuscule
232:Signature
169:ascenders
93:copybooks
81:conjoined
2669:Skoropis
2610:Humanist
2600:Chancery
2518:Georgian
2513:Bastarda
2389:Mashable
2186:ILGA.gov
1898:ABC News
1654:Archived
1514:(1997).
1479:New York
1452:17 March
1427:28 March
1401:28 March
1395:BBC News
1291:Hieratic
1235:Bastarda
1207:See also
1098:Examples
1071:quatrain
957:Cyrillic
802:dyslexia
681:script.
541:Cursive
394:emperors
257:cursivus
228:dip pens
140:Ligature
109:Cyrillic
2775:Writing
2657:Kurrent
2630:Library
2595:Cursive
2558:Angular
2508:Rotunda
2454:Ancient
2447:scripts
2276:Nursing
1364:Kurrent
1152:Kurrent
1144:Lessing
972:Chinese
935:Russian
929:Hamburg
890:Fraktur
875:Kurrent
864:Kurrent
842:Kurrent
738:Indiana
565:o, b, v
443:English
433:papyrus
341:Balbodh
333:Marathi
307:Marathi
287:Bengali
273:Bengali
266:currere
240:cursive
85:flowing
83:and/or
75:History
49:Cursive
2721:Palmer
2615:Italic
2588:Modern
2473:Uncial
2468:Rustic
2014:
2006:
1870:
1843:
1759:online
1742:online
1729:online
1716:online
1698:
1677:
1605:
1489:
1201:(1884)
1185:(1820)
1148:Kleist
1128:Brazil
996:within
812:German
786:, and
768:Kansas
742:Hawaii
719:LĂĄszlĂł
677:, and
661:, and
374:script
248:cursif
218:Family
193:Italic
159:Looped
153:uncial
125:'Modi'
107:, and
101:Syriac
97:Arabic
65:italic
2650:Ronde
2620:Round
2532:Ustav
2523:Greek
2463:Roman
2012:S2CID
1841:S2CID
1630:(PDF)
1320:Paper
1004:kanji
1000:hanzi
764:Idaho
502:ronde
405:Greek
351:Roman
296:matra
262:Latin
251:from
224:quill
105:Latin
2371:, a
2362:Time
2359:, a
2283:2018
2258:2015
2219:2015
2193:2018
2168:2015
2112:2024
2086:2015
2079:Time
2044:2011
2036:Time
2004:ISSN
1953:2018
1905:2015
1879:2015
1868:ISSN
1810:2015
1784:2018
1696:ISBN
1675:ISBN
1603:ISBN
1576:2019
1548:2011
1498:2011
1487:ISSN
1454:2022
1429:2024
1403:2024
1362:and
1293:and
953:The
740:and
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567:and
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