Engineering - Knowledge

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That something can be a complex system, device, a gadget, a material, a method, a computing program, an innovative experiment, a new solution to a problem, or an improvement on what already exists. Since a design has to be realistic and functional, it must have its geometry, dimensions, and characteristics data defined. In the past engineers working on new designs found that they did not have all the required information to make design decisions. Most often, they were limited by insufficient scientific knowledge. Thus they studied

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understanding into a mathematical principle while the latter measures variables involved and creates technology. For technology, physics is an auxiliary and in a way technology is considered as applied physics. Though physics and engineering are interrelated, it does not mean that a physicist is trained to do an engineer's job. A physicist would typically require additional and relevant training. Physicists and engineers engage in different lines of work. But PhD physicists who specialize in sectors of

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Engineering is an important and learned profession. As members of this profession, engineers are expected to exhibit the highest standards of honesty and integrity. Engineering has a direct and vital impact on the quality of life for all people. Accordingly, the services provided by engineers require

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The engineering profession engages in a range of activities, from collaboration at the societal level, and smaller individual projects. Almost all engineering projects are obligated to a funding source: a company, a set of investors, or a government. The types of engineering that are less constrained

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Jan./Feb.1998: 54–59. Article explores the concept of the "artist-engineer", an individual who used his artistic talent in engineering. Quote from article: Da Vinci reached the pinnacle of "artist-engineer"-dom, Quote2: "It was Leonardo da Vinci who initiated the most ambitious expansion in the role

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Royal Academy of Engineering and Academy of Medical Sciences: Systems Biology: a vision for engineering and medicine in pdf: quote1: Systems Biology is an emerging methodology that has yet to be defined quote2: It applies the concepts of systems engineering to the study of complex biological systems

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Institute of Medicine and Engineering: Mission statement The mission of the Institute for Medicine and Engineering (IME) is to stimulate fundamental research at the interface between biomedicine and engineering/physical/computational sciences leading to innovative applications in biomedical research

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The United States Census of 1850 listed the occupation of "engineer" for the first time with a count of 2,000. There were fewer than 50 engineering graduates in the U.S. before 1865. In 1870 there were a dozen U.S. mechanical engineering graduates, with that number increasing to 43 per year in 1875.

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The creative application of scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination; or to construct or operate the same with full cognizance of their design; or to forecast their behavior under specific

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There is a "real and important" difference between engineering and physics as similar to any science field has to do with technology. Physics is an exploratory science that seeks knowledge of principles while engineering uses knowledge for practical applications of principles. The former equates an

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Engineering companies in more developed economies face challenges with regard to the number of engineers being trained, compared with those retiring. This problem is prominent in the UK where engineering has a poor image and low status. There are negative economic and political issues that this can

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Although engineering solutions make use of scientific principles, engineers must also take into account safety, efficiency, economy, reliability, and constructability or ease of fabrication as well as the environment, ethical and legal considerations such as patent infringement or liability in the

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Engineering is quite different from science. Scientists try to understand nature. Engineers try to make things that do not exist in nature. Engineers stress innovation and invention. To embody an invention the engineer must put his idea in concrete terms, and design something that people can use.

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Bioengineering is the engineering of biological systems for a useful purpose. Examples of bioengineering research include bacteria engineered to produce chemicals, new medical imaging technology, portable and rapid disease diagnostic devices, prosthetics, biopharmaceuticals, and tissue-engineered

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Quote: "The 7th century, by contrast, had witnessed rapid innovations, such as the introduction of the hoplite and the trireme, which still were the basic instruments of war in the 5th." and "But it was the development of artillery that opened an epoch, and this invention did not predate the 4th

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The method used by engineers to create artifacts and systems—from cellular telephony, computers and smartphones, and GPS to remote controls, airplanes, and biomimetic materials and devices—isn't the same method scientists use in their work. The scientific method has a prescribed process: state a

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These allow products and components to be checked for flaws; assess fit and assembly; study ergonomics; and to analyze static and dynamic characteristics of systems such as stresses, temperatures, electromagnetic emissions, electrical currents and voltages, digital logic levels, fluid flows, and

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process, engineers apply mathematics and sciences such as physics to find novel solutions to problems or to improve existing solutions. Engineers need proficient knowledge of relevant sciences for their design projects. As a result, many engineers continue to learn new material throughout their

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developed in the late nineteenth century. Industrial scale manufacturing demanded new materials and new processes and by 1880 the need for large scale production of chemicals was such that a new industry was created, dedicated to the development and large scale manufacturing of chemicals in new

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Scientists may also have to complete engineering tasks, such as designing experimental apparatus or building prototypes. Conversely, in the process of developing technology, engineers sometimes find themselves exploring new phenomena, thus becoming, for the moment, scientists or more precisely

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If multiple solutions exist, engineers weigh each design choice based on their merit and choose the solution that best matches the requirements. The task of the engineer is to identify, understand, and interpret the constraints on a design in order to yield a successful result. It is generally

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initiatives in aerospace and defence, automotive, oil and gas, machinery, pharmaceutical, food and beverage, electrical and electronics, power distribution and generation, utilities and transportation systems. This combination of technical engineering practice, management consulting practice,

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concerned with engineering practice or the engineering industry sector. The demand for management-focused engineers (or from the opposite perspective, managers with an understanding of engineering), has resulted in the development of specialized engineering management degrees that develop the

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Engineering is a broad discipline that is often broken down into several sub-disciplines. Although an engineer will usually be trained in a specific discipline, he or she may become multi-disciplined through experience. Engineering is often characterized as having four main branches: chemical

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There exists an overlap between the sciences and engineering practice; in engineering, one applies science. Both areas of endeavor rely on accurate observation of materials and phenomena. Both use mathematics and classification criteria to analyze and communicate observations.

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question, observe, state a hypothesis, test, analyze, and interpret. It doesn't know what will be discovered, what truth will be revealed. In contrast, the engineering method aims for a specific goal and cannot be reduced to a set of fixed steps that must be followed.

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honesty, impartiality, fairness, and equity, and must be dedicated to the protection of the public health, safety, and welfare. Engineers must perform under a standard of professional behavior that requires adherence to the highest principles of ethical conduct.

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Engineering has interconnections with society, culture and human behavior. Most products and constructions used by modern society, are influenced by engineering. Engineering activities have an impact on the environment, society, economies, and public safety.

3883:", The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project. Retrieved July 1, 2007 Quote: "The Antikythera Mechanism is now understood to be dedicated to astronomical phenomena and operates as a complex mechanical "computer" which tracks the cycles of the Solar System." 993:

in 1828, greatly lowered the amount of fuel needed to smelt iron. With the development of the high pressure steam engine, the power to weight ratio of steam engines made practical steamboats and locomotives possible. New steel making processes, such as the

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industry sector knowledge, and change management expertise enables professional engineers who are also qualified as management consultants to lead major business transformation initiatives. These initiatives are typically sponsored by C-level executives.

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Both fields provide solutions to real world problems. This often requires moving forward before phenomena are completely understood in a more rigorous scientific sense and therefore experimentation and empirical knowledge is an integral part of both.

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Origin: 1250–1300; ME engin < AF, OF < L ingenium nature, innate quality, esp. mental power, hence a clever invention, equiv. to in- + -genium, equiv. to gen- begetting; Source: Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Random House, Inc.

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was the first self-proclaimed civil engineer and is often regarded as the "father" of civil engineering. He was an English civil engineer responsible for the design of bridges, canals, harbors, and lighthouses. He was also a capable

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Quote: In most universities it should be possible to cover the main branches of engineering, i.e. civil, mechanical, electrical and chemical engineering in this way. More specialized fields of engineering application, of which

880:. Using a model water wheel, Smeaton conducted experiments for seven years, determining ways to increase efficiency. Smeaton introduced iron axles and gears to water wheels. Smeaton also made mechanical improvements to the 2763:

skills, knowledge, and expertise, alongside knowledge of business administration, management techniques, and strategic thinking. Engineers specializing in change management must have in-depth knowledge of the application of

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MIT World:The Art of Engineering: Inventor James Dyson on the Art of Engineering: quote: A member of the British Design Council, James Dyson has been designing products since graduating from the Royal College of Art in

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in the 18th century, the term became more narrowly applied to fields in which mathematics and science were applied to these ends. Similarly, in addition to military and civil engineering, the fields then known as the

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has recently been dated as being from the last decade of the 18th century. Early knowledge of aeronautical engineering was largely empirical with some concepts and skills imported from other branches of engineering.

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The application of the steam engine allowed coke to be substituted for charcoal in iron making, lowering the cost of iron, which provided engineers with a new material for building bridges. This bridge was made of

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The great engineer Theodore von Karman once said, "Scientists study the world as it is, engineers create the world that never has been." Today, more than ever, the engineer must create a world that never has

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Modern medicine can replace several of the body's functions through the use of artificial organs and can significantly alter the function of the human body through artificial devices such as, for example,

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Overseas development and relief NGOs make considerable use of engineers, to apply solutions in disaster and development scenarios. Some charitable organizations use engineering directly for development:

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which will set under water) and developed a technique involving dovetailed blocks of granite in the building of the lighthouse. He is important in the history, rediscovery of, and development of modern

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Constraints may include available resources, physical, imaginative or technical limitations, flexibility for future modifications and additions, and other factors, such as requirements for cost,

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by Sir James Hamilton, UK Engineering Council Quote: "The Civilingenior degree encompasses the main branches of engineering civil, mechanical, electrical, chemical." (From the Internet Archive)

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Chemical engineering is the application of physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering principles in order to carry out chemical processes on a commercial scale, such as the manufacture of

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There was no chair of applied mechanism and applied mechanics at Cambridge until 1875, and no chair of engineering at Oxford until 1907. Germany established technical universities earlier.

1290:(airports, roads, railways, water supply, and treatment etc.), bridges, tunnels, dams, and buildings. Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of sub-disciplines, including 1125:

further accelerated the development of electronics to such an extent that electrical and electronics engineers currently outnumber their colleagues of any other engineering specialty.

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The Genius of Archimedes – 23 Centuries of Influence on Mathematics, Science and Engineering: Proceedings of an International Conference held at Syracuse, Italy, June 8–10, 2010

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lead to a large increase in iron production in the late 18th century. The higher furnace temperatures made possible with steam-powered blast allowed for the use of more lime in

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to solve technical problems, increase efficiency and productivity, and improve systems. Modern engineering comprises many subfields which include designing and improving

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The study of the human body, albeit from different directions and for different purposes, is an important common link between medicine and some engineering disciplines.

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Medicine, in part, studies the function of the human body. The human body, as a biological machine, has many functions that can be modeled using engineering methods.

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Conversely, some engineering disciplines view the human body as a biological machine worth studying and are dedicated to emulating many of its functions by replacing

1747:. Geological engineers are involved with impact studies for facilities and operations that affect surface and subsurface environments, such as rock excavations (e.g. 3060: 10632: 5789:"IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology: Both general and technical articles on current technologies and methods used in biomedical and clinical engineering ..." 5604: 4775: 2658:, are adapting analytical tools traditionally used for engineering, such as systems modeling and computational analysis, to the description of biological systems. 6063: 5083: 2061:

Engineers typically attempt to predict how well their designs will perform to their specifications prior to full-scale production. They use, among other things:

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entered the lexicon as a way to distinguish between those specializing in the construction of such non-military projects and those involved in the discipline of

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etc. These similarities as well as the increasing importance and application of engineering principles in medicine, led to the development of the field of

615:, are examples of Greek mechanical engineering. Some of Archimedes' inventions, as well as the Antikythera mechanism, required sophisticated knowledge of 8059: 8181: 7100: 2135:

As with all modern scientific and technological endeavors, computers and software play an increasingly important role. As well as the typical business

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Engineers take on the responsibility of producing designs that will perform as well as expected and, except those employed in specific areas of the

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Princeton U: Robert Maillart's Bridges: The Art of Engineering: quote: no doubt that Maillart was fully conscious of the aesthetic implications ...

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asserts that engineering research has a character different from that of scientific research. First, it often deals with areas in which the basic

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allows engineers to create models of designs that can be analyzed without having to make expensive and time-consuming physical prototypes.

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requires collaboration of engineers from many fields, as the system involves mechanical, electro-magnetic and chemical processes. The

7810: 5996: 4871: 4806: 2875: 2359: 853:, sometimes called Newtonian mechanics, formed the scientific basis of much of modern engineering. With the rise of engineering as a 4735: 7247: 6221: 2765: 2463: 2058:" engineering designs, while at a higher level the best design is one which eliminates the core contradiction causing the problem. 1589: 8496: 5278:"Improving the capability to Engineer Complex Systems – Broadening the Conversation on the Art and Science of Systems Engineering" 3097: 11679: 9594: 7476: 7041: 6903: 5148: 2298:

requires the achievement of sufficient engineering capacity to develop infrastructure and sustainable technological development.

5926:"National Science Foundation:The Art of Engineering: Professor uses the fine arts to broaden students' engineering perspectives" 9649: 8316: 5678: 5520:

C. Morón, E. Tremps, A. García, J.A. Somolinos (2011) The Physics and its Relation with the Engineering, INTED2011 Proceedings

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were built using three of the six simple machines, the inclined plane, the wedge, and the lever, to create structures like the

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applications for maintenance management; and Architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) software for civil engineering.

