378:
2046:
1722:
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1978:
1906:
3061:' or 'earthquake architecture' was first introduced in 1985 by Robert Reitherman. The phrase "earthquake architecture" is used to describe a degree of architectural expression of earthquake resistance or implication of architectural configuration, form or style in earthquake resistance. It is also used to describe buildings in which seismic design considerations impacted its architecture. It may be considered a new aesthetic approach in designing structures in seismic prone areas. The wide breadth of expressive possibilities ranges from metaphorical uses of seismic issues, to the more straightforward exposure of seismic technology. While outcomes of an earthquake architecture can be very diverse in their physical manifestations, architectural expression of seismic principles can also take many forms and levels of sophistication.
2177:
1997:
29:
1955:
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2199:
1605:
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2258:, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functional details. Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms. Architects such as
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530:, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, and pleasure". For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string
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has been an increased separation of the 'design' architect from the 'project' architect who ensures that the project meets the required standards and deals with matters of liability. The preparatory processes for the design of any large building have become increasingly complicated, and require preliminary studies of such matters as durability, sustainability, quality, money, and compliance with local laws. A large structure can no longer be the design of one person but must be the work of many.
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352:
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595:". While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.
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602:, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.... To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality".
2452:, buildings with expressive sculpture façades made of unfinished concrete. But an even younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and Brutalism for being too austere, standardized, monotone, and not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures.
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of the building shell. The latter is often part of sustainable architecture practices, conserving resources through "recycling" a structure by adaptive redesign. Generally referred to as the spatial art of environmental design, form and practice, interior architecture is the process through which the
2870:
Urban design is the process of designing and shaping the physical features of cities, towns, and villages. In contrast to architecture, which focuses on the design of individual buildings, urban design deals with the larger scale of groups of buildings, streets and public spaces, whole neighborhoods
2629:
Since the 1980s, as the complexity of buildings began to increase (in terms of structural systems, services, energy and technologies), the field of architecture became multi-disciplinary with specializations for each project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods. Moreover, there
3169:
A project architect is one who is responsible for ensuring the design is built correctly and who administers building contracts â in non-specialist architectural practices the project architect is also the design architect and the term refers to the differing roles the architect plays at differing
2788:
Landscape architecture is the design of outdoor public areas, landmarks, and structures to achieve environmental, social-behavioral, or aesthetic outcomes. It involves the systematic investigation of existing social, ecological, and soil conditions and processes in the landscape, and the design of
2638:
have been criticized by some members of the architectural profession who feel that successful architecture is not a personal, philosophical, or aesthetic pursuit by individualists; rather it has to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to create livable environments, with the design
2646:
has become a mainstream issue, with a profound effect on the architectural profession. Many developers, those who support the financing of buildings, have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost.
2506:
in Italy, who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents. Postmodernism produced a style that combined contemporary building technology and cheap materials, with the aesthetics of
640:. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon the natural environment for
2079:
and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many
1825:
in architecture was accompanied by a burgeoning of science and engineering, which affected the proportions and structure of buildings. At this stage, it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the generalist.
2850:
Interior architecture is the design of a space which has been created by structural boundaries and the human interaction within these boundaries. It can also be the initial design and plan for use, then later redesigned to accommodate a changed purpose, or a significantly revised design for
1491:, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, Turkey, North Africa, the Indian Sub-continent and in parts of Europe, such as Spain, Albania, and the Balkan States, as the result of the expansion of the
274:
movement that sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. Emphasis was put on modern techniques, materials, and simplified geometric forms, paving the way for high-rise
555:
wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is
Architecture". Le Corbusier's contemporary
2711:. Glass curtain walls, which were the hallmark of the ultra modern urban life in many countries surfaced even in developing countries like Nigeria where international styles had been represented since the mid 20th Century mostly because of the leanings of foreign-trained architects.
480:. The most important aspect of beauty was, therefore, an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially, and was based on universal, recognizable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of
767:
became the term used to describe the highly formalized and respected aspects of the craft. It is widely assumed that architectural success was achieved through trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as results became satisfactory over time.
2511:
famously defined postmodern architecture as a "decorated shed" (an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside) and upheld it against modernist and brutalist "ducks" (buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms).
1996:
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that developed from trial and error to successful replication. Ancient urban architecture was preoccupied with building religious structures and buildings symbolizing the political power of rulers until Greek and Roman architecture shifted focus to civic virtues.
1328:. Also, the grandest houses were relatively lightweight structures mainly using wood until recent times, and there are few survivals of great age. Buddhism was associated with a move to stone and brick religious structures, probably beginning as
1977:
1905:
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materials, and more attention to a structure's energy usage. This major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment. There has been an acceleration in the number of buildings that seek to meet
2289:
worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the
2045:
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and structures. Naval architecture involves basic and applied research, design, development, design evaluation and calculations during all stages of the life of a marine vehicle. Preliminary design of the vessel, its detailed design,
1604:
2022:
2099:
laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production.
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principles. Sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques. The U.S. Green
Building Council's
1931:
2962:(by means of conversion, rebuilding, modernization, or repair). Naval architecture also involves the formulation of safety regulations and damage control rules and the approval and certification of ship designs to meet
2243:, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis – the apex – of art, craft, and technology.
505:). This treatise exerted immense influence throughout Europe, being the first handbook that emphasized the practical rather than the theoretical aspects of architecture, and it was the first to catalog the five orders.
2773:
Industrial architecture is the design of specialized industrial buildings, whose primary focus is designing buildings that can fulfil their function while ensuring the safe movement of labor and goods in the facility.
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were formed by craftsmen to organize their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or
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Nunzia
Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing
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1153:
Texts on architecture have been written since ancient timesâthese texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of
2103:
Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. Housebuilders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals.
1008:
2890:. It is common for professionals in all these disciplines to practice urban design. In more recent times different sub-subfields of urban design have emerged such as strategic urban design,
2146:
1798:, which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects â Brunelleschi,
4386:
Earthquake
Engineering and Earthquake Architecture. Part of the AIA Workshop for Architects and Related Building Professionals on Designing for Earthquakes in the Western Mountain States
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1457:
476:, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealized human figure, the
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332:
The practice of the architect where architecture means offering or rendering professional services in connection with the design and construction of buildings or built environments.
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is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving,
486:
1643:. From about 900 onward, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.
208:". "Function" began to replace the classical "utility" and was understood to include not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological, and cultural dimensions. The idea of
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2266:, in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being
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landscape master planning and design; all at varying scales of design, planning and management. A practitioner in the profession of landscape architecture is called a
2556:
2120:
3003:, defined as "a blueprint of the enterprise that provides a common understanding of the organization and is used to align strategic objectives and tactical demands",
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1558:
3272:
2235:, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine-made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the
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civilizations evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones. New building types emerged and architectural style developed in the form of the
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1123:, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in their architecture to symbolically represent the political power of the ruler or the state itself.
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developed. Over the years, the field of architectural construction has branched out to include everything from ship design to interior decorating.
94:
4485:â Collection of digitized images of buildings and cities drawn from across time and throughout the world from the University of Washington Library
1771:
516:(1836) that, as the title suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world.
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and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a
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Commercial architecture is the design of commercial buildings that serves the needs of businesses, the government and religious institutions.
1650:
across the continent. From the
Balkans to Spain, and from Malta to Estonia, these buildings represent an important part of European heritage.
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and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern architecture. Notable among these is the
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In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of
200:
developed his ideas further, seeing beauty as an objective quality of buildings to be found in their proportions. In the 19th century,
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is said to have stated in a 1959 interview that "architecture starts when you carefully put two bricks together. There it begins."
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superstructures. Many architects became disillusioned with modernism which they perceived as ahistorical and anti-aesthetic, and
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2126:
743:
3903:
2467:, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of
2432:, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after
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4136:
Scott Zurn. (2023, May 16). Types of commercial architecture & how to find success. Level
Engineering & Inspection.
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older pre-modern and non-modern styles, from high classical architecture to popular or vernacular regional building styles.
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have concerned themselves with the nature of architecture and whether or not architecture is distinguished from building.
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1937:
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In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the
141: 'creator'. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as
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2974:"Architecture" is used as a metaphor for many modern techniques or fields for structuring abstractions. These include:
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Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (e.g. shelter, security, and worship) and means (available
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According to
Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible.
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Urban design is an interdisciplinary field that uses elements of many built environment professions, including
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and districts, and entire cities, with the goal of making urban areas functional, attractive, and sustainable.
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in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility.
2006:
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Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of
Classical learning accompanied by the development of
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in the early 1st century AD. According to
Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of
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The emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and
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520:, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture." The 19th-century English art critic,
111:
3458:
D. Rowland â T.N. Howe: Vitruvius. Ten Books on
Architecture. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1999,
3447:
It is not the line that is between two points, but the point that is at the intersection of several lines.
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was a technological break-through in building ever higher. By mid-century, Modernism had morphed into the
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interiors of buildings are designed, concerned with all aspects of the human uses of structural spaces.
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in the 1st century BC. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious.
