Muslim world - Knowledge

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new architectural style. The forms and conventions of Classical architecture were better understood in Syria than in the lands further east, and as a result some of the vocabulary of Umayyad architecture—of column and capital, pointed arch and dome, rib and vault—is familiar to a Western observer. These traditions declined in importance, however, as Muslim builders began to adopt the architectural styles of the newly conquered lands to the east—in Mesopotamia, Iran, Central Asia and even India. (...) The Abbasid dynasty of caliphs, founded in 749, ruled most of the Islamic lands from capital cities in Iraq during a golden age that lasted at least until the end of the 9th century. New styles of architecture were characterized by forms, techniques and motifs of Iraqi and Iranian origin. Some features of these styles, such as brick vaults and stucco renderings, had already appeared in buildings erected late in the Umayyad period (661–c. 750; see §III above), but they became increasingly widespread as a result of the power and prestige of the Abbasid court. In the Islamic lands around the Mediterranean, Late Antique traditions of stone construction roofed with wood continued, although new techniques and styles were eventually introduced from Iraq.

2037: 2132: 3887: 5111: 7641: 4792: 1786: 1961: 7714: 4890: 1805: 13313:"Islamic Order." Today it is one of the recognized alternatives to "fundamentalist", along with "political Islam" in particular. Current terminology usually distinguishes between "Islam," and "Islamism", referring to the ideology of those who tend to signal openly, in politics, their Muslim religion. the term has often acquired a quasi-criminal connotation close to that of political extremism, religious sectarianism, or bigotry. In Western mainstream media, "Islamists" are those who want to establish, preferably through violent means, an "Islamic state" or impose sharīʿah (Islamic religious law)—goals that are often perceived merely as a series of violations of human rights or the rights of women. In the Muslim world, insiders use the term as a positive reference. In the academic sphere, although it is still debated, the term designates a more complex phenomenon. 4869: 3906: 3868: 1876: 4192: 1852: 4309: 1828: 4297: 4847: 2156: 4648: 4664: 6620: 4769: 6830: 4514: 4526: 4169: 7202: 6556: 5133: 6818: 6518: 7151: 6842: 2014: 4928: 6672: 6020: 5474: 7018: 6644: 7661: 6430: 3402: 4822: 7695: 4498: 4368: 3338: 6448: 7002: 6470: 256: 5817: 2232: 4285: 4273: 2086: 5837: 4906: 4251: 2053: 7218: 5859: 5787: 2948: 3659:, involving "support for identity, authenticity, broader regionalism, revivalism, revitalization of the community." Islamists themselves prefer terms such as "Islamic movement", or "Islamic activism" to "Islamism", objecting to the insinuation that Islamism is anything other than Islam renewed and revived. In public and academic contexts, the term "Islamism" has been criticized as having been given connotations of violence, extremism, and violations of human rights, by the Western mass media, leading to Islamophobia and stereotyping. 6537: 4632: 7182: 2116: 4688: 3003: 4612: 2180: 3386: 7764: 2203: 6600: 4574:

Muslim-majority Arab country, the youth female literacy rate exceeds that for males. Lower literacy rates are more prevalent in South Asian countries such as in Afghanistan and Pakistan, but are rapidly increasing. In the Eastern Middle East, Iran has a high level of youth literacy at 98%, but Iraq's youth literacy rate has sharply declined from 85% to 57% during the American-led war and subsequent occupation. Indonesia, the largest Muslim-majority country in the world, has a 99% youth literacy rate.

5153: 1341: 6575: 2218: 3418: 5765: 5739: 7680: 3068: 7625: 5030: 3237: 3185: 3016: 2665: 1987: 2753: 2587: 5172: 19023: 4214: 3250: 3211: 3120: 3094: 2990: 2740: 2626: 3042: 5875: 5718: 4233: 2883: 3447: 3081: 4597:(10.7). In addition, the average of years of schooling in countries in which Muslims are the majority is 6.0 years of schooling, which lag behind the global average (7.7 years of schooling). In the youngest age (25–34) group surveyed, Young Muslims have the lowest average levels of education of any major religious group, with an average of 6.7 years of schooling, which lag behind the global average (8.6 years of schooling). The study found that 3322: 2844: 2766: 3354: 2857: 2652: 7750: 3159: 2935: 2727: 3272: 3172: 2977: 2909: 2870: 2714: 1274: 79: 6493: 3224: 2818: 2805: 2600: 3706: 3107: 3055: 1665:, were among the influential and distinguished powers in the world. 19th-century colonialism and 20th-century decolonisation have resulted in several independent Muslim-majority states around the world, with vastly differing attitudes towards and political influences granted to, or restricted for, Islam from country to country. These have revolved around the question of Islam's compatibility with other ideological concepts such as 6987: 7167: 3198: 3146: 2922: 2896: 2831: 2779: 2678: 2639: 2405: 181: 38: 3133: 3029: 2792: 2613: 3370: 19012: 7736: 1174: 3932: 3306: 583: 9898:"Many people, including myself, are often guilty of using terms such as 'Muslim countries', or the 'Islamic world', as if Islam has always been there, and always will be. And that is completely unclear. (...) If the current trend continues, at some point a large section of the population may no longer be religious. How 'Islamic' would that still make the 'Islamic world'? 8240: 4734:, this diversity includes diversity in beliefs, interpretations and practices and communities and interests. Knight says perception of Muslim world among non-Muslims is usually supported through introductory literature about Islam, mostly present a version as per scriptural view which would include some 16447:: "As the Arabs did not have an architectural tradition suited to the needs of a great empire, they adopted the building methods of the defeated Sassanian and Byzantine empires. Because they ruled from Syria, Byzantine influence was stronger, although Sassanian elements became increasingly important." 6300:

to the present day. The Islamic world encompasses a wide geographic area historically ranging from western Africa and Europe to eastern Asia. Certain commonalities are shared by Islamic architectural styles across all these regions, but over time different regions developed their own styles according

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In 2015, the International Islamic News Agency reported that nearly 37% of the population of the Muslim world is unable to read or write, basing that figure on reports from the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. In Egypt, the largest

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as a movement with power, importance, and cohesion born in Paris, where Turks, Arabs and Persians congregated. The correspondent's focus was on India: it would take too long to consider the progress made in various parts of the Muslim world. The article considered the position of the Amir, the effect

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Although Syria remained the center of the Islamic empire for less than 90 years, its role in the development of Islamic architecture was crucial. The region's own ancient civilization, unified and transformed by Hellenization and overlaid with Roman and Christian elements, provided the basis for the

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lived in countries with Muslim majorities (excluding Nigeria). The Pew Forum study finds that Indonesia (21.1 million) has the largest Christian population in the Muslim world, followed by Egypt, Chad and Kazakhstan. While according to Adly A. Youssef and Martyn Thomas, in 2004, there were around 30

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The overwhelming majority of Muslims in the world, between 87 and 90%, are Sunni. Shias and other groups make up the rest, about 10–13% of overall Muslim population. The countries with the highest concentration of Shia populations are: Iran – 89%, Azerbaijan – 65%, Iraq – 60%, Bahrain – 60%, Yemen –

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Because the terms 'Muslim world' and 'Islamic world' are disputed, since no country is homogeneously Muslim, and there is no way to determine at what point a Muslim minority in a country is to be considered 'significant' enough, there is no consensus on how to define the Muslim world geographically.

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The constitution also states there shall be a "just and equitable balance" in the apportionment of cabinet and high-level civil service positions among the major religious groups, a provision amended by the Taif Agreement, which ended the country's civil war and mandated proportional representation

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while Muslim women's experiences differs a lot by location and personal situations such as family upbringing, class and education; the difference between culture and religions is often ignored by community and state leaders in many of the Muslim majority countries, the key issue in the Muslim world

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In the 20th century, the end of the European colonial domination has led to creation of a number of nation states with significant Muslim populations. These states drew on Islamic traditions to varying degree and in various ways in organizing their legal, educational and economic systems. The Times

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The term "Islamism/Islamist" has come into increasing use in recent years to denote the views of those Muslims who claim that Islam, or more specifically, the Islamic sharīʿah, provides guidance for all areas of human life, individual and social, and who therefore call for an "Islamic State" or an

16544:: "Thus, it is increasingly being recognized that the mutual Roman–Byzantine architectural heritage of the Mediterranean, which had played an important role in the formation of early Islamic art, continued to mediate the shared histories of European and Islamic art long after the medieval period." 3519:

In its original formulation, Islamism described an ideology seeking to revive Islam to its past assertiveness and glory, purifying it of foreign elements, reasserting its role into "social and political as well as personal life"; and in particular "reordering government and society in accordance

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Islamism is one of many sociopolitical concepts continuously contested in scholarly literature. It is a neologism debated in both Muslim and non-Muslim public and academic contexts. The term "Islamism" at the very least represents a form of social and political activism, grounded in an idea that

2383:. His understanding of the "Muslim world" and its "social order" was that, presented to the Western world as the result of practicing Islamic teachings, would impress "by the beauty and charm of true Islamic ideology". He argued that the values of the Enlightenment and its related precursor, the 16521:

At this stage of scholarly knowledge, however, it is probably fair to say that Islam's Arabian past, essential for understanding the faith and its practices, and the Arabic language and its literature, is not as important for the forms used by Islamic art as the immensely richer world, from the

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THE appalling and catastrophic pictures of the so-called new extremist Isis Jihadist group made me think about someone who can say I am a Muslim of a non-denominational standpoint, and to my surprise/ignorance, such people exist. Online, I found something called the people's mosque, which makes

7105:; chapters and excerpts from the Qur'an are a common and almost universal text upon which Islamic calligraphy is based. Although artistic depictions of people and animals are not explicitly forbidden by the Qur'an, pictures have traditionally been limited in Islamic books in order to avoid 9562: 6766:

which featured paintings of people and animals, and also depictions of Quranic stories and Islamic traditional narratives. Another reason why Islamic art is usually abstract is to symbolize the transcendence, indivisible and infinite nature of God, an objective achieved by arabesque.

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exist in the non-Arab countries of Iran (9,500) and Turkey (14,500); both, however, are much smaller than they historically have been. Among Arab countries, the largest Jewish community now exists in Morocco with about 2,000 Jews and in Tunisia with about 1,000. The number of

1260:'s citizens are c. 10% Christians), and in absolute numbers, there are sometimes fewer Muslims living in countries in which they make up the majority than in countries in which they form a minority. Hence, the term 'Muslim-majority countries' is often preferred in literature. 1256:, although there are no agreed criteria for inclusion. Some scholars and commentators have criticised the term 'Muslim/Islamic world' and its derivative terms 'Muslim/Islamic country' as "simplistic" and "binary", since no state has a religiously homogeneous population (e.g. 4768: 2097:

by European powers profoundly affected Muslim-majority societies in Africa, Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Colonialism was often advanced by conflict with mercantile initiatives by colonial powers and caused tremendous social upheavals in Muslim-dominated societies.

7125:, it encompasses a diverse array of works created in a wide variety of contexts. The prevalence of calligraphy in Islamic art is not directly related to its non-figural tradition; rather, it reflects the centrality of the notion of writing and written text in Islam. 558:

are roughly equal. China has the third largest Muslim population outside Muslim-majority countries, while Russia has the fifth largest Muslim population. Nigeria has the largest Muslim population in Africa, while Indonesia has the largest Muslim population in Asia.

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countries, which are shown in the Government and religion section above in the article. Apart from these, large Muslim populations exist in some countries where Muslims are a minority, and their Muslim communities are larger than many Muslim-majority nations:

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ideals, societies responded in different ways. Some Muslim-majority countries are secular. Azerbaijan became the first secular republic in the Muslim world, between 1918 and 1920, before it was incorporated into the Soviet Union. Turkey has been governed as a

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prohibition by using strands of tiny writing to construct lines and images. Calligraphy was a valued art form, even as a moral good. An ancient Arabic proverb illustrates this point by emphatically stating that "Purity of writing is purity of the soul."

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The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World (OEIW) deals with all aspects of Islam—the world's second largest and fastest-growing religion—and the societies in which it exists, including their religion, politics, economics, everyday life, culture, and

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in mills and water-raising machines, and pioneered the use of dams as a source of water power, used to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines. Such advances made it possible for industrial tasks that were previously driven by

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During much of the 20th century, the Islamic identity and the dominance of Islam on political issues have arguably increased during the early 21st century. The fast-growing interests of the Western world in Islamic regions, international conflicts and

1542:, a successive series of dynasties that synthesized Indian civilization with the wider commercial and cultural networks of Africa and Eurasia, greatly increased demographic and economic growth in India and deterred Mongol incursion into the prosperous 16522:

Atlantic Ocean to Central Asia, taken over by Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries. Even later, after centuries of independent growth, new conquests in Anatolia or India continued to bring new local themes and ideas into the mainstream of Islamic art.

1907:"Why do the Christian nations, which were so weak in the past compared with Muslim nations begin to dominate so many lands in modern times and even defeat the once victorious Ottoman armies?"..."Because they have laws and rules invented by reason." 2108:

The only Muslim-majority regions not to be colonized by the Europeans were Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey, and Afghanistan. Turkey was one of the first colonial powers of the world with the Ottoman empire ruling several states for over 6 centuries.

2036: 3886: 2379:, the faith is "a complete divorce from jahiliyyah". He complained that American churches served as centers of community social life that were "very hard distinguish from places of fun and amusement". For Qutb, Western society was the modern 371:

which consists of 57 member states had a combined GDP(PPP) of US$ 24 trillion which is equal to about 18% of world's GDP or US$ 30 trillion with 5 OIC observer states which is equal to about 22% of the world's GDP. Some OIC member countries

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public and political life should be guided by a set of Islamic principles. In other words, Islamists are those who believe that Islam has an important role to play in organizing a Muslim-majority society and who seek to implement this belief.

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The Pew Forum's estimate of the Shia population (10%) is in keeping with previous estimates, which generally have been in the range of 10%. Some previous estimates, however, have placed the number of Shias at nearly 15% of the world's Muslim

7640: 16300:. Bengal was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with. 1804: 3692:

More than 24.1% of the world's population is Muslim, with an estimated total of approximately 1.9 billion. Muslims are the majority in 49 countries, they speak hundreds of languages and come from diverse ethnic backgrounds. The city of

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and arches, organized and interwoven with alternating sequences of niches and colonnettes. The role of domes in Islamic architecture has been considerable. Its usage spans centuries, first appearing in 691 with the construction of the

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in 1258. The Abbasids were influenced by the Quranic injunctions and hadiths, such as "the ink of a scholar is more holy than the blood of a martyr," that stressed the value of knowledge. The major Islamic capital cities of Baghdad,

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are widespread among many conservative Muslims (men and women). Orthodox Muslims often believe that rights and responsibilities of women in Islam are different from that of men and sacrosanct since assigned by the God. According to

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within the context of the state or society. The majority of them are affiliated with Islamic institutions or social mobilization movements, often designated as "al-harakat al-Islamiyyah." Islamists emphasize the implementation of

1851: 8632: 4791: 486:, the largest Muslim-majority country; 31% of Muslims live in South Asia, the largest population of Muslims in the world; 20% in the Middle East–North Africa, where it is the dominant religion; and 15% in Sub-Saharan Africa and 5214:. It reached its final form by the 14th century; the number and type of tales have varied from one manuscript to another. This work has been very influential in the West since it was translated in the 18th century, first by 4986:

became the main intellectual centers for science, philosophy, medicine, and education. During this period, the Muslim world was a collection of cultures; they drew together and advanced the knowledge gained from the ancient

5908:'s invented the log base systems that are being used today, he also contributed theorems in trigonometry as well as limits. Recent studies show that it is very likely that the Medieval Muslim artists were aware of advanced 6199:

and windmills. By the 11th century, every province throughout the Islamic world had these industrial mills in operation, from al-Andalus and North Africa to the Middle East and Central Asia. Muslim engineers also invented

356:), enriched the Muslim world, achieving the economic preconditions for the emergence of this institution owing to the emphasis attached to Islamic teachings. In the modern era, most of the Muslim world came under European 13942: 4846: 3730:

is the world's largest Muslim-minority population in the world (11% of the world's Muslim population). Jones (2005) defines a "large minority" as being between 30% and 50%, which described nine countries in 2000, namely

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there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the

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Karachi is the largest city in Pakistan, the second-largest city in the world when "city" is defined by official municipal limits, the largest city in the Muslim world, and the world's seventh-largest metropolitan

11199: 9479: 10766:: Article 1 – "The official religion of Persia is Islám, according to the orthodox Já'farí doctrine of the Ithna 'Ashariyya (Church of the Twelve Imáms), which faith 1 the Sháh of Persia must profess and promote." 4738:

and abstracts of history as per authors own point of views, to which even many Muslims might agree, but that necessarily would not reflect Islam as lived on the ground, 'in the experience of real human bodies'.

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is in second place in the Index of Literacy of World Countries. Some members such as Iran, Kuwait, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan have over 97% literacy rates, whereas literacy rates are the lowest in

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Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above..

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The ancient Iranian Solar calendar is one of the oldest calendars in the world, as well as the most accurate solar calendar in use today. Since the calendar uses astronomical calculation for determining the

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Some countries have declared Islam as the official state religion. In those countries, the legal code is largely secular. Only personal status matters pertaining to inheritance and marriage are governed by

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to allay his fears: "Fight them, and God will chastise them at your hands/And degrade them, and He will help you/Against them, and bring healing to the breasts of a people who believe", referring to the

15338: 10154: 4889: 10256:. (Contributors: Alfred T, Chakabarty D, Dussel E, Eze E, Hsueh V, Kohn M, Bhanu Mehta P, Muthu S, Parekh B, Pitts J, Schutte O, Souza J, Young IM). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Group. 1875: 10810: 9715:

Islam is the youngest, the fastest growing, and in many ways the least complicated of the world's great monotheistic faiths. It is based on its own holy book, but it is also a direct descendant of

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In 2010, 73% of the world's Muslim population lived in countries where Muslims are in the majority, while 27% of the world's Muslim population lived in countries where Muslims are in the minority.

10230: 5968:("Book of Concessions"), a medical encyclopedia which was later translated to Latin and used in European and Muslim medical schools for centuries. Other medical advancements came in the fields of 4868: 1383:, is believed by Muslims to have received the first revelation of the Quran, and began to preach his message. In 622 CE, facing opposition in Mecca, he and his followers migrated to Yathrib (now 4969:, where scholars from various parts of the world sought to translate and gather all the known world's knowledge into Arabic, and to have ended with the collapse of the Abbasid caliphate due to 14928:

Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.

13193: 9511: 7713: 12116: 8392: 2155: 3867: 1360:. Al-Idrisi also wrote about the diverse Muslim communities found in various lands. Note: the map is here shown upside-down from the original to match current North/Up, South/Down map design 13364: 9868:

21 ambassadors from Muslim – so-called "Muslim states". How do they dare to call themselves "Muslim"? In what sense is Egypt a "Muslim" country? You can't denominate a country as religious.

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spans about 1,400 years and includes a variety of socio-political developments, as well as advances in the arts, science, medicine, philosophy, law, economics and technology during the

15308: 8821: 17482: 8321: 2013: 360:. The nation states that emerged in the post-colonial era have adopted a variety of political and economic models, and they have been affected by secular as well as religious trends. 14431: 6159:

and vertical-wheeled water mills were both in widespread use since at least the 9th century. A variety of industrial mills were being employed in the Islamic world, including early

5816: 11776: 15927: 12276: 3905: 13956: 1410:) continued to lead the Muslim community based on his teachings and guidelines of the Quran. The majority of Muslims consider the first four successors to be 'rightly guided' or 13299: 6643: 6260:" denotes the works of art and architecture produced from the 7th century onwards by people who lived within the territory that was inhabited by culturally Islamic populations. 14712: 13126: 12447: 6469: 5507:(Avicenna) (980–1037) had more than 450 books attributed to him. His writings were concerned with various subjects, most notably philosophy and medicine. His medical textbook 3772:

The two main denominations of Islam are the Sunni and Shia sects. They differ primarily upon of how the life of the ummah ("faithful") should be governed, and the role of the

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as a movement with power importance and cohesion born in Paris where Turks, Arabs and Persians congregated. The article considered The position of the Amir; the effect of the

11869: 3648:) for combining grassroots Islamization with armed revolution. The term has been applied to non-state reform movements, political parties, militias and revolutionary groups. 407:

As of 2020, 1.8 billion or more than 25% of the world population are Muslims. By the percentage of the total population in a region considering themselves Muslim, 91% in the

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Approximately 97 percent of Pakistanis are Muslim. The majority are Sunnis following the Hanafi school of Islamic law. Between 10 and 15 percent are Shias, mostly Twelvers.

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Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more

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Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims – those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites, but who accept Islam as a religion generally.

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The Islamic world is generally defined contemporaneously as consisting of nation-states whose population contains a majority of Muslims. in the contemporary era, the term

7150: 6092:, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. 4663: 4513: 4168: 13930:

On the other hand, in Pakistan, where 6% of the survey respondents identify as Shia, Sunni attitudes are more mixed: 50% say Shias are Muslims, while 41% say they are not.

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crossing Central Asia passed through Islamic states between China and Europe. The emergence of major economic empires with technological resources after the conquests of

4308: 13552: 8828:"Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90 percent) of that community." 7477:) and has years of 365 or 366 days. It is sometimes also called the Shamsi calendar and Khorshidi calendar. It is abbreviated as SH, HS or, sometimes as AHSh, while the 4525: 13157: 3524:), Islamist movements have "arguably altered the Middle East more than any trend since the modern states gained independence", redefining "politics and even borders". 9305: 8510: 8422: 7496:. The calendar is named the "Hijri calendar" because that was the year that Mohammed is believed to have left from Mecca to Medina, which event is referred to as the 4953:, economic development and cultural works in most of the Muslim-dominated world flourished. The age is traditionally understood to have begun during the reign of the 15787:: in qua ostenditur, quomodo ex inferiorum contemplatione ad superiorum notitiam ratio humana ascendere possit. E Theatro Sheldoniano, excudebat Joannes Owens, 1700. 6555: 4927: 13607:

Global Happiness: A Guide to the Most Contented (and Discontented) Places around the Globe: A Guide to the Most Contented (and Discontented) Places around the Globe

6947:, though there is no evidence that such a set was used in medieval times. Girih patterns have been used to decorate varied materials including stone screens, as at 6943:

explicitly shows girih patterns together with the tilings used to create them. A set of tiles consisting of a dart and a kite shape can be used to create aperiodic

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and small arms, to create their empires. They existed primarily between the fourteenth and the late seventeenth centuries. During the 17th–18th centuries, when the

18772: 12630: 12387: 8684: 7481:(commonly known in the West as the 'Islamic calendar', although both calendars are Islamic) is usually abbreviated as AH. The solar Hijri calendar predominates in 5786: 16712: 11667: 5858: 4296: 18654: 8654: 5674: 4647: 3788:, Muhammad's father-in-law, to be Muhammad's political but not his religious successor. Shia, on the other hand, believe that Muhammad designated his son-in-law 1986: 14150: 12478: 18022: 14117: 11534: 9593: 8601: 15330: 10162: 7001: 5132: 4497: 2179: 1399:. By the time of his death, Muhammad had become the political and spiritual leader of Medina, Mecca, the surrounding region, and numerous other tribes in the 16351:

Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe",

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Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe",

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in educational attainment, since Muslim women have an average of 4.9 years of schooling, compared to an average of 6.4 years of schooling among Muslim men.

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The majority of the world's Islamic population, which is Sunni, accounts for over 85 percent of the Islamic population; the other 10 to 15 percent is Shia.

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In 2010, the Pew Forum study finds that Bangladesh (13.5 million), Indonesia (4 million), Pakistan (3.3 million) and Malaysia (1.7 million) has a sizeable

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Christian contributions to art, culture, and literature in the Arab-Islamic world; Christian contributions education and social advancement in the region.

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is an omnipresent decoration in Islamic art, and is usually expressed in the form of Quranic verses. Two of the main scripts involved are the symbolic

2052: 368: 290:. This consists of all those who adhere to the religious beliefs, politics, and laws of Islam or to societies in which Islam is practiced. In a modern 13989: 8936: 8800: 5738: 4424:

million Christians who lived in countries with Muslim majorities, with the largest Christian population number lived in Indonesia, followed by Egypt.