289:) referred to "a constructor of military engines". In this context, now obsolete, an "engine" referred to a military machine, 11689: 9589: 8239: 8234: 7647: 6231: 6210: 6187: 6152: 6133: 6111: 6081: 5640: 5574: 5536: 5505: 5381: 4704: 4641: 4601: 4576: 4532: 4445: 4420: 4395: 4367: 4192: 4138: 4061: 3812: 3773: 3705: 3637: 3610: 3569: 3465: 3440: 3396: 3365: 3336: 3289: 2905: 2880: 5704: 4494: 4144: 940:, a mathematician and inventor who worked on pumps, left notes at the Vauxhall Ordinance Office on a steam pump design that 8379: 6825: 6463: 5839: 4680: 3954:

century. It was first heard of in the context of Sicilian warfare against Carthage in the time of Dionysius I of Syracuse."

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The heart for example functions much like a pump, the skeleton is like a linked structure with levers, the brain produces

2169:(CAD) software. It enables engineers to create 3D models, 2D drawings, and schematics of their designs. CAD together with 1165:

design. Its origins can be traced back to the aviation pioneers around the start of the 20th century although the work of

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read. In 1698 Savery built a steam pump called "The Miner's Friend". It employed both vacuum and pressure. Iron merchant

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A standard reference for the state of mechanical arts during the Renaissance is given in the mining engineering treatise

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From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States

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Later, as the design of civilian structures, such as bridges and buildings, matured as a technical discipline, the term

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Bensaude-Vincent, Bernadette (March 2001). "The construction of a discipline: Materials science in the United States".

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Engineering projects can be controversial. Examples from different engineering disciplines include: the development of

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Rethinking the Industrial Revolution: Five Centuries of Transition from Agrarian to Industrial Capitalism in England

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cause, as well as ethical issues. It is agreed the engineering profession faces an "image crisis". The UK holds the

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Branches: There are traditionally four primary engineering disciplines: civil, mechanical, electrical and chemical.

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Electrical engineering is the design, study, and manufacture of various electrical and electronic systems, such as

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Applied science led to the development of the steam engine. The sequence of events began with the invention of the

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operating conditions; all as respects an intended function, economics of operation and safety to life and property.

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In recent years the use of computer software to aid the development of goods has collectively come to be known as

9135: 7840: 6571: 2769: 2644: 2288: 297:). Notable examples of the obsolete usage which have survived to the present day are military engineering corps, 5954: 5860: 1481:

Interdisciplinary engineering draws from more than one of the principle branches of the practice. Historically,

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Geological engineering is associated with anything constructed on or within the Earth. This discipline applies

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Journal of the British Nuclear Energy Society: Volume 1 British Nuclear Energy Society – 1962 – Snippet view

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knowledge and skills needed for these roles. During an engineering management course, students will develop

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Computer engineering (CE) is a branch of engineering that integrates several fields of computer science and

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industrial plants. The role of the chemical engineer was the design of these chemical plants and processes.

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Koetsier, Teun (2001). "On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators".

3632:. Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa. p. 309. 3003: 2295: 2228: 2209: 2197: 1900: 1802: 1581:. These and other branches of engineering are represented in the 36 licensed member institutions of the UK 1476: 302: 20: 6292: 5879: 5109: 2776:

applied to engineering practice or the engineering sector. This work often deals with large scale complex

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Mechanical engineering is the design and manufacture of physical or mechanical systems, such as power and

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of a problem often allows them to analyze it (sometimes definitively), and to test potential solutions.

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insufficient to build a technically successful product, rather, it must also meet further requirements.

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Canal building was an important engineering work during the early phases of the Industrial Revolution.

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deals with the relationship between professional engineering, IT systems, business administration and

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Before the development of modern engineering, mathematics was used by artisans and craftsmen, such as

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and medical bionics are dedicated to the study of synthetic implants pertaining to natural systems.

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that are foreign to pure scientific research, one example being the method of parameter variation.

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kinematics. Access and distribution of all this information is generally organized with the use of

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New specialties sometimes combine with the traditional fields and form new branches – for example,

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of artist-engineer, progressing from astute observer to inventor to theoretician." (Bjerklie 58)

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to calculate the stresses in complex components. Second, engineering research employs many semi-

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sciences and engineering principles to direct or support the work of other disciplines such as

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Aerospace engineering covers the design, development, manufacture and operational behaviour of

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and the open hearth furnace, ushered in an area of heavy engineering in the late 19th century.

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The application of steam-powered cast iron blowing cylinders for providing pressurized air for

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are well understood, but the problems themselves are too complex to solve in an exact manner.

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Marine engineering covers the design, development, manufacture and operational behaviour of

752:, was the earliest type of programmable machine. The first music sequencer was an automated 12027: 11861: 11293: 11149: 10862: 10357: 10251: 9867: 9567: 9562: 8943: 8389: 8346: 8331: 8296: 8286: 8131: 7753: 7748: 7623: 7507: 7412: 7385: 7267: 7128: 7036: 7031: 6965: 6960: 6935: 6925: 6878: 6798: 6752: 6628: 6566: 6443: 6411: 4115: 4095: 3028: 2743: 2136: 2100: 1714: 1688: 1542: 1514: 1339: 1303: 1243: 1182: 1126: 885: 500:, the last of the simple machines to be invented, first appeared in Mesopotamia during the 401: 329: 90: 9661: 8711: 6000: 4882: 4798: 3721:

Humphris, Jane; Charlton, Michael F.; Keen, Jake; Sauder, Lee; Alshishani, Fareed (2018).

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as a symbol and reminder of the obligations and ethics associated with their profession.

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created a demand for machinery with metal parts, which led to the development of several

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Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Westen Cultures

11898: 11893: 11706: 11539: 11066: 11044: 11039: 10997: 10970: 10930: 10384: 10278: 10232: 10144: 10103: 10086: 9969: 9964: 9685: 9666: 9479: 9403: 9167: 8968: 8963: 8657: 7963: 7918: 7805: 7628: 7449: 7284: 7274: 7158: 7021: 6955: 6950: 6657: 6533: 6523: 6518: 6508: 6433: 5457: 4516: 4287: 3898: 3094: 3018: 2848: 2698: 2697:(even to the extent that these disciplines may sometimes be included in a university's 2381: 2371: 2314: 2055: 2043: 2032: 1972: 1960: 1850: 1744: 1662: 1601: 1486: 1375: 1355: 1335: 1257: 1204:. Meanwhile, research to provide fundamental background science continued by combining 1094: 932:

published a book of 100 inventions containing a method for raising waters similar to a

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What Engineers Know and How They Know It: Analytical Studies from Aeronautical History

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through iteration between computational or mathematical modelling and experimentation.

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What Engineers Know and How They Know It: Analytical Studies from Aeronautical History

4236: 1286:

Civil engineering is the design and construction of public and private works, such as

951: 404:, were important engineering achievements of their time and were considered among the 11766: 11582: 11556: 11544: 11529: 11440: 11288: 11115: 11014: 10945: 10627: 10622: 10562: 10555: 10520: 10283: 10098: 10006: 9754: 9707: 9584: 9444: 9434: 9399: 9389: 9357: 9300: 9295: 9198: 8486: 8444: 8022: 7795: 7652: 7442: 7407: 7301: 7240: 7154: 6803: 6709: 6684: 6613: 6603: 6448: 6373: 6227: 6206: 6199: 6183: 6176: 6148: 6129: 6107: 6029: 5636: 5570: 5532: 5501: 5412: 5377: 4828: 4700: 4637: 4597: 4572: 4546: 4538: 4528: 4486: 4441: 4416: 4391: 4363: 4338: 4331: 4291: 4279: 4188: 4134: 4057: 4032: 4001: 3979: 3808: 3769: 3744: 3701: 3633: 3606: 3565: 3531: 3488: 3461: 3436: 3392: 3361: 3332: 3285: 3008: 2895: 2818: 2794: 2747: 2728: 2694: 2670: 2503: 1862: 1736: 1698: 1574: 1538: 1482: 1351: 1281: 1166: 933: 917: 741: 620: 528: 505: 416: 353: 325: 308:

The word "engine" itself is of even older origin, ultimately deriving from the Latin

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Scientists study the world as it is; engineers create the world that has never been.

2042:

have to be evaluated on their merits before the one judged most suitable is chosen.

1983:

for the limits within which a viable object or system may be produced and operated.

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engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering.

348:

to bring a steady supply of clean and fresh water to cities and towns in the empire.

11868: 11796: 11791: 11359: 11337: 11297: 11273: 11237: 11209: 11189: 11137: 10982: 10922: 10717: 10500: 10468: 10456: 10337: 10222: 10139: 10081: 9717: 9712: 9676: 9515: 9258: 9243: 9220: 9193: 8764: 8736: 8560: 8531: 8506: 8481: 8464: 7993: 7948: 7928: 7464: 7454: 7437: 6674: 6583: 5971:"University of Texas at Dallas: The Institute for Interactive Arts and Engineering" 5915: 5739: 5449: 4853: 4269: 4232: 3853: 3734: 2814: 2735:

artist and engineer, and a prime example of the nexus between art and engineering.

2276: 2144: 2093: 1996: 1764: 1261: 1082: 995: 978: 893: 253: 9845: 9043: 8911: 8691: 6078: 4466:

A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930, Vol. 2: Steam Power

4211:

The spinning jenny was basically an adaptation of its precursor the spinning wheel

4170:(First MIT Press paperback ed.). Cambridge MA: The MIT Press. pp. 23–24. 3858: 3841: 3739: 3722: 3170: 832: 782:, where they could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns. 11925: 11873: 11504: 11367: 11222: 11132: 11122: 11110: 11089: 10965: 10950: 10732: 10727: 10567: 10478: 10362: 10347: 10342: 10123: 10037: 9818: 9641: 9612: 9347: 9172: 8891: 8824: 8600: 8548: 8511: 7983: 7943: 7865: 7820: 7657: 7562: 7547: 7522: 7336: 7316: 6837: 6121: 6085: 6067: 5958: 5867: 5823: 5776: 5700: 5585: 5557: 5528: 5484: 5408: 5113: 4663: 4480: 4256: 4252:"Loudspeakers Optional: A history of non-loudspeaker-based electroacoustic music" 4128: 4107: 4083: 3950: 3880: 3101: 2716:'s bridge design is perceived by some to have been deliberately artistic. At the 2713: 2655: 2488: 2468: 2028: 1710: 1437: 1379: 1347: 1197: 1186: 1086: 1060: 1044: 945: 902: 816: 745: 726: 604: 565:

during the 4th century BC, which relied on animal power instead of human energy.

558: 493: 464: 412: 186: 139: 10200: 8834: 8696: 6268: 5835: 3925:

Wright, M T. (2005). "Epicyclic Gearing and the Antikythera Mechanism, part 2".

321:), meaning "innate quality, especially mental power, hence a clever invention." 11903: 11826: 11592: 11482: 11477: 11455: 11242: 11229: 11172: 11105: 11093: 10987: 10828: 10796: 10697: 10451: 10423: 10388: 10329: 9887: 9882: 9850: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9680: 9523: 9439: 9215: 9154: 9028: 8881: 8876: 8829: 8819: 8809: 8580: 8471: 8459: 8429: 8034: 7903: 7763: 7402: 7311: 6793: 6778: 6742: 6171: 5727: 5453: 4857: 4087: 3963: 2272: 2246: 2170: 2082: 1980: 1421: 1417: 1383: 1343: 1324: 1287: 1110: 1098: 1013: 937: 889: 730: 725:

by the early 11th century, both of which were fundamental to the growth of the

718: 596: 552: 436: 424: 377: 151: 9013: 8620: 5521: 4550: 4274: 4251: 4056:(1 ed.). Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. p. 4. 2150: 385: 12021: 11940: 11450: 11085: 10895: 10712: 10707: 10572: 10409: 10393: 10261: 10247: 10128: 10091: 10022: 9954: 9948: 9933: 9828: 9813: 9721: 9372: 9225: 9188: 9162: 9003: 8948: 8799: 8784: 8610: 8454: 7953: 7888: 7860: 7788: 7517: 7432: 6023: 5768: 5632:

The Future of Post-Human Engineering: A Preface to a New Theory of Technology

5427:

Ateneo de Manila University Press. Philippine Studies, vol. 11, no. 4, 1963.

