Energy - Knowledge

6251: 3356: 49: 2536: 3573:(1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants of motion in Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics (1788 and 1833, respectively), it does not apply to systems that cannot be modeled with a Lagrangian; for example, dissipative systems with continuous symmetries need not have a corresponding conservation law. 2008: 5397:. It states that there is a certain quantity, which we call energy, that does not change in manifold changes which nature undergoes. That is a most abstract idea, because it is a mathematical principle; it says that there is a numerical quantity which does not change when something happens. It is not a description of a mechanism, or anything concrete; it is just a strange fact that we can calculate some number and when we finish watching nature go through her tricks and calculate the number again, it is the same. 2334: 210: 5304:. An irreversible process is one in which energy is dissipated (spread) into empty energy states available in a volume, from which it cannot be recovered into more concentrated forms (fewer quantum states), without degradation of even more energy. A reversible process is one in which this sort of dissipation does not happen. For example, conversion of energy from one type of potential field to another is reversible, as in the pendulum system described above. 9835: 8736: 8273: 3369: 1780: 6265: 8297: 4253:. At that time, according to theory, space expanded and the universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements. This meant that hydrogen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by fusion. Such a fusion process is triggered by heat and pressure generated from gravitational collapse of hydrogen clouds when they produce stars, and some of the fusion energy is then transformed into sunlight. 6237: 3655: 4669: 3713:

horsepower. For tasks lasting a few minutes, a fit human can generate perhaps 1,000 watts. For an activity that must be sustained for an hour, output drops to around 300; for an activity kept up all day, 150 watts is about the maximum. The human equivalent assists understanding of energy flows in physical and biological systems by expressing energy units in human terms: it provides a "feel" for the use of a given amount of energy.

8309: 2040: 8285: 5354:, and that no energy is lost in transfer. The total inflow of energy into a system must equal the total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system. Whenever one measures (or calculates) the total energy of a system of particles whose interactions do not depend explicitly on time, it is found that the total energy of the system always remains constant. 4185:

drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives most weather phenomena, save a few exceptions, like those generated by volcanic events for example. An example of a solar-mediated weather event is a hurricane, which occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, suddenly give up some of their thermal energy to power a few days of violent air movement.

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understanding, familiar events such as landslides and earthquakes release energy that has been stored as potential energy in the Earth's gravitational field or elastic strain (mechanical potential energy) in rocks. Prior to this, they represent release of energy that has been stored in heavy atoms since the collapse of long-destroyed supernova stars (which created these atoms).

4539:(electrons and positrons) are destroyed and changed to non-matter (the photons). However, the total mass and total energy do not change during this interaction. The photons each have no rest mass but nonetheless have radiant energy which exhibits the same inertia as did the two original particles. This is a reversible process – the inverse process is called 3724:, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and oxygen. Release of the energy stored during photosynthesis as heat or light may be triggered suddenly by a spark in a forest fire, or it may be made available more slowly for animal or human metabolism when organic molecules are ingested and 4204:

of the thermal energy, which may later be transformed into active kinetic energy during landslides, after a triggering event. Earthquakes also release stored elastic potential energy in rocks, a store that has been produced ultimately from the same radioactive heat sources. Thus, according to present

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is the sum of all microscopic forms of energy of a system. It is the energy needed to create the system. It is related to the potential energy, e.g., molecular structure, crystal structure, and other geometric aspects, as well as the motion of the particles, in form of kinetic energy. Thermodynamics

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to time. This mathematical entanglement of energy and time also results in the uncertainty principle – it is impossible to define the exact amount of energy during any definite time interval (though this is practically significant only for very short time intervals). The uncertainty principle should

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from heat energy via a steam turbine, or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor. Lifting against gravity performs mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational potential energy in the object. If the object falls to the ground, gravity does mechanical

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Most kinds of energy (with gravitational energy being a notable exception) are subject to strict local conservation laws as well. In this case, energy can only be exchanged between adjacent regions of space, and all observers agree as to the volumetric density of energy in any given space. There is

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phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations is either from gravitational collapse of matter (usually molecular hydrogen) into various classes of astronomical objects (stars, black holes, etc.), or from nuclear fusion (of

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Energy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in

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Energy and mass are manifestations of one and the same underlying physical property of a system. This property is responsible for the inertia and strength of gravitational interaction of the system ("mass manifestations"), and is also responsible for the potential ability of the system to perform

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In processes where heat is generated, quantum states of lower energy, present as possible excitations in fields between atoms, act as a reservoir for part of the energy, from which it cannot be recovered, in order to be converted with 100% efficiency into other forms of energy. In this case, the

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Conversely, the mass equivalent of an everyday amount energy is minuscule, which is why a loss of energy (loss of mass) from most systems is difficult to measure on a weighing scale, unless the energy loss is very large. Examples of large transformations between rest energy (of matter) and other

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which accounts for its temperature and climate stability. Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example when) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to

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states that energy (and matter) tends to become more evenly spread out across the universe: to concentrate energy (or matter) in one specific place, it is necessary to spread out a greater amount of energy (as heat) across the remainder of the universe ("the surroundings"). Simpler organisms can

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is extremely large relative to ordinary human scales, the conversion of an everyday amount of rest mass (for example, 1 kg) from rest energy to other forms of energy (such as kinetic energy, thermal energy, or the radiant energy carried by light and other radiation) can liberate tremendous

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is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular, or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is usually accompanied by a decrease, and sometimes an increase, of the total energy of the

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In 1843, James Prescott Joule independently discovered the mechanical equivalent in a series of experiments. The most famous of them used the "Joule apparatus": a descending weight, attached to a string, caused rotation of a paddle immersed in water, practically insulated from heat transfer. It

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For example, if our bodies run (on average) at 80 watts, then a light bulb running at 100 watts is running at 1.25 human equivalents (100 ÷ 80) i.e. 1.25 H-e. For a difficult task of only a few seconds' duration, a person can put out thousands of watts, many times the 746 watts in one official

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energy must partly stay as thermal energy and cannot be completely recovered as usable energy, except at the price of an increase in some other kind of heat-like increase in disorder in quantum states, in the universe (such as an expansion of matter, or a randomization in a crystal).

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equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system. Its results can be considered as a definition of measurement of energy in quantum mechanics. The Schrödinger equation describes the space- and time-dependence of a slowly changing (non-relativistic)

4768:) considerations. In practice all energy transformations are permitted on a small scale, but certain larger transformations are not permitted because it is statistically unlikely that energy or matter will randomly move into more concentrated forms or smaller spaces. 2402:

was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of the motions of the constituent parts of matter, although it would be more than a century until this was generally accepted. The modern analog of this property,

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of time, a property of most phenomena below the cosmic scale that makes them independent of their locations on the time coordinate. Put differently, yesterday, today, and tomorrow are physically indistinguishable. This is because energy is the quantity which is

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can gain or lose energy in association with matter transfer (this process is illustrated by injection of an air-fuel mixture into a car engine, a system which gains in energy thereby, without addition of either work or heat). Denoting this energy by

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substances involved. Some energy may be transferred between the surroundings and the reactants in the form of heat or light; thus the products of a reaction have sometimes more but usually less energy than the reactants. A reaction is said to be

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to other forms of energy; its total mass does not decrease due to that itself (since it still contains the same total energy even in different forms) but its mass does decrease when the energy escapes out to its surroundings, largely as

5440:, whenever present. For example, a compressed spring will be slightly more massive than before it was compressed. Likewise, whenever energy is transferred between systems by any mechanism, an associated mass is transferred with it. 5311:

As the universe evolves with time, more and more of its energy becomes trapped in irreversible states (i.e., as heat or as other kinds of increases in disorder). This has led to the hypothesis of the inevitable thermodynamic

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While these two categories are sufficient to describe all forms of energy, it is often convenient to refer to particular combinations of potential and kinetic energy as its own form. For example, the sum of translational and

5961:) is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer. For homogeneous systems, with a well-defined temperature and pressure, a commonly used corollary of the first law is that, for a system subject only to 3537:. For example, consider a ball being hit by a bat. In the center-of-mass reference frame, the bat does no work on the ball. But, in the reference frame of the person swinging the bat, considerable work is done on the ball. 3735:

All living creatures rely on an external source of energy to be able to grow and reproduce – radiant energy from the Sun in the case of green plants and chemical energy (in some form) in the case of animals. The daily

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manage higher efficiencies. In growing organisms the energy that is converted to heat serves a vital purpose, as it allows the organism tissue to be highly ordered with regard to the molecules it is built from. The

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that are not available to their simpler brethren. The conversion of a portion of the chemical energy to heat at each step in a metabolic pathway is the physical reason behind the pyramid of biomass observed in

4040: 3548:. The classical equations of motion can be written in terms of the Hamiltonian, even for highly complex or abstract systems. These classical equations have direct analogs in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. 4799:, a process in which energy is released that was originally stored in these heavy elements, before they were incorporated into the Solar System and the Earth. This energy is triggered and released in nuclear 6024: 2710: 5494: 4531:

annihilation, in which the rest energy of these two individual particles (equivalent to their rest mass) is converted to the radiant energy of the photons produced in the process. In this system the

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it is entirely kinetic, and at two points it is entirely potential. Over a whole cycle, or over many cycles, average energy is equally split between kinetic and potential. This is an example of the

6071:-work. The general formulation of the first law (i.e., conservation of energy) is valid even in situations in which the system is not homogeneous. For these cases the change in internal energy of a 3902: 1499: 4064:

The rest of the chemical energy of the carbohydrate or fat are converted into heat: the ATP is used as a sort of "energy currency", and some of the chemical energy it contains is used for other

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that are the same as existing states), then total energy spreads over all available degrees equally without distinction between "new" and "old" degrees. This mathematical result is part of the

2328: 6119: 5913: 5153: 4992: 4760:. However, some energy transformations can be quite efficient. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind of energy is transformed to what other kind) is often determined by 4775:, being "released" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar examples of such processes include 3669:, energy is an attribute of all biological systems, from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological 5100: 4298:. In the solution of the Schrödinger equation for any oscillator (vibrator) and for electromagnetic waves in a vacuum, the resulting energy states are related to the frequency by 5613:

Energy is strictly conserved and is also locally conserved wherever it can be defined. In thermodynamics, for closed systems, the process of energy transfer is described by the

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may be converted to other forms of energy (still exhibiting mass), but neither energy nor mass can be destroyed; rather, both remain constant during any process. However, since

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Each of the basic forces of nature is associated with a different type of potential energy, and all types of potential energy (like all other types of energy) appear as system

4464: 2734: 5266: 6411:), it can often be harnessed to do useful work in subsequent interactions. However, the maximum energy that can be "recycled" from such recovery processes is limited by the 5657: 2381:

in the 4th century BC. In contrast to the modern definition, energeia was a qualitative philosophical concept, broad enough to include ideas such as happiness and pleasure.

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the potential energy. Usually, the Lagrange formalism is mathematically more convenient than the Hamiltonian for non-conservative systems (such as systems with friction).

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work on the object which transforms the potential energy in the gravitational field to the kinetic energy released as heat on impact with the ground. The Sun transforms

3559:. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of 1031: 984: 899: 852: 764: 717: 6394:

are another example of highly ordered systems that exist in nature: in this case too, the order is associated with the transfer of a large amount of heat (known as the

5047: 2515:, the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time. Thus, since 1918, theorists have understood that the law of 6168: 6145: 935: 803: 4329: 1169: 5412:

also a global law of conservation of energy, stating that the total energy of the universe cannot change; this is a corollary of the local law, but not vice versa.

5232: 4911:, energy cannot be created or destroyed; therefore, the initial energy and the final energy will be equal to each other. This can be demonstrated by the following: 4905: 4878: 4517: 4550:

serves as the source term for the gravitational field, in rough analogy to the way mass serves as the source term in the non-relativistic Newtonian approximation.

