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gained from frequency transients, noisiness, unsteadiness, perceived pitch and the spread and intensity of overtones in the sound over an extended time frame. The way a sound changes over time provides most of the information for timbre identification. Even though a small section of the wave form from each instrument looks very similar, differences in changes over time between the clarinet and the piano are evident in both loudness and harmonic content. Less noticeable are the different noises heard, such as air hisses for the clarinet and hammer strikes for the piano.
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related to the physical duration of a sound. For example; in a noisy environment, gapped sounds (sounds that stop and start) can sound as if they are continuous because the offset messages are missed owing to disruptions from noises in the same general bandwidth. This can be of great benefit in understanding distorted messages such as radio signals that suffer from interference, as (owing to this effect) the message is heard as if it was continuous.
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can vary. Sometimes individuals identify different pitches for the same sound, based on their personal experience of particular sound patterns. Selection of a particular pitch is determined by pre-conscious examination of vibrations, including their frequencies and the balance between them. Specific attention is given to recognising potential harmonics. Every sound is placed on a pitch continuum from low to high.
484:
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341:, and displacement of the medium vary in time. At an instant in time, the pressure, velocity, and displacement vary in space. The particles of the medium do not travel with the sound wave. This is intuitively obvious for a solid, and the same is true for liquids and gases (that is, the vibrations of particles in the gas or liquid transport the vibrations, while the
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Spatial location represents the cognitive placement of a sound in an environmental context; including the placement of a sound on both the horizontal and vertical plane, the distance from the sound source and the characteristics of the sonic environment. In a thick texture, it is possible to identify
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is perceived as how "loud" or "soft" a sound is and relates to the totalled number of auditory nerve stimulations over short cyclic time periods, most likely over the duration of theta wave cycles. This means that at short durations, a very short sound can sound softer than a longer sound even though
175:
in pressure, stress, particle displacement, particle velocity, etc., propagated in a medium with internal forces (e.g., elastic or viscous), or the superposition of such propagated oscillation. (b) Auditory sensation evoked by the oscillation described in (a)." Sound can be viewed as a wave motion in
1932:
is sound waves with frequencies lower than 20 Hz. Although sounds of such low frequency are too low for humans to hear as a pitch, these sound are heard as discrete pulses (like the 'popping' sound of an idling motorcycle). Whales, elephants and other animals can detect infrasound and use it to
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is perceived as how "low" or "high" a sound is and represents the cyclic, repetitive nature of the vibrations that make up sound. For simple sounds, pitch relates to the frequency of the slowest vibration in the sound (called the fundamental harmonic). In the case of complex sounds, pitch perception
371:
Motion of the medium itself. If the medium is moving, this movement may increase or decrease the absolute speed of the sound wave depending on the direction of the movement. For example, sound moving through wind will have its speed of propagation increased by the speed of the wind if the sound and
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is perceived as the quality of different sounds (e.g. the thud of a fallen rock, the whir of a drill, the tone of a musical instrument or the quality of a voice) and represents the pre-conscious allocation of a sonic identity to a sound (e.g. "it's an oboe!"). This identity is based on information
1605:
is dedicated to such studies. Webster's dictionary defined sound as: "1. The sensation of hearing, that which is heard; specif.: a. Psychophysics. Sensation due to stimulation of the auditory nerves and auditory centers of the brain, usually by vibrations transmitted in a material medium, commonly
1801:
Loudness information is summed over a period of about 200 ms before being sent to the auditory cortex. Louder signals create a greater 'push' on the
Basilar membrane and thus stimulate more nerves, creating a stronger loudness signal. A more complex signal also creates more nerve firings and so
1788:
is perceived as how "long" or "short" a sound is and relates to onset and offset signals created by nerve responses to sounds. The duration of a sound usually lasts from the time the sound is first noticed until the sound is identified as having changed or ceased. Sometimes this is not directly
533:
Although there are many complexities relating to the transmission of sounds, at the point of reception (i.e. the ears), sound is readily dividable into two simple elements: pressure and time. These fundamental elements form the basis of all sound waves. They can be used to describe, in absolute
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is a term often used to refer to an unwanted sound. In science and engineering, noise is an undesirable component that obscures a wanted signal. However, in sound perception it can often be used to identify the source of a sound and is an important component of timbre perception (see below).
925:
Those physical properties and the speed of sound change with ambient conditions. For example, the speed of sound in gases depends on temperature. In 20 °C (68 °F) air at sea level, the speed of sound is approximately 343 m/s (1,230 km/h; 767 mph) using the formula
1701:
is the component of the acoustic environment that can be perceived by humans. The acoustic environment is the combination of all sounds (whether audible to humans or not) within a given area as modified by the environment and understood by people, in context of the surrounding environment.
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1249:
is the difference, in a given medium, between average local pressure and the pressure in the sound wave. A square of this difference (i.e., a square of the deviation from the equilibrium pressure) is usually averaged over time and/or space, and a square root of this average provides a
955:
In fresh water the speed of sound is approximately 1,482 m/s (5,335 km/h; 3,315 mph). In steel, the speed of sound is about 5,960 m/s (21,460 km/h; 13,330 mph). Sound moves the fastest in solid atomic hydrogen at about 36,000 m/s (129,600 km/h;
1908:
is sound waves with frequencies higher than 20,000 Hz. Ultrasound is not different from audible sound in its physical properties, but cannot be heard by humans. Ultrasound devices operate with frequencies from 20 kHz up to several gigahertz.
537:
In order to understand the sound more fully, a complex wave such as the one shown in a blue background on the right of this text, is usually separated into its component parts, which are a combination of various sound wave frequencies (and noise).