4668: 4388:

The Most Powerful Idea in the World: A Story of Steam, Industry and Invention

4283: 3842:"Iron Smelting in Sudan: Experimental Archaeology at The Royal City of Meroe" 3748: 3723:"Iron Smelting in Sudan: Experimental Archaeology at The Royal City of Meroe" 3551: 2674: 2599: 2128: 2089: 2039: 1944: 1445: 1363: 1269: 1024: 966: 962: 941: 859: 722: 707: 699: 590: 489: 452: 357: 10582: 9018: 8814: 5997:"Aerospace Design: The Art of Engineering from NASA's Aeronautical Research" 2031:

to find suitable solutions to a particular problem. Creating an appropriate

1161:

is a more modern term that expands the reach of the discipline by including

177:

The discipline of engineering encompasses a broad range of more specialized

28: 11883: 11818: 11771: 11467: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11332: 11327: 10992: 10850: 10577: 10532: 10402: 10398: 10366: 10256: 10178: 10149: 10074: 10069: 10059: 9959: 9877: 9808: 9763: 9494: 9474: 9459: 9423: 9418: 9394: 9310: 9203: 9080: 8901: 8871: 8789: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8741: 8652: 8553: 7998: 7978: 7933: 7908: 7898: 7870: 7800: 7758: 7632: 7586: 7557: 7537: 6920: 3144: 2686: 2239: 2038:

More than one solution to a design problem usually exists so the different

2003:, with emphasis on function and the utilization of mathematics and science. 1672: 1449: 1265: 1048: 1036: 868: 842: 779: 683: 532: 501: 285: 33: 10587: 9110: 9105: 9095: 9058: 9048: 8988: 8921: 8434: 5743: 5308: 3429:

Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence

3278:

Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence

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are titled as Technology officer, R&D Engineers and System Engineers.

2433:

Engineers, scientists and technicians at work on target positioner inside

245: 11935: 11915: 11888: 11714: 11472: 11372: 11059: 11054: 11002: 10880: 10870: 10739: 10195: 10164: 10159: 10118: 10027: 9803: 9778: 9773: 9742: 9499: 9454: 9362: 9342: 9075: 8998: 8958: 8866: 8846: 8590: 8575: 8565: 8501: 8421: 7988: 7973: 7958: 7938: 7855: 7783: 7600: 7590: 7577: 7542: 7492: 7422: 7375: 7262: 7252: 6717: 5315:. Vol. 60. American Society for Engineering Education. p. 467. 5254: 5129: 3944:

Britannica on Greek civilization in the 5th century – Military technology

3432: 3281: 2732: 2626: 2560: 2523: 2261: 2162: 2066: 2012: 1952: 1935: 1705:. Computer engineers usually have training in electronic engineering (or 1429: 1387: 1201: 1118: 1114: 1008: 970: 925: 691: 544: 540: 440: 428: 365: 163: 143: 41: 7169: 6994: 6263: 6249: 5416: 4827:

Bronzino JD, ed., The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, 2006,

3114: 2842: 2196:

There are also many tools to support specific engineering tasks such as

1845:, and those licensed to do so may have more formal designations such as 820:(1556), which also contains sections on geology, mining, and chemistry. 11878: 11808: 11778: 11761: 11739: 11549: 11419: 11414: 11127: 11075: 10900: 10823: 10722: 10617: 10295: 10205: 10190: 10173: 10169: 9926: 9695: 9429: 9325: 9305: 9236: 9070: 8851: 8720: 8716: 8605: 8449: 7875: 7604: 7595: 7582: 7326: 7289: 6732: 4086:, web page, accessed on line October 23, 2009; this web page refers to 2755: 2678: 2603: 2575: 2571: 2362:

compared to other European countries, together with the United States.

2070: 2051: 1907: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1732: 1668: 1433: 1227: 1162: 1122: 982: 854: 808: 804: 790: 714: 695: 671: 624: 612: 586: 9090: 9053: 8595: 8029: 4027:(2nd ed.). New York: Litton Educational Publishing, Inc. p. 2154:

Graphic representation of a minute fraction of the WWW, demonstrating

1223: 11910: 11856: 11756: 11734: 11719: 11521: 11252: 11144: 11080: 10977: 10890: 10845: 10781: 10766: 10612: 10483: 10273: 10064: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9700: 9489: 9469: 9352: 9315: 9008: 8973: 8804: 8724: 8585: 7642: 7235: 7026: 6543: 5950: 3840:

Humphris J, Charlton MF, Keen J, Sauder L, Alshishani F (June 2018).

3561: 2590: 2539: 2531: 2476: 2398: 2217: 2155: 2062: 2020: 1858: 1756: 1646: 1409: 1299: 1090: 986: 955: 909: 877: 838: 775: 757: 679: 659: 643: 578: 570: 548: 448: 393: 381: 373: 361: 155: 8516: 8439: 5836:"Science Museum of Minnesota: Online Lesson 5a; The heart as a pump" 4969:"Comparing the Engineering Design Process and the Scientific Method" 1882: 1780: 627:

of the Industrial Revolution, and are widely used in fields such as

268:

devised inventions such as the wedge, lever, wheel and pulley, etc.

40:, underscores the importance of engineering in modern history. This 11851: 11561: 11489: 11177: 10905: 10885: 10806: 10642: 10540: 10473: 10242: 10001: 9872: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9542: 9413: 9337: 9085: 9038: 8669: 8644: 8632: 8357: 7662: 7380: 7067: 7057: 6915: 5854: 5106: 4413:

Links in the History of Engineering and Technology from Tudor Times

2978: 2570:

aims to sustain, repair, enhance and even replace functions of the

2567: 2284: 2256: 1842: 1702: 1642: 1413: 1371: 1189:

in 1863; it was also the second PhD awarded in science in the U.S.

1133: 1027:. Boring cast iron cylinders with precision was not possible until 974: 767: 675: 655: 651: 628: 340: 294: 159: 6287: 11746: 11729: 11509: 11377: 11307: 11283: 11182: 10818: 10744: 10379: 10319: 10312: 10227: 10185: 10032: 10011: 9992: 9974: 9916: 9855: 9823: 9768: 9484: 9408: 9268: 9248: 9177: 8839: 8746: 8664: 8627: 8615: 8076: 7360: 6275: 5944: 5569:

Steve Fuller. Knowledge Management Foundations. Routledge, 2012.

2614: 2607: 2535: 2527: 2498:

to describe aerodynamic flow over an aircraft, or the use of the

2494:

An example of this is the use of numerical approximations to the

2472: 2243: 2008: 1991: 1940: 1748: 1633: 647: 646:

which was developed by the Greeks around the 4th century BC, the

574: 536: 520: 516: 460: 6145:

The Innovators: The Engineering Pioneers Who Made America Modern

5657:

Classical and Computational Solid Mechanics, YC Fung and P. Tong

4542: 4490: 4130:

Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America

2685:

There are connections between engineering and art, for example,

2555: 2301: 573:

in Kush to store and contain water as well as boost irrigation.

11831: 11217: 11100: 10940: 10749: 10692: 10602: 10042: 9671: 9330: 9320: 9283: 9273: 9253: 9065: 8916: 7427: 6061:

quote:..the tools of artists and the perspective of engineers..

4133:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1–6. 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 2968: 2287:. In response, some engineering companies have enacted serious 2047: 2000: 1948: 1650: 1405: 1193: 1146: 1068: 916:

in 1643, demonstration of the force of atmospheric pressure by

898: 766:, in the 9th century. In 1206, Al-Jazari invented programmable 566: 524: 485: 265: 257: 171: 6298: 6178:

To Engineer is Human: The Role of Failure in Successful Design

5963: 5598:"Industrial Physicists: Primarily specialising in Engineering" 4381: 4379: 4250:

Kapur, Ajay; Carnegie, Dale; Murphy, Jim; Long, Jason (2017).

2768:

principles and methods. Professional engineers often train as

2581: 2111: 623:, two key principles in machine theory that helped design the 599:

developed machines in both civilian and military domains. The

555:, in what are now Iraq and Iran, by the early 4th century BC. 527:, he probably designed and supervised the construction of the 11751: 11724: 11278: 11049: 10912: 10776: 10684: 10290: 9907: 8536: 8526: 8491: 5671:"Code of Ethics | National Society of Professional Engineers" 5145:"Why Does It Matter? – why are engineering skills important?" 2630: 2310: 2016: 1001:

One of the most famous engineers of the mid-19th century was

824:

was the standard chemistry reference for the next 180 years.

771: 753: 582: 562: 488:

date back to Mesopotamia in the early 2nd millennium BC, and

444: 432: 420: 201: 5970: 5828: 4440:. London: Maney Publishing, for the Institute of Materials. 3189: 3104:

2724:, has developed a course that connects art and engineering. 785: 181:, each with a more specific emphasis on particular areas of 11430: 11247: 10935: 10838: 10791: 10210: 9921: 9288: 9278: 8953: 8476: 7306: 5440:"Relationship between physics and electrical engineering". 4740: 4376: 2709: 2589:, which glows green under blue light. The central mouse is 2096:

in their designs to reduce the risk of unexpected failure.

1676: 1149:

can reach temperatures up to 3,500 °C (6,330 °F).

639: 222: 5223: 4939:"Genrich Altshuller's Theory of Inventive Problem Solving" 4846:

Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences

4114:, pp. 34–35, Institute for the History of Arabic Science, 3998:

Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology

3839: 3720: 10592: 9911: 9833: 8681: 8074: 4617:

Van Every, Kermit E. (1986). "Aeronautical engineering".

4168:

Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History

4094:, pp. 34–5, Institute for the History of Arabic Science, 3061:

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

2313:, etc. are all combined to provide proper navigation and 2306: 2201: 2115:

A computer simulation of high velocity air flow around a

1174: 985:

in 1784 produced large scale quantities of wrought iron.

778:

musicians, including drummers operated by a programmable

642:

armies employed military machines and inventions such as

4459: 4457: 219:

American Engineers' Council for Professional Development

5907:

Bjerklie, David. "The Art of Renaissance Engineering."

5861:

Minnesota State University emuseum: Bones act as levers

4634:

Josiah Willard Gibbs – the History of a Great Mind

4249: 3307:

A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East

2404: 593:

were also created during the 7th centuries BC in Kush.

447:

mechanism first appeared around 5,000 years ago in the

293:, a mechanical contraption used in war (for example, a 3049:

Hammack, William; Anderson, John (February 16, 2022).

2754:

or "Management engineering" is a specialized field of

2092:, will not harm people. Engineers typically include a 279:, which itself dates back to the 14th century when an 4454: 2720:, an engineering professor, through a grant with the 2384:

to guide members and inform the public at large. The

1979:. By understanding the constraints, engineers derive 1302:. It is traditionally considered to be separate from 973:. These innovations lowered the cost of iron, making 717:

was invented in India by the 6th century AD, and the

539:

in Egypt around 2630–2611 BC. The earliest practical

5550:

Physics and Industrial Development: Bridging the Gap

4616: 3095:

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/

2838: 2708:, for instance, held an exhibition about the art of 1713:, and hardware-software integration instead of only 5903: 5901: 5309:American Society for Engineering Education (1970). 4333:

Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution

2801:has been borrowed for the study of the subjects of 2139:

there are a number of computer aided applications (

1113:in the late 19th century gave rise to the field of 581:during military campaigns. Kushite ancestors built 6198: 6175: 5719: 4571:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 138. 4330: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4077:Taqi al-Din and the First Steam Turbine, 1551 A.D. 3480: 3322: 3232: 3231: 2651:that uses concepts developed in both disciplines. 2046:, after gathering statistics on a large number of 1489:were major branches. Other engineering fields are 264:Engineering has existed since ancient times, when 5872: 4621:. Vol. 1. Grolier Incorporated. p. 226. 4485:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 1592:involves a wide range of subject areas including 1005:, who built railroads, dockyards and steamships. 729:. The spinning wheel was also a precursor to the 12019: 5898: 5811: 5809: 5603:. American Institute for Physics. October 2016. 4843: 4692: 4468:. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. 3042: 2617:with technology. This has led to fields such as 2513:in the revision to the classic engineering text 2457:is used to conduct science experiments in space. 1955:all need to be carefully designed and optimized. 1637:lander with solar panels deployed in a cleanroom 1611: 1470: 969:, which enabled the transition from charcoal to 585:during the Bronze Age between 3700 and 3250 BC. 443:(modern Iraq) during the 5th millennium BC. The 6054: 5057:"The Latest Chapter in CAD Software Evaluation" 4686: 4594:A Short History of Twentieth Century Technology 4315: 3487:. USA: Twenty-First Century Books. p. 58. 3351: 3048: 2119:during re-entry. Solutions to the flow require 1211: 912:and the measurement of atmospheric pressure by 733:, which was a key development during the early 5635:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 141. 5200:. National Society of Professional Engineers. 4328: 3422: 3420: 3354:Ancient Egyptian Construction and Architecture 1067:In 1890, there were 6,000 engineers in civil, 8373: 8060: 7185: 6314: 6120: 5806: 5269: 4112:Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering 4092:Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering 3895:"Discovering How Greeks Computed in 100 B.C." 3526:. Minneapolis, MN: Runestone Press. pp. 1755:consolidation, slope and fill stabilization, 515:The earliest civil engineer known by name is 116: 6015: 3924: 3804:The Nubian Past: An Archaeology of the Sudan 3762:Collins, Robert O.; Burns, James M. (2007). 3761: 3484:Ancient Machines: From Wedges to Waterwheels 3352:Clarke, Somers; Engelbach, Reginald (1990). 2654:Newly emerging branches of science, such as 1448:, robotics, turbines, audio equipments, and 6201:Guide to Information Sources in Engineering 5725: 5084:"Engineering Civilisation from the Shadows" 4736:"History and Heritage of Civil Engineering" 4306:A 13th Century Programmable Robot (Archive) 3700:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 227. 3417: 3323:Paipetis, S. A.; Ceccarelli, Marco (2010). 3318: 3316: 3137: 2817:using engineering methodology coupled with 1841:One who practices engineering is called an 1809:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 841:, which was soon displaced by less brittle 309: 260:, the foremost military engineer of his age 204: 8380: 8366: 8067: 8053: 7192: 7178: 6321: 6307: 6142: 6079:Drew U: user website: cites Bjerklie paper 6021: 5547:R Gazzinelli, R L Moreira, W N Rodrigues. 5487:. Oxford and IBH Publishing, 2008, p. 208. 5169: 5142: 4674: 4596:. US: Oxford University Press. p. 3. 3972:Islamic Technology: An illustrated history 3874:The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project 3625: 3458:Building in Egypt: Pharaonic Stone Masonry 3304: 3163: 3121:. International Association of Engineers. 3051:"Working in the Penumbra of Understanding" 2386:National Society of Professional Engineers 2249:can produce a range of facial expressions. 930:Edward Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Worcester 123: 109: 7848: 7811:Relationship between religion and science 7199: 5276:Ryschkewitsch, M.G. NASA Chief Engineer. 5275: 4610: 4515: 4273: 3857: 3738: 3523:Ancient Machines: From Grunts to Graffiti 2876:List of basic chemical engineering topics 2099:The study of failed products is known as 1923:Learn how and when to remove this message 1829:Learn how and when to remove this message 1759:risk assessment, groundwater monitoring, 1720: 1393: 1309: 1081:in the 1800s included the experiments of 888:(1755–59) where he pioneered the use of ' 283:(literally, one who builds or operates a 6219: 6170: 6161: 6101: 5693: 5498:Biologically Inspired Intelligent Robots 5371: 5365: 5030:"PDM: Not Just for the Big Boys Anymore" 4591: 4435: 4360:The Transportation Revolution, 1815–1860 4329:Musson, A.E.; Robinson, Eric H. (1969). 4222: 4216: 4051: 4020: 3833: 3557:Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilisation 3313: 2766:industrial and organizational psychology 2665: 2580: 2554: 2464:What Engineers Know and How They Know It 2448: 2428: 2340:Registered Engineers for Disaster Relief 2300: 2238: 2149: 2110: 1990: 1934: 1626: 1616: 1590:Earth systems engineering and management 1319: 1222: 1132: 1007: 950: 831: 784: 339: 244: 27: 6072: 5932:from the original on September 19, 2018 5842:from the original on September 27, 2006 5496:Yoseph Bar-Cohen, Cynthia L. Breazeal. 5242: 4949:from the original on September 11, 2019 4631: 4569:A Social History of American Technology 4438:A History of Metallurgy, Second Edition 4410: 4298: 4054:Electricity Generation Using Wind Power 3892: 3800: 3695: 3460:. Oxford University Press. p. 71. 3380: 3177:from the original on September 29, 2007 2585:Genetically engineered mice expressing 2550: 2380:have established codes of practice and 1682: 1237: 1181:) awarded in the United States went to 467:machine, which appeared in Mesopotamia 12020: 11401: 8182:Electrical and electronics engineering 8167:Developmental and reproductive biology 7101:Electrical and electronics engineering 6226:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 6104:Engineering: a very short introduction 5794:from the original on February 13, 2007 5681:from the original on February 18, 2020 5610:from the original on September 6, 2015 5204:from the original on February 18, 2020 5081: 4979:from the original on December 16, 2019 4463: 4357: 4201:from the original on December 29, 2019 4180: 3658: 3481:Woods, Michael; Mary B. Woods (2000). 3455: 3426: 3275: 862:became incorporated into engineering. 744:were developed in the Muslim world. A 11615: 11400: 10670: 9134: 9133: 8400: 8361: 8048: 7173: 6302: 6106:. New York: Oxford University Press. 5989: 5886:from the original on February 2, 2007 5628: 4906: 4778:from the original on January 30, 2017 4713:from the original on December 5, 2013 4563: 4497:from the original on January 26, 2021 4385: 4165: 4159: 3995: 3906:from the original on December 4, 2013 3603:Springer Science & Business Media 3596: 3544: 3474: 3329:Springer Science & Business Media 3208: 3125:from the original on January 26, 2021 3093:definition of "engineering" from the 2906:List of mechanical engineering topics 2881:List of electrical engineering topics 2208:software for production engineering; 1867:Designated Engineering Representative 1656: 11987: 8387: 7134: 6196: 5781: 5649: 5396:Walter G Whitman; August Paul Peck. 5054: 5027: 3550: 3519: 3501:from the original on January 4, 2020 3405:from the original on January 3, 2020 3253:participating institution membership 2964:Controversies over the term Engineer 2871:List of aerospace engineering topics 2405:Relationships with other disciplines 2353:Engineering Ministries International 1905:adding citations to reliable sources 1876: 1807:adding citations to reliable sources 1774: 1275: 1196:after the successful flights by the 1153:Aeronautical engineering deals with 1093:and others and the invention of the 7144: 6042:from the original on April 20, 2007 5762: 5319:from the original on April 16, 2021 5248: 5230:from the original on April 30, 2011 5100: 5075: 4809:from the original on March 31, 2018 4696:Student's Britannica India,7vol.Set 4478: 4147:from the original on April 20, 2021 3664:Fritz Hintze, Kush XI; pp. 222–224. 3578:from the original on August 1, 2020 3427:Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999). 3276:Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999). 3151:from the original on March 26, 2024 3071:from the original on August 3, 2023 2916:List of software engineering topics 2574:, if necessary, through the use of 2289:corporate and social responsibility 1975:, marketability, productivity, and 1039:. Other machine tools included the 924:in 1656, laboratory experiments by 13: 10671: 8401: 6164:Applied Minds: How Engineers Think 6094: 5977:from the original on April 3, 2007 5750:from the original on March 3, 2020 5707:from the original on April 7, 2016 5376:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 5009:from the original on April 8, 2020 4796: 4790: 4699:. Popular Prakashan. p. 146. 4482:English and American Tool Builders 3209:Smith, Ralph J. (March 29, 2024). 2901:List of genetic engineering topics 2829:have similarly borrowed the term. 1986: 638:Ancient Chinese, Greek, Roman and 406:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World 14: 12054: 8212:Genetics and evolutionary biology 7831:Sociology of scientific knowledge 7826:Sociology of scientific ignorance 7779:History and philosophy of science 6242: 5560:. World Scientific, 1997, p. 110. 5353:from the original on May 16, 2022 5283:. p. 8 of 21. Archived from 5224:"Origin of the Iron Ring concept" 4919:from the original on July 2, 2019 3821:from the original on July 9, 2021 3782:from the original on July 9, 2021 2999:Environmental engineering science 2772:in the very specialized field of 2727:Among famous historical figures, 2547:case of failure of the solution. 2365: 2344:Engineers for a Sustainable World 2234: 2007:Engineers use their knowledge of 1455: 1101:in 1872. The theoretical work of 519:. As one of the officials of the 459:. The lever was also used in the 11998: 11986: 11975: 11974: 8028: 8016: 7153: 7143: 7133: 7124: 7123: 6993: 6286: 6274: 6262: 6248: 4000:. Brill Publishers. p. 65. 3675:"Siege warfare in ancient Egypt" 3646:from the original on May 2, 2022 3056:Issues in Science and Technology 2930:Glossary of areas of mathematics 2841: 2770:certified management consultants 2206:manufacturing process management 1881: 1779: 1035:, which is considered the first 977:and iron bridges practical. The 463:water-lifting device, the first 451:, where it was used in a simple 225:) has defined "engineering" as: 189:, and types of application. See 11999: 9534:Outdoors & sports equipment 8216:Cellular and molecular biology 6328: 6128:(2 ed.). Boca Raton: CRC. 5663: 5629:Baofu, Peter (March 26, 2009). 5622: 5590: 5563: 5541: 5514: 5490: 5468: 5433: 5421: 5400:. American Book Company, 1946, 5390: 5335: 5302: 5216: 5190: 5163: 5136: 5118: 5048: 5021: 4991: 4961: 4931: 4900: 4864: 4837: 4821: 4760: 4728: 4650: 4625: 4585: 4557: 4509: 4472: 4429: 4415:. Ayer Publishing. p. 66. 4404: 4390:. University of Chicago Press. 4351: 4337:. University of Toronto Press. 4243: 4181:Žmolek, Michael Andrew (2013). 4174: 4120: 4101: 4070: 4045: 4014: 3989: 3957: 3937: 3918: 3893:Wilford, John (July 31, 2008). 3886: 3866: 3794: 3765:A History of Sub-Saharan Africa 3755: 3714: 3696:Bianchi, Robert Steven (2004). 3689: 3667: 3629:Ancient civilizations of Africa 3619: 3590: 3513: 3449: 3374: 3345: 3298: 2788: 2106: 1892:needs additional citations for 1671:and stationary structures like 1179:applied science and engineering 704:Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf 455:, and to move large objects in 7220:Analytic–synthetic distinction 6267:Learning materials related to 5343:"What is Engineering Science?" 5055:Arbe, Katrina (May 22, 2003). 4907:Lucas, Jim (August 22, 2014). 4872:"Nuclear Engineering Overview" 4772:Institution of Civil Engineers 4632:Wheeler, Lynde Phelps (1951). 4525:Johns Hopkins University Press 4358:Taylor, George Rogers (1969). 3768:. Cambridge University Press. 3269: 3259: 3225: 3107: 3087: 2994:Engineering education research 2911:List of nanoengineering topics 2515:Foundations of Solid Mechanics 2397:In Canada, engineers wear the 2294:The attainment of many of the 2254:by such a funding source, are 2179:finite element method analysis 1872: 1117:. The later inventions of the 1061:large scale factory production 665: 335: 46:Technical University of Madrid 1: 9538:Personal protective equipment 6253:The dictionary definition of 6143:Billington, David P. (1996). 6022:Billington, David P. (1989). 5028:Arbe, Katrina (May 7, 2001). 4999:"Forensic Engineering | ASCE" 4237:10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2 3859:10.1080/00934690.2018.1479085 3740:10.1080/00934690.2018.1479085 3654:– via Books.google.com. 3384:The Technology of Mesopotamia 3035: 2886:List of engineering societies 1612:Other branches of engineering 1471:Interdisciplinary engineering 1177:in engineering (technically, 1071:, mechanical and electrical. 884:. Smeaton designed the third 827: 794: 760:brothers, described in their 478: 468: 315: 212: 6351:List of engineering branches 6220:Vincenti, Walter G. (1993). 6028:Princeton University Press. 5726:Evans-Pughe, C. (May 2003). 5372:Vincenti, Walter G. (1993). 5126:"engineeringuk.com/About_us" 4592:Williams, Trevor I. (1982). 4479:Roe, Joseph Wickham (1916). 4225:Mechanism and Machine Theory 4126: 3933:(1 (September 2005)): 54–60. 3846:Journal of Field Archaeology 3727:Journal of Field Archaeology 3004:Global Engineering Education 2317:(vehicle developed for 2007 2296:Millennium Development Goals 2229:product lifecycle management 2198:computer-aided manufacturing 2161:One of the most widely used 1999:. Engineering is applied to 1477:List of engineering branches 1212:Main branches of engineering 603:, an early known mechanical 569:were developed as a type of 303:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 21:Engineering (disambiguation) 16:Applied science and research 7: 11616: 7553:Hypothetico-deductive model 7528:Deductive-nomological model 7513:Constructivist epistemology 6066:September 27, 2007, at the 5172:"The ERA Foundation Report" 5059:. ThomasNet. Archived from 5032:. ThomasNet. Archived from 4768:"What is Civil Engineering" 4662:September 21, 2015, at the 2832: 2782:business process management 2738: 2722:National Science Foundation 2718:University of South Florida 2455:International Space Station 2200:(CAM) software to generate 2141:computer-aided technologies 2123:of the combined effects of 1770: 1717:or electronic engineering. 1503:instrumentation and control 484:. The earliest evidence of 476:ancient Egyptian technology 457:ancient Egyptian technology 439:mechanism, was invented in 10: 12059: 8317:Probability and statistics 5866:December 20, 2008, at the 5527:December 20, 2016, at the 5477:Future Of Economic Science 5454:10.1109/JAIEE.1927.6534988 5251:"Chair's Message, Caltech" 4943:Theories About Engineering 4858:10.1525/hsps.2001.31.2.223 4681:The Engineering Profession 4266:Cambridge University Press 4082:February 18, 2008, at the 4052:Shepherd, William (2011). 