605:
Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are
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4251:"Co-evolutions of planning and design: Risks and benefits of design perspectives in planning systems"
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2743:
Residential architecture is the design of functional fits the user's lifestyle while adhering to the
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2345:
2228:
2002:
1889:
1317:, which developed from around the 5th century CE, is in theory governed by concepts laid down in the
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2981:, a set of rules and methods that describe the functionality, organization, and implementation of
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Islamic architecture began in the 7th century, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient
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Hannu Jaakkola and Bernhard Thalheim. (2011) "Architecture-driven modelling methodologies." In:
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emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism, with architects like
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168:. Texts on architecture have been written since ancient times. The earliest surviving text on
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are the main activities involved. Ship design calculations are also required for ships being
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2672:(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system has been instrumental in this.
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1818:, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference.
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interventions that will produce the desired outcome. The scope of the profession includes
1987:
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The style of design and method of construction of buildings and other physical structures.
81:
16:
Product and process of planning, designing and constructing buildings and other structures
8:
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Around the beginning of the 20th century, general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on
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process being informed by studies of behavioral, environmental, and social sciences.
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2294:, including steel-frame construction, which gave birth to high-rise superstructures.
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2085:
1810:â and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between
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Proceedings of the 2011 conference on Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases XXII
3566:
D'Anjou, Philippe (2011). "An Ethics of Freedom for Architectural Design Practice".
2455:
One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of
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not only transformed the building and the city, but also the role and status of the
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Information Systems Transformation: Architecture-Driven Modernization Case Studies.
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movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after
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promote a sustainable approach towards construction that appreciates and develops
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71:
7449:
7155:
A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful
6708:
6648:
6525:
6294:
6274:
6254:
6249:
6239:
6134:
5769:
5759:
5744:
5704:
5669:
5662:
5593:
5553:
5322:
5195:
5185:
5093:
5050:
5030:
4759:
4710:
4506:
4491:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Adrian Tinniswood, Gillian Darley and Gavin Stamp (
4477:
4339:
4257:
4094:
3553:
3476:"Vitruvius Ten Books on Architecture, with regard to landscape and garden design"
3268:
3199:
2959:
2621:
2548:
2311:
2036:
1941:
1763:
1728:
1712:
1611:
1595:
1340:
1139:
952:
431:
405:
175:
4250:
4157:
The Landscape of Man: Shaping the Environment from Prehistory to the Present Day
3286:
2471:, others consider it to be a school in its own right and a later development of
2182:
1309:
did not. Some Asian architecture showed great regional diversity, in particular
884:
789:
7294:
7274:
7144:
6901:
6853:
6813:
6748:
6698:
6678:
6613:
6319:
6264:
6217:
6199:
6001:
5749:
5739:
5734:
5709:
5503:
5483:
5356:
5327:
5277:
5210:
5180:
5170:
5133:
5055:
5013:
5008:
4890:
4885:
4875:
4793:
4771:
4605:
4595:
4355:
4152:
4018:
and green building rating systems include Energy Star, Green Globes, and CHPS (
3342:"7 Things I Learned About "Home" from Talking to Architects on Every Continent"
2879:
2852:
2704:
2661:
2656:
2643:
2536:
2508:
2499:
2413:
2367:
2282:
2220:
2190:
2156:
2138:
1969:
1647:
1646:
Also, a significant part of the Middle Ages architectural heritage is numerous
1492:
1186:
1131:
633:
588:
572:
481:
413:
409:
201:
75:
6381:
3771:
7542:
7442:
7324:
7114:
6973:
6896:
6838:
6753:
6733:
6593:
6545:
6324:
6309:
6289:
6212:
6114:
5946:
5936:
5764:
5754:
5729:
5694:
5257:
5190:
5113:
5088:
5040:
5025:
4732:
4652:
3136:
2817:
2794:
2744:
2468:
2445:
2441:
2405:
2286:
2130:
1990:(Paris), early 1880s â demolished in 1895, by William Klein and Albert Duclos
1893:
1238:
1104:
808:
614:
456:
Durability â a building should stand up robustly and remain in good condition
365:
6515:
6367:
6353:
4488:
4206:
3905:
Architecture's Historical Turn: Phenomenology and the Rise of the Postmodern
3829:
Istorie urbanÄ, Lotizarea Èi Parcul Ioanid din BucureÈti Ăźn context european
7432:
6928:
6793:
6673:
6653:
6505:
6207:
6184:
6154:
6139:
5428:
5045:
4986:
4798:
4749:
4675:
4627:
4620:
3537:, editor, Joseph Rykwert, Profile 21, Architectural Design, Vol. 49 No. 5â6
2947:
2938:
2865:
2708:
2692:
2676:
2433:
2271:
1803:
1135:
1120:
1085:
873:
552:
547:
477:
384:
of the second floor (attic storey) of the HĂŽtel de Brionne in Paris â 1734.
322:
146:
64:
4401:
Seismic Architecture â The architecture of earthquake resistant structures
3656:"9 innovative contemporary buildings that test the limits of humble brick"
3546:
3318:
Malta before History â The World's Oldest Free Standing Stone Architecture
2088:
styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at
351:
7489:
7484:
7464:
7427:
7401:
7097:
7050:
6906:
6858:
6818:
6768:
6560:
6284:
6279:
6259:
6179:
6099:
5908:
5813:
5123:
5098:
5070:
4999:
4944:
4922:
4670:
4647:
4642:
4585:
4580:
2955:
2930:
2731:
2460:
2421:
2390:
2363:
2359:
2341:
2267:
2255:
2251:
2216:
2072:
1983:
1911:
1791:
1484:
1108:
948:
827:
Miniature of a regular Cucuteni-Trypillian house, full of ceramic vessels
606:
521:
271:
267:
237:
142:
4223:
3587:
2306:, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's
1150:
as they incorporated many Greek elements into their building practices.
7514:
7494:
7469:
7067:
7045:
6938:
6723:
6683:
6643:
6510:
6425:
5898:
5493:
5272:
4994:
4974:
4828:
4666:
3035:
3014:
2942:
2652:
2594:
2503:
2208:
2076:
2060:
2032:
1965:
1874:
900:
861:
857:
840:
610:
584:
493:
In the 16th century, Italian Mannerist architect, painter and theorist
381:
360:
253:
153:
4138:
https://www.levelengineering.com/architecture/commercial-architecture/
1639:
The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and
563:
428:
The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is
149:
are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
7504:
7474:
6978:
6948:
6743:
6688:
6608:
6540:
6164:
5888:
5873:
5831:
5443:
5003:
4843:
4249:
Van Assche, K., Beunen, R., Duineveld, M., & de Jong, H. (2013).
3684:
Heresies II, Vol. 3, No. 3, New York, Neresies Collective Inc., 1981.
3255:
Pierre, Leclercq; Safin, Stéphane; Delfosse, Vincent (October 2010).
3027:
2963:
2951:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2609:
2449:
2429:
2386:
2056:
1945:
1640:
1614:
in Paris, completed in 1248, mostly constructed between 1194 and 1220
1488:
1440:
1348:
1285:
Asian architecture developed differently compared to Europe, and the
1273:
1182:
1154:
1030:
1018:
747:
459:
Utility â it should be suitable for the purposes for which it is used
437:
393:
257:
181:
161:
134:
117:
100:
45:
1321:, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm.
7499:
7479:
7279:
7013:
6963:
6943:
6808:
5498:
4545:
4442:
4107:
3031:
1815:
1807:
1678:
1624:
1277:
1112:
896:
877:
302:
295:
A general term to describe buildings and other physical structures.
67:
56:
1060:
796:, founded in 10th millennium BC and abandoned in 8th millennium BC
7459:
7422:
7092:
7040:
6998:
6983:
6953:
6119:
6047:
5787:
4657:
2567:
2236:
2212:
2160:
1752:
1417:
1352:
1318:
1219:
1214:: The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests, the main building of the
1000:
960:
920:
916:
912:
892:
812:
739:
723:
707:
397:
157:
2921:
490:
had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish, and English.
7454:
7025:
7003:
6933:
6911:
5878:
4529:
4097:. American Institute of Architects. Retrieved on 23 March 2014.
3131:
3039:
2748:
2613:
2590:
2540:
2409:
2240:
2164:
2134:
1866:
1811:
1620:
1572:
1475:
1471:
1269:
1242:
1116:
1026:
956:
904:
869:
844:
793:
691:
487:
Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects
299:
60:
7370:
4447:
3072:
164:. For this reason, architecture is considered to be a form of
7437:
6798:
6394:
4590:
4032:
2821:
2617:
2616:, Denmark), inspired by form and color of icebergs, 2013, by
2544:
2075:
began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on
1682:
1628:
1448:
1394:
1356:
1250:
1190:
1089:
864:, which in some cases grew and evolved very rapidly, such as
853:
760:
401:
37:
3717:
3275:
from the original on 18 April 2023 – via ResearchGate.
3190:
Museo Galileo, Museum and Institute of History and Science,
3160:
A design architect is one who is responsible for the design.