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air, affecting the organ of hearing. b. Physics. Vibrational energy which occasions such a sensation. Sound is propagated by progressive longitudinal vibratory disturbances (sound waves)." This means that the correct response to the question: "
2626:
In J. Rosevear & S. Harding. (Eds.), ASME XXth
National Conference proceedings. Paper presented at: Music: Educating for life: ASME XXth National Conference (pp. 22–28), Parkville, Victoria: The Australian Society for Music Education
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2283:
1749:
Pitch perception. During the listening process, each sound is analysed for a repeating pattern (orange arrows) and the results forwarded to the auditory cortex as a single pitch of a certain height (octave) and chroma (note
1607:
3130:
Levitin, D.J. (1999). Memory for musical attributes. In P.R. Cook (Ed.), Music, cognition, and computerized sound: An introduction to psychoacoustics (pp. 105–127). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT press.
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66:
305:. One fork is hit with a rubberized mallet, causing the second fork to become visibly excited due to the oscillation caused by the periodic change in the pressure and density of the air. This is an
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air or other elastic media. In this case, sound is a stimulus. Sound can also be viewed as an excitation of the hearing mechanism that results in the perception of sound. In this case, sound is a
650:
The speed of sound depends on the medium the waves pass through, and is a fundamental property of the material. The first significant effort towards measurement of the speed of sound was made by
2378:
Matthews, M. (1999). Introduction to timbre. In P.R. Cook (Ed.), Music, cognition, and computerized sound: An introduction to psychoacoustic (pp. 79–88). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT press.
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810:
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Duration perception. When a new sound is noticed (Green arrows), a sound onset message is sent to the auditory cortex. When the repeating pattern is missed, a sound offset messages is sent.
693:
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of a stereo speaker. The sound source creates vibrations in the surrounding medium. As the source continues to vibrate the medium, the vibrations propagate away from the source at the
64:
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they are presented at the same intensity level. Past around 200 ms this is no longer the case and the duration of the sound no longer affects the apparent loudness of the sound.
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effect, to the sound amplitude, which means there are non-linear propagation effects, such as the production of harmonics and mixed tones not present in the original sound (see
2264:
1484:{\displaystyle L_{\mathrm {p} }=10\,\log _{10}\left({\frac {{p}^{2}}{{p_{\mathrm {ref} }}^{2}}}\right)=20\,\log _{10}\left({\frac {p}{p_{\mathrm {ref} }}}\right){\mbox{ dB}}\,}
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Pa), that is between 101323.6 and 101326.4 Pa. As the human ear can detect sounds with a wide range of amplitudes, sound pressure is often measured as a level on a logarithmic
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for humans or sometimes it relates to a particular animal. Other species have different ranges of hearing. For example, dogs can perceive vibrations higher than 20 kHz.
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1283:
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Jones, S.; Longe, O.; Pato, M.V. (1998). "Auditory evoked potentials to abrupt pitch and timbre change of complex tones: electrophysiological evidence of streaming?".
372:
wind are moving in the same direction. If the sound and wind are moving in opposite directions, the speed of the sound wave will be decreased by the speed of the wind.
65:
1688:. Furthermore, humans have developed culture and technology (such as music, telephone and radio) that allows them to generate, record, transmit, and broadcast sound.
908:
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The physical reception of sound in any hearing organism is limited to a range of frequencies. Humans normally hear sound frequencies between approximately 20
2344:
593:, the corresponding wavelengths of sound waves range from 17 m (56 ft) to 17 mm (0.67 in). Sometimes speed and direction are combined as a
642:
approaching the speed of sound. The white halo is formed by condensed water droplets thought to result from a drop in air pressure around the aircraft (see
1579:
attempts to match the response of the human ear to noise and A-weighted sound pressure levels are labeled dBA. C-weighting is used to measure peak levels.
2619:
2722:"The Role of Temporal Fine Structure Processing in Pitch Perception, Masking, and Speech Perception for Normal-Hearing and Hearing-Impaired People"
1845:, in this context, relates to the cognitive separation of auditory objects. In music, texture is often referred to as the difference between
654:. He believed the speed of sound in a particular substance was equal to the square root of the pressure acting on it divided by its density:
3253:
1231:
517:
A 'pressure over time' graph of a 20 ms recording of a clarinet tone demonstrates the two fundamental elements of sound: Pressure and Time.
309:. When an additional piece of metal is attached to a prong, the effect becomes less pronounced as resonance is not achieved as effectively.
2451:
2366:
Kendall, R.A. (1986). The role of acoustic signal partitions in listener categorization of musical phrases. Music
Perception, 185–213.
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determines the rate at which sound is attenuated. For many media, such as air or water, attenuation due to viscosity is negligible.
3212:
3577:
1610:" is "yes", and "no", dependent on whether being answered using the physical, or the psychophysical definition, respectively.
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in water. Without a specified reference sound pressure, a value expressed in decibels cannot represent a sound pressure level.
1258:
RMS sound pressure (94 dBSPL) in atmospheric air implies that the actual pressure in the sound wave oscillates between (1 atm
3115:
1545:
475:(in case of transverse waves) of the matter, and the kinetic energy of the displacement velocity of particles of the medium.
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Studies has shown that sound waves are able to carry a tiny amount of mass and is surrounded by a weak gravitational field.
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of different frequencies. The bottom waves have higher frequencies than those above. The horizontal axis represents time.
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Timbre perception, showing how a sound changes over time. Despite a similar waveform, differences over time are evident.