4373: 6221:. For non-equilibrium systems, the laws governing the systems' behavior are still debatable. One of the guiding principles for these systems is the principle of 668: 5753: 5733: 5713: 5693: 4349: 3512: 1007: 960: 875: 828: 740: 693: 2577:

done) in applying a force of one newton through a distance of one metre. However energy is also expressed in many other units not part of the SI, such as

5391:, governing all natural phenomena that are known to date. There is no known exception to this law – it is exact so far as we know. The law is called the 3906: 2539:

Joule's apparatus for measuring the mechanical equivalent of heat. A descending weight attached to a string causes a paddle immersed in water to rotate.

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forces and heat transfer (e.g., a cylinder-full of gas) without chemical changes, the differential change in the internal energy of the system (with a

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While heat can always be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas, for cyclic processes of practical interest in

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is positive when heat is added to the system), and the last term on the right hand side is identified as work done on the system, where pressure is

1809: 6676: 6878: 6911: 4411:: energy which every massive body must possess even when being at rest. The amount of energy is directly proportional to the mass of the body: 1510: 2421: 5945:

is chiefly concerned with changes in internal energy and not its absolute value, which is impossible to determine with thermodynamics alone.

3400: 2613: 1398: 4407:– Einstein discovered an unexpected by-product of these calculations to be an energy term which does not vanish at zero speed. He called it 3786: 2237:

potential energy due to the deformation of a material (or its container) exhibiting a restorative force as it returns to its original shape

6752: 6428:, but it is very common to simplify the interaction by ignoring the mechanism of collision and just calculate the beginning and end result. 6374:

These examples are solely for illustration, as it is not the energy available for work which limits the performance of the athlete but the

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Energy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy, that has been available since the

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of quantum systems. The solution of this equation for a bound system is discrete (a set of permitted states, each characterized by an

3701:(H-e) (Human energy conversion) indicates, for a given amount of energy expenditure, the relative quantity of energy needed for human 5320:, or be transformed to other usable forms of energy (through the use of generators attached to heat engines), continues to decrease. 1833: 1488: 5316:. In this heat death the energy of the universe does not change, but the fraction of energy which is available to do work through a 5975: 3081: 7386: 6198:: the total energy of a system with many degrees of freedom is equally split among all available degrees of freedom, on average. 4919: 3624:

by the Boltzmann's population factor e; that is, the probability of a molecule to have energy greater than or equal to

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the source system does on the receiving system. The portion of the energy which does not do work during the transfer is called

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and energy within the concept of special relativity. In different theoretical frameworks, similar formulas were derived by

4753: 1802: 1389: 1058: 625: 503: 5755:, can sometimes be ignored, especially for fast processes involving gases, which are poor conductors of heat, or when the 2398:, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total 9879: 8192: 6817: 6588: 6209:

of energy between parts of a system. When an isolated system is given more degrees of freedom (i.e., given new available

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without such limitations. The total energy of a system can be calculated by adding up all forms of energy in the system.

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This equation is highly specific, ignoring all chemical, electrical, nuclear, and gravitational forces, effects such as

4416: 1573: 1547: 1068: 522: 155: 9688: 7235: 7173: 6943: 6438: 6081: 6056:(the negative sign results since compression of the system requires work to be done on it and so the volume change, d 5867: 3393: 474: 5284:. Often, however, the complete conversion of matter (such as atoms) to non-matter (such as photons) is forbidden by 9312: 8347: 8133: 7049:

Martyushev, L.M.; Seleznev, V.D. (2006). "Maximum entropy production principle in physics, chemistry and biology".

5500: 4125:, 64.3 Pg/a (52%) are used for the metabolism of green plants, i.e. reconverted into carbon dioxide and heat. 1626: 1097: 496: 6250: 6201:

This principle is vitally important to understanding the behavior of a quantity closely related to energy, called

5105: 3355: 8765: 5403: 5197: 4274: 4072:, some chemical energy is converted into heat). Only a tiny fraction of the original chemical energy is used for 3740:(6–8 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as food molecules, mostly carbohydrates and fats, of which 2729: 2261:

kinetic and potential energy in a material due to a sound propagated wave (a particular type of mechanical wave)

1795: 4543:– in which the rest mass of particles is created from the radiant energy of two (or more) annihilating photons. 8143: 4831: 4705: 2984: 2724: 1726: 258: 2082:

reflects the potential of an object to have motion, generally being based upon the object's position within a

1621: 8829: 7354: 5369:. This creates a limit to the amount of heat energy that can do work in a cyclic process, a limit called the 2566: 2449: 2358: 1898: 1701: 1474: 451: 7277: 5052: 4249:

of hydrogen in the Sun also releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the

4214: 2604:, which is a joule per second. Thus, one joule is one watt-second, and 3600 joules equal one watt-hour. The 9864: 9381: 9216: 8313: 7673: 7207: 6412: 6324: 6222: 6214: 5362: 4757: 4685: 4574: 4100: 4091: 3386: 3373: 3134: 3057: 2979: 2822: 1086: 289: 279: 9705: 8438: 8432: 8232: 7491: 7379: 5954: 5614: 5339: 5165: 4630: 4375:

the frequency). In the case of an electromagnetic wave these energy states are called quanta of light or

3636:. The activation energy necessary for a chemical reaction can be provided in the form of thermal energy. 3053: 2854: 294: 284: 6702: 2832: 19:

This article is about the scalar physical quantity. For an overview of and topical guide to energy, see

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Global Mapping of Terrestrial Primary Productivity and Light-Use Efficiency with a Process-Based Model.

6206: 5835: 5828: 5594:. Energy can be transferred between systems in a variety of ways. Examples include the transmission of 5313: 4907:) and then back to potential energy constantly. This is referred to as conservation of energy. In this 3273: 3162: 3088: 2948: 2881: 2479:

These developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (

1578: 1542: 320: 254: 179: 31: 6672: 6225:. It states that nonequilibrium systems behave in such a way as to maximize their entropy production. 4153:

are phenomena that can be explained in terms of energy transformations in the Earth's interior, while

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gain in gravitational potential energy of a 150 kg weight lifted through 2 metres: 3 kJ

1616: 9859: 9253: 8138: 7996: 7658: 7603: 7583: 7578: 7191: 6882: 5958: 5526:. The exchange of virtual particles with real particles is responsible for the creation of all known 5238: 3027: 2275: 2020: 1937: 1371: 1119: 565: 378: 368: 6903: 5625: 2425:, which represented the first formulation of a conserved measurable quantity that was distinct from 2098:, whereas nuclear energy refers to the combined potentials within an atomic nucleus from either the 9238: 8067: 7411: 6309: 5567: 5531: 5433:– rather it provides mathematical limits to which energy can in principle be defined and measured. 4737: 4547: 4181: 3678: 3598:

if the final state is lower on the energy scale than the initial state; in the less common case of

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where the first term on the right is the heat transferred into the system, expressed in terms of

4400: 3541: 3253: 3017: 2412: 1783: 1611: 1408: 1289: 1234: 1179: 1111: 1050: 586: 575: 241: 24: 6748: 6462: 5102:(half mass times velocity squared). Then the total amount of energy can be found by adding 4282: 4134: 4104:

achieve higher energy efficiencies than more complex ones, but the complex organisms can occupy

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when ATP reacts with OH groups and eventually splits into ADP and phosphate (at each stage of a

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In classical mechanics, energy is a conceptually and mathematically useful property, as it is a

3293: 1013: 966: 881: 834: 746: 699: 9816: 9659: 9531: 7740: 7636: 7563: 7553: 7434: 7372: 6639:(2 ed.). Milton, Queensland, Australia: John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd. p. 286. 6314: 5595: 5420: 5393: 5335: 5329: 5013: 4780: 4047: 3545: 3298: 3115: 2520: 2516: 2457: 2416: 2349: 2191: 1917: 1882: 1826: 1716: 1433: 517: 271: 246: 172: 7182:

issue, covers virtually every major concern and concept since debated regarding materials and

6933: 6550: 6217:. The second law of thermodynamics is simple only for systems which are near or in a physical 6150: 6127: 5193: 4554:

work or heating ("energy manifestations"), subject to the limitations of other physical laws.

1636: 917: 782: 9613: 9608: 9403: 9344: 7680: 7471: 6349: 5587: 5347: 4681: 4614: 4598: 4305: 4043: 3563:, but is generally useful in modern physics. The Lagrangian is defined as the kinetic energy 3556: 3308: 3283: 2969: 2787: 2075: 1886: 1866: 1651: 1228: 541: 387: 236: 4846:

or other losses, the conversion of energy between these processes would be perfect, and the

1139: 9807: 9779: 9744: 9671: 9471: 9408: 9226: 9047: 8340: 8128: 8101: 8079: 7986: 7919: 7668: 7598: 7543: 7097: 7058: 7021: 6724: 6492: 6354: 6284: 5448: 5416: 5301: 5210: 4883: 4856: 4495: 4299: 3706: 3570: 3552: 3328: 3288: 3196: 3192: 3184: 3174: 2964: 2957: 2713: 2633: 2586: 2512: 2492: 2473: 2157: 1945: 1731: 1656: 1646: 446: 308: 119: 6838: 4358: 3705:, using as a standard an average human energy expenditure of 12,500 kJ per day and a 3323: 8: 9802: 9710: 9698: 9588: 9541: 9349: 9272: 8998: 8789: 8551: 8486: 8207: 8150: 8072: 8045: 7730: 7593: 7568: 7226: 7178: 7164: 7086:"Self-Assembled Wiggling Nano-Structures and the Principle of Maximum Entropy Production" 6339: 6179: 5555: 5547: 5511:

are not dynamically conjugate variables, neither in classical nor in quantum mechanics).

5430: 5425: 4562: 4404: 3599: 3560: 3103: 3044: 3022: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2657: 2524: 2372: 1676: 1438: 460: 426: 421: 334: 135: 7101: 7062: 7025: 6879:"E. Noether's Discovery of the Deep Connection Between Symmetries and Conservation Laws" 5735:

represents the heat flow into or out of the system. As a simplification, the heat term,

3431:. Several formulations of mechanics have been developed using energy as a core concept. 2535: 2377:'activity, operation', which possibly appears for the first time in the work of 1671: 650: 9812: 9797: 9727: 9683: 9573: 9159: 9064: 8819: 8187: 8165: 8155: 7991: 7118: 7085: 6800:

Berkeley Physics Course Volume 1. Charles Kittel, Walter D Knight and Malvin A Ruderman

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equal amount of energy in transit due to a displacement in the direction of an applied

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provides the energy required for human civilization to function, which it obtains from

1765: 1428: 1423: 1376: 992: 945: 860: 813: 725: 678: 608: 592: 479: 431: 416: 406: 215: 209: 166: 5373:. Mechanical and other forms of energy can be transformed in the other direction into 3608:

are usually not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the

2487:. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by 9874: 9784: 9248: 9154: 9127: 8974: 8924: 8860: 8814: 8296: 8089: 7914: 7775: 7735: 7705: 7690: 7663: 7573: 7476: 7416: 7406: 7314: 7295: 7243: 7231: 7169: 7123: 6988: 6939: 6846: 6781: 6640: 6615: 6529: 6509: 6218: 5760: 5519: 5444: 5181: 4558: 4270: 4189: 4138: 4069: 3609: 3605: 3243: 3200: 3157: 3152: 3093: 2869: 2859: 2752: 2385: 2324: 2177: 2137: 2123: 2095: 2091: 2007: 1996: 1929: 1850: 1847: 1760: 1721: 1711: 1283: 1081: 909: 411: 401: 343: 58: 20: 5957:

asserts that the total energy of a system and its surroundings (but not necessarily

5189: 9734: 9693: 9676: 9563: 9461: 8993: 8897: 8781: 8539: 8428: 8398: 8248: 8222: 8217: 8197: 8182: 8023: 8013: 7793: 7720: 7456: 7113: 7105: 7066: 7029: 6505: 6501: 6425: 6304: 6289: 6187: 5543: 5515: 5370: 5285: 5281: 4839: 4166: 4105: 3777: 3698: 3338: 3318: 3263: 3258: 3204: 3179: 3034: 2892: 2837: 2812: 2551: 2453: 2079: 2071: 2063: 2051: 1992: 1972: 1913: 1878: 1681: 1666: 1606: 1601: 1418: 1413: 1063: 531: 396: 62: 7070: 6580: 5276:

forms of energy (e.g., kinetic energy into particles with rest mass) are found in