2009:): The C.N. CĂąmpeanu House on Bulevardul Dacia (Bucharest),
1313:. Moreover, other architectural achievements in Asia is the
1297:
architectural styles have different characteristics. Unlike
470:, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise,
321:
The design activity of the architect, from the macro-level (
7019:
6993:
5630:
4332:
2929:
Naval architecture, also known as naval engineering, is an
2809:
1636:
as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents.
1549:
1541:
1444:
1421:
989:
591:, promoted an overriding precept to architectural design: "
3556:, Columbia University Libraries, accessed February 5, 2021
1552:), decorated in the 5th century with this glamorous mosaic
329:) to the micro-level (construction details and furniture).
7417:
6988:
4498:
4175:
3261:
Mixed-Reality Prototypes to Support Early Creative Design
2969:
2080:
country houses of Great Britain that were created in the
165:
3316:
Pace, Anthony (2004). "Tarxien". In Daniel Cilia (ed.).
1525:, the first cathedral in the world, founded 303 year AD.
1305:, which had great influence on the surrounding regions,
4465:
4088:
Issue Brief: Smart-Growth: Building Livable Communities
4063:"Beauty, Humanism, Continuity between Past and Future"
3881:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
1829:
670:
7205:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
2812:
and recreation planning; visual resource management;
772:
continues to be produced in many parts of the world.
236:
in particular took diverse local flavors. During the
4322:
3964:"Imaginaries on Matter: Tools, Materials, Origins -"
3726:"Essay: The Later Ottomans and the Impact of Europe"
3068:
392:, dealing with aesthetic value of architecture, its
318:
Knowledge of art, science, technology, and humanity.
196:(durability, utility, and beauty). Centuries later,
3856:(in Romanian). Editura Istoria Artei. p. 184.
3748:
3254:
1063:(France), one of the best-preserved Roman temples,
4428:. 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.
4374:. Anneli HeimbĂŒrger et al. (eds). IOS Press. p. 98
3942:
2703:architecture, as well as leaning against solitary
2039:(Bucharest), 8 June 1897 â 1900, by Paul Gottereau
1610:Gothic architecture: Stained glass windows of the
856:. Expanding economies resulted in the creation of
256:known by name. Later, the roles of architects and
3764:Entangled Histories of the Balkans â Volume Three
2448:tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with
1498:
1466:: The interior side view of the main dome of the
1335:Early Asian writings on architecture include the
7540:
4329:OMG Business Architecture Special Interest Group
4065:. Traditional Architecture Group. Archived from
2436:, the second generation of architects including
1948:, Romania), late 19th century, unknown architect
3398:MerriamâWebster's Dictionary of English Usage,
1103:In many ancient civilizations such as those of
446:, commonly known by the original translation â
4457:Architectural centers and museums in the world
4180:RISD Interior Architecture Graduate Department
3908:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
3876:
2905:
503:Complete Works on Architecture and Perspective
388:The philosophy of architecture is a branch of
7386:
6410:
4514:
3951:complexity and contradiction in architecture.
3723:
1938:19th century Eclectic Classicist architecture
184:, according to whom a good building embodies
7135:The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons
3987:
3945:Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture
3901:
3547:Sebastiano Serlio â On domestic architecture
1339:of China from the 7thâ5th centuries BC; the
462:Beauty â it should be aesthetically pleasing
452:. An equivalent in modern English would be:
3617:, G. Allen (1880), reprinted Dover, (1989)
3565:
2954:, operation and maintenance, launching and
2846:Charles Rennie Mackintosh â Music Room 1901
2738:
1653:
1115:reflected the constant engagement with the
775:
441:
429:
400:. Many philosophers and theoreticians from
191:
185:
173:
40:) in the early 15th century, the architect
7393:
7379:
6417:
6403:
4521:
4507:
4383:
4168:
4020:Collaborative for High Performance Schools
3826:
2762:
2754:
499:Tutte L'Opere D'Architettura et Prospetiva
4423:
4222:
3851:
3607:
3605:
3452:
2925:Body plan of a ship showing the hull form
2777:
315:A unifying or coherent form or structure.
212:was introduced in the late 20th century.
6038:Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)
4198:
3870:
3854:Paul Gottereau â Un Regal Ăźn ArhitecturÄ
3498:
3231:"architecture â Expression of technique"
2920:
2841:
2831:
2718:
562:
541:On the difference between the ideals of
376:
350:
248:cathedrals and abbeys emerged while the
27:
3940:
3440:
3046:
2647:Major examples of this can be found in
2585:The Library and Learning Center of the
2478:Beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s,
1362:
883:Neolithic archaeological sites include
252:favored Classical forms implemented by
156:, has been used as a way of expressing
7541:
4398:
4204:
3653:
3602:
2675:Concurrently, the recent movements of
1332:, which has often survived very well.
744:Dimitrie Gusti National Village Museum
583:The notable 19th-century architect of
551:, the renowned 20th-century architect
7374:
6398:
6083:
6043:Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)
5786:
5231:
4558:
4502:
4452:Royal Institute of British Architects
4118:from the original on 19 November 2018
3879:Architecture: The Making of Metaphors
3788:from the original on 13 February 2019
3736:from the original on 13 February 2019
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3297:from the original on 16 November 2017
3216:, Becocci, Florence (1980), Chapter:
2910:
2515:
1968:(Paris), 1850s-destroyed in 1971, by
1160:
423:
4286:from the original on 20 October 2017
3754:
3695:"Introduction to Greek architecture"
3352:from the original on 8 November 2020
3315:
3257:"Phases of an architectural project"
3013:theories about the structure of the
2816:planning and provision; and private
2699:. This in contrast to modernist and
852:Early human settlements were mostly
396:and in relation with development of
3757:"The Ottoman Legacy in the Balkans"
1830:Early modern and the industrial age
671:Origins and vernacular architecture
13:
6084:
5987:American Institute of Graphic Arts
4426:Towards An Earthquake Architecture
4350:). Accessed 2015-04-03; Cited in:
4207:"LEED-ND and Livability Revisited"
3990:"Vernacular Architecture in India"
3949:. New York: Museum of Modern Art.
3922:from the original on 19 March 2022
3568:Journal of Architectural Education
3364:
2215:, the Netherlands), 1934â1935, by
2005:of a national style (in this case
1869:: The piĂšce de la vaisselle d'or (
578:
215:Architecture began as rural, oral
14:
7565:
5997:Design and Industries Association
4436:
4186:from the original on 30 July 2022
4043:from the original on 29 June 2015
4033:"The Charter of the New Urbanism"
3996:from the original on 3 March 2021
3512:from the original on 30 July 2022
3380:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
3193:The Dome of Santa Maria del Fiore
1126:The architecture and urbanism of
152:The practice, which began in the
7353:
4466:American Institute of Architects
4273:
4231:from the original on 4 July 2019
3662:from the original on 29 May 2023
3654:Verney, Harriet (25 July 2017).
3580:10.1111/j.1531-314X.2010.01137.x
3071:
2966:and non-statutory requirements.
2941:, maintenance, and operation of
2601:
2578:
2555:
2528:
2459:, which includes such things as
2397:
2374:
2352:
2330:
2317:
2197:
2175:
2145:
2119:
2044:
2021:
1995:
1976:
1953:
1930:
1904:
1882:
1859:
1836:
1770:
1740:
1720:
1701:
1666:
1603:
1580:
1557:
1530:
1511:
1456:
1429:
1402:
1375:
1258:
1227:
1204:
1167:
1074:
1045:
1007:
974:
933:
926:
832:
820:
801:
782:
731:
715:
699:
683:
642:heating, ventilation and cooling
7400:
4559:
4471:Glossary of Architectural Terms
4417:
4392:
4377:
4364:
4306:Ship hydrostatics and stability
4298:
4276:"Careers in Naval Architecture"
4267:
4243:
4142:
4130:
4100:
4081:
4055:
4025:
4008:
3981:
3956:
3934:
3895:
3845:
3820:
3687:
3674:
3647:
3627:
3614:The Seven Lamps of Architecture
3559:
3540:
3524:
3468:
3434:
3408:
3163:
3154:
2997:covering more specific aspects.
2859:
2383:Cambridge Judge Business School
2250:was first practiced, it was an
449:firmness, commodity and delight
172:is the 1st century AD treatise
6424:
5992:Chartered Society of Designers
5232:
4333:What Is Business Architecture?
3988:OneWorld.net (31 March 2004).
3877:Fez-Barringten, Barie (2012).
3724:Marika Sardar (October 2004).
3682:Architecture and Social Change
3445:. Paris: Minuit. p. 219.
3392:
3334:
3309:
3279:
3248:
3223:
3206:
3184:
3102:Index of architecture articles
2695:, architectural tradition and
1499:European medieval architecture
510:Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin
286:
160:by civilizations on all seven
1:
6063:Prince Philip Designers Prize
4706:Architectural lighting design
4483:Cities and Buildings Database
3827:Woinaroski, Cristina (2013).
