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493:. Terms such as "audio technician", "sound technician", "audio engineer", "audio technologist", "recording engineer", "sound mixer", "mixing engineer" and "sound engineer" can be ambiguous; depending on the context they may be synonymous, or they may refer to different roles in audio production. Such terms can refer to a person working in sound and music production; for instance, a "sound engineer" or "recording engineer" is commonly listed in the credits of commercial music recordings (as well as in other productions that include sound, such as movies). These titles can also refer to technicians who maintain professional audio equipment. Certain jurisdictions specifically prohibit the use of the title
456:
20:
861:(FOH) mixing console to the stage so musicians can hear themselves while performing. Monitor engineers usually have a separate audio system from the FOH engineer and manipulate audio signals independently from what the audience hears so they can satisfy the requirements of each performer on stage. In-ear systems, digital and analog mixing consoles, and a variety of speaker enclosures are typically used by monitor engineers. In addition most monitor engineers must be familiar with wireless or RF (radio-frequency) equipment and often must communicate personally with the artist(s) during each performance.
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best quality recordings. In addition to technical knowledge, an audio engineer must have the ability to problem-solve quickly. The best audio engineers also have a high degree of creativity that allows them to stand out amongst their peers. In the music realm, an audio engineer must also understand the types of sounds and tones that are expected in musical ensembles across different genres—
532:, and broadcasting. In larger productions, an audio engineer is responsible for the technical aspects of a sound recording or other audio production, and works together with a record producer or director, although the engineer's role may also be integrated with that of the producer. In smaller productions and studios the sound engineer and producer are often the same person.
819:– the person who masters the final mixed stereo tracks (or sometimes a series of audio stems, which consists in a mix of the main sections) that the mix engineer produces. The mastering engineer makes any final adjustments to the overall sound of the record in the final step before commercial duplication. Mastering engineers use principles of equalization,
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Systems engineer – responsible for the design setup of modern PA systems, which are often very complex. A systems engineer is usually also referred to as a "crew chief" on tour and is responsible for the performance and day-to-day job requirements of the audio crew as a whole along with the FOH audio
696:
in 1976, men "didn't want to work for a woman" and she was told women in the city were "still barefoot, pregnant and in the vocal booth." When Jonell
Polansky arrived in Nashville in 1994, with a degree in electrical engineering and recording experience in the Bay Area, she was told "You're a woman,
635:
There certainly are efforts to chronicle women's role and history in audio. Leslie Gaston-Bird wrote Women in Audio, which includes 100 profiles of women in audio through history. Sound Girls is an organization focused on the next generation of women in audio, but also has been building up resources
323:
is the science and engineering of achieving a good sound within a room. For audio engineers, architectural acoustics can be about achieving good speech intelligibility in a stadium or enhancing the quality of music in a theatre. Architectural
Acoustic design is usually done by acoustic consultants.
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An audio engineer is proficient with different types of recording media, such as analog tape, digital multi-track recorders and workstations, plug-ins and computer knowledge. With the advent of the digital age, it is increasingly important for the audio engineer to understand software and hardware
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Audio engineers must have extensive knowledge of audio engineering principles and techniques. For instance, they must understand how audio signals travel, which equipment to use and when, how to mic different instruments and amplifiers, which microphones to use and how to position them to get the
597:, women interested in becoming an audio engineer face "a boys' club, or a guild mentality". The UK "Music Producers' Guild says less than 4% of its members are women" and at the Liverpool Institute of Performing Arts, "only 6% of the students enrolled on its sound technology course are female."
569:, for example. This knowledge of musical style is typically learned from years of experience listening to and mixing music in recording or live sound contexts. For education and training, there are audio engineering schools all over the world.
446:
is an important part of audio engineering. Ensuring speech is transmitted intelligibly, efficiently and with high quality; in rooms, through public address systems and through mobile telephone systems are important areas of study.
640:
is another organization that has been working to highlight women and nonbinary people in all areas of live and recorded sound through an online zine and podcast featuring interviews of current audio engineers and producers.
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There are four distinct steps to the commercial production of a recording: recording, editing, mixing, and mastering. Typically, each is performed by a sound engineer who specializes only in that part of the production.
346:
Electroacoustics is concerned with the design of headphones, microphones, loudspeakers, sound reproduction systems and recording technologies. Examples of electroacoustic design include portable electronic devices (e.g.