3976:Cambridge University Press 3801:Edwards, David N. (2004). 3389:The Rosen Publishing Group 3100:February 16, 2021, at the 2891:List of engineering topics 2856: 2809:, which deal with forming 2446:"engineering scientists". 2435:National Ignition Facility 2409: 2369: 2360:most engineering companies 2220:for electronic engineers; 1763:, mining excavations, and 1724: 1686: 1660: 1620: 1474: 1459: 1397: 1313: 1279: 1241: 1215: 1063:by the late 19th century. 658:. In the Middle Ages, the 398:Hanging Gardens of Babylon 238: 234: 221:(ECPD, the predecessor of 148:engineering design process 36:, the major driver in the 18: 11969: 11817: 11700: 11626: 11622: 11611: 11570: 11520: 11413: 11409: 11396: 11263: 11203: 11160: 11030: 10921: 10861: 10765: 10683: 10679: 10666: 10531: 10422: 10328: 9985: 9753: 9553: 9153: 9146: 9142: 9129: 8936: 8757: 8643: 8420: 8413: 8409: 8396: 8087: 8007: 7839: 7741: 7671: 7614:Semantic view of theories 7533:Epistemological anarchism 7485: 7470:dependent and independent 7207: 7119: 7066: 7050: 7002: 6991: 6766: 6708: 6627: 6552: 6479: 6372: 6359: 6336: 6197:Lord, Charles R. (2000). 5659:. World Scientific. 2001. 5483:October 26, 2018, at the 4879:Career Cornerstone Center 4693:Indu Ramchandani (2000). 4464:Hunter, Louis C. (1985). 4275:10.1017/S1355771817000103 3829:– via Google Books. 3790:– via Google Books. 3698:Daily Life of the Nubians 3240:Oxford English Dictionary 2587:green fluorescent protein 2336:Engineers Against Poverty 2331:Engineers Without Borders 1741:environmental engineering 1606:philosophy of engineering 1491:manufacturing engineering 1296:environmental engineering 1216:For a topical guide, see 845:as a structural material. 763:Book of Ingenious Devices 504:period (911–609) BC. The 344:The Ancient Romans built 275:is derived from the word 138:is the practice of using 11847:Mergers and acquisitions 11588:Research and development 9953:Chemical & hormonal 9608:Communications equipment 7356:Intertheoretic reduction 7345:Ignoramus et ignorabimus 7322:Functional contextualism 6126:The Engineering Handbook 6102:Blockley, David (2012). 5082:Jowitt, Paul W. (2006). 4803:Encyclopaedia Britannica 4304:Professor Noel Sharkey, 4231:(5). Elsevier: 589–603. 4127:Lakwete, Angela (2003). 4021:Eldridge, Frank (1980). 3807:. Taylor & Francis. 3381:Faiella, Graham (2006). 3065:Arizona State University 2706:Art Institute of Chicago 2279:, the design and use of 2204:machining instructions; 1139:solar furnace at Odeillo 682:, first appeared in the 551:, first appeared in the 427:(ramp) were known since 209:, meaning "cleverness". 12033:Engineering occupations 10638:Painting and decorating 9662:Medical imaging systems 9595:Parts & peripherals 8112:Artificial intelligence 7841:Philosophers of science 7619:Scientific essentialism 7568:Model-dependent realism 7503:Constructive empiricism 7396:Evidence-based practice 7012:Bachelor of Engineering 6854:Engineering mathematics 6205:. Libraries Unlimited. 6162:Madhavan, Guru (2015). 6147:(New ed.). Wiley. 6084:April 19, 2007, at the 5909:MIT's Technology Review 5822:April 10, 2007, at the 5775:March 17, 2007, at the 5584:August 1, 2020, at the 5556:August 1, 2020, at the 5407:August 1, 2020, at the 5112:April 14, 2012, at the 4523:. Baltimore, Maryland: 4436:Tylecote, R.F. (1992). 4386:Rosen, William (2012). 4310:University of Sheffield 4166:Pacey, Arnold (1991) . 3597:Selin, Helaine (2013). 3456:Arnold, Dieter (1991). 3245:Oxford University Press 3215:Encyclopedia Britannica 3024:Sustainable engineering 2945:Glossary of engineering 2778:business transformation 2619:artificial intelligence 2496:Navier–Stokes equations 2388:code of ethics states: 2191:product data management 2183:analytic element method 1761:groundwater remediation 1523:information engineering 1155:aircraft design process 1003:Isambard Kingdom Brunel 756:player invented by the 702:, described in 1551 by 670:The earliest practical 577:were employed to build 191:glossary of engineering 11951:State-owned enterprise 11931:Nonprofit organization 11842:Horizontal integration 9655:Scientific instruments 9618:Network infrastructure 8342:Structural engineering 8282:Mechanical engineering 8255:Western and South Asia 7924:Alfred North Whitehead 7914:Charles Sanders Peirce 7111:Structural engineering 7106:Mechanical engineering 6849:Engineering management 6279:Quotations related to 5770:and clinical practice. 5442:Journal of the A.I.E.E 4909:"What is engineering?" 4619:Encyclopedia Americana 4411:Jenkins, Rhys (1936). 4187:. Brill. p. 328. 3520:Wood, Michael (2000). 3145:"About ABET - History" 2974:Earthquake engineering 2859:Outline of engineering 2761:industrial engineering 2752:Engineering management 2691:landscape architecture 2682: 2661: 2649:biomedical engineering 2594: 2563: 2544: 2458: 2438: 2427: 2395: 2349:Engineering for Change 2322: 2283:and the extraction of 2281:sport utility vehicles 2250: 2158: 2132: 2025:appropriate experience 2004: 1956: 1727:Geological engineering 1721:Geological engineering 1707:electrical engineering 1695:electronic engineering 1638: 1495:acoustical engineering 1462:Biological engineering 1400:Mechanical engineering 1394:Mechanical engineering 1368:optoelectronic devices 1327: 1316:Electrical engineering 1310:Electrical engineering 1292:structural engineering 1270:biomolecule production 1230: 1218:Outline of engineering 1150: 1079:electrical engineering 1016: 991:James Beaumont Neilson 958: 914:Evangelista Torricelli 846: 800: 793:used for raising ore, 633:automotive engineering 349: 310: 261: 256:, designed in 1668 by 241:History of engineering 232: 205: 49: 12038:Philosophy of science 11294:Private investigation 8207:Environmental science 8092:Aerospace engineering 8023:Philosophy portal 7774:Hard and soft science 7769:Faith and rationality 7638:Scientific skepticism 7418:Scientific Revolution 7201:Philosophy of science 7091:Aerospace engineering 7004:Engineering education 5957:July 5, 2006, at the 5312:Engineering education 4888:on September 29, 2011 3968:Donald Routledge Hill 3949:June 6, 2009, at the 2989:Engineering education 2984:Engineering economics 2940:Glossary of chemistry 2827:financial engineering 2823:Marketing engineering 2807:political engineering 2774:management consulting 2712:'s aerospace design. 2669: 2584: 2558: 2519: 2500:finite element method 2452: 2432: 2413: 2390: 2378:engineering societies 2319:DARPA Urban Challenge 2304: 2242: 2214:printed circuit board 2167:computer-aided design 2165:in the profession is 2153: 2117:Space Shuttle orbiter 2114: 2054:are at the heart of " 1994: 1938: 1855:Incorporated Engineer 1847:Professional Engineer 1630: 1623:Aerospace engineering 1617:Aerospace engineering 1598:environmental science 1499:corrosion engineering 1440:, vacuum technology, 1332:broadcast engineering 1323: 1226: 1159:aerospace engineering 1136: 1057:interchangeable parts 1021:Industrial Revolution 1011: 954: 922:Magdeburg hemispheres 882:Newcomen steam engine 835: 788: 742:programmable machines 737:in the 18th century. 735:Industrial Revolution 607:, and the mechanical 601:Antikythera mechanism 510:Great Pyramid of Giza 390:Brihadeeswarar Temple 343: 248: 227: 179:fields of engineering 44:is on display in the 38:Industrial Revolution 31: 11862:Vertical integration 9868:Speciality chemicals 9708:Electrical equipment 9625:Consumer electronics 7749:Criticism of science 7624:Scientific formalism 7508:Constructive realism 7413:Scientific pluralism 7386:Problem of induction 7032:Graduate certificate 5500:. SPIE Press, 2003. 5448:(2): 107–108. 1927. 5398:Whitman-Peck Physics 4748:on February 16, 2007 4565:Cowan, Ruth Schwartz 4116:University of Aleppo 4096:University of Aleppo 3996:Lucas, Adam (2006). 3927:Antiquarian Horology 3029:Women in engineering 2744:Business engineering 2551:Medicine and biology 2437:(NIF) target chamber 2137:application software 2101:forensic engineering 2079:nondestructive tests 1901:improve this article 1803:improve this section 1715:software engineering 1697:required to develop 1689:Computer engineering 1683:Computer engineering 1304:military engineering 1244:Chemical engineering 1238:Chemical engineering 1183:Josiah Willard Gibbs 1127:Chemical engineering 886:Eddystone Lighthouse 774:. He described four 721:was invented in the 617:differential gearing 496:(1991–1802 BC). The 402:Pharos of Alexandria 330:military engineering 200:is derived from the 19:For other uses, see 12043:Main topic articles 11946:Sole proprietorship 11921:Joint-stock company 11195:Veterinary medicine 11020:Property management 10814:Passenger transport 9841:Commodity chemicals 9667:Optical instruments 9635:Video game consoles 9528:Musical instruments 9369:Media reproduction 7816:Rhetoric of science 7754:Descriptive science 7498:Confirmation holism 7391:Scientific evidence 7351:Inductive reasoning 7280:Demarcation problem 7017:Bachelor of Science 6859:Engineering physics 6843:Engineering drawing 6365:Interdisciplinarity 5744:10.1049/ir:20030503 5257:on November 4, 2011 5096:on October 6, 2006. 4799:"Civil Engineering" 4517:Hounshell, David A. 3626:G. Mokhtar (1981). 3358:Courier Corporation 3305:D.T. Potts (2012). 3243:(Online ed.). 3014:Reverse engineering 2950:Glossary of physics 2935:Glossary of biology 2559:A 3 tesla clinical 2485:engineering physics 2423:Theodore von Kármán 1753:building foundation 1594:engineering studies 1583:Engineering Council 1579:nuclear engineering 1442:vibration isolation 1360:electronic circuits 1336:electrical circuits 1254:specialty chemicals 1250:commodity chemicals 1206:theoretical physics 1143:Pyrénées-Orientales 1107:Maxwell's equations 1077:The foundations of 1041:screw cutting lathe 1012:Offshore platform, 874:mechanical engineer 851:classical mechanics 183:applied mathematics 11894:Putting-out system 11403:Information sector 11324:Personal services 10931:Financial services 10403:offshore platforms 10252:advanced materials 10233:Ready-mix concrete 9686:Laser construction 9646:Clocks and watches 9480:Injection moulding 9451:Other fabrication 9404:household hardware 8035:Science portal 7964:Carl Gustav Hempel 7919:Wilhelm Windelband 7806:Questionable cause 7629:Scientific realism 7450:Underdetermination 7285:Empirical evidence 7275:Creative synthesis 6619:Telecommunications 6524:Naval architecture 6003:on August 15, 2003 5290:on August 14, 2013 5178:on October 6, 2014 4797:Watson, J. Garth. 3899:The New York Times 3879:2008-04-28 at the 3360:. pp. 86–90. 3221:on April 25, 2024. 3019:Structural failure 2849:Engineering portal 2803:social engineering 2683: 2645:electrical signals 2595: 2564: 2509:As stated by Fung 2459: 2439: 2372:Engineering ethics 2323: 2315:obstacle avoidance 2251: 2216:(PCB) and circuit 2159: 2133: 2044:Genrich Altshuller 2033:mathematical model 2005: 1961:engineering design 1957: 1851:Chartered Engineer 1745:mining engineering 1663:Marine engineering 1657:Marine engineering 1639: 1602:engineering ethics 1487:mining engineering 1376:telecommunications 1356:electronic devices 1328: 1258:petroleum refining 1231: 1208:with experiments. 1151: 1095:electric telegraph 1017: 959: 847: 801: 750:musical instrument 688:Islamic Golden Age 415:were known in the 350: 262: 50: 12015: 12014: 11965: 11964: 11961: 11960: 11792:Natural resources 11637:Production-based 11607: 11606: 11603: 11602: 11545:Vocational school 11392: 11391: 11388: 11387: 10662: 10661: 10658: 10657: 10623:Electrical wiring 10609:Specialty trades 10563:Civil engineering 10418: 10417: 10092:Vulcanized rubber 9888:Cleaning products 9728:Electric lighting 9445:Surface finishing 9435:Powder metallurgy 9390:Metal fabrication 9136:Industrial sector 9125: 9124: 9121: 9120: 9024:Rare-earth metals 8932: 8931: 8355: 8354: 8337:Scientific naming 8327:Quantum computing 8157:Computer hardware 8152:Clinical research 8147:Civil engineering 8042: 8041: 7884: 7883: 7796:Normative science 7653:Uniformitarianism 7408:Scientific method 7302:Explanatory power 7167: 7166: 7096:Civil engineering 7042:Licensed engineer 7037:Engineer's degree 6989: 6988: 6821:Building services 6804:Health technology 6665:Chemical reaction 6614:Signal processing 6291:Works related to 6233:978-0-8018-4588-8 6212:978-1-56308-699-1 6189:978-0-679-73416-1 6154:978-0-471-14026-9 6135:978-0-8493-1586-2 6113:978-0-19-957869-6 5642:978-1-4438-0813-2 5575:978-1-136-38982-5 5537:978-84-614-7423-3 5506:978-0-8194-4872-9 5383:978-0-8018-3974-0 5107:Home page for EMI 5063:on August 6, 2010 5036:on August 6, 2010 4706:978-0-85229-761-2 4643:978-1-881987-11-6 4603:978-0-19-858159-8 4578:978-0-19-504605-2 4534:978-0-8018-2975-8 4447:978-0-901462-88-6 4422:978-0-8369-2167-0 4397:978-0-226-72634-2 4369:978-0-87332-101-3 4194:978-90-04-25179-3 4140:978-0-8018-7394-2 4063:978-981-4304-13-9 3814:978-0-203-48276-6 3775:978-0-521-86746-7 3707:978-0-313-32501-4 3639:978-0-435-94805-4 3612:978-94-017-1416-7 3571:978-1-134-56388-3 3467:978-0-19-511374-7 3442:978-1-57506-042-2 3398:978-1-4042-0560-4 3367:978-0-486-26485-1 3338:978-90-481-9091-1 3291:978-1-57506-042-2 3251:(Subscription or 3009:Green engineering 2896:List of engineers 2819:political science 2815:social structures 2795:political science 2748:change management 2729:Leonardo da Vinci 2701:of Engineering). 2695:industrial design 2671:Leonardo da Vinci 2504:empirical methods 2177:software such as 2145:numerical methods 2075:destructive tests 2050:, suggested that 1933: 1932: 1925: 1863:European Engineer 1839: 1838: 1831: 1737:civil engineering 1699:computer hardware 1483:naval engineering 1352:electromechanical 1282:Civil engineering 1276:Civil engineering 1167:Sir George Cayley 934:coffee percolator 918:Otto von Guericke 748:, a programmable 621:epicyclic gearing 529:Pyramid of Djoser 506:Egyptian pyramids 435:, along with the 417:ancient Near East 326:civil engineering 133: 132: 12050: 12002: 12001: 11990: 11989: 11978: 11977: 11874:Enforced breakup 11869:Decentralization 11797:Physical capital 11624: 11623: 11613: 11612: 11411: 11410: 11398: 11397: 11274:Customer service 11190:Residential care 11138:Public relations 10946:Financial advice 10923:Asset management 10718:Department store 10681: 10680: 10668: 10667: 10648:Site preparation 10496:Telecom networks 10464:Waste management 10440:Gas distribution 10124:Synthetic fibers 9851:Industrial gases 9590:Computer systems 9524:Medical supplies 9151: 9150: 9144: 9143: 9131: 9130: 8561:Animal husbandry 8532:Medicinal plants 8418: 8417: 8411: 8410: 8398: 8397: 8382: 8375: 8368: 8359: 8358: 8162:Computer science 8069: 8062: 8055: 8046: 8045: 8033: 8032: 8021: 8020: 8019: 7994:Bas van Fraassen 7949:Hans Reichenbach 7929:Bertrand Russell 7846: 7845: 7672:Philosophy of... 7455:Unity of science 7248:Commensurability 7194: 7187: 7180: 7171: 7170: 7157: 7147: 7146: 7137: 7136: 7127: 7126: 6997: 6584:Electromechanics 6370: 6369: 6323: 6316: 6309: 6300: 6299: 6290: 6278: 6266: 6252: 6237: 6216: 6204: 6193: 6181: 6167: 6158: 6139: 6117: 6088: 6076: 6070: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6019: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6008: 5999:. Archived from 5993: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5967: 5961: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5922: 5913: 5905: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5876: 5870: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5832: 5826: 5813: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5785: 5779: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5697: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5609: 5602: 5594: 5588: 5567: 5561: 5545: 5539: 5518: 5512: 5494: 5488: 5472: 5466: 5465: 5437: 5431: 5425: 5419: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5326: 5324: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5289: 5282: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5253:. Archived from 5246: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5198:"Code of Ethics" 5194: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5174:. Archived from 5170:George Edwards. 