Archaeology - Knowledge

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and warmer seas, ocean acidification and changes in oceanic currents. These climate drivers will result in changes to flora and fauna, and changes in ground conditions (both on and below the surface) and so will also affect archaeological deposits and structures, while human responses to the climate crisis will also impact archaeological sites. The archaeologist's knowledge and skills are relevant to supporting society in adapting to a changing climate and a low carbon future. Another effect of higher temperatures has been melting of glaciers and ice patches. This has led to the discovery of artifacts and bodies long buried in the ice, fostering the new field of glacial archaeology.

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of the public view archaeology as something only available to a narrow demographic. The job of archaeologist is depicted as a "romantic adventurist occupation", and as a hobby more than a job in the scientific community. Cinema audiences form a notion of "who archaeologists are, why they do what they do, and how relationships to the past are constituted", and is often under the impression that all archaeology takes place in a distant and foreign land, only to collect monetarily or spiritually priceless artifacts. The modern depiction of archaeology has incorrectly formed the public's perception of what archaeology is.

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people who illegally take artifacts from protected sites, and by alerting people who live near archaeological sites of the threat of looting. Common methods of public outreach include press releases, the encouragement of school field trips to sites under excavation by professional archaeologists, and making reports and publications accessible outside of academia. Public appreciation of the significance of archaeology and archaeological sites often leads to improved protection from encroaching development or other threats.

859: 238: 1644: 1508: 1399:(light detection and ranging) uses a laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) to transmit a light pulse and a receiver with sensitive detectors to measure the backscattered or reflected light. Distance to the object is determined by recording the time between the transmitted and backscattered pulses and using the speed of light to calculate the distance travelled. Lidars can determine atmospheric profiles of aerosols, clouds, and other constituents of the atmosphere. 641: 11926: 1169:). These civilizations are, not coincidentally, the best-known; they are open to the inquiry of historians for centuries, while the study of pre-historic cultures has arisen only recently. Within a literate civilization many events and important human practices may not be officially recorded. Any knowledge of the early years of human civilization – the development of agriculture, cult practices of folk religion, the rise of the first cities – must come from archaeology. 2317:, temporary, and non-tenure track appointments) to the annual number of archaeology MA/MSc and PhD students is disproportionate. Cultural Resource Management, once considered an intellectual backwater for individuals with "strong backs and weak minds", has attracted these graduates, and CRM offices are thus increasingly staffed by advance degreed individuals with a track record of producing scholarly articles but who also have extensive CRM field experience. 11890: 9491: 361: 2661:

remains to storage facilities for further study. In some cases human remains were not even thoroughly studied but instead archived rather than reburied. Furthermore, Western archaeologists' views of the past often differ from those of tribal peoples. The West views time as linear; for many natives, it is cyclic. From a Western perspective, the past is long-gone; from a native perspective, disturbing the past can have dire consequences in the present.

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contributing to human ecology, independent evidence base, historic context development and tourism. The delivery of public benefits through archaeology can be summarised as follows: through making a contribution to a shared history, artistic and cultural treasures, local values, place-making and social cohesion, educational benefits, contribution to science and innovation, health and wellbeing, and added economic value to developers.

1811: 2590: 1659: 1788:. The cut describes the edge of the feature, where the feature meets the natural soil. It is the feature's boundary. The fill is what the feature is filled with, and will often appear quite distinct from the natural soil. The cut and fill are given consecutive numbers for recording purposes. Scaled plans and sections of individual features are all drawn on site, black and white and colour photographs of them are taken, and 2156: 40: 751: 11902: 11954: 9502: 2373: 2228:(NHPA) of 1966, and most taxpayers, scholars, and politicians believe that CRM has helped preserve much of that nation's history and prehistory that would have otherwise been lost in the expansion of cities, dams, and highways. Along with other statutes, the NHPA mandates that projects on federal land or involving federal funds or permits consider the effects of the project on each 2364:, said during a cultural property protection mission in Lebanon in April 2019 with the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon: "Cultural assets are part of the identity of the people who live in a certain place. If you destroy their culture, you also destroy their identity. Many people are uprooted, often have no prospects anymore and subsequently flee from their homeland." 1349: 2306:

for the least funding. CRM archaeologists face considerable time pressure, often being forced to complete their work in a fraction of the time that might be allotted for a purely scholarly endeavour. Compounding the time pressure is the vetting process of site reports that are required (in the US) to be submitted by CRM firms to the appropriate

2310:(SHPO). From the SHPO's perspective there is to be no difference between a report submitted by a CRM firm operating under a deadline, and a multi-year academic project. The result is that for a Cultural Resource Management archaeologist to be successful, they must be able to produce academic quality documents at a corporate world pace. 340:, but he also had them restored to their former glory. He was also the first to date an archaeological artifact in his attempt to date Naram-Sin's temple during his search for it. Even though his estimate was inaccurate by about 1,500 years, it was still a very good one considering the lack of accurate dating technology at the time. 2437:(USFS) operates a volunteer archaeology and historic preservation program called the Passport in Time (PIT). Volunteers work with professional USFS archaeologists and historians on national forests throughout the U.S. Volunteers are involved in all aspects of professional archaeology under expert supervision. 2357:. Blue Shield International has undertaken various fact-finding missions in recent years to protect archaeological sites during the wars in Libya, Syria, Egypt and Lebanon. The importance of archaeological finds for identity, tourism and sustainable economic growth is repeatedly emphasized internationally. 1066:, thereby no written records exist for study purposes. Without such written sources, the only way to understand prehistoric societies is through archaeology. Because archaeology is the study of past human activity, it stretches back to about 2.5 million years ago when the first stone tools are found – 5111:

Adibe, Luiz Abdalla Filho; Gabriela, Bielefeld Nardoto; Leonardo, de Aro Galera; Janaina, Leite de Souza; Luiza, Santos Reis; Yeleine, Almoza Hernandez; Rebeca, Sales; Daniel, Guimarães Gerardi; Luiz, Antonio Martinelli (2019). "Is the 'canine surrogacy approach' (CSA) still valid for dogs and humans

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affects our environment, projections show that there will be changes in rainfall with increased drought and desertification, increases in intensity and frequency of rainfall, increases in temperature (winter and summer), increases in both the temperature and frequency of heatwaves, rising sea levels,

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As a consequence of this, American Indians attempted to prevent archaeological excavation of sites inhabited by their ancestors, while American archaeologists believed that the advancement of scientific knowledge was a valid reason to continue their studies. This contradictory situation was addressed

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trade. Smuggling of antiquities abroad to private collectors has caused great cultural and economic damage in many countries whose governments lack the resources and or the will to deter it. Looters damage and destroy archaeological sites, denying future generations information about their ethnic and

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of the soil are also widely used. Archaeological features whose electrical resistivity contrasts with that of surrounding soils can be detected and mapped. Some archaeological features (such as those composed of stone or brick) have higher resistivity than typical soils, while others (such as organic

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can be used to look where sites are located within a large area or provide more information about sites or regions. There are two types of remote sensing instruments—passive and active. Passive instruments detect natural energy that is reflected or emitted from the observed scene. Passive instruments

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Cultural resources management has, however, been criticized. CRM is conducted by private companies that bid for projects by submitting proposals outlining the work to be done and an expected budget. It is not unheard of for the agency responsible for the construction to choose the proposal that asks

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sites on public and private lands, and the removal of culturally valuable materials from areas where they would otherwise be destroyed by human activity, such as proposed construction. This study involves at least a cursory examination to determine whether or not any significant archaeological sites

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aims to systematize archaeological measurement. It emphasizes the application of analytical techniques from physics, chemistry, and engineering. It is a field of research that frequently focuses on the definition of the chemical composition of archaeological remains for source analysis. Archaeometry

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Drones costing as little as £650 have proven useful. In 2013, drones have flown over at least six Peruvian archaeological sites, including the colonial Andean town Machu Llacta 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) above sea level. The drones continue to have altitude problems in the Andes, leading to plans

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Often, archaeology provides the only means to learn of the existence and behaviors of people of the past. Across the millennia many thousands of cultures and societies and billions of people have come and gone of which there is little or no written record or existing records are misrepresentative or

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who now inhabit the region. The remains may be of Iroquoian ancestry, since Iroquoian people inhabited the area before the Algonquin. Moreover, the oldest of these remains might have no relation at all to the Algonquin or Iroquois, and belong to an earlier culture who previously inhabited the area.

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Pseudoarchaeology is an umbrella term for all activities that falsely claim to be archaeological but in fact violate commonly accepted and scientific archaeological practices. It includes much fictional archaeological work (discussed above), as well as some actual activity. Many non-fiction authors

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One audience for archaeologists' work is the public. Archaeologists increasingly realize that their work can benefit non-academic and non-archaeological audiences, and that they have a responsibility to educate and inform the public about archaeology. Local heritage awareness is aimed at increasing

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Early archaeology was largely an attempt to uncover spectacular artifacts and features, or to explore vast and mysterious abandoned cities and was mostly done by upper class, scholarly men. This general tendency laid the foundation for the modern popular view of archaeology and archaeologists. Many

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to find out as much as possible about it and the surrounding area. Second, an excavation may take place to uncover any archaeological features buried under the ground. And, third, the information collected during the excavation is studied and evaluated in an attempt to achieve the original research

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Motivated by a desire to halt looting, curb pseudoarchaeology, and to help preserve archaeological sites through education and fostering public appreciation for the importance of archaeological heritage, archaeologists are mounting public-outreach campaigns. They seek to stop looting by combatting

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and be preserved there for posterity. Thus, written records tend to reflect the biases, assumptions, cultural values and possibly deceptions of a limited range of individuals, usually a small fraction of the larger population. Hence, written records cannot be trusted as a sole source. The material

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is the ethnographic study of living people, designed to aid in our interpretation of the archaeological record. The approach first gained prominence during the processual movement of the 1960s, and continues to be a vibrant component of post-processual and other current archaeological approaches.

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Archaeologists around the world use drones to speed up survey work and protect sites from squatters, builders and miners. In Peru, small drones helped researchers produce three-dimensional models of Peruvian sites instead of the usual flat maps – and in days and weeks instead of months and years.

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There is a considerable international body of research focused on archaeology and public value and tangible benefits of archaeology include helping to counteract racism, documenting accomplishments of ignored communities, providing time-depth as a response to short-termism of the modern age, and

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battlefields, metal distribution analysis prior to excavation of a 19th-century ship wreck, and service cable location during evaluation. Metal detectorists have also contributed to archaeology where they have made detailed records of their results and refrained from raising artifacts from their

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criticized contemporary Chinese scholars for attributing ancient bronze vessels as creations of famous sages rather than artisan commoners, and for attempting to revive them for ritual use without discerning their original functionality and purpose of manufacture. Such antiquarian pursuits waned

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An inconspicuous rock mound marks the reburial site where close to 80 boxes of various sizes are buried. Because of this reburial, no further scientific study is possible. Although negotiations were at times tense between the Kitigan Zibi community and museum, they were able to reach agreement.

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The simplest survey technique is surface survey. It involves combing an area, usually on foot but sometimes with the use of mechanized transport, to search for features or artifacts visible on the surface. Surface survey cannot detect sites or features that are completely buried under earth, or

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and archaeologists, which can be summarized as a conflict between a need to remain respectful toward sacred burial sites and the academic benefit from studying them. For years, American archaeologists dug on Indian burial grounds and other places considered sacred, removing artifacts and human

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Survey work has many benefits if performed as a preliminary exercise to, or even in place of, excavation. It requires relatively little time and expense, because it does not require processing large volumes of soil to search out artifacts. (Nevertheless, surveying a large region or site can be

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In addition to their scientific importance, archaeological remains sometimes have political or cultural significance to descendants of the people who produced them, monetary value to collectors, or strong aesthetic appeal. Many people identify archaeology with the recovery of such aesthetic,

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Archaeology became a professional activity in the first half of the 20th century, and it became possible to study archaeology as a subject in universities and even schools. By the end of the 20th century nearly all professional archaeologists, at least in developed countries, were

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While this cooperation presents a new set of challenges and hurdles to fieldwork, it has benefits for all parties involved. Tribal elders cooperating with archaeologists can prevent the excavation of areas of sites that they consider sacred, while the archaeologists gain the elders' aid in

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The protection of archaeological finds for the public from catastrophes, wars and armed conflicts is increasingly being implemented internationally. This happens on the one hand through international agreements and on the other hand through organizations that monitor or enforce protection.

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Archaeologists have also been obliged to re-examine what constitutes an archaeological site in view of what native peoples believe to constitute sacred space. To many native peoples, natural features such as lakes, mountains or even individual trees have cultural significance. Australian

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represents the application of the experimental method to develop more highly controlled observations of processes that create and impact the archaeological record. In the context of the logical positivism of processualism with its goals of improving the scientific rigor of archaeological

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first cites "archaeologist" from 1824; this soon took over as the usual term for one major branch of antiquarian activity. "Archaeology", from 1607 onward, initially meant what we would call "ancient history" generally, with the narrower modern sense first seen in 1837. However, it was

428:. Antiquarians studied history with particular attention to ancient artifacts and manuscripts, as well as historical sites. Antiquarianism focused on the empirical evidence that existed for the understanding of the past, encapsulated in the motto of the 18th century antiquary, Sir 1143:

has sometimes been restricted to deeds and contracts. The interests and world-view of elites are often quite different from the lives and interests of the populace. Writings that were produced by people more representative of the general population were unlikely to find their way into

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in Europe during the 19th century, and has since become a discipline practiced around the world. Archaeology has been used by nation-states to create particular visions of the past. Since its early development, various specific sub-disciplines of archaeology have developed, including

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An archaeological investigation usually involves several distinct phases, each of which employs its own variety of methods. Before any practical work can begin, however, a clear objective as to what the archaeologists are looking to achieve must be agreed upon. This done, a site is

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are present in the area affected by the proposed construction. If these do exist, time and money must be allotted for their excavation. If initial survey and/or test excavations indicate the presence of an extraordinarily valuable site, the construction may be prohibited entirely.

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The archaeological project then continues (or alternatively, begins) with a field survey. Regional survey is the attempt to systematically locate previously unknown sites in a region. Site survey is the attempt to systematically locate features of interest, such as houses and

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patterns may also be used. A relatively nascent subfield is that of archaeological materials, designed to enhance understanding of prehistoric and non-industrial culture through scientific analysis of the structure and properties of materials associated with human activity.

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archaeologists especially have explored this issue and attempted to survey these sites to give them some protection from being developed. Such work requires close links and trust between archaeologists and the people they are trying to help and at the same time study.

1357: 1355: 1350: 547:"Cyriac of Ancona was the most enterprising and prolific recorder of Greek and Roman antiquities, particularly inscriptions, in the fifteenth century, and the general accuracy of his records entitles him to be called the founding father of modern classical archeology." 882:", and within types chronologically. This style of arrangement, designed to highlight the evolutionary trends in human artifacts, was of enormous significance for the accurate dating of the objects. His most important methodological innovation was his insistence that 1405:: A laser altimeter uses a lidar (see above) to measure the height of the instrument platform above the surface. By independently knowing the height of the platform with respect to the mean Earth's surface, the topography of the underlying surface can be determined. 2877:

is to lead the project that is to commemorate an estimated 570 West Africans buried in unmarked graves at the site of the former Newton sugar plantation. Barbados can be seen as a good example of respectful preservation of an African burial ground. Throughout the

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hobbyists who search for artifacts using increasingly advanced technology. Efforts are underway among all major Archaeological organizations to increase education and legitimate cooperation between amateurs and professionals in the metal detecting community.

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Shipwreck Project integrated a one-hour HD documentary, short videos for public viewing and video updates during the expedition as part of the educational outreach. Webcasting is also another tool for educational outreach. For one week in 2000 and 2001, live

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Archaeological excavation existed even when the field was still the domain of amateurs, and it remains the source of the majority of data recovered in most field projects. It can reveal several types of information usually not accessible to survey, such as

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methods.) As with other forms of non-destructive archaeology, survey avoids ethical issues (of particular concern to descendant peoples) associated with destroying a site through excavation. It is the only way to gather some forms of information, such as

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This view is often espoused in works of popular fiction, such as Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Mummy, and King Solomon's Mines. When unrealistic subjects are treated more seriously, accusations of pseudoscience are invariably levelled at their proponents

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intend to build a restorative justice-based structure in archaeology. They suggest to define descendants not only in genealogical terms, but also to welcome input of African Americans whose ancestors had a shared historical experience in enslavement.