806:
Assistant engineer – often employed in larger studios, allowing them to train to become full-time engineers. They often assist full-time engineers with microphone setups, session breakdowns and in some cases, rough
123:
audio engineers invent new technologies, audio software, equipment and techniques, to enhance the process and art of audio engineering. They might design acoustical simulations of rooms, shape algorithms for
429:
is the scientific study of how humans respond to what they hear. At the heart of audio engineering are listeners who are the final arbitrator as to whether an audio design is successful, such as whether a
186:
topics, which then allows students to apply these concepts while pursuing a career developing audio technologies. Audio training courses provide knowledge of technologies and their application to
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production and the recording arts, less than 5% of the people working in the field of sound and media are women. "Only three women have ever been nominated for best producer at the Brits or the
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by training over 6,000 women and girls in the recording arts and is the only professional recording studio built and run by women. Notable recording projects include the Grammy Award-winning
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In typical sound reinforcement applications, audio engineers often assume the role of producer, making artistic and technical decisions, and sometimes even scheduling and budget decisions.
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705:, Proffitt was told to "shut up" by a male producer when she raised the issue of updating studio recording technologies. Proffitt said she "finds sexism rampant in the industry".
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2100:
813:– a person who creates mixes of multi-track recordings. It is common to record a commercial record at one studio and have it mixed by different engineers in other studios.
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178:. Audio engineering courses at university or college fall into two rough categories: (i) training in the creative use of audio as a sound engineer, and (ii) training in
194:, but do not have sufficient mathematical and scientific content to allow someone to obtain employment in research and development in the audio and acoustic industry.
553:, broadcasting, music, or electrical engineering. Training in audio engineering and sound recording is offered by colleges and universities. Some audio engineers are
843:. This usually includes planning and installation of loudspeakers, cabling and equipment and mixing sound during the show. This may or may not include running the
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850:
Wireless microphone engineer, or A2. This position is responsible for wireless microphones during a theatre production, a sports event or a corporate event.
217:
or higher qualification in acoustics, physics, computer science or another engineering discipline. They might work in acoustic consultancy, specializing in
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701:. KK Proffitt, a studio "owner and chief engineer", states that men in Nashville do not want to have women in the recording booth. At a meeting of the
386:
is concerned with researching and describing the science of music. In audio engineering, this includes the design of electronic instruments such as
2021:
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1991:
857:– a person running foldback sound during a live event. The term "foldback" comes from the old practice of "folding back" audio signals from the
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algorithms to allow the electronic manipulation of audio signals. These can be processed at the heart of much audio production such as
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integration, from synchronization to analog to digital transfers. In their daily work, audio engineers use many tools, including:
847:. A live/sound reinforcement engineer hears source material and tries to correlate that sonic experience with system performance.
512:. While usually associated with music production, an audio engineer deals with sound for a wide range of applications, including
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for film, radio, television, music and video games. Audio engineers also set up, sound check and do live sound mixing using a
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who holds an engineering degree and who designs, develops and builds audio or musical technology working under terms such as
81:
Sound engineering is increasingly seen as a creative profession where musical instruments and technology are used to produce
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system. This is a sound-only position concerned with implementation, not to be confused with the interdisciplinary field of
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2484:"Women account for less than 5 percent of producers and engineers — but maybe not for long - Cover Story - Nashville Scene"
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616:, the Academy Award-nominated soundtrack to "Dirty Wars", Van-Ahn Vo (NPR's top 50 albums of 2013), Grammy-nominated
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with no formal training, but who have attained professional skills in audio through extensive on-the-job experience.
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manufacturers, and other advanced fields of audio engineering. They might also be referred to as acoustic engineers.
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Studio engineer – an engineer working within a studio facility, either with a producer or independently.
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and a sound reinforcement system for music concerts, theatre, sports games and corporate events.
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knobs, the setting of levels. The physical recording of any project is done by an engineer…"
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In the recording studio environment, a sound engineer records, edits, manipulates, mixes, or
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Technical
Committee on Musical Acoustics (TCMU) of the Acoustical Society of America (ASA).
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Audio engineers come from backgrounds or postsecondary training in fields such as audio,
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581:(WAM), a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco dedicated to the advancement of
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Audio engineers working in research and development may come from backgrounds such as
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Bader, Rolf (2018). "Musical
Acoustics and Signal Processing". In Bader, Rolf (ed.).