5167: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5151:on June 19, 2014 5147:. Archived from 5143:George Edwards. 5140: 5134: 5133: 5132:on May 30, 2014. 5128:. Archived from 5122: 5116: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5089:. Archived from 5088: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5014: 4995: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4887: 4881:. Archived from 4876: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4841: 4835: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4744:. Archived from 4732: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4718: 4690: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4636:. Ox Bow Press. 4629: 4623: 4622: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4461: 4452: 4451: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4383: 4374: 4373: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4336: 4326: 4313: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4277: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4208: 4206: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4124: 4118: 4105: 4099: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4018: 4012: 4011: 3993: 3987: 3961: 3955: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3890: 3884: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3742: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3671: 3665: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3424: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3320: 3311: 3310: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3273: 3267: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3248: 3236: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3217:. Archived from 3206: 3187: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3111: 3105: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3078: 3076: 3046: 2957:Related subjects 2851: 2846: 2845: 2731:is a well-known 2606:. The fields of 2425: 2277:Three Gorges Dam 2094:factor of safety 1997:steam locomotive 1995:A drawing for a 1949:rotor and stator 1928: 1921: 1917: 1914: 1908: 1885: 1877: 1834: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1814: 1783: 1775: 1765:natural resource 1438:kinematic chains 1262:microfabrication 1097:in 1816 and the 1083:Alessandro Volta 996:Bessemer process 979:puddling process 799: 796: 789:A water-powered 483: 480: 473: 470: 411:The six classic 320: 317: 313: 254:Citadel of Lille 208: 125: 118: 111: 52: 51: 12058: 12057: 12053: 12052: 12051: 12049: 12048: 12047: 12018: 12017: 12016: 12011: 12010: 11957: 11926:Nationalization 11813: 11783:Primary inputs 11704: 11696: 11629: 11628:Classification 11618: 11599: 11566: 11516: 11500:Social networks 11417: 11405: 11384: 11368:Business travel 11270:Administrative 11259: 11243:Amusement parks 11207: 11199: 11173:Dentist offices 11156: 11026: 10993:Pension funding 10966:Risk management 10951:Holding company 10917: 10857: 10769: 10761: 10733:Specialty store 10728:Online shopping 10675: 10654: 10527: 10414: 10324: 9981: 9939:Pharmaceuticals 9883:Aroma compounds 9819:Petroleum jelly 9749: 9738:Home appliances 9733:Electric motors 9681:spotting scopes 9642:Instrumentation 9555: 9549: 9531:Office supplies 9138: 9117: 9101:Dimension stone 9035:Other minerals 8980:Mining of ores 8928: 8753: 8639: 8586:Other livestock 8472:Permanent crops 8405: 8392: 8386: 8356: 8351: 8250:Hebrew toponyms 8245:Arabic toponyms 8083: 8073: 8043: 8038: 8027: 8017: 8015: 8003: 7984:Paul Feyerabend 7944:Michael Polanyi 7880: 7866:Galileo Galilei 7835: 7821:Science studies 7737: 7667: 7658:Verificationism 7563:Instrumentalism 7548:Foundationalism 7523:Conventionalism 7481: 7317:Feminist method 7203: 7198: 7168: 7163: 7115: 7062: 7046: 7022:Master's degree 6998: 6985: 6899:Instrumentation 6762: 6704: 6670:Electrochemical 6623: 6609:Radio frequency 6548: 6475: 6439:Municipal/Urban 6363: 6361: 6355: 6332: 6327: 6245: 6240: 6234: 6213: 6190: 6172:Petroski, Henry 6155: 6136: 6114: 6097: 6095:Further reading 6092: 6091: 6086:Wayback Machine 6077: 6073: 6068:Wayback Machine 6059: 6055: 6045: 6043: 6036: 6020: 6016: 6006: 6004: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5980: 5978: 5969: 5968: 5964: 5959:Wayback Machine 5949: 5945: 5935: 5933: 5924: 5923: 5916: 5906: 5899: 5889: 5887: 5878: 5877: 5873: 5868:Wayback Machine 5859: 5855: 5845: 5843: 5834: 5833: 5829: 5824:Wayback Machine 5814: 5807: 5797: 5795: 5787: 5786: 5782: 5777:Wayback Machine 5767: 5763: 5753: 5751: 5724: 5720: 5710: 5708: 5699: 5698: 5694: 5684: 5682: 5669: 5668: 5664: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5643: 5627: 5623: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5600: 5596: 5595: 5591: 5586:Wayback Machine 5568: 5564: 5558:Wayback Machine 5546: 5542: 5529:Wayback Machine 5519: 5515: 5495: 5491: 5485:Wayback Machine 5474:Puttaswamaiah. 5473: 5469: 5439: 5438: 5434: 5426: 5422: 5409:Wayback Machine 5395: 5391: 5384: 5370: 5366: 5356: 5354: 5341: 5340: 5336: 5322: 5320: 5307: 5303: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5280: 5274: 5270: 5260: 5258: 5249:Rosakis, Ares. 5247: 5243: 5233: 5231: 5222: 5221: 5217: 5207: 5205: 5196: 5195: 5191: 5181: 5179: 5168: 5164: 5154: 5152: 5141: 5137: 5124: 5123: 5119: 5114:Wayback Machine 5105: 5101: 5093: 5086: 5080: 5076: 5066: 5064: 5053: 5049: 5039: 5037: 5026: 5022: 5012: 5010: 4997: 4996: 4992: 4982: 4980: 4973:Science Buddies 4967: 4966: 4962: 4952: 4950: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4922: 4920: 4905: 4901: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4874: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4842: 4838: 4826: 4822: 4812: 4810: 4795: 4791: 4781: 4779: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4751: 4749: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4716: 4714: 4707: 4691: 4687: 4679: 4675: 4664:Wayback Machine 4655: 4651: 4644: 4630: 4626: 4615: 4611: 4604: 4590: 4586: 4579: 4562: 4558: 4535: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4498: 4477: 4473: 4462: 4455: 4448: 4434: 4430: 4423: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4384: 4377: 4370: 4362:. M.E. Sharpe. 4356: 4352: 4345: 4327: 4316: 4303: 4299: 4257:Organised Sound 4248: 4244: 4221: 4217: 4204: 4202: 4195: 4179: 4175: 4164: 4160: 4150: 4148: 4141: 4125: 4121: 4108:Ahmad Y. Hassan 4106: 4102: 4084:Wayback Machine 4075: 4071: 4064: 4050: 4046: 4039: 4019: 4015: 4008: 3994: 3990: 3962: 3958: 3951:Wayback Machine 3942: 3938: 3923: 3919: 3909: 3907: 3891: 3887: 3881:Wayback Machine 3871: 3867: 3838: 3834: 3824: 3822: 3815: 3799: 3795: 3785: 3783: 3776: 3760: 3756: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3694: 3690: 3680: 3678: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3649: 3647: 3640: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3605:. p. 282. 3595: 3591: 3581: 3579: 3572: 3564:. p. 159. 3549: 3545: 3538: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3495: 3479: 3475: 3468: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3425: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3399: 3379: 3375: 3368: 3350: 3346: 3339: 3331:. p. 416. 3321: 3314: 3303: 3299: 3292: 3274: 3270: 3264: 3260: 3250: 3230: 3226: 3207: 3190: 3180: 3178: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3154: 3152: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3102:Wayback Machine 3092: 3088: 3074: 3072: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3033: 2954: 2920: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2847: 2840: 2835: 2791: 2741: 2714:Robert Maillart 2664: 2656:systems biology 2623:neural networks 2553: 2489:applied physics 2469:Walter Vincenti 2426: 2421: 2412: 2407: 2382:codes of ethics 2374: 2368: 2273:nuclear weapons 2237: 2109: 2029:tacit knowledge 1989: 1987:Problem solving 1951:as well as the 1929: 1918: 1912: 1909: 1898: 1886: 1875: 1835: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1800: 1784: 1773: 1729: 1723: 1711:software design 1691: 1685: 1665: 1659: 1625: 1619: 1614: 1479: 1473: 1464: 1458: 1402: 1396: 1384:control systems 1380:instrumentation 1348:electromagnetic 1318: 1312: 1284: 1278: 1246: 1240: 1221: 1214: 1198:Wright brothers 1187:Yale University 1087:Michael Faraday 1045:milling machine 946:Thomas Newcomen 903:Portland cement 876:and an eminent 849:The science of 830: 822:De re metallica 817:De re metallica 797: 746:music sequencer 727:cotton industry 668: 662:was developed. 605:analog computer 494:Twelfth Dynasty 481: 471: 413:simple machines 384:and Colosseum, 378:Roman aqueducts 376:in Greece, the 338: 318: 243: 237: 215: 187:applied science 140:natural science 129: 100: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12056: 12046: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12030: 12013: 12012: 12009: 12008: 11996: 11984: 11971: 11970: 11967: 11966: 11963: 11962: 11959: 11958: 11956: 11955: 11954: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11908: 11907: 11906: 11904:Temporary work 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11866: 11865: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11834: 11827:Centralization 11823: 11821: 11815: 11814: 11812: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11800: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11781: 11776: 11775: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11749: 11744: 11743: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11711: 11709: 11698: 11697: 11695: 11694: 11693: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11674: 11673: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11643: 11634: 11632: 11620: 11619: 11609: 11608: 11605: 11604: 11601: 11600: 11598: 11597: 11596: 11595: 11593:Basic research 11585: 11580: 11574: 11572: 11568: 11567: 11565: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11553: 11552: 11547: 11537: 11532: 11526: 11524: 11518: 11517: 11515: 11514: 11513: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11487: 11486: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11465: 11464: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11445: 11444: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11424: 11422: 11407: 11406: 11394: 11393: 11390: 11389: 11386: 11385: 11383: 11382: 11381: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11362: 11357: 11356: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11322: 11317: 11316: 11315: 11310: 11302: 11301: 11300: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11267: 11265: 11261: 11260: 11258: 11257: 11256: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11232: 11227: 11226: 11225: 11214: 11212: 11201: 11200: 11198: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11186: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11166: 11164: 11158: 11157: 11155: 11154: 11153: 11152: 11142: 11141: 11140: 11135: 11125: 11123:Legal services 11120: 11119: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11098: 11097: 11096: 11094:system testing 11083: 11078: 11064: 11063: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11036: 11034: 11028: 11027: 11025: 11024: 11023: 11022: 11017: 11007: 11006: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10975: 10974: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10956:Money transfer 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10927: 10925: 10919: 10918: 10916: 10915: 10910: 10909: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10867: 10865: 10859: 10858: 10856: 10855: 10854: 10853: 10843: 10842: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10829:Passenger rail 10826: 10821: 10811: 10810: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10797:Moving company 10794: 10789: 10784: 10773: 10771: 10763: 10762: 10760: 10759: 10758: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10737: 10736: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10703:Consumer goods 10700: 10698:Car dealership 10689: 10687: 10677: 10676: 10673:Service sector 10664: 10663: 10660: 10659: 10656: 10655: 10653: 10652: 10651: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10607: 10606: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10560: 10559: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10537: 10535: 10529: 10528: 10526: 10525: 10524: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10493: 10488: 10487: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10461: 10460: 10459: 10449: 10448: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10428: 10426: 10420: 10419: 10416: 10415: 10413: 10412: 10407: 10406: 10405: 10396: 10391: 10376: 10371: 10370: 10369: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10334: 10332: 10330:Heavy industry 10326: 10325: 10323: 10322: 10317: 10316: 10315: 10310: 10300: 10299: 10298: 10288: 10287: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10269:Metal refining 10266: 10265: 10264: 10262:Synthetic gems 10259: 10254: 10245: 10239:Other mineral 10237: 10236: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10215: 10214: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10183: 10182: 10181: 10176: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10137: 10136: 10135: 10129:Thermoplastics 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10096: 10095: 10094: 10089: 10079: 10078: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10052: 10051: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10020: 10019: 10018: 10009: 10004: 9989: 9987: 9983: 9982: 9980: 9979: 9978: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9955:contraceptives 9951: 9949:Blood products 9946: 9936: 9934:Fine chemicals 9931: 9930: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9865: 9864: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9838: 9837: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9814:Petrochemicals 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9759: 9757: 9751: 9750: 9748: 9747: 9746: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9715: 9705: 9704: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9674: 9664: 9659: 9658: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9639: 9638: 9637: 9632: 9622: 9621: 9620: 9615: 9605: 9604: 9603: 9597: 9592: 9582: 9581: 9580: 9578:Semiconductors 9575: 9573:Circuit boards 9570: 9559: 9557: 9551: 9550: 9548: 9547: 9546: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9532: 9529: 9526: 9521: 9518: 9513: 9507: 9504: 9503: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9449: 9448: 9447: 9442: 9440:Prefabrication 9437: 9432: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9397: 9387: 9386: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9373:Cassette tapes 9367: 9366: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9335: 