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now includes not only the traditional heartlands of Islam, but also Europe and North America, both of which have sizeable minority Muslim populations

17143: 13656: 12884:. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America: Oxford University Press. pp. 270–271, 276–278, 280, 283–285, 295, 310–311. 12419: 12108: 10964: 10909: 9231: 8388: 18738: 17222:. INU societal research. Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations : Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. 15988:

Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I. Conrad (1996),

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geometry (discovered half a millennium later in the 1970s and 1980s in the West) and used it in intricate decorative tilework in the architecture.

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patriarchal behaviour among Muslims is based in an ideology which jumbles sexual and biological differences with gender dualisms and inequality.

5403:. Rather than giving supernatural or mythological explanations for these events, Ibn al-Nafis attempted to explain these plot elements using the 13326: 11022: 9426: 9062: 6517: 5067:

was one of the earliest new technologies developed by the Islamic potters. The first Islamic opaque glazes can be found as blue-painted ware in

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ideological movements. The advocates of Islamism, also known as "al-Islamiyyun", are dedicated to realizing their ideological interpretation of

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Shi'a Islam is the second largest branch of the tradition, with up to 150 million followers who comprise around 10% of all Muslims worldwide...

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Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (96.3 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately 97 percent are Sunni and 3 percent Shia.

11325: 10030: 5499:." Islamic philosophy, in this definition is neither necessarily concerned with religious issues, nor is exclusively produced by Muslims. The 2105:; or affirmed more traditionalist and inclusive cultural ideals; and in rare cases adopted modernity that was ushered by the colonial powers. 16039: 15810: 14731:

Copts in Egypt: A Christian Minority Under Siege: Papers Presented at the First International Coptic Symposium, Zurich, September 23-25, 2004

11246: 10935: 7660: 7217: 7135:. There are several variations of each, as well as regionally specific styles. Arabic or Persian calligraphy has also been incorporated into 6225:

and driven by machinery instead in the medieval Islamic world. The transfer of these technologies to medieval Europe had an influence on the

2341:

against the United States, scholars considered the ramifications of seeking to understand Muslim experience through the framework of secular

15752: 14745:

There are some 30 million Christians who live in countries with Muslim majorities. The largest number live in Indonesia, some 15 million ...

8444: 8317: 6536: 11563: 11300: 10784: 9675: 9110:, and her parents belong to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. She has participated in multiple blood drives through the Indiana Blood Center. 7837: 16186: 14435: 9396: 6671: 18669: 17467:

The political algebra of global value change. General models and implications for the Muslim world. With Almas Heshmati and Hichem Karoui

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had exceeded 1.8 million. In Asia, an estimated 625,000 refugees from Rakhine, Myanmar, mostly Muslim, had crossed the border into

2362:, the community of Muslim believers, and invoking the imagery of the early warriors of Islam who lead the faithful from the darkness of 16909: 14060: 11750: 4611: 17392:

Mason, Robert (1995). "New Looks at Old Pots: Results of Recent Multidisciplinary Studies of Glazed Ceramics from the Islamic World".

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Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)

15215: 14091: 13738: 13280: 12059: 11380: 11351: 10703: 2514:

law. In some places, Muslims implement Islamic law, called sharia in Arabic. The Islamic law exists in a number of variations, called

18743: 18659: 15137: 14705: 13593:... With a population of over 23 million Karachi is also the world's largest Muslim city, the world's seventh largest conurbation ... 13390: 13122: 9777: 8139: 7603: 6817: 5688: 4404: 4400: 3441: 2115: 1710: 17042:[Measuring the year and month for a long time until now in a conversation with Dr. Iraj Malekpour] (in Persian). BBC Persian 13709: 13081:. Translated by Lotan, Yaer. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, United States: University of California Press. pp. 147–148. 6929:

with lines drawn on them: the lines form the pattern. Patterns may be elaborated by the use of two levels of design, as at the 1453

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of Islamic architecture have always been ordered repetition, radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns. In this respect,

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The only rule of thumb for inclusion which has some support, is that countries need to have a Muslim population of more than 50%.

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to local materials and techniques, local dynasties and patrons, different regional centers of artistic production, and sometimes

6136:

in particular, a major global trading nation in the world, described by the Europeans to be the "richest country to trade with".

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Most Druze do not consider themselves Muslim. Historically they faced much persecution and keep their religious beliefs secrets.

13909: 13881: 11696: 10278: 4272: 18664: 17612: 12001: 10591: 9327: 8563: 7543:. The first six months have 31 days, the next five have 30 days, and the last month has 29 days in common years but 30 days in 7027: 6841: 6599: 6327:

conquered in the seventh and eighth centuries. Later it developed distinct characteristics in the form of buildings and in the

5408: 1498:(746–750) also definitively destroyed the political unity of the Muslims, who have been inhabiting multiple states ever since. 16120: 13545: 8956: 8840: 6429: 4213: 367:

of 50 Muslim majority countries was US$ 5.7 trillion. As of 2016, they contributed 8% of the world's total. In 2020, the

18674: 18631: 17474: 17455: 17434: 17345: 17318: 17227: 16745: 16695: 16638: 16559: 16539: 16462: 16442: 16423: 16390:

Tabbaa, Yasser (2007). "Architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

16297: 16089: 15540: 15404: 15049: 14896: 14801: 14624: 14597: 14472: 13149: 13086: 13047: 12897: 12433: 12092: 11083: 10697: 10667: 10519: 10486: 10335: 9933: 8275: 6919: 5680: 5526:, Avicenna, also founded his own Avicennism school of philosophy, which was influential in both Islamic and Christian lands. 5404: 5024: 4950: 4460: 2350: 1463: 1459: 844: 15846: 15780: 15728: 14630: 11966: 9939: 9821: 9024: 8502: 8026: 16577: 11934: 8217: 2138: 143: 11109: 5717: 5431:

appeared in Latin (1671), English (1708), German, and Dutch. These European-language translations may have later inspired

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currents became heavily involved in democratic politics, while others spawned "the most aggressive and ambitious Islamist

1926:

The Great Divergence was the reason why European colonial powers militarily defeated preexisting Oriental powers like the

474:). Muslims who do not belong to, do not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable 17039: 13871: 13034:. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America: Oxford University Press. pp. 280, 284–285, 295. 11920: 9855: 7842: 6610: 6542: 5319: 4452: 115: 17581:

Why Europe has to offer a better deal towards its Muslim communities. A quantitative analysis of open international data

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geometry has been a key utility, especially for mosques and palaces. Other features employed as motifs include columns,

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Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Omajjaden §1. De Spaanse tak". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.

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regarding gender issues is that religious texts constructed in highly patriarchal environments and based on biological

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that is the most similar to the Gregorian calendar, being based on the Earth's orbit around the Sun. It begins on the

6976: 6574: 18526: 18480: 18140: 18134: 17524: 17284: 16671: 16514: 16485: 16399: 16170: 16001: 15964: 15909: 15878: 15820: 15697: 15601: 15574: 15518: 15502: 15447: 14999: 14974: 14921: 14866: 14815: 14738: 14686: 14661: 14573: 14549: 14524: 14373: 14345: 14299: 14246: 14055: 14016: 13772: 13614: 13586: 13293: 13000: 12961: 12936: 10736: 10601: 10422: 10261: 10107: 9996: 9815: 9206: 9139: 8990: 8676: 8250: 8181: 8107: 8065: 7611: 4631: 3294: 2706:, and though they may guarantee freedom of religion for citizens, do not declare a separation of state and religion: 2696: 2448: 2278: 2271: 2043: 1313: 1022: 242: 224: 162: 65: 14113: 11530: 8853:

Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.

5495:

One of the common definitions for "Islamic philosophy" is "the style of philosophy produced within the framework of

3776:. Sunnis believe that the true political successor of Muhammad according to the Sunnah should be selected based on ٍ 2430: 206: 122: 18397: 18253: 17788: 17684: 15687: 13505: 12298: 12200: 8907: 8646: 7406:'In the year of the Hijrah'). In Muslim countries, it is also sometimes denoted as H from its Arabic form ( 6968: 5152: 4715: 3861:

Muslims, who are less known, have their own stronghold in the country of Oman holding about 75% of the population.

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Map of colonial powers throughout the world in the year 1914 (note colonial powers in the pre-modern Muslim world).

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Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "islam. §7. Sektevorming". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.

7109:. Although some scholars dispute this, Kufic script was supposedly developed around the end of the 7th century in 18881: 18697: 17017: 13475: 12492: 10629: 9978:

The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pp. 227–228

9457: 8593: 8480: 7802: 7624: 5641:, a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy; Ibn Tufail and Ibn al-Nafis, pioneers of the philosophical novel; 5458: 4692: 4384: 2342: 1204: 16270:

Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises In Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries

14829: 12170: 4123: 18946: 18504: 18402: 17497: 17185: 16790: 11850: 10511: 10191: 10140: 9161: 8869: 8818: 8767: 8295: 7553:, always falls on the March equinox. Nowruz is celebrated by communities in a wide range of countries from the 4970: 2415: 2314: 1295: 1149: 408: 191: 100: 14025: 13252: 10060: 9640: 9267: 8927:"Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population" 8791:"Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population" 4730:

Throughout history, Muslim cultures have been diverse ethnically, linguistically and regionally. According to

2101:

A number of Muslim-majority societies reacted to Western powers with zealotry and thus initiating the rise of

129: 18314: 18073: 17808: 17447:

What 1.3 Billion Muslims Really Think: An Answer to a Recent Gallup Study, Based on the "World Values Survey"

16536:, p. 30, Frameworks of Islamic Art and Architectural History: Concepts, Approaches, and Historiographies 15640:

The Thousand and One Nights; Or, The Arabian Night's Entertainments - David Claypoole Johnston - Google Books

12358: 12222: 12138: 10630:"93 years pass since establishment of first democratic republic in the east – Azerbaijan Democratic Republic" 9602:

This growth has to do with the relatively young age of the Muslim population as well as high fertility rates.

4232: 1736: 1291: 893: 96: 51: 17064:[Iranian Studies & # 124; Preservation of the Iranian calendar]. Ghiasabadi.com. 3 November 2005 16768:

Blair, Sheila S. (Spring 2003). "The Mirage of Islamic Art: Reflections on the Study of an Unwieldy Field".

13981:

Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population

13979: 13732:"Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan – Presidential Library – Religion" 12460:"Benazir Bhutto: Daughter of Tragedy" by Muhammad Najeeb, Hasan Zaidi, Saurabh Shulka and S. Prasannarajan, 11473: 8926: 8790: 5075:, originating from 9th-century Iraq. Other centers for innovative ceramic pottery in the Old world included 518:

are home to the world’s second, fourth, sixth and seventh largest Muslim populations respectively. Sizeable

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the names of the zodiacal signs were used for the months; elsewhere the month names are the same as in the

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is divided almost evenly between Muslims and Christians, with more than 80 million Christians and Muslims.

4412: 3926: 925: 475: 455: 329: 17: 14236: 11725: 11628: 11498: 10989: 10726: 9698: 5218:. Imitations were written, especially in France. Various characters from this epic have themselves become 3584:

to politically unite the Muslim world. Riḍā was a strong exponent of Islamic vanguardism, the belief that

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Grabar, Oleg (2011). "Art and Culture in the Islamic World". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).

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The majority of Muslims in the country are Sunni, with a Shi'a minority ranging between 10 to 15 percent.

13947: 13652: 12448:"The Muslims of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Victims of poverty, ignorance and Christianization" 10957: 10901: 10536: 9223: 9076:

itself clear that it's 100 per cent non-denominational and most importantly, 100 per cent non-judgmental.

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However, Islamic calligraphy is not limited to strictly religious subjects, objects, or spaces. Like all

6320: 5464: 5416: 5412: 5188: 4983: 4797: 1818: 1523: 1335: 972: 799: 111: 17483:(PDF) The political algebra of global value change: General models and implications for the Muslim world 15081: 11402: 11131: 10009: 8533: 6750:. Such designs are highly nonrepresentational, as Islam forbids representational depictions as found in 6746:

Islamic art frequently adopts the use of geometrical floral or vegetal designs in a repetition known as

19077: 18728: 18611: 18128: 17605: 17020:[The most accurate calendar in the world, Khayyam's gift to Iranians] (in Persian). BBC Persian 16333: 12566:

Burgat, François, "The Islamic Movement in North Africa", U of Texas Press, 1997, pp. 39–41, 67–71, 309

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Islamic geometric patterns : their historical development and traditional methods of construction

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and post-graduate degrees. The highest of years of schooling among Muslim-majority countries found in

2267: 1238: 19052: 18808: 18509: 18338: 18034: 17814: 17777: 15956: 15460: 15439: 13679: 11015: 9418: 7827: 5584: 4735: 2282: 1515: 1107: 819: 15365: 10299: 9723:, incorporating some of the teachings of those religions, while modifying some and rejecting others. 19092: 19082: 19057: 18963: 18692: 18516: 18289: 17827: 16880: 15764: 11332: 10026: 9506: 7667: 7077: 6811:. And as late as the 19th century, Islamic domes had been incorporated into European architecture. 6019: 5897: 5896:

Ibn al-Haytham is also regarded as the father of optics, especially for his empirical proof of the

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35%, Turkey – 10%, Lebanon – 27%, Syria – 13%, Afghanistan – 10%, Pakistan – 10%, and India – 10%.

3687: 3622: 2547: 2238: 1039: 839: 16036: 15596:

Vartan Gregorian, "Islam: A Mosaic, Not a Monolith", Brookings Institution Press, 2003, pp. 26–38

13847: 13330: 11239: 10931: 8455: 7139:, beginning with the post-colonial period in the Middle East, as well as the more recent style of 6492: 5325: 3850:

has the largest number of non-denominational Muslims, who constitute about 74% of the population.

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The term has been documented as early as 1912 to encompass the influence of perceived pan-Islamic

18826: 17700: 17086:[Iranian Studies & # 124; Glory Calendar Timeline]. Ghiasabadi.com. 25 September 2007 15901: 15513:

Vartan Gregorian, "Islam: A Mosaic, Not a Monolith", Brookings Institution Press, 2003, pg 26–38

14706:"Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population" 14283: 14021: 13277: 12260:

between Christians and Muslims in parliament, the cabinet, and other senior government positions.

7932: 6747: 6677: 6230: 6031:), it is considered to be an important device that contributed greatly to the advancement of the 5988: 5955: 5904:

stated in 2009 that Ibn al-Haytham is 'often referred to as the "world's first true scientist".'

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states. Each of these three empires had considerable military exploits using the newly developed

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Sayyid Qutb and Islamic Activism: A Translation and Critical Analysis of Social Justice in Islam

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The very first day of the Solar Hijri calendar was the day of the spring equinox, March 18, 622

7424:

reckoning, 1446 AH runs from 7 July 2024 to approximately 26 June 2025.

6104:, along which Muslim-majority countries traded with each other and with European powers such as 432: 18978: 18907: 18876: 18816: 17798: 17793: 17711: 16885: 16183: 15869: 11271: 9671: 9388: 9131: 8343: 7512:, it has no intrinsic error. It is older than the lunar Hijri calendar used by the majority of 7358: 7280: 6475: 6324: 6312: 5607: 5602:

Islamic philosophers continued making advances in philosophy through to the 17th century, when

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known in his time. Ibn al-Nafis' fiction explained Islamic religious teachings via science and

5343: 3823: 3008: 1866: 1479: 1415: 1388: 1088: 854: 337: 14487: 13830: 13796: 12082: 10127: 9198: 7524:

and is calculated based on the "year of the Hijrah," and the lunar Hijri calendar is based on

5171: 4581:

showed that at the time about 36% of all Muslims had no formal schooling, with only 8% having

19087: 19062: 18924: 18902: 17721: 17598: 17563: 16915: 16804: 15839:, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait ( 15721:, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait ( 14886: 12605: 12405: 12372: 11812: 11163: 10683: 10394: 10319: 10286: 8980: 8389:"Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center" 8171: 7590: 6754:. Despite this, there is a presence of depictional art in some Muslim societies, notably the 6713: 6226: 6065:

was also transmitted from China via predominantly Islamic countries, where formulas for pure

6032: 5980: 5947: 5662: 5626: 5560: 5548: 5509: 5298: 4710:

Since then Muslim-majority countries have absorbed refugees from recent conflicts, including

4367: 3959: 3521: 2522:, which was endorsed in 2005 by prominent Islamic scholars around the world, recognized four 2384: 1083: 908: 692: 647: 523: 448: 420: 16919: 15530: 14050: 13634: 10687: 10504:

The Globalization of Martyrdom: Al Qaeda, Salafi Jihad, and the Diffusion of Suicide Attacks

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in the Muslim world have declared separation between civil/government affairs and religion.

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Tonna, Jo (1990). "The Poetics of Arab-Islamic Architecture", Muqarnas BRILL, 7, pp. 182–97

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https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol-12-no3/islamic-concept-knowledge-sayyid-wahid-akhtar

15211: 14291: 14087: 13731: 12051: 11372: 11348: 8920:

In the early 21st century some 10–13 percent of the world's 1.6 billion Muslims were Shiʿi.

8099: 8057: 7792: 7540: 7470: 7443: 7435: 7166: 6630: 6580: 6565: 6498: 6386: 6316: 6277: 6270: 6257: 6004: 5723: 5650: 5634: 5630: 4783: 4396: 4021: 3615: 3544: 3467: 2953: 2472: 2325: 2306: 1718: 1666: 547: 15133: 13386: 9769: 8131: 7589:

are still valued highly in Islam; hence views emphasizing on men's superiority in unequal

136: 8: 18821: 18702: 18596: 18412: 17909: 17706: 17517:

Trust and the Islamic Advantage: Religious-Based Movements in Turkey and the Muslim World

17445: 17302: 14213: 13985: 13877: 13705: 13513: 13450: 13360: 13039: 12889: 12557:

Soage, Ana Belén. "Introduction to Political Islam." Religion Compass 3.5 (2009): 887–96.

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Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics

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further says that equality for Muslim women needs to be achieved through self-criticism.

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with laws prescribed by Islam" (i.e. Sharia). According to at least one observer (author

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Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering

16133: 12771: 11434: 10728:

The Gülen Movement: A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam

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make up a majority of the Muslims in seven countries (and a plurality in three others):

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beyond the Arabian Peninsula, stretching from northwest India, across Central Asia, the

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Nanda, J. N (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005.

16265: 16238: 15682: 15480: 15371: 15107: 14843: 14782: 13952: 13057: 13010: 12971: 12907: 12735: 12593: 11222:"The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh | 2A. The state religion" 10689:

Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community

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synthesis and Islamist ideals greatly influenced his disciples like Hasan al-Banna, an

3536: 2888: 2491: 2290: 1992: 1973: 1495: 1419: 1357: 1117: 1074: 1044: 1027: 1002: 947: 903: 615: 543: 483: 328:, but disagreements on other matters have led to the appearance of different religious 310: 255: 15185: 15159: 14679:

Secular Nationalism and Citizenship in Muslim Countries: Arab Christians in the Levant

14464: 14172: 13943:"Religions: Muslim 95% (Sunni 75%, Shia 20%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 5%" 13226: 6357:

were invented. Common or important types of buildings in Islamic architecture include

4324:

There are sizeable non-Muslim minorities in many Muslim-majority countries, includes,

2422: 198: 18958: 18953: 18858: 18848: 18838: 18521: 18407: 18359: 18202: 18113: 17874: 17864: 17859: 17849: 17844: 17677: 17530: 17520: 17503: 17493: 17470: 17451: 17430: 17351: 17341: 17324: 17314: 17290: 17280: 17263: 17253: 17233: 17223: 17061: 16891: 16820: 16786: 16751: 16741: 16691: 16667: 16644: 16634: 16510: 16481: 16395: 16293: 16166: 16095: 16085: 15997: 15960: 15905: 15874: 15816: 15693: 15597: 15570: 15536: 15514: 15498: 15484: 15443: 15400: 15282: 14995: 14970: 14917: 14892: 14862: 14786: 14774: 14734: 14682: 14657: 14620: 14593: 14569: 14545: 14520: 14468: 14369: 14341: 14295: 14242: 13863: 13778: 13768: 13610: 13582: 13289: 13082: 13043: 12996: 12957: 12932: 12893: 12727: 12688: 12597: 12475:"A Wake-Up Call: Milestones of Islamic History – IslamOnline.net – Art & Culture" 12088: 11692: 10732: 10693: 10663: 10597: 10567: 10515: 10482: 10471: 10440: 10428: 10418: 10341: 10331: 10257: 10136: 10103: 9992: 9929: 9811: 9202: 9135: 8986: 8813:

Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims.

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Muslim engineers in the Islamic world made a number of innovative industrial uses of

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worldwide is between 800,000 and one million, with the vast majority residing in the

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are meant to exist because it is believed that such artistic depictions may lead to

5946:; or in the work of the Egyptian physician Ibn al-Nafis, who proposed the theory of 5793: 5513:

was used as the standard text in European universities for centuries. He also wrote

4687: 19072: 18988: 18973: 18733: 18438: 18160: 18098: 18088: 18078: 18063: 17869: 17772: 17744: 17632: 17575: 17426: 17401: 17372: 16816: 15993: 15472: 14766: 14287: 14275: 13420: 13035: 12885: 12865: 12860: 12848: 12819: 12814: 12802: 12719: 12678: 12667:"The Totalitarianism of Jihadist Islamism and its Challenge to Europe and to Islam" 12585: 12538: 10655: 10560:

US Counter-Terrorism Strategy and al-Qaeda: Signalling and the Terrorist World-View

10410: 9540: 9389:"Middle East :: Azerbaijan — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency" 8960: 8832: 8095: 8053: 7960: 7923: 7817: 7807: 7797: 7607: 7517: 7478: 7362: 7291: 7263: 7157: 6872: 6804: 6606: 6435: 6394: 6328: 6297: 6133: 5927: 5745: 5539: 5303: 5255: 5162: 5000: 4933: 4775: 4748: 4155: 3717: 3652: 3585: 3552: 2495: 2462: 2166: 2000: 1900: 1714: 1706: 1674: 1654: 1610: 1507: 1439: 1396: 1365: 1345: 1327: 1253: 967: 962: 913: 898: 883: 792: 671: 551: 519: 491: 440: 306: 295: 16991: 16413: 16411: 15056: 11079: 7853:

List of largest cities in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries

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scripts, which can be found adorning the walls and domes of mosques, the sides of

5918:

Muslim physicians contributed to the field of medicine, including the subjects of

4154:

communities have survived. In addition, new schools of thought and movements like

487: 18914: 18621: 18566: 18366: 18052: 18012: 17963: 17915: 17689: 17580: 17553: 17423:

The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England

17122:"Approaches to the Research of Early Islam: The Hijrah in Western Historiography" 16340: 16276: 16249: 16190: 16043: 15931: 15898:

Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England

15850: 15843: 15784: 15778:

Philosophus autodidactus, sive Epistola Abi Jaafar ebn Tophail de Hai ebn Yokdhan

15777: 15756: 15732: 15725: 15646: 15360: 14614: 14587: 14494: 13851: 11970: 11857: 11355: 10478: 10466: 10414: 10132: 9919: 9805: 9758:

FROM A CORRESPONDENT IN INDIA, Tuesday, 3 September 1912, The Times, Issue: 39994

9192: 9032: 8825: 8018: 7943: 7822: 7812: 7303: 7271: 7085: 7061: 6894: 6218: 5646: 5500: 5496: 5437: 5348: 5223: 5215: 4962: 4958: 4760: 4618: 4582: 4388: 4201: 4033: 3752: 3599: 3595: 3532: 3437: 2190: 2076: 1977: 1539: 1475: 1423: 1331: 1102: 918: 878: 867: 849: 752: 697: 610: 539: 527: 444: 412: 322: 16573: 15953:

A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam

15566:

A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam

15436:

A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam

13278:

William E. Shepard; FranÇois Burgat; James Piscatori; Armando Salvatore (2009).