3177:
2649:passive solar building design
2010:
1756:
1727:The Hall of Perspective from
1194:
1093:
1064:
1034:
993:
982:Ancient Egyptian architecture
964:
21:Architecture (disambiguation)
7265:Aestheticization of politics
5869:Electronic design automation
5852:Virtual home design software
4824:Automotive suspension design
4443:World Architecture Community
4205:Boeing; et al. (2014).
3902:Otero-Pailos, Jorge (2010).
3637:, Dover Publications(1985).
3269:10.1007/978-1-84882-733-2_21
3203:, (accessed 30 January 2013)
2970:Metaphorical "architectures"
2933:discipline dealing with the
2896:water-sensitive urban design
2624:, Louis Paillard, and SeARCH
2381:Multicolour interior of the
2106:
1345:Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra
443:firmitas, utilitas, venustas
369:, a text on architecture by
107: 'architect'; from
7:
4728:Environmental impact design
4384:Reitherman, Robert (1985).
3418:. Gov.ns.ca. Archived from
3064:
2906:Other types of architecture
2480:architectural phenomenology
1387:MosqueâCathedral of CĂłrdoba
909:Cucuteni-Trypillian culture
569:National Congress of Brazil
527:Seven Lamps of Architecture
508:In the early 19th century,
484:. By the 18th century, his
10:
7570:
6007:International Forum Design
5377:Engineering design process
4528:
4424:Charleson, Andrew (2000).
3635:Towards a New Architecture
3117:Philosophy of architecture
3050:
2935:engineering design process
2914:
2863:
2835:
2781:
2766:
2689:New Classical architecture
2685:Complementary architecture
2519:
2473:expressionist architecture
2321:
2187:ThĂ©Ăątre des Champs-ĂlysĂ©es
2167:, Germany), 1919â1922, by
2153:Expressionist architecture
2110:
1657:
1502:
1366:
1053:Ancient Roman architecture
1015:Ancient Greek architecture
674:
663:
659:
347:Philosophy of architecture
340:
127:
124: 'chief' and
110:
93:
74:. The term comes from
32:In adding the dome to the
18:
7523:
7408:
7333:
7257:
7106:
6879:
6586:
6498:
6432:
6342:
6090:
6079:
6020:
5979:
5922:
5812:
5808:
5782:
5238:
5227:
5129:Integrated circuit design
5064:
5051:Stage/set lighting design
4983:
4940:Hardware interface design
4899:
4856:Hardware interface design
4807:
4689:
4569:
4565:
4554:
4536:
4459:, list of links from the
4211:Berkeley Planning Journal
3831:(in Romanian). SIMETRIA.
3772:10.1163/9789004290365_006
3508:. Penelope.uchicago.edu.
3087:Architectural engineering
2522:Contemporary architecture
2428:Many architects resisted
2127:Early Modern architecture
2053:Darmstadt Artists' Colony
1892:: The west facade of the
1890:Neoclassical architecture
1315:Hindu temple architecture
1179:Kandariya Mahadeva Temple
941:Mesopotamian architecture
694:: wood and elevated-level
336:
281:contemporary architecture
240:, pan-European styles of
5964:Industrial design rights
5952:Fashion design copyright
5864:Design quality indicator
5313:Creative problem-solving
5104:Electrical system design
4960:Sonic interaction design
4871:Photographic lens design
4745:Healthy community design
4489:"Architecture and Power"
4093:19 November 2018 at the
3941:Venturi, Robert (1966).
3852:Marinache, Oana (2017).
3441:Deleuze, Gilles (1990).
3147:
3127:Timeline of architecture
3092:Architectural technology
2739:Residential architecture
2714:
2570:, China), 2003â2007, by
2564:Beijing National Stadium
2488:Christian Norberg-Schulz
1984:Orientalist architecture
1940:: The Museum of Ages on
1922:(London), 1850â1859, by
1912:Historicist architecture
1660:Renaissance architecture
1654:Renaissance architecture
1565:Carolingian architecture
776:Prehistoric architecture
742:: peasant houses in the
638:sustainable architecture
558:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
359:arm clusters containing
210:sustainable architecture
7285:Evolutionary aesthetics
7235:The Aesthetic Dimension
6160:New product development
6125:Enterprise architecture
6053:IF Product Design Award
6012:Design Research Society
5564:Reliability engineering
4399:Llunji, Mentor (2016).
4304:Biran, Adrian; (2003).
4176:"Interior Architecture"
3291:Encyclopedia Britannica
3112:Outline of architecture
3005:Enterprise architecture
2769:Industrial architecture
2763:Industrial architecture
2755:Commercial architecture
2730:, England, designed by
2681:Metaphoric architecture
2465:zoomorphic architecture
2457:metaphoric architecture
2324:Postmodern architecture
2229:revivalist architecture
2189:(Paris), 1910â1913, by
2029:Beaux-Arts architecture
2016:, by Constantin NÄnescu
2003:Revivalist architecture
1962:industrial architecture
1896:(Versailles), 1764, by
1588:Romanesque architecture
1128:classical civilizations
839:Excavated dwellings at
770:Vernacular architecture
677:Vernacular architecture
666:History of architecture
436:by the Roman architect
298:The art and science of
291:Architecture can mean:
217:vernacular architecture
180:by the Roman architect
7528:List of artistic media
7215:Avant-Garde and Kitsch
7165:Lectures on Aesthetics
5616:Top-down and bottom-up
4965:User experience design
4866:Packaging and labeling
4839:Electric guitar design
4777:Landscape architecture
4476:28 August 2021 at the
3755:Lory, Bernard (2015).
3320:. Miranda Publishers.
3170:stages of the process.
3097:Ephemeral architecture
3053:Earthquake engineering
3011:Cognitive architecture
2926:
2876:landscape architecture
2847:
2784:Landscape architecture
2778:Landscape architecture
2735:
2572:Herzog & de Meuron
2486:in the United States,
2298:'s development of the
2051:Ernst Ludwig House in
1538:Byzantine architecture
1385:: Grand arches of the
575:
442:
430:
385:
374:
327:landscape architecture
307:nonbuilding structures
192:
186:
174:
170:architectural theories
80:
49:
7360:Philosophy portal
6145:Innovation management
6028:European Design Award
5794:Intellectual property
5611:Theory of constraints
5574:Responsibility-driven
5414:For manufacturability
5318:Creativity techniques
5156:Nuclear weapon design
4970:User interface design
4834:Corrugated box design
4755:Interior architecture
4310:Butterworth-Heinemann
4149:Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe
3992:. El.doccentre.info.
3552:16 April 2021 at the
3535:Alberti and Vitruvius
3001:Business architecture
2991:hardware architecture
2987:software architecture
2979:Computer architecture
2924:
2888:municipal engineering
2845:
2838:Interior architecture
2832:Interior architecture
2799:stormwater management
2722:
2593:, Austria), 2008, by
2492:Ernesto Nathan Rogers
2292:Industrial Revolution
2183:Art Deco architecture
2137:, Germany), 1911, by
2097:Industrial Revolution
1779:ChĂąteau de Chenonceau
1523:Etchmiadzin Cathedral
1519:Armenian Architecture
1505:Medieval architecture
1330:rock-cut architecture
1311:Buddhist architecture
1307:Japanese architecture
1235:Japanese architecture
1097: 1st century AD
1082:Armenian architecture
986:Great Pyramid of Giza
593:Form follows function
566:
538:, at the very least.
468:Leon Battista Alberti
380:
354:
234:Buddhist architecture
206:form follows function
198:Leon Battista Alberti
31:
7554:Architectural design
7305:Philosophy of design
7185:In Praise of Shadows
7175:The Critic as Artist
6190:Unintelligent design
6170:Philosophy of design
5884:Design specification
5837:Comprehensive layout
5409:For behaviour change
5382:Probabilistic design
5144:Power network design
4681:Visual merchandising
4638:Instructional design
4616:Postage stamp design
4338:13 July 2017 at the
4256:28 June 2013 at the
4114:. 10 February 2016.
3766:. pp. 355â405.