4779:, a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy released from the 2110:

Some forms of energy (that an object or system can have as a measurable property)

2070:, or combinations of the two in various ways. Kinetic energy is determined by the 9869: 9751: 9717: 9603: 9583: 9493: 9142: 9108: 9042: 8839: 8824: 8739: 8614: 8569: 8463: 8458: 8448: 8333: 8277: 8258: 8172: 7939: 7854: 7710: 7700: 7685: 7643: 7548: 7498: 7449: 7358: 7284: 7183: 6821: 6731: 6612:

The Science of Energy – a Cultural History of Energy Physics in Victorian Britain

6379: 6375: 6344: 6299: 5941: 5539: 5535: 5380: 5277: 5269: 5177: 4908: 4776: 4732: 4717: 4701: 4697: 4673: 4605: 4388: 4352: 4264: 4234: 4193: 4118: 3586: 3534: 3530: 3418: 3333: 3278: 3228: 3223: 3142: 2570: 2555: 2544: 2488: 2464:. It was argued for some years whether heat was a physical substance, dubbed the 2461: 2242: 2167: 2147: 2083: 1976: 1941: 1925: 1862: 1631: 1479: 1133: 774: 597: 358: 325: 3632:. This exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature is known as the 2508: 9792: 9739: 9649: 9568: 9553: 9548: 9500: 9388: 9184: 9132: 9115: 8949: 8253: 8202: 8177: 7981: 7946: 7879: 7869: 7785: 7765: 7760: 7745: 7715: 7695: 7653: 7631: 7613: 7513: 7503: 7439: 7147: 6395: 6256: 6183: 5607: 5599: 5374: 5334:

The fact that energy can be neither created nor destroyed is called the law of

4835: 4827: 4816: 4812: 4749: 4742: 4709: 4642: 4570: 4487: 4246: 4201: 4122: 4073: 3773: 3721: 3694: 3670: 3434: 3422: 3360: 3268: 3169: 2886: 2574: 2504: 2496: 2484: 2465: 2445: 2404: 2389: 2296: 2266: 2232: 2218: 2204: 2197: 2183: 2067: 2047: 2043: 2032: 1933: 1921: 1909: 1686: 1456: 556: 436: 373: 363: 231: 201: 74: 6812: 9853: 9756: 9593: 9483: 9440: 9221: 9098: 8984: 8934: 8798: 8423: 8301: 8160: 8120: 8084: 8040: 7966: 7929: 7847: 7770: 7538: 7533: 7486: 7466: 6513: 6329: 6294: 6242: 5579: 5551: 5343: 4796: 4586: 4540: 4287: 4278: 3781: 3659: 3645: 3515: 3248: 3075: 2590: 2271: 2099: 1858: 1755: 1073: 642: 603: 315: 115: 5578:

Energy transfer can be considered for the special case of systems which are

4192:

of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives

3582: 9558: 9516: 9292: 9243: 9179: 9035: 8939: 8647: 8633: 8057: 8001: 7951: 7934: 7755: 7528: 7461: 7127: 7034: 7009: 6210: 5185: 4800: 4291: 4174: 4094:

in their use of the energy they receive (chemical or radiant energy); most

3682: 3313: 3238: 2927: 2807: 2625: 2621: 2333: 2256: 2028: 2024: 1988: 1706: 1691: 1641: 1124: 143: 127: 54: 6635:

Lofts, G; O'Keeffe D; et al. (2004). "11 – Mechanical Interactions".

5582:

to transfers of matter. The portion of the energy which is transferred by

4238: 2312:

motion of particles, a kind of disordered equivalent of mechanical energy

9654: 9598: 9420: 9398: 9393: 9260: 9137: 9103: 9091: 8979: 8902: 8606: 8481: 8062: 8028: 7902: 7892: 7835: 7818: 7803: 7750: 7648: 6551:"Nuclear Energy | Definition, Formula & Examples | nuclear-power.com" 6031: 5358: 5317: 4725: 4634: 4408: 4154: 3737: 3649: 2629: 2594: 2480: 2309: 2286: 2248: 2247:

kinetic and potential energy in an elastic material due to a propagating

2129: 1984: 1949: 1894: 1661: 469: 6521: 6487: 4237:

are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All

4080:

gain in kinetic energy of a sprinter during a 100 m race: 4 kJ

3666: 2476:

discovered the link between mechanical work and the generation of heat.

2460:

was also first postulated in the early 19th century, and applies to any

2046:

is energy of microscopic constituents of matter, which may include both

9761: 9578: 9536: 9478: 9447: 9086: 9018: 8956: 8929: 8892: 8698: 8579: 8096: 8018: 7956: 7924: 7864: 7558: 7187: 6408: 6279: 5415:

This law is a fundamental principle of physics. As shown rigorously by

5366: 4689: 4536: 4197: 4170: 4150: 4114: 4065: 3725: 3702: 3098: 2772: 2617: 2329:

timeline of thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and random processes

2103: 1750: 1696: 7109: 6662:

MIT OpenCourseWare website 18.013A Chapter 16.3 Accessed February 2007

6407:

Although heat is "wasted" energy for a specific energy transfer (see:

4748:

There are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into

9644: 9526: 9334: 9329: 9307: 9196: 9189: 9008: 9003: 8910: 8887: 8657: 8619: 8574: 8564: 8504: 8325: 8106: 8033: 7907: 7887: 7859: 7798: 7158: 6191: 6064: 4784: 4608:

of energy ("energy in transit") from one object or system to another

4582: 4477: 4226: 3674: 3595: 3484:{\displaystyle W=\int _{C}\mathbf {F} \cdot \mathrm {d} \mathbf {s} } 3414: 3120: 2632:(based on the temperature change of water in a heating process), and 2378: 2016: 2012: 1968: 1953: 1839: 348: 8750: 6776:

Misner, Charles W.; Thorne, Kip S.; Wheeler, John Archibald (1973).

6264: 5158: 4577:). In other words, energy is invariant with respect to rotations of 2292: 9771: 9339: 9265: 9206: 9201: 9149: 9059: 9030: 9023: 9013: 8944: 8918: 8914: 8906: 8708: 8652: 8584: 8519: 8405: 8393: 8365: 7842: 7823: 7808: 7508: 7292:

Energy in nature and society: general energetics of complex systems

7199: 6424:

The mechanism for most macroscopic physical collisions is actually

5962: 5523: 4847: 4843: 4823: 4772: 4668: 4528: 4524: 4250: 4142: 4035:{\displaystyle {\ce {C57H110O6 + (81 1/2) O2 -> 57CO2 + 55H2O}}} 3039: 2922: 2897: 2559: 2469: 2426: 2394: 2365: 2200: 2023:

is converted into the same amount of energy in other forms, mostly

1464: 1381: 1173: 581: 353: 7350: 4803:

or in civil nuclear power generation. Similarly, in the case of a

4676:

transforms the energy of pressurized steam into electrical energy.

3654: 2569:(SI), the unit of energy is the joule, named after Joule. It is a 9639: 9435: 9430: 9376: 9282: 9211: 9054: 8855: 8703: 8691: 8629: 8559: 8534: 8494: 8473: 8443: 7976: 7518: 7335: 6391: 6236: 6202: 6038: 4792: 4788: 4761: 4713: 4295: 4200:. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential 4162: 4146: 4110: 4095: 3757: 3741: 3690: 3012: 2865: 2782: 2582: 2500: 2419:

in the marginalia of her French language translation of Newton's

1964: 570: 123: 98: 6824:

including careful definitions of energy, free energy, et cetera.

5566:"Energy transfer" redirects here. For the pipeline company, see 5346:'s energy is constant unless energy is transferred in or out as 5291: 2597:, which require a conversion factor when expressed in SI units. 2039: 9488: 9453: 9277: 9233: 9081: 8686: 8679: 8388: 8357: 7523: 6441:. Here, the signs in this equation follow the IUPAC convention. 5538:

are also responsible for the electrostatic interaction between

5204: 4659: 4532: 4376: 4230: 3729: 3071: 2917: 2340:, the first person to use the term "energy" in the modern sense 2225: 2094:

kinetic and potential energy within a system is referred to as

2059: 1890: 5550:

radiative decay of excited atomic and nuclear states, for the

5419:, the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of 5365:

states that the system doing work always loses some energy as

5049:(mass times acceleration due to gravity times the height) and 3772:) are convenient examples. The food molecules are oxidized to 2499:. It also led to a mathematical formulation of the concept of 9521: 9361: 9287: 9074: 8716: 8674: 8667: 8662: 8499: 8453: 8415: 8373: 7337:

The Journal of Energy History / Revue d'histoire de l'énergie

6698: 6019:{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} E=T\mathrm {d} S-P\mathrm {d} V\,} 5816: 5296:

Thermodynamics divides energy transformation into two kinds:

4787:

to "store" energy in the creation of heavy isotopes (such as

4648: 4578: 4396: 3686: 3519: 2907: 2902: 2844: 2279: 2221: 1902: 1893:

and energy may also be converted to one another. The unit of

1874: 103: 78: 66: 7272:

Santos, Gildo M. "Energy in Brazil: a historical overview,"

4752:

in a cyclic process, e.g. in a heat engine, as described by

2411:

only by a factor of two. Writing in the early 18th century,

2132:

translational and rotational kinetic and potential energies

9466: 9322: 9317: 9297: 9171: 9122: 8966: 8594: 8529: 8524: 8514: 8509: 8378: 7897: 7830: 7813: 7481: 5591: 5437: 5351: 4624: 4392: 4222: 4218: 4158: 2912: 2875: 2601: 2436:

was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of

2363: 2303: 1960: 1916:

stored by an object (for instance due to its position in a

1870: 546: 70: 5451:. On any time scales, the uncertainty in the energy is by 2162:

potential energy due to or stored in gravitational fields

9425: 9069: 7364: 7309:

Walding, Richard; Rapkins, Greg; Rossiter, Glenn (1999).

5715: represents the work done on or by the system, and 5518:, this inequality permits a qualitative understanding of 5503:(but not really mathematically equivalent thereto, since 4025: 4005: 3985: 3947: 3934: 3921: 3887: 3867: 3847: 3827: 3814: 3801: 2705:{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}} 2609: 2600:

The SI unit of energy rate (energy per unit time) is the

2578: 131: 5969:

in energy signified by a positive quantity) is given as

5489:{\displaystyle \Delta E\Delta t\geq {\frac {\hbar }{2}}} 3716:

Sunlight's radiant energy is also captured by plants as

5815:

This simplified equation is the one used to define the

3897:{\displaystyle {\ce {C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O}}} 5055: 4688:. Items that transform between these forms are called 3961: 6736:

Global Environmental Change in the Ocean and on Land.

6153: 6130: 6084: 5978: 5870: 5838: 5774: 5741: 5721: 5701: 5681: 5628: 5460: 5241: 5213: 5203:

Part of the rest energy (equivalent to rest mass) of

5108: 5016: 4922: 4886: 4859: 4731:

Examples of energy transformation include generating

4498: 4419: 4361: 4337: 4308: 4117:: of the estimated 124.7 Pg/a of carbon that is 4090:

It would appear that living organisms are remarkably

3909: 3789: 3540:

The total energy of a system is sometimes called the

3500: 3446: 2669: 2152:

potential energy due to or stored in magnetic fields

2142:

potential energy due to or stored in electric fields

1292: 1237: 1182: 1142: 1016: 995: 969: 948: 920: 884: 863: 837: 816: 785: 749: 728: 702: 681: 653: 6971:

Chemical Thermodynamics – Basic Concepts and Methods

6232: 4842:. If one (unrealistically) assumes that there is no 4113:. As an example, to take just the first step in the 3616:

of a chemical reaction (at a given temperature

2636:

are used in specific areas of science and commerce.