11942: 10155:"Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort" 8209: 7763: 7418:). In English, years prior to the Hijra are denoted as BH ("Before the Hijra"). 5071:, dating to around the 8th century. Another contribution was the development of 3636:

social and political activism. Other Islamists (Al-Turabi) are proponents of a "

495: 19047: 19026: 18753: 18606: 18448: 18150: 16408: 15050:"Science-Matrix: 30 Years in Science – Secular Movements in Knowledge Creation" 14770: 11963: 11105: 10187: 10122: 7755: 7571: 7451: 7392: 7315: 7295: 7242: 7238: 7192: 7132: 6948: 6944: 6779: 6763: 6354: 6192: 6024: 5992: 5939: 5901: 5843: 5611: 5596: 5588: 5250: 5102: 5034: 4996: 4988: 4875: 4857: 4831: 4813: 4696: 4484: 4440: 4361: 4241: 4159: 4017: 3727: 3566: 3450: 2703: 2699: 2256: 2242: 2170: 2023: 1966: 1943: 1882: 1811: 1791: 1744: 1740: 1690: 1650: 1642: 1614: 1590: 1574: 1503: 1455: 1190: 1062: 1049: 1007: 952: 566: 535: 531: 515: 499: 333: 17534: 17267: 16648: 16450: 12993:

Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress: Volume 2 The Dismal Fate of New Nations

12954:

Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress: Volume 2 The Dismal Fate of New Nations

12723: 12683: 12666: 12589: 9847: 6914:

dates from around 1000 CE, and the artform flourished until the 15th century.

5383:

Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), deals with various science fiction elements such as

1340: 494:). Muslims are the overwhelming majority in Central Asia, the majority in the 19041: 18929: 18766: 18616: 18155: 18118: 18093: 17978: 17237: 16895: 16755: 16099: 15948: 15431: 15006:

Today Turkish Jewry remains the largest Jewish community in the Muslim world.

14873:

Today Turkish Jewry remains the largest Jewish community in the Muslim world.

14778: 12731: 12692: 12084:

Religion and Contemporary Politics: A Global Encyclopedia [2 volumes]

10327: 7886: 7509: 7459: 7140: 6650: 6626: 6461: 6406: 6233: 6222: 6214: 6205: 5954:

remained an authoritative medical textbook in Europe until the 18th century.

5367: 5355: 5242: 5219: 5056: 5008: 4432: 4013: 3740: 3674: 3666: 3637: 3514: 3463: 3073: 2966: 2576: 2519: 2483: 2346: 2194: 1927: 1764: 1748: 1702: 1622: 1547: 1242: 1127: 1032: 992: 511: 436: 17507: 17355: 17328: 17294: 15924: 14542:

The World's Christians: Who they are, Where they are, and How they got there

13782: 12707: 12543: 12526: 12080: 9450:"The Middle East and Muslim Southeast Asia: Implications of the Arab Spring" 4451:

since the rise of Islam. Today, Jews residing in Muslim countries have been

4044:

faith, although Druzes do not identify as Muslims. Twelver Shiism developed

2579:

have adopted Islam as the ideological foundation of state and constitution.

19016: 18941: 18601: 18453: 18331: 17951: 17939: 17653: 16048: 15893: 15796: 15082:"Nearly 40% of Muslim world's population unable read or write: IINA Report" 15019: 14757:

Ojo, Matthews A. (July 1995). "The Charismatic Movement in Nigeria Today".

14498: 10085: 9720: 7986: 7832: 7769: 7741: 7586: 6890: 6705: 6479: 6398: 5969: 5912: 5905: 5865: 5442: 5432: 5396: 5370:

plot and eventually becoming the first example of a science fiction novel.

5294: 5283: 5274: 5178: 4992: 4756: 4707:, Muslim-majority countries hosted 18 million refugees by the end of 2010. 4448: 4325: 4257: 3943: 3843: 3641: 3619: 3578: 3510: 3242: 3190: 3021: 2670: 2263: 2102: 1996: 1969: 1931: 1682: 1586: 1487: 1233: 1178: 1134: 603: 592: 16735: 15990:

The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān

14616:

Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East: The Challenge of the Future

14235:

McCloud, Aminah Beverly; Hibbard, Scott W.; Saud, Laith (2 January 2013).

11661:"United Arab Emirates's Constitution of 1971 with Amendments through 2009" 6096:

was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of

6027:

is believed to have been invented in the medieval era (of what is now the

3577:, advocated Sunni internationalism through revolutionary restoration of a 1368:

as a religion and social institution begins with its inception around 610

18578: 18068: 18007: 17934: 17821: 16666:(Reprinted with corrections ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. 14992:

Kinship and Consent: Jewish Political Tradition and Its Contemporary Uses

14859:

Kinship and Consent: Jewish Political Tradition and Its Contemporary Uses

14802:"Ahead of Rosh Hashanah, figures show 14.7 million Jews around the globe" 14405: 14396: 14317: 10376: 9472:"India invited as 'Guest of Honour' to OIC meet, Sushma Swaraj to attend" 7994: 7882: 7777: 7595: 7536: 7532: 7525: 7520:); though they both count from the Hijrah. The solar Hijri calendar uses 7486: 7302:

in a year of 354 or 355 days. It is used to determine the proper days of

7299: 7250: 7122: 7081: 7057: 6937:, and historic pattern books may have been intended for use in this way. 6930: 6923: 6907: 6253: 6237: 6172: 6156: 6144: 6129: 6097: 6058: 6008: 5658: 5603: 5576: 5556: 5392: 5384: 5377: 5351: 5334: 5124: 5120: 5064: 5029: 4622: 4551: 4444: 4411:, and they have had a significant impact contributing the culture of the 4345: 4341: 3935: 3878: 3744: 3662: 3645: 3574: 3540: 3528: 3423: 3391: 2592: 2523: 2515: 2372: 2094: 2080: 1951: 1935: 1834: 1678: 1670: 1582: 1491: 1483: 1467: 1249: 930: 888: 812: 467: 459: 373: 357: 291: 17083: 14941:"Zoroastrianism i. History to the Arab Conquest – Encyclopaedia Iranica" 14517:

The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East

14338:

The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives

12196: 8899: 8090:

Afsaruddin, Asma (2016). "Islamic World". In McNeill, William H. (ed.).

7914:

exact dates depend on which variant of the Islamic calendar is followed.

7420:

Since 7 July 2024 CE, the current Islamic year is 1446 AH. In the

6918:

patterns can be created in a variety of ways, including the traditional

18871: 17968: 17943: 17413: 17306: 17040:"پيمانه کردن سال و ماه از ديرباز تا کنون در گفتگو با دکتر ايرج ملک پور" 14458: 10958:"Brunei Darussalam's Constitution of 1959 with Amendments through 2006" 8959:. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from 7990: 7902: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7782: 7720: 7521: 7493: 7482: 7474: 7366: 7314:. In almost all countries where the predominant religion is Islam, the 7290:), or Arabic calendar also known in English as the Muslim calendar and 7136: 7053: 6729: 6293: 6201: 6188: 6184: 6168: 6148: 6140: 6089: 6073: 5923: 5801: 5749: 5564: 5534: 5488: 5388: 5314: 5290: 4860: 4719: 4594: 4586: 4542: 4420: 4103: 4072: 3986: 3955: 3858: 3847: 3831: 3827: 3807: 3633: 3255: 3216: 3125: 3099: 3047: 2995: 2745: 2631: 2543: 2535: 2478: 2364: 1626: 1563: 1559: 1499: 1471: 1466:. Meanwhile, the Muslim community tore itself apart into the rivalling 1443: 1369: 1298: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1223: 935: 463: 385: 263: 17384: 14830:"VI- November 30: Commemorating the expulsion of Jews from Arab lands" 10662:. The New York Philosophical Library. pp. 124, 222, 229, 269–70. 10633: 7561:. Currently the Solar Hijri calendar is officially used only in Iran. 4778: receiving a richly decorated robe of honor from the caliph 4558:

and other parts of Africa. Several Muslim-majority countries, such as

3446: 2321:

in 1924, have sometimes been seen as the result of Western influence.

18586: 18017: 17832: 17585: 12995:. Ithaca, New York 14850, USA: Cornell University Press. p. 91. 12956:. Ithaca, New York 14850, USA: Cornell University Press. p. 91. 12174: 10563: 10507: 10402: 9059:"Isis Jihadist group made me wonder about non-denominational Muslims" 8882:

Sunni Islam accounts for over 85% of the world's Muslim population...

7544: 7500:. This year is generally considered by Muslims as the first year of 7463: 7354: 7172: 7102: 6897: 6808: 6741: 6725: 6654: 6453: 6439: 6336: 6196: 6180: 6164: 6152: 6117: 6113: 6062: 5996: 5984: 5964: 5823: 5775: 5728: 5638: 5400: 5269: 5204:. The concept had been influenced by a pre-Islamic Persian prototype 5059:

was prevalent in Islamic art, usually assuming the form of elaborate

5012: 4911: 4881: 4805: 4654: 4357: 4353: 4238: 4131: 4111: 4049: 4037: 4009: 3815: 3759:. As of 2024, however, Nigeria has become a Muslim-majority country. 3709: 3629: 3607: 3581: 3086: 2551: 2499: 2329: 2294: 1886: 1858: 1838: 1779:, India became the world's largest economy, valued 25% of world GDP. 1768: 1567: 1427: 1349: 1228: 834: 546:

partially due to their high birth rate, according to the same study,

502:

has the largest Muslim population outside Muslim-majority countries.

341: 17405: 17121: 17098: 16619:

Grabar, Oleg (2006), "Islamic art and beyond". Ashgate. Vol 2, p. 87

15279:"OIC to hold conference on refugees in Muslim world in Turkmenistan" 9502:"Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population" 8737: 8291: 6155:

in the Islamic world date back to the 7th century, while horizontal-

5979:

Some most famous scientists from the medieval Islamic world include

2433:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 1273: 416: 209:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 78: 18919: 18425: 18283: 18235: 18029: 17983: 17947: 17672: 17376: 16476:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture".

16461:

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15476: 14967:

Muslims in Global Politics: Identities, Interests, and Human Rights

14502: 14323: 13244: 12420:"Russia Will be One-Third Muslim in 15 Years, Chief Mufti Predicts" 7976:; also called in some English sources as the Iranian Solar calendar 7647: 7558: 7531:

Each of the twelve months of the Hijri calendar corresponds with a

7370: 7106: 6716:

that, according to Islam, he revealed to his creation. All but one

6709: 6658: 6634: 6561: 6546: 6527: 6390: 6349: 6285: 6077: 6000: 5973: 5938:) which contained comprehensive diagrams of the body's structural, 5504: 5484: 5477: 5380: 5264: 5235: 5197: 5193: 5080: 5072: 5048: 5039: 4801: 4779: 4480: 4372: 4349: 4337: 4333: 4223: 4182: 4057: 4025: 3997: 3951: 3785: 3756: 3736: 3705: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3480: 3359: 3327: 2862: 2849: 2771: 2657: 2338: 2332: 2310: 1795: 1752: 1646: 1630: 1594: 1555: 1551: 1550:. Notable major empires dominated by Muslims, such as those of the 1435: 1411: 1376: 1144: 1112: 826: 760: 550:

has no impact on Muslim population, since the number of people who

393: 325: 13079:

The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian Dynasty: The Husaynis 1700–1948

12109:"Sudan ends 30 years of Islamic law by separating religion, state" 10432: 10345: 9991:, First published 1973, Reprint 2006, Tulshi Prakashani, Kolkata, 7847: 7749: 6933:

shrine. Square repeating units of known patterns can be copied as

6922:; the construction of a grid of polygons; and the use of a set of 18934: 18540: 18228: 18108: 18000: 17993: 17988: 17730: 17586:

Indian Ocean in World History, A free online educational resource

17363:

Madden, Edward H. (1975). "Some Characteristics of Islamic Art".

14412: 14409: 14145: 12576:

Berman, Sheri (2003). "Islamism, Revolution, and Civil Society".

9716: 9594:"A Religious Forecast For 2050: Atheism Is Down, Islam Is Rising" 9162:"10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050" 8270:. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). pp. 829–834. 7671: 7631: 7575: 7554: 7513: 7343: 7307: 6964: 6956: 6934: 6795: 6721: 6662: 6483: 6382: 6362: 6344: 6176: 6160: 5919: 5909: 5618: 5592: 5563:. European scholars and writers influenced by this novel include 5362:, the story of Kamil extends beyond the desert island setting in 5260: 5227: 5060: 4966: 4809: 4674: 4670: 4598: 4425: 4329: 4261: 4178: 4151: 4143: 4107: 4080: 4065: 4053: 4005: 4001: 3990: 3964: 3839: 3803: 3781: 3748: 3732: 3694: 3670: 3603: 3570: 3556: 3457:

became the first woman elected to lead a Muslim-majority country.

3277: 3177: 3164: 2982: 2940: 2914: 2875: 2758: 2732: 2719: 2539: 2262:

first documented the term "Muslim world" in 1912 when describing

2146: 2027: 1658: 1634: 1618: 1602: 1407: 977: 654: 466:(10–13%). However, other denominations exist in pockets, such as 389: 314: 283: 259: 17244: 16456: 15799:. The Theologus autodidactus of Ibn al-Nafīs. Clarendon P., 1968 12569: 12223:"Uzbekistan's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2011" 12139:"Tajikistan's Constitution of 1994 with Amendments through 2003" 11016:"Mauritania's Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through 2012" 6893:

and handicraft objects, consisting of angled lines that form an

3931: 298:, although there are no agreed criteria for inclusion. The term 18458: 18432: 18391: 18352: 18269: 18182: 18103: 17958: 17904: 17899: 17666: 17590: 16700: 16114:

Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture

16013:

Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufail and Léon Gauthier (1981),

15797:

Ala-al-din abu Al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi

14418: 14392: 13797:"The population of Shia: How many Shia are there in the world?" 13141: 12765: 12763: 12761: 10537:"Special Reports – The Salafist Movement: Al Qaeda's New Front" 8129: 7704: 7550: 7497: 7388: 7378: 7339: 7224: 7188: 7101:

The development of Islamic calligraphy is strongly tied to the

7098:), which translates into Arabic line, design, or construction. 6952: 6784: 6681: 6502: 6402: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6358: 6105: 6085: 6081: 5481: 5084: 5076: 4915: 4896: 4878: 4590: 4559: 4519:

Bangladesh has the largest Hindu population in the Muslim world

4469: 4376: 4205: 4139: 4099: 4095: 4088: 4084: 4061: 4029: 3982: 3978: 3897: 3835: 3811: 3527:

Central and prominent figures in 20th-century Islamism include

3505: 3375: 3229: 3112: 3060: 2823: 2810: 2605: 2559: 2531: 2527: 2511: 2062: 1842: 1772: 1756: 1638: 1598: 1519: 1438:. The Arab Muslims were unable to conquer the entire Christian 1392: 1384: 1353: 997: 987: 776: 744: 736: 721: 715: 599: 401: 377: 353: 349: 17576:

Asabiyya: Re-Interpreting Value Change in Globalized Societies

16879:

Watt, W. Montgomery. "Hidjra". In P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis;

14488:

Alevi-Islam Religious Services – The message of İzzettin Doğan

13194:"How credible is the claim of the failure of political Islam?" 12931:. New York: Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group. p. 141. 6807:

mosque, and recurring even up until the 17th century with the

1391:

for the city under his leadership. This migration, called the

18707: 18532: 18486: 18474: 18276: 18262: 18221: 17894: 17751: 17737: 17658: 17621: 16984: 15301:"UN Calls Syrian Refugee Crisis Worst Since Rwandan Genocide" 13579:

Cityscapes of Violence in Karachi: Publics and Counterpublics

12794: 11589:"Provisional Constitution of the Federal Republic of Somalia" 11240:"Comoros's Constitution of 2001 with Amendments through 2009" 10082:

Islamic and European Expansion: The Forging of a Global Order

9615:"Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group" 9090:"Indiana Blood Center cancels 'Muslims for Life' blood drive" 8359:"Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group" 7651: 7501: 7383: 7374: 7335: 7128: 7023: 7008: 6992: 6972: 6867: 6859: 6773: 6584: 6289: 6121: 6109: 6093: 5468: 5259:, dating back to the Umayyad era in the 7th century. It is a 5201: 5068: 5044: 5004: 4979: 4919: 4853: 4704: 4638: 4567: 4504: 4476: 4465: 4408: 4219: 4197: 4147: 4135: 4127: 4119: 4076: 4041: 3947: 3912: 3777: 3590: 3562: 3559: 3499: 3343: 3311: 3203: 3151: 2927: 2901: 2836: 2784: 2683: 2555: 2376: 2354: 2289:

had an instrumental role in ending and replacing it with the

1814: 1578: 1531: 1527: 1380: 1257: 1252:

sense, the terms 'Muslim world' and 'Islamic world' refer to

1139: 1017: 708: 666: 659: 582: 574: 381: 318: 287: 16469: 16383: 15835:

Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher",

15717:

Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher",

13844: 12758: 11939:

Official site of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan

11838:"2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: The Gambia" 11711: 11272:

Djibouti's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2010

7528:, and dates from the presumed actual "day of the Hijrah". 5962:) contributed to the discipline of medical surgery with his 5826:'s astronomical works, explains the different phases of the 5529:

Yet another influential philosopher who had an influence on

5519:, an influential scientific and philosophical encyclopedia. 4531:

Turkey has the largest Jewish population in the Muslim world

18373: 18345: 18295: 18242: 18187: 17758: 14399: 12827: 12560: 11921:"2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Indonesia" 11403:"Libya's Constitution of 2011 with Amendments through 2012" 11132:"Yemen's Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through 2001" 8318:"Muslim countries make thin contribution to global economy" 7857: 7686: 7447: 7331: 7311: 7246: 7241:

that is most widely used among Muslims. The other one is a

7237:

Two calendars are used all over the Muslim world. One is a

7110: 6717: 6457: 6366: 6209: 5827: 4827: 4563: 4555: 4547: 4488: 4436: 4407:

to Arab and Islamic civilization since the introduction of

4175: 3970: 3893: 3819: 3773: 3655:) has argued for a broader notion of Islamism as a form of 3138: 3034: 2797: 2644: 2618: 2186: 768: 676: 471: 397: 345: 16655: 16498: 16316:, pp. 34–35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science, 16112:

S.R.W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge",

13172: 12520: 12518: 12163: 11862: 11048:"Oman's Constitution of 1996 with Amendments through 2011" 8094:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Berkshire Publishing Group. 5864:"Cubic equations and intersections of conic sections", of 5547:

in 1671, developed the themes of empiricism, tabula rasa,

4949:" has been attributed to a period in history during which 16430: 15840: 15722: 13100: 13098: 12645: 12255:"2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Lebanon" 8242:

Handbook of Empirical Research on Islam and Economic Life

7614:

in terms of respect for Muslim women's lives and rights.

7391:. In the West, dates in this era are usually denoted AH ( 7208: 6732:

can also be found in Jewish and some Christian theology.

5186:

The best known work of fiction from the Islamic world is

1606: 16680: 14366:

The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East

14141:"Suicide bombs kill 39 near Shi'ite mosques in Pakistan" 14051:"Pakistan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008" 13318: 13236: 12273:"What is each country's second-largest religious group?" 9645:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

9272:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

9166:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

8819:

Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide

8507:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

7993:), this calendar is no longer used by the government of 6910:

knotwork patterns from the second century. The earliest

16661: 16622: 12853:

Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (In Asia)

12807:

Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (In Asia)

12515: 11615:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Syria" 5675:

Timeline of science and engineering in the Muslim world

4782: in 1000. Miniature from the Rashid al-Din's 3968:) reflecting different methodologies of jurisprudence ( 3854:

also has a large number of non-denominational Muslims.

3712:

is currently the most populous Muslim-majority country.

17490:

Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction

16967:"Important dates in Islamic Calendar in the Year 2025" 16942:"Important dates in Islamic Calendar in the Year 2024" 16478:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

15649:. Books.google.com.pk. Retrieved on 23 September 2013. 14316:

Mezhepler Tarihi ve Terimleri Sözlüğü (The History of

13095: 11080:"The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan" 5883:'s rocket flight depicted in a 17th-century engraving. 4852:

Mir Sayyid Ali, a scholar writing a commentary on the

4419:

estimates indicate that in 2010, more than 64 million

3942:

The first centuries of Islam gave rise to three major

3792:

as his true political as well as religious successor.

3594:) who steered the efforts for religious education and 27:

Muslim-majority countries, states, districts, or towns

12849:"Commentary on "Islamic State": Thoughts of Islamism" 12803:"Commentary on "Islamic State": Thoughts of Islamism" 12359:"Muslim Population in India - Total Muslims in India" 12081:

Timothy J. Demy Ph.D., Jeffrey M. Shaw Ph.D. (2019).

10593:

Religion, the Enlightenment, and the New Global Order

10313: 10311: 10309: 10100:

Morality and Justice in Islamic Economics and Finance

8837:

Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs

7971: 7937: 7650:– West African religious leaders and teachers of the 7127:

Islamic calligraphy developed from two major styles:

4570:

have a high rate of citable scientific publications.

4383:

The Muslim world is home to some of the world's most

4314:

People move close to the Muslim food corner in China.

17144:"Taliban Changes Solar Year to Hijri Lunar Calendar" 16872: 16805:"Reading Mosques: Meaning and Architecture in Islam" 16538:

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15331:"Rohingya widows find safe haven in Bangladesh camp" 14216:'s Religion & Public Life Project. 9 August 2012 13030:

Matthiesen, Toby (2023). "10: The Muslim Response".

12618: 11214: 8708:"Number of Muslims ahead of Catholics, says Vatican" 7954: 7731: 7549:

The ancient Iranian New Year's Day, which is called

7285: 6724:". Images of Mohammed are likewise prohibited. Such 3466:

have changed the influence of Islam on the world in

1593:

which dominated the centers of Islamic knowledge of

17492:(1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. 17469:(1st ed.). Nova Science Publishers, New York. 17450:(1st ed.). New York: Nova Science Publishers. 17220:

Global communication without universal civilization

14844:"Jewish Population Rises to 15.2 million Worldwide" 12859:(3). Routledge: Taylor & Francis group: 38–40. 12813:(3). Routledge: Taylor & Francis group: 23–28. 11531:"BASIC LAW - OF THE PALESTINIAN NATIONAL AUTHORITY" 10399:

Islamist Terrorism and Democracy in the Middle East

10245: 10088:, Temple University Press (Philadelphia, PA), 1993. 5846:

was one of the most famous inventions of Al-Jazari.