702:
corrected the formula by deducing that the phenomenon of sound travelling is not isothermal, as believed by Newton, but
433:
waves. It requires a medium to propagate. Through solids, however, it can be transmitted as both longitudinal waves and
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and pressure of the medium. This relationship, affected by temperature, determines the speed of sound within the medium.
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The energy carried by an oscillating sound wave converts back and forth between the potential energy of the extra
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range, elicit an auditory percept in humans. In air at atmospheric pressure, these represent sound waves with
3098:
Cariani, Peter; Micheyl, Christophe (2012). "Toward a Theory of
Information Processing in Auditory Cortex".
2954:
Massaro, D.W. (1972). "Preperceptual images, processing time, and perceptual units in auditory perception".
2421:
1668:, or earthquake, produces (and is characterized by) its unique sounds. Many species, such as frogs, birds,
949:
2669:
Rosen, Stuart (1992-06-29). "Temporal information in speech: acoustic, auditory and linguistic aspects".
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There are, historically, six experimentally separable ways in which sound waves are analysed. They are:
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Sound that is perceptible by humans has frequencies from about 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. In air at
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222:, on the other hand, is concerned with the recording, manipulation, mixing, and reproduction of sound.
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1729:. Some of these terms have a standardised definition (for instance in the ANSI Acoustical Terminology
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from its use in physics is that in physiology and psychology, where the term refers to the subject of
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Applications of acoustics are found in almost all aspects of modern society, subdisciplines include
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When sound is moving through a medium that does not have constant physical properties, it may be
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Nishihara, M.; Inui, K.; Morita, T.; Kodaira, M.; Mochizuki, H.; Otsuru, N.; Kakigi, R. (2014).
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2864:"Echoic memory: Investigation of its temporal resolution by auditory offset cortical responses"
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Approximate frequency ranges corresponding to ultrasound, with rough guide of some applications
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Krumbholz, K.; Patterson, R.; Seither-Preisler, A.; Lammertmann, C.; Lütkenhöner, B. (2003).
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communicate. It can be used to detect volcanic eruptions and is used in some types of music.
1857:, but it can also relate (for example) to a busy cafe; a sound which might be referred to as
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1769:(random noise spread evenly across octaves) as white noise has more high frequency content.
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multiple sound sources using a combination of spatial location and timbre identification.
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position of the particles over time does not change). During propagation, waves can be
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of 17 meters (56 ft) to 1.7 centimeters (0.67 in). Sound waves above 20
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sounds louder (for the same wave amplitude) than a simpler sound, such as a sine wave.
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relates to the number of sound sources and the interaction between them. The word
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if a tree falls in a forest and no one is around to hear it, does it make a sound?
936:. The speed of sound is also slightly sensitive, being subject to a second-order
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Sound waves may be viewed using parabolic mirrors and objects that produce sound.
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The mechanical vibrations that can be interpreted as sound can travel through all
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1765:(random noise spread evenly across all frequencies) sounds higher in pitch than
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weighted so that the measured level matches perceived levels more closely. The
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Audio Check: a free collection of audio tests and test tones playable on-line
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ANSI S1.1-1994. American
National Standard: Acoustic Terminology. Sec 3.03.
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611:
458:
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202:, sound, ultrasound, and infrasound. A scientist who works in the field of
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Sounds
Amazing; a KS3/4 learning resource for sound and waves (uses Flash)
3102:. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research. Vol. 43. pp. 351–390.
3028:
2985:
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2543:(Fifth ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: The Riverside Press. pp. 950–951.
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The behavior of sound propagation is generally affected by three things:
354:
325:. The sound waves are generated by a sound source, such as the vibrating
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172:
155:
and are not audible to humans. Sound waves below 20 Hz are known as
2788:"Neuromagnetic evidence for a pitch processing center in Heschl's gyrus"
882:, which is also known as the Newton–Laplace equation. In this equation,
333:, thus forming the sound wave. At a fixed distance from the source, the
194:
Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of
3623:
3613:
3399:
3085:
Kamien, R. (1980). Music: an appreciation. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 62
2999:
Zwislocki, J.J. (1969). "Temporal summation of loudness: an analysis".
2110:
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3213:"Stanford scientists created a sound so loud it instantly boils water"
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Trachenko, K.; Monserrat, B.; Pickard, C. J.; Brazhkin, V. V. (2020).
1777:
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Sound can propagate through a medium such as air, water and solids as
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More Sounds
Amazing; a sixth-form learning resource about sound waves
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Viemeister, Neal F.; Plack, Christopher J. (1993), "Time
Analysis",
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Beyond cloning: Harnessing the power of virtual quantum broadcasting
1818:
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1806:
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1544:. Commonly used reference sound pressures, defined in the standard
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338:
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37:
2396:. The University of Tennessee, Department of Physics and Astronomy
19:
This article is about audible acoustic waves. For other uses, see
3445:
3144:. Effects of ultrasound and infrasound relevant to human health.
2776:
De
Cheveigne, A. (2005). Pitch perception models. Pitch, 169-233.
2593:(Fourth ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000. Archived from
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2054:
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effects are important, the speed of sound is calculated from the
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is the density. Thus, the speed of sound is proportional to the
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620:, which is not a characteristic of longitudinal sound waves.
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Sound is transmitted through gases, plasma, and liquids as
33:
2861:
2591:"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language"
525:
Sounds can be represented as a mixture of their component
2726:
Journal of the
Association for Research in Otolaryngology
2205:
1618:
698:
This was later proven wrong and the French mathematician
148:
471:(in case of longitudinal waves) or lateral displacement
3140:
Leventhall, Geoff (2007-01-01). "What is infrasound?".
552:, which are characterized by these generic properties:
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The elements of music: what are they, and who cares?