6775: 6634: 1963:constantly take in and release energy. The Earth's 7230:Book), San Francisco, W.H. Freeman and Co., 1971, 7168:Book), San Francisco, W.H. Freeman and Co., 1970, 7048: 6982: 6162: 6139: 6113: 6018: 5907: 5851: 5791: 5747: 5727: 5707: 5687: 5651: 5488: 5260: 5226: 5147: 5094: 5041: 5010:The equation can then be simplified further since 4986: 4899: 4872: 4853:Energy is also transferred from potential energy ( 4838:is at its maximum and is equal to the decrease in 4511: 4458: 4367: 4343: 4323: 4169:are all a result of energy transformations in our 4034: 3896: 3506: 3483: 2704: 2554:lost by the weight in descending was equal to the 1328: 1273: 1218: 1163: 1025: 1001: 978: 954: 929: 893: 869: 846: 822: 797: 758: 734: 711: 687: 662: 7313:. Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press. 6696:Bicycle calculator – speed, weight, wattage etc. 5159:Conservation of energy and mass in transformation 4581:, but not invariant with respect to rotations of 3437:, a function of energy, is force times distance. 9851: 7010:"Reciprocal relations in irreversible processes" 6060:, is negative when work is done on the system). 5598:via photons, physical collisions which transfer 5268:joules = 21 megatons of TNT), as can be seen in 4086:Daily food intake of a normal adult: 6–8 MJ 30:"Energetic" redirects here. For other uses, see 6114:{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} E=\delta Q+\delta W} 5908:{\displaystyle \Delta E=W+Q+E_{\text{matter}}.} 4399:to some finite speed) relativistically – using 2503:by Clausius and to the introduction of laws of 6881:. UCLA Physics & Astronomy. Archived from 6808: 6806: 5948: 2519:is the direct mathematical consequence of the 8766: 8341: 7380: 6932:Jaffe, Robert L.; Taylor, Washington (2018). 5292:Reversible and non-reversible transformations 3551:Another energy-related concept is called the 3394: 1803: 6044:(in which entropy increases and its change d 5148:{\displaystyle E_{p}+E_{k}=E_{\text{total}}} 2448:" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, 2429:, and which would later be called "energy". 2274:stored in the fields of waves propagated by 7351:Differences between Heat and Thermal energy 7206:. Fullerton, California: Light and Matter. 6938:. Cambridge University Press. p. 611. 6931: 6803: 5180:(1905) quantifies the relationship between 4987:{\displaystyle E_{pi}+E_{ki}=E_{pF}+E_{kF}} 4834:is at its maximum. At its lowest point the 3620:) is related to the activation energy 2086:or what is stored within the field itself. 8773: 8759: 8348: 8334: 7387: 7373: 6173: 6067:of any form of energy other than heat and 5827:Beyond the constraints of closed systems, 4662:that is moving from one system to another 4277:(Hamiltonian) as a time derivative of the 4042:and some of the energy is used to convert 3401: 3387: 1810: 1796: 208: 47: 7117: 7083: 7033: 6843:The Feynman Lectures on Physics; Volume 1 6485: 6075:system is expressed in a general form by 6015: 5323: 4764:(equal energy spread among all available 4633:in transit spontaneously towards a lower- 4014: 3994: 3960: 3876: 3856: 3836: 3677:of a biological organism. Energy used in 2573:that is equal to the energy expended (or 2468:, or merely a physical quantity, such as 6723:Ito, Akihito; Oikawa, Takehisa (2004). " 6205:. Entropy is a measure of evenness of a 4667: 4569:energy is also a scalar (although not a 3653: 3602:reactions the situation is the reverse. 2534: 2332: 2038: 2006: 7007: 6836: 6832: 6830: 6628: 6378:output (in case of a sprinter) and the 6147:is the heat supplied to the system and 5095:{\textstyle E_{k}={\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}} 4242:lighter elements, primarily hydrogen). 2172:potential energy due to chemical bonds 1889:in form, but not created or destroyed; 9852: 8355: 8007:Integrated gasification combined cycle 6771: 6769: 6320:List of low-energy building techniques 2644: 2062:can be subdivided and classified into 8780: 8754: 8329: 8051:Radioisotope thermoelectric generator 7726:Quantum chromodynamics binding energy 7368: 6963: 6876: 6609: 6591:from the original on October 11, 2007 5695:is the amount of energy transferred, 5558:and some other observable phenomena. 4712:of moving water (and the blades of a 3083:Newton's law of universal gravitation 1865:, recognizable in the performance of 8284: 6827: 6182:(a mass on a spring) is alternately 5861: 5765: 5619: 4913: 4692:. Examples of transducers include a 4273:, energy is defined in terms of the 4258: 2186:an electron to its atom or molecule 1854: 8308: 8193:World energy supply and consumption 6766: 6614:. The University of Chicago Press. 6190:. At two points in the oscillation 6170:is the work applied to the system. 5586:over a distance is measured as the 5387:There is a fact, or if you wish, a 4684:between different forms at various 4561:, energy is a scalar quantity, the 4092:inefficient (in the physical sense) 3064:Mechanics of planar particle motion 2672: 2530: 2078:of the object's components – while 13: 7260:from the original on 26 April 2011 7138: 6976: 6578: 6439:sign conventions for this equation 6086: 6008: 5994: 5980: 5936: 5871: 5775: 5759:of the transfer is high. For such 5629: 5561: 5467: 5461: 4658:equal amount of energy carried by 4294:) which results in the concept of 3472: 1971:processes are driven primarily by 1017: 970: 885: 838: 750: 703: 523:Intensive and extensive properties 14: 9891: 7344: 6488:"SCIENCE 101: Q: What Is Energy?" 5931: 5852:{\displaystyle E_{\text{matter}}} 5606:, and the conductive transfer of 5573: 4850:would continue swinging forever. 4822:Yet another example is that of a 4592: 4459:{\displaystyle E_{0}=m_{0}c^{2},} 4387:When calculating kinetic energy ( 4128: 3533:article. Work and thus energy is 2639: 2620:. Other energy units such as the 9834: 9833: 8735: 8734: 8307: 8295: 8283: 8272: 8271: 6263: 6249: 6235: 5501:Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 5499:which is similar in form to the 3681:is stored in substances such as 3477: 3464: 3368: 3367: 3354: 2687: 1779: 1778: 1098:Table of thermodynamic equations 7242:Ross, John S. (23 April 2002). 7210:from the original on 2011-05-19 7176:. This book, originally a 1970 7077: 7042: 7001: 6952:from the original on 2022-07-30 6925: 6914:from the original on 2011-07-17 6896: 6870: 6859:from the original on 2022-07-30 6839:"Ch. 4: Conservation of Energy" 6794: 6780:. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. 6755:from the original on 2008-08-27 6741: 6734:" in Shiyomi, M. et al. (Eds.) 6717: 6705:from the original on 2009-05-13 6679:from the original on 2010-06-04 6561:from the original on 2022-07-06 6431: 6418: 6401: 6385: 6368: 5822: 5404:The Feynman Lectures on Physics 5261:{\displaystyle 9\times 10^{16}} 5198:Mass–energy equivalence#History 1574:Maxwell's thermodynamic surface 6973:, 7th ed., Wiley (2008), p. 39 6690: 6665: 6653: 6603: 6572: 6543: 6506:10.1080/19434812.2021.12291716 6479: 6455: 5652:{\displaystyle \Delta {}E=W+Q} 5447:energy is expressed using the 4832:gravitational potential energy 4706:gravitational potential energy 4180:Sunlight is the main input to 3988: 3971: 3954: 3850: 2550:showed that the gravitational 1308: 1296: 1253: 1241: 1198: 1186: 1158: 1146: 1: 7274:The Journal of Energy History 7253:. Michigan State University. 7244:"Work, Power, Kinetic Energy" 7084:Belkin, A.; et., al. (2015). 7071:10.1016/j.physrep.2005.12.001 6877:Byers, Nina (December 1996). 6448: 4382: 2990:Koopman–von Neumann mechanics 2567:International System of Units 1899:International System of Units 1475:Mechanical equivalent of heat 8799:Pollution / quality 7294:. Cambridge, US: MIT Press. 6413:second law of thermodynamics 6382:(in case of a weightlifter). 6325:Orders of magnitude (energy) 6215:second law of thermodynamics 5792:{\displaystyle \Delta {}E=W} 5383:said during a 1961 lecture: 5363:second law of thermodynamics 4826:. At its highest points the 4758:second law of thermodynamics 4573:but a time component of the 4208: 4196:and may lift mountains, via 4101:second law of thermodynamics 3628:at a given temperature 3576: 3058:Non-inertial reference frame 2558:gained by the water through 2364: 1952:associated with an object's 1908:Forms of energy include the 1087:Onsager reciprocal relations 7: 7329: 6983:Kittel and Kroemer (1980). 6585:Online Etymology Dictionary 6228: 6178:The energy of a mechanical 5955:first law of thermodynamics 5949:First law of thermodynamics 5921: 5805: 5665: 5340:first law of thermodynamics 5000: 4546:In general relativity, the 4157:phenomena like wind, rain, 2985:Appell's equation of motion 2855:Inertial frame of reference 1973:radiant energy from the sun 1579:Entropy as energy dispersal 1390:"Perpetual motion" machines 1329:{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS} 1274:{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS} 1219:{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV} 10: 9896: 9880:Scalar physical quantities 7394: 7311:New Century Senior Physics 7198:Crowell, Benjamin (2011). 6987:. New York: W.H. Freeman. 6814:The Laws of Thermodynamics 6223:maximum entropy production 5565: 5530:(more accurately known as 5327: 5314:heat death of the universe 5200:for further information). 4596: 4262: 3643: 3639: 3412: 2542: 2384:In the late 17th century, 2353: 2322: 2318: 1924:stored in a solid object, 1885:states that energy can be 1832: 1026:{\displaystyle \partial T} 979:{\displaystyle \partial V} 894:{\displaystyle \partial p} 847:{\displaystyle \partial V} 759:{\displaystyle \partial T} 712:{\displaystyle \partial S} 32:Energetic (disambiguation) 29: 18: 9829: 9770: 9635: 9628: 9509: 9370:Types / location 9369: 9360: 9170: 8965: 8878: 8848: 8797: 8788: 8730: 8643: 8602: 8593: 8550: 8472: 8414: 8364: 8267: 8241: 8117: 7997:Fossil fuel power station 7965: 7878: 7784: 7659:Electric potential energy 7624: 7604:Thermodynamic temperature 7584:Thermodynamic free energy 7579:Thermodynamic equilibrium 7425: 7402: 7192:environmental degradation 7152:. Moscow: Mir Publishers. 6837:Feynman, Richard (1964). 5959:thermodynamic free energy 5042:{\displaystyle E_{p}=mgh} 4811:energy is transformed to 3718:chemical potential energy 3494:This says that the work ( 2614:imperial and US customary 2388:proposed the idea of the 2302: 2285: 2276:electromagnetic radiation 2265: 2255: 2241: 2231: 2211: 2190: 2176: 2166: 2156: 2146: 2136: 2122: 2117: 2114: 2021:electric potential energy 1938:electromagnetic radiation 1846: 'activity') is the 1500:An Inquiry Concerning the 178: 165: 154: 141: 109: 97: 85: 46: 41: 8068:Concentrated solar power 6969:I. Klotz, R. Rosenberg, 6673:"Retrieved on May-29-09" 6486:Bobrowsky, Matt (2021). 6361: 6310:Index of energy articles 6163:{\displaystyle \delta W} 6140:{\displaystyle \delta Q} 5568:Energy Transfer Partners 5532:fundamental interactions 4738:nuclear potential energy 4575:energy–momentum 4-vector 3148:Rotating reference frame 2980:Hamilton–Jacobi equation 2527:to energy, namely time. 2442:Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis 2415:proposed the concept of 2207:(and nuclear reactions) 2106:, among other examples. 2002: 1912:of a moving object, the 1513:Heterogeneous Substances 930:{\displaystyle \alpha =} 798:{\displaystyle \beta =-} 7609:Volume (thermodynamics) 7589:Thermodynamic potential 7492:Mass–energy equivalence 7146:Alekseev, G.N. (1986). 6749:"Earth's Energy Budget" 6610:Smith, Crosbie (1998). 6271:Renewable energy portal 6196:equipartition principle 6174:Equipartition of energy 5196:(1904) and others (see 5166:mass–energy equivalence 4401:Lorentz transformations 4324:{\displaystyle E=h\nu } 4215:cosmology and astronomy 3089:Newton's laws of motion 2949:Newton's laws of motion 2440:, in its modern sense. 25:Energy (disambiguation) 7564:Quantum thermodynamics 7554:Laws of thermodynamics 7435:Conservation of energy 7035:10.1103/PhysRev.37.405 6845:. US: Addison Wesley. 6751:. Okfirst.ocs.ou.edu. 6398:) to the surroundings. 6315:Index of wave articles 6164: 6141: 6115: 6020: 5909: 5853: 5793: 5749: 5729: 5709: 5689: 5653: 5596:electromagnetic energy 5490: 5421:translational symmetry 5409: 5394:conservation of energy 5336:conservation of energy 5330:Conservation of energy 5324:Conservation of energy 5302:irreversible processes 5262: 5228: 5149: 5096: 5043: 4988: 4901: 4874: 4819:in a very short time. 4781:gravitational collapse 4677: 4523:For example, consider 4513: 4460: 4369: 4345: 4325: 4036: 3898: 3697:. In human terms, the 3662: 3546:William Rowan Hamilton 3529:; for details see the 3508: 3485: 3116:Simple harmonic motion 3029:Euler's laws of motion 2823:D'Alembert's principle 2706: 2540: 2521:translational symmetry 2517:conservation of energy 2458:conservation of energy 2417:conservation of energy 2393: 2341: 2308:kinetic energy of the 2217:potential energy that 2196:potential energy that 2182:potential energy that 2074:of an object – or the 2058:The total energy of a 2055: 2036: 1883:conservation of energy 1330: 1275: 1220: 1165: 1164:{\displaystyle U(S,V)} 1027: 1003: 980: 956: 931: 895: 871: 848: 824: 799: 760: 736: 713: 689: 664: 643:Specific heat capacity 247:Quantum thermodynamics 23:. For other uses, see 7681:Interatomic potential 7472:Energy transformation 7290:Smil, Vaclav (2008). 