9334: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9293: 9292: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9241: 9240: 9239: 9234: 9231: 9228: 9223: 9213: 9212: 9211: 9209:Vegetable oils 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9183: 9182:Dairy products 9180: 9175: 9170: 9159: 9157: 9155:Light industry 9148: 9140: 9139: 9127: 9126: 9123: 9122: 9119: 9118: 9116: 9115: 9114: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9063: 9062: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9033: 9032: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8978: 8977: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8940: 8938: 8934: 8933: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8926: 8925: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8896: 8895: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8844: 8843: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8761: 8759: 8755: 8754: 8752: 8751: 8750: 8749: 8744: 8737:Wild mushrooms 8734: 8733: 8732: 8727: 8714: 8712:Natural rubber 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8679: 8674: 8673: 8672: 8662: 8661: 8660: 8649: 8647: 8641: 8640: 8638: 8637: 8636: 8635: 8625: 8624: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8558: 8557: 8556: 8551: 8541: 8540: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8497:Tropical fruit 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8469: 8468: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8430:Arable farming 8426: 8424: 8415: 8407: 8406: 8403:Natural sector 8394: 8393: 8385: 8384: 8377: 8370: 8362: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8302:Nanotechnology 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8272:Machine vision 8269: 8264: 8259: 8258: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8229: 8228: 8227: 8222: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8198: 8197: 8192: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8088: 8085: 8084: 8075:Glossaries of 8072: 8071: 8064: 8057: 8049: 8040: 8039: 8037: 8025: 8013: 8008: 8005: 8004: 8002: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7969:W. V. O. Quine 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7904:Rudolf Steiner 7901: 7896: 7894:Henri Poincaré 7891: 7885: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7852: 7850: 7843: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7792: 7791: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7764:Exact sciences 7761: 7756: 7751: 7745: 7743: 7742:Related topics 7739: 7738: 7736: 7735: 7734: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7701:Social science 7698: 7697: 7696: 7694:Space and time 7686: 7681: 7675: 7673: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7607: 7598: 7593: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7489: 7487: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7479: 7474: 7473: 7472: 7467: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7446: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7403:Scientific law 7400: 7399: 7398: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7341: 7340: 7339: 7334: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7312:Falsifiability 7309: 7304: 7299: 7298: 7297: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7271: 7270: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7244: 7243: 7241:Mill's Methods 7233: 7222: 7217: 7211: 7209: 7205: 7204: 7197: 7196: 7189: 7182: 7174: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7161: 7151: 7141: 7131: 7120: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7087: 7086: 7081: 7072: 7070: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7060: 7054: 7052: 7051:Related topics 7048: 7047: 7045: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7008: 7006: 7000: 6999: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6971:Sustainability 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6907: 6906: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6840: 6835: 6833:Geoengineering 6830: 6829: 6828: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6814:Rehabilitation 6811: 6809:Pharmaceutical 6806: 6801: 6796: 6794:Bioinformatics 6786: 6781: 6776: 6770: 6768: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6760: 6755: 6753:Semiconductors 6750: 6745: 6743:Nanotechnology 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6714: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6661: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6640: 6633: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6575: 6574: 6564: 6558: 6556: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6485: 6483: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6473: 6472: 6471: 6466: 6459:Transportation 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6378: 6376: 6367: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6326: 6325: 6318: 6311: 6303: 6297: 6296: 6284: 6272: 6271:at Wikiversity 6260: 6244: 6243:External links 6241: 6239: 6238: 6232: 6217: 6211: 6194: 6188: 6168: 6166:. W.W. Norton. 6159: 6153: 6140: 6134: 6124:, ed. (2005). 6118: 6112: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6071: 6053: 6035:978-0691024219 6034: 6014: 5988: 5962: 5943: 5914: 5897: 5871: 5853: 5827: 5805: 5780: 5761: 5718: 5692: 5662: 5648: 5641: 5621: 5589: 5562: 5540: 5513: 5489: 5467: 5432: 5420: 5389: 5382: 5364: 5334: 5301: 5268: 5241: 5215: 5189: 5162: 5135: 5117: 5099: 5074: 5047: 5020: 4990: 4960: 4930: 4899: 4863: 4836: 4820: 4789: 4759: 4727: 4705: 4685: 4673: 4649: 4642: 4624: 4609: 4602: 4584: 4577: 4556: 4533: 4508: 4471: 4453: 4446: 4428: 4421: 4403: 4396: 4375: 4368: 4350: 4344:978-0802016379 4343: 4314: 4297: 4242: 4215: 4193: 4173: 4158: 4139: 4119: 4100: 4088:Ahmad Y Hassan 4069: 4062: 4044: 4037: 4013: 4006: 3988: 3964:Ahmad Y Hassan 3956: 3936: 3917: 3885: 3865: 3852:(5): 399–416. 3832: 3813: 3793: 3774: 3754: 3713: 3706: 3688: 3666: 3657: 3638: 3618: 3611: 3589: 3570: 3552:Kemp, Barry J. 3543: 3536: 3512: 3493: 3473: 3466: 3448: 3441: 3416: 3397: 3391:. p. 27. 3373: 3366: 3344: 3337: 3312: 3309:. p. 285. 3297: 3290: 3268: 3258: 3224: 3188: 3162: 3136: 3106: 3086: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2958: 2953: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2924: 2919: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2865: 2857:Main article: 2853: 2852: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2790: 2787: 2740: 2737: 2663: 2660: 2600:brain implants 2552: 2549: 2419: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2370:Main article: 2367: 2366:Code of ethics 2364: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2338: 2333: 2236: 2235:Social context 2233: 2171:digital mockup 2129:heat equations 2108: 2105: 2040:design choices 1988: 1985: 1981:specifications 1977:serviceability 1931: 1930: 1889: 1887: 1880: 1874: 1871: 1837: 1836: 1787: 1785: 1778: 1772: 1769: 1725:Main article: 1722: 1719: 1687:Main article: 1684: 1681: 1661:Main article: 1658: 1655: 1621:Main article: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1475:Main article: 1472: 1469: 1460:Main article: 1457: 1456:Bioengineering 1454: 1422:transportation 1418:weapon systems 1398:Main article: 1395: 1392: 1364:optical fibers 1325:Electric motor 1314:Main article: 1311: 1308: 1288:infrastructure 1280:Main article: 1277: 1274: 1242:Main article: 1239: 1236: 1213: 1210: 1111:Heinrich Hertz 1099:electric motor 1033:boring machine 1029:John Wilkinson 1014:Gulf of Mexico 989:, patented by 981:, patented by 975:horse railways 967:blast furnaces 963:blast furnaces 938:Samuel Morland 890:hydraulic lime 829: 826: 731:spinning jenny 719:spinning wheel 694:machine was a 674:machines, the 667: 664: 597:Ancient Greece 591:blast furnaces 561:developed the 553:Persian Empire 543:machines, the 482: 2000 BC 474:, and then in 472: 3000 BC 437:wheel and axle 425:inclined plane 337: 334: 239:Main article: 236: 233: 214: 211: 152:infrastructure 131: 130: 128: 127: 120: 113: 105: 102: 101: 99: 98: 93: 88: 87: 86: 81: 73: 68: 62: 59: 58: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12055: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12025: 12023: 12007: 12006: 11997: 11995: 11994: 11985: 11983: 11982: 11973: 11972: 11968: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11941:Privatization 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11913: 11912: 11909: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11871: 11870: 11867: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11829: 11828: 11825: 11824: 11822: 11820: 11816: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11784: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11754: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11717: 11716: 11715:Externalities 11713: 11712: 11710: 11708: 11703: 11699: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11677: 11676:Market-based 11675: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11650: 11649: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11638: 11636: 11635: 11633: 11631: 11625: 11621: 11614: 11610: 11594: 11591: 11590: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11575: 11573: 11569: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11542: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11527: 11525: 11523: 11519: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11492: 11491: 11488: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11470: 11469: 11466: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11448: 11447:Audio-visual 11446: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11428: 11426: 11425: 11423: 11421: 11416: 11412: 11408: 11404: 11399: 11395: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11365: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11325: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11305: 11303: 11299: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11271: 11269: 11268: 11266: 11262: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11235: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11224: 11221: 11220: 11219: 11216: 11215: 11213: 11211: 11206: 11205:Entertainment 11202: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11170: 11168: 11167: 11165: 11163: 11159: 11151: 11148: 11147: 11146: 11143: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11130: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11103: 11102: 11099: 11095: 11091: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11073: 11072: 11068: 11065: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11042: 11041: 11038: 11037: 11035: 11033: 11029: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11012: 11011: 11008: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10980: 10979: 10976: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10961:Payment cards 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10933: 10932: 10929: 10928: 10926: 10924: 10920: 10914: 10911: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10896:Food delivery 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10876:Drink service 10874: 10873: 10872: 10869: 10868: 10866: 10864: 10860: 10852: 10849: 10848: 10847: 10844: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10816: 10815: 10812: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10779: 10778: 10775: 10774: 10772: 10770:& Storage 10768: 10764: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10742: 10741: 10738: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10713:Grocery store 10711: 10709: 10708:General store 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10695: 10694: 10691: 10690: 10688: 10686: 10682: 10678: 10674: 10669: 10665: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10610: 10608: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10565: 10564: 10561: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10543: 10542: 10539: 10538: 10536: 10534: 10530: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10498: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10466: 10465: 10462: 10458: 10455: 10454: 10453: 10450: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10432: 10430: 10429: 10427: 10425: 10421: 10411: 10408: 10404: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10394:Rail vehicles 10392: 10390: 10386: 10383: 10382: 10381: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10368: 10367:wind turbines 10364: 10361: 10359: 10358:Machine tools 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10340: 10339: 10336: 10335: 10333: 10331: 10327: 10321: 10318: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10305: 10304: 10301: 10297: 10294: 10293: 10292: 10289: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10271: 10270: 10267: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10249: 10248:Carbon fibers 10246: 10244: 10241: 10240: 10238: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10220: 10219: 10216: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10188: 10187: 10184: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10142: 10141: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10101: 10100: 10097: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10084: 10083: 10080: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10057: 10056: 10053: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10025: 10024: 10021: 10017: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 9999: 9996: 9995: 9994: 9991: 9990: 9988: 9984: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9965:Illegal drugs 9963: 9961: 9960:Generic drugs 9958: 9956: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9941: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9878:Agrochemicals 9876: 9874: 9871: 9870: 9869: 9866: 9862: 9861:Pure elements 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9843: 9842: 9839: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9829:Synthetic oil 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9766: 9765: 9761: 9760: 9758: 9756: 9752: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9723: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9710: 9709: 9706: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9691:Lens grinding 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9669: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9645: 9644: 9643: 9640: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9627: 9626: 9623: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9613:Mobile phones 9611: 9610: 9609: 9606: 9602: 9601:storage media 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9587: 9586: 9583: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9565: 9564: 9561: 9560: 9558: 9556:& optical 9552: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9533: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9511: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9452: 9450: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9392: 9391: 9388: 9384: 9383:Optical discs 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9370: 9368: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9340: 9339: 9336: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9298: 9297: 9294: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9246: 9245: 9242: 9238: 9235: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9226:Bottled water 9224: 9222: 