2474:"Speed of sound from fundamental physical constants"
2448:"Scientists find upper limit for the speed of sound"
2345:
Timbre perception and auditory object identification
437:. Longitudinal sound waves are waves of alternating
139:
lying between about 20 Hz and 20 kHz, the
3041:
2829:
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology
2357:
406:. The matter that supports the sound is called the
16:
Vibration that travels via pressure waves in matter
2558:
2415:Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (19 August 2007).
2339:
2337:
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902:
874:
836:
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545:are often simplified to a description in terms of
1680:to produce sound. In some species, these produce
1621:), The upper limit decreases with age. Sometimes
3671:
3001:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
2175:. Western Electrical Company. 1969. p. 2.1.
1915:is commonly used for diagnostics and treatment.
805:{\displaystyle c={\sqrt {\gamma \cdot p/\rho }}}
461:at right angle to the direction of propagation.
2636:
2414:
2334:
2173:Fundamentals of Telephone Communication Systems
1733:). More recent approaches have also considered
3097:
2826:
2208:"PACS 2010 Regular Edition—Acoustics Appendix"
600:; wave number and direction are combined as a
3298:
1735:temporal envelope and temporal fine structure
1575:(IEC) has defined several weighting schemes.
1225:
688:{\displaystyle c={\sqrt {\frac {p}{\rho }}}.}
3142:Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology
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2550:
706:. He added another factor to the equation—
3305:
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1636:As a signal perceived by one of the major
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1218:
394:Spherical compression (longitudinal) waves
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2541:Sound. In Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
2515:
2489:
1573:International Electrotechnical Commission
1563:Since the human ear does not have a flat
1480:
1426:
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198:in gasses, liquids, and solids including
115:such as a gas, liquid or solid. In human
2281:Can you hear sounds in space? (Beginner)
1896:
1817:
1796:
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389:
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210:, while someone working in the field of
159:. Different animal species have varying
27:
3246:Hearing curves and on-line hearing test
2953:
2641:, Springer New York, pp. 116–154,
2538:
959:
3672:
3044:"Gestalt phenomena in musical texture"
2639:Springer Handbook of Auditory Research
507:Longitudinal and transverse plane wave
3286:
2719:
2668:
2556:
2231:
2229:
1625:refers to only those vibrations with
614:waves, have the additional property,
457:(in solids) are waves of alternating
3263:Conversion of sound units and levels
3241:Introduction to the Physics of Sound
2408:
2113:— sound at extremely low frequencies
1640:, sound is used by many species for
375:The viscosity of the medium. Medium
2387:
1866:
1737:as perceptually relevant analyses.
875:{\displaystyle c={\sqrt {K/\rho }}}
844:, the final equation came up to be
768:, thus coming up with the equation
445:pressure, causing local regions of
364:A complex relationship between the
13:
2322:from the original on 10 April 2014
2243:from the original on 30 April 2015
2226:
1531:{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {ref} }}
1522:
1519:
1516:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1343:
46:
14:
3706:
3180:
761:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {p/\rho }}}
729:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\gamma }}}
591:standard temperature and pressure
3654:
3653:
3366:
3154:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.07.006
2720:Moore, Brian C.J. (2008-10-15).
837:{\displaystyle K=\gamma \cdot p}
494:
482:
410:. Sound cannot travel through a
135:. Only acoustic waves that have
86:Problems playing this file? See
62:
3236:HyperPhysics: Sound and Hearing
3133:
3124:
3079:
3069:from the original on 2015-11-21
3035:
2992:
2947:
2937:from the original on 2013-06-28
2914:
2855:
2820:
2779:
2770:
2713:
2662:
2630:
2609:
2583:
2532:
2465:
2454:from the original on 2020-10-09
2440:
2381:
2206:Acoustical Society of America.
387:(either dispersed or focused).
36:produces sound via a vibrating
3042:Cohen, D.; Dubnov, S. (1997),
2565:. Dover Publications. p.
2561:Music, Physics and Engineering
2557:Olson, Harry F. Autor (1967).
2304:
2293:
2274:
2255:
2199:
2190:
2179:
2165:
1676:, have also developed special
922:of the medium to its density.
890:is the velocity of sound, and
402:: gases, liquids, solids, and
1:
3312:
3048:Journal of New Music Research
2841:10.1016/s0168-5597(97)00077-4
2158:
1918:
1892:
1652:, and communication. Earth's
1582:
886:is the elastic bulk modulus,
166:
3108:10.1007/978-1-4614-2314-0_13
2889:10.1371/journal.pone.0106553
2671:Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B
2422:Astronomy Picture of the Day
2312:"What Does Sound Look Like?"
1881:
1664:, such as fire, rain, wind,
1617:and 20,000 Hz (20
1567:, sound pressures are often
1305:{\displaystyle +{\sqrt {2}}}
1278:{\displaystyle -{\sqrt {2}}}
1254:(RMS) value. For example, 1
950:relativistic Euler equations
534:terms, every sound we hear.
183:
7:
2647:10.1007/978-1-4612-2728-1_4
1936:
1792:
1772:
1601:by the brain. The field of
1593:A distinct use of the term
644:Prandtl–Glauert singularity
10:
3711:
3251:Audio for the 21st Century
2237:"The Propagation of sound"
2117:List of unexplained sounds
1922:
1885:
1870:
1833:
1586:
627:
276:
187:
18:
3649:
3601:
3530:
3427:
3385:
3361:
3320:
3211:Eric Mack (20 May 2019).
3201:Resources in your library
3100:The Human Auditory Cortex
3060:10.1080/09298219708570732
2738:10.1007/s10162-008-0143-x
2318:. YouTube. 9 April 2014.