3198:1 April 2013 at the
3122:Reverse architecture
3107:List of BIM software
3059:seismic architecture
3047:Seismic architecture
2995:network architecture
2900:sustainable urbanism
2814:green infrastructure
2653:greener roof designs
2587:University of Vienna
2389:, the UK), 1995, by
2264:organic architecture
2090:Ăcole des Beaux-Arts
2065:Joseph Maria Olbrich
1898:Ange-Jacques Gabriel
1871:Palace of Versailles
1844:Baroque architecture
1796:Renaissance humanism
1691:Filippo Brunelleschi
1546:Santa Maria Maggiore
1464:Ottoman architecture
1410:Persian architecture
1383:Moorish architecture
1369:Islamic architecture
1363:Islamic architecture
1303:Chinese architecture
1212:Chinese architecture
343:Architectural theory
226:Chinese architecture
42:Filippo Brunelleschi
19:For other uses, see
7315:Philosophy of music
7290:Mathematical beauty
6110:Creative industries
6033:German Design Award
5942:Design infringement
5827:Architectural model
5166:Organization design
5161:Nucleic acid design
5109:Experimental design
4662:Traffic sign design
4224:10.5070/BP327120808
3079:Architecture portal
3020:System architecture
2826:landscape architect
2304:International Style
2277:Architects such as
2248:modern architecture
2239:school, founded in
2205:International Style
2113:Modern architecture
1924:William Butterfield
1918:): Interior of the
1867:Rococo architecture
1783:Philibert de l'Orme
1634:Magister lathomorum
1575:, Germany), 796â805
1437:Mughal architecture
1280:), completed in 881
1222:, China), 1703â1790
1175:Indian architecture
1111:, architecture and
1023:Acropolis of Athens
518:Gothic architecture
473:De re aedificatoria
418:Ludwig Wittgenstein
264:Modern architecture
7310:Philosophy of film
7300:Patterns in nature
7270:Applied aesthetics
7245:Why Beauty Matters
7031:Life imitating art
6892:Art for art's sake
6175:Process simulation
6150:Intelligent design
5474:Intelligence-based
5469:Integrated topside
5399:Framework-oriented
5084:Behavioural design
4955:Information design
4633:Information design
3705:on 14 October 2014
3680:Rondanini, Nunzia
3486:on 12 October 2007
3212:Giovanni Fanelli,
2927:
2917:Naval architecture
2911:Naval architecture
2892:landscape urbanism
2848:
2736:
2665:sustainable design
2516:Architecture today
2308:World Trade Center
2296:Fazlur Rahman Khan
2260:Frank Lloyd Wright
2233:Deutscher Werkbund
1848:ChĂąteau de Maisons
1733:Baldassare Peruzzi
1675:Florence Cathedral
1590:: Interior of the
1567:: Interior of the
1343:of ancient India;
1266:Khmer architecture
1161:Asian architecture
1148:Greek architecture
1146:was influenced by
1144:Roman architecture
757:building materials
576:
424:Historic treatises
386:
375:
260:became separated.
232:all over Asia and
187:firmitas, utilitas
50:
34:Florence Cathedral
7536:
7535:
7510:Site-specific art
7368:
7367:
7320:Psychology of art
7195:Art as Experience
6392:
6391:
6338:
6337:
6105:Conceptual design
6075:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6058:James Dyson Award
5914:Website wireframe
5904:Technical drawing
5778:
5777:
5626:Transgenerational
5367:Ecological design
5243:Activity-centered
5223:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5201:Spacecraft design
4995:Public art design
4933:Video game design
4911:Experience design
4881:Production design
4861:Motorcycle design
4819:Automotive design
4723:Ecological design
4601:Film title design
4352:William M. Ulrich
4264:, 12(2), 177â198.
4039:. 20 April 2015.
4016:energy efficiency
3888:978-1-4438-3517-6
3863:978-606-8839-09-7
3838:978-973-1872-30-8
3730:www.metmuseum.org
3404:978-0-87779-132-4
3346:Apartment Therapy
3142:Civil Engineering
3026:that defines the
2884:civil engineering
2612:housing project (
2496:Vittorio Gregotti
2279:Mies van der Rohe
2086:Scottish baronial
1821:A revival of the
1755:, Italy), 1567 â
1687:Arnolfo di Cambio
1685:), 1294â1436, by
1326:natural landscape
710:: rondavel stones
619:Poststructuralism
495:Sebastiano Serlio
390:philosophy of art
7561:
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5958:Geschmacksmuster
5932:Community design
5810:
5809:
5784:
5783:
5544:Process-centered
5340:Designâbidâbuild
5308:Cradle-to-cradle
5288:Concept-oriented
5229:
5228:
5206:Strategic design
5176:Processor design
5151:Mechanism design
5119:Geometric design
5079:Algorithm design
5019:Jewellery design
4950:Immersive design
4844:Furniture design
4789:Landscape design
4567:
4566:
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4555:
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4448:Architecture.com
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3158:
3081:
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3075:
3024:conceptual model
3007:is another term.
2983:computer systems
2882:, architecture,
2791:landscape design
2701:globally uniform
2697:classical design
2605:
2582:
2559:
2547:, US), 2001, by
2532:
2401:
2378:
2366:, US), 1990, by
2356:
2344:, US), 1978, by
2334:
2201:
2179:
2169:Erich Mendelsohn
2149:
2123:
2048:
2025:
2015:
2012:
2007:Romanian Revival
1999:
1980:
1957:
1934:
1908:
1886:
1863:
1852:François Mansart
1840:
1814:, architect and
1774:
1761:
1758:
1749:Villa La Rotonda
1744:
1724:
1705:
1695:Emilio De Fabris
1670:
1607:
1598:, UK), 1093â1133
1592:Durham Cathedral
1584:
1569:Aachen Cathedral
1561:
1534:
1515:
1460:
1433:
1406:
1379:
1262:
1247:HyĆgo Prefecture
1231:
1216:Temple of Heaven
1208:
1199:
1196:
1171:
1140:classical orders
1098:
1095:
1078:
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969:
966:
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735:
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195:
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7450:Decorative arts
7404:
7399:
7369:
7364:
7354:
7352:
7329:
7253:
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7238:
7228:
7225:Critical Essays
7218:
7208:
7198:
7188:
7178:
7168:
7158:
7148:
7138:
7128:
7118:
7102:
6875:
6789:Ortega y Gasset
6582:
6494:
6428:
6423:
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6382:
6375:
6368:
6361:
6354:
6347:
6334:
6135:Futures studies
6086:
6067:
6016:
5975:
5924:
5918:
5804:
5803:
5774:
5680:Value sensitive
5670:User innovation
5549:Public interest
5514:Object-oriented
5234:
5215:
5196:Software design
5186:Research design
5139:Physical design
5094:Database design
5068:
5066:
5060:
5036:Property design
5031:Game art design
4985:
4979:
4902:
4895:
4810:
4803:
4760:Interior design
4711:Building design
4692:
4685:
4572:
4561:
4550:
4532:
4527:
4478:Wayback Machine
4450:, published by
4439:
4434:
4433:
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4418:
4411:
4397:
4393:
4382:
4378:
4369:
4365:
4340:Wayback Machine
4327:
4323:
4303:
4299:
4289:
4287:
4280:www.rina.org.uk
4272:
4268:
4262:Planning Theory
4258:Wayback Machine
4248:
4244:
4234:
4232:
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4106:
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4101:
4095:Wayback Machine
4086:
4082:
4072:
4070:
4069:on 5 March 2018
4061:
4060:
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3554:Wayback Machine
3545:
3541:
3531:Françoise Choay
3529:
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3515:
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3504:
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3480:gardenvisit.com
3474:
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3425:
3423:
3422:on 21 July 2011
3414:
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3067:
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3038:of any type of
2972:
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2908:
2868:
2862:
2840:
2834:
2786:
2780:
2771:
2765:
2757:
2741:
2717:
2709:suburban sprawl
2705:housing estates
2625:
2606:
2597:
2583:
2574:
2560:
2551:
2549:HBRA architects
2533:
2524:
2518:
2490:in Norway, and
2424:
2402:
2393:
2379:
2370:
2357:
2348:
2338:Piazza d'Italia
2335:
2326:
2320:
2312:Minoru Yamasaki
2223:
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2171:
2150:
2141:
2124:
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2109:
2095:Meanwhile, the
2067:
2049:
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2017:
2013:
2000:
1991:
1981:
1972:
1958:
1949:
1935:
1926:
1909:
1900:
1887:
1878:
1864:
1855:
1841:
1832:
1823:Classical style
1786:
1775:
1766:
1764:Andrea Palladio
1759:
1745:
1736:
1729:Villa Farnesina
1725:
1716:
1713:Donato Bramante
1706:
1697:
1671:
1662:
1656:
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1612:Sainte-Chapelle
1608:
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1468:Selimiye Mosque
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1341:Shilpa Shastras
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953:Pergamon Museum
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895:in the Levant,
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432:De architectura
426:
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349:
341:Main articles:
339:
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176:De architectura
154:prehistoric era
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6583:
6581:
6580:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6551:Psychoanalysis
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6502:
6500:
6496:
6495:
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6492:
6487:
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6452:
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6436:
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6422:
6421:
6414:
6407:
6399:
6390:
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6379:
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6365:
6358:
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6332:
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6252:
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6237:
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6235:
6230:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6203:
6202:
6200:Wicked problem
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6085:Related topics
6077:
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6072:
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6055:
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6045:
6040:
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6022:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6014:
6009:
6004:
6002:Design Council
5999:
5994:
5989:
5983:
5981:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5969:European Union
5961:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5928:
5926:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
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5866:
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5806:
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5798:
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5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
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5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5687:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5666:
5665:
5655:
5650:
5648:Usage-centered
5645:
5644:
5643:
5641:Design for All
5633:
5628:
5623:
5621:Transformation
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5569:Research-based
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5534:Platform-based
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5484:KISS principle
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5394:Fault-tolerant
5391:
5389:Error-tolerant
5386:
5385:
5384:
5374:
5372:Energy neutral
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5328:Design fiction
5320:
5315:
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5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
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5265:
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5211:Systems design
5208:
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5183:
5181:Protein design
5178:
5173:
5171:Process design
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5134:Circuit design
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
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5086:
5081:
5075:
5073:
5062:
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5056:Textile design
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5016:
5014:Costume design
5009:Fashion design
5006:
4997:
4991:
4989:
4981:
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4962:
4957:
4952:
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4907:
4905:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4891:Service design
4888:
4886:Sensory design
4883:
4878:
4876:Product design
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4841:
4836:
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4821:
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4805:
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4794:Spatial design
4791:
4786:
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4774:
4772:Keyline design
4769:
4768:
4767:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4738:Computer-aided
4730:
4725:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4708:
4703:
4697:
4695:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4664:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4606:Graphic design
4603:
4598:
4596:Exhibit design
4593:
4588:
4583:
4577:
4575:
4563:
4562:
4552:
4551:
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4537:
4534:
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4518:
4511:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4486:
4480:
4468:
4463:
4454:
4445:
4438:
4437:External links
4435:
4432:
4431:
4416:
4410:978-9940979409
4409:
4391:
4376:
4363:
4356:Philip Newcomb
4321:
4297:
4266:
4242:
4197:
4167:
4164:978-0500274316
4153:Susan Jellicoe
4141:
4129:
4108:"Architecture"
4099:
4080:
4054:
4024:
4007:
3980:
3955:
3933:
3915:978-0816666041
3914:
3894:
3887:
3869:
3862:
3844:
3837:
3819:
3810:|website=
3781:978-9004290365
3780:
3747:
3716:
3686:
3673:
3646:
3633:Le Corbusier,
3626:
3601:
3574:(2): 141â147.