6935:The Physics of Energy 6463:"Earth's energy flow" 6350:Waste-to-energy plant 6165: 6142: 6116: 6021: 5910: 5854: 5794: 5750: 5730: 5710: 5690: 5654: 5491: 5429:not be confused with 5385: 5342:, this states that a 5338:. In the form of the 5272:and nuclear weapons. 5263: 5229: 5227:{\displaystyle c^{2}} 5150: 5097: 5044: 4989: 4902: 4900:{\displaystyle E_{k}} 4880:) to kinetic energy ( 4875: 4873:{\displaystyle E_{p}} 4728:(from heat to work). 4671: 4655:Transfer of material 4599:Energy transformation 4514: 4512:{\displaystyle E_{0}} 4461: 4370: 4346: 4326: 4188:In a slower process, 4182:Earth's energy budget 4037: 3899: 3660:energy and human life 3657: 3557:Joseph-Louis Lagrange 3509: 3486: 2970:Hamiltonian mechanics 2788:Statistical mechanics 2707: 2587:British thermal units 2538: 2422:Principia Mathematica 2336: 2042: 2010: 1511:On the Equilibrium of 1331: 1276: 1229:Helmholtz free energy 1221: 1166: 1028: 1004: 981: 957: 932: 896: 872: 849: 825: 800: 761: 737: 714: 690: 665: 9745:remnant natural area 9382:storage and recovery 9048:habitat conservation 8866:Deforestation (REDD) 8615:Evolutionary history 8129:Efficient energy use 8102:Airborne wind energy 8080:Solar thermal energy 7987:Electricity delivery 7599:Thermodynamic system 7544:Irreversible process 7008:Onsager, L. (1931). 6493:Science and Children 6355:Zero-energy building 6285:Efficient energy use 6151: 6128: 6082: 5976: 5868: 5836: 5772: 5739: 5719: 5699: 5679: 5626: 5458: 5449:Hamiltonian operator 5298:reversible processes 5239: 5235:amounts of energy (~ 5211: 5106: 5053: 5014: 4920: 4884: 4857: 4716:) and ultimately to 4548:stress–energy tensor 4496: 4417: 4368:{\displaystyle \nu } 4359: 4335: 4306: 4283:Schrödinger equation 3907: 3787: 3707:basal metabolic rate 3685:(including sugars), 3498: 3444: 3193:Angular acceleration 3185:Rotational frequency 2965:Lagrangian mechanics 2958:Analytical mechanics 2714:Second law of motion 2667: 2493:Josiah Willard Gibbs 2474:James Prescott Joule 1946:thermodynamic system 1524:Motive Power of Fire 1290: 1235: 1180: 1140: 1092:Bridgman's equations 1069:Fundamental relation 1014: 993: 967: 946: 918: 882: 861: 835: 814: 783: 747: 726: 700: 679: 651: 9865:Main topic articles 9699:Earth Overshoot Day 9273:Marine conservation 9254:non-timber products 8552:Natural environment 8151:Energy conservation 8073:Photovoltaic system 8046:Nuclear power plant 7731:Quantum fluctuation 7594:Thermodynamic state 7569:Thermal equilibrium 7227:Scientific American 7179:Scientific American 7165:Scientific American 7102:2015NatSR...5E8323B 7063:2006PhR...426....1M 7026:1931PhRv...37..405O 6910:. Ptolemy Project. 6637:Jacaranda Physics 1 6180:harmonic oscillator 5761:adiabatic processes 5584:conservative forces 5556:Van der Waals force 5431:energy conservation 5426:canonical conjugate 5194:Friedrich Hasenöhrl 4609: 4563:canonical conjugate 4519:is the rest energy. 4405:Newtonian mechanics 4161:, snow, lightning, 4027: 4007: 3987: 3949: 3936: 3923: 3889: 3869: 3849: 3829: 3816: 3803: 3561:classical mechanics 3045:Harmonic oscillator 3023:Equations of motion 2658:Classical mechanics 2652:Part of a series on 2645:Classical mechanics 2608:energy unit is the 2111: 1944:contained within a 1869:and in the form of 1502:Source ... Friction 1434:Loschmidt's paradox 626:Material properties 504:Conjugate variables 9684:Ecosystem services 8807:Ambient standards 8188:Sustainable energy 8166:Energy development 8156:Energy consumption 7992:Energy engineering 7357:2016-08-27 at the 7283:2019-02-09 at the 7149:Energy and Entropy 6820:2006-12-15 at the 6730:2006-10-02 at the 6437:There are several 6335:Sustainable energy 6160: 6137: 6111: 6016: 5905: 5849: 5789: 5757:thermal efficiency 5745: 5725: 5705: 5685: 5649: 5604:tidal interactions 5542:(which results in 5528:fundamental forces 5486: 5258: 5224: 5145: 5092: 5039: 4984: 4897: 4870: 4809:chemical potential 4805:chemical explosion 4766:degrees of freedom 4722:electric generator 4678: 4603: 4567:special relativity 4509: 4456: 4365: 4341: 4321: 4032: 4015: 3995: 3975: 3970: 3937: 3924: 3911: 3894: 3877: 3857: 3837: 3817: 3804: 3791: 3663: 3658:Basic overview of 3634:Arrhenius equation 3606:Chemical reactions 3581:In the context of 3514:) is equal to the 3504: 3481: 3429:conserved quantity 3361:Physics portal 2975:Routhian mechanics 2850:Frame of reference 2702: 2541: 2483:) as the field of 2413:Émilie du Châtelet 2342: 2109: 2056: 2037: 1930:chemical reactions 1897:for energy in the 1879:conserved quantity 1766:Order and disorder 1522:Reflections on the 1429:Heat death paradox 1326: 1271: 1216: 1161: 1023: 999: 976: 952: 927: 891: 867: 844: 820: 795: 756: 732: 709: 685: 663:{\displaystyle c=} 660: 633:Property databases 609:Reduced properties 593:Chemical potential 557:Functions of state 480:Thermal efficiency 216:Carnot heat engine 145:SI base units 9847: 9846: 9825: 9824: 9624: 9623: 9303:genetic resources 9239:genetic resources 8874: 8873: 8782:Natural resources 8748: 8747: 8726: 8725: 8399:chemical elements 8323: 8322: 8090:Solar power tower 7736:Quantum potential 7574:Thermal reservoir 7477:Energy transition 7320:978-0-19-551084-3 7301:978-0-262-19565-2 7110:10.1038/srep08323 6994:978-0-7167-1088-2 6904:"Time Invariance" 6852:978-0-201-02115-8 6787:978-0-7167-0344-0 6699:"Bike Calculator" 6646:978-0-7016-3777-4 6621:978-0-226-76420-7 6579:Harper, Douglas. 6219:equilibrium state 5929: 5928: 5899: 5846: 5813: 5812: 5748:{\displaystyle Q} 5728:{\displaystyle Q} 5708:{\displaystyle W} 5688:{\displaystyle E} 5673: 5672: 5520:virtual particles 5484: 5445:quantum mechanics 5417:Noether's theorem 5286:conservation laws 5182:relativistic mass 5142: 5077: 5008: 5007: 4666: 4665: 4613:Type of transfer 4559:classical physics 4344:{\displaystyle h} 4300:Planck's relation 4271:quantum mechanics 4259:Quantum mechanics 4217:the phenomena of 4190:radioactive decay 4173:brought about by 4139:continental drift 4106:ecological niches 4070:metabolic pathway 4030: 4018: 3998: 3978: 3969: 3940: 3927: 3914: 3892: 3880: 3860: 3840: 3820: 3807: 3794: 3610:activation energy 3571:Noether's theorem 3507:{\displaystyle W} 3411: 3410: 3158:Centrifugal force 3153:Centripetal force 3109:Euler's equations 3094:Relative velocity 2870:Moment of inertia 2700: 2674: 2628:or thermodynamic 2562:with the paddle. 2513:Noether's theorem 2452:coined the term " 2386:Gottfried Leibniz 2376: 2362: 2348:derives from the 2325:History of energy 2316: 2315: 2291:potential energy 2096:mechanical energy 1997:geothermal energy 1820: 1819: 1761:Self-organization 1586: 1585: 1284:Gibbs free energy 1082:Maxwell relations 1040: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1002:{\displaystyle V} 955:{\displaystyle 1} 910:Thermal expansion 904: 903: 870:{\displaystyle V} 823:{\displaystyle 1} 769: 768: 735:{\displaystyle N} 688:{\displaystyle T} 616: 615: 532:Process functions 518:Property diagrams 497:System properties 487: 486: 452:Endoreversibility 344:Equation of state 196: 195: 59:electrical energy 21:Outline of energy 16:Physical quantity 9887: 9860:Energy (physics) 9837: 9836: 9788: 9735:Natural heritage 9694:overexploitation 9633: 9632: 9367: 9366: 9313:herbal medicines 9293:FAO Plant Treaty 8833: 8810: 8795: 8794: 8775: 8768: 8761: 8752: 8751: 8738: 8737: 8610: 8600: 8599: 8540:tropical cyclone 8490: 8350: 8343: 8336: 8327: 8326: 8311: 8310: 8299: 8287: 8286: 8275: 8274: 8249:Carbon footprint 8183:Renewable energy 8024:Hydroelectricity 8014:Geothermal power 7457:Energy condition 7389: 7382: 7375: 7366: 7365: 7339:(JEHRHE), 2018– 7324: 7305: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7259: 7248: 7222:Energy and Power 7218: 7216: 7215: 7204:Light and Matter 7184:energy resources 7153: 7132: 7131: 7121: 7081: 7075: 7074: 7046: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7005: 6999: 6998: 6980: 6974: 6967: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6957: 6929: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6919: 6900: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6890: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6864: 6834: 6825: 6810: 6801: 6798: 6792: 6791: 6773: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6760: 6745: 6739: 6738:pp. 343–58. 6721: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6710: 6694: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6684: 6669: 6663: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6632: 6626: 6625: 6607: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6576: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6566: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6483: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6473: 6467:Energy Education 6459: 6442: 6435: 6429: 6422: 6416: 6405: 6399: 6389: 6383: 6372: 6305:Energy recycling 6290:Energy democracy 6273: 6268: 6267: 6259: 6254: 6253: 6245: 6240: 6239: 6188:potential energy 6169: 6167: 6166: 6161: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6138: 6120: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6089: 6025: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6011: 5997: 5983: 5923: 5914: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5900: 5897: 5862: 5859:, one may write 5858: 5856: 5855: 5850: 5848: 5847: 5844: 5807: 5798: 5796: 5795: 5790: 5779: 5766: 5754: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5706: 5694: 5692: 5691: 5686: 5667: 5658: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5633: 5620: 5540:electric charges 5516:particle physics 5495: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5485: 5477: 5407: 5371:available energy 5282:particle physics 5270:nuclear reactors 5267: 5265: 5264: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5154: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5144: 5143: 5140: 5131: 5130: 5118: 5117: 5101: 5099: 5098: 5093: 5091: 5090: 5078: 5070: 5065: 5064: 5048: 5046: 5045: 5040: 5026: 5025: 5002: 4993: 4991: 4990: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4967: 4966: 4951: 4950: 4935: 4934: 4914: 4906: 4904: 4903: 4898: 4896: 4895: 4879: 4877: 4876: 4871: 4869: 4868: 4840:potential energy 4830:is zero and the 4754:Carnot's theorem 4629:equal amount of 4610: 4602: 4518: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4508: 4507: 4465: 4463: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4451: 4442: 4441: 4429: 4428: 4391:to accelerate a 4374: 4372: 4371: 4366: 4350: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4330: 4328: 4327: 4322: 4235:gamma-ray bursts 4041: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4016: 4006: 4003: 3996: 3986: 3983: 3976: 3974: 3962: 3948: 3945: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3912: 3903: 3901: 3900: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3878: 3868: 3865: 3858: 3848: 3845: 3838: 3828: 3825: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3792: 3728:is triggered by 3699:human equivalent 3513: 3511: 3510: 3505: 3490: 3488: 3487: 3482: 3480: 3475: 3467: 3462: 3461: 3403: 3396: 3389: 3376: 3371: 3370: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3264:Johann Bernoulli 3259:Daniel Bernoulli 3180:Tangential speed 3084: 3060: 3035:Fictitious force 3030: 2882:Mechanical power 2872: 2813:Angular momentum 2711: 2709: 2708: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2691: 2690: 2681: 2676: 2675: 2649: 2648: 2552:potential energy 2531:Units of measure 2523:of the quantity 2454:potential energy 2371: 2369: 2357: 2355: 2272:potential energy 2112: 2108: 2080:potential energy 2076:composite motion 2064:potential energy 2052:potential energy 1993:renewable energy 1981:energy resources 1961:living organisms 1928:associated with 1914:potential energy 1843: 1836: 1812: 1805: 1798: 1782: 1781: 1489:Key publications 1470: 1469:("living force") 1419:Brownian ratchet 1414:Entropy and life 1409:Entropy and time 1360: 1359: 1335: 1333: 1332: 1327: 1280: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1225: 1223: 1222: 1217: 1170: 1168: 1167: 1162: 1064:Clausius theorem 1059:Carnot's theorem 1032: 1030: 1029: 1024: 1008: 1006: 1005: 1000: 985: 983: 982: 977: 961: 959: 958: 953: 940: 939: 936: 934: 933: 928: 900: 898: 897: 892: 876: 874: 873: 868: 853: 851: 850: 845: 829: 827: 826: 821: 808: 807: 804: 802: 801: 796: 765: 763: 762: 757: 741: 739: 738: 733: 718: 716: 715: 710: 694: 692: 691: 686: 673: 672: 669: 667: 