1813:
1213:
1208:
1190:
1172:
1154:
1133:
1115:
1097:
1070:
1049:
1031:
1010:
983:
971:
966:
171:Sound is defined as "(a)
2271:Northwestern University.
2262:Is there sound in space?
1991:Characteristic impedance
1925:Perception of infrasound
1740:
1541:reference sound pressure
623:
420:
127:of such waves and their
3330:Architectural acoustics
2805:10.1093/cercor/13.7.765
489:Longitudinal plane wave
235:architectural acoustics
231:audio signal processing
77:United States Navy Band
3417:Fletcher–Munson curves
3412:Equal-loudness contour
3322:Acoustical engineering
2691:10.1098/rstb.1992.0070
2539:Webster, Noah (1936).
2508:10.1126/sciadv.abc8662
2394:Elements of Physics II
1902:
1823:
1803:
1782:
1751:
1532:
1485:
1306:
1279:
904:
876:
838:
806:
762:
730:
689:
647:
530:
518:
395:
310:
212:acoustical engineering
107:that propagates as an
51:
41:
21:Sound (disambiguation)
3553:Hermann von Helmholtz
3451:Fundamental frequency
3355:Sympathetic resonance
2615:Burton, R.L. (2015).
2290:. Cornell University.
2072:- subjective loudness
2031:Sound intensity level
2011:Particle displacement
2001:Particle acceleration
1900:
1821:
1800:
1780:
1748:
1533:
1486:
1307:
1280:
1036:Particle displacement
905:
903:{\displaystyle \rho }
877:
839:
807:
763:
731:
690:
637:
524:
516:
501:Transverse plane wave
393:
294:Experiment using two
293:
241:, electro-acoustics,
50:
31:
2956:Psychological Review
2152:Structural acoustics
1660:, and virtually any
1629:that are within the
1507:
1334:
1318:sound pressure level
1289:
1262:
1120:Sound energy density
960:Sound pressure level
894:
848:
816:
772:
740:
716:
661:
441:deviations from the
301:usually at the same
267:underwater acoustics
3573:Werner Meyer-Eppler
3483:Missing fundamental
3013:1969ASAJ...46..431Z
2924:The auditory system
2921:Corwin, J. (2009),
2880:2014PLoSO...9j6553N
2683:1992RSPTB.336..367R
2500:2020SciA....6.8662T
2388:Breinig, Marianne.
2354:. Hearing, 425–461.
2343:Handel, S. (1995).
2078:- unit of frequency
1662:physical phenomenon
1503:sound pressure and
243:environmental noise
216:acoustical engineer
113:transmission medium
3456:Frequency spectrum
3268:Sound calculations
3256:2009-01-23 at the
3229:2012-03-13 at the
2622:2020-05-10 at the
2350:2020-01-10 at the
2286:2017-06-18 at the
2267:2017-10-16 at the
2186:ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013
2006:Particle amplitude
1981:Acoustic impedance
1969:Sound reproduction
1954:Musical instrument
1913:Medical ultrasound
1903:
1873:Sound localization
1824:
1804:
1783:
1752:
1731:ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013
1528:
1481:
1478:
1302:
1275:
1159:Acoustic impedance
967:Sound measurements
956:80,530 mph).
900:
872:
834:
802:
758:
726:
685:
648:
559:, or its inverse,
531:
519:
427:longitudinal waves
396:
315:longitudinal waves
311:
307:acoustic resonance
52:
42:
3667:
3666:
3629:Musical acoustics
3461:harmonic spectrum
3187:Library resources
3117:978-1-4614-2313-3
3021:10.1121/1.1911708
2677:(1278): 367–373.
2041:Sound power level
2021:Sound energy flux
2016:Particle velocity
1986:Acoustic velocity
1975:Sound measurement
1565:spectral response
1477:
1467:
1414:
1300:
1273:
1242:
1241:
1195:Transmission loss
1015:Particle velocity
870:
800:
756:
724:
680:
679:
291:
247:musical acoustics
214:may be called an
75:performed by the
67:
3702:
3657:
3656:
3558:Carleen Hutchins
3490:Combination tone
3377:
3370:
3350:String vibration
3307:
3300:
3293:
3284:
3283:
3220:
3174:
3173:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3095:
3086:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3068:
3039:
3033:
3032:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2978:10.1037/h0032264
2971:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2936:
2929:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2901:
2891:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2807:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2757:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2634:
2628:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2597:on June 25, 2008
2587:
2581:
2580:
2564:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2493:
2484:(41): eabc8662.
2478:Science Advances
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2367:
2364:
2355:
2341:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2308:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2278:
2272:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2210:. Archived from
2203:
2197:
2194:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2169:
1867:Spatial location
1727:spatial location
1672:and terrestrial
1642:detecting danger
1537:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1501:root-mean-square
1490:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1296:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1269:
1252:root mean square
1234:
1227:
1220:
1204:
1201:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1157:
1150:
1144:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1118:
1111:
1108:
1100:
1093:
1081:
1073:
1066:
1060:
1052:
1045:
1042:
1034:
1027:
1021:
1013:
1006:
994:
986:
964:
963:
942:parametric array
935:
909:
907:
906:
901:
881:
879:
878:
873:
871:
866:
858:
843:
841:
840:
835:
811:
809:
808:
803:
801:
796:
782:
767:
765:
764:
759:
757:
752:
744:
735:
733:
732:
727:
725:
720:
712:—and multiplied
694:
692:
691:
686:
681:
672:
671:
610:, also known as
608:Transverse waves
527:Sinusoidal waves
498:
486:
455:transverse waves
435:transverse waves
292:
196:mechanical waves
69:
68:
58:Drum - Cadence A
49:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3645:
3597:
3588:D. Van Holliday
3526:
3495:Mersenne's laws
3429:Audio frequency
3423:
3387:Psychoacoustics
3381:
3380:
3373:
3359:
3316:
3311:
3258:Wayback Machine
3231:Wayback Machine
3207:
3206:
3205:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3096:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3040:
3036:
3007:(2B): 431–441.
