33:
1034:. This Sangam lasted for 3700 years and had 59 members, with 1700 poets participating. There were 59 Pandiya kings starting from Vendercceliyan to Mudattirumaran were decedents and rulers of that period. This city was also submerged in sea. Ramayana and Arthashastra of Kautalya corroborates the existence of a city named Kavatapuram. There is a reference to a South Indian place called Kavata by Sugriva in a verse which runs something like 'having reached Kavata suitable for Pandiya'. Kavata is also mentioned by Kautalya in Arthashastra. The grammar followed was
1063:
1399:"The facts mentioned above have persuaded some scholars to consider that everything about the Sangam found in that commentary to be fabrication. But the more sober view of the matter seems to be to accept the main framework of the traditional account... In this there can be no historical impossibility. The legendary and supernatural frills provided by that commentary can of course be rejected."
32:
1160:. Zvelebil argues that the appearance of the tradition in literary and epigraphical sources means that it cannot be dismissed as pure fiction. He suggests that the Sangam legends are based on a historical "body of scholiasts and grammarians 'sits' as a norm-giving, critical college of literary experts, and shifts its seat according to the geopolitical conditions of the Pandiyan kingdom."
911:. A city was found submerged in Pondicherry and according to the location, has been popularly credited as being the site for the first Sangam, Kapatapuram. A total of 4449 poets are described as having composed songs for this Sangam. There were 89 Pandiya kings starting from Kaysina valudi to Kadungon were decedents and rulers of that period.
818:
There are a number of other isolated references to the legend of academies at
Madurai scattered through Shaivite and Vaishnavite devotional literature throughout later literature. The next substantive references to the legend of the academies, however, appear in two significantly later works, namely,
825:
of
Perumpaṟṟapuliyūr Nambi, and the better-known work of the same title by Paranjothi Munivar. These works describe a legend that deals mostly with the third Sangam at Madurai, and is so substantially different from that set out in Nakkirar's commentary that some authors such as Zvelebil speculate
660:
An accurate chronological assessment of literary works has been rendered difficult due to lack of concrete scientific evidence to support conflicting claims.Undue reliance on the Sangam legends has thus culminated in controversial opinions or interpretations among scholars, confusion in the dates,
1078:
and lasted for 1850 years. There were 49 Pandiya kings starting from
Mudattirumaran (who came away from Kabadapuram to present Madurai) to Ukkirapperu Valudi were decedents and rulers of that period. The academy had 49 members, and 449 poets are described as having participated in the Sangam.
796:
dynasty period does not contain any mention of the Sangam academies, although some early poems imply a connection between the city of
Madurai, which later legends associate with the third Sangam, and Tamil literature and the cultivation of the language. The earliest express references to the
1098:
kings starting from
Mudattirumaran (who came away from Kabadapuram to present Madurai) to Ukkirapperu valudi were descendants and rulers of that gathering. The academy had 49 members, and 449 poets are described as having participated in the Sangam. The grammars followed were Agattiyam and
785:, find a kernel of truth in them, suggesting that they may be based on one or more actual historical assemblies. Others reject the entire notion as not factual. Nevertheless, legends of the Sangams played a significant role in inspiring political, social, and literary movements in
1010:. This Sangam lasted for 3700 years and had 59 members, with 3700 poets participating. There were 59 Pandiya kings starting from Vendercceliyan to Mudattirumaran were decedents and rulers of that period. This city was also submerged in sea.
1137:
According to P. T. Srinivasa
Iyengar who made research on this topic mentions in his book "History of Tamils" Chapter XVI on topic "Criticism of the legend", as the years mentioned for the Three Tamil Sangams are too vast.
1339:
Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using
Archaeological Evidence to Identify the Tamil Kingdoms of Early Historic South India – Abraham, Shinu Anna, Asian Perspectives – Volume 42, Number 2, Fall 2003, pp. 207-223 University of Hawaii
891:) is described as having been held at "the Madurai which was submerged by the sea", or known among historians as Kapatapuram, lasted a total of 4400 years, and had 549 members, which supposedly included some gods of the
1349:
An inscription of the early tenth century AD mentions the achievements of the early Pandya kings of establishing a Sangam in
Madurai. See K.A. Nilakanta Sastry, A History of South India, OUP (1955) pp 105
84:. Three assemblies are described. The legend has it that the first two were held in cities since "taken by the sea", the first being called Kapatapuram, and the third was held in the present-day city of
76:) were three legendary gatherings of Tamil scholars and poets that, according to traditional Tamil accounts, occurred in the remote past. Scholars believe that these assemblies were originally known as
1099:
Tholkappiyam. The poems composed were
Kurunthogai, Netunthogai, Kurunthogai Nanooru, Narrinai Nanooru, Purananooru, Aingurunooru, Padirrupaatu, Kali, Paripaadal, Kuttu, Vari, Sirrisai and Perisai.