9219: 9218: 9217: 9214: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9165: 9164: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9156: 9152: 9149: 9147:Manufacturing 9145: 9141: 9137: 9132: 9128: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9068: 9067: 9064: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9036: 9034: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8946: 8945: 8942: 8941: 8939: 8935: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8907:Sea cucumbers 8905: 8903: 8900: 8899: 8897: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8849: 8848: 8845: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8767: 8766: 8763: 8762: 8760: 8756: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8739: 8738: 8735: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8684: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8671: 8668: 8667: 8666: 8663: 8659: 8656: 8655: 8654: 8651: 8650: 8648: 8646: 8642: 8634: 8631: 8630: 8629: 8626: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8571:Dairy farming 8569: 8567: 8564: 8563: 8562: 8559: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8546: 8545: 8542: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8477:Apples et al. 8475: 8474: 8473: 8470: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8432: 8431: 8428: 8427: 8425: 8423: 8419: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8383: 8378: 8376: 8371: 8369: 8364: 8363: 8360: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8232: 8230: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8217: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8089: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8070: 8065: 8063: 8058: 8056: 8051: 8050: 8047: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8024: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8006: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7954:Rudolf Carnap 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7889:Auguste Comte 7887: 7886: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7861:Francis Bacon 7859: 7857: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7838: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7790: 7789:Pseudoscience 7787: 7786: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7746: 7744: 7740: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7703: 7702: 7699: 7695: 7692: 7691: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7670: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7648:Structuralism 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7611: 7610:Received view 7608: 7606: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7518:Contextualism 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7490: 7488: 7484: 7478: 7475: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7462: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7430: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7397: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7195: 7190: 7188: 7183: 7181: 7176: 7175: 7172: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7150: 7142: 7140: 7132: 7130: 7122: 7121: 7118: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7065: 7059: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7049: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7005: 7001: 6996: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6822: 6819: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6791: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6765: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6707: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6551: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6514:Manufacturing 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6504:Biomechanical 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6478: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6403: 6402:Environmental 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6382:Architectural 6380: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6358: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6335: 6331: 6324: 6319: 6317: 6312: 6310: 6305: 6304: 6301: 6295:at Wikisource 6294: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6277: 6273: 6270: 6265: 6261: 6259:at Wiktionary 6258: 6257: 6251: 6247: 6246: 6235: 6229: 6225: 6224: 6218: 6214: 6208: 6203: 6202: 6195: 6191: 6185: 6180: 6179: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6160: 6156: 6150: 6146: 6141: 6137: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6122:Dorf, Richard 6119: 6115: 6109: 6105: 6100: 6099: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6075: 6069: 6065: 6062: 6057: 6041: 6037: 6031: 6027: 6026: 6018: 6002: 5998: 5992: 5976: 5972: 5966: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5947: 5931: 5927: 5921: 5919: 5910: 5904: 5902: 5885: 5881: 5875: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5857: 5846:September 27, 5841: 5837: 5831: 5825: 5821: 5818: 5812: 5810: 5793: 5790: 5784: 5778: 5774: 5771: 5765: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5722: 5706: 5702: 5696: 5685:September 10, 5680: 5676: 5672: 5666: 5658: 5652: 5644: 5638: 5634: 5633: 5625: 5606: 5599: 5593: 5587: 5583: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5559: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5544: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5523: 5517: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5493: 5486: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5471: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5436: 5430: 5424: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5385: 5379: 5375: 5368: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5331: 5330:been ... 5318: 5314: 5313: 5305: 5286: 5279: 5272: 5256: 5252: 5245: 5229: 5225: 5219: 5203: 5199: 5193: 5177: 5173: 5166: 5150: 5146: 5139: 5131: 5127: 5121: 5115: 5111: 5108: 5103: 5092: 5085: 5078: 5062: 5058: 5051: 5035: 5031: 5024: 5013:September 15, 5008: 5004: 5000: 4994: 4983:September 15, 4978: 4974: 4970: 4964: 4953:September 15, 4948: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4923:September 15, 4918: 4914: 4910: 4903: 4884: 4880: 4873: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4852:(2): 223–48. 4851: 4847: 4840: 4834: 4833:0-8493-2121-2 4830: 4824: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4793: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4747: 4743: 4742: 4737: 4731: 4724: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4698: 4697: 4689: 4682: 4677: 4670: 4669:nuclear power 4665: 4661: 4658: 4653: 4645: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4620: 4613: 4605: 4599: 4595: 4588: 4580: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4560: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4512: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4483: 4475: 4467: 4460: 4458: 4449: 4443: 4439: 4432: 4424: 4418: 4414: 4407: 4399: 4393: 4389: 4382: 4380: 4371: 4365: 4361: 4354: 4346: 4340: 4335: 4334: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4258: 4253: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4212: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4186: 4185: 4177: 4169: 4162: 4146: 4142: 4136: 4132: 4131: 4123: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4078: 4073: 4065: 4059: 4055: 4048: 4040: 4038:0-442-26134-9 4034: 4030: 4026: 4025: 4024:Wind Machines 4017: 4009: 4007:90-04-14649-0 4003: 3999: 3992: 3985: 3984:0-521-42239-6 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3952: 3948: 3945: 3940: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3905: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3882: 3878: 3875: 3869: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3836: 3825:September 23, 3820: 3816: 3810: 3806: 3805: 3797: 3786:September 23, 3781: 3777: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3709: 3703: 3699: 3692: 3676: 3670: 3661: 3645: 3641: 3635: 3631: 3630: 3622: 3614: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3593: 3577: 3573: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3558: 3553: 3547: 3539: 3537:0-8225-2996-3 3533: 3529: 3525: 3524: 3516: 3500: 3496: 3494:0-8225-2994-7 3490: 3486: 3485: 3477: 3469: 3463: 3459: 3452: 3444: 3438: 3435:. p. 4. 3434: 3430: 3423: 3421: 3404: 3400: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3377: 3369: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3340: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3319: 3317: 3308: 3301: 3293: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3262: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3241: 3235: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3211:"engineering" 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3176: 3172: 3166: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3115:"About IAENG" 3110: 3103: 3099: 3096: 3090: 3083: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3057: 3052: 3045: 3041: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2921: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2850: 2844: 2839: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2786: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2675:human anatomy 2672: 2668: 2659: 2657: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2638: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2562: 2557: 2548: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2465: 2456: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2436: 2431: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2402: 2400: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2373: 2363: 2361: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2299: 2297: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2264:engineering. 2263: 2259: 2258: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2232: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2104: 2102: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2090:arms industry 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1927: 1924: 1916: 1906: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1890:This section 1888: 1884: 1879: 1878: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1833: 1830: 1822: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1793: 1788:This section 1786: 1782: 1777: 1776: 1768: 1767:exploration. 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1728: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1690: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1673:oil platforms 1670: 1664: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1636: 1635: 1629: 1624: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1547:architectural 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1531:environmental 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1478: 1468: 1463: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1446:manufacturing 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1401: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1283: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1245: 1235: 1229: 1225: 1219: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1157:design while 1156: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1103:James Maxwell 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1031:invented his 1030: 1026: 1025:machine tools 1022: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1004: 999: 997: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 957: 953: 949: 947: 943: 942:Thomas Savery 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 906: 904: 900: 895: 892:' (a form of 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 870: 866: 863: 861: 860:mechanic arts 856: 852: 844: 840: 834: 825: 823: 819: 818: 812: 810: 806: 792: 787: 783: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 764: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 740:The earliest 738: 736: 732: 728: 724: 723:Islamic world 720: 716: 711: 709: 708:Ottoman Egypt 705: 701: 700:steam turbine 697: 693: 692:steam-powered 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 663: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 636: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 554: 550: 546: 542: 541:water-powered 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 513: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 490:ancient Egypt 487: 477: 466: 462: 458: 454: 453:balance scale 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 409: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 358:ancient Egypt 355: 347: 342: 333: 331: 327: 322: 312: 306: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 287: 282: 278: 274: 269: 267: 259: 255: 251: 247: 242: 231: 226: 224: 220: 210: 207: 203: 199: 194: 192: 188: 184: 180: 175: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 126: 121: 119: 114: 112: 107: 106: 104: 103: 97: 94: 92: 89: 85: 82: 80: 77: 76: 74: 72: 69: 67: 64: 63: 61: 60: 57: 54: 53: 47: 43: 39: 35: 30: 26: 22: 12004: 11992: 11980: 11899:Spinning-off 11884:Homesteading 11837:Conglomerate 11819:Organization 11772:Raw material 11767:Intermediate 11646: 11645: 11468:Broadcasting 11373:Cruise lines 11343:Maid service 11333:Dry cleaning 11304:Maintenance 11070: 11067:Architecture 11032:Professional 10851:Self storage 10755:Distribution 10533:Construction 10378:Other heavy 10303:Formed metal 10257:Mineral wool 10179:Safety glass 10150:Fused quartz 10145:Borosilicate 9809:Paraffin wax 9764:oil refining 9743:Transformers 9509:Other goods 9495:Stonemasonry 9475:Glassblowing 9460:Blow molding 9419:Locksmithing 9395:Boilermaking 8944:Fossil fuels 8742:Fungiculture 8697:Gutta-percha 8687:Frankincense 8682:Tree tapping 8653:Silviculture 8633:Fur trapping 8544:Horticulture 8492:Stone fruits 8186:Engineering 8137:Cell biology 8107:Architecture 8080: 7999:Larry Laudan 7979:Imre Lakatos 7934:Otto Neurath 7909:Karl Pearson 7899:Pierre Duhem 7871:Isaac Newton 7801:Protoscience 7759:Epistemology 7633:Anti-realism 7631: / 7612: / 7603: / 7589: / 7587:Reductionism 7585: / 7558:Inductionism 7538:Evolutionism 7343: 7230:a posteriori 7229: 7225: 7075:Engineering 6921:Mechatronics 6774:Agricultural 6424:Geotechnical 6392:Construction 6329: 6283:at Wikiquote 6255: 6222: 6200: 6177: 6163: 6144: 6125: 6103: 6074: 6056: 6044:. Retrieved 6024: 6017: 6005:. Retrieved 6001:the original 5991: 5979:. Retrieved 5965: 5946: 5934:. Retrieved 5908: 5888:. Retrieved 5874: 5856: 5844:. Retrieved 5830: 5796:. Retrieved 5783: 5764: 5752:. Retrieved 5738:(5): 30–33. 5735: 5731: 5721: 5709:. Retrieved 5695: 5683:. Retrieved 5675:www.nspe.org 5674: 5665: 5656: 5651: 5631: 5624: 5614:December 23, 5612:. Retrieved 5592: 5565: 5549: 5543: 5516: 5497: 5492: 5476: 5470: 5445: 5441: 5435: 5423: 5397: 5392: 5373: 5367: 5357:September 7, 5355:. Retrieved 5346: 5337: 5328: 5321:. Retrieved 5311: 5304: 5292:. Retrieved 5285:the original 5271: 5259:. Retrieved 5255:the original 5244: 5232:. Retrieved 5218: 5206:. Retrieved 5192: 5180:. Retrieved 5176:the original 5165: 5153:. Retrieved 5149:the original 5138: 5130:the original 5120: 5102: 5091:the original 5077: 5067:December 30, 5065:. Retrieved 5061:the original 5050: 5040:December 30, 5038:. Retrieved 5034:the original 5023: 5011:. Retrieved 5003:www.asce.org 5002: 4993: 4981:. 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