2997:
2993:
2969:10.1.1.468.6614
2952:
2948:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2860:
2856:
2825:
2821:
2792:Cerebral Cortex
2784:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2718:
2714:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2635:
2631:
2624:Wayback Machine
2614:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2555:
2548:
2537:
2533:
2470:
2466:
2457:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2370:
2365:
2358:
2352:Wayback Machine
2342:
2335:
2325:
2323:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2294:
2288:Wayback Machine
2279:
2275:
2269:Wayback Machine
2260:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2142:Sound synthesis
2091:Acoustic theory
2026:Sound impedance
1939:
1927:
1921:
1895:
1890:
1888:Audio frequency
1884:
1875:
1869:
1836:
1816:
1795:
1775:
1743:
1603:psychoacoustics
1591:
1589:Psychoacoustics
1585:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1473:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1431:
1427:
1408:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1360:
1356:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:Pa) and (1 atm
1268:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1238:
1209:
1202:
1199:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1177:Audio frequency
1173:
1166:
1163:
1155:
1145:
1142:
1134:
1127:
1124:
1116:
1109:
1106:
1098:
1092:
1082:
1079:
1071:
1061:
1058:
1054:Sound intensity
1050:
1043:
1040:
1032:
1022:
1019:
1011:
1005:
995:
992:
984:
979:
974:
962:
927:
895:
892:
891:
862:
857:
849:
846:
845:
817:
814:
813:
792:
781:
773:
770:
769:
748:
743:
741:
738:
737:
719:
717:
714:
713:
670:
662:
659:
658:
632:
626:
511:
510:
509:
508:
504:
503:
502:
499:
491:
490:
487:
423:
400:forms of matter
357:by the medium.
319:transverse wave
281:
279:
255:psychoacoustics
192:
186:
169:
141:audio frequency
123:, sound is the
93:
92:
84:
82:
81:
80:
79:
70:
63:
60:
53:
47:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3708:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3605:
3603:
3602:Related topics
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3583:Joseph Sauveur
3580:
3575:
3570:
3568:Marin Mersenne
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3437:
3435:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3391:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3371:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3310:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3221:
3204:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:External links
3179:
3176:
3175:
3148:(1): 130–137.
3132:
3123:
3116:
3087:
3078:
3054:(4): 277–314,
3034:
2991:
2962:(2): 124–145.
2946:
2913:
2874:(8): e106553.
2854:
2835:(2): 131–142.
2819:
2798:(7): 765–772.
2778:
2769:
2732:(4): 399–406.
2712:
2661:
2655:
2629:
2608:
2582:
2575:
2546:
2531:
2464:
2439:
2417:"A Sonic Boom"
2407:
2390:"Polarization"
2380:
2368:
2356:
2333:
2303:
2292:
2273:
2254:
2225:
2214:on 14 May 2013
2198:
2189:
2178:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2137:Sonic weaponry
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2103:
2101:Doppler effect
2098:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2058:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1920:
1917:
1894:
1891:
1883:
1880:
1871:Main article:
1868:
1865:
1835:
1832:
1815:
1812:
1794:
1791:
1774:
1771:
1742:
1739:
1587:Main article:
1584:
1581:
1561:
1560:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1492:
1491:
1471:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1384:
1379:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1340:
1327:is defined as
1324:
1299:
1294:
1272:
1267:
1246:Sound pressure
1240:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1179:
1170:
1169:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1140:
1138:Sound exposure
1131:
1130:
1122:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1077:
1068:
1067:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1029:
1028:
1017:
1008:
1007:
1003:
990:
988:Sound pressure
981:
980:
977:
975:
973:Characteristic
972:
969:
968:
961:
958:
899:
869:
865:
861:
856:
853:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
799:
795:
791:
788:
785:
780:
777:
755:
751:
747:
723:
696:
695:
684:
678:
675:
669:
666:
630:Speed of sound
628:Main article:
625:
622:
587:
586:
581:
579:Speed of sound
576:
570:sound pressure
563:
506:
505:
500:
493:
492:
488:
481:
480:
479:
478:
477:
429:, also called
422:
419:
381:
380:
373:
369:
331:speed of sound
317:and also as a
278:
275:
220:audio engineer
188:Main article:
185:
182:
168:
165:
161:hearing ranges
83:
71:
61:
56:
55:
54:
45:
44:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3707:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3660:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3640:
3637:
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3632:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
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3617:
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3610:
3607:
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3600:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3578:Lord Rayleigh
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3548:Ernst Chladni
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3510:Standing wave
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3478:Inharmonicity
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3345:Soundproofing
3343:
3341:
3340:Reverberation
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3303:
3301:
3296:
3294:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3127:
3119:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3092:
3082:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2933:
2926:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2656:9781461276449
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2612:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2578:
2576:9780486217697
2572:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2553:
2551:
2542:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2411:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2375:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2296:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2193:
2187:
2182:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2147:Soundproofing
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2132:Reverberation
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1943:Sound sources