1547:"Proceedings - Volume 1 of Proceedings: Edited by R. E. Asher, Vadasery Iyemperumal Subramoniam" page 184, R. E. Asher, Vadasery I. Subramoniam, Pennsylvania State University
1156:, the assemblies may have been founded and patronised by the Pandian kings and functioning in three different capitals consecutively till the last sangam was set up in
630:, alluding to the Sangam-legends, extended from roughly 300-200 BCE to 300 CE (early Chola period before the interregnum). In this period the earliest extant works of
661:
names of authors, and doubts of even their existence in some cases. The earliest archaeological evidence connecting
Madurai and the Sangams is the 10th century
2044:
1981:
1914:, Publications du Département d'Indologie – 94, Pondicherry: Institut Français de Pondichéry / École Française d'Extrême-Orient, pp. 487–494,
975:
is said to have been practiced during the First Sangam, and people "enjoyed mental and bodily health, respecting nature and living hygienically."
2447:
1176:
964:
kings. And 16,149 authors attended the convocation. Its chief works were Perumparipadal, Mudukuruku, Mudunarai and Kalariyavirai. It used
245:
2384:
2369:
2128:
2850:
345:
233:
2617:
2612:
2336:
1570:
978:
Iraiyanar Kalaviyal mentions that a King Kadungon was the last ruler during the Talaiccankam. He is not to be confused with
2804:
593:
369:
271:
829:
In contemporary versions of the legend, the cities where the first two Sangams were held are said to have been located on
240:
1910:
Nagaswamy, R. (2004), "Sangam Poetic traditions under the Imperial Cholas", in Chevillard, Jean-Luc; Wilden, Eva (eds.),
2830:
2427:
192:
2097:
2079:
2061:
1998:
1945:
1919:
1861:
1841:
1795:
805:, Shaivite poets who lived in the 7th century. The first full account of the legend is found in a commentary to the
922:
kings. It is said to have lasted for 4,440 years, and this would put the First Sangam between 9600 BCE to 5200 BCE.
1113:
In Nambi's account, the 49 members of the third Sangam led by Kapilar, Paraṇar and Nakkīrar were great devotees of
971:
Muranjiyur Mudinagar, a member of the first Tamil Sangam, is believed to have been a king of the Nagas in Jaffna.
2779:
2536:
321:
2176:
197:
781:
Whilst the accounts of first two Sangams are generally rejected as ahistorical, some modern scholars, such as
297:
2622:
833:, a fabled lost continent, that lay to the South of mainland India, and which was described as the cradle of
304:
1066:
Late legends say that the third Sangam was held on the banks of the sacred Pond of Golden Lotuses in Madurai
2845:
2121:
1516:"Tamil Geographies: Cultural Constructions of Space and Place in South India", page 62, Martha Ann Selby,
228:
2835:
2653:
2412:
1517:
149:
1102:
There are a number of other isolated references to the legend of academies at Madurai scattered through
309:
2840:
2794:
2632:
546:
454:
407:
2799:
2256:
333:
434:
204:
2637:
2541:
2269:
2221:
2171:
606:
2789:
2763:
2437:
2114:
1912:
South-Indian Horizons: Felicitation Volume for François Gros on the occasion of his 70th birthday
821:
376:
17:
1954:
Ramaswamy, Sumathi (1999), "Catastrophic Cartographies: Mapping the Lost Continent of Lemuria",
1125:. The Sangam is described as having been held on the banks of the Pond of Golden Lotuses in the
221:
216:
2526:
2331:
1880:
1126:
929:
was the head of the Head Sangam. However, this is unlikely as the first mention of him is from
142:
122:
1851:
137:
2557:
2264:
2226:
678:
284:
178:
2585:
2580:
2402:
1054:. The poems attributed to second academy are Kali, Kurugu, Vendali and Viyalamalai Ahaval.
381:
2379:
2274:
1213:
1208:
1199:
suggests that later legends about Tamil Sangams may have been based on the Jaina assembly.
944:
Its function was to judge literary works and credit their worth. Later literary works like
844:
and, according to these legends, was seized by the sea in a series of catastrophic floods.
841:
340:
328:
316:
166:
1677:
Vaiyapuripillai's history of Tamil language and literature: from the beginning to 1000 A.D
8:
2668:
2627:
2463:
945:
807:
598:
522:
276:
364:
2784:
2737:
2364:
2027:
1905:, Publications in linguistics – Annamalai University, Chidambaram: Annamalai University
352:
292:
209:
1062:
2575:
2359:
2093:
2075:
2057:
2038:
2031:
1994:
1975:
1941:
1925:
1915:
1857:
1837:
1566:
1559:
682:
635:
621:
130:
102:
95:
41:
2711:
2442:
2019:
1967:
1963:
1537:. International Society for the Investigation of Ancient Civilizations. p. 11.