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of sound. Audio engineers work on the "technical aspect of recording—the placing of
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One of the first women to produce, engineer, arrange and promote music on her own
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2391:"Women in Audio: Contributions and Challenges in Music Technology and Production"
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833:– broadly an artist who produces soundtracks or sound effects content for media.
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A variety of terms are used to describe audio engineers who install or operate
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manufacturer), or carry out research in a university. Some positions, such as
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to fine-tune the sound timbre and dynamics and to achieve a louder recording.
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Engineer involved in the recording, reproduction, or reinforcement of sound
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Women's Audio
Mission was started in 2003 to address the lack of women in
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sound by technical means to realize the creative vision of the artist and
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Mathew, Marlene; Grossman, Jennifer; Andreopoulou, Areti (2016-09-20).
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2225:. Springer Handbooks. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 25–28.
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is an audio engineer who designs, builds and repairs audio systems.
225:
manufacturer), or other industries that need audio expertise (e.g.,
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23:
An audio engineer with audio console, at a recording session at the
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Acoustics in the Built
Environment: Advice for the Design Team
839:
Front of House (FOH) engineer, or A1. – a person dealing with
209:
Audio engineers in research and development usually possess a
4152:
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2092:
517:
415:
82:
2603:
1911:"Audio Engineer Job Description: Salary, Skills, & More"
4502:
4354:
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2635:
2604:
A free collection of online audio tools for audio engineers
2494:
1972:"The Engineers Who Changed Recording: Fathers Of Invention"
521:
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313:
Acoustic diffusing mushrooms hanging from the roof of the
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4198:
3739:
2098:
2019:
282:
221:. Alternatively they might work in audio companies (e.g.
2556:"Jonathan Wilson: Fanfare Reviving The West Coast Sound"
1855:
The difference between a producer and an audio engineer
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2040:
1830:"Which Type Of Sound Engineer Are You Destined To Be?"
442:
The production, computer processing and perception of
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2474:
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1983:
1745:
803:
Recording engineer – the engineer who records sound.
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2070:
293:, or identify and categorize audio content through
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2046:
1989:
132:systems, carry out research on audible sound for
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2067:
2258:. Acoustical Society of America. Archived from
1964:
497:to any individual not a registered member of a
289:). Alternatively, the algorithms might perform
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2162:
2147:
2101:"PACS 2010 Regular Edition—Acoustics Appendix"
50:, balancing and adjusting sound sources using
3527:
2656:
2316:
2314:
2312:
359:), sound systems in architectural acoustics,
253:The listed subdisciplines are based on PACS (
2520:. (2nd ed.) Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard Corp.
869:, which typically requires a college degree.
489:equipment, including large and small format
2593:Broadcast and Sound Engineering Technicians
2124:
2122:
1908:
1780:Professional Lighting and Sound Association
255:Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme
115:
3534:
3520:
2663:
2649:
2588:Audio engineering formulas and calculators
2366:"Womens Audio Mission - GuideStar Profile"
2323:"Why are female record producers so rare?"
2309:
2299:"Sounding Off: Why So Few Women In Audio?"
2290:
2254:Speech Communication Technical Committee.
2223:Springer Handbook of Systematic Musicology
2131:Principles of Digital Audio, Sixth Edition
1872:
988:
589:" and none won either award. According to
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264:
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2168:
2133:. McGraw Hill Professional. p. 336.
538:
2287:. (5th ed.). Burlington, MA: Focal Press
2128:
2119:
897:
464:
454:
337:
308:
196:
18:
1933:
697:and we already had one"—a reference to
682:Someone Is Looking for Someone Like You
499:professional engineering licensing body
4909:
3443:Electrical and electronics engineering
2626:Audio White Papers, Articles and Books
2451:Women, Music, Culture: An Introduction
2448:
2320:
2153:
2049:"Physics and music technology degrees"
902:Correcting a room's frequency response
662:Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album
660:who became the first woman to win the
414:, and the perception and cognition of
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2644:
2453:. Taylor & Francis. p. 304.