3558:
3539:
3523:
3497:
3467:
3451:
3433:
3407:
3391:
3363:
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3327:978-9990985085
3326:
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3287:"architecture"
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3066:
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3051:Main article:
3048:
3045:
3044:
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3017:
3008:
2998:
2971:
2968:
2943:marine vessels
2915:Main article:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2880:urban planning
2864:Main article:
2861:
2858:
2853:adaptive reuse
2836:Main article:
2833:
2830:
2782:Main article:
2779:
2776:
2767:Main article:
2764:
2761:
2756:
2753:
2745:building codes
2740:
2737:
2716:
2713:
2662:green building
2644:sustainability
2642:Environmental
2627:
2626:
2622:JDS Architects
2607:
2600:
2598:
2584:
2577:
2575:
2561:
2554:
2552:
2537:Meadows Museum
2534:
2527:
2520:Main article:
2517:
2514:
2509:Robert Venturi
2500:Michele Valori
2426:
2425:
2414:Czech Republic
2403:
2396:
2394:
2380:
2373:
2371:
2368:Michael Graves
2358:
2351:
2349:
2336:
2329:
2322:Main article:
2319:
2316:
2300:tube structure
2283:Philip Johnson
2225:
2224:
2221:Philip Johnson
2203:
2196:
2194:
2191:Auguste Perret
2181:
2174:
2172:
2157:Einstein Tower
2151:
2144:
2142:
2139:Walter Gropius
2125:
2118:
2111:Main article:
2108:
2105:
2069:
2068:
2050:
2043:
2041:
2037:Victory Avenue
2027:
2020:
2018:
2001:
1994:
1992:
1982:
1975:
1973:
1970:Victor Baltard
1959:
1952:
1950:
1942:Victory Avenue
1936:
1929:
1927:
1916:Gothic Revival
1914:(in this case
1910:
1903:
1901:
1888:
1881:
1879:
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1842:
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1658:Main article:
1655:
1652:
1648:fortifications
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1586:
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1563:
1556:
1554:
1536:
1529:
1527:
1521:: Interior of
1517:
1510:
1503:Main article:
1500:
1497:
1493:Ottoman Empire
1481:
1480:
1462:
1455:
1453:
1435:
1428:
1426:
1408:
1401:
1399:
1381:
1374:
1367:Main article:
1364:
1361:
1283:
1282:
1264:
1257:
1255:
1233:
1226:
1224:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1187:Madhya Pradesh
1173:
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1101:
1100:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1051:
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1042:
1013:
1006:
1004:
980:
973:
971:
945:Reconstruction
939:
932:
928:
925:
876:in modern-day
868:in modern-day
850:
849:
838:
831:
829:
826:
819:
817:
807:
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698:
696:
689:
682:
675:Main article:
672:
669:
664:Main article:
661:
658:
650:waste products
634:sustainability
623:Deconstruction
589:Louis Sullivan
580:
577:
573:Oscar Niemeyer
571:, designed by
482:Giorgio Vasari
464:
463:
460:
457:
425:
422:
414:Robert Venturi
410:Gilles Deleuze
338:
335:
334:
333:
330:
319:
316:
313:
310:
296:
288:
285:
202:Louis Sullivan
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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7463:
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7448:
7444:
7443:pallet crafts
7441:
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7325:Theory of art
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7115:Hippias Major
7112:
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6992:
6990:
6987:
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6977:
6975:
6974:Entertainment
6972:
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6898:
6897:Art manifesto
6895:
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6890:
6888:
6887:Appropriation
6885:
6884:
6882:
6878:
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6857:
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6807:
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6779:Merleau-Ponty
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6607:
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6602:
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6597:
6595:
6594:Abhinavagupta
6592:
6591:
6589:
6585:
6579:
6578:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
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6552:
6549:
6547:
6546:Postmodernism
6544:
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6532:
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6427:
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6408:
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6397:
6385:
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6378:
6373:
6371:
6366:
6364:
6359:
6357:
6352:
6350:
6345:
6344:
6341:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6315:specification
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
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6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
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6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6228:architectural
6226:
6225:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6205:
6204:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6195:Visualization
6193:
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6181:
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6176:
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6166:
6163:
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6148:
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6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6115:Cultural icon
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6089:
6082:
6078:
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6019:
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6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5980:Organizations
5978:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5959:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5947:Design patent
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5937:Design around
5935:
5933:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5921:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
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5902:
5900:
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5843:
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5807:
5799:
5797:Organizations
5796:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
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5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5658:User-centered
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5606:Tableless web
5604:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5529:Participatory
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5419:For Six Sigma
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5362:Domain-driven
5360:
5358:
5355:
5351:
5350:architect-led
5348:
5347:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5293:Configuration
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5258:Brainstorming
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5230:
5226:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5191:Social design
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5114:Filter design
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5089:Boiler design
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5063:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5041:Scenic design
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5026:Floral design
5024:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4982:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4921:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4898:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4733:Garden design
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4716:Passive solar
4714:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4691:Environmental
4688:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4653:Retail design
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4571:Communication
4568:
4564:
4557:
4553:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4531:
4524:
4519:
4517:
4512:
4510:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4427:
4420:
4412:
4406:
4403:. Msproject.
4402:
4395:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4367:
4361:(2010), p. 4.