5697:

Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world

1546:and enthroned one of the few female Muslim rulers, 1538:conquered Delhi in 1206 and began the reign of the 302:is an alternative often used for the latter sense. 103:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 17252:(2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. 16664:The art and architecture of Islam : 1250–1800 16566: 15364: 14914:Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics 14234: 14114:"Early Warning Signs of Shia Genocide in Pakistan" 13279: 13123:"What most people get wrong about political Islam" 11743: 11362:, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 24 August 2012 10470: 10306: 9696: 9126:Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy 9123: 5780:Surgical instruments illustrations. (11th century) 5653:, a critic of Aristotelian logic and a pioneer of 4391:—including three of its five great patriarchates ( 2494:replaced a monarchial semi-secular regime with an 369:Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 17062:"پژوهش‌های ایرانی | پاسداشت گاهشماری ایرانی" 15535:. Taylor & Francis. 1 March 2011. p. 9. 13271: 13191: 10388: 10386: 9852:Christopher Hitchens and Tim Rutten in discussion 9768:Carpenter, Scott; Cagaptay, Soner (2 June 2009). 9767: 8176:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 11–14. 7485:whereas the lunar Hijri calendar predominates in 4714:. In July 2013, the UN stated that the number of 4479:minorities. Malaysia (5 million) has the largest 4075:were initially divided into five major branches: 3697:has the largest Muslim population in the world. 2277:A significant change in the Muslim world was the 19039: 17248:; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2003). 16475: 16229:Arming the Periphery. Emrys Chew, 2012. p. 1823. 15920: 15918: 14969:. 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London: Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd. pp. 51–52. 16878: 15702: 14816:"Global Jewish population reaches 14.7 million" 13789: 13242: 11467:"Constitution of the Republic of Maldives 2008" 11196:"Constitution of the Kingdom of Bahrain (2002)" 10276: 9882:"Ook na 1400 jaar kan de islam heus verdwijnen" 9879: 8130:Scott Carpenter, Soner Cagaptay (2 June 2009). 7997:, after its switch to the Lunar Hijri calendar. 7350:) but the religious calendar is the Hijri one. 5055:Between the 8th and 18th centuries, the use of 4387:, and some of the most important cities of the 3920: 17519:. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 17084:"پژوهش‌های ایرانی | گاهشماری تقویم جلالی" 16785:. 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Praeger Security International. p. 15. 8534:"The moment American Muslims were waiting for" 6076:and farming, using new technology such as the 5926:: such as in the 15th-century Persian work by 5617:Other influential Muslim philosophers include 4541:The literacy rate in the Muslim world varies. 4405:Christians have made significant contributions 2281:(1908–1922), to which the Ottoman officer and 17606: 17018:"دقیق ترین تقویم جهان، هدیه خیام به ایرانیان" 16706: 16662:Blair, Sheila S.; Bloom, Jonathan M. (1995). 16558:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBloomBlair2009 ( 16422:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBloomBlair2009 ( 16314:Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering 16243:Potassium Nitrate in Arabic and Latin Sources 16165:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 15915: 15812:The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature 15532:Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics 14759:International Bulletin of Missionary Research 13379: 13249:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics 13208: 13114: 12655:. Leiden, New York: E.J. Brill. (1996). p. 40 12531:The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters 10846: 10844: 10842: 10840: 10838: 10836: 10834: 10832: 10830: 10828: 10682: 9807:Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism 9672:"The world's fastest-growing religion is ..." 9419:"The Many Languages of Islam in the Caucasus" 8868:. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from 8016: 6307:Early Islamic architecture was influenced by 4302:People pray together in the mosque in Russia. 3644:society through exercise of state power, or ( 3414: 3382: 1198: 16688:Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture 16480:. Oxford University Press. pp. 74, 78. 15523: 14592:. University of Chicago Press. p. 164. 14585: 14519:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. XLVIII. 14450: 14280:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 14238:An Introduction to Islam in the 21st Century 14138: 13843:"Pew Forum on Religious & Public life". 13286:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 13120: 12991:B. Hass, Ernst (2000). "2: Iran and Egypt". 12610:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 ( 12388:"China's hi-tech war on its Muslim minority" 10395:"Transnational Islamist Terrorism: Al Qaeda" 10322:. In Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce (eds.). 9736:"The Future of the Global Muslim Population" 9525: 9252:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8356: 8050:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 8017:Waldman, Marilyn R.; Zeghal, Malika (2009). 7838:Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition 7413: 7407: 7381:and established the first Muslim community ( 7093: 5752:era) colored illustrations of human anatomy. 5210:(Thousand Fables) that relied on particular 3632:" strategy to re-Islamizing society through 3565:Muhammad Rashid Riḍā, a fervent opponent of 2279:defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire 1810:Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during 1526:achieved their greatest success in terms of 1482:that has never been resolved. The following 321:and believe in the prophetic mission of the 16809:The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 16592: 16184:Harvard's Office of News and Public Affairs 16084:. 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Michigan University Press. p. 114. 14335: 13910:"The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity" 13653:"Comparison Chart of Sunni and Shia Islam" 13510:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 13480:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 13447:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 13417:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 13357:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 13029: 12879: 12303:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 11927: 10825: 10654: 10648: 10364: 10152: 10053:"The Islamic Gunpowder Empires, 1300–1650" 10007: 9799: 9797: 9795: 9537:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 9332:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 9302:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 9194:South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today 8681:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 8651:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 8598:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 8568:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 8419:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 8089: 8048:Esposito, John L., ed. (2009). "Preface". 7007:The subdivision rule used to generate the 6704:No Islamic visual images or depictions of 5301:. Ibn Tufail wrote the first Arabic novel 4874:Portrait of a painter during the reign of 3398: 3350: 3318: 2565: 2224:Anglo-Egyptian invasion of Sudan 1896–1899 1946:and many smaller states in the pre-modern 1919:Rational basis for the Politics of Nations 1245:action in Persia, and "Afghan Ambitions". 1205: 1191: 16209: 16207: 15252:. Pew Research Center. 19 December 2011. 15247:"Religion and Education Around the World" 14989: 14885:Rosenberg, Jerry M. (28 September 2009). 14884: 14856: 14729:A. Youssef, Adly; Thomas, Martyn (2006). 13539: 13537: 13535: 13345: 12864: 12818: 12682: 12542: 12527:"Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism" 12074: 11365: 10731:. Springer Science & Business Media. 10660:The Struggle for Transcaucasia: 1917–1921 10632:. Azerbaijan Press Agency. Archived from 10596:. 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Scholars and intellectuals agree 4094:Among these numerous branches, only 3513:political unity and the creation of 2398: 1724: 1296:adding citations to reliable sources 1267: 498:, and widespread in Southeast Asia. 174: 101:adding citations to reliable sources 72: 31: 17166: 16860:from the original on 1 January 2019 16856:. No. November/December 2005. 16633:. New York: Springer. p. 579. 15761:Electronic Theses and Dissertations 15659:Marzolph (2007). "Arabian Nights". 14846:. Jewish agency. 15 September 2021. 14756: 14718:from the original on 1 August 2019. 13978:Miller, Tracy, ed. (October 2009). 13872:Library of Congress Country Studies 13367:from the original on 10 August 2017 13329:. foreignpolicy.com. Archived from 13324: 13288:. 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New architectural elements like 4472:(primarily in Syria and Lebanon). 4459:, with the largest communities of 4319: 4278:Children read Qur'an in Indonesia. 2303:Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate 2059:French campaign in Egypt and Syria 1881:Cannons and guns belonging to the 1356:in 1154, one of the most advanced 25: 19104: 17542: 17183: 16848:"The Beginning of Hijri calendar" 15809:Claeys, Gregory (5 August 2010). 15311:from the original on 27 July 2013 15166:from the original on 10 July 2018 14179:from the original on 5 March 2016 14056:United States Department of State 14017:Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies 13955:on Pakistan. 2010. Archived from 13887:from the original on 17 July 2005 13803:from the original on 29 July 2016 13457:from the original on 25 July 2013 12929:Islamic Fundamentalism since 1945 12927:Milton-Edwards, Beverley (2005). 12770:Wright, Robin (10 January 2015). 12279:from the original on 22 June 2015 12030:United States Department of State 11923:. 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Vol. 2. pp. 161–164. 9338:from the original on 28 July 2013 9308:from the original on 25 July 2013 8910:from the original on 20 July 2019 8687:from the original on 7 April 2013 8657:from the original on 7 April 2013 8604:from the original on 9 March 2013 8574:from the original on 9 March 2013 8425:from the original on 9 March 2013 8190:from the original on 20 June 2020 7612:hermeneutics of feminism in Islam 2960: 2690: 2570: 2315:separated religion from the state 2093:Beginning with the 15th century, 47:This article has multiple issues. 19022: 19021: 19010: 18541:Schools of islamic jurisprudence 17789:Timeline of the history of Islam 17620: 17136: 17113: 17076: 17054: 17032: 17010: 16959: 16934: 16902: 16839: 16821:10.1111/j.1540-6245.2010.01453.x 16796: 16775: 16762: 16727: 16613: 16604: 16527: 16376:"Islamic Art and Architecture", 16370: 16361: 16345: 16303: 16286: 16232: 16223: 16195: 16176: 16152: 16125: 16073: 16064: 16055: 16020: 16007: 15982: 15973: 15941: 15860: 15802: 15790: 15770: 15742: 15711: 15688:Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers 15676: 15652: 15633: 15624: 15615: 15606: 15556: 15507: 15491: 15353: 15323: 15293: 15271: 15204: 15178: 15152: 15126: 15100: 15074: 15042: 15011: 14983: 14958: 14933: 14905: 14878: 14850: 14836: 14822: 14808: 14793: 14750: 14722: 14698: 14670: 14645: 14606: 14579: 14558: 14533: 14508: 14481: 14424: 14357: 14329: 14320:and its terminology dictionary), 14267: 14228: 14165: 14132: 14106: 14080: 14063:from the original on 30 May 2019 13856: 13837: 13815: 13756: 13724: 13698: 13671: 13645: 13627: 13605:Adrian Cybriwsky, Roman (2015). 13598: 13570: 13185: 13070: 13023: 12984: 12945: 12920: 12873: 12840: 12706:Bale, Jeffrey M. (1 June 2009). 12699: 12658: 12633:from the original on 3 June 2023 12551: 12485: 12467: 12454: 12440: 12426: 12412: 12398: 12379: 12365: 12351: 12321: 12265: 12257:. US Department of State. 2019. 12247: 12215: 12189: 12131: 12101: 12044: 11994: 11976: 11957: 11913: 11888: 11844: 11830: 11805: 11787: 11769: 11685: 11653: 11629:"Tunisia's Constitution of 2014" 11621: 11607: 11581: 11549: 11523: 11499:"Morocco's Constitution of 2011" 11491: 11459: 11447:from the original on 14 May 2011 11427: 11395: 11342: 11318: 11286: 11264: 11232: 11086:from the original on 9 July 2011 10902:"Islamic Countries Of The World" 10320:"Atatürk, Kemal (Mustafa Kemal)" 10033:from the original on 26 May 2011 9701:. U.S. News & World Report. 9678:from the original on 15 May 2020 8744:from the original on 25 May 2013 8445:"The Global Religious Landscape" 7979: 7917: 7908: 7875: 7762: 7748: 7734: 7712: 7693: 7678: 7659: 7639: 7623: 7387:), an event commemorated as the 7373:and his followers migrated from 7216: 7200: 7180: 7165: 7149: 7016: 7000: 6985: 6969:Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan 6840: 6828: 6816: 6670: 6642: 6618: 6598: 6573: 6554: 6535: 6516: 6491: 6468: 6446: 6428: 6303:different religious affiliations 5873: 5857: 5835: 5815: 5785: 5763: 5737: 5716: 5170: 5151: 5131: 5109: 4926: 4904: 4888: 4867: 4845: 4820: 4790: 4767: 4662: 4646: 4630: 4610: 4524: 4512: 4496: 4483:population in the Muslim world. 4307: 4295: 4283: 4271: 4249: 4231: 4212: 4190: 4167: 3904: 3885: 3866: 3416: 3400: 3384: 3379:: 14–20 million Muslims (10–14%) 3368: 3352: 3336: 3320: 3304: 3270: 3248: 3235: 3222: 3209: 3196: 3183: 3170: 3157: 3144: 3131: 3118: 3105: 3092: 3079: 3066: 3053: 3040: 3027: 3014: 3001: 2988: 2975: 2946: 2933: 2920: 2907: 2894: 2881: 2868: 2855: 2842: 2829: 2816: 2803: 2790: 2777: 2764: 2751: 2738: 2725: 2712: 2676: 2663: 2650: 2637: 2624: 2611: 2598: 2585: 2403: 2230: 2216: 2201: 2178: 2154: 2130: 2114: 2051: 2035: 2022:, an armed conflict between the 2012: 1985: 1976:after being defeated during the 1959: 1874: 1850: 1826: 1803: 1784: 1272: 1172: 581: 179: 77: 36: 18882:List of ex-Muslim organisations 17186:"On Erdogan and Muslim mothers" 17150:. 26 March 2022. Archived from 16509:. h.f.ullmann. pp. 36–37. 15399:. Penguin. pp. Chapter 1. 15285:. 24 April 2012. Archived from 15017: 14800:Staff, Toi (8 September 2018). 14568:. 1993. Edinburgh Univ. Press. 14566:Islamic Science and Engineering 14404:Al-Bākūrat’ūs Sūlaiman’īyyah – 13247:. In Emad El-Din Shahin (ed.). 13121:Hamid, Shadi (1 October 2015). 12386:Byler, Darren (11 April 2019). 11964:Republic of Kosovo constitution 11306:from the original on 4 May 2017 11274:(Constitution, Article 1). 1992 11252:from the original on 4 May 2017 11188: 11176:from the original on 4 May 2017 11156: 11124: 11098: 11072: 11040: 11028:from the original on 4 May 2017 11008: 10982: 10950: 10924: 10799: 10777:"Islam: Governing Under Sharia" 10769: 10757: 10718: 10622: 10543:. WGBH educational foundation. 10528: 10495: 10459: 10270: 10146: 10116: 10091: 10075: 10057:Civilization Past & Present 10045: 10018: 10001: 9981: 9972: 9963: 9954: 9810:. WH Allen. p. XXII–XIII. 9761: 9705:from the original on 5 May 2019 9663: 9633: 9607: 9555: 9494: 9464: 9441: 9411: 9381: 9350: 9260: 9215: 9184: 9172:from the original on 4 May 2017 8756: 8730: 8699: 8616: 8525: 8495: 8473:"Oxford Islamic Studies Online" 8465: 8454:. December 2012. Archived from 8437: 8336: 8310: 8220:from the original on 3 May 2020 8173:Islam, the State and Population 7803:Index of Islam-related articles 7160:, 7th century. (Surah 7: 86–87) 7026:pattern that can be drawn with 6263: 6143:, and early industrial uses of 5631:Aristotelian natural philosophy 5459:Contemporary Islamic philosophy 5427:. Translations of Ibn Tufail's 5333:. Both of these narratives had 5083:(from 1100 to around 1600) and 4256:Most of the inhabitants of the 3958:. Each sect developed distinct 3780:(consultation), as was done at 3681: 2324:In the 21st century, after the 1454:attempted two failed sieges of 1283:needs additional citations for 482:. About 13% of Muslims live in 454:Most Muslims are of one of two 88:needs additional citations for 55:or discuss these issues on the 17107:Chronology of Prophetic Events 17105:Shaikh, Fazlur Rehman (2001). 16707:Julia Kaestle (10 July 2010). 16576:. Encyclopedia of the Orient. 15959:. pp. 245, 250, 256–257. 15815:. Cambridge University Press. 15690:: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy 14888:The Rebirth of the Middle East 13765:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 13413:"Muslim Population by Country" 13325:Roy, Olivier (16 April 2012). 13150:"What do we mean by Islamist?" 13104: 12866:10.1080/19370679.2013.12023226 12820:10.1080/19370679.2013.12023226 12708:"Islamism and Totalitarianism" 12197:"Constitution of Turkmenistan" 11557:"Qatar's Constitution of 2003" 11294:"Egypt's Constitution of 2014" 10512:Johns Hopkins University Press 10098:Chapra, Muhammad Umer (2014). 9846:Hitchens, Christopher (2007). 9670:Burke, Daniel (4 April 2015). 9533:"Muslim Population by Country" 9130:. Simon and Schuster. p. 9061:. The Sentinel. Archived from 8904:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 8706:Kington, Tom (31 March 2008). 8532:Burke, Daniel (29 July 2016). 8284: 8268:A History of Islamic Societies 8259: 8232: 8202: 8123: 8041: 8010: 7310:and the annual season for the 6712:. Muslims describe God by the 5329:as a response to Ibn Tufail's 4056:, and other movements such as 3677:of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). 3610:schoolteacher who founded the 3363:: 19.4 million Muslims (35.2%) 3347:: 25–40 million Muslims (2–3%) 3331:: 34.7 million Muslims (31.3%) 2272:Anglo-Russian action in Persia 2070: 1837:under the command of Islamist 1395:, marks the first year of the 1217: 13: 1: 16890:. Brill Academic Publishers. 16737:Books : a living history 16392:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 15855:Encyclopedia of Islamic World 15844:Ibnul-Nafees As a Philosopher 15737:Encyclopedia of Islamic World 15726:Ibn al-Nafis As a Philosopher 15663:. Vol. I. Leiden: Brill. 14965:Monshipouri, Mahmood (2011). 14589:The Legend of the Middle Ages 14391:"Muhammad ibn Āliyy’ūl Cillī 14088:"The Trouble With Madrassahs" 13544:Analysis (19 December 2011). 13284:. In John L. Esposito (ed.). 13180:The Future of Political Islam 12835:The Future of Political Islam 12772:"A Short History of Islamism" 12665:Tibi, Bassam (1 March 2007). 12625:Byers, Dylan (5 April 2013). 11813:"Gambia (The) 1996(rev.2004)" 11719:"Article 7.1 of Constitution" 9359:"CENTRAL ASIA ii. Demography" 7863: 7604:liberal progressive movements 7353:This calendar enumerates the 7207:Islamic calligraphy praising 7060:, in the languages which use 6397:, commercial buildings (e.g. 6061:from China. The knowledge of 6014: 5610:and developed the concept of 5452: 5393:end of the world and doomsday 5200:, Persian, and later Arabian 5090: 4601:have a significant amount of 4435:estimated that around 27,000 4385:ancient Christian communities 4162:later emerged independently. 3977:The major Sunni madhhabs are 3427:: 8–9 million Muslims (9–10%) 3315:: 200 million Muslims (14.6%) 2702:have endorsed Islam as their 2353:, reportedly quoted from the 1737:Age of the Islamic Gunpowders 18867:Apostasy in Islam by country 18744:Liberalism and progressivism 16201:Turner, H. (1997) pp. 136–38 15748:Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), " 15563:Saliba, George (July 1995). 14457:Halm, Heinz (21 July 2004). 14364:De McLaurin, Ronald (1979). 13546:"Global religious landscape" 11777:"Article 31 of Constitution" 10781:Council on Foreign Relations 10415:10.1017/CBO9780511977367.003 10393:Dalacoura, Katerina (2012). 10375:. London and New York City: 10254:Colonialism and Its Legacies 10252:Levy, Jacob T., ed. (2011). 9924:. Psychology Press. p. 9328:"Region: Sub-Saharan Africa" 8564:"Region: Sub-Saharan Africa" 8477:www.oxfordislamicstudies.com 8004: 7634:wedding ceremony in a mosque 7446:is the official calendar of 7084:calligraphy. It is known in 7052:is the artistic practice of 6735: 6693: 6053:Arab Agricultural Revolution 4505:largest Christian population 4413:Middle East and North Africa 4200:dignitaries celebrating the 3927:Islamic schools and branches 3921:Islamic schools and branches 3700: 2185:The Christian reconquest of 1930:, starting from the wealthy 1735:Scholars often use the term 1711:liberalism and progressivism 1502:' rule was succeeded by the 1366:history of the Islamic faith 476:Islamic schools and branches 294:sense, these terms refer to 7: 17311:The Encyclopedia of Fantasy 16853:Saudi Aramco World Magazine 16507:Islam: Art and Architecture 15979:Russell (1994), pp. 224–62, 15873:, p. 202, Rowman Altamira, 13948:Central Intelligence Agency 13864:"Country Profile: Pakistan" 13767:. Oxford University Press. 13678:ANALYSIS (7 October 2009). 13581:. Oxford University Press. 13506:"Muslim-Majority Countries" 13251:. Oxford University Press. 13225:. p. 5. Archived from 12299:"Muslim-Majority Countries" 12171:"Article 2 of Constitution" 11984:"Article 1 of Constitution" 11870:"Article 1 of Constitution" 11795:"Article 1 of Constitution" 11106:"Basic Law of Saudi Arabia" 10558:Geltzer, Joshua A. (2011). 