1013:
The primary factors leading to the formation of the Middle Sangam was mentioned by
631:
586:
482:
462:
447:
264:
173:
2809:
2732:
2673:
2374:
2290:
972:
770:
551:
357:
2074:, A History of Indian Literature, Vol. X Fasc. 1, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz,
1801:
1121:. Nakkirar himself is said to have later headed the Sangam, and to have debated
1021:, who mentions the kingdom of a King named Kandungon, the last ruler during the
2716:
2483:
2137:
2007:
1196:
1164:
1153:
1003:
869:
853:
782:
654:
649:
and the legend are probably from a much later period. "Sangam" is aso known as
470:
161:
2531:
114:
2824:
2742:
2706:
2683:
2478:
2306:
2241:
2236:
2191:
2181:
1929:
1051:
987:
934:
834:
830:
733:
627:
581:
259:
2678:
2658:
2498:
2246:
2196:
2186:
2166:
2161:
2156:
1885:
A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar
1820:
1083:
1043:
1022:
757:
713:
573:
826:
that it may be based on a different, and somewhat independent, tradition.
2432:
2407:
2231:
1662:
Recipes for immortality: medicine, religion, and community in South India
1107:
1035:
1018:
811:
by Nakkīrar (c. 7th/8th century CE). Nakkīrar describes three "Sangams" (
662:
494:
487:
475:
412:
2663:
2417:
2023:
786:
638:), dealing with love, war, governance, trade and bereavement. The name
185:
154:
53:
1991:
The Lost Land of Lemuria: Fabulous Geographies, Catastrophic Histories
1025:. It was washed away in a sea-erosion. This led to the Second Sangam.
642:
and the associated legends probably derive from a much later period.
2758:
2516:
2473:
2422:
2151:
1180:
1047:
1039:
1014:
983:
965:
802:
752:(author - Tolkāppiyar)(legendary; extend version dated to 5th c. CE)
563:
510:
424:
393:
109:
57:
2521:
1289:
1145:
The Second Sangam lasted 3700 years and spanned 59 succeeding kings.
2590:
1184:
1148:
The Third Sangam lasted 1800 years and spanned 49 succeeding kings.
1142:
The First Sangam lasted 4440 years and spanned 89 succeeding kings.
1118:
1103:
979:
892:
515:
388:
2493:
2106:
1873:
Thamizh Literature Through the Ages: A socio-cultural perspective
1322:, he says: 'Look at Him who was gracious enough to appear in the
1188:
1168:
1157:
1095:
1091:
1075:
953:
938:
930:
926:
908:
904:
793:
666:
615:
558:
419:
85:
81:
49:
45:
37:
2488:
1030:
968:
as its grammar. There are no surviving works from this period.
961:
957:
919:
900:
868:) is also known as the First Academy, and as the Head Sangam (
2468:
1319:
1311:
1122:
1114:
949:
896:
798:
2688:
2311:
1831:
1400:
1307:
1305:
1172:
2090:
History of the Tamils: from the earliest times to 600 A.D.
941:
being the head of the First Sangam as believed by others.
1195:
took much interest in the Tamil language and literature.
1006:: இடை சங்கம்) and the Second Academy. It was convened in
2054:
The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India
2010:(1973a), "The Earliest Account of the Tamil Academies",
1832:
Chopra, P.N.; Ravindran, T.K.; Subrahmanian, N. (2003),
1302:
1276:
1242:. Vidyarthi Mithram Press & Book Depot. p. 73.
687:
According to Tamil legends, there were three Sangams.
1834:
History Of South India – Ancient Medieval & Modern
1644:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1183:
dynasty. The Kalabhra rulers were followers of either
986:. It was washed away in a sea-deluge. This led to the
1179:. During that time the Tamil region was ruled by the
1800:, University of California, Berkeley, archived from
1284:
Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature
948:
mention that 549 poets were members of it including
1411:
1409:
1352:
1110:devotional literature throughout later literature.
879:
863:
1887:(4th ed.), New Delhi: Oxford University Press
1558:
840:Kumari Kandam supposedly lay south of present-day
1900:
1780:
1778:
1645:Ca. Vē Cuppiramaṇiyan̲, Vē. Irā Mātavan̲ (1983).
1532:
1090:) was purportedly located in the current city of
1074:) was purportedly located in the current city of
937:work refers to him. A more likely proposition is
2822:
1879:
1630:Pillay, Kolappa Pillay Kanakasabhapathi (1963).
1406:
1938:Neolithic and Megalithic Cultures in Tamil Nadu
1589:. Dept. of History, University of Kerala. 1960.