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2214:
2015:
2013:
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2079:"Job profiles: Acoustics consultant"
790:
378:
4761:Global Recording Artist of the Year
4729:Highest-grossing live music artists
3486:
2636:Audio engineering news in Lithuania
2599:Recording engineer video interviews
2518:Yamaha Sound Reinforcement Handbook
1952:from the original on 8 January 2010
690:I'll Be There (If You Ever Want Me)
636:and directories of women in audio.
390:; the human voice (the physics and
327:
205:at a vintage Neve recording console
13:
3541:
2047:University of Salford, Acoustics.
2010:
593:, audio engineer and professor at
545:Category:Audio engineering schools
421:
248:
146:Category:Audio engineering schools
14:
4963:
2576:
2341:"Gale - User Identification Form"
1939:
1921:from the original on 23 July 2018
676:was the first female producer in
473:position, mixing sound for a band
106:electronic/electrical engineering
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3906:Artists and repertoire (A&R)
3637:Universal Music Publishing Group
3495:
3485:
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3335:
2297:Ncube, Rosina (September 2013).
1748:
783:, producer and record executive
656:is a mixer, record producer and
572:
4327:Entertainment Monitoring Africa
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2609:Audio Engineering online course
2548:
2523:
2501:"Front of House (FOH) Engineer"
2442:
2418:
2382:
2358:
2333:
2099:Acoustical Society of America.
2020:Acoustical Society of America.
1862:from the original on 2021-12-15
1775:Institute of Professional Sound
450:
128:, specify the requirements for
25:Danish Broadcasting Corporation
4827:Largest recorded music markets
4734:Highest-grossing concert tours
1902:
1846:
1822:
1:
2595:at the US Department of Labor
2158:. Academic Press. p. 32.
1886:. 25 May 2009. Archived from
1816:
1770:Category:Acoustical engineers
1690:
752:, British electronics pioneer
708:Other notable women include:
612:(2014 Grammy winner), author
259:Acoustical Society of America
4883:Record production portal
3699:Independent UK record labels
2693:List of engineering branches
2516:Davis, G., Jones R. (1990).
2393:. Audio Engineering Society.
2154:Morfey, Christopher (2001).
1992:"Graduate Jobs in Acoustics"
1942:"What Is Audio Engineering?"
1604:
993:
922:Digital-to-analog converters
917:Analog-to-digital converters
893:
524:, live sound reinforcement,
139:
7:
4751:Most-attended concert tours
2426:"A More Inclusive Industry"
2321:Savage, Mark (2012-08-29).
2285:Modern Recording Techniques
1741:
881:who mixes audio tracks for
408:music information retrieval
295:music information retrieval
281:or perceptual coding (e.g.
192:sound reinforcement systems
10:
4968:
4766:Wealthiest musical artists
4619:Best-selling music artists
2169:Templeton, Duncan (1993).
2077:National Careers Service.
1795:History of sound recording
927:Digital audio workstations
542:
334:Sound reinforcement system
331:
143:
4870:
4774:
4606:
4541:
4470:
4461:
4373:
4337:New Zealand singles chart
4258:
4222:
4113:
3891:
3793:
3758:
3712:
3655:
3619:
3558:
3549:
3461:
3408:
3392:
3344:
3333:
3108:
3050:
2969:
2894:
2821:
2714:
2701:
2678:
2583:Audio Engineering Society
2449:Dunbar, Julie C. (2010).
2231:10.1007/978-3-662-55004-5
938:Dynamic range compressors
703:Audio Engineering Society
437:
4927:Broadcasting occupations
4807:Christian music industry
4322:GfK Entertainment charts
3966:Professional audio store
1880:"Interview with Phil Ek"
1765:Category:Audio engineers
1756:Record production portal
841:live sound reinforcement
664:in 1998 for her work on
595:Berklee College of Music
402:of musical instruments;
269:Audio engineers develop
231:faculty (academic staff)
121:Research and development
116:Research and development
4214:Music streaming service
3647:Disney Music Publishing
3354:Bachelor of Engineering
3196:Engineering mathematics
2631:AES Pro Audio Reference
2220:
2173:. Architectural Press.
2156:Dictionary of Acoustics
1990:University of Salford.
1909:Rosenberg McKay, Dawn.