666: 661: 639: 638: 512: 511: 331: 330: 212: 198: 197: 146: 51: 39: 38: 9895: 9894: 9890: 9889: 9888: 9886: 9885: 9884: 9850: 9849: 9848: 9843: 9821: 9786: 9766: 9752:Systems ecology 9718:Natural capital 9620: 9505: 9494:reclaimed water 9356: 9318:UPOV Convention 9166: 8961: 8870: 8844: 8840:Ozone depletion 8831: 8808: 8784: 8779: 8749: 8744: 8722: 8639: 8608: 8589: 8546: 8488: 8468: 8459:Gaia hypothesis 8449:Plate tectonics 8410: 8360: 8354: 8324: 8319: 8263: 8259:Waste-to-energy 8237: 8173:Energy security 8119: 8113: 7969: 7961: 7940:Natural uranium 7874: 7855:Mechanical wave 7786:Energy carriers 7780: 7620: 7549:Isolated system 7427: 7421: 7398: 7393: 7359:Wayback Machine 7347: 7332: 7327: 7321: 7308: 7302: 7289: 7285:Wayback Machine 7263: 7261: 7257: 7251:Project PHYSNET 7246: 7241: 7213: 7211: 7197: 7145: 7141: 7139:Further reading 7136: 7135: 7082: 7078: 7051:Physics Reports 7047: 7043: 7006: 7002: 6995: 6985:Thermal Physics 6981: 6977: 6968: 6964: 6955: 6953: 6946: 6930: 6926: 6917: 6915: 6902: 6901: 6897: 6888: 6886: 6875: 6871: 6862: 6860: 6853: 6835: 6828: 6822:Wayback Machine 6811: 6804: 6799: 6795: 6788: 6774: 6767: 6758: 6756: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6732:Wayback Machine 6722: 6718: 6708: 6706: 6697: 6695: 6691: 6682: 6680: 6671: 6670: 6666: 6660:The Hamiltonian 6658: 6654: 6647: 6633: 6629: 6622: 6608: 6604: 6594: 6592: 6577: 6573: 6564: 6562: 6549: 6548: 6544: 6534: 6532: 6484: 6480: 6471: 6469: 6461: 6460: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6445: 6436: 6432: 6426:electromagnetic 6423: 6419: 6406: 6402: 6390: 6386: 6373: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6345:Waste-to-energy 6340:Transfer energy 6300:Energy recovery 6269: 6262: 6255: 6248: 6241: 6234: 6231: 6176: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6007: 5993: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5951: 5942:Internal energy 5939: 5937:Internal energy 5934: 5896: 5892: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5843: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5825: 5819:, for example. 5778: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5632: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5576: 5571: 5564: 5562:Energy transfer 5536:Virtual photons 5476: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5408: 5401: 5381:Richard Feynman 5332: 5326: 5294: 5278:nuclear physics 5252: 5248: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5218: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5178:Albert Einstein 5161: 5139: 5135: 5126: 5122: 5113: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5086: 5082: 5069: 5060: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5021: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5011: 4975: 4971: 4959: 4955: 4943: 4939: 4927: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4909:isolated system 4891: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4864: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4777:nucleosynthesis 4733:electric energy 4718:electric energy 4704:), a dam (from 4702:electric energy 4698:chemical energy 4674:turbo generator 4601: 4595: 4503: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4475: 4447: 4443: 4437: 4433: 4424: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4414: 4385: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4353:Planck constant 4336: 4333: 4332: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4275:energy operator 4267: 4265:Energy operator 4261: 4211: 4194:plate tectonics 4143:mountain ranges 4131: 4062: 4060: 4056: 4024: 4019: 4004: 3999: 3984: 3979: 3953: 3946: 3941: 3933: 3928: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3886: 3881: 3866: 3861: 3846: 3841: 3826: 3821: 3813: 3808: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3736:1500–2000 3652: 3644:Main articles: 3642: 3579: 3535:frame dependent 3531:mechanical work 3499: 3496: 3495: 3476: 3471: 3463: 3457: 3453: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3425: 3419:Mechanical work 3413:Main articles: 3407: 3366: 3353: 3352: 3345: 3344: 3343: 3218: 3210: 3209: 3189: 3143:Circular motion 3137: 3127: 3126: 3125: 3082: 3052: 3049: 3028: 3007: 2999: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2952: 2942: 2934: 2933: 2932: 2891: 2887:Mechanical work 2880: 2864: 2802: 2794: 2793: 2792: 2747: 2739: 2716: 2692: 2686: 2682: 2680: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2647: 2642: 2556:internal energy 2547: 2545:Units of energy 2533: 2511:. According to 2489:Rudolf Clausius 2462:isolated system 2450:William Rankine 2407:, differs from 2331: 2323:Main articles: 2321: 2243:Mechanical wave 2115:Type of energy 2005: 1977:energy industry 1942:internal energy 1926:chemical energy 1863:physical system 1816: 1771: 1770: 1746: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1596: 1588: 1587: 1566: 1552: 1527: 1523: 1516: 1512: 1505: 1501: 1468: 1461: 1443: 1424:Maxwell's demon 1386: 1357: 1356: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1286: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1134:Internal energy 1129: 1114: 1104: 1103: 1078: 1053: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1015: 1012: 1011: 994: 991: 990: 968: 965: 964: 947: 944: 943: 919: 916: 915: 883: 880: 879: 862: 859: 858: 836: 833: 832: 815: 812: 811: 784: 781: 780: 775:Compressibility 748: 745: 744: 727: 724: 723: 701: 698: 697: 680: 677: 676: 652: 649: 648: 628: 618: 617: 598:Particle number 551: 510: 499: 489: 488: 447:Irreversibility 359:State of matter 326:Isolated system 311: 301: 300: 299: 274: 264: 263: 259:Non-equilibrium 251: 226: 218: 144: 112: 88: 81: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9893: 9883: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9845: 9844: 9842: 9841: 9830: 9827: 9826: 9823: 9822: 9820: 9819: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9787:(perpetuation) 9782: 9776: 9774: 9768: 9767: 9765: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9748: 9747: 9740:Nature reserve 9737: 9732: 9731: 9730: 9725: 9715: 9714: 9713: 9703: 9702: 9701: 9696: 9686: 9681: 9680: 9679: 9674: 9664: 9663: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9636: 9630: 9626: 9625: 9622: 9621: 9619: 9618: 9617: 9616: 9611: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9545: 9544: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9513: 9511: 9507: 9506: 9504: 9503: 9498: 9497: 9496: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9475: 9474: 9464: 9459: 9458: 9457: 9445: 9444: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9423: 9418: 9417: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9385: 9384: 9373: 9371: 9364: 9358: 9357: 9355: 9354: 9353: 9352: 9347: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9326: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9269: 9268: 9258: 9257: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9231: 9230: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9217:climate change 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9193: 9192: 9185:Bioprospecting 9182: 9176: 9174: 9168: 9167: 9165: 9164: 9163: 9162: 9157: 9147: 9146: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9120: 9119: 9118: 9113: 9112: 9111: 9106: 9096: 9095: 9094: 9089: 9079: 9078: 9077: 9067: 9062: 9052: 9051: 9050: 9040: 9039: 9038: 9028: 9027: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8990: 8989: 8988: 8987: 8971: 8969: 8963: 8962: 8960: 8959: 8954: 8953: 8952: 8947: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8884: 8882: 8876: 8875: 8872: 8871: 8869: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8852: 8850: 8846: 8845: 8843: 8842: 8837: 8836: 8835: 8830:Clean Air Act 8822: 8817: 8812: 8803: 8801: 8792: 8786: 8785: 8778: 8777: 8770: 8763: 8755: 8746: 8745: 8743: 8742: 8731: 8728: 8727: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8720: 8713: 8712: 8711: 8706: 8696: 8695: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8683: 8682: 8672: 8671: 8670: 8655: 8650: 8644: 8641: 8640: 8638: 8637: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8603: 8597: 8591: 8590: 8588: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8556: 8554: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8544: 8543: 8542: 8537: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8484: 8478: 8476: 8470: 8469: 8467: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8426: 8420: 8418: 8412: 8411: 8409: 8408: 8403: 8402: 8401: 8396: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8370: 8368: 8362: 8361: 8353: 8352: 8345: 8338: 8330: 8321: 8320: 8318: 8317: 8305: 8293: 8281: 8268: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8261: 8256: 8254:Jevons paradox 8251: 8245: 8243: 8239: 8238: 8236: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8178:Energy storage 8175: 8170: 8169: 8168: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8147: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8125: 8123: 8115: 8114: 8112: 8111: 8110: 8109: 8104: 8094: 8093: 8092: 8087: 8077: 8076: 8075: 8070: 8060: 8055: 8054: 8053: 8048: 8038: 8037: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8016: 8011: 8010: 8009: 8004: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7982:Electric power 7979: 7973: 7971: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7943: 7942: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7911: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7890: 7884: 7882: 7880:Primary energy 7876: 7875: 7873: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7851: 7850: 7840: 7839: 7838: 7828: 7827: 7826: 7821: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7790: 7788: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7677: 7676: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7640: 7639: 7628: 7626: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7618: 7617: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7514:Entropic force 7511: 7504:Thermodynamics 7501: 7496: 7495: 7494: 7489: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7453: 7452: 7442: 7437: 7431: 7429: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7403: 7400: 7399: 7392: 7391: 7384: 7377: 7369: 7363: 7362: 7346: 7345:External links 7343: 7342: 7341: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7325: 7319: 7306: 7300: 7287: 7270: 7239: 7219: 7195: 7154: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7076: 7041: 7000: 6993: 6975: 6962: 6944: 6924: 6895: 6869: 6851: 6826: 6802: 6793: 6786: 6765: 6740: 6716: 6689: 6664: 6652: 6645: 6627: 6620: 6602: 6571: 6542: 6478: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6430: 6417: 6400: 6396:lattice energy 6384: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6276: 6275: 6274: 6260: 6257:Physics portal 6246: 6230: 6227: 6175: 6172: 6159: 6156: 6136: 6133: 6122: 6121: 6110: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6092: 6088: 6028: 6027: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6003: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5986: 5982: 5950: 5947: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5932:Thermodynamics 5930: 5927: 5926: 5917: 5915: 5904: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5842: 5824: 5821: 5811: 5810: 5801: 5799: 5788: 5785: 5782: 5777: 5744: 5724: 5704: 5684: 5671: 5670: 5661: 5659: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5631: 5608:thermal energy 5600:kinetic energy 5575: 5574:Closed systems 5572: 5563: 5560: 5522:, which carry 5497: 5496: 5483: 5480: 5475: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5399: 5375:thermal energy 5328:Main article: 5325: 5322: 5293: 5290: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5244: 5221: 5217: 5190:Henri Poincaré 5176:², derived by 5168:. The formula 5160: 5157: 5138: 5134: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5116: 5112: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5076: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5059: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5024: 5020: 5006: 5005: 4996: 4994: 4981: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4949: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4933: 4930: 4926: 4894: 4890: 4867: 4863: 4836:kinetic energy 4828:kinetic energy 4817:thermal energy 4743:radiant energy 4710:kinetic energy 4680:Energy may be 4664: 4663: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4631:thermal energy 4627: 4621: 4620: 4617: 4604:Some forms of 4597:Main article: 4594: 4593:Transformation 4591: 4571:Lorentz scalar 4521: 4520: 4506: 4502: 4491: 4488:speed of light 4481: 4473: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4423: 4384: 4381: 4364: 4340: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4263:Main article: 4260: 4257: 4247:nuclear fusion 4210: 4207: 4202:energy storage 4155:meteorological 