2043:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
1980:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
1775:
616:Historical Sangam period and Sangam literature
2122:
1426:
1424:
1270:Dravidian kingdoms and list of Pandiyan coins
1993:, Berkeley: University of California Press,
1935:
1870:
1784:Kamil V. Zvelebil: The Smile of Murugan p.48
1649:. International Institute of Tamil Studies.
873:
857:
2129:
2115:
1533:S. Kunjithapatham, M. Arunachalam (1989).
1421:
1326:as a poet of fine poems' – K.V. Zvelebil,
993:
775:covers entire corpus of Sangam Literature
672:
80:or "gathering," which was also a name for
2051:
2006:
1988:
1953:
1909:
1836:, New Delhi: Sultan Chand & Company,
1769:
1723:
1711:
1561:Encyclopaedia of Indian culture: Volume 4
1478:
1454:
1442:
1430:
1401:Chopra, Ravindran & Subrahmanian 2003
1387:
1272:. Asian Educational Services. p. 15.
1094:and lasted for 1850 years. There were 49
1057:
847:
2385:Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition
2092:, New Delhi: Asian Educational Service,
2069:
1849:
1735:
1556:
1415:
1375:
1252:
1061:
72:, Old Tamil 𑀘𑀗𑁆𑀓𑀫𑁆, from Sanskrit
31:
1701:P.T. Srinivasa-iyengar, 1929, p.231-232
1647:Heritage of the Tamils: Siddha medicine
1614:
1504:Ancient Indian History and Civilization
14:
2823:
1819:
1674:
1629:
1602:The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess
1599:
1393:
1267:
1002:) is also known as the Middle Sangam (
2337:World Classical Tamil Conference 2010
2110:
1797:The Milieu of the Ancient Tamil Poems
1659:
1896:, Madras: Institute of Asian Studies
1891:
1850:Daniélou, Alain (11 February 2003).
1587:Journal of Indian history, Volume 38
1466:
1237:
797:academies are found in the songs of
594:Tamil history from Sangam literature
272:Tamil history from Sangam literature
1759:P. T. Srivasa Iyengar, 1929, p. 232
1690:P.T. Srinivasa-iyengar, 1929, p.231
1506:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 204.
1501:
1491:P.T. Srinivasa-iyengar, 1929, p.230
24:
2136:
1557:Saletore, Rajaram Narayan (1984).
1028:The second Sangam was convened in
52:kingdom. Statue of Agastya in the
25:
2862:
2800:Ancient manuscript digitalisation
1875:, Pondicherry: Radhika Publishers
1314:mentions the Sangam in his 'poem
2088:Srinivasa-iyengar, P.T. (1929),
1901:Meenakshisundaran, T.P. (1965),
1793:
2780:Standardisation of Tamil script
1787:
1763:
1752:
1741:
1729:
1717:
1705:
1694:
1683:
1668:
1653:
1638:
1623:
1608:
1593:
1579:
1550:
1541:
1526:
1510:
1495:
1484:
1472:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1381:
815:) spanning thousands of years.
2851:Cultural history of Tamil Nadu
1968:10.1525/rep.1999.67.1.01p0048w
1827:(3rd ed.), Calcutta: Rupa
1675:Piḷḷai, Es Vaiyāpurip (1988).
1535:Musical tradition of Tamilnadu
1343:
1333:
1261:
1246:
1231:
1132:
1127:Meenakshi-Sundaresvarar Temple
792:Early literature from the pre-
13:
1:
1619:. Asian Educational Services.
1224:
925:Some are of the opinion that
914:It was said to be located in
2087:
1940:, Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan,
1758:
1747:
1700:
1689:
1502:Sen, Sailendra Nath (1992).
1490:
1255:Chronology of Ancient Bharat
1253:Raghavan, Srinivasa (1974).
634:were written (also known as
442:
90:
27:Assemblies of Tamil scholars
7:
2654:Megalithic graffiti symbols
2413:Nālāyira Tivviya Pirapantam
1989:Ramaswamy, Sumathi (2004),
1903:History of Tamil Literature
1892:Marr, John Ralston (1985),
1518:Indira Viswanathan Peterson
1295:See K.A. Nilakanta Sastry,
1268:Pillai, V.J. Tamby (1911).
1202:
880:
864:
789:in the early 20th century.
40:), Chairman of first Tamil
10:
2867:
2795:Printing in Tamil language
2026:(inactive 8 August 2024),
1871:Krishnamurti, C.R (1998),
1812:
1664:. Oxford University Press.
1117:, numbered amongst the 63
918:under the patronage of 89
676:
657:: கூடல்) or "gathering".
619:
547:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
408:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
2831:Tamil-language literature
2772:
2751:
2725:
2697:
2646:
2603:
2566:
2550:
2507:
2456:
2393:
2352:
2345:
2324:
2299:
2283:
2255:
2214:
2207:
2144:
2052:Zvelebil, Kamil (1973b),
1936:Narasimhaiah, B. (1980),
1825:The Wonder That Was India
1679:. New Century Book House.