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have resulted in a huge upsurge in public interest. Where possible, archaeologists now make more provisions for public involvement and outreach in larger projects than they once did, and many local archaeological organizations operate within the

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Survey was not widely practised in the early days of archaeology. Cultural historians and prior researchers were usually content with discovering the locations of monumental sites from the local populace, and excavating only the plainly visible

1550:, which changes colour rapidly at maturation, have revealed buried structures with great precision. Aerial photographs taken at different times of day will help show the outlines of structures by changes in shadows. Aerial survey also employs 2505:

framework to expand public involvement in smaller-scale, more local projects. Archaeological excavation, however, is best undertaken by well-trained staff that can work quickly and accurately. Often this requires observing the necessary

1354: 2220:(CHM) in the United Kingdom. CRM archaeologists frequently examine archaeological sites that are threatened by development. Today, CRM accounts for most of the archaeological research done in the United States and much of that in 2415:, and data processing. Some archaeologists refer to such off-the-mark portrayals as "pseudoarchaeology". Archaeologists are also very much reliant on public support; the question of for whom they are working is often discussed. 1538:. A bird's-eye view is useful for quick mapping of large or complex sites. Aerial photographs are used to document the status of the archaeological dig. Aerial imaging can also detect many things not visible from the surface. 1199:

There is no one approach to archaeological theory that has been adhered to by all archaeologists. When archaeology developed in the late 19th century, the first approach to archaeological theory to be practised was that of

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of activity. For example, excavation of a site reveals its stratigraphy; if a site was occupied by a succession of distinct cultures, artifacts from more recent cultures will lie above those from more ancient cultures.

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Roche, Hélène; Kent, Dennis V.; Kirwa, Christopher; Lokorodi, Sammy; Wright, James D.; Mortlock, Richard A.; et al. (May 2015). "3.3 million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya".

2612:. Archaeology stimulates interest in ancient objects, and people in search of artifacts or treasure cause damage to archaeological sites. The commercial and academic demand for artifacts contributes directly to the 2573:, together with many subsequent lesser-known works, expounds a theory of ancient contacts between human civilization on Earth and more technologically advanced extraterrestrial civilizations. This theory, known as 2529:

projects are starting to become more common. Often archaeologists are assisted by the public in the locating of archaeological sites, which professional archaeologists have neither the funding, nor the time to do.

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in determining applications for new development. As a result, numerous archaeological organizations undertake mitigation work in advance of (or during) construction work in archaeologically sensitive areas, at the

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Jeffrey Quilter, an archaeologist with Harvard University said, "You can go up three metres and photograph a room, 300 metres and photograph a site, or you can go up 3,000 metres and photograph the entire valley."

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unanimously passed a bill in December 2020 that centers African American cemeteries at risk in South Carolina. The bill is made to better protect historic African burial grounds and can lead to the creation of an

1275:. However, this approach has been criticized by processualists as lacking scientific rigor, and the validity of both processualism and post-processualism is still under debate. Meanwhile, another theory, known as 862:

This photo is made of a single goat hair from a textile found on the 14th century ship in Tallinn, Estonia. Photo was done in archaeology department (University of Tartu) by microscope Olympus BX51, magnification

621:'s writings involved recording of local traditions, examining manuscripts, inscriptions, coins and architectures, which is described as one of the earliest traces of archaeology. One of his notable work is called 680:

in southern England. He was also ahead of his time in the analysis of his findings. He attempted to chart the chronological stylistic evolution of handwriting, medieval architecture, costume, and shield-shapes.

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objectives of the archaeologists. It is then considered good practice for the information to be published so that it is available to other archaeologists and historians, although this is sometimes neglected.

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While most looting is deliberate, accidental looting can occur when amateurs, who are unaware of the importance of Archaeological rigor, collect artifacts from sites and place them into private collections.

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released a statement that the museum would no longer purchase or accept collections from looted contexts. The first conviction of the transport of artifacts illegally removed from private property under the

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He traveled throughout Greece and all around the Eastern Mediterranean, to record his findings on ancient buildings, statues and inscriptions, including archaeological remains still unknown to his time: the

912:, laid down many of the ideas behind modern archaeological recording; he remarked that "I believe the true line of research lies in the noting and comparison of the smallest details." Petrie developed the 1608:

to be tantamount to treasure hunting, others deem them an effective tool in archaeological surveying. Examples of formal archaeological use of metal detectors include musketball distribution analysis on

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Friedrich Schipper: "Bildersturm: Die globalen Normen zum Schutz von Kulturgut greifen nicht" (German - The global norms for the protection of cultural property do not apply), In: Der Standard, 6 March

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remains. Archaeology is particularly important for learning about prehistoric societies, for which, by definition, there are no written records. Prehistory includes over 99% of the human past, from the

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in archaeology and anthropology, a lack of inclusion of the African descendant community, and possession of human remains in the collections of universities and museums. In the 1990s, anthropologist

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incomplete. Writing as it is known today did not exist in human civilization until the 4th millennium BC, in a relatively small number of technologically advanced civilizations. In contrast,

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lived in Rome and devoted himself to the study of Roman antiquities, gradually acquiring an unrivalled knowledge of ancient art. Then, he visited the archaeological excavations being conducted at

2411:, but the bulk of activities and finds of modern archaeology are not so sensational. Archaeological adventure stories tend to ignore the painstaking work involved in carrying out modern surveys, 6925: 6767: 700:. These excavations began in 1748 in Pompeii, while in Herculaneum they began in 1738. The discovery of entire towns, complete with utensils and even human shapes, as well the unearthing of 8740: 6830: 1353: 7689:

Gifford-Gonzalez, D.P.; Damrosch, D.B.; Damrosch, D.R.; Pryor, J. & Thunen, R.L. (1985). "The Third Dimension in Site Structure: An Experiment in Trampling and Vertical Dispersal".

5279: 2763:'s research collection for decades, some since the late 19th century. Elders from various Algonquin communities conferred on an appropriate reburial, eventually deciding on traditional 2433:

civic and individual pride through projects such as community excavation projects, and better public presentations of archaeological sites and knowledge. The U.S. Dept. of Agriculture,

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were being destroyed, emergency archaeological digs took place whenever any part of the line was removed, to further scientific knowledge and reveal details of the line's construction.

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sense only radiation emitted by the object being viewed or reflected by the object from a source other than the instrument. Active instruments emit energy and record what is reflected.

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bodies sometimes offer places on research projects either as part of academic work or as a defined community project. There is also a flourishing industry selling places on commercial

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Archaeologists trying to protect artifacts may be placed in danger by looters or locals trying to protect the artifacts from archaeologists who are viewed as looters by the locals.

2105:, the experimental method gained importance. Experimental techniques remain a crucial component to improving the inferential frameworks for interpreting the archaeological record. 193:, and numerous different scientific techniques have been developed to aid archaeological investigation. Nonetheless, today, archaeologists face many problems, such as dealing with 4254:

Sime, James; Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911). "Winckelmann, Johann Joachim". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 707

3687: 1836:, and is usually the most time-consuming part of an archaeological investigation. It is not uncommon for final excavation reports for major sites to take years to be published. 10625: 10171: 6604: 2537:

to support the organization's mission "to nurturing and bringing attention to the human cultural heritage, by using media in the most efficient and effective ways possible."

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concerns. As a result, very few sites are excavated in their entirety. Again the percentage of a site excavated depends greatly on the country and "method statement" issued.

3521: 1224:, compared the continuity between the past and contemporary ethnic and cultural groups. In the 1960s, an archaeological movement largely led by American archaeologists like 874:, who began excavations on his land in England in the 1880s. Highly methodical by the standards of the time, he is widely regarded as the first scientific archaeologist. He 7585: 3458: 6137: 1232:

arose that rebelled against the established cultural-history archaeology. They proposed a "New Archaeology", which would be more "scientific" and "anthropological", with

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cultural heritage. Indigenous peoples especially lose access to and control over their 'cultural resources', ultimately denying them the opportunity to know their past.

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however the burial grounds are in danger of being destroyed or human remains are being excavated without the descendant community being involved. In 2022, residents on

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However, it is not only prehistoric, pre-literate cultures that can be studied using archaeology but historic, literate cultures as well, through the sub-discipline of

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At a basic level of analysis, artifacts found are cleaned, catalogued and compared to published collections. This comparison process often involves classifying them

5668: 10004: 5236: 5661: 3263:"The Intellectual Base of Archaeological Research 2004–2013: A visualisation and analysis of its disciplinary links, networks of authors, and conceptual language" 2797:

African Diaspora Archaeology is an area of study within the subfield of historical archaeology that studies those that have been forcibly transported through the

10231: 5872:"UNESCO Director-General calls for stronger cooperation for heritage protection at the Blue Shield International General Assembly.", UNESCO - 13 September 2017. 1847:, meaning that artifacts can be dated and their compositions examined. Bones, plants, and pollen collected from a site can all be analyzed using the methods of 10241: 10130: 5900: 5832:

UNESCO convenes Libyan and international experts meeting for the safeguard of Libya's cultural heritage. UNESCO World Heritage Center - News, 21. Oktober 2011.

3201: 2666: 6634: 6187: 2727:, to inter ancestral human remains and burial goods—some dating back 6,000 years. It was not determined, however, if the remains were directly related to the 10166: 8072: 2533:

Archaeological Legacy Institute (ALI), is a registered 501 non-profit, media and education corporation registered in Oregon in 1999. ALI founded a website,

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and Marine Grafics, this project enabled students to talk to scientists and learn about methods and technologies used by the underwater archaeology team.

10346: 10326: 10276: 6883: 2669:(NAGPRA, 1990), which sought to reach a compromise by limiting the right of research institutions to possess human remains. Due in part to the spirit of 2387: 1870:

These techniques frequently provide information that would not otherwise be known, and therefore they contribute greatly to the understanding of a site.

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of native artifacts to the original descendants. An example of this occurred on 21 June 2005, when community members and elders from a number of the 10

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He was one of the first to separate Greek art into periods and time classifications. Winckelmann has been called both "The prophet and founding hero of

324:, who is thus known as the first archaeologist. Not only did he lead the first excavations which were to find the foundation deposits of the temples of 6265: 3792: 1843:

and identifying other sites with similar artifact assemblages. However, a much more comprehensive range of analytical techniques are available through

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Once artifacts and structures have been excavated, or collected from surface surveys, it is necessary to properly study them. This process is known as

1001:, whose highly disciplined approach to excavation and systematic coverage in the 1920s and 1930s brought the science on swiftly. Wheeler developed the 812:; however, his careful methods led him to admit he saw no reason why ancestors of the Native Americans of his time could not have raised those mounds. 908:

is another man who may legitimately be called the Father of Archaeology. His painstaking recording and study of artifacts, both in Egypt and later in

10657: 10642: 10206: 9793: 9608: 1271:. It questioned processualism's appeals to scientific positivism and impartiality, and emphasized the importance of a more self-critical theoretical 6917: 6759: 6673: 5038: 10680: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10376: 10236: 10125: 10120: 6860: 4563: 1428:(with the Persian Gulf in the lower right corner) indicating the areas that have been subjected to regional surveys (in blue) over the past decades 4532: 3292:"Archaeological Research 2014 to 2021: an examination of its intellectual base, collaborative networks and conceptual language using science maps" 2290:(The National Institute of Cultural Heritage) trains curators specialized in archaeology. Their mission is to enhance the objects discovered. The 1757:), though this method is increasingly used with great caution. Following this rather dramatic step, the exposed area is usually hand-cleaned with 10675: 10647: 10331: 10316: 10301: 10296: 10261: 10181: 9532: 6213: 1907:

calculations to verify whether or not certain structures (such as pillars) were aligned with astronomical events such as the sun's position at a

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of each. All this information serves as a permanent record of the now-destroyed archaeology and is used in describing and interpreting the site.

1208:. In the early 20th century, many archaeologists who studied past societies with direct continuing links to existing ones (such as those of 1204:, which held the goal of explaining why cultures changed and adapted rather than just highlighting the fact that they did, therefore emphasizing 1542:

growing above a buried human-made structure, such as a stone wall, will develop more slowly, while those above other types of features (such as

10611: 10351: 10135: 9768: 8426: 6820: 5269: 1420: 3727: 3208:

is the standard spelling across the English-speaking world, including the United States. Some US government bodies and university presses use

2812:

In the United States, Similar to the experience of Native Americans, the history of African diaspora archaeology is one of controversies over

11084: 10361: 10356: 10341: 10336: 10286: 10246: 10226: 10216: 7088: 7052: 6958: 4488: 7017: 6364: 1705:

or provenience, be recorded. This always involves determining their horizontal locations, and sometimes vertical position as well (also see

10281: 1333: 5646: 10662: 10391: 10386: 10321: 10266: 10256: 10211: 4181: 4139: 2685:

interpreting their finds. There have also been active efforts to recruit aboriginal peoples directly into the archaeological profession.

7652:

Glascock, M.D.; Neff, H.; Stryker, K.S. & Johnson, T.N. (1994). "Sourcing archaeological obsidian by an abbreviated NAA procedure".

5841:

Roger O'Keefe, Camille Péron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari "Protection of Cultural Property. Military Manual." UNESCO, 2016, S. 73ff.

5698: 3420: 10652: 9525: 4944: 4890: 3664: 3620: 3137: 2696: 1947:

In September 2014 drones weighing about 5 kg (11 lb) were used for 3D mapping of the above-ground ruins of the Greek city of

3694: 1096:. Archaeology also sheds light on many of humanity's technological advances, for instance the ability to use fire, the development of 11269: 10366: 10311: 10291: 9723: 7352: 5863:

Eden Stiffman "Cultural Preservation in Disasters, War Zones. Presents Big Challenges" in The Chronicle Of Philanthropy, 11 May 2015.

730:. He was one of the founders of scientific archaeology and first applied the categories of style on a large, systematic basis to the 6243: 2440:

Television programs, web videos and social media can also bring an understanding of underwater archaeology to a broad audience. The

10371: 10221: 10196: 10161: 9623: 7322: 6612: 3759: 3533: 2525:

Archaeologists prize local knowledge and often liaise with local historical and archaeological societies, which is one reason why

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Excavation is the most expensive phase of archaeological research, in relative terms. Also, as a destructive process, it carries

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Ogundele, S.O. (2005). "Ethnoarchaeology of domestic space and spatial behaviour among the Tiv and Ungwai of central Nigeria".

1279:, has emerged seeking to incorporate a focus on process and post-processual archaeology's emphasis of reflexivity and history. 707:

However, prior to the development of modern techniques, excavations tended to be haphazard; the importance of concepts such as

4031: 1112:. Without archaeology, little or nothing would be known about the use of material culture by humanity that pre-dates writing. 11171: 11156: 10616: 8927: 8774: 8598: 8565: 8492: 8346: 8319: 8300: 8210: 8091: 7986: 7867: 7540: 6729: 6465:"No More Polluter Pays Principle: opportunities and challenges of public benefit provision in UK development-led archaeology" 4635: 4609: 4500: 4442: 4221: 4175: 4133: 3658: 3614: 3452: 2841: 2657: 1706: 974:

in the 1870s. These scholars individuated nine different cities that had overlapped with one another, from prehistory to the

924:

in Egypt during the 1880s. He was also responsible for mentoring and training a whole generation of Egyptologists, including

801: 7784:

Gould, R.; Koster, D.A. & Sontz, A.H.L. (1971b). "The Lithic Assemblage of the Western Desert Aborigines of Australia".

7110: 1127:, their surviving records are often incomplete and biased to some extent. In many societies, literacy was restricted to the 11166: 11137: 11094: 10718: 10201: 8403: 4463: 2809:, as well as their descendants. Although of global relevance, most research has been conducted in the Americas and Africa. 2039:

Historical archaeology is the study of cultures with some form of writing and deals with objects and issues from the past.

6984: 6436:"Archaeology and the History of the Lithuanian Resistance in the 19th and 20th Centuries: in search of the public benefit" 2353:

deal with the protection of cultural heritage and thus also archaeological sites. This also applies to the integration of

591:, conducted surveys of the English countryside, drawing, describing and interpreting the monuments that they encountered. 146:

until the advent of literacy in societies around the world. Archaeology has various goals, which range from understanding

6159: 5672: 5620: 5246: 2837: 2280: 697: 8529:

Hodder, Ian; Shanks, Michael; Alexandri, Alexandar; Buchili, Victor; Carman, John; Last, Jonathan; Lucas, Gavin (2008).

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also investigates different spatial characteristics of features, employing methods such as space syntax techniques and

2046:, archaeologists have explored the illicit burial of unbaptized children in medieval texts and cemeteries. In downtown 1209: 5776: 251: 11109: 8669: 8631: 7977:

Miller, D.; Tilley, C. (1984). "Ideology, power, and prehistory: An introduction". In Miller, D.; Tilley, C. (eds.).

7040:

A Future That Does Not Forget: Collaborative Archaeology in the Colonial Context of Sint Eustatius (Dutch Caribbean).

6704: 4471: 4360: 3951: 3926: 3898: 3827: 2895: 2199: 6415:

Minnis, P.E.; Kelly, D.S.; Sebastian, L.; Ingram, S.E.; Spielmann, K.A. (2006). "Answering the skeptic's question".