4360:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4344:bawg.omg.org,
4341:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4325:
4319:
4318:0-7506-4988-7
4315:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4246:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4201:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4171:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4084:
4068:
4064:
4058:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4021:
4017:
4011:
3995:
3991:
3984:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3952:
3947:
3946:
3937:
3921:
3917:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3898:
3890:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3865:
3859:
3855:
3848:
3840:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3815:
3803:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3683:
3677:
3661:
3657:
3650:
3644:
3643:0-486-25023-7
3640:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3623:0-486-26145-X
3620:
3616:
3615:
3611:John Ruskin,
3608:
3606:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3543:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3464:0-521-00292-3
3461:
3455:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3329:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3187:
3183:
3166:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3137:Building code
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3069:
3062:
3060:
3054:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2923:
2918:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2857:
2854:
2844:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2803:environmental
2800:
2796:
2795:site planning
2792:
2785:
2775:
2770:
2760:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2657:biodegradable
2654:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2637:
2636:Postmodernism
2633:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2484:Charles Moore
2481:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2469:postmodernism
2466:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2446:Eero Saarinen
2443:
2442:Marcel Breuer
2439:
2435:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2418:Vlado MiluniÄ
2415:
2411:
2407:
2406:Dancing House
2400:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2350:
2347:
2346:Charles Moore
2343:
2339:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2318:Postmodernism
2315:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2287:Marcel Breuer
2284:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2131:Fagus Factory
2128:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2019:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1960:19th century
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1894:Petit Trianon
1891:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1850:(France), by
1849:
1845:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1784:
1781:(France), by
1780:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1709:The Tempietto
1704:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1613:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:Himeji Castle
1236:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1202:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1072:
1062:
1058:
1057:Maison Carrée
1054:
1048:
1043:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1005:
1002:
999:â2566 BC, by
991:
987:
983:
977:
972:
968: 575 BC
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
936:
931:
930:
927:Classical era
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
899:in Pakistan,
898:
894:
890:
886:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
846:
842:
835:
830:
823:
818:
814:
810:
809:Goseck circle
804:
799:
795:
791:
785:
780:
779:
773:
771:
766:
762:
758:
749:
745:
741:
734:
729:
725:
718:
713:
709:
702:
697:
693:
686:
681:
680:
678:
667:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:
627:Phenomenology
624:
620:
616:
615:Structuralism
612:
608:
603:
601:
596:
594:
590:
586:
574:
570:
565:
561:
559:
554:
550:
549:
544:
539:
537:
533:
529:
528:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
488:
483:
479:
475:
474:
469:
461:
458:
455:
454:
453:
451:
450:
444:
439:
434:
433:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
383:
379:
372:
368:
367:
366:Yingzao Fashi
362:
358:
353:
348:
344:
331:
328:
324:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
304:
301:
297:
294:
293:
292:
284:
282:
278:
273:
269:
265:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
188:
183:
178:
177:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:
148:
147:civilisations
145:. Historical
144:
140:
137:
130:
126:
123:
120:
113:
109:
106:
103:
96:
92:
89:
88:Ancient Greek
85:
84:
83:
77:
73:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
7549:Architecture
7433:Computer art
7413:Architecture
7412:
7243:
7233:
7223:
7193:
7183:
7163:
7153:
7143:
7133:
7123:
7113:
7060:
7036:Magnificence
7018:
6868:
6834:Schopenhauer
6669:Coomaraswamy
6587:Philosophers
6575:
6506:Aestheticism
6185:STEAM fields
6155:Lean startup
6140:Indie design
5956:
5923:Intellectual
5675:Value-driven
5653:Use-centered
5559:Regenerative
5539:Policy-based
5499:Mind mapping
5404:For assembly
5345:Designâbuild
5263:By committee
5248:Adaptive web
5046:Sound design
5004:glass design
5002: /
4987:applied arts
4928:Level design
4799:Urban design
4750:Hotel design
4701:Architecture
4700:
4676:Video design
4669: /
4660: /
4628:Illustration
4621:Print design
4591:Brand design
4492:
4425:
4419:
4400:
4394:
4385:
4379:
4371:
4366:
4358:
4343:
4324:
4305:
4300:
4288:. Retrieved
4279:
4269:
4261:
4245:
4233:. Retrieved
4214:
4210:
4200:
4188:. Retrieved
4179:
4170:
4156:
4144:
4132:
4120:. Retrieved
4111:
4102:
4083:
4071:. Retrieved
4067:the original
4057:
4045:. Retrieved
4036:
4027:
4010:
3998:. Retrieved
3983:
3971:. Retrieved
3967:
3958:
3950:
3944:
3936:
3924:. Retrieved
3904:
3897:
3878:
3872:
3853:
3847:
3828:
3822:
3790:. Retrieved
3763:
3760:(html / pdf)
3750:
3738:. Retrieved
3729:
3719:
3707:. Retrieved
3703:the original
3699:Khan Academy
3698:
3689:
3681:
3676:
3664:. Retrieved
3649:
3634:
3629:
3612:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3542:
3534:
3526:
3514:. Retrieved
3500:
3488:. Retrieved
3484:the original
3479:
3470:
3454:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3424:. Retrieved
3420:the original
3410:
3394:
3379:
3354:. Retrieved
3345:
3336:
3317:
3311:
3299:. Retrieved
3290:
3281:
3260:
3250:
3240:21 September
3238:. Retrieved
3234:
3225:
3217:
3214:Brunelleschi
3213:
3208:
3191:
3186:
3165:
3156:
3056:
2973:
2948:construction
2939:shipbuilding
2928:
2873:
2869:
2866:Urban design
2860:Urban design
2849:
2787:
2772:
2758:
2742:
2693:smart growth
2677:New Urbanism
2674:
2641:
2628:
2477:
2461:bio morphism
2454:
2438:Paul Rudolph
2434:World War II
2427:
2416:), 1996, by
2310:designed by
2276:
2272:Fallingwater
2245:
2226:
2102:
2094:
2070:
1988:Ăden-ThĂ©Ăątre
1820:
1804:Michelangelo
1789:
1645:
1638:
1633:
1618:
1482:
1414:Jameh Mosque
1336:
1334:
1323:
1284:
1152:
1130:such as the
1125:
1121:supernatural
1102:
1086:Garni Temple
885:Göbekli Tepe
882:
874:Mohenjo-daro
858:proto-cities
851:
790:Göbekli Tepe
765:architecture
764:
754:
631:
604:
597:
582:
553:Le Corbusier
548:construction
546:
543:architecture
542:
540:
525:
513:
507:
502:
498:
492:
485:
471:
465:
447:
427:
387:
364:
323:urban design
290:
266:began after
262:
214:
151:
143:works of art
135:
132:
125:
118:
115:
108:
101:
98:
91:
82:architectura
79:
65:constructing
53:Architecture
52:
51:
25:
7490:Printmaking
7485:Photography
7465:Digital art
7402:Visual arts
7129:(c. 335 BC)
7119:(c. 390 BC)
7098:Work of art
7051:Picturesque
6907:Avant-garde
6864:Winckelmann
6739:Kierkegaard
6664:Collingwood
6634:Baudrillard
6561:Romanticism
6531:Historicism
6465:Mathematics
6223:competition
6180:Slow design
6130:Form factor
6100:Concept art
5909:HTML editor
5589:Sustainable
5424:For testing
5268:By contract
5124:Work design
5099:Drug design
5071:engineering
4945:Icon design
4923:Game design
4901:Interaction
4849:Sustainable
4782:Sustainable
4671:Type design
4648:Photography
4643:News design
4586:Book design
4581:Advertising
4560:Disciplines
4493:In Our Time
4348:archive.org
4290:26 February
4190:28 February
3792:12 February
3740:12 February
3732:. The Met.
3506:"Vitruvius"
3490:14 November
3443:Pourparlers
3416:"Gov.ns.ca"
3034:, and more
2956:dry-docking
2931:engineering
2806:restoration
2734:(1705â1785)
2732:Henry Hoare
2422:Frank Gehry
2391:John Outram
2364:Los Angeles
2360:Team Disney
2342:New Orleans
2268:Robie House
2256:World War I
2252:avant-garde
2217:Frits Peutz
2073:engineering
2063:, 1900, by
2014: 1923
1854:, 1630â1651
1792:Renaissance
1760: 1592
1735:, 1505â1510
1731:(Rome), by
1715:, 1444â1514
1711:(Rome), by
1623:during the
1485:Middle East
1337:Kao Gong Ji
1198: 1030
1109:Mesopotamia
1092:(Armenia),
1068: 2 AD
997: 2589
949:Ishtar Gate
891:in Turkey,
862:urban areas
847:, Scotland)
607:Rationalism
585:skyscrapers
536:rustication
522:John Ruskin
478:Golden mean
373:(1065â1110)
361:cantilevers
305:and (some)
287:Definitions
272:avant-garde
268:World War I
250:Renaissance
238:Middle Ages
228:influenced
102:arkhitĂ©ktĆn
86:; from
7543:Categories
7515:Street art
7495:Public art
7470:Filmmaking
7068:Recreation
7046:Perception
6939:Creativity
6639:Baumgarten
6629:Baudelaire
6511:Classicism
6426:Aesthetics
6383:Wiktionary
6376:Wikisource
6330:technology
6300:principles
5899:Storyboard
5725:management
5720:leadership
5685:Privacy by
5524:Parametric
5494:Metadesign
5464:Integrated
5454:High-level
5439:Generative
5434:Functional
5303:Continuous
5298:Contextual
5273:C-K theory
5233:Approaches
4975:Web design
4829:CMF design
4809:Industrial
4667:Typography
3388:0198605757
3356:5 December
3301:27 October
3235:Britannica
3220:pp. 10â41.
3178:References
3057:The term '
3015:human mind
2595:Zaha Hadid
2504:Bruno Zevi
2362:Building (
2262:developed
2209:Glaspaleis
2082:Neo Gothic
2077:aesthetics
2033:CEC Palace
1966:Les Halles
1920:All Saints
1875:Versailles
1641:cathedrals
1038: 460
1025:, made of
992:, Egypt),
901:Skara Brae
889:ĂatalhöyĂŒk
866:ĂatalhöyĂŒk
841:Skara Brae
726:: Yola hut
611:Empiricism
277:postmodern
254:architects
242:Romanesque
162:continents
95:áŒÏÏÎčÏÎÎșÏÏÎœ
72:structures
7505:Sculpture
7475:Light art
7073:Reverence
6979:Eroticism
6949:Depiction
6922:Masculine
6824:Santayana
6784:Nietzsche
6729:Hutcheson
6719:Heidegger
6704:Greenberg
6659:Coleridge
6624:Balthasar
6609:Aristotle
6571:Theosophy
6566:Symbolism
6541:Modernism
6526:Formalism
6369:Wikiquote
6355:Wikibooks
6305:rationale
6270:knowledge
6245:education
6165:OODA loop
5889:Prototype
5874:Flowchart
5832:Blueprint
5700:computing
5636:Universal
5584:Safe-life
5489:Low-level
5479:Iterative
5459:Inclusive
5444:Geodesign
5335:Defensive
5283:Co-design
5253:Affective
4217:: 31â55.