1297:A History of South India,
874:
858:
604:
571:
538:
502:
460:
453:
445:
432:
399:
282:
251:
184:
129:
120:
101:
93:
56:(Mother Tamil) temple in
2542:Tamil Lexicon dictionary
2222:Bangalore Tamil dialects
2070:Zvelebil, Kamil (1974),
1970:(inactive 8 August 2024)
1853:A Brief History of India
1600:Harman, William (1992).
1219:
1017:, one of the authors of
2790:Simplified Tamil script
2438:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
1881:Nilakanta Sastri, K. A.
1660:Weiss, Richard (2009).
1634:. University of Madras.
1615:Iyengar, Sesha (1982).
1565:. Sterling Publishers.
994:Second legendary sangam
939:Lord Muruga (Kartikeya)
822:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
673:Three legendary Sangams
527:Udayana Kumara Kaviyam
2527:Purapporul Venbamaalai
2332:World Tamil Conference
1856:. Simon and Schuster.
1632:South India and Ceylon
1604:. Motilal Banarsidass.
1282:Kamil Veith Zvelebil,
1067:
1058:Third legendary Sangam
848:First legendary Sangam
346:Tiṇaimālai Nūṟṟaimpatu
123:Eighteen Greater Texts
61:
2558:Yāḻpāna Vaipava Mālai
2227:Central Tamil dialect
2177:Proto-South Dravidian
1894:The Eight Anthologies
1328:The Smile of Murugan,
1065:
679:History of Tamil Nadu
285:Eighteen Lesser Texts
35:
2623:Indo-Aryan languages
2448:Tamil Ganaptya texts
2380:List of Sangam poets
2325:Global organizations
2012:Indo-Iranian Journal
1748:P.T. Srivasa Iyengar
1238:Devi, Leela (1986).
1214:List of Sangam poets
1209:Madurai Tamil Sangam
881:Thalaichanga paruvam
865:Muthaṟchanga paruvam
842:Kanyakumari District
504:The Five Minor Epics
2846:Tamil organisations
2628:Dravidian languages
2428:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
1433:, pp. 126–127.
1316:Tirupattur Tandakam
1167:was established in
998:The Second Sangam (
808:Iraiyanar Akapporul
665:inscription of the
599:Ancient Tamil music
523:Naga Kumara Kaviyam
277:Ancient Tamil music
193:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
60:, Tamil Nadu, India
2836:Ancient Tamil Nadu
2785:Tanittamil Iyakkam
2738:Tamil onomatopoeia
2365:Tamil books of Law
2024:10.1007/BF00157289
1772:, pp. 133–134
1738:, pp. 183–184
1390:, pp. 126–127
1070:The third Sangam (
1068:
946:Iraiyanar Akaporul
887:The first Sangam (
852:The First Sangam (
532:Yashodhara Kaviyam
234:Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai
62:
2841:Indian literature
2818:
2817:
2805:Formation of CICT
2599:
2598:
2576:Asthana Kolahalam
2360:Sangam literature
2320:
2319:
2056:, Leiden: Brill,
1572:978-0-391-02332-1
1299:OUP (1955) pp 105
1240:History of Kerala
982:who defeated the
895:pantheon such as
779:
778:
683:History of Kerala
636:Sangam literature
622:Sangam literature
613:
612:
609:
540:Bhakti Literature
455:Sangam Literature
441:
440:
437:
401:Bhakti Literature
334:Tiṉaimoḻi Aimpatu
246:Ciṟupāṇāṟṟuppaṭai
241:Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai
131:Eight Anthologies
103:Sangam literature
96:Sangam literature
16:(Redirected from
2858:
2712:Tamil honorifics
2443:Vinayagar Agaval
2408:Kampa Irāmāyaṉam
2370:Five Great Epics
2350:
2349:
2212:
2211:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2084:
2072:Tamil Literature
2066:
2048:
2042:
2034:
2003:
1985:
1979:
1971:
1950:
1932:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1876:
1867:
1846:
1828:
1806:
1805:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1564:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1530:
1524:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1499:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1419:
1413:
1404:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1309:
1300:
1293:
1287:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1235:
883:
877:
876:
875:தலைச்சங்க பருவம்
867:
861:
860:
859:முதற்சங்க பருவம்
690:
689:
632:Tamil literature
605:
587:Sangam landscape
483:Civaka Cintamani
463:Five Great Epics
448:Tamil literature
443:
433:
341:Aintinai Eḻupatu
329:Aintiṇai Aimpatu
322:Kaḷavaḻi Nāṟpatu
310:Iṉiyavai Nāṟpatu
265:Sangam landscape
91:
21:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2810:Project Madurai
2768:
2752:Transliteration
2747:
2733:Tamil phonology
2721:
2699:
2693:
2674:Pallava grantha
2642:
2606:other languages
2605:
2595:
2569:natural science
2568:
2567:Mathematics and
2562:
2546:
2509:
2503:
2452:
2395:
2389:
2375:Ponniyin Selvan
2341:
2316:
2295:
2291:Malaysian Tamil
2284:Southeast Asian
2279:
2251:
2203:
2172:Proto-Dravidian
2140:
2135:
2105:
2100:
2082:
2064:
2036:
2035:
2008:Zvelebil, Kamil
2001:
1973:
1972:
1956:Representations
1948:
1922:
1864:
1844:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1684:
1673:
1669:
1658:
1654:
1643:
1639:
1628:
1624:
1617:Dravidian India
1613:
1609:
1598:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1531:
1527:
1515:
1511:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1422:
1414:
1407:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1376:Daniélou (2003)
1374:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1318:. Referring to
1310:
1303:
1294:
1290:
1281:
1277:
1266:
1262:
1251:
1247:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1205:
1135:
1060:
996:
973:Siddha medicine
850:
685:
675:
626:The historical
624:
618:
552:Kamba Ramayanam
370:Paḻamoḻi Nāṉūṟu
298:Nāṉmaṇikkaṭikai
68:(Tamil: சங்கம்
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2864:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2717:Tamil numerals
2714:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2586:Kaṇita Tīpikai
2583:
2581:Kaṇakkatikāram
2578:
2572:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2138:Tamil language
2134:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2111:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2085:
2080:
2067:
2062:
2049:
2018:(2): 109–135,
2004:
1999:
1986:
1962:(67): 92–129,
1951:
1946:
1933:
1920:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1877:
1868:
1862:
1847:
1842:
1829:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1804:on 9 July 1997
1794:Hart, George,
1786:
1774:
1770:Zvelebil 1973a
1762:
1751:
1740:
1728:
1724:Nagaswamy 2004
1716:
1712:Zvelebil 1973b
1704:
1693:
1682:
1667:
1652:
1637:
1622:
1607:
1592:
1578:
1571:
1549:
1540:
1525:
1509:
1494:
1483:
1479:Ramaswamy 1999
1471:
1469:, pp. 8–9
1459:
1455:Zvelebil 1973a
1447:
1443:Zvelebil 1973b
1435:
1431:Zvelebil 1973a
1420:
1405:
1392:
1388:Zvelebil 1973a
1380:
1351:
1342:
1332:
1301:
1288:
1275:
1260:
1245:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1204:
1201:
1197:George L. Hart
1193:Dravida Sangha
1165:Dravida Sangha
1154:Kamil Zvelebil
1150:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1134:
1131:
1059:
1056:
995:
992:
849:
846:
783:Kamil Zvelebil
777:
776:
773:
768:
765:
763:
760:
754:
753:
747:
745:
742:
739:
736:
730:
729:
727:
725:
722:
719:
716:
710:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
674:
671:
620:Main article:
617:
614:
611:
610:
602:
601:
596:
590:
589:
584:
578:
577:
569:
568:
566:
561:
555:
554:
549:
543:
542:
536:
535:
533:
529:
528:
525:
519:
518:
513:
507:
506:
500:
499:
497:
491:
490:
485:
479:
478:
473:
471:Silappatikaram
467:
466:
458:
457:
451:
450:
439:
438:
430:
429:
427:
422:
416:
415:
410:
404:
403:
397:
396:
391:
385:
384:
382:Mutumoḻikkānci
379:
377:Ciṟupañcamūlam
373:
372:
367:
361:
360:
355:
349:
348:
343:
337:
336:
331:
325:
324:
319:
313:
312:
307:
301:
300:
295:
289:
288:
280:
279:
274:
268:
267:
262:
256:
255:
253:Related topics
249:
248:
243:
237:
236:
231:
225:
224:
219:
213:
212:
207:
205:Malaipaṭukaṭām
201:
200:
195:
189:
188:
182:
181:
176:
170:
169:
164:
158:
157:
152:
146:
145:
140:
134:
133:
127:
126:
118:
117:
112:
106:
105:
99:
98:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2863:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2743:Tamil prosody
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:Tamil grammar
2705:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2684:Tamil Braille
2682:
2680:
2679:Modern script
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2602:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2307:Brahmin Tamil
2305:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2242:Madurai Tamil
2240:
2238:
2237:Madras Bashai
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:Second Sangam
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2182:Tamil Sangams
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2101:
2099:81-206-0145-9
2095:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2081:3-447-01582-9
2077:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2063:90-04-03591-5
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2000:0-520-24440-0
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1947:81-7574-048-5
1943:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1921:2-85539-630-1
1917:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1863:9781594777943
1859:
1855:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1843:81-219-0153-7
1839:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1821:Basham, A. L.