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of data collected, to learn more about the past. In broad scope, archaeology relies on cross-disciplinary research.

11906: 10538: 9828: 9068: 6181: 4962: 3042: 2974: 1573: 44: 5750: 11842: 11214: 11062: 9773: 9673: 8841: 8109:

Saraydar, S.; Shimada, I. (1971). "A Quantitative Comparison of Efficiency Between A Stone Axe and A Steel Axe".

5724: 2825: 2817: 2760: 2287: 1477: 11930: 5167: 11799: 11453: 11294: 11089: 9713: 9454: 8967: 8827: 8604: 8571: 8538: 7842: 5798: 3142: 2597:

in June 2007. Several small holes left by looters' prospecting probes can be seen, as well as their footprints.

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Cunliffe, B.W.; Colin Renfrew, B.W.C.; Cunliffe, P.; Davies, W.; Renfrew, C.; Davies, P.; et al. (2002).

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or foraging societies; today ethnoarchaeological research encompasses a much wider range of human behaviour.

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Standards of Archaeological Excavations: A Fieldguide to the Methology, Recording Techniques and Conventions

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have ignored the scientific methods of processual archaeology, or the specific critiques of it contained in

1062:. Over 99% of the development of humanity has occurred within prehistoric cultures, who did not make use of 11747: 11657: 10416: 9989: 9763: 9678: 9663: 9476: 9186: 9073: 8684: 8517: 5333:"Doctrinal and physical marginality in Christian death: The burial of unbaptized infants in Medieval Italy" 2792: 2217: 1380: 1201: 708: 31: 6695:

Singleton, Theresa (2010). "African Diaspora in Archaeology". In Olaniyan, Tejumola; Sweet, James (eds.).

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Inverted kite aerial photo of an excavation of a Roman building at Nesley near Tetbury in Gloucestershire.

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record may be closer to a fair representation of society, though it is subject to its own biases, such as

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Shanks, M. (1991). "Some recent approaches to style and social reconstruction in classical archaeology".

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Modern excavation techniques require that the precise locations of objects and features, known as their

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences

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is the link between scientific knowledge, administrative regulations, heritage objects and the public.

2235:

The application of CRM in the United Kingdom is not limited to government-funded projects. Since 1990,

1714: 1710: 1293: 1221: 1047: 848: 789:, and the terms he used to categorize and describe them are still used by archaeologists today. Future 719: 577: 8876: 6349: 6209: 1457:, and survey of all levels became prominent with the rise of processual archaeology some years later. 11561: 11289: 11224: 11176: 10573: 9688: 9683: 9296: 9284: 9150: 9090: 9043: 8920: 7763:

Gould, R. (1971a). "The Archaeologist as Ethnographer: A Case from the Western Desert of Australia".

7283: 3030: 3018: 2997: 2949: – Application of the techniques of molecular population genetics to the study of the human past 2802: 2350: 2333: 1879: 1638: 1581: 839:. The systematic application of stratigraphy to archaeology first took place with the excavations of 828: 432:: "We speak from facts, not theory". Tentative steps towards the systematization of archaeology as a 5585:

Saiano, F.; Scalenghe, R. (2009). "An anthropic soil transformation fingerprinted by REY patterns".

2914:

Archaeological sites can be seen as habitats that support ecosystems and fulfil biodiversity goals.

2824:

where he initiated a protocol for collaborating with the African descendant community. In 2011, the

154:

to documenting and explaining changes in human societies through time. Derived from Greek, the term

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is even more important in excavation than in survey. Sometimes large mechanical equipment, such as

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religious, political, or economic treasures rather than with the reconstruction of past societies.

1033: 166: 8262:

Shott, M.J.; Sillitoe, P. (2005). "Use life and curation in New Guinea experimental used flakes".

7084: 6635:"Open minds, clearer signals – metal detectorist and archaeologist cooperation takes another step" 3069: – Study of the relationship between humans and their natural, social, and built environments 11925: 11704: 11592: 11487: 10578: 10563: 10009: 9901: 9703: 9643: 9568: 9424: 9349: 9247: 9125: 7288: 6356: 5925:

McGeough, Kevin (2006). "Heroes, mummies, and treasure: Near Eastern archaeology in the movies".

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archaeological context. In the UK, metal detectorists have been solicited for involvement in the

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spoke out strongly against what they found were unethical excavations of their ancestors on the

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to describe the study of antiquities in which he was engaged, in the preface of a collection of

133:

in East Africa 3.3 million years ago up until recent decades. Archaeology is distinct from

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Yellen, J.; Harpending, H. (1972). "Hunter-Gatherer Populations and Archaeological Inference".

7601:

Flannery, K.V. (1967). "Culture History v. Culture Process: A Debate in American archaeology".

6918:"After Breaking Ties with Britain, Barbados Announces Heritage District Tracing Slavery's Toll" 6853:"All Info - H.R.1179 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): African-American Burial Grounds Network Act" 5990:

Denning, K. (28 January 2004). "'The Storm of Progress' and Archaeology for an Online Public".

5638: 5578: 3183: 3152: 2958: 2952: 2601: 2569: 2446: 2240: 2114: 2034: 2006: 1844: 1840: 1793: 1777: 1773: 1722: 1622: 1597: 1241: 1185:. However, these endeavours, real and fictional, are not representative of modern archaeology. 1116: 879: 712: 489: 243: 210: 198: 71: 11235: 9517: 7622:

Flannery, K.V. (1982). "The Golden Marshalltown: A Parable for the Archaeology of the 1980s".

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overgrown with vegetation. Surface survey may also include mini-excavation techniques such as

867:

A major figure in the development of archaeology into a rigorous science was army officer and

819:. The idea of overlapping strata tracing back to successive periods was borrowed from the new 11979: 11737: 11727: 11689: 11662: 11624: 11597: 11507: 11416: 11335: 11325: 11073: 10593: 10558: 10064: 9926: 9813: 9698: 9552: 9464: 9384: 9140: 9053: 9048: 9038: 8241:

Shanks, M. (1993). "Style and the design of a perfume jar from an Archaic Greek city state".

8066: 7823:"Man the hunted: Determinants of household spacing in desert and tropical foraging societies" 7296: 5694: 3412: 3221: 3078: 3036: 2991: 2526: 2502: 2392: 1998: 1912: 1738: 1718: 1462: 1442: 1415: 1367: 1305: 1194: 1002: 947: 943: 921: 778:

from around 1798, funded by Sir Richard Colt Hoare. Cunnington made meticulous recordings of

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Watters, M.R. (2000). "Alluvial stratigraphy and geoarchaeology in the American Southwest".

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Much thorough and productive research has indeed been conducted in dramatic locales such as

1437:, within a site. Each of these two goals may be accomplished with largely the same methods. 1058:

The purpose of archaeology is to learn more about past societies and the development of the

201:

of artifacts, a lack of public interest, and opposition to the excavation of human remains.

11974: 11684: 11524: 11497: 11492: 11389: 11229: 11204: 11161: 10034: 9979: 9891: 9718: 9494: 9394: 9389: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9145: 9135: 9063: 8992: 8987: 8913: 8752: 8391: 8271: 7688: 7661: 7209: 6017: 5671:. Planning, building and the environment – Communities and Local Government. Archived from 5594: 5182: 5121: 5069: 4882: 4367:

The father of official art history was a German named Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717–68).

3362: 3096: 3045: – Non-invasive physical sensing techniques used for archaeological imaging or mapping 2985: 2870: 2849: 2798: 2764: 2574: 2519: 2482: 1994: 1726: 1321: 1301: 1014: 1013:

graduates. Further adaptation and innovation in archaeology continued in this period, when

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Archaeological excavation of a Stone Age settlement at Glamilders in Långbergsöda village,

871: 522: 512: 437: 186: 182: 7344: 7194: 2564: 2325: 8: 11864: 11858: 11784: 11699: 11644: 11519: 11384: 11330: 11148: 11114: 11079: 10893: 10704: 10685: 10548: 10448: 10029: 9946: 9921: 9911: 9818: 9743: 9633: 9603: 9573: 9289: 9274: 9176: 8982: 8972: 8952: 6235: 3009: 2613: 2609: 2408: 2395:, explaining the archaeological discoveries made during the construction of this building 2229: 2132: 1990: 1978: 1916: 1883: 1769: 1721:, needs to be recorded for later analysis. This allows the archaeologist to deduce which 1648: 1388:

is an example of passive remote sensing. Here are two active remote sensing instruments:

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in the early 15th century, for which he has been called an early founder of archaeology.

576:, an Italian Renaissance humanist historian, created a systematic guide to the ruins and 107: 99: 83: 8395: 8275: 7665: 7314: 5598: 5186: 5125: 5073: 3366: 2593:

A looter's pit on the morning following its excavation, taken at Rontoy, Huaura Valley,

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In England, ultimate responsibility of care for the historic environment rests with the

2224:

as well. In the US, CRM archaeology has been a growing concern since the passage of the

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The Archaeology Data Service – Open access online archive for UK and global archaeology

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who went on to achieve fame with the discovery of the tomb of 14th-century BC pharaoh

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A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

3993: 3947: 3922: 3894: 3872: 3823: 3654: 3610: 3578: 3448: 3386: 3378: 3332: 3118: 3107: 3084: 2968: 2670: 2550: 2507: 2434: 2361: 2329: 2272: 2173: 1888: 1781: 1610: 1385: 1237: 1180: 1018: 559: 476: 194: 7681: 6760:"A racist scientist built a collection of human skulls. Should we still study them?" 5149: 4264: 3473: 954:

The first stratigraphic excavation to reach wide popularity with public was that of

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Denning, K. (2004). "The Storm of Progress' and Archaeology for an Online Public".

7488: 7456: 7419: 7415: 7256: 7221: 7174: 7145: 6569: 6517: 6472: 6443: 6395: 6336: 6307: 6089: 6061: 6056: 6044: 5999: 5934: 5602: 5559: 5505: 5344: 5190: 5129: 5077: 5033: 4993: 4856: 4674: 4388: 4023: 3852: 3568: 3398: 3370: 3299: 3270: 3213: 2935: 2840:

and Justin Dunnavant, archaeologist and assistant professor of anthropology at the

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for recording. A feature, for example a pit or a ditch, consists of two parts: the

1593: 1467: 998: 939: 793: 677: 190: 63: 10588: 8855: 8465: 7776: 7635: 7461: 7444: 6093: 5133: 1951:. The data are being analysed by the Austrian Archaeological Institute in Vienna. 11804: 11571: 11566: 11379: 11036: 11026: 10985: 10937: 10788: 10761: 10583: 10493: 10468: 10458: 10453: 10049: 9964: 9936: 9708: 9242: 9095: 8997: 8443:

Wylie, A. (1985). "The reaction against analogy". In Schiffer, Michael B. (ed.).

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Munson, C.A.; Jones, M.M.; Fry, R.E. (1995). "The GE Mound: An ARPA Case Study".

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One of the major achievements of 19th-century archaeology was the development of

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Olsen, Bjørnar; Shanks, Michael; Webmoor, Timothy; Witmore, Christopher (2012).

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Haviland, William A.; Prins, Harald E.L.; McBride, Bunny; Walrath, Dana (2010).

7726:

Gladfelter, B.G. (1977). "Geoarchaeology: The Geomorphologist and Archaeology".

7651: 5237:"Peru's archaeologists turn to drones to help protect and explore ancient ruins" 3087: – Study of changes in the physical environment caused by human activities. 2297:

Among the goals of CRM are the identification, preservation, and maintenance of

847:

sites. In the third and fourth decades of the 19th century, archaeologists like

237: 11958: 11919: 11767: 11679: 11674: 11431: 11352: 11347: 11278: 10919: 10903: 10568: 10553: 10488: 10438: 10059: 9974: 9748: 9593: 9506: 9311: 9301: 9262: 9237: 9007: 8895: 8254: 8146:

Saraydar, S.C.; Shimada, I. (1973). "Experimental archaeology: A new outlook".

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and then use it to help decide the method of excavation. Features dug into the

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World Archaeology News – weekly update from BBC Radio archaeologist, Win Scutt

8725: 8712:

Hutchings Rich, La Salle Marina (2014). "Teaching Anti-Colonial Archaeology".

8283: 8058: 8026: 6949:"Adjaye Associates' proposed Newton Enslaved Burial Ground Memorial, Barbados" 6948: 6167: 5721:"English Heritage – Stonehenge & the History of England: English Heritage" 5624: 5606: 4392: 2776: 11968: 11870: 11826: 11789: 11719: 11694: 11604: 11502: 11448: 11443: 11142: 10498: 10428: 9994: 9848: 9758: 9279: 8813: 8779: 8657: 8356: 8101: 7996: 7550: 5563: 5301: 5274: 3582: 3382: 3066: 3060: 2829: 2748: 2653: 2476: 2047: 1982: 1746: 1643: 1515: 1507: 1493: 1449:

pioneered the technique of regional settlement pattern survey in 1949 in the

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Archaeological theory now borrows from a wide range of influences, including

1229: 1225: 1150: 967: 925: 836: 824: 573: 563: 468: 388: 134: 8793:. More than 10 years of using the Overhauser GSM-19 gradiometer". Wormianum. 8220: 7581: 5029:"Para los arqueólogos es un ladrón, para los buscadores de tesoros un ídolo" 4489:"Characterizing the World Archaeology Collections of the Pitt Rivers Museum" 4317: 3919:

Superfluous Things: Material culture and social status in early modern China

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Video showing the different works in an archaeological recovery and analysis

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Hodder, I. (1985). "Post-processual archaeology". In Schiffer, M.B. (ed.).

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The Pursuit of Ruins: Archaeology, History, and the Making of Modern Mexico

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artifacts, not just beautiful or unique ones, be collected and catalogued.

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Everill, P. (2010). "The Parkers of Heytesbury: Archaeological pioneers".

11821: 11709: 11634: 11551: 11470: 11463: 11046: 11014: 10975: 10820: 10443: 10079: 10024: 9969: 9916: 9876: 9733: 9206: 9085: 8957: 8674: 5697:. Department for Culture Media and Sport. Culture.gov.uk. 28 April 2009. 5550:

Hacιgüzeller, Piraye (2012). "GIS, critique, representation and beyond".

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educational program that reached thousands of children around the world.

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of sites, such as the throne room of an Assyrian palace or ancient Rome.

1892: 1864: 1825: 1821: 1686: 1551: 1497: 1450: 1425: 1217: 1140: 1136: 1124: 1109: 1075: 1038: 929: 755: 739: 727: 693: 669: 526: 508: 425: 349: 295: 143: 7913:

Hodder, I. (1990). "Style as historical quality". In Hastorf, M. (ed.).

6388:"Making the Case for the Public Benefits of Development-led Archaeology" 6329:"Social Impact Archaeology: Pontefract Castle and the Gatehouse Project" 5938: 5349: 5332: 4958: 3374: 1625:

uses geophysical or remote sensing devices such as marine magnetometer,

507:

civilization and the rediscovery of classical culture began in the late

27:

Study of human activity based on materials that people have left behind.

11875: 11714: 11556: 11514: 11458: 11007: 10932: 10898: 10825: 10810: 10798: 10766: 10727: 10503: 10483: 10014: 9881: 9871: 9823: 9628: 9269: 9201: 8890: 8705: 7673: 7427: 7053:"Olympics media village built on 'sacred' mass grave of African slaves" 5746: 3864: 3693:. History of Archaeology (ANP203). Anthropology.msu.edu. Archived from 2768: 2604:

is an ancient problem. For instance, many of the tombs of the Egyptian

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and features were likely used together and which may be from different

1702: 1264: 1248: 1233: 1101: 1097: 917: 844: 840: 783: 661: 645: 600: 452: 360: 126: 122: 95: 8167: 8130: 7943: 7805: 7747: 7710: 7500: 7179: 7166: 6884:"New Legislation Seeks to Protect the U.S.' Historic Black Cemeteries" 6581: 6529: 6448: 6435: 6400: 6387: 6341: 6328: 6312: 6300:"Prehistory, Playhouses and the Public: London's Planning Archaeology" 6299: 5519: 5330: 5005: 4686: 4665:

Schiffer, M.B. (1972). "Archaeological context and systemic context".

4170:. British Academy centenary monographs. British Academy. p. 309. 3941: 3783:"The history of archaeology: How ancient relic hunting became science" 3304: 3291: 2988: – Methods for estimating a realistic date for an event or object 2673:, some archaeologists have begun to actively enlist the assistance of 2313:

The annual ratio of open academic archaeology positions (inclusive of

336:), and the sanctuary that Naram-Sin built to the moon god, located in 11649: 11546: 11475: 11369: 11342: 10991: 10980: 10942: 10835: 10513: 9866: 9257: 9216: 8900: 8045:(2001). "Practice and History in Archaeology: An Emerging Paradigm". 7879:

Ethnobotanical and Archaeobotanical Relationships: A Yuman case study

7642: 7261: 7248: 7150: 7137: 6477: 6464: 6010: 6003: 5720: 5112:

in market-oriented and subsistence-oriented communities in Brazil?".