1942:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1899:
1889:
1879:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1839:Sonic texture
1831:
1828:
1820:
1811:
1808:
1799:
1790:
1787:
1779:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1761:For example:
1759:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1723:sonic texture
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1631:hearing range
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1555:in air and 1
1554:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1511:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1469:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1390:
1382:
1377:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1297:
1292:
1270:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1198:
1196:
1189:
1180:
1178:
1171:
1162:
1160:
1153:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1132:
1123:
1121:
1114:
1105:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1076:
1069:
1064:
1057:
1055:
1048:
1039:
1037:
1030:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1009:
1002:
998:
991:
989:
982:
976:
970:
965:
957:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
934:
930:
923:
921:
917:
913:
897:
889:
885:
867:
863:
859:
854:
851:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
797:
793:
789:
786:
783:
778:
775:
753:
749:
745:
721:
711:
710:
705:
701:
682:
676:
673:
667:
664:
657:
656:
655:
653:
645:
641:
636:
631:
621:
619:
618:
613:
609:
605:
603:
599:
596:
592:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
571:
567:
564:
562:
558:
555:
554:
553:
551:
548:
544:
539:
535:
528:
523:
515:
497:
485:
476:
474:
470:
465:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
418:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
392:
388:
386:
378:
374:
370:
367:
363:
362:
361:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
308:
304:
300:
297:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:noise control
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:aeroacoustics
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
191:
181:
179:
174:
164:
162:
158:
154:
151:are known as
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
109:acoustic wave
106:
102:
98:
91:
89:
78:
74:
73:Drum cadences
59:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
3618:
3593:Thomas Young
3543:Jens Blauert
3531:Acousticians
3216:
3191:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3126:
3099:
3081:
3071:, retrieved
3051:
3047:
3037:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2939:, retrieved
2923:
2916:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2795:
2791:
2781:
2772:
2729:
2725:
2715:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2638:
2632:
2611:
2599:. Retrieved
2595:the original
2585:
2560:
2540:
2534:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2456:. Retrieved
2442:
2430:. Retrieved
2420:
2410:
2398:. Retrieved
2393:
2383:
2324:. Retrieved
2315:
2306:
2295:
2276:
2257:
2245:. Retrieved
2216:. Retrieved
2212:the original
2201:
2192:
2181:
2172:
2167:
2122:Musical tone
2063:- perceived
1928:
1911:
1904:
1876:
1858:
1842:
1837:
1825:
1805:
1784:
1760:
1753:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1635:
1622:
1612:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1562:
1539:
1496:
1321:
1317:
1244:
1243:
1146:
1102:Sound energy
1087:
1083:
1062:
1023:
1000:
996:
954:
946:relativistic
932:
931:= 331 + 0.6
928:
924:
920:bulk modulus
887:
883:
708:
697:
652:Isaac Newton
649:
617:polarization
615:
606:
588:
540:
536:
532:
466:
463:
459:shear stress
424:
416:
397:
382:
359:
342:
312:
296:tuning forks
239:bioacoustics
224:
215:
207:
193:
170:
128:
124:
100:
94:
85:
25:
3563:Franz Melde
3538:John Backus
3522:Subharmonic
3375:Spectrogram
2036:Sound power
1763:white noise
1627:frequencies
1577:A-weighting
1316:scale. The
1075:Sound power
912:square root
602:wave vector
550:plane waves
469:compression
451:rarefaction
447:compression
443:equilibrium
431:compression
299:oscillating
208:acoustician
173:Oscillation
145:wavelengths
137:frequencies
3674:Categories
3624:Ultrasound
3614:Infrasound
3400:Bark scale
3073:2015-11-19
2941:2013-04-06
2491:2004.04818
2458:2020-10-09
2159:References
2111:Infrasound
1930:Infrasound
1923:See also:
1919:Infrasound
1906:Ultrasound
1893:Ultrasound
1886:See also:
1767:pink noise
1699:Soundscape
1654:atmosphere
1646:navigation
1599:perception
1583:Perception
938:anharmonic
638:U.S. Navy
561:wavelength
547:sinusoidal
355:attenuated
263:ultrasound
167:Definition
157:infrasound
153:ultrasound
129:perception
121:psychology
117:physiology
111:through a
88:media help
3695:Acoustics
3505:Resonance
3405:Mel scale
3335:Monochord
3314:Acoustics
3162:0079-6107
2964:CiteSeerX
2746:1525-3961
2699:0962-8436
2127:Resonance
2057:, decibel
1996:Mel scale
1964:Sound box
1949:Earphones
1882:Frequency
1860:cacophony
1855:homophony
1851:polyphony
1650:predation
1569:frequency
1551:, are 20
1549:S1.1-1994
1438:
1367:
1320:(SPL) or
1266:−
898:ρ
868:ρ
829:⋅
826:γ
798:ρ
787:⋅
784:γ
754:ρ
722:γ
704:adiabatic
677:ρ
584:Direction
574:Intensity
566:Amplitude
557:Frequency
385:refracted
377:viscosity
351:refracted
347:reflected
327:diaphragm
303:frequency
271:vibration
204:acoustics
200:vibration
190:Acoustics
184:Acoustics
178:sensation
125:reception
105:vibration
3659:Category
3500:Overtone
3468:Harmonic
3254:Archived
3227:Archived
3170:16934315
3064:archived
2932:archived
2908:25170608
2868:PLOS ONE
2814:12816892
2764:18855069
2620:Archived
2526:33036979
2452:Archived
2348:Archived
2320:Archived
2284:Archived
2265:Archived
2241:Archived
2065:loudness
1937:See also
1807:Loudness
1793:Loudness
1786:Duration
1773:Duration
1715:loudness
1711:duration
1476: dB
812:. Since
595:velocity
453:, while
439:pressure
339:velocity
335:pressure
38:membrane
3685:Hearing
3446:Formant
3029:5804115
3009:Bibcode
2986:5024158
2899:4149571
2876:Bibcode
2849:9566626
2755:2580810
2707:1354376
2679:Bibcode
2601:May 20,
2517:7546695
2496:Bibcode
2432:26 June
2400:4 March
2326:9 April
2247:26 June
2083:General
1843:texture
1834:Texture
1674:mammals
1499:is the
1314:decibel
1086:, SWL,
999:, SPL,
978:Symbols
918:of the
914:of the
700:Laplace
404:plasmas
366:density
343:average
277:Physics
131:by the
97:physics
3639:Violin
3473:Series
3189:about
3168:
3160:
3114:
3027:
2984:
2966:
2906:
2896:
2847:
2812:
2762:
2752:
2744:
2705:
2697:
2653:
2573:
2524:
2514:
2218:22 May
1847:unison
1827:Timbre
1814:Timbre
1750:name).