9989:History of Mediaeval Bengal 9057:Longton, Gary Gurr (2014). 8245:. Edward Elgar Publishing. 7972: 7955: 7938: 7727: 7286: 7232: 6977:Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba 6752:pre-Islamic pagan religions 5668: 5633:and Aristotle's concept of 5543:, translated into Latin as 5537:. His philosophical novel, 5465:Logic in Islamic philosophy 5189:One Thousand and One Nights 5018: 4682: 4453:reduced to a small fraction 4036:. It also gave rise to the 3762: 3473: 3431: 2429:the claims made and adding 1336:Timeline of Islamic history 756:("Stories of the Prophets") 307:history of the Muslim world 205:the claims made and adding 10: 19109: 18794: 17562:an online tutorial at the 17488:Turner, Howard R. (1997). 17211: 16783:Five Essays on Islamic Art 16772:. 85: 152–184 – via JSTOR. 16686:Chapman, Caroline (2012). 16534:Flood & Necipoğlu 2017 16026:Russell (1994), pp. 224–39 14990:L. Elazar, Daniel (2020). 14916:. Routledge. p. 109. 14857:L. Elazar, Daniel (2020). 14771:10.1177/239693939501900306 14656:. Routledge. p. 173. 14540:Jacobsen, Douglas (2011). 14501:Cad. No: 290, Yenibosna / 13223:International Crisis Group 13107:Failure of Political Islam 12002:"Preamble of Constitution" 11435:"Constitution of Malaysia" 10407:Cambridge University Press 9031:. Brussels. Archived from 9025:"Islamophoobia in Europe!" 8623:Kettani, Houssain (2010). 7569: 7516:(known in the West as the 7433: 7261: 7158:an early Qur'an manuscript 7040: 6887:Islamic geometric patterns 6857: 6739: 6697: 6268: 6046: 5792:A self-trimming lamp from 5678: 5672: 5647:Illuminationist philosophy 5462: 5456: 5100: 5094: 5022: 4936:studying together, from a 4856:, during the reign of the 4746: 4725: 4657:lining up for class, 2009. 3924: 3800:Non-denominational Muslims 3715: 3685: 3478: 3455:prime minister of Pakistan 3435: 3411:: 10 million Muslims (15%) 3395:: 12 million Muslims (42%) 2469:Political aspects of Islam 2466: 2460: 2328:(2001) coordinated by the 2319:abolition of the Caliphate 2274:; and "Afghan Ambitions". 2254: 2209:French conquest of Algeria 2123:French conquest of Algeria 2074: 1898: 1728: 1530:and number of converts to 1450:, however. The succeeding 1325: 1263: 480:non-denominational Muslims 340:, which culminated in the 19005: 18890: 18857: 18807: 18803: 18789: 18716: 18683: 18655:Geography and cartography 18630: 18577: 18573: 18557: 18383: 18305: 18252: 18201: 18197: 18173: 18043: 17925: 17885: 17768: 17720: 17644: 17640: 17629: 17560:The Islamic World to 1600 17549:What is the Muslim world? 17336:Kraemer, Joel L. (1992). 16601:Madden (1975), pp. 423–30 16378:The Columbia Encyclopedia 16367:Ettinghausen (2003), p. 3 15957:New York University Press 15837:Symposium on Ibn al Nafis 15825:– via Google Books. 15719:Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis 15440:New York University Press 15212:"Indonesia Literacy rate" 14912:C. Held, Colbert (2008). 14340:. Routledge. p. 33. 14336:J. Stewart, Dona (2008). 14263:– via Google Books. 14241:. John Wiley & Sons. 13609:. ABC-CLIO. p. 179. 12880:Matthiesen, Toby (2023). 12724:10.1080/14690760903371313 12684:10.1080/14690760601121630 12592:(inactive 24 July 2024). 12590:10.1017/S1537592703000197 12087:. ABC-CLIO. p. 180. 11856:13 September 2004 at the 11851:Article 1 of Constitution 10753:– via Google Books. 9148:nondenominational Muslims 9122:Pollack, Kenneth (2014). 9108:non-denominational Muslim 8979:Roshandel, Jalil (2011). 8764:"Field Listing Religions" 8740:. IslamicPopulation.com. 8255:– via Google Books. 7828:Islam and other religions 7306:and rituals, such as the 7066:alphabets derived from it 7028:compass and straight edge 6975:; and in wood, as at the 6151:. The industrial uses of 5354:living in seclusion on a 4244:ruled in Yemen until 1962 4226:valley in Algerian Sahara 3728:India's Muslim population 3490:refers to a broad set of 3262: 1577:(15th-16th centuries) of 1516:Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji 404:are not Muslim-majority. 363:As of 2013, the combined 317:look for guidance to the 300:Muslim-majority countries 18964:Islamic view of miracles 17570:Is There a Muslim World? 17120:Marom, Roy (Fall 2017). 16339:18 February 2008 at the 16275:26 February 2008 at the 16248:26 February 2008 at the 16080:Kamal, Muhammad (2006). 15765:University of Notre Dame 15673:Grant & Clute, p. 51 15134:"Pakistan Literacy rate" 14681:. Springer. p. 11. 14677:Curtis, Michael (2018). 14515:Jenkins, Philip (2020). 13845:http://www.pewforum.org/ 13243:Emin Poljarevic (2015). 13216:"Understanding Islamism" 13062:: CS1 maint: location ( 13015:: CS1 maint: location ( 12976:: CS1 maint: location ( 12912:: CS1 maint: location ( 12578:Perspectives on Politics 12434:"Technical Difficulties" 12056:U.S. Department of State 11969:21 November 2013 at the 11693:"Albania – Constitution" 10502:Moghadam, Assaf (2008). 9916:Watt, William Montgomery 8292:"Economies of the ummah" 8266:Lapidus, Ira M. (2014). 8170:Jones, Gavin W. (2005). 7868: 7565: 7011:pattern on the spandrel. 6852: 6229:, particularly from the 5643:Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi 5621:(Alhazen), a pioneer of 5553:condition of possibility 5545:Philosophus Autodidactus 5522:Another figure from the 5429:Philosophus Autodidactus 5360:Philosophus Autodidactus 5339:Philosophus Autodidactus 5331:Philosophus Autodidactus 5310:Philosophus Autodidactus 4461:Jews in Muslim countries 4443:have existed across the 3767: 3688:Muslim population growth 3623:Grand Mufti of Jerusalem 2516:schools of jurisprudence 2490:. By contrast, the 1979 1476:killing of caliph Uthman 845:Medieval Islamic science 18729:Creationism (evolution) 17421:Russell, G. A. (1994). 17184:Akyol, Riada Asimovic. 16734:Lyons, Martyn. (2011). 16042:17 January 2008 at the 16015:Risalat Hayy ibn Yaqzan 15902:Oxford University Press 15849:6 February 2008 at the 15731:6 February 2008 at the 15708:Grant & Clute, p 52 15497:Medieval India, NCERT, 15438:, pp. 245, 250, 256–7. 14711:. Pew Research Center. 14652:C. Ellis, Kail (2017). 14613:Pacini, Andrea (1998). 14284:Oxford University Press 14022:Oxford University Press 13763:Esposito, John (2003). 13032:The Caliph and the Imam 12952:B. Hass, Ernst (2000). 12882:The Caliph and the Imam 12544:10.55540/0031-1723.2340 12525:Eikmeier, Dale (2007). 11349:"Jordan country report" 10371:Commins, David (2009). 10027:"The Gunpowder Empires" 7685:A tribal delegation in 7361:was established as the 7276:ٱلتَّقْوِيم ٱلْهِجْرِيّ 6881:, "knot", also written 6847:Example of an Arabesque 6835:Example of an Arabesque 6823:Example of an Arabesque 6678:Moscow Cathedral Mosque 6562:Great Mosque of Córdoba 6247: 5989:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi 5956:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi 5771:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi 5447:The Aspiring Naturalist 5273:, the national epic of 5263:story of undying love. 4736:prescriptive literature 4637:A primary classroom in 3938:across the Muslim world 3873:Turkish Muslims at the 3673:" to date, such as the 2695:The following nineteen 2566:Government and religion 2020:Siege of Ochakov (1788) 1739:to describe period the 1512:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 1478:in 656, resulting in a 268:administrative division 18979:Persecution of Muslims 18877:List of former Muslims 17794:Succession to Muhammad 17515:Livny, Avital (2020). 16886:Encyclopaedia of Islam 16554:Bloom & Blair 2009 16418:Bloom & Blair 2009 16353:Technology and Culture 16215:Technology and Culture 16070:Russell (1994), p. 247 15870:Encyclopaedia of Islam 15783:4 October 2015 at the 15661:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13850:4 January 2012 at the 13577:Khan, Nichola (2016). 12847:Zhongmin, Liu (2013). 12801:Zhongmin, Liu (2013). 11326:"Constitution of Iraq" 10684:Swietochowski, Tadeusz 10294:Cite journal requires 9804:Nawaz, Maajid (2012). 9756:Pan-Islamism In India, 9454:Oxford Islamic Studies 8594:"Region: Asia-Pacific" 8503:"Region: Asia-Pacific" 7396: 7328:Levant and Mesopotamia 7257:Islamic lunar calendar 6476:Al Jabbar Grand Mosque 6325:early Muslim conquests 6292:. It encompasses both 6072:Advances were made in 6044: 5608:Transcendent theosophy 5606:founded his school of 5492: 5385:spontaneous generation 5374:Theologus Autodidactus 5364:Theologus Autodidactus 5344:Theologus Autodidactus 5326:Theologus Autodidactus 5052: 4700: 4617:Young school girls in 4537:Literacy and education 4380: 3939: 3936:Islamic schools of law 3824:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3713: 3458: 3293:in 2015 there were 50 3285:Muslim-minority states 3009:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2351:11 September hijackers 2090: 1909: 1861:in combat against the 1361: 855:Succession to Muhammad 522:are also found in the 282:commonly refer to the 271: 18773:Conversion to mosques 18640:Alchemy and chemistry 17564:University of Calgary 17465:Tausch, Arno (2015). 17444:Tausch, Arno (2009). 17275:Graham, Mark (2006). 17246:Ettinghausen, Richard 17218:Ankerl, Guy (2000) . 16994:Encyclopaedia Iranica 16916:Government of Sharjah 16781:Allen, Terry (1988). 16189:14 March 2007 at the 16158:Plofker, Kim (2009), 16061:Russell (1994) p. 227 16037:Desert island scripts 15866:Cyril Glasse (2001), 15108:"Egypt Literacy rate" 14586:Brague, Rémi (2009). 14402:" (Sūlaiman Affandy, 14059:. 19 September 2008. 12058:. 14 September 2007. 12014:on 12 September 2012. 11817:constituteproject.org 9363:Encyclopaedia Iranica 9197:. Routledge. p. 9088:Kirkham, Bri (2015). 8461:on 24 September 2015. 8320:. 22 September 2016. 7985:Since 1 Muharam 1444 7965:ڕۆژژمێری کۆچیی ھەتاوی 7610:have been revisiting 7462:as determined by the 6951:; plasterwork, as at 6758:style made famous in 6227:Industrial Revolution 6033:Industrial Revolution 6022: 5952:The Canon of Medicine 5948:pulmonary circulation 5822:An illustration from 5798:On Mechanical Devices 5663:philosophy of history 5627:philosophy of science 5573:Melchisédech Thévenot 5549:nature versus nurture 5510:The Canon of Medicine 5476: 5463:Further information: 5297:were pioneers of the 5101:Further information: 5087:(from 1470 to 1550). 5065:Tin-opacified glazing 5032: 5023:Further information: 4712:the uprising in Syria 4690: 4503:Egypt has one of the 4371:Church and Mosque in 4370: 4046:Ja'fari jurisprudence 3960:jurisprudence schools 3934: 3708: 3651:At least one author ( 3616:Hajji Amin al-Husayni 3449: 3436:Further information: 2488:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 2486:since the reforms of 2467:Further information: 2385:Scientific Revolution 2287:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 2283:Turkish revolutionary 2255:Further information: 2088: 1905: 1863:Knights of Saint John 1857:Gun-wielding Ottoman 1343: 258: 18499:Ma malakat aymanukum 18074:Association football 17340:. Brill Publishers. 16629:Bonner, Jay (2017). 16318:University of Aleppo 16161:Mathematics in India 15925:"Islamic Philosophy" 15755:4 April 2015 at the 15186:"Iraq Literacy rate" 15160:"Iran Literacy rate" 15062:on 13 September 2012 14945:Encyclopædia Iranica 14493:4 March 2016 at the 14322:Ensar Publications, 14012:"Pakistan, Islam in" 13706:"The World Factbook" 13387:"The World Factbook" 13077:Pappe, Ilan (2010). 12481:on 17 February 2011. 12115:. 6 September 2020. 11945:on 24 September 2014 11338:on 28 November 2016. 11226:bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd 10908:. 21 February 2018. 9770:"What Muslim World?" 9478:. 23 February 2019. 9357:Rowland, Richard H. 8132:"What Muslim World?" 7939:Gâhšomâri-ye Xoršidi 7793:History of the Arabs 7616:Riada Asimovic Akyol 7582:Riada Asimovic Akyol 7541:Zoroastrian calendar 7479:lunar Hijri calendar 7466:calculation for the 7444:Solar Hijri calendar 7436:Solar Hijri calendar 7429:Solar Hijri calendar 7369:. During that year, 7270:The Hijri calendar ( 6714:names and attributes 6631:Persian architecture 6581:Lagos Central Mosque 6418:Islamic architecture 6282:architectural styles 6278:Islamic architecture 6271:Islamic architecture 6231:proto-industrialised 6005:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 5724:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 5651:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 5478:Ibn Rushd (Averroes) 5405:scientific knowledge 5079:(from 975 to 1075), 4673:, before an exam in 4669:Medical students of 3468:contemporary history 2954:United Arab Emirates 2473:Islam and secularism 2326:September 11 attacks 2139:Hispano-Moroccan War 1972:negotiates with the 1819:Siege of Ranthambore 1524:Islamic missionaries 1522:, where South Asian 1292:improve this article 894:Association football 97:improve this article 17154:on 4 September 2022 16998:. Iranicaonline.org 16574:"Muslim Iconoclasm" 16035:Martin Wainwright, 15930:6 June 2022 at the 15645:17 May 2020 at the 15363:(4 November 2011). 15337:. 7 December 2017. 14214:Pew Research Center 14175:. Shianumbers.com. 13986:Pew Research Center 13914:Pew Research Center 13878:Library of Congress 13833:on 10 January 2011. 13516:. 27 January 2011. 13514:Pew Research Center 13476:"Executive Summary" 13453:, 27 January 2011, 13451:Pew Research Center 13363:. 27 January 2011. 13361:Pew Research Center 13353:"Executive Summary" 13327:"The New Islamists" 13178:Fuller, Graham E., 13154:The Washington Post 12833:Fuller, Graham E., 12408:. 21 February 2023. 12375:. 21 February 2023. 12337:Pew Research Center 11990:on 4 February 2007. 11377:US State Department 11354:3 June 2021 at the 10636:on 21 November 2011 10153:Unknown (1590–95). 9738:. 27 January 2011. 9619:Pew Research Center 9096:on 25 November 2015 8963:on 15 December 2012 8932:Pew Research Center 8872:on 24 December 2018 8824:16 May 2020 at the 8796:Pew Research Center 8738:"Muslim Population" 8509:. 27 January 2011. 8363:Pew Research Center 8346:. 19 December 2017. 7973:Salnameya Koçberiyê 7956:lmaríz legdíz kalíz 7600:Modernist discourse 7245:officially used in 7050:Islamic calligraphy 7043:Islamic calligraphy 7036:Islamic calligraphy 6961:Hunat Hatun Complex 6769:Islamic calligraphy 6524:Sultan Ahmed Mosque 6333:Islamic calligraphy 6126:Timurid Renaissance 6029:Greater Middle East 5944:circulatory systems 5936:Anatomy of the body 5898:intromission theory 5881:Lagâri Hasan Çelebi 5661:, a pioneer in the 5516:The Book of Healing 5313:) as a response to 5299:philosophical novel 5192:, a compilation of 4722:since August 2017. 4579:Pew Research Center 4507:in the Muslim world 4417:Pew Research Center 4048:whose branches are 3852:Southeastern Europe 3291:Pew Research Center 2193:, 1686, painted by 2149:, from 1859 to 1860 2125:, from 1830 to 1903 1948:Greater Middle East 1914:Ibrahim Muteferrika 1761:Indian subcontinent 1544:Indo-Gangetic Plain 1518:extended until the 1448:Arab–Byzantine wars 655:Profession of Faith 628:Day of Resurrection 548:religious switching 358:colonial domination 19068:Historical regions 18984:Quran and miracles 18898:Criticism of Islam 18612:Geometric patterns 18464:Gender segregation 18035:Non-denominational 17148:Hasht-e Subh Daily 16922:on 2 February 2017 16330:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan 16310:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan 16266:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan 16239:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan 15683:L. Sprague de Camp 15372:The New York Times 14891:. Hamilton Books. 14804:. Times of Israel. 14438:on 10 January 2012 13953:The World Factbook 13423:on 9 February 2011 12450:. 17 January 2022. 12177:on 1 December 2010 11801:on 9 October 2006. 11783:on 9 October 2006. 11731:on 26 October 2011 11360:The World Factbook 10409:. pp. 40–65. 10330:. pp. 56–60. 10025:Evans, Charles T. 9573:on 11 January 2019 9543:on 9 February 2011 9274:. 7 October 2009. 9035:on 31 January 2016 8935:. 7 October 2009. 8906:. 4 October 2019. 8865:The World Factbook 8799:. 7 October 2009. 8677:"Region: Americas" 7701:Minangkabau people 7468:Iran Standard Time 7422:Gregorian calendar 7324:Syriac month-names 7320:Gregorian calendar 7287:al-taqwīm al-hijrī 7191:of sailors in the 7156:Kufic script from 6700:Aniconism in Islam 6242:East India Company 6045: 5581:Christiaan Huygens 5561:Molyneux's problem 5524:Islamic Golden Age 5493: 5425:Islamic philosophy 5159:Cassim in the Cave 5097:Islamic literature 5053: 4947:Islamic Golden Age 4839:Vali Muhammad Khan 4753:Islamic Golden Age 4701: 4441:Jewish communities 4381: 3940: 3875:Eyüp Sultan Mosque 3714: 3612:Muslim Brotherhood 3537:Muslim Brotherhood 3529:Sayyid Rashid Riḍā 3459: 2492:Iranian Revolution 2414:possibly contains 2291:Republic of Turkey 2245:of Morocco in 1909 2241:between Spain and 2091: 2044:Russo-Persian Wars 2042:Combat during the 1993:East India Company 1974:East India Company 1769:Muhammad Auranzgeb 1697:), democracy (see 1617:and Warsangali in 1572:largest contiguous 1496:Abbasid Revolution 1420:Rashidun Caliphate 1362: 1358:ancient world maps 520:Muslim communities 433:Sub-Saharan Africa 336:within Islam. The 330:schools of thought 311:Islamic Golden Age 272: 270:estimated for 2022 190:possibly contains 19078:Regions of Africa 19035: 19034: 19001: 19000: 18997: 18996: 18969:Domestic violence 18959:Islamic terrorism 18954:Islamic extremism 18785: 18784: 18781: 18780: 18553: 18552: 18549: 18548: 18339:Marriage contract 18169: 18168: 18129:Political aspects 17916:Story of Prophets 17685:Prophets of Islam 17476:978-1-62948-899-8 17457:978-1-60692-731-1 17436:978-90-04-09459-8 17347:978-90-04-07259-6 17320:978-0-312-19869-5 17229:978-2-88155-004-1 17190:www.aljazeera.com 16747:978-1-60606-083-4 16696:978-979-099-631-1 16640:978-1-4419-0216-0 16420:, "Architecture". 16298:978-81-8069-149-2 16163:: 500 BCE–1800 CE 16091:978-0-7546-5271-7 15630:Mason (1995) p. 7 15621:Mason (1995) p. 5 15612:Mason (1995) p. 1 15542:978-1-136-95960-8 15406:978-1-101-98349-2 14898:978-0-7618-4846-2 14626:978-0-19-829388-0 14599:978-0-226-07080-3 14474:978-0-7486-1888-0 14395:" of "Maymūn ibn 14276:Esposito, John L. 13916:. 9 August 2012. 13880:. February 2005. 13655:. ReligionFacts. 13639:CIA Word Factbook 13333:on 9 October 2014 13088:978-0-520-26839-5 13049:978-0-19-068946-9 12899:978-0-19-068946-9 12094:978-1-4408-3933-7 12032:. 1 December 2020 10699:978-0-521-52245-8 10669:978-0-8305-0076-5 10656:Kazemzadeh, Firuz 10521:978-0-8018-9055-0 10488:978-0-375-41486-2 10477:. New York City: 10337:978-0-8160-6259-1 10326:. New York City: 9935:978-0-415-17587-6 9567:www.aljazeera.com 9563:"Islam in Russia" 9510:, 21 April 2018, 9460:on 20 March 2017. 8277:978-0-521-51430-9 7970: 7953: 7948:لمريز لېږدیز کلیز 7936: 7928:گاه‌شماری خورشیدی 7788:Glossary of Islam 7405: 7298:consisting of 12 7284: 6939:The 15th century 6885:) are decorative 6691: 6690: 6611:Jammu and Kashmir 6331:of surfaces with 6067:potassium nitrate 5894: 5893: 5569:Gottfried Leibniz 5531:modern philosophy 5376:, written by the 5232:Sinbad the Sailor 5140:Princess Parizade 4938:Persian miniature 4808:and the ruler of 4784:Jami' al-tawarikh 4743:Classical culture 4703:According to the 4693:Rohingya refugees 4603:gender inequality 4415:and other areas. 4040:movement and the 4028:was divided into 4016:later split into 3892:Shi'a Muslims in 3790:Ali ibn Abi Talib 3657:identity politics 3549:Ruhollah Khomeini 3545:Abul A'la Maududi 3289:According to the 2504:Ruhollah Khomeini 2459: 2458: 2451: 2416:original research 2375:'s definition of 2299:secular democracy 2173:from 1911 to 1912 2163:Italo-Turkish War 2005:Battle of Plassey 1940:Kingdom of Mysore 1777:Islamic economics 1731:Gunpowder empires 1725:Gunpowder empires 1699:Islamic democracy 1695:socialism in Iran 1663:Toucouleur Empire 1536:Qutb ud-Din Aibak 1480:succession crisis 1452:Umayyad Caliphate 1432:Iberian Peninsula 1401:Arabian Peninsula 1324: 1323: 1316: 1215: 1214: 338:Islamic conquests 253: 252: 245: 235: 234: 227: 192:original research 173: 172: 165: 147: 70: 16:(Redirected from 19100: 19053:Cultural regions 19025: 19024: 19017:Islam portal 19015: 19014: 19013: 18805: 18804: 18797: 18791: 18790: 18632:Medieval science 18575: 18574: 18565: 18559: 18558: 18216:Economic history 18199: 18198: 18175: 18174: 18161:Islam by country 17994:Bektashi Alevism 17642: 17641: 17633:Outline of Islam 17615: 17608: 17601: 17592: 17591: 17538: 17511: 17480: 17461: 17440: 17427:Brill Publishers 17417: 17388: 17359: 17332: 17298: 17271: 17241: 17206: 17205: 17203: 17201: 17181: 17164: 17163: 17161: 17159: 17140: 17134: 17133: 17117: 17111: 17110: 17102: 17096: 17095: 17093: 17091: 17080: 17074: 17073: 17071: 17069: 17058: 17052: 17051: 17049: 17047: 17036: 17030: 17029: 17027: 17025: 17014: 17008: 17007: 17005: 17003: 16992:""Calendars" in 16988: 16982: 16981: 16979: 16977: 16963: 16957: 16956: 16954: 16952: 16938: 16932: 16930: 16929: 16927: 16918:, archived from 16906: 16900: 16899: 16876: 16870: 16869: 16867: 16865: 16843: 16837: 16836: 16834: 16832: 16800: 16794: 16779: 16773: 16770:The Art Bulletin 16766: 16760: 16759: 16731: 16725: 16724: 16722: 16720: 16704: 16698: 16684: 16678: 16677: 16659: 16653: 16652: 16626: 16620: 16617: 16611: 16608: 16602: 16599: 16590: 16589: 16587: 16585: 16570: 16564: 16563: 16551: 16545: 16543: 16531: 16525: 16524: 16502: 16496: 16495: 16473: 16467: 16466: 16454: 16448: 16446: 16434: 16428: 16427: 16415: 16406: 16405: 16387: 16381: 16374: 16368: 16365: 16359: 16349: 16343: 16327: 16321: 16307: 16301: 16290: 16284: 16263: 16257: 16236: 16230: 16227: 16221: 16211: 16202: 16199: 16193: 16180: 16174: 16156: 16150: 16149: 16147: 16145: 16129: 16123: 16110: 16104: 16103: 16077: 16071: 16068: 16062: 16059: 16053: 16052:, 22 March 2003. 