5089: 3787: 3275: 3262: 2589: 2490: 1904: 1667: 1287: 955: 868: 779: 775: 608: 551: 545:('father of antiquity') and today "father of classical archaeology": 460: 329: 314: 278: 263: 115: 8588: 8555: 8530: 7822: 7376:"Why are there two different spellings: archaeology and archeology?" 6078:"Open Access to Publications to Expand Participation in Archaeology" 5802: 5492:"Experimental Use of Clovis Weaponry and Tools on African Elephants" 3856: 2184:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 1923:

can be applied to large bodies of archaeological 'grey literature'.

1919:

can be used to better understand past social dynamics and outcomes.

11019: 10908: 10830: 10776: 10751: 10518: 10478: 10473: 10019: 9843: 9012: 8621: 8159: 8122: 7935: 7797: 7783: 7739: 7702: 7492: 7472:

Settlement Pattern Studies in the Americas — Fifty Years Since Virú

7315:"Archeology: Why Is There an Alternative Way to Spell Archaeology?" 6744:

Archaeology under the Blinding Light of Race. Michael L. Blakey in

6605:"Archaeologist's execution highlights risks to history's guardians" 6573: 6521: 5510: 5491: 4997: 4678: 4163: 3093: – Magnetic detection of archaeological artefacts and features 2879: 2862: 2858: 2460: 2298: 2260: 2050:, archaeologists have exhumed the 18th century remains of the 2022: 2018: 1966: 1908: 1810: 1555: 1523: 1105: 1063: 805: 684:

Excavations were also carried out by the Spanish military engineer

673: 665: 538: 484:

after the Song period, were revived in the 17th century during the

480: 59: 11914: 11247: 8871: 8404:

10.1002/1520-6548(200008)15:6<537::AID-GEA5>3.0.CO;2-E

7566:. Vol. 1. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 25–35. 6821:"When Black history is unearthed, who gets to speak for the dead?" 5060:

Hall, E.T. (1970). "Survey techniques in underwater archaeology".

3509:. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 25 ff. 2865:

on November 30, 2021, announced plans for the construction of the

2404: 1658: 1470:

and settlement structure. Survey data are commonly assembled into

1161:

has existed for at least 200,000 years, and other species of

898: 855:

began to put the artifacts they had found in chronological order.

640: 11396: 11002: 10952: 10926: 10803: 10756: 9906: 9588: 9078: 8560:. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. 7396: 7367: 6953: 4587:

Minotaur: Sir Arthur Evans and the Archaeology of the Minoan Myth

2932: – Scientific study of humans, human behavior, and societies 2772: 2744: 2736: 2605: 2534: 2456: 2291: 2124: 1750: 1742: 1671: 1313: 1213: 1145: 1079: 1067: 1052: 983: 894: 820: 786: 723: 689: 618: 433: 325: 151: 130: 111: 8003: 6699:. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Press. pp. 119–134. 1474:, which may show surface features and/or artifact distribution. 1025:

was developed as a result of increasing commercial development.

997:

The next major figure in the development of archaeology was Sir

750: 660:

One of the first sites to undergo archaeological excavation was

39: 11041: 10913: 10771: 9798: 9788: 9547: 8711: 7406:

Ascher, R. (1961). "Analogy in archaeological interpretation".

7195:"'Dark' archaeologists scour melting ice for ancient artifacts" 7167:"Heritage Responds – Taking Positive Actions on Climate Change" 6641:(blog). The Society for Historical Archaeology. 10 April 2013. 6045:"Over-research and ethics dumping in international archaeology" 5953: 5331:

Crow, Madison; Zori, Colleen; Zori, Davide (17 December 2020).

4493:

World Archaeology at the Pitt Rivers Museum: A characterization

3946:. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. p. 227. 3843:

Rudolph, R.C. (1963). "Preliminary notes on Sung archaeology".

3081: – Sub-discipline of archaeology and archaeological theory 2716: 2510:

and indemnity insurance issues involved in working on a modern

2381: 2346: 2236: 1758: 1734: 1698:, three-dimensional structure, and verifiably primary context. 1662:

Archaeological excavation that discovered prehistoric caves in

1547: 1543: 1519: 1434: 1132: 1087: 797: 701: 555: 337: 333: 266:

account of the excavation of a foundation deposit belonging to

138: 8905: 8884: 8587:

Rathje, William; Shanks, Michael; Witmore, Christoper (2013).

8182: 6043:

Marwick, Ben; Pham, Thanh Son; Ko, May Su (15 December 2020).

3099: – Archaeological study of human interaction with the sea 2635:

Some historical archaeology sites are subjected to looting by

2372: 1973:

characterized by a specific method or type of material (e.g.,

672:(1626–1697) was a pioneer archaeologist who recorded numerous 10793: 10696: 9833: 9738: 8824:

Thinking From Things: Essays in the Philosophy of Archaeology

6720:

Fennell, Christopher (2020). "African Diaspora Archaeology".

6174: 2971: – Type of research using evidence from archival records 2475:. The American Academy of Underwater Sciences. Archived from 2264: 1937: 1563: 1539: 1500:

pits. If no materials are found, the area surveyed is deemed

1396: 1128: 1059: 987: 914:

system of dating layers based on pottery and ceramic findings

632:

and is described as one of the first history books of India.

611:

which he had gleaned over the years of his travels, entitled

566:. He noted down his archaeological discoveries in his diary, 421: 411: 401: 391: 8528: 7922:

Hodder, I. (1991). "Interpretive Archaeology and Its Role".

5110: 4437:(3. ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. pp. 17–18. 3481:"Archaeology as a Central Issue in the Creation of Identity" 3027: – Excavating garbage dumps to find objects of interest 946:

in the early 20th century. Pictured, are his excavations at

9614:

Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property

9598: 8816:– "A History of Archaeological Thought" 2nd. edition (2007) 8708:& Scott Hutson – "Reading the Past" 3rd. edition (2003) 7857: 6657: 5852:

The Destruction of Cultural Heritage Should be a War Crime.

4984:

Reeves, D.M. (1936). "Aerial photography and archaeology".

4886: 2955: – Application of scientific techniques to archaeology 2740: 2594: 2276: 2055: 1663: 1652: 1589: 1585: 1535: 1531: 1454: 959: 424:") grew out of the older multi-disciplinary study known as 365: 8375:

Principles of Geoarchaeology: A North American Perspective

6417:

The Society for American Archaeology Archaeological Record

6414: 5621:"MIT Archaeological Materials and CMRAE Mission Statement" 5474: 4589:. New York, NY: Hill and Wang (Farrar, Straus and Giroux). 3225: 2938: – Interdisciplinary study of astronomies in cultures 1601:

deposits or unfired clay) tend to have lower resistivity.

11438: 11220:

List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field

10783: 9619:

Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property

8553: 8145: 5920: 5918: 5168:"Virtual archaeologists recreate parts of ancient worlds" 4460:

General Pitt Rivers: The father of scientific archaeology

3073:

Intellectual Property Issues in Cultural Heritage project

1596:, and even ditches and middens. Devices that measure the 1576:

can be the most effective way to see beneath the ground.

1471: 920:. Petrie was the first to scientifically investigate the 603:

who, in 1685, offered one of the earliest definitions of

595: 10005:

Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment

8451: 8413:

Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the Virú Valley, Perú

7972:. Ann Arbor, MI: International Monographs in Prehistory. 7469: 7249:"Archaeological Heritage as a Sustainer of Biodiversity" 5893:"Action plan to preserve heritage sites during conflict" 4604:(3. ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 24. 1873: 1776:

are normally excavated in portions to produce a visible

58:

is the study of human activity through the recovery and

10846: 10653:

Conservation-restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes

8789:

Smekalova, T.N.; Voss O.; & Smekalov S.L. (2008). "

8531:"Interpreting Archaeology: Finding Meaning in the Past" 8290: 8261: 8108: 7528: 7399:

Anthropology, Space, and Geographic Information Systems

7042:

Rotterdam, Bureau Archeologie en Toekomst, BAT-report 1

7008:"The fight to save America's historic Black cemeteries" 6946: 6077: 5669:"Planning Policy Guidance 16: Archaeology and planning" 5584: 3813: 745: 8623:

Experiencing the Past: On the Character of Archaeology

6911: 6909: 5915: 5885: 5645:. The University of Exeter – SoGAER. 28 October 2008. 5270:"Air-chaeological drones search for ancient treasures" 4302:. Potts, Alex. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. 3893:(2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. 3351: 2747:, were originally excavated from various sites in the 2667:

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

2468: 1997:), other thematic concern (e.g. maritime archaeology, 990:

revealed the ancient existence of an equally advanced

11942: 8079: 7275: 7164: 7111:"Criticism remains despite suspension of excavations" 6495:(TV documentary). Time Life Lost Civilizations. 1993. 2469:

Southerly, C.; Gillman-Bryan, J. (19 February 2009).

656:

Johann Joachim Winckelmann (Raphael Mengs after 1755)

9059:

Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites

8200: 8191: 7976: 6210:"Live from Morehead City, it's Queen Anne's Revenge" 5534: 5465: 5456: 4923: 3014:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

3004:

Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites

2869:

as well as a museum dedicated to the history of the

1546:) may develop more rapidly. Photographs of ripening 463:

by investigating, preserving, and analyzing ancient

8742:

International Journal of South American Archaeology

8586: 8336: 8004:Miller, D.; Rowlands, M.; Tilley, C., eds. (1989). 7820: 7479:Binford, L. (1962). "Archaeology as Anthropology". 6906: 6236:"Apple, QuickTime help with underwater diving trip" 5420: 4602:

Archaeology essentials: theories, methods, practice

4435:

Archaeology essentials: theories, methods, practice

3202:

American English usually does not use -ae spellings

2652:In the United States, examples such as the case of 2239:has required planners to consider archaeology as a 1749:), is used in excavation, especially to remove the 696:, both of which had been covered by ash during the 7397:Aldenderfer, M.S.; Maschner, H.D.G., eds. (1996). 7378:. Society for American Archaeology. Archived from 7276: 6506:Sheets, P.D. (1973). "The Pillage of Prehistory". 5791: 4618: 3247: 3245: 916:, which revolutionized the chronological basis of 492:rather than a separate discipline of archaeology. 10658:Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty 9794:Mold control and prevention (library and archive) 9609:Conservation and restoration of cultural property 8314:. Menasha: American Anthropological Association. 8071:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 7647:. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. 7308: 7306: 7138:"Climate Change and Archaeology. An Introduction" 6553: 6120: 5245:. Reuters in Lima. 25 August 2013. Archived from 4778: 4742: 4733: 4708: 4706: 4704: 3942:Fraser, Julius Thomas; Haber, Francis C. (1986). 3888: 2901: 2418: 1604:Although some archaeologists consider the use of 1251:movement arose led by the British archaeologists 529:who came from a prominent family of merchants in 215: 11966: 10681:Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies 10671:Conservation response to flood of Arno, Florence 10635:Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's 8183:Sellet, F.; Greaves, R. & Yu, P.-L. (2006). 7734:(4). Society for American Archaeology: 519–538. 7725: 7654:Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 7645:Time, Science, and Society in China and the West 7643:Fraser, Julius Thomas; Francis C. Haber (1986). 7564:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures 5411: 5393: 3944:Time, Science, and Society in China and the West 3444:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures 2488:In the UK, popular archaeology programs such as 2212:Archaeology can be a subsidiary activity within 2139: 1899:is also used as an analytical tool, and digital 10676:Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative 10648:Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin 8447:. Orlando, FL: Academic Press. pp. 63–111. 8205:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 7487:(4). Society for American Archaeology: 217–25. 7474:. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. 6724:(2nd ed.). Springer Cham. pp. 58–59. 6499: 4787: 3884: 3882: 3557:"The archaeological impacts of metal detecting" 3413:"What is archaeology? – Archaeology definition" 3242: 2786: 2677:likely to be descended from those under study. 2367: 1379:Before actually starting to dig in a location, 796:also did his own excavations in 1784 using the 125:and history, from the development of the first 10612:Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum 9769:Integrated pest management (cultural property) 8041: 8012: 7621: 7600: 7303: 6559: 6485: 4867: 4865: 4701: 4664: 4658: 4089:(PB ed.). Pearson Education. p. 13. 4082: 3970:, with Clive Foss, introduction (pp. ix-xxiii) 3912: 3910: 3647:Kelly, Robert L.; Thomas, David Hurst (2013). 3609:. University of Nebraska Press. p. viii. 2703:A new trend in the heated controversy between 2079:Early ethnoarchaeological research focused on 1969:disciplines, there are a very large number of 11263: 11085:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 10712: 9533: 8921: 8381: 8372: 8363: 7930:(1). Society for American Archaeology: 7–18. 7881:. Salinas: Coyote Press. pp. 3–7, 38–45. 7557: 6042: 5817: 3916: 3842: 3485:Encyclopédie d'histoire numérique de l'Europe 3075: – Cultural heritage research initiative 3063: – Method of depicting site stratigraphy 1985:), geographical or chronological focus (e.g. 1291: 1240:very important parts of what became known as 8887:– an online database of archaeological sites 8445:Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 8410: 8368:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 8309: 8185:Archaeology and Ethnoarchaeology of Mobility 8083:Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice 7897:Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 7890:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 6297: 6293: 6291: 5983: 5549: 5429: 5114:Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies 4850: 4724: 4584: 4457: 3879: 3289: 3260: 2514:with tight deadlines. Certain charities and 2360:The President of Blue Shield International, 1005:, which was further improved by his student 770:The father of archaeological excavation was 583:Antiquarians of the 16th century, including 8784:Archaeology: theories, methods and practice 8187:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 7908:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 7876: 7515: 7478: 6186:(video documentary). Nautilus Productions. 4862: 4715: 4599: 4556:"Great Ancient Civilizations of Asia Minor" 4432: 4413: 4378: 4295: 3907: 3646: 3318: 2086: 1954: 499:, philosophical interest in the remains of 11270: 11256: 10719: 10705: 10177:Books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera 9540: 9526: 8928: 8914: 8480: 8433: 8425:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8377:. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press. 8240: 8227: 7958: 7921: 7912: 7903: 7894: 7885: 7860:Cultural Anthropology: The human challenge 7762: 7532:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 7442: 7405: 7135: 6981:"Flatbush African Burial Ground Coalition" 6544: 5854:In: The Wall Street Journal, 2 March 2015. 5483: 5447: 5438: 5402: 5384: 5375: 5366: 5357: 4945:State University of New York at Binghamton 4932: 4914: 4905: 4841: 4832: 4823: 4814: 4805: 4796: 4769: 4760: 4751: 4491:. In Hicks, Dan; Stevenson, Alice (eds.). 4414:Everill, P. (2009). "Invisible pioneers". 4159: 4157: 4125:Theory in Archaeology: A World Perspective 3816:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 3602: 3138:List of archaeological excavations by date 2697:Repatriation and reburial of human remains 2563:An example of this type is the writing of 1765:to ensure that all features are apparent. 1461:expensive, so archaeologists often employ 440:in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. 98:. It is usually considered an independent 9724:Disaster preparedness (cultural property) 8442: 7981:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7967: 7535:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7460: 7260: 7178: 7149: 6694: 6476: 6462: 6447: 6399: 6363:. Archaeological Legacy Institute (ALI). 6340: 6311: 6288: 6128:"Volunteers restore antique Miller Cabin" 6060: 5509: 5348: 4351:. Random House Publishing Group. p. 3572: 3303: 3274: 3057: – Glossary for archaeological terms 2620:In 1937, W. F. Hodge the Director of the 2200:Learn how and when to remove this message 2028: 774:(1754–1810). He undertook excavations in 488:, but were always considered a branch of 9624:Conservation science (cultural property) 8484:Archaeological Approaches to the Present 7970:Ethnoarchaeology of Andean South America 7917:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7401:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 7165:Woodside, R.; Huggett-Jones, S. (2022). 6881: 6697:The African Diaspora and The Disciplines 6493:Ramses II: Magnificence on the Nile 5924: 4342: 4236: 3921:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 3724:"The History of Archaeology Part 1" 3717: 3715: 3021: – Change to an archaeological site 2820:was the director of research during the 2588: 2386: 2371: 2324: 2127:as well as computer-based tools such as 1814:Five of the seven known fossil teeth of 1809: 1676: 1657: 1642: 1506: 1476: 1419: 1347: 1032: 934: 888: 857: 749: 651: 639: 371: 359: 102:, but may also be classified as part of 38: 8806:Robert J. Sharer & Wendy Ashmore – 8196:. New York: Cambridge university Press. 7414:(4). University of New Mexico: 317–25. 7246: 7005: 6947:Architects' Journal (6 December 2021). 6915: 6719: 6602: 6433: 6326: 6075: 5989: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5161: 5159: 5026: 4585:MacGillivray, Joseph Alexander (2000). 4529:"Sir William Flinders Petrie 1853–1942" 4154: 3554: 3176: 3148:List of archaeological sites by country 2855:African American Burial Grounds Network 2627:Archaeological Resources Protection Act 2253:Department for Culture, Media and Sport 1481:Archaeologists surveying a site in the 808:. His excavations were prompted by the 90:. Archaeology can be considered both a 14: 11967: 8619: 7827:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 7373: 6818: 6505: 6385: 5489: 5282:from the original on 28 September 2014 5267: 5165: 4983: 4938: 4600:Renfrew, Colin; Bahn, Paul G. (2015). 4433:Renfrew, Colin; Bahn, Paul G. (2015). 4202: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3519: 2867:Newton Enslaved Burial Ground Memorial 2822:New York African Burial Ground Project 2656:have illustrated the tensions between 1119:. For many literate cultures, such as 738:" and the father of the discipline of 704:, had a big impact throughout Europe. 541:. He was called by his contemporaries 313:) was discovered and analysed by king 158:means "the study of ancient history". 11251: 11172:National Endowment for the Humanities 11157:Humanities, arts, and social sciences 10700: 9521: 8909: 8557:Archaeology: The Discipline of Things 7906:The Archaeology of Contextual Meaning 7351:. Correct spelling. 9 February 2012. 7325:from the original on 27 February 2021 7312: 7207: 7117:from the original on 15 December 2021 7091:from the original on 15 December 2021 7065:from the original on 15 December 2021 6987:from the original on 14 November 2021 6961:from the original on 15 December 2021 6894:from the original on 15 December 2021 6863:from the original on 15 December 2021 6770:from the original on 15 December 2021 6676:from the original on 18 February 2006 6645:from the original on 22 December 2019 6298:Single, Adam; Davies, Louise (2021). 5765: 5041:from the original on 22 December 2017 5027:Sánchez, Rosalía (25 February 2015). 4880: 4509:from the original on 19 November 2018 4486: 4263:"WINCKELMANN, Johann Joachim (1779)" 4209:John Aubrey and the Realm of Learning 4128:. Taylor & Francis. p. 192. 3818:(paperback ed.). Cambridge, UK: 3780: 3762:from the original on 27 December 2013 3730:from the original on 19 November 2016 3712: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3504: 3423:from the original on 21 December 2019 3127: – Archaeological sub-discipline 3121: – Archaeological sub-discipline 3033: – Sub-discipline of archaeology 3012: – archaeological sub-discipline 3000: – Archaeological sub-discipline 2994: – Sub-discipline of archaeology 2982: – Sub-discipline of archaeology 2842:University of California, Los Angeles 2735:The remains and artifacts, including 2647: 2629:was in 1992 in the State of Indiana. 2423: 2271:, the same responsibilities lie with 1874:Computational and virtual archaeology 459:established the tradition of Chinese 11901: 11167:Moscow University for the Humanities 11138:Arts and Humanities Research Council 11095:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 8230:Archaeological Review from Cambridge 7408:Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 7355:from the original on 15 January 2021 7297:participating institution membership 6928:from the original on 8 December 2021 6800:from the original on 2 February 2021 6757: 6216:from the original on 15 January 2020 6136:. Rapid City, SD. 14 November 2008. 6022:Anthropological Studies Center (ASC) 5613: 5308:. Society for American Archaeology. 5224: 5156: 5059: 4531:. Palestine Exploration Fund. 2000. 4464:Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum 4324: 4296:Winckelmann, Johann Joachim (2006). 4121: 4064:from the original on 27 October 2021 4004:from the original on 27 October 2021 3526:on non-professional metal-detecting" 2544: 2149: 1792:sheets are filled in describing the 1139:of court or temple. The literacy of 746:Development of archaeological method 718:In the mid-18th century, the German 635: 609:transcriptions of Roman inscriptions 11277: 8640:from the original on 17 August 2021 8607:from the original on 19 August 2021 8574:from the original on 17 August 2021 8541:from the original on 16 August 2021 8366:A History of Archaeological Thought 7862:(13th ed.). Cengage Learning. 7470:Billman, B.R.; Feinman, G. (1999). 6983:. flatbushafricanburialground.org. 6882:McGreevy, Nora (29 December 2020). 6663: 5312:from the original on 25 August 2017 4881:Steve, Graham (17 September 1999). 4627: 3891:A History of Archaeological Thought 3685: 3635: 2838:University of California, Riverside 2281:Northern Ireland Environment Agency 2064: 698:Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 521:was a restlessly itinerant Italian 24: 9809:Preservation (library and archive) 8626:. London and New York: Routledge. 8511: 8291:Tassie, G J.; Owens, L.S. (2010). 7961:Theory and Practice in Archaeology 7615:10.1038/scientificamerican0867-119 7588:from the original on 9 August 2020 7006:Gaffney, Austyn (19 August 2020). 6916:Gershon, Livia (8 December 2021). 6819:Lepore, Jill (24 September 2021). 6722:Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology 6367:from the original on 21 March 2018 6140:from the original on 12 April 2011 5779:from the original on 29 April 2009 5753:from the original on 26 April 2009 5727:from the original on 30 April 2009 5212:from the original on 5 August 2019 5166:Bawaya, Michael (8 January 2010). 4965:from the original on 25 April 2016 4941:Archaeological Sampling Strategies 4893:from the original on 20 April 2018 4633: 4566:from the original on 17 March 2013 4060:(Online ed.). 28 April 2021. 4034:from the original on 22 April 2016 4030:(Online ed.). 14 April 2021. 3781:Hirst, K. Kris (9 February 2017). 3589: 3555:Banning, Edward B. (29 May 2019). 3532:(blog). de Gruyter. Archived from 3461:from the original on 9 August 2020 3325:The Oxford Handbook of Archaeology 2964:Archaeology of religion and ritual 2771:boxes lined with red cedar chips, 2522:and archaeological holiday tours. 2472:Diving on the Queen Anne's Revenge 2308:State Historic Preservation Office 2226:National Historic Preservation Act 1940:, employing open source software. 613:Miscellanea eruditae antiquitatis. 47:, an archaeological site in Spain. 25: 11996: 8835: 8808:Archaeology: Discovering our Past 8791:Magnetic Surveying in Archaeology 8694:Thomas Hester, Harry Shafer, and 8337:Tilley, Christopher, ed. (1993). 8264:Journal of Archaeological Science 8086:. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd. 6833:from the original on 31 July 2022 6246:from the original on 3 April 2015 6190:from the original on 13 June 2015 5903:from the original on 26 July 2020 5649:from the original on 21 June 2008 5587:Journal of Archaeological Science 5268:Hudson, Hal (24 September 2014). 4642:. Staff.ncl.ac.uk. Archived from 4103:from the original on 31 July 2022 3795:from the original on 11 June 2011 3721: 3667:from the original on 10 June 2020 3623:from the original on 11 June 2020 3447:. Oxford University Press. 2001. 3039: – Specialisation of history 2896:Golden Rock African Burial Ground 2873:. The Ghanaian-British architect 2391:Permanent exhibition in a German 1647:Excavations at the 3800-year-old 1374: 1045:. The Child was an infant of the 754:Artifacts discovered at the 1808 387:The science of archaeology (from 328:the sun god, the warrior goddess 257:Extract describing the excavation 11952: 11924: 11913: 11900: 11889: 11888: 10663:Conservation-restoration of the 10539:Indigenous intellectual property 9500: 9490: 9489: 8870: 8438:. Palo Alto, CA: National Press. 8080:Renfrew, C.; Bahn, P.G. (1991). 7915:The Uses of Style in Archaeology 7845:from the original on 4 June 2020 7529:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999). 7337: 7313:Hirst, K. Kris (24 March 2018). 7269: 7240: 7201: 7187: 7158: 7129: 7103: 7077: 7045: 7032: 6999: 6973: 6940: 6875: 6845: 6812: 6782: 6751: 6738: 6713: 6688: 6627: 6603:Strauss, Mark (20 August 2015). 6596: 6456: 6427: 6408: 6379: 6320: 6266:"Blackbeard's glowing shipwreck" 6258: 6228: 6202: 6152: 6076:Marwick, Ben (29 October 2020). 6069: 6036: 5961:"Romancing the Past-Archaeology" 5875: 5866: 5857: 5844: 5835: 5826: 5749:(main page). Historic Scotland. 5739: 5701:from the original on 21 May 2009 4553: 4535:from the original on 14 May 2011 4184:from the original on 10 May 2022 4167:Archaeology: The widening debate 4142:from the original on 10 May 2022 4000:(Online ed.). 31 May 2021. 3814:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999). 3043:Geophysical survey (archaeology) 2975:Area of archaeological potential 2154: 1580:detect minute deviations in the 250: 236: 11843:List of social science journals 11215:Humanities in the United States 11063:American Journal of Archaeology 9774:Inventory (library and archive) 9674:Cultural property documentation 8935: 8662:New Perspectives in Archaeology 8243:Journal of European Archaeology 8201:Shanks, M.; Tilley, C. (1988). 8192:Shanks, M.; Tilley, C. (1987). 7979:Ideology, Power, and Prehistory 7389: 6794:Society of Black Archaeologists 6108:from the original on 3 May 2021 6082:Norwegian Archaeological Review 5324: 5294: 5261: 5104: 5053: 5020: 4977: 4951: 4874: 4593: 4578: 4547: 4521: 4480: 4451: 4426: 4407: 4372: 4336: 4299:History of the art of antiquity 4289: 4276: 4257: 4248: 4230: 4196: 4115: 4076: 4046: 4016: 3986: 3973: 3960: 3935: 3836: 3807: 3774: 3742: 3679: 3653:. Cengage Learning. p. 2. 3606:Great Adventures in Archaeology 3548: 3520:Markin, Pablo (10 April 2017). 3513: 3498: 3321:"The Discipline of Archaeology" 3110: – Study of ancient humans 2826:Society of Black Archaeologists 2761:Canadian Museum of Civilization 2688: 2602:Looting of archaeological sites 2288:Institut national du patrimoine 2108: 1903:models have been combined with 1863:while any texts can usually be 1409: 1202:cultural-historical archaeology 1153:and differential preservation. 617:Twelfth-century Indian scholar 343: 11800:Science and technology studies 11090:Journal of Controversial Ideas 10726: 10172:Bone, horn, and antler objects 9714:Digital photograph restoration 8828:University of California Press 8679:A Short History of Archaeology 7821:Gould, R.; Yellen, J. (1987). 7562:. In David L. Carrasco (ed.). 7420:10.1086/soutjanth.17.4.3628943 7085:"The Mass Grave in the Garden" 6062:10.26721/spafajournal.v4i0.625 5801:. ehsni.gov.uk. Archived from 4624:Renfrew and Bahn (2004 ):33–35 4212:. London: Duckworth. pp. 3435: 3405: 3345: 3319:Kristiansen, Kristian (2009). 3312: 3283: 3254: 3216:. Another uncommon variant is 3143:List of archaeological periods 3006: – Process in archaeology 2902:Climate change and archaeology 2861:, eight days after becoming a 2419:Current issues and controversy 1971:archaeological sub-disciplines 1891:are now used to build virtual 356:History of Chinese archaeology 298:, a foundation deposit of the 244:Nabonidus cylinder from Sippar 216:First instances of archaeology 13: 1: 10357:South Asian household shrines 10055:Reconstruction (architecture) 9985:Cultural property radiography 9942:Registrar (cultural property) 9694:Cultural resources management 9654:Collections management system 8522:Table of years in archaeology 8466:10.1080/00438243.1972.9979535 8203:Social Theory and Archaeology 8061:(inactive 17 September 2024). 