1719:timbre
1686:speech
1678:organs
1670:marine
1638:senses
1495:where
1200:
1192:
1182:
1174:
1164:
1156:
1143:
1135:
1125:
1117:
1107:
1099:
1080:
1072:
1059:
1051:
1044:δ
1041:
1033:
1020:
1012:
993:
985:
944:). If
640:F/A-18
598:vector
541:Sound
473:strain
412:vacuum
408:medium
323:solids
269:, and
259:speech
206:is an
3690:Waves
3680:Sound
3634:Piano
3619:Sound
3433:pitch
3395:Pitch
3192:Sound
3067:(PDF)
2935:(PDF)
2928:(PDF)
2486:arXiv
2047:Units
1959:Sonar
1755:Pitch
1741:Pitch
1725:and
1707:pitch
1692:Noise
1658:water
1623:sound
1595:sound
1538:is a
1149:, SEL
1065:, SIL
1026:, SVL
916:ratio
709:gamma
624:Speed
612:shear
543:waves
421:Waves
353:, or
218:. An
133:brain
103:is a
101:sound
3609:Echo
3515:Node
3441:Beat
3431:and
3217:CNET
3166:PMID
3158:ISSN
3112:ISBN
3025:PMID
2982:PMID
2904:PMID
2845:PMID
2810:PMID
2760:PMID
2742:ISSN
2703:PMID
2695:ISSN
2651:ISBN
2627:Inc.
2603:2010
2571:ISBN
2522:PMID
2434:2015
2427:NASA
2402:2024
2328:2014
2249:2015
2220:2013
2106:Echo
2096:Beat
2070:phon
2061:sone
1853:and
1684:and
1682:song
1666:surf
1546:ANSI
449:and
119:and
34:drum
3150:doi
3104:doi
3056:doi
3017:doi
2974:doi
2894:PMC
2884:doi
2837:doi
2833:108
2800:doi
2750:PMC
2734:doi
2687:doi
2675:336
2643:doi
2567:249
2512:PMC
2504:doi
2316:NPR
1619:kHz
1557:μPa
1553:μPa
1429:log
1358:log
736:by
572:or
321:in
265:,
149:kHz
95:In
3676::
3215:.
3164:.
3156:.
3146:93
3110:.
3090:^
3062:,
3052:26
3050:,
3046:,
3023:.
3015:.
3005:46
3003:.
2980:.
2972:.
2960:79
2958:.
2930:,
2902:.
2892:.
2882:.
2870:.
2866:.
2843:.
2831:.
2808:.
2796:13
2794:.
2790:.
2758:.
2748:.
2740:.
2728:.
2724:.
2701:.
2693:.
2685:.
2673:.
2649:,
2569:.
2549:^
2520:.
2510:.
2502:.
2494:.
2480:.
2476:.
2450:.
2425:.
2419:.
2392:.
2371:^
2359:^
2336:^
2314:.
2239:.
2228:^
2076:Hz
2055:dB
1863:.
1849:,
1721:,
1717:,
1713:,
1709:,
1656:,
1648:,
1644:,
1615:Hz
1433:10
1424:20
1362:10
1353:10
1256:Pa
1203:TL
1185:AF
1091:WA
1004:PA
952:.
646:).
604:.
568:,
414:.
349:,
337:,
273:.
261:,
257:,
253:,
249:,
245:,
237:,
233:,
229:,
180:.
163:.
99:,
32:A
3306:e
3299:t
3292:v
3219:.
3172:.
3152::
3120:.
3106::
3058::
3031:.
3019::
3011::
2988:.
2976::
2910:.
2886::
2878::
2872:9
2851:.
2839::
2816:.
2802::
2766:.
2736::
2730:9
2709:.
2689::
2681::
2645::
2605:.
2579:.
2528:.
2506::
2498::
2488::
2482:6
2461:.
2436:.
2404:.
2330:.
2251:.
2222:.
1523:f
1520:e
1517:r
1512:p
1497:p
1470:)
1462:f
1459:e
1456:r
1451:p
1447:p
1442:(
1421:=
1417:)
1410:2
1402:f
1399:e
1396:r
1391:p
1383:2
1378:p
1371:(
1350:=
1344:p
1339:L
1325:p
1322:L
1298:2
1293:+
1271:2
1233:e
1226:t
1219:v
1167:Z
1147:E
1128:w
1110:W
1088:L
1084:P
1063:I
1024:v
1001:L
997:p
933:T
929:v
888:c
884:K
864:/
860:K
855:=
852:c
832:p
823:=
820:K
794:/
790:p
779:=
776:c
750:/
746:p
683:.
674:p
668:=
665:c
90:.
40:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