16033: 16027: 16024: 16018: 16011: 16005: 15994:Brill Publishers 15986: 15980: 15977: 15971: 15970: 15945: 15939: 15922: 15913: 15891: 15882: 15864: 15858: 15833: 15827: 15826: 15806: 15800: 15794: 15788: 15774: 15768: 15746: 15740: 15715: 15709: 15706: 15700: 15680: 15674: 15671: 15665: 15664: 15656: 15650: 15637: 15631: 15628: 15622: 15619: 15613: 15610: 15604: 15594: 15588: 15587: 15585: 15583: 15560: 15554: 15553: 15551: 15549: 15527: 15521: 15511: 15505: 15495: 15489: 15488: 15457: 15451: 15429: 15423: 15422: 15420: 15418: 15390: 15384: 15383: 15381: 15379: 15368: 15361:Melikian, Souren 15357: 15351: 15350: 15348: 15346: 15327: 15321: 15320: 15318: 15316: 15307:. 17 July 2013. 15297: 15291: 15290: 15275: 15269: 15268: 15266: 15264: 15258: 15251: 15243: 15228: 15227: 15225: 15223: 15208: 15202: 15201: 15199: 15197: 15182: 15176: 15175: 15173: 15171: 15156: 15150: 15149: 15147: 15145: 15130: 15124: 15123: 15121: 15119: 15104: 15098: 15097: 15095: 15093: 15078: 15072: 15071: 15069: 15067: 15061: 15054: 15046: 15040: 15039: 15037: 15035: 15015: 15009: 15008: 14987: 14981: 14980: 14962: 14956: 14955: 14953: 14951: 14937: 14931: 14930: 14909: 14903: 14902: 14882: 14876: 14875: 14854: 14848: 14847: 14840: 14834: 14833: 14826: 14820: 14819: 14812: 14806: 14805: 14797: 14791: 14790: 14754: 14748: 14747: 14726: 14720: 14719: 14717: 14710: 14702: 14696: 14695: 14674: 14668: 14667: 14649: 14643: 14642: 14640: 14638: 14610: 14604: 14603: 14583: 14577: 14562: 14556: 14555: 14537: 14531: 14530: 14512: 14506: 14485: 14479: 14478: 14454: 14448: 14447: 14445: 14443: 14434:. Archived from 14428: 14422: 14389: 14383: 14382: 14361: 14355: 14354: 14333: 14327: 14312: 14306: 14305: 14271: 14265: 14264: 14262: 14260: 14232: 14226: 14225: 14223: 14221: 14202: 14189: 14188: 14186: 14184: 14169: 14163: 14162: 14160: 14158: 14136: 14130: 14129: 14127: 14125: 14110: 14104: 14103: 14101: 14099: 14090:. 16 June 2015. 14084: 14078: 14077: 14070: 14068: 14047: 14041: 14040: 14035: 14033: 14024:. Archived from 14008: 14002: 14001: 13999: 13997: 13975: 13969: 13968: 13966: 13964: 13939: 13933: 13932: 13927: 13925: 13906: 13900: 13899: 13894: 13892: 13886: 13868: 13860: 13854: 13841: 13835: 13834: 13829:. Archived from 13819: 13813: 13812: 13810: 13808: 13793: 13787: 13786: 13760: 13754: 13753: 13751: 13749: 13743: 13736: 13728: 13722: 13721: 13719: 13717: 13702: 13696: 13695: 13693: 13691: 13675: 13669: 13668: 13666: 13664: 13649: 13643: 13642: 13631: 13625: 13624: 13602: 13596: 13595: 13574: 13568: 13567: 13565: 13563: 13557: 13551:. Pewforum.org. 13550: 13541: 13530: 13529: 13527: 13525: 13502: 13496: 13495: 13493: 13491: 13472: 13466: 13465: 13464: 13462: 13439: 13433: 13432: 13430: 13428: 13409: 13403: 13402: 13400: 13398: 13389:. CIA Factbook. 13383: 13377: 13376: 13374: 13372: 13349: 13343: 13342: 13340: 13338: 13322: 13316: 13315: 13309: 13307: 13283: 13275: 13269: 13268: 13262: 13260: 13240: 13234: 13233: 13232:on 7 March 2013. 13231: 13220: 13212: 13206: 13205: 13204:on 4 March 2016. 13200:. Archived from 13189: 13183: 13176: 13170: 13169: 13167: 13165: 13145: 13139: 13138: 13136: 13134: 13118: 13112: 13102: 13093: 13092: 13074: 13068: 13067: 13061: 13053: 13027: 13021: 13020: 13014: 13006: 12988: 12982: 12981: 12975: 12967: 12949: 12943: 12942: 12924: 12918: 12917: 12911: 12903: 12877: 12871: 12870: 12868: 12844: 12838: 12831: 12825: 12824: 12822: 12798: 12792: 12791: 12789: 12787: 12767: 12756: 12755: 12753: 12751: 12703: 12697: 12696: 12686: 12662: 12656: 12649: 12643: 12642: 12640: 12638: 12622: 12616: 12615: 12609: 12601: 12573: 12567: 12564: 12558: 12555: 12549: 12548: 12546: 12522: 12513: 12512: 12510: 12508: 12497:Oxford Reference 12489: 12483: 12482: 12471: 12465: 12464:, 7 January 2008 12458: 12452: 12451: 12444: 12438: 12437: 12430: 12424: 12423: 12416: 12410: 12409: 12402: 12396: 12395: 12383: 12377: 12376: 12369: 12363: 12362: 12355: 12349: 12348: 12346: 12333: 12325: 12319: 12318: 12316: 12314: 12295: 12289: 12288: 12286: 12284: 12269: 12263: 12262: 12251: 12245: 12244: 12242: 12240: 12234: 12227: 12219: 12213: 12212: 12210: 12208: 12193: 12187: 12186: 12184: 12182: 12173:. Archived from 12167: 12161: 12160: 12158: 12156: 12150: 12143: 12135: 12129: 12128: 12126: 12124: 12105: 12099: 12098: 12078: 12072: 12071: 12069: 12067: 12048: 12042: 12041: 12039: 12037: 12022: 12016: 12015: 12013: 12007:. Archived from 12006: 11998: 11992: 11991: 11986:. Archived from 11980: 11974: 11961: 11955: 11954: 11952: 11950: 11941:. Archived from 11931: 11925: 11924: 11917: 11911: 11910: 11908: 11906: 11892: 11886: 11885: 11883: 11881: 11866: 11860: 11848: 11842: 11841: 11834: 11828: 11827: 11825: 11823: 11809: 11803: 11802: 11797:. Archived from 11791: 11785: 11784: 11779:. Archived from 11773: 11767: 11766: 11764: 11762: 11747: 11741: 11740: 11738: 11736: 11730: 11724:. Archived from 11723: 11715: 11709: 11708: 11706: 11704: 11689: 11683: 11682: 11680: 11678: 11672: 11665: 11657: 11651: 11650: 11648: 11646: 11640: 11633: 11625: 11619: 11618: 11611: 11605: 11604: 11602: 11600: 11585: 11579: 11578: 11576: 11574: 11568: 11561: 11553: 11547: 11546: 11544: 11542: 11527: 11521: 11520: 11518: 11516: 11510: 11503: 11495: 11489: 11488: 11486: 11484: 11478: 11472:. Archived from 11471: 11463: 11457: 11456: 11454: 11452: 11446: 11439: 11431: 11425: 11424: 11422: 11420: 11414: 11407: 11399: 11393: 11392: 11390: 11388: 11369: 11363: 11346: 11340: 11339: 11337: 11331:. Archived from 11330: 11322: 11316: 11315: 11313: 11311: 11305: 11298: 11290: 11284: 11283: 11281: 11279: 11268: 11262: 11261: 11259: 11257: 11251: 11244: 11236: 11230: 11229: 11218: 11212: 11211: 11209: 11207: 11192: 11186: 11185: 11183: 11181: 11175: 11168: 11160: 11154: 11153: 11151: 11149: 11143: 11136: 11128: 11122: 11121: 11119: 11117: 11102: 11096: 11095: 11093: 11091: 11076: 11070: 11069: 11067: 11065: 11059: 11052: 11044: 11038: 11037: 11035: 11033: 11027: 11020: 11012: 11006: 11005: 11003: 11001: 10986: 10980: 10979: 10977: 10975: 10969: 10962: 10954: 10948: 10947: 10945: 10943: 10928: 10922: 10921: 10919: 10917: 10898: 10823: 10822: 10820: 10818: 10803: 10797: 10796: 10794: 10792: 10773: 10767: 10761: 10755: 10754: 10752: 10750: 10722: 10716: 10715: 10713: 10711: 10680: 10674: 10673: 10652: 10646: 10645: 10643: 10641: 10626: 10620: 10619: 10617: 10615: 10587: 10578: 10577: 10556: 10554: 10552: 10532: 10526: 10525: 10499: 10493: 10492: 10476: 10467:Wright, Lawrence 10463: 10457: 10456: 10454: 10452: 10390: 10381: 10380: 10368: 10362: 10361: 10359: 10357: 10315: 10304: 10303: 10297: 10292: 10290: 10282: 10274: 10268: 10267: 10249: 10243: 10242: 10240: 10238: 10219: 10208: 10207: 10205: 10203: 10184: 10175: 10174: 10172: 10170: 10161:. Archived from 10150: 10144: 10120: 10114: 10113: 10095: 10089: 10079: 10073: 10072: 10070: 10068: 10049: 10043: 10042: 10040: 10038: 10022: 10016: 10015: 10005: 9999: 9987:Majumdar, R.C., 9985: 9979: 9976: 9970: 9967: 9961: 9958: 9952: 9951: 9949: 9947: 9912: 9901: 9900: 9895: 9893: 9877: 9871: 9870: 9865: 9863: 9843: 9834: 9833: 9831: 9829: 9801: 9790: 9789: 9787: 9785: 9765: 9759: 9753: 9744: 9743: 9732: 9726: 9725: 9712: 9710: 9699:"No God But God" 9694: 9688: 9687: 9685: 9683: 9667: 9661: 9660: 9658: 9656: 9647:. 2 April 2015. 9637: 9631: 9630: 9628: 9626: 9611: 9605: 9604: 9589: 9583: 9582: 9580: 9578: 9569:. Archived from 9559: 9553: 9552: 9550: 9548: 9529: 9523: 9522: 9521: 9519: 9498: 9492: 9491: 9489: 9487: 9468: 9462: 9461: 9456:. Archived from 9448:Yusuf, Imtiyaz. 9445: 9439: 9438: 9436: 9434: 9415: 9409: 9408: 9406: 9404: 9385: 9379: 9378: 9376: 9374: 9354: 9348: 9347: 9345: 9343: 9324: 9318: 9317: 9315: 9313: 9294: 9288: 9287: 9285: 9283: 9264: 9258: 9257: 9251: 9243: 9241: 9239: 9219: 9213: 9212: 9188: 9182: 9181: 9179: 9177: 9168:. 2 April 2015. 9158: 9152: 9151: 9129: 9119: 9113: 9112: 9103: 9101: 9092:. Archived from 9085: 9079: 9078: 9072: 9070: 9065:on 26 March 2017 9054: 9048: 9047: 9042: 9040: 9020: 9014: 9011: 9006: 9004: 8975: 8970: 8968: 8952: 8946: 8944: 8922: 8917: 8915: 8893: 8887: 8884: 8879: 8877: 8855: 8850: 8848: 8815: 8810: 8808: 8786: 8780: 8779: 8777: 8775: 8766:. Archived from 8760: 8754: 8753: 8751: 8749: 8734: 8728: 8727: 8725: 8723: 8703: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8692: 8673: 8667: 8666: 8664: 8662: 8647:"Region: Europe" 8643: 8637: 8636: 8620: 8614: 8613: 8611: 8609: 8590: 8584: 8583: 8581: 8579: 8560: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8529: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8499: 8493: 8492: 8490: 8488: 8483:on 20 March 2017 8479:. Archived from 8469: 8463: 8462: 8460: 8449: 8441: 8435: 8434: 8432: 8430: 8411: 8405: 8404: 8402: 8400: 8385: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8354: 8348: 8347: 8340: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8329: 8314: 8308: 8307: 8305: 8303: 8288: 8282: 8281: 8263: 8257: 8256: 8236: 8230: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8206: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8195: 8167: 8152: 8151: 8149: 8147: 8127: 8121: 8120: 8087: 8076: 8075: 8045: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8034: 8014: 7998: 7983: 7977: 7975: 7969:romanized: 7968: 7966: 7958: 7952:romanized: 7951: 7949: 7941: 7931: 7929: 7921: 7915: 7912: 7906: 7879: 7818:Islam by country 7808:Outline of Islam 7798:History of Islam 7772: 7767: 7766: 7758: 7753: 7752: 7744: 7739: 7738: 7737: 7716: 7697: 7682: 7666:Muslim girls at 7663: 7643: 7627: 7608:Islamic feminism 7518:Islamic calendar 7456:Iranian calendar 7417: 7416: 7411: 7410: 7409:سَنَة هِجْرِيَّة 7400: 7363:Islamic New Year 7312:great pilgrimage 7304:Islamic holidays 7292:Islamic calendar 7289: 7279: 7277: 7264:Islamic calendar 7220: 7204: 7184: 7169: 7153: 7097: 7096: 7020: 7004: 6989: 6880: 6844: 6832: 6820: 6805:Dome of the Rock 6674: 6646: 6622: 6607:Hazratbal Shrine 6602: 6577: 6558: 6539: 6520: 6495: 6472: 6450: 6436:Dome of the Rock 6432: 6413: 6412: 6405:), and military 6377:(public baths), 6355:multifoil arches 6341:geometric motifs 6298:history of Islam 6288:associated with 6134:Bengal Sultanate 6080:. Crops such as 6069:were developed. 5981:Jābir ibn Hayyān 5932:Tashrih al-badan 5877: 5861: 5839: 5819: 5789: 5767: 5746:Mansur ibn Ilyas 5741: 5732:. (13th century) 5720: 5701: 5700: 5629:and a critic of 5540:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan 5304:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan 5256:Layla and Majnun 5174: 5163:Maxfield Parrish 5155: 5135: 5113: 4975:Siege of Baghdad 4971:Mongol invasions 4934:Layla and Majnun 4930: 4908: 4892: 4871: 4849: 4824: 4794: 4776:Mahmud of Ghazni 4771: 4749:History of Islam 4666: 4650: 4634: 4614: 4528: 4516: 4500: 4311: 4299: 4287: 4275: 4260:in Pakistan are 4253: 4235: 4216: 4194: 4171: 4156:Quranist Muslims 4087:, Adjarites and 4034:Taiyabi Ismailis 4022:Musta’li Ismaili 3908: 3889: 3870: 3718:Islam by country 3653:Graham E. Fuller 3586:Muslim community 3553:Hassan Al-Turabi 3535:(founder of the 3426: 3422: 3420: 3419: 3410: 3406: 3404: 3403: 3394: 3390: 3388: 3387: 3378: 3374: 3372: 3371: 3362: 3358: 3356: 3355: 3346: 3342: 3340: 3339: 3330: 3326: 3324: 3323: 3314: 3310: 3308: 3307: 3276: 3274: 3273: 3254: 3252: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3238: 3228: 3226: 3225: 3215: 3213: 3212: 3202: 3200: 3199: 3189: 3187: 3186: 3176: 3174: 3173: 3163: 3161: 3160: 3150: 3148: 3147: 3137: 3135: 3134: 3124: 3122: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3108: 3098: 3096: 3095: 3085: 3083: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3069: 3059: 3057: 3056: 3046: 3044: 3043: 3033: 3031: 3030: 3020: 3018: 3017: 3007: 3005: 3004: 2994: 2992: 2991: 2981: 2979: 2978: 2952: 2950: 2949: 2939: 2937: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2910: 2900: 2898: 2897: 2887: 2885: 2884: 2874: 2872: 2871: 2861: 2859: 2858: 2848: 2846: 2845: 2835: 2833: 2832: 2822: 2820: 2819: 2809: 2807: 2806: 2796: 2794: 2793: 2783: 2781: 2780: 2770: 2768: 2767: 2757: 2755: 2754: 2744: 2742: 2741: 2731: 2729: 2728: 2718: 2716: 2715: 2682: 2680: 2679: 2669: 2667: 2666: 2656: 2654: 2653: 2643: 2641: 2640: 2630: 2628: 2627: 2617: 2615: 2614: 2604: 2602: 2601: 2591: 2589: 2588: 2558:school, and the 2496:Islamic republic 2463:Islam by country 2454: 2447: 2443: 2440: 2434: 2431:inline citations 2407: 2406: 2399: 2395:Islam by country 2268:Tripoli Campaign 2251:Postcolonial era 2234: 2220: 2205: 2182: 2158: 2134: 2118: 2055: 2039: 2026:and the Russian 2016: 2001:Nawabs of Bengal 1989: 1963: 1922: 1901:Great Divergence 1895:Great Divergence 1878: 1854: 1845:in October 1635. 1830: 1807: 1788: 1707:Islamic republic 1681:, as opposed to 1675:Arab nationalism 1655:Sokoto Caliphate 1508:Muhammad of Ghor 1494:and finally the 1440:Byzantine Empire 1397:Islamic calendar 1389:new constitution 1346:Tabula Rogeriana 1328:History of Islam 1319: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1299: 1276: 1268: 1239:Tripoli Campaign 1207: 1200: 1193: 1179:Islam portal 1177: 1176: 1175: 585: 562: 561: 248: 241: 230: 223: 219: 216: 210: 207:inline citations 183: 182: 175: 168: 161: 157: 154: 148: 146: 105: 81: 73: 62: 40: 39: 32: 21: 19108: 19107: 19103: 19102: 19101: 19099: 19098: 19097: 19093:Abrahamic world 19083:Regions of Asia 19058:Islamic culture 19038: 19037: 19036: 19031: 19011: 19009: 18993: 18915:Cultural Muslim 18886: 18853: 18809:Other religions 18799: 18795: 18777: 18712: 18679: 18626: 18569: 18567:Islamic studies 18563: 18545: 18379: 18324: 18301: 18248: 18193: 18192: 18165: 18114:Moral teachings 18057: 18039: 18013:Nation of Islam 17974:Twelver Shi'ism 17921: 17887:Religious texts 17881: 17799:Early conquests 17782: 17764: 17716: 17636: 17625: 17619: 17545: 17527: 17500: 17477: 17458: 17437: 17406:10.2307/1523219 17348: 17321: 17287: 17260: 17230: 17214: 17209: 17199: 17197: 17182: 17167: 17157: 17155: 17142: 17141: 17137: 17118: 17114: 17103: 17099: 17089: 17087: 17082: 17081: 17077: 17067: 17065: 17060: 17059: 17055: 17045: 17043: 17038: 17037: 17033: 17023: 17021: 17016: 17015: 17011: 17001: 16999: 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15089: 15080: 15079: 15075: 15065: 15063: 15059: 15052: 15048: 15047: 15043: 15033: 15031: 15024:Scimago Journal 15016: 15012: 15002: 14988: 14984: 14977: 14963: 14959: 14949: 14947: 14939: 14938: 14934: 14924: 14910: 14906: 14899: 14883: 14879: 14869: 14855: 14851: 14842: 14841: 14837: 14828: 14827: 14823: 14814: 14813: 14809: 14798: 14794: 14755: 14751: 14741: 14727: 14723: 14715: 14708: 14704: 14703: 14699: 14689: 14675: 14671: 14664: 14650: 14646: 14636: 14634: 14627: 14611: 14607: 14600: 14584: 14580: 14563: 14559: 14552: 14538: 14534: 14527: 14513: 14509: 14495:Wayback Machine 14486: 14482: 14475: 14455: 14451: 14441: 14439: 14430: 14429: 14425: 14390: 14386: 14376: 14362: 14358: 14348: 14334: 14330: 14313: 14309: 14302: 14272: 14268: 14258: 14256: 14249: 14233: 14229: 14219: 14217: 14204: 14203: 14192: 14182: 14180: 14171: 14170: 14166: 14156: 14154: 14137: 14133: 14123: 14121: 14112: 14111: 14107: 14097: 14095: 14086: 14085: 14081: 14066: 14064: 14049: 14048: 14044: 14031: 14029: 14028:on 18 June 2013 14010: 14009: 14005: 13995: 13993: 13976: 13972: 13962: 13960: 13941: 13940: 13936: 13923: 13921: 13908: 13907: 13903: 13890: 13888: 13884: 13866: 13862: 13861: 13857: 13852:Wayback Machine 13842: 13838: 13821: 13820: 13816: 13806: 13804: 13795: 13794: 13790: 13775: 13761: 13757: 13747: 13745: 13741: 13734: 13730: 13729: 13725: 13715: 13713: 13704: 13703: 13699: 13689: 13687: 13676: 13672: 13662: 13660: 13651: 13650: 13646: 13633: 13632: 13628: 13617: 13603: 13599: 13589: 13575: 13571: 13561: 13559: 13555: 13548: 13542: 13533: 13523: 13521: 13504: 13503: 13499: 13489: 13487: 13474: 13473: 13469: 13460: 13458: 13441: 13440: 13436: 13426: 13424: 13411: 13410: 13406: 13396: 13394: 13385: 13384: 13380: 13370: 13368: 13351: 13350: 13346: 13336: 13334: 13323: 13319: 13305: 13303: 13296: 13276: 13272: 13258: 13256: 13241: 13237: 13229: 13218: 13214: 13213: 13209: 13190: 13186: 13177: 13173: 13163: 13161: 13146: 13142: 13132: 13130: 13119: 13115: 13103: 13096: 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E. 12650: 12646: 12636: 12634: 12623: 12619: 12603: 12602: 12574: 12570: 12565: 12561: 12556: 12552: 12523: 12516: 12506: 12504: 12491: 12490: 12486: 12473: 12472: 12468: 12459: 12455: 12446: 12445: 12441: 12432: 12431: 12427: 12422:. 5 March 2019. 12418: 12417: 12413: 12404: 12403: 12399: 12384: 12380: 12371: 12370: 12366: 12357: 12356: 12352: 12344: 12331: 12327: 12326: 12322: 12312: 12310: 12297: 12296: 12292: 12282: 12280: 12271: 12270: 12266: 12253: 12252: 12248: 12238: 12236: 12232: 12225: 12221: 12220: 12216: 12206: 12204: 12195: 12194: 12190: 12180: 12178: 12169: 12168: 12164: 12154: 12152: 12148: 12141: 12137: 12136: 12132: 12122: 12120: 12107: 12106: 12102: 12095: 12079: 12075: 12065: 12063: 12050: 12049: 12045: 12035: 12033: 12024: 12023: 12019: 12011: 12004: 12000: 11999: 11995: 11982: 11981: 11977: 11971:Wayback Machine 11962: 11958: 11948: 11946: 11933: 11932: 11928: 11919: 11918: 11914: 11904: 11902: 11900:pssat.ugm.ac.id 11894: 11893: 11889: 11879: 11877: 11868: 11867: 11863: 11858:Wayback Machine 11849: 11845: 11836: 11835: 11831: 11821: 11819: 11811: 11810: 11806: 11793: 11792: 11788: 11775: 11774: 11770: 11760: 11758: 11749: 11748: 11744: 11734: 11732: 11728: 11721: 11717: 11716: 11712: 11702: 11700: 11691: 11690: 11686: 11676: 11674: 11670: 11663: 11659: 11658: 11654: 11644: 11642: 11638: 11631: 11627: 11626: 11622: 11613: 11612: 11608: 11598: 11596: 11587: 11586: 11582: 11572: 11570: 11566: 11559: 11555: 11554: 11550: 11540: 11538: 11529: 11528: 11524: 11514: 11512: 11508: 11501: 11497: 11496: 11492: 11482: 11480: 11476: 11469: 11465: 11464: 11460: 11450: 11448: 11444: 11437: 11433: 11432: 11428: 11418: 11416: 11412: 11405: 11401: 11400: 11396: 11386: 11384: 11371: 11370: 11366: 11356:Wayback Machine 11347: 11343: 11335: 11328: 11324: 11323: 11319: 11309: 11307: 11303: 11296: 11292: 11291: 11287: 11277: 11275: 11270: 11269: 11265: 11255: 11253: 11249: 11242: 11238: 11237: 11233: 11220: 11219: 11215: 11205: 11203: 11194: 11193: 11189: 11179: 11177: 11173: 11166: 11162: 11161: 11157: 11147: 11145: 11141: 11134: 11130: 11129: 11125: 11115: 11113: 11104: 11103: 11099: 11089: 11087: 11078: 11077: 11073: 11063: 11061: 11057: 11050: 11046: 11045: 11041: 11031: 11029: 11025: 11018: 11014: 11013: 11009: 10999: 10997: 10988: 10987: 10983: 10973: 10971: 10967: 10960: 10956: 10955: 10951: 10941: 10939: 10930: 10929: 10925: 10915: 10913: 10900: 10899: 10826: 10816: 10814: 10807:"Amman Message" 10805: 10804: 10800: 10790: 10788: 10775: 10774: 10770: 10762: 10758: 10748: 10746: 10739: 10723: 10719: 10709: 10707: 10700: 10681: 10677: 10670: 10653: 10649: 10639: 10637: 10628: 10627: 10623: 10613: 10611: 10604: 10588: 10581: 10574: 10550: 10548: 10533: 10529: 10522: 10500: 10496: 10489: 10464: 10460: 10450: 10448: 10425: 10391: 10384: 10369: 10365: 10355: 10353: 10338: 10316: 10307: 10295: 10293: 10284: 10283: 10275: 10271: 10264: 10250: 10246: 10236: 10234: 10223:"Islamic world" 10221: 10220: 10211: 10201: 10199: 10188:Ferguson, Niall 10185: 10178: 10168: 10166: 10151: 10147: 10143:, pages 259–261 10133:OECD Publishing 10123:Maddison, Angus 10121: 10117: 10110: 10096: 10092: 10080: 10076: 10066: 10064: 10063:on 24 July 2011 10051: 10050: 10046: 10036: 10034: 10023: 10019: 10006: 10002: 9986: 9982: 9977: 9973: 9968: 9964: 9959: 9955: 9945: 9943: 9936: 9913: 9904: 9891: 9889: 9878: 9874: 9861: 9859: 9844: 9837: 9827: 9825: 9818: 9802: 9793: 9783: 9781: 9766: 9762: 9754: 9747: 9734: 9733: 9729: 9708: 9706: 9695: 9691: 9681: 9679: 9668: 9664: 9654: 9652: 9639: 9638: 9634: 9624: 9622: 9613: 9612: 9608: 9590: 9586: 9576: 9574: 9561: 9560: 9556: 9546: 9544: 9531: 9530: 9526: 9517: 9515: 9500: 9499: 9495: 9485: 9483: 9470: 9469: 9465: 9446: 9442: 9432: 9430: 9417: 9416: 9412: 9402: 9400: 9387: 9386: 9382: 9372: 9370: 9355: 9351: 9341: 9339: 9326: 9325: 9321: 9311: 9309: 9296: 9295: 9291: 9281: 9279: 9266: 9265: 9261: 9245: 9244: 9237: 9235: 9220: 9216: 9209: 9189: 9185: 9175: 9173: 9160: 9159: 9155: 9142: 9120: 9116: 9099: 9097: 9086: 9082: 9068: 9066: 9055: 9051: 9038: 9036: 9021: 9017: 9002: 9000: 8993: 8966: 8964: 8955: 8942: 8940: 8925: 8913: 8911: 8898: 8894: 8890: 8875: 8873: 8858: 8846: 8844: 8831: 8826:Wayback Machine 8806: 8804: 8789: 8787: 8783: 8773: 8771: 8762: 8761: 8757: 8747: 8745: 8736: 8735: 8731: 8721: 8719: 8704: 8700: 8690: 8688: 8675: 8674: 8670: 8660: 8658: 8645: 8644: 8640: 8621: 8617: 8607: 8605: 8592: 8591: 8587: 8577: 8575: 8562: 8561: 8557: 8547: 8545: 8530: 8526: 8516: 8514: 8501: 8500: 8496: 8486: 8484: 8471: 8470: 8466: 8458: 8447: 8443: 8442: 8438: 8428: 8426: 8413: 8412: 8408: 8398: 8396: 8387: 8386: 8382: 8372: 8370: 8355: 8351: 8342: 8341: 8337: 8327: 8325: 8316: 8315: 8311: 8301: 8299: 8290: 8289: 8285: 8278: 8264: 8260: 8253: 8237: 8233: 8223: 8221: 8208: 8207: 8203: 8193: 8191: 8184: 8168: 8155: 8145: 8143: 8128: 8124: 8110: 8088: 8079: 8068: 8046: 8042: 8032: 8030: 8019:"Islamic world" 8015: 8011: 8007: 8002: 8001: 7984: 7980: 7922: 7918: 7913: 7909: 7880: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7823:Islamic studies 7813:Spread of Islam 7768: 7761: 7754: 7747: 7740: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7723: 7717: 7708: 7698: 7689: 7683: 7674: 7668:Istiqlal Mosque 7664: 7655: 7644: 7635: 7628: 7578: 7568: 7563: 7562: 7454:and is the one 7439: 7431: 7426: 7425: 7267: 7259: 7235: 7228: 7221: 7212: 7205: 7196: 7185: 7176: 7170: 7161: 7154: 7145: 7144: 7062:Arabic alphabet 7046: 7038: 7031: 7021: 7012: 7005: 6996: 6990: 6981: 6980: 6967:; metal, as at 6945:Penrose tilings 6863: 6855: 6848: 6845: 6836: 6833: 6824: 6821: 6790:Distinguishing 6744: 6738: 6702: 6696: 6685: 6675: 6666: 6661:is inspired by 6647: 6638: 6623: 6614: 6603: 6588: 6578: 6569: 6559: 6550: 6540: 6531: 6521: 6506: 6496: 6487: 6473: 6464: 6451: 6442: 6433: 6411: 6410: 6381:hospices (e.g. 6274: 6266: 6250: 6055: 6047:Main articles: 6017: 5965:Kitab al-Tasrif 5958:(also known as 5884: 5878: 5869: 5862: 5847: 5840: 5831: 5820: 5805: 5790: 5781: 5779: 5776:Kitab al-Tasrif 5768: 5753: 5742: 5733: 5721: 5699: 5677: 5671: 5655:inductive logic 5497:Islamic culture 5471: 5461: 5455: 5438:Robinson Crusoe 5293:(Abubacer) and 5279:Persian history 5224:Western culture 5216:Antoine Galland 5212:Indian elements 5182: 5175: 5166: 5156: 5147: 5136: 5127: 5117:Hadiqatus-suada 5114: 5105: 5099: 5093: 5051:, 12th century. 