989:Notable audio engineers
321:Architectural acoustics
305:Architectural acoustics
271:audio signal processing
265:Audio signal processing
219:architectural acoustics
126:audio signal processing
4937:Mass media occupations
4932:Filmmaking occupations
4756:Most-attended concerts
4724:Highest-paid musicians
3453:Structural engineering
3448:Mechanical engineering
3191:Engineering management
2406:Cite journal requires
2256:"Speech Communication"
2129:Pohlmann, Ken (2010).
1980:magazine, October 2004
943:Audio data compressors
903:
764:White Trash With Money
743:Young, Loud and Snotty
539:Education and training
474:
462:
353:portable media players
343:
317:
206:
172:electrical engineering
168:acoustical engineering
27:
4837:Most valuable records
4832:Most expensive albums
4787:Album-equivalent unit
4317:Italian singles chart
4174:Promotional recording
3642:Warner Chappell Music
3632:Sony Music Publishing
3627:BMG Rights Management
3433:Aerospace engineering
3346:Engineering education
2507:Entertainment Careers
1436:Bruce Robb (producer)
901:
692:". When she moved to
579:Women's Audio Mission
468:
458:
341:
312:
257:) coding used by the
201:Noted audio engineer
200:
160:broadcast engineering
42:) helps to produce a
22:
4942:Occupations in music
4812:Environmental impact
4712:Best-selling singles
3725:Digital music stores
3374:Graduate certificate
2535:McDonough Management
2283:Huber, D.M. (1995).
2196:"ASA TCMU Home Page"
836:Live sound engineer
771:, recording engineer
618:St. Lawrence Quartet
365:wave field synthesis
299:acoustic fingerprint
261:with some revision.
235:Doctor of Philosophy
66:, reproduction, and
4842:Music certification
4822:Largest music deals
4700:Best-selling albums
4533:The Country Network
4312:Irish Singles Chart
3961:Musical instruments
3359:Bachelor of Science
3201:Engineering physics
3185:Engineering drawing
2707:Interdisciplinarity
2022:"Acoustics and You"
1858:, 10 October 2013,
1834:www.sheffieldav.com
1733:Charles De Schutter
1116:Charles De Schutter
887:television programs
758:, a co-producer on
483:sound reinforcement
406:of concert venues;
56:dynamics processing
4355:SNEP singles chart
4130:Extended play (EP)
3901:Album cover design
2961:Telecommunications
2866:Naval architecture
2614:2008-11-21 at the
1131:Mark "Flood" Ellis
904:
875:Re-recording mixer
867:system engineering
817:Mastering engineer
667:The Globe Sessions
602:professional audio
475:
463:
434:sounds immersive.
432:binaural recording
344:
318:
207:
134:video game console
40:recording engineer
28:
4922:Audio engineering
4917:Audio electronics
4904:
4903:
4847:Parental Advisory
4802:Bootleg recording
4792:A-side and B-side
4649:
4602:
4601:
4518:The Music Factory
4360:Sverigetopplistan
4284:Argentina Hot 100
4250:Music competition
4240:Concert residency
4179:Phonograph record
4149:
4109:
4108:
3936:Music and fashion
3921:Entertainment law
3789:
3788:
3750:Virgin Megastores
3552:and organizations
3509:
3508:
3438:Civil engineering
3384:Licensed engineer
3379:Engineer's degree
3331:
3330:
3163:Building services
3146:Health technology
3007:Chemical reaction
2956:Signal processing
2240:978-3-662-55004-5
2180:978-0-7506-0538-0
2140:978-0-07-166347-2
1915:About.com Careers
1785:Audio restoration
1708:"Big Mick" Hughes
1591:Kenneth Wilkinson
1561:Michael B. Tretow
1486:Eberhard Sengpiel
1316:George Massenburg
1291:P.Prince Lynah Jr
1156:David R. Ferguson
1091:Bob Clearmountain
1026:Michael J. Bishop
953:Signal processors
460:Live sound mixing
400:physical modeling
384:Musical acoustics
379:Musical acoustics
342:The Pyramid Stage
315:Royal Albert Hall
291:echo cancellation
211:bachelor's degree
188:recording studios
110:signal processing
34:(also known as a
4959:
4952:Music production
4893:
4892:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4647:
4468:
4467:
4365:UK singles chart
4297:Canadian Hot 100
4189:Compact cassette
4127:
4074:Session musician
4049:Hip hop producer
4007:
4006:
3941:Music journalism
3873:Rhythm and blues
3591:IFPI (worldwide)
3556:
3555:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3513:
3512:
3499:
3489:
3488:
3479:
3478:
3469:
3468:
3339:
2926:Electromechanics
2712:
2711:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2642:
2641:
2620:Creative Commons
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2527:
2521:
2514:
2508:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2480:
2465:
2464:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2394:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2345:Go.galegroup.com
2337:
2331:
2330:
2318:
2307:
2306:
2294:
2288:
2281:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2198:. Archived from
2191:
2185:
2184:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2103:. Archived from
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2074:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2055:on 8 August 2020
2051:. Archived from
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2024:. Archived from
2017:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1994:. Archived from
1987:
1981:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1826:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1321:Mario J. McNulty
1236:Leslie Ann Jones
948:Music sequencers
855:Monitor engineer
769:Leslie Ann Jones
750:Delia Derbyshire
648:music label was
357:tablet computers
328:Electroacoustics
156:computer science
100:or professional
48:live performance
4967:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4947:Audio engineers
4907:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4877:
4875:
4866:
4770:
4598:
4537:
4457:
4452:Top of the Pops
4417:Musica e dischi
4369:
4254:
4218:
4138:Cassette single
4116:
4105:
4059:Record producer
4005:
3976:Radio promotion
3946:Music publisher
3931:Music executive
3926:Music education
3893:
3887:
3785:
3754:
3708:
3651:
3615:
3559:Representatives
3551:
3550:Major companies
3545:
3540:
3510:
3505:
3457:
3404:
3388:
3364:Master's degree
3340:
3327:
3241:Instrumentation
3104:
3046:
3012:Electrochemical
2965:
2951:Radio frequency
2890:
2817:
2781:Municipal/Urban
2705:
2703:
2697:
2674:
2669:
2616:Wayback Machine
2579:
2574:
2564:
2562:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2537:
2531:"Andrew Scheps"
2529:
2528:
2524:
2515:
2511:
2499:
2495:
2488:Nashville Scene
2482:
2481:
2468:
2461:
2447:
2443:
2434:
2432:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2407:
2405:
2396:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2374:
2372:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2347:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2319:
2310:
2295:
2291:
2282:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2203:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2167:
2163:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2127:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2075:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2018:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1998:on 6 March 2016
1988:
1984:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1890:on 19 July 2011
1878:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1863:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1838:
1836:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1632:Bernie Grundman
1611:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1596:Jonathan Wilson
1551:Phil Thornalley
1506:Chris Steinmetz
1451:Elliot Scheiner
1366:Paul Northfield
1276:Chris Lord-Alge
1211:David Hentschel
1176:Rudy Van Gelder
1171:Humberto Gatica
1000:
996:
991:
973:Mixing consoles
896:
879:post-production
811:Mixing engineer
793:
791:Sub-disciplines
725:, engineer for
713:Sylvia Robinson
654:Trina Shoemaker
650:Cordell Jackson
610:Angelique Kidjo
575:
547:
541:
514:post-production
510:record producer
479:sound recording
453:
440:
427:Psychoacoustics
424:
422:Psychoacoustics
392:neurophysiology
381:
336:
330:
307:
267:
251:
249:Sub-disciplines
215:master's degree
148:
142:
118:
96:can refer to a
92:Alternatively,
17:
12:
11:
5:
4965:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4886:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4857:Surprise album
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4655:
4650:
4645:United Kingdom
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4616:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4474:
4472:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4292:Brasil Hot 100
4286:
4278:
4270:
4264:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4245:Music festival
4242:
4237:
4232:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4209:Music download
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4150:
4121:
4119:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4101:Sound engineer
4098:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4071:
4066:
4064:Rhythm section
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4019:
4013:
4011:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3996:Talent manager
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3813:Easy listening
3810:
3805:
3799:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3722:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3543:Music industry
3539:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3516:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3493:
3483:
3473:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3414:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3393:Related topics
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3313:Sustainability
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3177:
3175:Geoengineering
3172:
3171:
3170:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3156:Rehabilitation
3153:
3151:Pharmaceutical
3148:
3143:
3138:
3136:Bioinformatics
3128:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3095:Semiconductors
3092:
3087:
3085:Nanotechnology
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2982:
2975:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2900:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2801:Transportation
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2709:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2668:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2585:
2578:
2577:External links
2575:
2573:
2572:
2560:Sound On Sound
2547:
2522:
2509:
2493:
2466:
2460:978-0415875622
2459:
2441:
2430:SoundGirls.org
2417:
2408:|journal=
2381:
2357:
2332:
2308:
2303:Sound on Sound
2289:
2273:
2262:on 4 June 2013
2246:
2239:
2213:
2186:
2179:
2161:
2146:
2139:
2118:
2091:
2066:
2039:
2009:
1982:
1977:Sound on Sound
1963:
1932:
1901:
1871:
1845:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1805:Sound follower
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1728:Owsley Stanley
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1667:George Peckham
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1571:Robert Venable
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1541:Devin Townsend
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1516:Stephen Street
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1481:Da-Hong Seetoo
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
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877:– a person in
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859:front of house
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686:Blue Heartache
658:sound engineer
638:Women in Sound
614:Salman Rushdie
606:Kronos Quartet
583:women in music
574:
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471:front of house
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2370:Guidestar.org
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738:The Dead Boys
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717:hip hop music
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699:Wendy Waldman
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
678:country music
675:
671:
669:
668:
663:
659:
655:
652:(1923–2004).