4130: 4129:Earth sciences 4127: 4123:photosynthesis 4088: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4058: 4054: 4052: 4022: 4013: 4010: 4002: 3993: 3990: 3982: 3973: 3968: 3965: 3959: 3956: 3952: 3944: 3931: 3918: 3884: 3875: 3872: 3864: 3855: 3852: 3844: 3835: 3832: 3824: 3811: 3798: 3774:carbon dioxide 3769: 3765: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3722:photosynthesis 3641: 3638: 3578: 3575: 3503: 3492: 3491: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3449: 3423:Thermodynamics 3409: 3408: 3406: 3405: 3398: 3391: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3378: 3377: 3364: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3212: 3211: 3208: 3207: 3188: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3170:Coriolis force 3167: 3166: 3165: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3133: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3112: 3111: 3106: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3079: 3068: 3067: 3066: 3061: 3048: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3005: 3004: 3001: 3000: 2997: 2996: 2993: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2953: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2889: 2884: 2878: 2873: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2841: 2840: 2835: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2800: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2738: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2712: 2698: 2695: 2689: 2685: 2679: 2661: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2640:Scientific use 2638: 2591:kilowatt-hours 2543:Main article: 2532: 2529: 2505:radiant energy 2497:Walther Nernst 2485:thermodynamics 2456:". The law of 2446:kinetic energy 2405:kinetic energy 2320: 2317: 2314: 2313: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2269: 2263: 2262: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2205:atomic nucleus 2194: 2188: 2187: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2068:kinetic energy 2044:Thermal energy 2033:thermal energy 2004: 2001: 1934:radiant energy 1922:elastic energy 1910:kinetic energy 1877:. Energy is a 1818: 1817: 1815: 1814: 1807: 1800: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1576: 1568: 1567: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1543:Thermodynamics 1539: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1519: 1517: 1508: 1506: 1497: 1492: 1491: 1485: 1484: 1483: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1460: 1459: 1457:Caloric theory 1453: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1385: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1281: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1226: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1171: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1130: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1116: 1115: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1022: 1019: 1009: 998: 987: 986: 975: 972: 962: 951: 937: 926: 923: 913: 906: 905: 902: 901: 890: 887: 877: 866: 855: 854: 843: 840: 830: 819: 805: 794: 791: 788: 778: 771: 770: 767: 766: 755: 752: 742: 731: 720: 719: 708: 705: 695: 684: 670: 659: 656: 646: 637: 636: 635: 629: 624: 623: 620: 619: 614: 613: 612: 611: 606: 601: 590: 579: 560: 559: 553: 552: 550: 549: 544: 538: 535: 534: 528: 527: 526: 525: 520: 501: 500: 495: 494: 491: 490: 485: 484: 483: 482: 477: 472: 464: 463: 457: 456: 455: 454: 449: 444: 439: 437:Free expansion 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 391: 390: 384: 383: 382: 381: 376: 374:Control volume 371: 366: 364:Phase (matter) 361: 356: 351: 346: 338: 337: 329: 328: 323: 318: 312: 307: 306: 303: 302: 298: 297: 292: 287: 282: 276: 275: 270: 269: 266: 265: 262: 261: 250: 249: 244: 239: 234: 228: 227: 224: 223: 220: 219: 214:The classical 213: 205: 204: 202:Thermodynamics 194: 193: 182: 176: 175: 170: 163: 162: 159: 152: 151: 148: 139: 138: 113: 110: 107: 106: 101: 95: 94: 89: 87:Common symbols 86: 83: 82: 52: 44: 43: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9892: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9857: 9855: 9840: 9832: 9831: 9828: 9818: 9817:Non-renewable 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9777: 9775: 9773: 9769: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9757:Urban ecology 9755: 9753: 9750: 9746: 9743: 9742: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9720: 9719: 9716: 9712: 9709: 9708: 9707: 9704: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9691: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9669: 9668: 9665: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9642: 9641: 9638: 9637: 9634: 9631: 9627: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9606: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9589:Privatization 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9543: 9540: 9539: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9514: 9512: 9508: 9502: 9499: 9495: 9492: 9491: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9484:Surface water 9482: 9480: 9477: 9473: 9470: 9469: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9456: 9455: 9451: 9450: 9449: 9446: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9428: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9401: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9383: 9380: 9379: 9378: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9359: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9342: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9290: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9267: 9264: 9263: 9262: 9259: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9236: 9235: 9232: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9214: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9191: 9188: 9187: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9177: 9175: 9173: 9169: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9152: 9151: 9148: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9125: 9124: 9121: 9117: 9114: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9101: 9100: 9097: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9084: 9083: 9080: 9076: 9073: 9072: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9057: 9056: 9053: 9049: 9046: 9045: 9044: 9041: 9037: 9034: 9033: 9032: 9029: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9006: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8986: 8985:peak farmland 8983: 8982: 8981: 8978: 8977: 8976: 8973: 8972: 8970: 8968: 8964: 8958: 8955: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8942: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8908: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8885: 8883: 8881: 8877: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8853: 8851: 8847: 8841: 8838: 8834: 8828: 8827: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8805: 8804: 8802: 8800: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8776: 8771: 8769: 8764: 8762: 8757: 8756: 8753: 8741: 8733: 8732: 8729: 8719: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8701: 8700: 8697: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8681: 8678: 8677: 8676: 8673: 8669: 8666: 8665: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8645: 8642: 8635: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8609:(abiogenesis) 8605: 8604: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8592: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8557: 8555: 8553: 8549: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8532: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8475: 8471: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8434: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8424:Earth science 8422: 8421: 8419: 8417: 8413: 8407: 8404: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8391: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8351: 8346: 8344: 8339: 8337: 8332: 8331: 8328: 8316: 8315: 8306: 8304: 8303: 8298: 8294: 8292: 8291: 8282: 8280: 8279: 8270: 8269: 8266: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8246: 8244: 8240: 8234: 8233:United States 8231: 8229: 8228:South America 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8167: 8164: 8163: 8162: 8161:Energy policy 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8116: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8098: 8095: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8085:Solar furnace 8083: 8082: 8081: 8078: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8065: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8043: 8042: 8041:Nuclear power 8039: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8021: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7999: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7974: 7972: 7968: 7967:Energy system 7964: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7941: 7938: 7937: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7920:Gravitational 7918: 7916: 7913: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7895: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7877: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7849: 7848:Hydrogen fuel 7846: 7845: 7844: 7841: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7832: 7829: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7787: 7783: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7675: 7672: 7671: 7670: 7669:Gravitational 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7638: 7635: 7634: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7623: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7539:Heat transfer 7537: 7535: 7534:Heat capacity 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7506: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7487:Negative mass 7485: 7484: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7467:Energy system 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7424: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7401: 7397: 7390: 7385: 7383: 7378: 7376: 7371: 7370: 7367: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7340: 7338: 7334: 7333: 7322: 7316: 7312: 7307: 7303: 7297: 7293: 7288: 7286: 7282: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7256: 7252: 7245: 7240: 7237: 7236:0-7167-0938-4 7233: 7229: 7228: 7223: 7220: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7196: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7180: 7175: 7174:0-7167-0945-7 7171: 7167: 7166: 7161: 7160: 7155: 7151: 7150: 7144: 7143: 7129: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7080: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7045: 7036: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7020:(4): 405–26. 7019: 7015: 7011: 7004: 6996: 6990: 6986: 6979: 6972: 6966: 6951: 6947: 6945:9781107016651 6941: 6937: 6936: 6928: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6899: 6885:on 2011-05-14 6884: 6880: 6873: 6858: 6854: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6833: 6831: 6823: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6809: 6807: 6797: 6789: 6783: 6779: 6772: 6770: 6754: 6750: 6744: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6726: 6720: 6704: 6700: 6693: 6678: 6674: 6668: 6661: 6656: 6648: 6642: 6638: 6631: 6623: 6617: 6613: 6606: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6575: 6560: 6556: 6555:Nuclear Power 6552: 6546: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6494: 6489: 6482: 6468: 6464: 6458: 6454: 6440: 6434: 6427: 6421: 6414: 6410: 6404: 6397: 6393: 6388: 6381: 6377: 6371: 6367: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6330:Power station 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6295:Energy crisis 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6272: 6266: 6261: 6258: 6252: 6247: 6244: 6243:Energy portal 6238: 6233: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6211:energy states 6208: 6204: 6199: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6171: 6157: 6154: 6134: 6131: 6108: 6105: 6102: 6099: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6061: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6040: 6036: 6033: 6012: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5946: 5943: 5925: 5918: 5916: 5902: 5893: 5889: 5886: 5883: 5880: 5877: 5874: 5864: 5863: 5860: 5840: 5830: 5820: 5818: 5809: 5802: 5800: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5768: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5742: 5722: 5702: 5682: 5669: 5662: 5660: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5634: 5622: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5611: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5569: 5559: 5557: 5553: 5552:Casimir force 5549: 5545: 5544:Coulomb's law 