8015:African Archaeological Review 7777:10.1080/00438243.1969.9979499 7636:10.1525/aa.1982.84.2.02a00010 7462:10.1525/aa.1961.63.4.02a00070 7136:Fluck, H.; Guest, K. (2022). 6094:10.1080/00293652.2020.1837233 5552:Journal of Social Archaeology 5134:10.1080/10256016.2019.1598986 4638:Archaeology – an introduction 4330: 3981:Cyriacus of Ancona and Athens 3236: 3114:Remote sensing in archaeology 3091:Magnetic survey (archaeology) 2707:groups and scientists is the 2336:fact-finding mission in Libya 2320: 2214:Cultural resources management 2146:Cultural resources management 2140:Cultural resources management 2129:geographic information system 1681:An archaeologist sifting for 1632: 978:. Meanwhile, the work of Sir 626: 364:Archaeologists excavating in 318: 307: 282: 271: 224: 176:Archaeology developed out of 11110:Revue des Études Arméniennes 10626:Conservation-restoration of 10617:Conservation-restoration of 9990:Detachment of wall paintings 9764:Intangible cultural heritage 9679:Cultural property exhibition 9664:Cultural heritage management 9074:electrical resistance survey 8861:Resources in other libraries 8700:Field Methods in Archaeology 8518:Bibliography of anthropology 8487:. New York: Academic Press. 7839:10.1016/0278-4165(87)90017-1 7345:"Archaeology vs. archeology" 7226:10.1126/science.346.6206.157 6758:Wade, Lizzie (8 July 2021). 6183:Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck 5195:10.1126/science.327.5962.140 4284:Winckelmann: Writings on Art 3845:The Journal of Asian Studies 3193: 'ancient' and 2793:African diaspora archaeology 2787:African diaspora archaeology 2759:. They had been part of the 2368:Popular views of archaeology 2218:Cultural heritage management 1267:, which has become known as 451:(960–1279), figures such as 32:Archaeology (disambiguation) 7: 10070:Transfer of panel paintings 8689:Introduction to Archaeology 7899:. New York: Academic Press. 7374:Little, Barbara J. (2006). 7013:National Geographic Society 6463:Aitchison, Kenneth (2021). 6024:. Sonoma.edu. 17 April 2018 6018:"Public Education/Outreach" 5639:"Department of Archaeology" 5471:Saraydar and Shimada (1973) 5462:Saraydar and Shimada (1971) 3755:Online Etymology Dictionary 3603:Silverberg, Robert (1997). 3251:Renfrew and Bahn (2004 :13) 3200: 'study of'. Although 3163:List of paleoethnobotanists 3103:Nationalism and archaeology 3051: – Aspect of GIS usage 2917: 2892:Godet African Burial Ground 2481:Created and co-produced by 2355:United Nations peacekeeping 2180:the claims made and adding 1799: 1768:The next task is to form a 1707:Primary Laws of Archaeology 1616:Portable Antiquities Scheme 1269:post-processual archaeology 1165:for millions of years (see 1090:and eventually into modern 853:Christian Jürgensen Thomsen 686:Roque Joaquín de Alcubierre 465:Chinese bronze inscriptions 121:Archaeologists study human 10: 12001: 10534:Heritage language learning 9804:Optical media preservation 8963:Johann Joachim Winckelmann 8515: 8255:10.1179/096576693800731190 8194:Reconstructing Archaeology 8008:. New York, NY: Routledge. 6670:Canadian Geographic Online 6434:Dediala, Ričardas (2021). 5426:Schott and Sillitoe (2005) 4929:Billman and Feinman (1999) 3983:, Bruxelles-Berchem, 1960. 3889:Trigger, Bruce G. (2006). 3820:Cambridge University Press 3650:Archaeology: Down to Earth 3158:List of archaeology awards 2790: 2584: 2548: 2143: 2112: 2090: 2068: 2032: 1958: 1877: 1803: 1636: 1413: 1343: 1222:direct historical approach 1192: 1051:species, an early form of 1048:Australopithecus africanus 1028: 1021:became more prevalent and 849:Jacques Boucher de Perthes 720:Johann Joachim Winckelmann 578:topography of ancient Rome 412: 402: 392: 353: 347: 223:Excavations of Nabonidus ( 208: 204: 29: 11884: 11851: 11835: 11582: 11308: 11285: 11225:Outline of the humanities 11205:Criticism of mass culture 11185: 11177:National Humanities Medal 11130: 11055: 10886: 10734: 10602: 10574:Oral history preservation 10415: 10144: 10088: 9955: 9857: 9689:Cultural property storage 9684:Cultural property imaging 9559: 9485: 9437: 9332: 9225: 9169: 9118: 9109: 9044:Philosophy of archaeology 9031: 8943: 8856:Resources in your library 8769:, AltaMira Press (2000). 8726:10.1007/s11759-014-9250-y 8590:Archaeology in the Making 8284:10.1016/j.jas.2004.11.012 8059:10.1177/14634990122228638 8027:10.1007/s10437-005-3158-2 7445:"Experimental Archeology" 7284:Oxford English Dictionary 6327:Wilkins, Brendon (2021). 5607:10.1016/j.jas.2009.06.025 4959:"Kite aerial photography" 4393:10.1017/S000358151000003X 4343:Robinson, Walter (1995). 3505:Bueno, Christina (2016). 3031:Environmental archaeology 3019:Disturbance (archaeology) 2998:Computational archaeology 2803:Trans-Saharan Slave Trade 2376:Extensive excavations at 2351:Blue Shield International 2334:Blue Shield International 1926: 1880:Computational archaeology 1639:Archaeological excavation 1188: 1037:Cast of the skull of the 1003:grid system of excavation 958:, on the site of ancient 11210:Educational essentialism 10847:Interdisciplinary fields 10621:by Elías García Martínez 9839:Sustainable preservation 8620:Shanks, Michael (1992). 8339:Interpretive Archaeology 7963:. London, UK: Routeldge. 7904:Hodder, I., ed. (1987). 6609:National Geographic News 5927:Near Eastern Archaeology 5564:10.1177/1469605312439139 4748:Shanks and Tilley (1988) 4739:Shanks and Tilley (1987) 4495:. Oxford: Archaeopress. 4270:8 September 2021 at the 4058:Encyclopaedia Britannica 4028:Encyclopaedia Britannica 3998:Encyclopaedia Britannica 3851:(2): 169–177, esp. 171. 3169: 2807:Indian Ocean Slave Trade 2721:Kitigan Zibi reservation 2579:Ancient astronaut theory 2098:Experimental archaeology 2093:Experimental archaeology 2087:Experimental archaeology 1987:Near Eastern archaeology 1961:Subfields of archaeology 1955:Academic sub-disciplines 1834:post-excavation analysis 1806:Post-excavation analysis 1717:with nearby objects and 1560:ground-penetrating radar 1310:structural functionalism 1288:neo-evolutionary thought 1277:historical processualism 1206:historical particularism 810:"Moundbuilders" question 688:in the ancient towns of 161:The discipline involves 137:, which is the study of 106:(in North America – the 11488:international relations 10579:Preservation of meaning 10564:Language revitalization 10232:Illuminated manuscripts 10010:Historic paint analysis 9902:Conservation technician 9704:Deaccessioning (museum) 9644:Collections maintenance 9569:Agents of deterioration 8901:The Archaeology Channel 8006:Dominion and Resistance 7968:Kuznar, L, ed. (2001). 7624:American Anthropologist 7449:American Anthropologist 7289:Oxford University Press 6386:Sloane, Barney (2021). 5480:Gifford-Gonzalez (1985) 4286:(London: Phaidon) 1972. 4083:Singh, Upinder (2009). 3329:Oxford University Press 3212:in accordance with the 3055:Glossary of archaeology 2836:, archaeologist at the 2834:Ayana Omilade Flewellen 2535:The Archaeology Channel 2054:. When remnants of the 2003:battlefield archaeology 1629:, or sub-bottom sonar. 906:William Flinders Petrie 644:An early photograph of 625:which was completed in 150:to reconstructing past 11815:Quantum social science 10998:Liberal arts education 10589:Tradition preservation 10242:Iron and steel objects 10131:Outdoor bronze objects 10075:UVC-based preservation 9932:Photograph conservator 9897:Conservation scientist 9649:Collections management 9579:Archaeological science 8653:Archaeology (magazine) 8436:Settlement Archaeology 8373:Watters, M.R. (1992). 8364:Trigger, B.G. (1989). 8312:A Study of Archaeology 8047:Anthropological Theory 7558:Fash, William (2001). 7208:Curry, Andrew (2014). 6748:2020 61:S22, S183-S197 6361:archaeologychannel.org 6212:. State Publications. 6160:"Mardi Gras Shipwreck" 5695:"Historic environment" 5302:"What is archaeology?" 5082:10.1098/rsta.1970.0090 3917:Clunas, Craig (2004). 3574:10.1515/opar-2019-0013 3153:List of archaeologists 2959:Archaeology and racism 2953:Archaeological science 2598: 2455:Shipwreck Project was 2396: 2384: 2337: 2241:material consideration 2115:Archaeological science 2035:Historical archaeology 2029:Historical archaeology 2007:archaeological culture 1845:archaeological science 1829: 1778:archaeological section 1690: 1674: 1655: 1623:underwater archaeology 1598:electrical resistivity 1582:Earth's magnetic field 1512: 1488: 1429: 1362: 1242:processual archaeology 1117:historical archaeology 1055: 951: 902: 880:Typology (archaeology) 876:arranged his artifacts 864: 827:work of scholars like 767: 657: 649: 490:Chinese historiography 436:took place during the 384: 369: 211:History of archaeology 48: 11852:Other categorizations 11705:International studies 11690:History of technology 11625:Communication studies 11508:public administration 11074:History of Humanities 10594:Traditional knowledge 10559:Language preservation 10167:Ancient Greek pottery 10065:Textile stabilization 9927:Paintings conservator 9814:Preservation metadata 9699:Database preservation 9553:historic preservation 9054:Archaeological ethics 9049:Archaeological diving 9039:Archaeological theory 8765:Adrian Praetzellis – 8593:. London: Routledge. 8411:Willey, G.R. (1953). 8310:Taylor, W.W. (1948). 7038:marjolijn kok, 2022. 6666:"Bones of contention" 5775:. Cadw.wales.gov.uk. 5490:Frison, G.C. (1989). 5399:Gould and Yellen 1987 4939:Redman, C.L. (1974). 4784:Miller and Tilley1984 4458:Bowden, Mark (1984). 3290:Sinclair, A. (2022). 3261:Sinclair, A. (2016). 3079:Landscape archaeology 3037:Environmental history 2992:Classical archaeology 2719:area convened on the 2592: 2570:Chariots of the Gods? 2527:Community archaeology 2503:Community archaeology 2393:multi-storey car park 2390: 2375: 2328: 2052:African Burial Ground 1999:landscape archaeology 1913:Agent-based modelling 1813: 1680: 1661: 1646: 1510: 1480: 1423: 1416:Archaeological survey 1360: 1330:postcolonial thoughts 1195:Archaeological theory 1131:classes, such as the 1072:evolution of humanity 1036: 948:Maiden Castle, Dorset 944:systematic excavation 938: 892: 861: 753: 655: 643: 375: 363: 354:Further information: 68:archaeological record 42: 11685:Historical sociology 11230:Renaissance humanism 11162:Master of Humanities 10382:Time-based media art 10192:Copper-based objects 10106:Archaeological sites 10035:Mass deacidification 9980:Cradling (paintings) 9892:Conservator-restorer 9719:Digital preservation 8993:Augustus Pitt Rivers 8988:William Henry Holmes 8953:Archaeological sites 8786:, 2nd edition (1996) 8753:Internet Archaeology 8341:. Oxford, UK: Berg. 7877:Hinshaw, J. (2000). 7518:Internet Archaeology 7253:Internet Archaeology 7247:Kadakas, U. (2022). 7171:Internet Archaeology 7142:Internet Archaeology 6922:Smithsonian Magazine 6888:Smithsonian Magazine 6746:Current Anthropology 6469:Internet Archaeology 6440:Internet Archaeology 6392:Internet Archaeology 6333:Internet Archaeology 6304:Internet Archaeology 5992:Internet Archaeology 5723:. English Heritage. 5540:Glascock et al. 1994 5417:Sillet et al. (2006) 4885:. Feature Articles. 4857:Pauketat, Timothy R. 4793:Miller et al. (1989) 3522:"A special issue of 3296:Internet Archaeology 3267:Internet Archaeology 3220:, using the archaic 3097:Maritime archaeology 2986:Chronological dating 2871:Atlantic slave trade 2850:United States Senate 2799:Atlantic Slave Trade 2575:palaeocontact theory 2520:training excavations 2483:Nautilus Productions 2479:on 19 February 2009. 2452:Queen Anne's Revenge 2255:in association with 1995:Medieval archaeology 1322:feminist archaeology 1247:In the 1980s, a new 1108:and the creation of 1104:, the beginnings of 1068:The Oldowan Industry 1015:maritime archaeology 872:Augustus Pitt Rivers 666:megalithic monuments 438:Enlightenment period 187:feminist archaeology 183:maritime archaeology 94:and a branch of the 30:For other uses, see 11865:Geisteswissenschaft 11859:Behavioral sciences 11785:Political sociology 11700:Information science 11645:Development studies 11149:Geisteswissenschaft 11115:Teaching Philosophy 10894:Abductive reasoning 10686:World Heritage Site 10549:Indigenous language 10449:Endangered language 10347:Shipwreck artifacts 10327:Photographic plates 10277:Musical instruments 10030:Lining of paintings 9947:Textile conservator 9922:Objects conservator 9912:Exhibition designer 9819:Preservation survey 9744:Found in collection 9634:Collection (museum) 9604:Calendar (archives) 9574:Archival processing 8983:John Lloyd Stephens 8973:Heinrich Schliemann 8830:, Berkeley CA, 2002 8760:Sites and Monuments 8481:Yellen, J. (1977). 8434:Willey, G. (1968). 8396:2000Gearc..15..537W 8276:2005JArSc..32..653S 7959:Hodder, I. (1992). 7886:Hodder, I. (1982). 7666:1994JRNC..180...29G 7603:Scientific American 7443:Ascher, R. (1961). 7382:on 5 December 2009. 7287:(Online ed.). 7020:on 15 December 2021 5939:10.1086/NEA25067670 5805:on 25 December 2007 5799:"Built Environment" 5747:"Historic Scotland" 5675:on 12 February 2008 5599:2009JArSc..36.2502S 5350:10.3390/rel11120678 5187:2010Sci...327..140B 5126:2019IEHS...55..227A 5074:1970RSPTA.269..121H 4560:thegreatcourses.com 4487:Hicks, Dan (2013). 4416:British Archaeology 4381:Antiquaries Journal 4349:Instant Art History 4214:156–57, 162–66, 181 4122:Ucko, P.J. (2005). 3375:10.1038/nature14464 3367:2015Natur.521..310H 3010:Digital archaeology 2828:was created in the 2614:illicit antiquities 2608:were looted during 2409:Valley of the Kings 2246:developer's expense 2230:archaeological site 2216:(CRM), also called 2133:Rare earth elements 1991:Islamic archaeology 1884:Virtual archaeology 1709:). Likewise, their 1649:Edgewater Park Site 1621:Regional survey in 1518:is conducted using 1468:settlement patterns 1424:Satellite image of 1220:etc.) followed the 1100:, the discovery of 1082:developed from the 992:Minoan civilization 964:Heinrich Schliemann 479:published in 1088, 311: 2200 BC 296:Ancient Mesopotamia 275: 2200 BC 108:four-field approach 100:academic discipline 88:cultural landscapes 11920:Society portal 11407:auxiliary sciences 11236:Studia Humanitatis 10544:Indigenous culture 9887:Collection manager 9784:Media preservation 9779:Inventory (museum) 9639:Collection catalog 9507:History portal 9069:geophysical survey 8810:2nd edition (1993) 8797:David Hurst Thomas 8782:& Paul Bahn – 8702:7th edition (1997) 8148:American Antiquity 8111:American Antiquity 7924:American Antiquity 7786:American Antiquity 7728:American Antiquity 7691:American Antiquity 7674:10.1007/BF02039899 7481:American Antiquity 6562:American Antiquity 6509:American Antiquity 6357:"Our organization" 6133:Rapid City Journal 5965:Denison University 5497:American Antiquity 4986:American Antiquity 4667:American Antiquity 4646:on 23 January 2013 3966:Edward W. Bodnar, 3536:on 28 October 2019 3108:Palaeoanthropology 3049:GIS in archaeology 2925:Aerial archaeology 2675:indigenous peoples 2648:Descendant peoples 2599: 2558:post-processualism 2497:Meet the Ancestors 2424:Public archaeology 2397: 2385: 2338: 2165:possibly contains 1830: 1691: 1675: 1656: 1574:Geophysical survey 1513: 1489: 1430: 1363: 1257:Christopher Tilley 1084:australopithecines 1056: 1023:rescue archaeology 976:Hellenistic period 952: 950:, in October 1937. 903: 865: 772:William Cunnington 768: 764:William Cunnington 760:Richard Colt Hoare 758:excavation by Sir 736:modern archaeology 658: 650: 570:(in six volumes). 543:pater antiquitatis 519:Cyriacus of Ancona 497:Renaissance Europe 430:Richard Colt Hoare 385: 377:Cyriacus of Ancona 370: 322: 550 BC 286: 550 BC 268:Naram-Sin of Akkad 49: 11985:Fields of history 11940: 11939: 11780:Political economy 11775:Political ecology 11630:Community studies 11620:Cognitive science 11583:Interdisciplinary 11483:Political science 11245: 11244: 10965:General knowledge 10948:Cultural literacy 10882: 10881: 10816:Religious studies 10752:Classical studies 10694: 10693: 10643:Pompeian frescoes 10529:Heritage language 10419:cultural heritage 10207:Flags and banners 10152:cultural property 10116:Heritage railways 10096:cultural property 10045:Paleo-inspiration 9729:Film preservation 9669:Cultural property 9659:Cultural heritage 9549:Cultural heritage 9515: 9514: 9433: 9432: 9415:Pseudoarchaeology 9032:Method and theory 8875:Works related to 8842:Library resources 8803:, 3rd. ed. (1998) 8775:978-0-7425-0359-5 8600:978-0-415-63480-9 8567:978-0-520-95400-7 8494:978-0-12-770350-3 8454:World Archaeology 8415:. Washington, DC. 8348:978-0-85496-842-8 8321:978-0-906367-12-4 8302:978-1-906137-17-5 8212:978-0-7456-0184-7 8093:978-0-500-27867-3 7988:978-0-521-25526-4 7888:Symbols in Action 7869:978-0-495-81082-7 7765:World Archaeology 7542:978-0-521-43519-2 7295:(Subscription or 7220:(6206): 157–159. 7210:"Racing the thaw" 7180:10.11141/ia.60.10 6731:978-3-030-30018-0 6615:on 22 August 2015 6449:10.11141/ia.57.11 6401:10.11141/ia.57.17 6342:10.11141/ia.57.18 6313:10.11141/ia.57.10 5963:(Press release). 5899:. 12 April 2019. 5278:. No. 2988. 5249:on 25 August 2013 5181:(5962): 140–141. 5068:(1193): 121–124. 4611:978-0-500-29159-7 4554:Harl, Kenneth W. 4502:978-1-905739-58-5 4444:978-0-500-29159-7 4242:The Elgin Marbles 4223:978-0-7156-0818-0 4177:978-0-19-726255-9 4135:978-1-134-84346-6 3726:. ThoughtCo.com. 3660:978-1-133-60864-6 3616:978-0-8032-9247-5 3454:978-0-19-510815-6 3419:. 28 March 2014. 3361:(7552): 310–315. 3305:10.11141/ia.59.10 3119:Urban archaeology 3085:Landscape history 2969:Archival research 2906:As anthropogenic 2757:Allumette Islands 2671:postprocessualism 2567:. His 1968 book, 2565:Erich von Däniken 2551:Pseudoarchaeology 2545:Pseudoarchaeology 2508:health and safety 2463:as a part of the 2362:Karl von Habsburg 2330:Karl von Habsburg 2273:Historic Scotland 2210: 2209: 2202: 2167:original research 2005:), or a specific 1889:Computer graphics 1611:English Civil War 1386:Satellite imagery 1358: 1306:cognitive science 1238:scientific method 1181:Pseudoarchaeology 1078:period, when the 1019:urban archaeology 962:, carried out by 804:burial mounds in 715:were overlooked. 636:First excavations 560:Egyptian pyramids 535:maritime republic 332:(both located in 195:pseudoarchaeology 169:, and eventually 16:(Redirected from 11992: 11957: 11956: 11955: 11948: 11928: 11918: 11917: 11904: 11903: 11892: 11891: 11795:Regional science 11640:Cultural studies 11615:Business studies 11272: 11265: 11258: 11249: 11248: 11032:Self-realization 10844: 10843: 10721: 10714: 10707: 10698: 10697: 10630:by Thomas Eakins 10628:The Gross Clinic 10524:Folklore studies 10434:Applied folklore 10407:Wooden furniture 10402:Wooden artifacts 10397:Woodblock prints 10377:Tibetan thangkas 10237:Insect specimens 10126:Outdoor artworks 10121:Historic gardens 9754:Heritage science 9542: 9535: 9528: 9519: 9518: 9505: 9504: 9503: 9493: 9492: 9340:Archaeoastronomy 9307:Paleoethnobotany 9116: 9115: 9018:Alfred V. Kidder 9003:Mortimer Wheeler 8930: 8923: 8916: 8907: 8906: 8874: 8737: 8696:Kenneth L. Feder 8649: 8647: 8645: 8616: 8614: 8612: 8583: 8581: 8579: 8550: 8548: 8546: 8506: 8477: 8448: 8439: 8430: 8424: 8416: 8407: 8378: 8369: 8360: 8333: 8306: 8287: 8258: 8237: 8224: 8197: 8188: 8179: 8142: 8105: 8076: 8070: 8062: 8038: 8009: 8000: 7973: 7964: 7955: 7918: 7909: 7900: 7891: 7882: 7873: 7854: 7852: 7850: 7817: 7780: 7759: 7722: 7685: 7648: 7639: 7618: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7554: 7525: 7512: 7475: 7466: 7464: 7439: 7402: 7384: 7383: 7371: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7341: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7330: 7310: 7301: 7300: 7292: 7280: 7273: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7262:10.11141/ia.60.9 7244: 7238: 7237: 7205: 7199: 7198: 7191: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7162: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7151:10.11141/ia.60.1 7133: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7122: 7113:. 