5027: 5021: 5015:civilizations. 4963:House of Wisdom 4959:Harun al-Rashid 4941: 4931: 4922: 4918:, studying the 4909: 4900: 4893: 4884: 4872: 4863: 4850: 4841: 4825: 4816: 4795: 4786: 4772: 4763: 4761:Spread of Islam 4747:Main articles: 4745: 4728: 4716:Syrian refugees 4685: 4678: 4667: 4658: 4653:Schoolgirls in 4651: 4642: 4635: 4626: 4619:Paktia Province 4615: 4539: 4532: 4529: 4520: 4517: 4508: 4501: 4389:Christian world 4322: 4320:Other religions 4315: 4312: 4303: 4300: 4291: 4288: 4279: 4276: 4265: 4254: 4245: 4236: 4227: 4217: 4208: 4195: 4186: 4172: 4124:Nizārī Ismā'īlī 3929: 3923: 3916: 3909: 3900: 3890: 3881: 3871: 3784:which selected 3770: 3765: 3753:North Macedonia 3720: 3703: 3690: 3684: 3679: 3678: 3596:Islamic revival 3533:Hassan al-Banna 3515:Islamic states. 3484: 3476: 3444: 3438:Islamic revival 3434: 3417: 3415: 3401: 3399: 3385: 3383: 3369: 3367: 3353: 3351: 3337: 3335: 3321: 3319: 3305: 3303: 3295:Muslim-majority 3287: 3282: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3249: 3247: 3236: 3234: 3223: 3221: 3210: 3208: 3197: 3195: 3184: 3182: 3171: 3169: 3158: 3156: 3145: 3143: 3132: 3130: 3119: 3117: 3106: 3104: 3093: 3091: 3080: 3078: 3067: 3065: 3054: 3052: 3041: 3039: 3028: 3026: 3015: 3013: 3002: 3000: 2989: 2987: 2976: 2974: 2963: 2958: 2947: 2945: 2934: 2932: 2921: 2919: 2908: 2906: 2895: 2893: 2882: 2880: 2869: 2867: 2856: 2854: 2843: 2841: 2830: 2828: 2817: 2815: 2804: 2802: 2791: 2789: 2778: 2776: 2765: 2763: 2752: 2750: 2739: 2737: 2726: 2724: 2713: 2711: 2697:Muslim-majority 2693: 2688: 2677: 2675: 2664: 2662: 2651: 2649: 2638: 2636: 2625: 2623: 2612: 2610: 2599: 2597: 2586: 2584: 2573: 2568: 2475: 2465: 2455: 2444: 2438: 2435: 2420: 2408: 2404: 2397: 2336:terrorist group 2259: 2253: 2246: 2235: 2226: 2221: 2212: 2206: 2197: 2191:Ottoman Hungary 2183: 2174: 2159: 2150: 2135: 2126: 2119: 2083: 2077:Colonial empire 2075:Main articles: 2073: 2066: 2056: 2047: 2040: 2031: 2017: 2008: 1990: 1981: 1978:Battle of Buxar 1964: 1924: 1911: 1903: 1897: 1890: 1879: 1870: 1867:Siege of Rhodes 1855: 1846: 1831: 1822: 1808: 1799: 1789: 1767:'s sixth ruler 1733: 1727: 1540:Delhi Sultanate 1374:Islamic prophet 1338: 1332:Spread of Islam 1326:Main articles: 1320: 1309: 1303: 1300: 1289: 1277: 1266: 1220: 1211: 1173: 1171: 1164: 1163: 1108:Other religions 1103:Arabic language 1065: 1055: 1054: 983:Moral teachings 874: 860: 859: 850:Spread of Islam 795: 785: 784: 772:(jurisprudence) 754:Qisas al-Anbiya 703: 702: 682: 681: 650: 640: 639: 595: 542:. Islam is the 323:Islamic prophet 249: 238: 237: 236: 231: 220: 214: 211: 196: 184: 180: 169: 158: 152: 149: 106: 104: 94: 82: 41: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 19106: 19096: 19095: 19090: 19085: 19080: 19075: 19070: 19065: 19060: 19055: 19050: 19033: 19032: 19030: 19029: 19019: 19006: 19003: 19002: 18999: 18998: 18995: 18994: 18992: 18991: 18986: 18981: 18976: 18971: 18966: 18961: 18956: 18951: 18950: 18949: 18939: 18938: 18937: 18932: 18927: 18917: 18912: 18911: 18910: 18905: 18894: 18892: 18891:Related topics 18888: 18887: 18885: 18884: 18879: 18874: 18869: 18863: 18861: 18855: 18854: 18852: 18851: 18846: 18841: 18836: 18831: 18830: 18829: 18824: 18813: 18811: 18801: 18800: 18787: 18786: 18783: 18782: 18779: 18778: 18776: 18775: 18770: 18763: 18758: 18757: 18756: 18746: 18741: 18736: 18731: 18726: 18720: 18718: 18714: 18713: 18711: 18710: 18705: 18700: 18695: 18689: 18687: 18681: 18680: 18678: 18677: 18672: 18667: 18662: 18657: 18652: 18647: 18642: 18636: 18634: 18628: 18627: 18625: 18624: 18619: 18614: 18609: 18604: 18599: 18594: 18589: 18583: 18581: 18571: 18570: 18555: 18554: 18551: 18550: 18547: 18546: 18544: 18543: 18538: 18537: 18536: 18524: 18522:Sources of law 18519: 18514: 18513: 18512: 18502: 18495: 18490: 18483: 18478: 18471: 18466: 18461: 18456: 18451: 18446: 18441: 18436: 18429: 18422: 18421: 18420: 18415: 18410: 18400: 18395: 18387: 18385: 18381: 18380: 18378: 18377: 18370: 18363: 18356: 18349: 18342: 18335: 18327: 18325: 18323: 18322: 18317: 18312: 18306: 18303: 18302: 18300: 18299: 18292: 18287: 18280: 18273: 18266: 18258: 18256: 18250: 18249: 18247: 18246: 18239: 18232: 18225: 18218: 18213: 18207: 18205: 18195: 18194: 18191: 18190: 18185: 18179: 18171: 18170: 18167: 18166: 18164: 18163: 18158: 18153: 18148: 18146:Social welfare 18143: 18138: 18131: 18126: 18121: 18116: 18111: 18106: 18101: 18096: 18091: 18086: 18081: 18076: 18071: 18066: 18060: 18058: 18056: 18055: 18050: 18044: 18041: 18040: 18038: 18037: 18032: 18027: 18026: 18025: 18015: 18010: 18005: 18004: 18003: 17998: 17997: 17996: 17986: 17981: 17976: 17966: 17961: 17956: 17955: 17954: 17931: 17929: 17923: 17922: 17920: 17919: 17912: 17907: 17902: 17897: 17891: 17889: 17883: 17882: 17880: 17879: 17878: 17877: 17872: 17867: 17862: 17857: 17852: 17847: 17842: 17830: 17825: 17818: 17811: 17809:Historiography 17806: 17801: 17796: 17791: 17785: 17783: 17781: 17780: 17775: 17769: 17766: 17765: 17763: 17762: 17755: 17748: 17741: 17734: 17726: 17724: 17718: 17717: 17715: 17714: 17709: 17704: 17697: 17692: 17687: 17682: 17681: 17680: 17670: 17663: 17662: 17661: 17650: 17648: 17638: 17637: 17630: 17627: 17626: 17618: 17617: 17610: 17603: 17595: 17589: 17588: 17583: 17578: 17573: 17567: 17557: 17544: 17543:External links 17541: 17540: 17539: 17525: 17512: 17498: 17485: 17475: 17462: 17456: 17441: 17435: 17418: 17389: 17377:10.2307/429655 17371:(4): 423–430. 17360: 17346: 17333: 17319: 17299: 17285: 17272: 17259:978-0300088694 17258: 17242: 17228: 17213: 17210: 17208: 17207: 17165: 17135: 17112: 17097: 17075: 17053: 17031: 17009: 16983: 16958: 16933: 16911:Hijri Calendar 16901: 16871: 16838: 16815:(1): 125–131. 16795: 16774: 16761: 16746: 16726: 16699: 16679: 16672: 16654: 16639: 16621: 16612: 16603: 16591: 16565: 16546: 16526: 16515: 16497: 16486: 16468: 16449: 16429: 16407: 16400: 16382: 16369: 16360: 16358:(1), pp. 1–30. 16344: 16322: 16302: 16285: 16258: 16231: 16222: 16203: 16194: 16175: 16151: 16124: 16105: 16090: 16072: 16063: 16054: 16028: 16019: 16006: 15981: 15972: 15965: 15949:Saliba, George 15940: 15914: 15883: 15859: 15828: 15821: 15801: 15789: 15769: 15741: 15710: 15701: 15675: 15666: 15651: 15632: 15623: 15614: 15605: 15589: 15575: 15555: 15541: 15522: 15506: 15490: 15477:10.1086/353360 15471:(4): 531–555. 15461:King, David A. 15452: 15424: 15405: 15396:Magic In Islam 15385: 15352: 15322: 15292: 15289:on 3 May 2012. 15270: 15229: 15203: 15177: 15151: 15125: 15099: 15073: 15041: 15010: 15000: 14982: 14975: 14957: 14932: 14922: 14904: 14897: 14877: 14867: 14849: 14835: 14821: 14807: 14792: 14765:(3): 114–118. 14749: 14739: 14721: 14697: 14687: 14669: 14662: 14644: 14625: 14605: 14598: 14578: 14564:Hill, Donald. 14557: 14550: 14532: 14525: 14507: 14480: 14473: 14449: 14423: 14384: 14374: 14356: 14346: 14328: 14307: 14300: 14266: 14247: 14227: 14190: 14173:"Shiite Islam" 14164: 14131: 14105: 14079: 14042: 14003: 13970: 13959:on 28 May 2010 13934: 13901: 13855: 13836: 13814: 13788: 13773: 13755: 13723: 13697: 13670: 13644: 13641:. 22 May 2024. 13626: 13615: 13597: 13587: 13569: 13531: 13497: 13467: 13434: 13404: 13378: 13344: 13317: 13294: 13270: 13235: 13207: 13184: 13171: 13140: 13113: 13094: 13087: 13069: 13048: 13022: 13001: 12983: 12962: 12944: 12937: 12919: 12898: 12872: 12839: 12826: 12793: 12757: 12698: 12657: 12644: 12617: 12568: 12559: 12550: 12514: 12484: 12466: 12453: 12439: 12425: 12411: 12397: 12378: 12364: 12350: 12320: 12290: 12264: 12246: 12214: 12188: 12162: 12130: 12100: 12093: 12073: 12043: 12017: 11993: 11975: 11956: 11926: 11912: 11887: 11861: 11843: 11829: 11804: 11786: 11768: 11742: 11710: 11684: 11652: 11620: 11617:. 2 June 2022. 11606: 11580: 11548: 11522: 11490: 11479:on 19 May 2017 11458: 11426: 11394: 11364: 11341: 11317: 11285: 11263: 11231: 11213: 11187: 11155: 11123: 11097: 11071: 11039: 11007: 10981: 10949: 10923: 10824: 10798: 10768: 10756: 10737: 10717: 10698: 10675: 10668: 10647: 10621: 10602: 10579: 10573:978-0415664523 10572: 10566:. p. 83. 10527: 10520: 10514:. p. 48. 10494: 10487: 10481:. p. 79. 10458: 10423: 10382: 10379:. p. 172. 10363: 10336: 10305: 10296:|journal= 10269: 10262: 10244: 10209: 10176: 10165:on 19 May 2014 10145: 10115: 10108: 10090: 10074: 10044: 10017: 10000: 9980: 9971: 9962: 9953: 9934: 9902: 9872: 9835: 9816: 9791: 9774:Foreign Policy 9760: 9745: 9727: 9689: 9662: 9632: 9621:. 6 April 2017 9606: 9584: 9554: 9524: 9493: 9463: 9440: 9410: 9380: 9349: 9319: 9289: 9259: 9214: 9207: 9183: 9153: 9140: 9114: 9080: 9049: 9015: 9013: 9012: 8991: 8976: 8953: 8923: 8888: 8886: 8885: 8856: 8829: 8781: 8770:on 4 June 2011 8755: 8729: 8698: 8668: 8638: 8615: 8585: 8555: 8524: 8494: 8464: 8436: 8406: 8380: 8349: 8335: 8309: 8283: 8276: 8258: 8251: 8231: 8201: 8182: 8153: 8136:Foreign Policy 8122: 8108: 8077: 8066: 8040: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8000: 7999: 7989:(30 July 2022 7978: 7916: 7907: 7873: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7861: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7774: 7773: 7759: 7756:Society portal 7745: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7724: 7718: 7711: 7709: 7699: 7692: 7690: 7684: 7677: 7675: 7665: 7658: 7656: 7645: 7638: 7636: 7629: 7622: 7572:Women in Islam 7567: 7564: 7510:vernal equinox 7452:solar calendar 7440: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7412:, abbreviated 7316:civil calendar 7308:annual fasting 7296:lunar calendar 7268: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7243:solar calendar 7239:lunar calendar 7234: 7231: 7230: 7229: 7222: 7215: 7213: 7206: 7199: 7197: 7193:Ottoman Empire 7186: 7179: 7177: 7171: 7164: 7162: 7155: 7148: 7068:. It includes 7047: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7032: 7022: 7015: 7013: 7006: 6999: 6997: 6991: 6984: 6949:Fatehpur Sikri 6941:Topkapı Scroll 6864: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6849: 6846: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6815: 6764:Ottoman Empire 6762:and under the 6740:Main article: 6737: 6734: 6698:Main article: 6695: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6687: 6686: 6676: 6669: 6667: 6649:The design of 6648: 6641: 6639: 6624: 6617: 6615: 6604: 6597: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6579: 6572: 6570: 6564:in Spain is a 6560: 6553: 6551: 6541: 6534: 6532: 6522: 6515: 6510: 6509: 6508: 6507: 6497: 6490: 6488: 6474: 6467: 6465: 6452: 6445: 6443: 6434: 6427: 6422: 6421: 6407:fortifications 6280:comprises the 6275: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6249: 6246: 6206:water turbines 6035:. (scene from 6025:Spinning wheel 6016: 6013: 5993:Ibn al-Haytham 5902:Jim Al-Khalili 5892: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5885: 5879: 5872: 5870: 5863: 5856: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5848: 5844:Elephant Clock 5841: 5834: 5832: 5821: 5814: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5806: 5791: 5784: 5782: 5769: 5762: 5757: 5756: 5755: 5754: 5743: 5736: 5734: 5722: 5715: 5710: 5709: 5673:Main article: 5670: 5667: 5619:Ibn al-Haytham 5612:existentialism 5597:Samuel Hartlib 5589:Robert Barclay 5457:Main article: 5454: 5451: 5352:feral children 5247:Persian poetry 5241:An example of 5220:cultural icons 5184: 5183: 5176: 5169: 5167: 5157: 5150: 5148: 5137: 5130: 5128: 5115: 5108: 5103:Islamic poetry 5095:Main article: 5092: 5089: 5047:) set, glazed 5020: 5017: 4943: 4942: 4932: 4925: 4923: 4914:Empire ruler, 4910: 4903: 4901: 4894: 4887: 4885: 4873: 4866: 4864: 4858:Mughal Emperor 4851: 4844: 4842: 4832:Safavid Empire 4826: 4819: 4817: 4814:Farrukh Yassar 4796: 4789: 4787: 4773: 4766: 4744: 4741: 4727: 4724: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4668: 4661: 4659: 4652: 4645: 4643: 4636: 4629: 4627: 4616: 4609: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4511: 4509: 4502: 4495: 4401:Constantinople 4321: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4313: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4255: 4248: 4246: 4237: 4230: 4228: 4222:living in the 4218: 4211: 4209: 4196: 4189: 4187: 4173: 4166: 4160:Ahmadi Muslims 4018:Nizari Ismaili 4008:(Sevener) and 3925:Main article: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3910: 3903: 3901: 3891: 3884: 3882: 3872: 3865: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3716:Main article: 3702: 3699: 3683: 3680: 3661:Following the 3640:" strategy of 3614:movement, and 3567:Westernization 3485: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3451:Benazir Bhutto 3433: 3430: 3429: 3428: 3412: 3396: 3380: 3364: 3348: 3332: 3316: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3280: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3258: 3245: 3232: 3219: 3206: 3193: 3180: 3167: 3154: 3141: 3128: 3115: 3102: 3089: 3076: 3063: 3050: 3037: 3024: 3011: 2998: 2985: 2971: 2967:Secular states 2962: 2961:Secular states 2959: 2957: 2956: 2943: 2930: 2917: 2904: 2891: 2878: 2865: 2852: 2839: 2826: 2813: 2800: 2787: 2774: 2761: 2748: 2735: 2722: 2708: 2704:state religion 2692: 2691:State religion 2689: 2687: 2686: 2673: 2660: 2647: 2634: 2621: 2608: 2595: 2581: 2577:Islamic states 2572: 2571:Islamic states 2569: 2567: 2564: 2461:Main article: 2457: 2456: 2411: 2409: 2402: 2396: 2393: 2313:Turkey, which 2307:secular values 2257:Decolonization 2252: 2249: 2248: 2247: 2236: 2229: 2227: 2222: 2215: 2213: 2207: 2200: 2198: 2184: 2177: 2175: 2171:Ottoman Empire 2160: 2153: 2151: 2136: 2129: 2127: 2120: 2113: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2057: 2050: 2048: 2041: 2034: 2032: 2018: 2011: 2009: 1991: 1984: 1982: 1967:Mughal Emperor 1965: 1958: 1944:Ottoman Empire 1904: 1899:Main article: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1883:Aceh Sultanate 1880: 1873: 1871: 1856: 1849: 1847: 1832: 1825: 1823: 1812:Mughal Emperor 1809: 1802: 1800: 1792:Safavid Empire 1790: 1783: 1729:Main article: 1726: 1723: 1691:Arab socialism 1651:Massina Empire 1591:Central Africa 1575:Songhai Empire 1456:Constantinople 1379:, a native of 1322: 1321: 1280: 1278: 1271: 1265: 1262: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1210: 1209: 1202: 1195: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1137: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1125: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1066: 1063:Related topics 1061: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1047: 1045:Social welfare 1042: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 939: 938: 933: 923: 922: 921: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 875: 866: 865: 862: 861: 858: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 831: 830: 823: 816: 808: 807: 802: 796: 791: 790: 787: 786: 783: 782: 774: 765: 764: 758: 750: 742: 733: 732: 712: 704: 701: 700: 695: 689: 688: 687: 684: 683: 680: 679: 674: 669: 663: 662: 657: 651: 646: 645: 642: 641: 638: 637: 635:Predestination 631: 630: 625: 619: 618: 616:Revealed Books 613: 607: 606: 596: 591: 590: 587: 586: 578: 577: 571: 570: 554:and those who 490:(primarily in 470:(primarily in 425:Southeast Asia 262:as population 251: 250: 233: 232: 187: 185: 178: 171: 170: 112:"Muslim world" 85: 83: 76: 71: 45: 44: 42: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19105: 19094: 19091: 19089: 19086: 19084: 19081: 19079: 19076: 19074: 19071: 19069: 19066: 19064: 19061: 19059: 19056: 19054: 19051: 19049: 19046: 19045: 19043: 19028: 19020: 19018: 19008: 19007: 19004: 18990: 18987: 18985: 18982: 18980: 18977: 18975: 18972: 18970: 18967: 18965: 18962: 18960: 18957: 18955: 18952: 18948: 18945: 18944: 18943: 18940: 18936: 18933: 18931: 18930:Post-Islamism 18928: 18926: 18923: 18922: 18921: 18918: 18916: 18913: 18909: 18906: 18904: 18901: 18900: 18899: 18896: 18895: 18893: 18889: 18883: 18880: 18878: 18875: 18873: 18870: 18868: 18865: 18864: 18862: 18860: 18856: 18850: 18847: 18845: 18842: 18840: 18837: 18835: 18832: 18828: 18827:Protestantism 18825: 18823: 18820: 18819: 18818: 18815: 18814: 18812: 18810: 18806: 18802: 18792: 18788: 18774: 18771: 18769: 18768: 18764: 18762: 18759: 18755: 18752: 18751: 18750: 18747: 18745: 18742: 18740: 18737: 18735: 18732: 18730: 18727: 18725: 18722: 18721: 18719: 18715: 18709: 18706: 18704: 18701: 18699: 18696: 18694: 18691: 18690: 18688: 18686: 18682: 18676: 18673: 18671: 18670:Ophthalmology 18668: 18666: 18663: 18661: 18658: 18656: 18653: 18651: 18648: 18646: 18643: 18641: 18638: 18637: 18635: 18633: 18629: 18623: 18620: 18618: 18615: 18613: 18610: 18608: 18605: 18603: 18600: 18598: 18595: 18593: 18590: 18588: 18585: 18584: 18582: 18580: 18576: 18572: 18568: 18560: 18556: 18542: 18539: 18535: 18534: 18530: 18529: 18528: 18525: 18523: 18520: 18518: 18515: 18511: 18508: 18507: 18506: 18503: 18501: 18500: 18496: 18494: 18491: 18489: 18488: 18484: 18482: 18479: 18477: 18476: 18472: 18470: 18467: 18465: 18462: 18460: 18457: 18455: 18452: 18450: 18447: 18445: 18442: 18440: 18437: 18435: 18434: 18430: 18428: 18427: 18423: 18419: 18418:Death penalty 18416: 18414: 18411: 18409: 18406: 18405: 18404: 18401: 18399: 18396: 18394: 18393: 18389: 18388: 18386: 18384:Other aspects 18382: 18376: 18375: 18371: 18369: 18368: 18364: 18362: 18361: 18357: 18355: 18354: 18350: 18348: 18347: 18343: 18341: 18340: 18336: 18334: 18333: 18329: 18328: 18326: 18321: 18318: 18316: 18313: 18311: 18308: 18307: 18304: 18298: 18297: 18293: 18291: 18288: 18286: 18285: 18281: 18279: 18278: 18274: 18272: 18271: 18267: 18265: 18264: 18260: 18259: 18257: 18255: 18251: 18245: 18244: 18240: 18238: 18237: 18233: 18231: 18230: 18226: 18224: 18223: 18219: 18217: 18214: 18212: 18209: 18208: 18206: 18204: 18200: 18196: 18189: 18188:Jurisprudence 18186: 18184: 18181: 18180: 18176: 18172: 18162: 18159: 18157: 18154: 18152: 18149: 18147: 18144: 18142: 18139: 18137: 18136: 18132: 18130: 18127: 18125: 18122: 18120: 18117: 18115: 18112: 18110: 18107: 18105: 18102: 18100: 18097: 18095: 18092: 18090: 18087: 18085: 18082: 18080: 18077: 18075: 18072: 18070: 18067: 18065: 18062: 18061: 18059: 18054: 18051: 18049: 18046: 18045: 18042: 18036: 18033: 18031: 18028: 18024: 18021: 18020: 18019: 18016: 18014: 18011: 18009: 18006: 18002: 17999: 17995: 17992: 17991: 17990: 17987: 17985: 17982: 17980: 17977: 17975: 17972: 17971: 17970: 17967: 17965: 17962: 17960: 17957: 17953: 17949: 17945: 17941: 17938: 17937: 17936: 17933: 17932: 17930: 17928: 17927:Denominations 17924: 17918: 17917: 17913: 17911: 17908: 17906: 17903: 17901: 17898: 17896: 17893: 17892: 17890: 17888: 17884: 17876: 17873: 17871: 17868: 17866: 17863: 17861: 17858: 17856: 17853: 17851: 17848: 17846: 17843: 17841: 17840: 17836: 17835: 17834: 17831: 17829: 17826: 17824: 17823: 17819: 17817: 17816: 17812: 17810: 17807: 17805: 17802: 17800: 17797: 17795: 17792: 17790: 17787: 17786: 17784: 17779: 17776: 17774: 17771: 17770: 17767: 17761: 17760: 17756: 17754: 17753: 17749: 17747: 17746: 17742: 17740: 17739: 17735: 17733: 17732: 17728: 17727: 17725: 17723: 17719: 17713: 17712:Holiest sites 17710: 17708: 17707:Judgement Day 17705: 17703: 17702: 17698: 17696: 17693: 17691: 17688: 17686: 17683: 17679: 17676: 17675: 17674: 17671: 17669: 17668: 17664: 17660: 17657: 17656: 17655: 17652: 17651: 17649: 17647: 17643: 17639: 17635: 17634: 17628: 17623: 17616: 17611: 17609: 17604: 17602: 17597: 17596: 17593: 17587: 17584: 17582: 17579: 17577: 17574: 17571: 17568: 17565: 17561: 17558: 17556: 17555: 17550: 17547: 17546: 17536: 17532: 17528: 17526:9781108485524 17522: 17518: 17513: 17509: 17505: 17501: 17495: 17491: 17486: 17484: 17478: 17472: 17468: 17463: 17459: 17453: 17449: 17448: 17442: 17438: 17432: 17428: 17424: 17419: 17415: 17411: 17407: 17403: 17399: 17395: 17390: 17386: 17382: 17378: 17374: 17370: 17366: 17361: 17357: 17353: 17349: 17343: 17339: 17334: 17330: 17326: 17322: 17316: 17313:. Macmillan. 