1818:
1817:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1790:
1781:
1779:
1771:
1766:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1744:
1737:
1736:Zvelebil 1974
1732:
1726:, p. 493
1725:
1720:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1686:
1678:
1671:
1663:
1656:
1648:
1641:
1633:
1626:
1618:
1611:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1582:
1574:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1536:
1529:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1505:
1498:
1492:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1463:
1457:, p. 127
1456:
1451:
1444:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1417:
1416:Zvelebil 1974
1412:
1410:
1402:
1396:
1389:
1384:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1346:
1336:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1298:
1292:
1285:
1279:
1271:
1264:
1256:
1249:
1241:
1234:
1230:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1163:In 470 CE, a
1161:
1159:
1155:
1152:According to
1147:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1064:
1055:
1053:
1052:Isai Nunukkam
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
991:
989:
988:Middle Sangam
985:
981:
976:
974:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
923:
921:
917:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
885:
882:
871:
866:
855:
845:
843:
838:
836:
835:Tamil culture
832:
831:Kumari Kandam
827:
824:
823:
816:
814:
810:
809:
804:
800:
795:
790:
788:
784:
774:
772:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
755:
751:
748:
746:
743:
740:
737:
735:
732:
731:
728:
726:
723:
720:
717:
715:
712:
711:
707:
704:
701:
699:No. of Poets
698:
695:
692:
691:
688:
684:
680:
670:
668:
664:
658:
656:
652:
648:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
628:Sangam period
623:
608:
603:
600:
597:
595:
592:
591:
588:
585:
583:
580:
579:
576:
575:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
541:
537:
534:
531:
530:
526:
524:
521:
520:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
505:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
489:
486:
484:
481:
480:
477:
474:
472:
469:
468:
465:
464:
459:
456:
452:
449:
444:
436:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
417:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
402:
398:
395:
392:
390:
387:
386:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
359:
356:
354:
351:
350:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:
281:
278:
275:
273:
270:
269:
266:
263:
261:
258:
257:
254:
250:
247:
244:
242:
239:
238:
235:
232:
230:
229:Paṭṭiṉappālai
227:
226:
223:
220:
218:
215:
214:
211:
210:Maturaikkāñci
208:
206:
203:
202:
199:
198:Kuṟiñcippāṭṭu
196:
194:
191:
190:
187:
183:
180:
179:Patiṟṟuppattu
177:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
132:
128:
125:
124:
119:
116:
113:
111:
108:
107:
104:
100:
97:
92:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
66:Tamil Sangams
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
2659:Tamil-Brahmi
2537:Caturakarāti
2510:dictionaries
2508:Grammars and
2403:Cīrappurānam
2247:Nellai Tamil
2197:Third Sangam
2187:First Sangam
2167:Manipravalam
2162:Modern Tamil
2157:Middle Tamil
2089:
2071:
2053:
2015:
2011:
1990:
1959:
1955:
1937:
1911:
1902:
1893:
1884:
1872:
1852:
1833:
1824:
1802:the original
1796:
1789:
1765:
1754:
1743:
1731:
1719:
1714:, p. 47
1707:
1696:
1685:
1676:
1670:
1661:
1655:
1646:
1640:
1631:
1625:
1616:
1610:
1601:
1595:
1586:
1581:
1560:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1528:
1521:
1512:
1503:
1497:
1486:
1481:, p. 97
1474:
1462:
1450:
1445:, p. 46
1438:
1418:, p. 12
1403:, p. 32
1395:
1383:
1345:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1315:
1296:
1291:
1283:
1278:
1269:
1263:
1254:
1248:
1239:
1233:
1192:
1162:
1151:
1136:
1129:in Madurai.