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5481: 5478: 5473: 5470: 5464: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5446: 5441: 5439: 5434: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5418: 5413: 5406: 5405: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5390: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5355: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5344:closed system 5341: 5337: 5331: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5273: 5271: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5242: 5219: 5215: 5206: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5172: = 5171: 5167: 5156: 5136: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5114: 5110: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5074: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5022: 5018: 5004: 4997: 4995: 4979: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4947: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4928: 4924: 4916: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4892: 4888: 4865: 4861: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4820: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4801:fission bombs 4798: 4797:nuclear decay 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4746: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4670: 4661: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4650: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4549: 4544: 4542: 4541:pair creation 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4504: 4500: 4492: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4467: 4453: 4448: 4444: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4421: 4412: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4380: 4378: 4362: 4354: 4338: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4288:wave function 4284: 4280: 4279:wave function 4276: 4272: 4266: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4206: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4186: 4183: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4051: 4049: 4045: 4020: 4011: 4008: 4000: 3991: 3980: 3966: 3963: 3957: 3950: 3942: 3929: 3916: 3882: 3873: 3870: 3862: 3853: 3842: 3833: 3830: 3822: 3809: 3796: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3759: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3709:of 80 watts. 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3683:carbohydrates 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3647: 3646:Bioenergetics 3637: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3525:along a path 3524: 3521: 3517: 3516:line integral 3501: 3468: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3447: 3440: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3430: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3404: 3399: 3397: 3392: 3390: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3381: 3375: 3365: 3362: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3349: 3348: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3214: 3213: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3130: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3080: 3077: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3003: 3002: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2959: 2954: 2951: 2950: 2945: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2830: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2798: 2797: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2743: 2742: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2696: 2693: 2683: 2677: 2663: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2546: 2537: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2360: 2351: 2350:Ancient Greek 2347: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2311: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2227: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2214: 2213:Chromodynamic 2210: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2159: 2158:Gravitational 2155: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2100:nuclear force 2097: 2093: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2011:In a typical 2009: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1827:Ancient Greek 1824: 1813: 1808: 1806: 1801: 1799: 1794: 1793: 1791: 1790: 1785: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1756:Self-assembly 1754: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1742: 1741: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1727:van der Waals 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1652:von Helmholtz 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1592: 1591: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1556: 1555: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1538: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1526: 1525: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1367: 1366: 1362: 1361: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1344: 1343: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1293: 1285: 1282: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1238: 1230: 1227: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1183: 1175: 1172: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1143: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1100: 1099: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1075: 1074:Ideal gas law 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1046: 1020: 1010: 996: 989: 988: 973: 963: 949: 942: 941: 938: 924: 921: 914: 911: 908: 907: 888: 878: 864: 857: 856: 841: 831: 817: 810: 809: 806: 792: 789: 786: 779: 776: 773: 772: 753: 743: 729: 722: 721: 706: 696: 682: 675: 674: 671: 657: 654: 647: 644: 641: 640: 634: 631: 630: 627: 622: 621: 610: 607: 605: 604:Vapor quality 602: 600: 599: 594: 591: 589: 588: 583: 580: 577: 573: 572: 567: 564: 563: 562: 561: 558: 555: 554: 548: 545: 543: 540: 539: 537: 536: 533: 530: 529: 524: 521: 519: 516: 515: 514: 513: 509: 505: 498: 493: 492: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 467: 466: 465: 462: 459: 458: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 442:Reversibility 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 394: 393: 392: 389: 386: 385: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 341: 340: 339: 336: 333: 332: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 316:Closed system 314: 313: 310: 305: 304: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 277: 273: 268: 267: 260: 256: 253: 252: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 229: 222: 221: 217: 211: 207: 206: 203: 200: 199: 192: 189: 186: 183: 181: 177: 174: 171: 168: 164: 160: 157: 153: 149: 147: 140: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 114: 108: 105: 102: 100: 96: 93: 90: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 26: 22: 9815: / 9689:Exploitation 9574:Conservation 9517:Desalination 9452: 9345:conservation 9180:Biodiversity 9128:conservation 8975:Agricultural 8903:Fossil fuels 8879: 8715: 8648:Biodiversity 8634:astrobiology 8383: 8356:Elements of 8312: 8300: 8288: 8276: 8058:Oil refinery 8002:Cogeneration 7935:Nuclear fuel 7741:Quintessence 7529:Free entropy 7462:Energy level 7444: 7426:Fundamental 7395: 7336: 7310: 7291: 7273: 7262:. Retrieved 7250: 7225: 7221: 7212:. Retrieved 7203: 7190:trends, and 7177: 7163: 7156: 7148: 7093: 7089: 7079: 7054: 7050: 7044: 7017: 7013: 7003: 6984: 6978: 6970: 6965: 6954:. Retrieved 6934: 6927: 6916:. Retrieved 6907: 6898: 6887:. Retrieved 6883:the original 6872: 6861:. Retrieved 6842: 6813: 6796: 6777: 6757:. Retrieved 6743: 6735: 6719: 6707:. Retrieved 6692: 6681:. Retrieved 6667: 6655: 6636: 6630: 6611: 6605: 6593:. Retrieved 6584: 6574: 6563:. Retrieved 6554: 6545: 6533:. Retrieved 6500:(1): 61–65. 6497: 6491: 6481: 6470:. Retrieved 6466: 6457: 6433: 6420: 6403: 6387: 6370: 6207:distribution 6200: 6177: 6123: 6072: 6068: 6062: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6034: 6029: 5966: 5952: 5940: 5919: 5829:open systems 5826: 5823:Open systems 5814: 5803: 5674: 5663: 5612: 5577: 5513: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5442: 5435: 5414: 5410: 5402: 5392: 5388: 5386: 5379: 5359:heat engines 5356: 5333: 5310: 5306: 5295: 5274: 5202: 5186:J.J. Thomson 5173: 5169: 5162: 5009: 4998: 4852: 4821: 4770: 4747: 4730: 4686:efficiencies 4679: 4619:Description 4565:to time. In 4556: 4552: 4545: 4522: 4483: 4480:of the body, 4470: 4413: 4393:massive body 4386: 4292:energy level 4268: 4255: 4244: 4212: 4187: 4179: 4175:solar energy 4132: 4089: 4063: 3782:mitochondria 3734: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3664: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3604: 3580: 3569: 3564: 3550: 3539: 3526: 3522: 3493: 3433: 3426: 3203: / 3199: / 3197:displacement 3195: / 3056: / 3018:Displacement 2956: 2947: 2941:Formulations 2928:Virtual work 2868: / 2827: 2808:Acceleration 2801:Fundamentals 2626:food calorie 2622:electronvolt 2616:unit is the 2599: 2595:kilocalories 2571:derived unit 2564: 2548: 2509:Jožef Stefan 2478: 2437: 2434:Thomas Young 2431: 2420: 2408: 2399: 2383: 2345: 2343: 2338:Thomas Young 2295:an object's 2278:, including 2203:to form the 2118:Description 2088: 2057: 2029:sound energy 2025:light energy 2015:strike, 500 1989:nuclear fuel 1985:fossil fuels 1958: 1907: 1901:(SI) is the 1881:—the law of 1848:quantitative 1840: 1837: 1830: 1822: 1821: 1617:Carathéodory 1548:Heat engines 1520: 1509: 1498: 1480:Motive power 1465: 1125:Free entropy 1096: 596: 595: / 585: 584: / 576:introduction 569: 568: / 507: 470:Heat engines 257: / 190: 187: 184: 99:SI unit 91: 77:and a faint 55:plasma globe 36: 9808:Nationalism 9780:Common-pool 9421:Hydrosphere 9414:remediation 9399:Groundwater 8994:Degradation 8699:Prokaryotes 8487:Atmosphere 8482:Meteorology 8314:WikiProject 8134:Agriculture 8063:Solar power 8029:Tidal power 7903:Natural gas 7893:Fossil fuel 7836:Latent heat 7804:Electricity 7057:(1): 1–45. 6778:Gravitation 6675:. Uic.edu. 6535:February 5, 6052:and volume 6032:temperature 5548:spontaneous 5318:heat engine 4726:heat engine 4720:through an 4690:transducers 4682:transformed 4635:temperature 4409:rest energy 4403:instead of 4151:earthquakes 3679:respiration 3650:Food energy 3600:endothermic 3542:Hamiltonian 3339:von Neumann 3006:Core topics 2481:Lord Kelvin 2444:described " 2310:microscopic 2249:oscillation 2130:macroscopic 2128:the sum of 1950:rest energy 1936:carried by 1895:measurement 1855:transferred 1439:Synergetics 1120:Free energy 566:Temperature 427:Quasistatic 422:Isenthalpic 379:Instruments 369:Equilibrium 321:Open system 255:Equilibrium 237:Statistical 111:Other units 9854:Categories 9803:Extraction 9762:Wilderness 9723:accounting 9706:Management 9672:ecological 9660:tragedy of 9579:Peak water 9564:Efficiency 9537:Sanitation 9479:Stormwater 9472:harvesting 9448:Irrigation 9350:management 9308:gene banks 9249:management 9227:management 9143:resilience 9109:phosphorus 9065:industrial 9043:Management 9019:soundscape 8925:Geothermal 8580:Wilderness 8433:geological 8097:Wind power 8019:Hydropower 7970:components 7925:Hydropower 7915:Geothermal 7865:Sound wave 7776:Zero-point 7706:Mechanical 7691:Ionization 7664:Electrical 7559:Negentropy 7440:Energetics 7361:) – BioCab 7214:2017-04-12 7188:population 6956:2022-05-22 6918:2010-12-12 6889:2010-12-12 6863:2022-05-04 6759:2010-12-12 6709:2009-05-29 6683:2010-12-12 6565:2022-07-06 6472:2024-08-28 6449:References 6409:waste heat 6280:Combustion 5554:, for the 5367:waste heat 4785:supernovae 4537:antimatter 4490:in vacuum, 4395:from zero 4383:Relativity 4198:orogenesis 4171:atmosphere 4167:hurricanes 4115:food chain 4066:metabolism 3726:catabolism 3703:metabolism 3693:stored by 3592:exothermic 3553:Lagrangian 3274:d'Alembert 3254:Maupertuis 3217:Scientists 3099:Rigid body 2773:Kinematics 2618:foot pound 2472:. In 1845 2257:Sound wave 2251:of matter 2178:Ionization 2124:Mechanical 2104:weak force 2092:rotational 2017:megajoules 1969:ecosystems 1825:(from 1751:Nucleation 1595:Scientists 1399:Philosophy 1112:Potentials 475:Heat pumps 432:Polytropic 417:Isentropic 407:Isothermal 150:J = kg⋅m⋅s 136:foot-pound 61:to create 9813:Renewable 9798:Depletion 9785:Conflict 9667:Economics 9645:enclosure 9604:Resources 9584:Pollution 9501:Watershed 9404:pollution 9335:Seed bank 9330:Rangeland 9212:Fisheries 9197:Biosphere 9190:biopiracy 9133:fertility 9009:cityscape 9004:Landscape 8911:peak coal 8898:Resources 8849:Emissions 8658:Eukaryota 8625:Hierarchy 8620:Biosphere 8585:Wildfires 8575:Radiation 8565:Ecosystem 8505:Moonlight 8439:Structure 8394:particles 8208:Australia 8144:Transport 8139:Computing 8107:Wind farm 8034:Wave farm 7908:Petroleum 7888:Bioenergy 7860:Radiation 7799:Capacitor 7721:Potential 7159:Biosphere 7014:Phys. 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