19 July 2021. 7107: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7096: 7087:. 25 July 2017. 7081: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7070: 7061:. 21 July 2016. 7049: 7043: 7036: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7016:. Archived from 7003: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6977: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6944: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6913: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6816: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6786: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6755: 6749: 6742: 6736: 6735: 6717: 6711: 6710: 6692: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6664:Wallace, Katie. 6661: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6611:. Archived from 6600: 6594: 6593: 6557: 6551: 6548: 6542: 6541: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6489: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6478:10.11141/ia.57.8 6460: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6431: 6425: 6424: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6324: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6295: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6272:. Archived from 6262: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6242:. October 2001. 6232: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6166:. Archived from 6156: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6124: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6073: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6014: 6008: 6007: 6004:10.11141/ia.15.1 5987: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5967:. Archived from 5957: 5951: 5950: 5933:(3–4): 174–185. 5922: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5889: 5883: 5879: 5873: 5870: 5864: 5861: 5855: 5848: 5842: 5839: 5833: 5830: 5824: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5627:on 25 July 2008. 5623:. Archived from 5617: 5611: 5610: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5547: 5541: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5513: 5487: 5481: 5478: 5472: 5469: 5463: 5460: 5454: 5451: 5445: 5442: 5436: 5433: 5427: 5424: 5418: 5415: 5409: 5406: 5400: 5397: 5391: 5388: 5382: 5379: 5373: 5370: 5364: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5233: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5211: 5172: 5163: 5154: 5153: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5024: 5018: 5017: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4936: 4930: 4927: 4921: 4918: 4912: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4883:"Remote sensing" 4878: 4872: 4869: 4860: 4854: 4848: 4845: 4839: 4836: 4830: 4827: 4821: 4818: 4812: 4809: 4803: 4800: 4794: 4791: 4785: 4782: 4776: 4773: 4767: 4764: 4758: 4755: 4749: 4746: 4740: 4737: 4731: 4728: 4722: 4719: 4713: 4710: 4699: 4698: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4631: 4625: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4293: 4287: 4280: 4274: 4261: 4255: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4161: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4054:"William Camden" 4050: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4009: 3990: 3984: 3977: 3971: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3914: 3905: 3904: 3886: 3877: 3876: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3722:Hirst, K. Kris. 3719: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3699: 3692: 3688:"Lecture 2" 3686:Watrall, Ethan. 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3644: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3600: 3587: 3586: 3576: 3561:Open Archaeology 3552: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3524:Open Archaeology 3517: 3511: 3510: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3276:10.11141/ia.42.8 3258: 3252: 3249: 3230: 3214:GPO Style Manual 3180: 3015: 2936:Archaeoastronomy 2729:Algonquin people 2725:Maniwaki, Quebec 2658:Native Americans 2622:Southwest Museum 2516:local government 2480: 2447:underwater video 2269:Northern Ireland 2257:English Heritage 2205: 2198: 2194: 2191: 2185: 2182:inline citations 2158: 2157: 2150: 2076:Ethnoarchaeology 2071:Ethnoarchaeology 2065:Ethnoarchaeology 1936:to make a drone 1853:paleoethnobotany 1594:stone structures 1592:, some types of 1487:, eastern Jordan 1359: 1236:testing and the 1210:Native Americans 999:Mortimer Wheeler 972:Wilhelm Dörpfeld 940:Mortimer Wheeler 794:Thomas Jefferson 631: 628: 415: 414: 410:, "ancient" and 405: 404: 395: 394: 323: 320: 312: 309: 287: 284: 276: 273: 254: 240: 229: 226: 191:archaeoastronomy 64:material culture 21: 12000: 11999: 11995: 11994: 11993: 11991: 11990: 11989: 11965: 11964: 11963: 11953: 11951: 11943: 11941: 11936: 11912: 11880: 11847: 11831: 11805:Science studies 11589:Administration 11578: 11304: 11281: 11279:Social sciences 11276: 11246: 11241: 11181: 11126: 11051: 11037:Self-reflection 11027:Moral character 10986:Human condition 10938:Critical theory 10878: 10842: 10789:Performing arts 10730: 10725: 10695: 10690: 10637:The Last Supper 10604: 10598: 10584:Primitive music 10494:Folk instrument 10469:Family folklore 10459:Ethnomusicology 10454:Ethnochoreology 10421: 10418: 10411: 10332:Plastic objects 10317:Performance art 10302:Panel paintings 10297:Painting frames 10262:Leather objects 10182:Ceramic objects 10154: 10151: 10149: 10148:and restoration 10147: 10140: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10092:and restoration 10091: 10084: 10050:Paper splitting 9965:Aging (artwork) 9957: 9951: 9937:Preservationist 9859: 9853: 9709:Digital library 9561: 9555: 9546: 9516: 9511: 9501: 9499: 9481: 9429: 9328: 9243:Archaeogenetics 9221: 9165: 9111:Sub-disciplines 9105: 9101:Post-excavation 9096:Lithic analysis 9027: 8998:Flinders Petrie 8939: 8934: 8867: 8866: 8865: 8850: 8849: 8845: 8838: 8833: 8767:Death by Theory 8643: 8641: 8634: 8610: 8608: 8601: 8577: 8575: 8568: 8544: 8542: 8524: 8516:Main articles: 8514: 8512:Further reading 8509: 8495: 8418: 8417: 8349: 8322: 8303: 8295:. London: GHP. 8213: 8094: 8064: 8063: 7989: 7870: 7848: 7846: 7591: 7589: 7574: 7543: 7392: 7387: 7372: 7368: 7358: 7356: 7343: 7342: 7338: 7328: 7326: 7311: 7304: 7294: 7274: 7270: 7245: 7241: 7206: 7202: 7197:. October 2023. 7193: 7192: 7188: 7163: 7159: 7134: 7130: 7120: 7118: 7109: 7108: 7104: 7094: 7092: 7083: 7082: 7078: 7068: 7066: 7058:TheGuardian.com 7051: 7050: 7046: 7037: 7033: 7023: 7021: 7004: 7000: 6990: 6988: 6979: 6978: 6974: 6964: 6962: 6945: 6941: 6931: 6929: 6914: 6907: 6897: 6895: 6880: 6876: 6866: 6864: 6859:. 22 May 2019. 6851: 6850: 6846: 6836: 6834: 6817: 6813: 6803: 6801: 6788: 6787: 6783: 6773: 6771: 6756: 6752: 6743: 6739: 6732: 6718: 6714: 6707: 6693: 6689: 6679: 6677: 6662: 6658: 6648: 6646: 6633: 6632: 6628: 6618: 6616: 6601: 6597: 6558: 6554: 6549: 6545: 6504: 6500: 6491: 6490: 6486: 6461: 6457: 6432: 6428: 6413: 6409: 6384: 6380: 6370: 6368: 6355: 6354: 6350: 6325: 6321: 6296: 6289: 6279: 6277: 6276:on 2 April 2015 6264: 6263: 6259: 6249: 6247: 6234: 6233: 6229: 6219: 6217: 6208: 6207: 6203: 6193: 6191: 6180: 6179: 6175: 6170:on 16 May 2015. 6158: 6157: 6153: 6143: 6141: 6126: 6125: 6121: 6111: 6109: 6074: 6070: 6041: 6037: 6027: 6025: 6016: 6015: 6011: 5988: 5984: 5974: 5972: 5959: 5958: 5954: 5923: 5916: 5906: 5904: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5880: 5876: 5871: 5867: 5862: 5858: 5849: 5845: 5840: 5836: 5831: 5827: 5823:Flannery (1982) 5822: 5818: 5808: 5806: 5797: 5796: 5792: 5782: 5780: 5771: 5770: 5766: 5756: 5754: 5745: 5744: 5740: 5730: 5728: 5719: 5718: 5714: 5704: 5702: 5693: 5692: 5688: 5678: 5676: 5667: 5666: 5662: 5652: 5650: 5643:Sogaer.ex.ac.uk 5637: 5636: 5632: 5619: 5618: 5614: 5593:(11): 2502–06. 5583: 5579: 5548: 5544: 5539: 5535: 5488: 5484: 5479: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5461: 5457: 5452: 5448: 5443: 5439: 5435:Ogundele (2005) 5434: 5430: 5425: 5421: 5416: 5412: 5407: 5403: 5398: 5394: 5389: 5385: 5380: 5376: 5371: 5367: 5362: 5358: 5329: 5325: 5315: 5313: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5285: 5283: 5266: 5262: 5252: 5250: 5235: 5234: 5225: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5170: 5164: 5157: 5109: 5105: 5058: 5054: 5044: 5042: 5025: 5021: 4982: 4978: 4968: 4966: 4957: 4956: 4952: 4937: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4919: 4915: 4910: 4906: 4896: 4894: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4863: 4855: 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3748: 3747: 3743: 3733: 3731: 3720: 3713: 3703: 3701: 3700:on 8 April 2014 3697: 3690: 3684: 3680: 3670: 3668: 3661: 3645: 3636: 3626: 3624: 3617: 3601: 3590: 3553: 3549: 3539: 3537: 3518: 3514: 3503: 3499: 3489: 3487: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3464: 3462: 3455: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3426: 3424: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3350: 3346: 3339: 3317: 3313: 3288: 3284: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3233: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3013: 2947:Archaeogenetics 2920: 2904: 2888:Dutch Caribbean 2795: 2789: 2715:nations in the 2691: 2650: 2587: 2553: 2547: 2426: 2421: 2370: 2323: 2286:In France, the 2206: 2195: 2189: 2186: 2171: 2159: 2155: 2148: 2142: 2117: 2111: 2095: 2089: 2081:hunter-gatherer 2073: 2067: 2044:medieval Europe 2037: 2031: 1975:lithic analysis 1963: 1957: 1929: 1886: 1878:Main articles: 1876: 1861:stable isotopes 1817:Homo luzonensis 1808: 1802: 1774:natural subsoil 1641: 1635: 1627:side-scan sonar 1606:metal detectors 1418: 1412: 1403:Laser altimeter 1377: 1348: 1346: 1197: 1191: 1167:Human evolution 1041:, uncovered in 1031: 1007:Kathleen Kenyon 825:paleontological 802:Native American 748: 678:field monuments 648:taken July 1877 638: 629: 381:Benozzo Gozzoli 358: 352: 346: 321: 310: 300:Akkadian Empire 292: 291: 290: 289: 285: 274: 260: 259: 258: 255: 247: 246: 241: 232: 231: 227: 218: 213: 207: 148:culture history 43:Excavations at 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11998: 11988: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11962: 11961: 11938: 11937: 11935: 11934: 11922: 11910: 11898: 11885: 11882: 11881: 11879: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11861: 11855: 11853: 11849: 11848: 11846: 11845: 11839: 11837: 11833: 11832: 11830: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11818: 11817: 11812: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11771: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11752: 11751: 11750: 11748:social science 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11680:Global studies 11677: 11675:Gender studies 11672: 11667: 11666: 11665: 11660: 11658:social science 11654:Environmental 11652: 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10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10439:Dance notation 10436: 10431: 10425: 10423: 10413: 10412: 10410: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10352:Silver objects 10349: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10158: 10156: 10142: 10141: 10139: 10138: 10136:Outdoor murals 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10102: 10100: 10086: 10085: 10083: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10060:Rissverklebung 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9975:Arrested decay 9972: 9967: 9961: 9959: 9958:and techniques 9953: 9952: 9950: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9863: 9861: 9855: 9854: 9852: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9749:Heritage asset 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9594:Bioarchaeology 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9565: 9563: 9557: 9556: 9545: 9544: 9537: 9530: 9522: 9513: 9512: 9510: 9509: 9497: 9486: 9483: 9482: 9480: 9479: 9474: 9473: 9472: 9470:Assyriologists 9467: 9460:Archaeologists 9457: 9452: 9451: 9450: 9441: 9439: 9435: 9434: 9431: 9430: 9428: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9336: 9334: 9330: 9329: 9327: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9315: 9314: 9312:Zooarchaeology 9309: 9304: 9302:Geoarchaeology 9294: 9293: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9272: 9267: 9266: 9265: 9263:Paleopathology 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9238:Bioarchaeology 9235: 9229: 9227: 9226:Methodological 9223: 9222: 9220: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9173: 9171: 9167: 9166: 9164: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9122: 9120: 9113: 9107: 9106: 9104: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9082: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9035: 9033: 9029: 9028: 9026: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9008:Dorothy Garrod 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8958:Antiquarianism 8955: 8949: 8947: 8941: 8940: 8933: 8932: 8925: 8918: 8910: 8904: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8881: 8880: 8864: 8863: 8858: 8852: 8851: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8836:External links 8834: 8832: 8831: 8817: 8811: 8804: 8794: 8787: 8777: 8763: 8758:C.U. Larsen - 8756: 8750: 8738: 8709: 8703: 8692: 8682: 8672: 8655: 8650: 8632: 8617: 8599: 8584: 8566: 8551: 8525: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8507: 8493: 8478: 8460:(2): 244–253. 8449: 8440: 8431: 8408: 8390:(6): 537–557. 8384:Geoarchaeology 8379: 8370: 8361: 8347: 8334: 8320: 8307: 8301: 8288: 8270:(5): 653–663. 8259: 8238: 8225: 8211: 8198: 8189: 8180: 8160:10.2307/279722 8154:(3): 344–350. 8143: 8123:10.2307/278680 8117:(2): 216–217. 8106: 8092: 8077: 8043:Pauketat, T.R. 8039: 8010: 8001: 7987: 7974: 7965: 7956: 7936:10.2307/280968 7919: 7910: 7901: 7892: 7883: 7874: 7868: 7855: 7818: 7798:10.2307/278668 7792:(2): 149–169. 7781: 7771:(2): 143–177. 7760: 7740:10.2307/278926 7723: 7703:10.2307/280169 7697:(4): 803–818. 7686: 7649: 7640: 7630:(2): 265–278. 7619: 7598: 7573:978-0195108156 7572: 7555: 7541: 7526: 7513: 7493:10.2307/278380 7476: 7467: 7455:(4): 793–816. 7440: 7403: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7385: 7366: 7336: 7302: 7268: 7239: 7200: 7186: 7157: 7128: 7102: 7076: 7044: 7031: 6998: 6972: 6939: 6905: 6874: 6844: 6826:The New Yorker 6811: 6781: 6750: 6737: 6730: 6712: 6705: 6687: 6656: 6626: 6595: 6574:10.2307/282080 6552: 6543: 6522:10.2307/279718 6498: 6484: 6455: 6426: 6407: 6378: 6348: 6319: 6287: 6257: 6227: 6201: 6173: 6151: 6119: 6088:(2): 163–169. 6068: 6035: 6009: 5982: 5971:on 31 May 2010 5952: 5914: 5884: 5874: 5865: 5856: 5843: 5834: 5825: 5816: 5790: 5764: 5738: 5712: 5686: 5660: 5630: 5612: 5577: 5558:(2): 245–263. 5542: 5533: 5511:10.2307/280681 5482: 5473: 5464: 5455: 5446: 5437: 5428: 5419: 5410: 5401: 5392: 5383: 5374: 5365: 5356: 5323: 5293: 5260: 5239:. World News. 5223: 5155: 5120:(3): 227–236. 5103: 5052: 5037:(in Spanish). 5019: 4998:10.2307/275881 4992:(2): 102–107. 4976: 4950: 4943:. Binghamton: 4931: 4922: 4913: 4904: 4873: 4871:Hinshaw (2000) 4861: 4849: 4840: 4831: 4822: 4813: 4804: 4795: 4786: 4777: 4768: 4759: 4750: 4741: 4732: 4723: 4721:Binford (1962) 4714: 4712:Trigger (1989) 4700: 4679:10.2307/278203 4673:(2): 156–165. 4657: 4626: 4617: 4610: 4592: 4577: 4546: 4520: 4501: 4479: 4472: 4450: 4443: 4425: 4406: 4371: 4361: 4345:"Introduction" 4335: 4323: 4309:978-0892366682 4308: 4288: 4275: 4256: 4247: 4229: 4222: 4195: 4176: 4153: 4134: 4114: 4096:978-9332569966 4095: 4075: 4045: 4015: 3985: 3972: 3959: 3952: 3934: 3927: 3906: 3899: 3878: 3835: 3828: 3806: 3773: 3741: 3711: 3678: 3659: 3634: 3615: 3588: 3567:(1): 180–186. 3547: 3512: 3497: 3472: 3453: 3434: 3404: 3344: 3338:978-0191743443 3337: 3311: 3282: 3253: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3129: 3128: 3125:Zooarchaeology 3122: 3116: 3111: 3105: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2980:Bioarchaeology 2977: 2972: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2942:Archaeobiology 2939: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2908:climate change 2903: 2900: 2884:Sint Eustatius 2832:. Co-founders 2818:Michael Blakey 2791:Main article: 2788: 2785: 2701: 2700: 2690: 2687: 2649: 2646: 2637:metal detector 2586: 2583: 2549:Main article: 2546: 2543: 2435:Forest Service 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2369: 2366: 2343:United Nations 2322: 2319: 2283:respectively. 