1112:
1101:
1087:
1084:Third Sangam
1081:
1071:
1069:
1044:Tholkappiyam
1029:
1027:
1023:First Sangam
1012:
1007:
999:
997:
977:
970:
943:
924:
916:Then Madurai
915:
913:
888:
886:
851:
839:
828:
820:
817:
812:
806:
791:
780:
749:
686:
659:
650:
646:
644:
639:
625:
574:Tamil people
572:
539:
503:
461:
400:
305:Iṉṉā Nāṟpatu
283:
252:
222:Neṭunalvāṭai
217:Mullaippāṭṭu
121:
77:
73:
69:
65:
63:
29:
2532:Tolkāppiyam
2433:Thiruppugal
2232:Kongu Tamil
1133:Historicity
1108:Vaishnavite
1088:kaṭaicaṅkam
1072:kaṭaicaṅkam
1036:Budapuranam
1031:Kapatapuram
1019:Kurunthogai
1008:Kapatapuram
889:mutaṟcaṅkam
762:1850 years
750:Tolkāppiyam
738:3700 years
718:4440 years
495:Kundalakesi
488:Valayapathi
476:Manimekalai
413:Ramavataram
365:Ācārakkōvai
358:Tirikaṭukam
317:Kār Nāṟpatu
138:Aiṅkurunūṟu
115:Tolkāppiyam
36:Agathiyar (
2825:Categories
2669:Vatteluttu
2396:literature
2394:Devotional
2346:Literature
2300:Sociolects
2270:Batticaloa
2257:Sri Lankan
1522:Suny Press
1225:References
1177:Vajranandi
1000:iṭaicaṅkam
960:and seven
787:Tamil Nadu
702:no of king
696:Time span
677:See also:
663:Cinnamanur
446:Topics in
353:Tirukkuṟaḷ
186:Ten Idylls
162:Kuṟuntokai
155:Kalittokai
150:Puṟanāṉūṟu
94:Topics in
54:Tamil Thai
2726:Phonology
2698:Lexis and
2664:Koleḻuttu
2604:Tamil and
2517:Agattiyam
2474:Iraichchi
2423:Tirumurai
2418:Tēmpāvaṉi
2152:Old Tamil
2032:189777598
1930:0073-8352
1467:Marr 1985
1181:Kalabhras
1048:Mapuranam
1040:Agattiyam
1015:Iraiyanar
984:Kalabhras
966:Agattiyam
927:Agathiyar
803:Sampandar
645:The name
564:Tirumurai
511:Neelakesi
425:Tirumuṟai
394:Kainnilai
293:Nālaṭiyār
174:Paripāṭal
143:Akanāṉūṟu
110:Agattiyam
58:Karaikudi
2591:Yerambam
2353:Classics
2208:Dialects
2039:citation
1976:citation
1883:(1975),
1823:(1981),
1203:See also
1185:Buddhism
1119:nayanars
1104:Shaivite
980:Kadungon
516:Culamani
167:Natṟiṇai
2700:grammar
2647:Scripts
2618:Sinhala
2613:English
2551:History
2494:Ullurai
2265:Negombo
2145:History
1813:Sources
1189:Jainism
1169:Madurai
1158:Madurai
1096:Pandiya
1092:Madurai
1076:Madurai
958:Kuperan
954:Murugan
933:and no
931:Ptolemy
909:Agastya
905:Murugan
872::
856::
794:Pallava
771:Pandiya
705:Kingdom
693:Sangam
667:Pandyas
559:Tevaram
420:Tevaram
86:Madurai
82:Madurai
50:Pandiya
48:in the
46:Madurai
38:Agastya
18:Sangams
2773:Events
2638:Korean
2522:Nannūl
2489:Thinai
2457:Poetry
2275:Jaffna
2215:Indian
2096:
2078:
2060:
2030:
1997:
1944:
1928:
1918:
1860:
1840:
1569:
1324:Sangam
1286:, pp12
1191:. The
1175:named
962:Pandya
935:Sangam
920:Pandya
901:Kubera
813:caṅkam
734:Second
708:Books
651:koodal
647:Sangam
640:Sangam
582:Sangam
260:Sangam
78:kooṭam
74:saṅgha
70:caṅkam
42:Sangam
2633:Malay
2484:Puram
2469:Venpa
2464:Kural
2028:S2CID
1340:Press
1330:pp 46
1312:Appar
1220:Notes
1171:by a
1123:Shiva
1115:Shiva
1004:Tamil
950:Shiva
893:Hindu
870:Tamil
854:Tamil
799:Appar
758:Third
741:1700
714:First
655:Tamil
607:edit
435:edit
389:Elāti
44:, at
2764:Moḻi
2689:Arwi
2479:Akam
2312:Arwi
2094:ISBN
2076:ISBN
2058:ISBN
2045:link
1995:ISBN
1982:link
1942:ISBN
1926:ISSN
1916:ISBN
1858:ISBN
1838:ISBN
1567:ISBN
1320:Siva
1173:Jain
1106:and
1082:The
1050:and
907:and
897:Siva
819:the
801:and
721:549
681:and
64:The
2759:ISO
2499:Ulā
2020:doi
1964:doi
1187:or
884:).
2827::
2041:}}
2037:{{
2016:15
2014:,
1978:}}
1974:{{
1960:67
1958:,
1924:,
1777:^
1520:,
1423:^
1408:^
1354:^
1304:^
1046:,
1042:,
1038:,
990:.
956:,
952:,
903:,
899:,
878:,
862:,
837:.
767:49
744:59
724:89
669:.
88:.
2130:e
2123:t
2116:v
2047:)
2022::
1984:)
1966::
1866:.
1575:.
1378:.
1257:.
1086:(
653:(
20:)
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