17312: 17308: 17304: 17300: 17296: 17292: 17288: 17286:9781590080436 17282: 17278: 17273: 17269: 17265: 17261: 17255: 17251: 17247: 17243: 17239: 17235: 17231: 17225: 17221: 17216: 17215: 17195: 17191: 17187: 17180: 17178: 17176: 17174: 17172: 17170: 17153: 17149: 17145: 17139: 17131: 17127: 17123: 17116: 17108: 17101: 17085: 17079: 17063: 17057: 17041: 17035: 17019: 17013: 16997: 16995: 16987: 16972: 16971:Al-Habib.info 16968: 16962: 16947: 16946:Al-Habib.info 16943: 16937: 16921: 16917: 16913: 16912: 16905: 16897: 16893: 16889: 16887: 16882: 16881:C.E. Bosworth 16875: 16859: 16855: 16854: 16849: 16842: 16826: 16822: 16818: 16814: 16810: 16806: 16799: 16792: 16788: 16784: 16778: 16771: 16765: 16757: 16753: 16749: 16743: 16739: 16738: 16730: 16714: 16710: 16703: 16697: 16693: 16689: 16683: 16675: 16673:0-300-06465-9 16669: 16665: 16658: 16650: 16646: 16642: 16636: 16632: 16625: 16616: 16607: 16598: 16596: 16579: 16575: 16569: 16561: 16555: 16550: 16541: 16535: 16530: 16523: 16518: 16516:9783848003808 16512: 16508: 16501: 16494: 16489: 16487:9780195309911 16483: 16479: 16472: 16464: 16458: 16453: 16444: 16439:, p. 295 16438: 16437:Petersen 1996 16433: 16425: 16419: 16414: 16412: 16403: 16401:9789004161658 16397: 16393: 16386: 16379: 16373: 16364: 16357: 16354: 16348: 16342: 16338: 16335: 16331: 16326: 16319: 16315: 16311: 16306: 16299: 16295: 16289: 16282: 16278: 16274: 16271: 16267: 16262: 16255: 16251: 16247: 16244: 16240: 16235: 16226: 16219: 16216: 16210: 16208: 16198: 16192: 16188: 16185: 16182:Peter J. Lu, 16179: 16172: 16171:0-691-12067-6 16168: 16164: 16162: 16155: 16139: 16135: 16128: 16122: 16118: 16115: 16109: 16101: 16097: 16093: 16087: 16083: 16076: 16067: 16058: 16051: 16050: 16045: 16041: 16038: 16032: 16023: 16016: 16010: 16003: 16002:90-04-09300-1 15999: 15995: 15992:, pp. 38–46, 15991: 15985: 15976: 15968: 15966:0-8147-8023-7 15962: 15958: 15954: 15950: 15944: 15937: 15933: 15929: 15926: 15921: 15919: 15911: 15910:0-19-820291-1 15907: 15903: 15899: 15895: 15890: 15888: 15880: 15879:0-7591-0190-6 15876: 15872: 15871: 15863: 15856: 15852: 15848: 15845: 15842: 15838: 15832: 15824: 15822:9781139828420 15818: 15814: 15813: 15805: 15798: 15793: 15786: 15782: 15779: 15773: 15766: 15762: 15758: 15754: 15751: 15745: 15738: 15734: 15730: 15727: 15724: 15720: 15714: 15705: 15699: 15698:0-87054-076-9 15695: 15691: 15689: 15684: 15679: 15670: 15662: 15655: 15648: 15644: 15641: 15636: 15627: 15618: 15609: 15603: 15602:0-8157-3283-X 15599: 15593: 15578: 15576:9780814780237 15572: 15569:. NYU Press. 15568: 15567: 15559: 15544: 15538: 15534: 15533: 15526: 15520: 15519:0-8157-3283-X 15516: 15510: 15504: 15503:81-7450-395-1 15500: 15494: 15486: 15482: 15478: 15474: 15470: 15466: 15462: 15456: 15449: 15448:0-8147-8023-7 15445: 15441: 15437: 15433: 15432:George Saliba 15428: 15412: 15408: 15402: 15398: 15397: 15389: 15374: 15373: 15367: 15362: 15356: 15340: 15336: 15332: 15326: 15310: 15306: 15302: 15296: 15288: 15284: 15280: 15274: 15255: 15248: 15242: 15240: 15238: 15236: 15234: 15217: 15213: 15207: 15191: 15187: 15181: 15165: 15161: 15155: 15139: 15135: 15129: 15113: 15109: 15103: 15087: 15083: 15077: 15058: 15051: 15045: 15029: 15025: 15021: 15014: 15007: 15003: 15001:9781000677782 14997: 14994:. Routledge. 14993: 14986: 14978: 14976:9780812202830 14972: 14968: 14961: 14946: 14942: 14936: 14929: 14925: 14923:9780429962004 14919: 14915: 14908: 14900: 14894: 14890: 14889: 14881: 14874: 14870: 14868:9781000677782 14864: 14861:. Routledge. 14860: 14853: 14845: 14839: 14831: 14825: 14817: 14811: 14803: 14796: 14788: 14784: 14780: 14776: 14772: 14768: 14764: 14760: 14753: 14746: 14742: 14740:9783857100406 14736: 14732: 14725: 14714: 14707: 14701: 14694: 14690: 14688:9781351510721 14684: 14680: 14673: 14665: 14663:9781351510721 14659: 14655: 14648: 14632: 14628: 14622: 14618: 14617: 14609: 14601: 14595: 14591: 14590: 14582: 14575: 14574:0-7486-0455-3 14571: 14567: 14561: 14553: 14551:9781444397291 14547: 14543: 14536: 14528: 14526:9781538124185 14522: 14518: 14511: 14504: 14500: 14497:, Zafer Mah. 14496: 14492: 14489: 14484: 14476: 14470: 14466: 14462: 14461: 14453: 14437: 14433: 14427: 14420: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14407: 14401: 14398: 14394: 14388: 14381: 14377: 14375:9780030525964 14371: 14367: 14360: 14353: 14349: 14347:9781135980795 14343: 14339: 14332: 14325: 14321: 14319: 14314:Öz, Mustafa, 14311: 14303: 14301:9780195305135 14297: 14293: 14289: 14285: 14281: 14277: 14270: 14254: 14250: 14248:9781118273913 14244: 14240: 14239: 14231: 14215: 14211: 14207: 14201: 14199: 14197: 14195: 14178: 14174: 14168: 14152: 14148: 14147: 14142: 14135: 14119: 14115: 14109: 14093: 14089: 14083: 14076: 14075: 14062: 14058: 14057: 14052: 14046: 14039: 14027: 14023: 14019: 14018: 14013: 14007: 13991: 13987: 13983: 13982: 13974: 13958: 13954: 13950: 13949: 13944: 13938: 13931: 13919: 13915: 13911: 13905: 13898: 13883: 13879: 13875: 13873: 13865: 13859: 13853: 13849: 13846: 13840: 13832: 13828: 13824: 13818: 13802: 13798: 13792: 13784: 13780: 13776: 13774:9780199891207 13770: 13766: 13759: 13740: 13733: 13727: 13711: 13707: 13701: 13685: 13681: 13674: 13658: 13654: 13648: 13640: 13636: 13630: 13623: 13618: 13616:9781440835575 13612: 13608: 13601: 13594: 13590: 13588:9780190869786 13584: 13580: 13573: 13554: 13547: 13540: 13538: 13536: 13519: 13515: 13511: 13507: 13501: 13485: 13481: 13477: 13471: 13456: 13452: 13448: 13444: 13438: 13422: 13418: 13414: 13408: 13392: 13388: 13382: 13366: 13362: 13358: 13354: 13348: 13332: 13328: 13321: 13314: 13301: 13297: 13295:9780195305135 13291: 13287: 13282: 13274: 13267: 13254: 13250: 13246: 13239: 13228: 13224: 13217: 13211: 13203: 13199: 13195: 13188: 13181: 13175: 13159: 13155: 13151: 13144: 13128: 13124: 13117: 13110: 13108: 13101: 13099: 13090: 13084: 13080: 13073: 13065: 13059: 13051: 13045: 13041: 13037: 13033: 13026: 13018: 13012: 13004: 13002:0-8014-3108-5 12998: 12994: 12987: 12979: 12973: 12965: 12963:0-8014-3108-5 12959: 12955: 12948: 12940: 12938:0-415-30173-4 12934: 12930: 12923: 12915: 12909: 12901: 12895: 12891: 12887: 12883: 12876: 12867: 12862: 12858: 12854: 12850: 12843: 12836: 12830: 12821: 12816: 12812: 12808: 12804: 12797: 12781: 12777: 12773: 12766: 12764: 12762: 12745: 12741: 12737: 12733: 12729: 12725: 12721: 12717: 12713: 12709: 12702: 12694: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12676: 12672: 12668: 12661: 12654: 12648: 12632: 12628: 12621: 12613: 12607: 12599: 12595: 12591: 12587: 12583: 12579: 12572: 12563: 12554: 12545: 12540: 12536: 12532: 12528: 12521: 12519: 12502: 12498: 12494: 12488: 12480: 12476: 12470: 12463: 12457: 12449: 12443: 12435: 12429: 12421: 12415: 12407: 12401: 12393: 12389: 12382: 12374: 12368: 12360: 12354: 12343: 12339: 12338: 12330: 12324: 12308: 12304: 12300: 12294: 12278: 12274: 12268: 12261: 12256: 12250: 12231: 12224: 12218: 12202: 12198: 12192: 12176: 12172: 12166: 12147: 12140: 12134: 12118: 12114: 12110: 12104: 12096: 12090: 12086: 12085: 12077: 12061: 12057: 12053: 12047: 12031: 12027: 12021: 12010: 12003: 11997: 11989: 11985: 11979: 11972: 11968: 11965: 11960: 11944: 11940: 11936: 11930: 11922: 11916: 11901: 11897: 11891: 11875: 11871: 11865: 11859: 11855: 11852: 11847: 11839: 11833: 11818: 11814: 11808: 11800: 11796: 11790: 11782: 11778: 11772: 11757:. 12 May 2021 11756: 11752: 11746: 11727: 11720: 11714: 11698: 11694: 11688: 11669: 11662: 11656: 11637: 11630: 11624: 11616: 11610: 11594: 11590: 11584: 11565: 11558: 11552: 11536: 11532: 11526: 11507: 11500: 11494: 11475: 11468: 11462: 11443: 11436: 11430: 11411: 11404: 11398: 11382: 11378: 11374: 11368: 11361: 11357: 11353: 11350: 11345: 11334: 11327: 11321: 11302: 11295: 11289: 11273: 11267: 11248: 11241: 11235: 11227: 11223: 11217: 11201: 11197: 11191: 11172: 11165: 11159: 11140: 11133: 11127: 11111: 11107: 11101: 11085: 11081: 11075: 11056: 11049: 11043: 11024: 11017: 11011: 10995: 10991: 10985: 10966: 10959: 10953: 10937: 10933: 10927: 10911: 10907: 10903: 10897: 10895: 10893: 10891: 10889: 10887: 10885: 10883: 10881: 10879: 10877: 10875: 10873: 10871: 10869: 10867: 10865: 10863: 10861: 10859: 10857: 10855: 10853: 10851: 10849: 10847: 10845: 10843: 10841: 10839: 10837: 10835: 10833: 10831: 10829: 10812: 10808: 10802: 10786: 10782: 10778: 10772: 10765: 10760: 10744: 10740: 10738:9781402098949 10734: 10730: 10729: 10721: 10705: 10701: 10695: 10691: 10690: 10685: 10679: 10671: 10665: 10661: 10657: 10651: 10635: 10631: 10625: 10609: 10605: 10603:9780231526623 10599: 10595: 10594: 10586: 10584: 10575: 10569: 10565: 10561: 10546: 10542: 10541:PBS Frontline 10538: 10531: 10523: 10517: 10513: 10509: 10505: 10498: 10490: 10484: 10480: 10475: 10474: 10468: 10462: 10446: 10442: 10438: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10424:9780511977367 10420: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10400: 10396: 10389: 10387: 10378: 10374: 10367: 10351: 10347: 10343: 10339: 10333: 10329: 10328:Facts On File 10325: 10321: 10314: 10312: 10310: 10301: 10288: 10280: 10273: 10265: 10263:9780739142943 10259: 10255: 10248: 10232: 10228: 10224: 10218: 10216: 10214: 10197: 10193: 10189: 10183: 10181: 10164: 10160: 10159:the Akbarnama 10156: 10149: 10142: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10111: 10109:9781783475728 10105: 10101: 10094: 10087: 10083: 10078: 10062: 10058: 10054: 10048: 10032: 10028: 10021: 10013: 10012: 10004: 9998: 9997:81-89118-06-4 9994: 9990: 9984: 9975: 9966: 9957: 9941: 9937: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9922: 9917: 9911: 9909: 9907: 9899: 9887: 9883: 9876: 9869: 9857: 9853: 9849: 9842: 9840: 9823: 9819: 9817:9781448131617 9813: 9809: 9808: 9800: 9798: 9796: 9779: 9775: 9771: 9764: 9757: 9752: 9750: 9742: 9737: 9731: 9724: 9722: 9718: 9704: 9700: 9693: 9677: 9673: 9666: 9650: 9646: 9642: 9636: 9620: 9616: 9610: 9603: 9599: 9595: 9588: 9572: 9568: 9564: 9558: 9542: 9538: 9534: 9528: 9513: 9509: 9508: 9503: 9497: 9481: 9477: 9476:@businessline 9473: 9467: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9444: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9414: 9398: 9394: 9390: 9384: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9353: 9337: 9333: 9329: 9323: 9307: 9303: 9299: 9293: 9277: 9273: 9269: 9263: 9255: 9249: 9233: 9229: 9225: 9218: 9210: 9208:9780415448512 9204: 9200: 9196: 9195: 9187: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9157: 9150: 9149: 9143: 9141:9781476733920 9137: 9133: 9128: 9127: 9118: 9111: 9109: 9095: 9091: 9084: 9077: 9064: 9060: 9053: 9046: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9019: 9010: 8998: 8994: 8992:9780313386985 8988: 8984: 8983: 8977: 8974: 8962: 8958: 8954: 8951: 8938: 8934: 8933: 8928: 8924: 8921: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8896: 8892: 8883: 8871: 8867: 8866: 8861: 8857: 8854: 8842: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8827: 8823: 8820: 8817: 8816: 8814: 8802: 8798: 8797: 8792: 8785: 8769: 8765: 8759: 8743: 8739: 8733: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8702: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8672: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8642: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8619: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8589: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8559: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8528: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8498: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8468: 8457: 8453: 8446: 8440: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8410: 8394: 8390: 8384: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8353: 8345: 8339: 8323: 8319: 8313: 8297: 8293: 8287: 8279: 8273: 8269: 8262: 8254: 8252:9781784710736 8248: 8244: 8243: 8235: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8205: 8189: 8185: 8183:9781850654933 8179: 8175: 8174: 8166: 8164: 8162: 8160: 8158: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8126: 8119: 8117: 8116:Islamic world 8111: 8109:9781933782652 8105: 8101: 8097: 8093: 8086: 8084: 8082: 8074: 8069: 8067:9780195305135 8063: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8044: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8013: 8009: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7982: 7974: 7962: 7957: 7945: 7940: 7934: 7925: 7920: 7911: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7887:Christian era 7884: 7878: 7874: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7771: 7765: 7760: 7757: 7751: 7746: 7743: 7732: 7722: 7715: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7696: 7691: 7688: 7681: 7676: 7673: 7669: 7662: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7642: 7637: 7633: 7626: 7621: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7592: 7588: 7583: 7580:According to 7577: 7573: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7529: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7505: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7490: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7460:March equinox 7457: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7437: 7423: 7419: 7403: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7385: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7351: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7288: 7282: 7273: 7265: 7254: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7226: 7219: 7214: 7210: 7203: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7183: 7178: 7174: 7168: 7163: 7159: 7152: 7147: 7146: 7142: 7141:calligraffiti 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7124: 7119: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7099: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7044: 7029: 7025: 7019: 7014: 7010: 7003: 6998: 6994: 6988: 6983: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6926: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6870: 6869: 6861: 6843: 6838: 6831: 6826: 6819: 6814: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6806: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6788: 6787:, and so on. 6786: 6782: 6781: 6776: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6743: 6733: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6701: 6683: 6679: 6673: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6651:Faisal Mosque 6645: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6627:Id Kah Mosque 6621: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6601: 6596: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6586: 6582: 6576: 6571: 6567: 6566:Moorish-style 6563: 6557: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6538: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6519: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6511: 6504: 6500: 6494: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6471: 6466: 6463: 6462:Mughal Empire 6459: 6455: 6449: 6444: 6441: 6437: 6431: 6426: 6425: 6424: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6415: 6414: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6399:caravanserais 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6351: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6304: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6272: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6245: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6234:Mughal Bengal 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6219:ancient times 6216: 6215:manual labour 6211: 6207: 6203: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6102:Mediterranean 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6054: 6050: 6042: 6039:, painted by 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6021: 6012: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5977: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5950:. Avicenna's 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5890: 5889: 5882: 5876: 5871: 5867: 5860: 5855: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5845: 5838: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5818: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5810: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5766: 5761: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5751: 5747: 5740: 5735: 5731: 5730: 5725: 5719: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5676: 5666: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5645:, founder of 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5623:phenomenology 5620: 5615: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5532: 5527: 5525: 5520: 5518: 5517: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5490: 5486: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5460: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5369: 5368:coming of age 5365: 5361: 5357: 5356:desert island 5353: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5341:and Kamil in 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5327: 5322: 5321: 5316: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5243:Arabic poetry 5239: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5190: 5180: 5173: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5154: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5138:The story of 5134: 5129: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5112: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5098: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5057:ceramic glaze 5050: 5046: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5016: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4939: 4935: 4929: 4924: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4907: 4902: 4898: 4891: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4870: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4843: 4840: 4836: 4833: 4829: 4823: 4818: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4793: 4788: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4740: 4737: 4733: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4706: 4699:, 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Empire 1763:was ruled by 1762: 1758: 1755:, especially 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1732: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1703:republicanism 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1548:Razia Sultana 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1504:Ghurid Empire 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1318: 1315: 1307: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1286: 1281:This section 1279: 1275: 1270: 1269: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1243:Anglo-Russian 1240: 1235: 1231: 1230: 1225: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1189: 1188: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1160: 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Retrieved 8022: 8012: 7981: 7919: 7910: 7877: 7833:Pan-Islamism 7770:World portal 7742:Islam portal 7615: 7591:gender roles 7587:essentialism 7581: 7579: 7530: 7526:lunar months 7506: 7491: 7464:astronomical 7441: 7397:Anno Hegirae 7382: 7352: 7326:used in the 7300:lunar months 7269: 7236: 7175:calligraphy. 7120: 7100: 7089: 7048: 6959:such as the 6924: 6915: 6911: 6908:Syrian Roman 6903: 6902: 6891:architecture 6882: 6866: 6865: 6789: 6778: 6772: 6745: 6703: 6625:Entrance of 6417: 6416: 6348: 6321:Mesopotamian 6276: 6264:Architecture 6258:architecture 6251: 6138: 6128:include the 6098:trade routes 6071: 6056: 5978: 5970:pharmacology 5963: 5959: 5951: 5935: 5931: 5917: 5913:quasicrystal 5906:al-Khwarzimi 5895: 5866:Omar Khayyam 5797: 5774: 5727: 5705: 5704: 5616: 5601: 5585:George Keith 5544: 5538: 5528: 5521: 5514: 5508: 5494: 5446: 5443:Robert Boyle 5436: 5433:Daniel Defoe 5428: 5397:resurrection 5373: 5372: 5363: 5359: 5349:autodidactic 5342: 5338: 5335:protagonists 5330: 5324: 5318: 5308: 5302: 5295:Ibn al-Nafis 5289: 5284:Amir Arsalan 5282: 5275:Greater Iran 5268: 5254: 5240: 5206: 5205: 5187: 5185: 5179:Magic carpet 5158: 5143: 5139: 5121:Oghuz Turkic 5116: 5054: 5038: 4944: 4757:Islamization 4732:M. 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Tauris 10194:. TED.com. 10067:28 December 10037:28 December 9547:22 December 9486:17 November 9393:www.cia.gov 9342:22 December 9312:22 December 8950:population. 8860:"Religions" 8847:20 December 8774:17 November 8748:17 November 8722:17 November 8399:27 November 8373:14 February 8328:16 December 8302:16 December 7995:Afghanistan 7778:Arabization 7646:A group of 7596:Asma Barlas 7537:Afghanistan 7533:zodiac sign 7522:solar years 7487:Sunni Islam 7450:. 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