2222:western Europe 2208: 2207: 2162: 2160: 2153: 2144:Main article: 2141: 2138: 2113:Main article: 2110: 2107: 2103:epistemologies 2091:Main article: 2088: 2085: 2069:Main article: 2066: 2063: 2059:Siegfried Line 2033:Main article: 2030: 2027: 1959:Main article: 1956: 1953: 1928: 1925: 1897:Photogrammetry 1875: 1872: 1849:zooarchaeology 1804:Main article: 1801: 1798: 1637:Main article: 1634: 1631: 1496:, corers, and 1484:Harrat al-Sham 1414:Main article: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1400: 1381:remote sensing 1376: 1375:Remote sensing 1373: 1345: 1342: 1284:systems theory 1253:Michael Shanks 1193:Main article: 1190: 1187: 1121:Ancient Greece 1030: 1027: 791:U.S. President 747: 744: 732:history of art 709:stratification 637: 634: 605:"archaeologia" 589:William Camden 457:Zhao Mingcheng 445:Imperial China 426:antiquarianism 348:Main article: 345: 342: 262: 261: 256: 249: 248: 242: 235: 234: 233: 222: 221: 220: 219: 217: 214: 209:Main article: 206: 203: 178:antiquarianism 92:social science 26: 18:Archaeological 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11997: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11972: 11970: 11960: 11950: 11949: 11946: 11933: 11932: 11927: 11923: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11909: 11908: 11899: 11897: 11896: 11887: 11886: 11883: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11871:Human science 11869: 11867: 11866: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11856: 11854: 11850: 11844: 11841: 11840: 11838: 11834: 11828: 11827:Vegan studies 11825: 11823: 11820: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11807: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11790:Public health 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11755: 11753: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11725: 11724:Philosophies 11723: 11721: 11720:Media studies 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11695:Human ecology 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11655: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11605:Anthrozoology 11603: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11590: 11588: 11587: 11585: 11581: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11549: 11548: 11545: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11530:developmental 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11517: 11516: 11513: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11503:public policy 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11485: 11484: 11481: 11477: 11474: 11473: 11472: 11469: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11454:legal systems 11452: 11450: 11449:legal history 11447: 11445: 11444:jurisprudence 11442: 11441: 11440: 11437: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11399: 11398: 11395: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11372: 11371: 11368: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11345: 11344: 11341: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11318: 11317: 11314: 11313: 11311: 11307: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11287: 11284: 11280: 11273: 11268: 11266: 11261: 11259: 11254: 11253: 11250: 11238: 11237: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11199: 11196: 11195: 11194: 11191: 11190: 11188: 11184: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11151: 11150: 11146: 11145: 11144: 11143:Human science 11141: 11139: 11136: 11135: 11133: 11129: 11123: 11122: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11075: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11060: 11058: 11054: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11021: 11018: 11017: 11016: 11013: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 11000: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10993: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10959: 10956: 10955: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10928: 10924: 10922: 10921: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10891: 10889: 10885: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10859:Environmental 10857: 10855: 10852: 10851: 10849: 10845: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10823: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10791: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10764: 10763: 10762:Language arts 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10739: 10737: 10733: 10729: 10722: 10717: 10715: 10710: 10708: 10703: 10702: 10699: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10666: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10638: 10633: 10631: 10629: 10624: 10622: 10620: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10609: 10607: 10601: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10499:Folk medicine 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10429:Ancient music 10427: 10426: 10424: 10420: 10414: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10362:Stained glass 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10342:Road vehicles 10340: 10338: 10337:Rail vehicles 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10287:New media art 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10247:Ivory objects 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10227:Human remains 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10217:Glass objects 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10159: 10157: 10153: 10143: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10103: 10101: 10097: 10094:of immovable 10087: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9995:Desmet method 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9962: 9960: 9954: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9864: 9862: 9860:and expertise 9856: 9850: 9849:Web archiving 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9759:Inherent vice 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9566: 9564: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9543: 9538: 9536: 9531: 9529: 9524: 9523: 9520: 9508: 9498: 9496: 9488: 9487: 9484: 9478: 9475: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9465:Egyptologists 9463: 9462: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9449: 9446: 9445: 9443: 9442: 9440: 9436: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9410:Phenomenology 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9337: 9335: 9331: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9299: 9298: 9297:Environmental 9295: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9285:Computational 9283: 9281: 9280:Archaeogaming 9278: 9277: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9240: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9230: 9228: 9224: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9174: 9172: 9168: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9151:Post-Medieval 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9131:Protohistoric 9129: 9127: 9124: 9123: 9121: 9119:Chronological 9117: 9114: 9112: 9108: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9066: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9036: 9034: 9030: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8968:Richard Hoare 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8931: 8926: 8924: 8919: 8917: 8912: 8911: 8908: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8886: 8883: 8882: 8879:at Wikisource 8878: 8873: 8869: 8868: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8818: 8815: 8814:Bruce Trigger 8812: 8809: 8805: 8802: 8798: 8795: 8792: 8788: 8785: 8781: 8780:Colin Renfrew 8778: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8761: 8757: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8715: 8714:Archaeologies 8710: 8707: 8704: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8690: 8686: 8683: 8680: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8670:0-202-33022-2 8667: 8663: 8659: 8658:Lewis Binford 8656: 8654: 8651: 8639: 8635: 8633:0-203-97363-1 8629: 8625: 8624: 8618: 8606: 8602: 8596: 8592: 8591: 8585: 8573: 8569: 8563: 8559: 8558: 8552: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8527: 8526: 8523: 8519: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8490: 8486: 8485: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8455: 8450: 8446: 8441: 8437: 8432: 8428: 8422: 8414: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8385: 8380: 8376: 8371: 8367: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8350: 8344: 8340: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8317: 8313: 8308: 8304: 8298: 8294: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8249:(1): 77–106. 8248: 8244: 8239: 8235: 8231: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8208: 8204: 8199: 8195: 8190: 8186: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8089: 8085: 8084: 8078: 8074: 8068: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8011: 8007: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7984: 7980: 7975: 7971: 7966: 7962: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7920: 7916: 7911: 7907: 7902: 7898: 7893: 7889: 7884: 7880: 7875: 7871: 7865: 7861: 7856: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7650: 7646: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7609:(2): 119–22. 7608: 7604: 7599: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7560:"Archaeology" 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7538: 7534: 7533: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7477: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7404: 7400: 7395: 7394: 7381: 7377: 7370: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7340: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7309: 7307: 7298: 7290: 7286: 7285: 7279: 7278:"archaeology" 7272: 7263: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7243: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7204: 7196: 7190: 7181: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7161: 7152: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7132: 7116: 7112: 7106: 7090: 7086: 7080: 7064: 7060: 7059: 7054: 7048: 7041: 7035: 7019: 7015: 7014: 7009: 7002: 6986: 6982: 6976: 6960: 6956: 6955: 6950: 6943: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6912: 6910: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6878: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6848: 6832: 6828: 6827: 6822: 6815: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6785: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6754: 6747: 6741: 6733: 6727: 6723: 6716: 6708: 6706:9780253354648 6702: 6698: 6691: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6660: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6630: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6599: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6568:(1): 131–59. 6567: 6563: 6556: 6547: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6516:(3): 317–20. 6515: 6511: 6510: 6502: 6494: 6488: 6479: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6459: 6450: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6430: 6422: 6418: 6411: 6402: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6382: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6352: 6343: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6323: 6314: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6294: 6292: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6261: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6231: 6215: 6211: 6205: 6189: 6185: 6184: 6177: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6155: 6139: 6135: 6134: 6129: 6123: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6072: 6063: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6049:SPAFA Journal 6046: 6039: 6023: 6019: 6013: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5986: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5956: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5921: 5919: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5878: 5869: 5860: 5853: 5850:Eric Gibson: 5847: 5838: 5829: 5820: 5804: 5800: 5794: 5778: 5774: 5768: 5752: 5748: 5742: 5726: 5722: 5716: 5700: 5696: 5690: 5674: 5670: 5664: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5634: 5626: 5622: 5616: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5581: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5546: 5537: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5504:(4): 766–84. 5503: 5499: 5498: 5493: 5486: 5477: 5468: 5459: 5453:Ascher (1961) 5450: 5444:Kuznar (2001) 5441: 5432: 5423: 5414: 5408:Yellen (1991) 5405: 5396: 5390:Yellen (1977) 5387: 5381:Yellen (1972) 5378: 5372:Gould (1971b) 5369: 5363:Gould (1971a) 5360: 5351: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5327: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5281: 5277: 5276: 5275:New Scientist 5271: 5264: 5248: 5244: 5243: 5238: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5169: 5162: 5160: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5107: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5056: 5040: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4946: 4942: 4935: 4926: 4920:Willey (1968) 4917: 4911:Willey (1953) 4908: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4877: 4868: 4866: 4858: 4853: 4847:Hodder (1992) 4844: 4838:Hodder (1991) 4835: 4829:Hodder (1990) 4826: 4820:Hodder (1987) 4817: 4811:Hodder (1985) 4808: 4802:Hodder (1982) 4799: 4790: 4781: 4775:Tilley (1993) 4772: 4766:Shanks (1993) 4763: 4757:Shanks (1991) 4754: 4745: 4736: 4727: 4718: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4661: 4645: 4641: 4639: 4630: 4621: 4613: 4607: 4603: 4596: 4588: 4581: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4550: 4534: 4530: 4524: 4508: 4504: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4483: 4475: 4473:0-947535-00-4 4469: 4465: 4461: 4454: 4446: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4410: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4368: 4364: 4362:0-449-90698-1 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4332: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4305: 4301: 4300: 4292: 4285: 4282:David Irwin, 4279: 4273: 4269: 4266: 4260: 4251: 4244:. Hutchinson. 4243: 4239: 4233: 4225: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4210: 4205: 4199: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4169: 4168: 4160: 4158: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4118: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4088: 4087: 4079: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4024:"John Leland" 4019: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3982: 3979:E.W. Bodnar, 3976: 3969: 3968:Later travels 3963: 3955: 3953:0-87023-495-1 3949: 3945: 3938: 3930: 3928:0-8248-2820-8 3924: 3920: 3913: 3911: 3902: 3900:0-521-84076-7 3896: 3892: 3885: 3883: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3831: 3829:0-521-66991-X 3825: 3821: 3817: 3810: 3794: 3790: 3789: 3784: 3777: 3761: 3757: 3756: 3751: 3750:"archaeology" 3745: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3716: 3696: 3689: 3682: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3608: 3607: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3525: 3516: 3508: 3501: 3486: 3482: 3476: 3460: 3456: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3438: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3348: 3340: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3315: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3286: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3248: 3246: 3241: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3192: 3188: 3185: 3184:Ancient Greek 3179: 3175: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3134: 3133: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3067:Human ecology 3065: 3062: 3061:Harris matrix 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2830:United States 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2794: 2784: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2749:Ottawa Valley 2746: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2705:First Nations 2699: 2698: 2693: 2692: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2654:Kennewick Man 2645: 2641: 2638: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2596: 2591: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2559: 2552: 2542: 2538: 2536: 2531: 2528: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2512:building site 2509: 2504: 2499: 2498: 2493: 2492: 2486: 2484: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2436: 2430: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2394: 2389: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2365: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2318: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2303: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2204: 2201: 2193: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2163:This section 2161: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2137: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2106: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2084: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2048:New York City 2045: 2040: 2036: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1983:archaeobotany 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1965:As with most 1962: 1952: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1939: 1933: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1901:topographical 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1841:typologically 1837: 1835: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1818: 1812: 1807: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1578:Magnetometers 1575: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1562:wavelengths, 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1516:Aerial survey 1509: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1486: 1485: 1479: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1447:Gordon Willey 1444: 1438: 1436: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1387: 1382: 1372: 1369: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1302:agency theory 1299: 1298:postmodernism 1295: 1294:phenomenology 1292: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1261:Daniel Miller 1258: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1230:Kent Flannery 1227: 1226:Lewis Binford 1223: 1219: 1218:Mesoamericans 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1196: 1186: 1184: 1182: 1174: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1154: 1152: 1151:sampling bias 1147: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 968:Frank Calvert 965: 961: 957: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 931: 927: 926:Howard Carter 923: 922:Great Pyramid 919: 915: 911: 907: 900: 896: 891: 887: 885: 881: 877: 873: 870: 860: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 841:prehistorical 838: 837:Charles Lyell 834: 830: 829:William Smith 826: 822: 818: 813: 811: 807: 803: 800:, on several 799: 798:trench method 795: 792: 788: 785: 781: 777: 773: 765: 761: 757: 752: 743: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 716: 714: 710: 705: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 682: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 654: 647: 642: 633: 624: 623:Rajatarangini 620: 615: 614: 610: 606: 602: 597: 592: 590: 586: 581: 579: 575: 574:Flavio Biondo 571: 569: 565: 564:hieroglyphics 561: 557: 553: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 493: 491: 487: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 441: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 409: 399: 390: 382: 378: 374: 367: 362: 357: 351: 341: 339: 335: 331: 327: 316: 305: 301: 297: 280: 269: 265: 253: 245: 239: 228: 550 BC 212: 202: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 179: 174: 172: 168: 164: 159: 157: 153: 149: 145: 140: 136: 135:palaeontology 132: 128: 124: 119: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 82:or ecofacts, 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 11980:Anthropology 11929: 11905: 11893: 11863: 11670:Food studies 11610:Area studies 11363:mathematical 11358:econometrics 11320: 11316:Anthropology 11234: 11198:Philistinism 11193:Antihumanism 11147: 11119: 11105:Nova Religio 11072: 10990: 10970:Hermeneutics 10925: 10918: 10746: 10742:Anthropology 10664: 10636: 10627: 10618: 10509:Folk process 10464:Ethnopoetics 10422:preservation 10282:Neon objects 10155:by item type 10146:Conservation 10099:by item type 10090:Conservation 10040:Overpainting 10000:Display case 9829:Repatriation 9583: 9345:Archaeometry 9319:Experimental 9253:Near Eastern 9212:Near Eastern 9207:Mesopotamian 9161:Contemporary 8978:Arthur Evans 8936: 8885:Fasti Online 8846: 8823: 8820:Alison Wylie 8807: 8800: 8783: 8766: 8759: 8745: 8741: 8720:(1): 27–69. 8717: 8713: 8699: 8688: 8685:Kevin Greene 8678: 8661: 8642:. Retrieved 8622: 8609:. Retrieved 8589: 8576:. Retrieved 8556: 8543:. Retrieved 8534: 8483: 8457: 8453: 8444: 8435: 8412: 8387: 8383: 8374: 8365: 8338: 8311: 8292: 8267: 8263: 8246: 8242: 8233: 8229: 8202: 8193: 8184: 8151: 8147: 8114: 8110: 8082: 8067:cite journal 8053:(1): 73–98. 8050: 8046: 8021:(1): 25–54. 8018: 8014: 8005: 7978: 7969: 7960: 7927: 7923: 7914: 7905: 7896: 7887: 7878: 7859: 7847:. Retrieved 7830: 7826: 7789: 7785: 7768: 7764: 7731: 7727: 7694: 7690: 7660:(1): 29–35. 7657: 7653: 7644: 7627: 7623: 7606: 7602: 7590:. Retrieved 7563: 7531: 7521: 7517: 7484: 7480: 7471: 7452: 7448: 7411: 7407: 7398: 7390:Bibliography 7380:the original 7369: 7357:. Retrieved 7348: 7339: 7327:. Retrieved 7318: 7282: 7271: 7252: 7242: 7217: 7213: 7203: 7189: 7170: 7160: 7141: 7131: 7119:. Retrieved 7105: 7093:. Retrieved 7079: 7067:. Retrieved 7056: 7047: 7034: 7022:. Retrieved 7018:the original 7011: 7001: 6989:. Retrieved 6975: 6963:. Retrieved 6952: 6942: 6930:. Retrieved 6921: 6896:. 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