3968:aadr.info
3812:ignored (
3802:cite book
3596:110313708
3028:structure
2964:statutory
2822:residence
2728:Wiltshire
2724:Stourhead
2632:Modernism
2610:Isbjerget
2450:Brutalism
2430:modernism
2387:Cambridge
2107:Modernism
2057:Darmstadt
1946:Bucharest
1877:, France)
1489:Byzantium
1441:Taj Mahal
1349:Sri Lanka
1274:Siem Reap
1183:Khajuraho
1155:Vitruvius
1031:limestone
1019:Parthenon
748:Bucharest
646:water use
545:and mere
524:, in his
514:Contrasts
438:Vitruvius
394:semantics
303:buildings
300:designing
258:engineers
182:Vitruvius
70:or other
68:buildings
61:designing
46:architect
7500:Rock art
7480:Painting
7428:Ceramics
7348:Category
7280:Axiology
7149:(c. 500)
7139:(c. 100)
7014:Judgment
6969:Emotions
6964:Elegance
6944:Cuteness
6917:Feminine
6880:Concepts
6849:Tanizaki
6829:Schiller
6814:Richards
6804:RanciĂšre
6774:Maritain
6709:Hanslick
6649:Benjamin
6521:Feminism
6490:Theology
6470:Medieval
6460:Japanese
6455:Internet
6362:Wikinews
6295:paradigm
6275:language
6255:engineer
6250:elements
6240:director
5925:property
5770:thinking
5760:strategy
5745:research
5705:controls
5663:Empathic
5594:Systemic
5554:Rational
5509:New Wave
5323:Critical
4546:Designer
4474:Archived
4336:Archived
4284:Archived
4254:Archived
4235:15 April
4229:Archived
4184:Archived
4116:Archived
4091:Archived
4073:23 March
4047:23 March
4041:Archived
3994:Archived
3920:Archived
3786:Archived
3734:Archived
3660:Archived
3588:41318789
3550:Archived
3510:Archived
3350:Archived
3295:Archived
3273:Archived
3218:The Dome
3196:Archived
3065:See also
3032:behavior
2960:modified
1816:engineer
1808:Palladio
1679:Florence
1627:period,
1625:Medieval
1319:Shastras
1287:Buddhist
1278:Cambodia
1119:and the
1113:urbanism
897:Mehrgarh
878:Pakistan
654:lighting
636:, hence
193:venustas
57:planning
7460:Drawing
7423:Cartoon
7343:Outline
7258:Related
7125:Poetics
7093:Tragedy
7083:Sublime
7056:Quality
7041:Mimesis
6999:Harmony
6984:Fashion
6959:Ecstasy
6954:Disgust
6870:more...
6839:Scruton
6764:Lyotard
6699:Goodman
6679:Deleuze
6614:Aquinas
6604:Alberti
6577:more...
6556:Realism
6536:Marxism
6516:Fascism
6499:Schools
6485:Science
6440:Ancient
6348:Commons
6320:studies
6265:history
6233:student
6218:classic
6206:Design
6120:.design
6048:Graphex
5750:science
5740:pattern
5735:methods
5710:culture
5693:Design
5504:Modular
5357:Diffuse
5278:Closure
5000:Ceramic
4658:Signage
4541:Outline
4037:cnu.org
3973:23 June
3926:30 July
3709:23 June
3658:. CNN.
2985:, with
2568:Beijing
2237:Bauhaus
2213:Heerlen
2163:, near
2161:Potsdam
2061:Germany
1800:Alberti
1753:Vicenza
1418:Isfahan
1391:CĂłrdoba
1353:Araniko
1253:), 1609
1220:Beijing
1040:â406 BC
1021:on the
1001:Hemiunu
961:Germany
951:in the
947:of the
921:Ukraine
917:Moldova
913:Romania
893:Jericho
815:4900 BC
813:Germany
740:Romania
724:Ireland
708:Lesotho
660:History
532:courses
398:culture
357:bracket
158:culture
7455:Design
7249:(2009)
7239:(1977)
7229:(1946)
7219:(1939)
7209:(1935)
7199:(1934)
7189:(1933)
7179:(1891)
7169:(1835)
7159:(1757)
7026:Kitsch
7004:Humour
6934:Comedy
6912:Beauty
6854:Vasari
6844:Tagore
6819:Ruskin
6759:LukĂĄcs
6749:Langer
6694:Goethe
6619:BalĂĄzs
6599:Adorno
6480:Nature
6445:Africa
6325:studio
6310:review
6290:museum
6213:change
6021:Awards
5894:Sketch
5879:Mockup
5859:CAutoD
5800:Awards
5765:theory
5755:sprint
5730:marker
5695:choice
5069:&
5067:design
4903:design
4811:design
4693:design
4611:Motion
4573:design
4530:Design
4407:
4346:2008 (
4316:
4274:RINA.
4162:
4122:4 June
4112:Litcaf
4014:Other
4000:2 July
3912:
3885:
3860:
3835:
3778:
3666:29 May
3641:
3621:
3594:
3586:
3516:2 July
3462:
3426:2 July
3402:
3386:
3324:
3132:Zoning
3040:system
2952:trials
2898:, and
2818:estate
2751:laws.
2749:zoning
2614:Aarhus
2591:Vienna
2541:Dallas
2444:, and
2410:Prague
2241:Weimar
2207:: The
2185:: The
2165:Berlin
2155:: The
2135:Alfeld
2129:: The
2031:: The
1986:: The
1846:: The
1812:artist
1785:, 1576
1629:guilds
1621:Europe
1596:Durham
1573:Aachen
1476:Turkey
1472:Edirne
1439:: The
1412:: The
1299:Indian
1272:(near
1270:Bakong
1268:: The
1243:Himeji
1237:: The
1177:: The
1117:divine
1084:: The
1055:: The
1027:marble
1017:: The
984:: The
957:Berlin
907:, and
905:Orkney
870:Turkey
845:Orkney
794:Turkey
763:, and
692:Norway
600:values
512:wrote
497:wrote
371:Li Jue
337:Theory
270:as an
246:Gothic
222:Indian
190:, and
136:tĂ©ktĆn
129:ÏÎÎșÏÏÎœ
119:arkhi-
63:, and
7438:Craft
7338:Index
7107:Works
7088:Taste
7078:Style
6859:Wilde
6799:Plato
6794:Pater
6754:Lipps
6714:Hegel
6684:Dewey
6674:Danto
6654:Burke
6475:Music
6450:India
6433:Areas
6208:brief
6095:Agile
5814:Tools
5791:Tools
5429:For X
5065:Other
4984:Other
4342:" at
3592:S2CID
3584:JSTOR
3148:Notes
3036:views
2810:parks
2715:Types
2618:CEBRA
2545:Texas
2246:When
1762:, by
1683:Italy
1449:India
1395:Spain
1357:Nepal
1291:Hindu
1251:Japan
1191:India
1136:Roman
1132:Greek
1105:Egypt
1090:Garni
1088:from
1061:NĂźmes
1059:from
854:rural
792:from
761:craft
402:Plato
363:from
230:forms
112:áŒÏÏÎč-
90:
78:
76:Latin
38:Italy
7062:Rasa
7020:Kama
6994:Gaze
6929:Camp
6809:Rand
6744:Klee
6734:Kant
6724:Hume
6644:Bell
6285:load
6280:life
6260:firm
5847:CAID
5715:flow
5631:TRIZ
5519:Open
4405:ISBN
4314:ISBN
4292:2017
4237:2015
4192:2017
4160:ISBN
4124:2017
4075:2014
4049:2014
4002:2011
3975:2024
3928:2022
3910:ISBN
3883:ISBN
3858:ISBN
3833:ISBN
3814:help
3794:2019
3776:ISBN
3742:2019
3711:2017
3668:2023
3639:ISBN
3619:ISBN
3518:2011
3492:2005
3460:ISBN
3428:2011
3400:ISBN
3384:ISBN
3358:2020
3322:ISBN
3303:2017
3242:2022
2993:and
2886:and
2820:and
2747:and
2707:and
2687:and
2670:LEED
2634:and
2608:The
2562:The
2535:The
2494:and
2463:and
2420:and
2404:The
2285:and
2270:and
2219:and
1777:The
1747:The
1693:and
1673:The
1550:Rome
1542:Apse
1487:and
1445:Agra
1422:Iran
1351:and
1301:and
1295:Sikh
1293:and
1134:and
1107:and
1029:and
990:Giza
919:and
887:and
872:and
652:and
625:and
567:The
416:and
382:Plan
345:and
279:and
244:and
224:and
7418:Art
6989:Fun
6769:Man
6689:Fry
5842:CAD
5822:AAD
5599:SOD
5579:RWD
5449:HCD
4916:EED
4765:EID
4461:UIA
4219:doi
3768:doi
3576:doi
3265:doi
2726:in
2084:or
2035:on
1790:In
1619:In
1544:of
1470:in
1443:in
1416:in
1355:of
1347:of
1193:),
963:),
903:in
860:or
738:In
722:In
706:In
690:In
534:or
404:to
166:art
7545::
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7207:"
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4312:.
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