651:
647:
646:rock and roll
642:
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623:
619:
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577:According to
573:Role of women
570:
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412:music therapy
409:
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373:vehicle audio
370:
369:movie theater
366:
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349:mobile phones
340:
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275:reverberation
272:
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203:Roger Nichols
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108:or (musical)
107:
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73:
69:
68:reinforcement
65:
61:
60:audio effects
57:
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37:
33:
26:
21:
4888:
4874:
4852:Record sales
4817:Hidden track
4607:Achievements
4591:
4586:The X Factor
4584:
4577:
4570:
4565:Star Academy
4563:
4556:
4549:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4408:
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4394:
4387:
4380:
4374:Publications
4342:
4302:Circle Chart
4289:
4281:
4273:
4235:Concert tour
4158:Double album
4100:
4084:Ghost singer
4069:Orchestrator
4054:Horn section
3981:Record label
3916:Distribution
3823:Experimental
3795:Major genres
3781:Ticketmaster
3729:iTunes Store
3686:
3685:
3663:
3662:
3581:Music Canada
3417:Engineering
3263:Mechatronics
3120:
3116:Agricultural
2766:Geotechnical
2734:Construction
2563:. Retrieved
2559:
2550:
2538:. Retrieved
2534:
2525:
2517:
2512:
2505:Get in Media
2504:
2496:
2487:
2450:
2444:
2433:. Retrieved
2429:
2420:
2399:cite journal
2384:
2373:. Retrieved
2369:
2360:
2348:. Retrieved
2344:
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2302:
2292:
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2264:. Retrieved
2260:the original
2249:
2222:
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2204:. Retrieved
2200:the original
2189:
2170:
2164:
2155:
2149:
2130:
2109:. Retrieved
2105:the original
2094:
2082:. Retrieved
2057:. Retrieved
2053:the original
2042:
2030:. Retrieved
2026:the original
2000:. Retrieved
1996:the original
1985:
1975:
1970:Daley, Dan,
1966:
1954:. Retrieved
1945:
1935:
1923:. Retrieved
1914:
1904:
1892:. Retrieved
1888:the original
1874:
1864:, retrieved
1854:
1848:
1837:. Retrieved
1833:
1824:
1662:Rodney Mills
1581:Andy Wallace
1496:Norman Smith
1491:Mike Shipley
1441:Susan Rogers
1431:Emitt Rhodes
1391:Dave Pensado
1386:Alan Parsons
1376:Hugh Padgham
1371:Gary Paczosa
1356:Clif Norrell
1336:Alan Moulder
1331:Yuri Morozov
1286:Malinda Lowe
1261:Greg Ladanyi
1256:Eddie Kramer
1206:Wally Heider
1121:Jack Douglas
1101:Mike Crossey
1046:Iain Burgess
1021:Sylvia Massy
1011:Jim Anderson
1006:Steve Albini
983:Loudspeakers
905:
853:Foldback or
794:
775:Sylvia Massy
763:
741:
726:
723:Susan Rogers
707:
672:
665:
643:
634:
599:
591:Susan Rogers
576:
559:
548:
534:
503:
487:broadcasting
476:
451:Practitioner
441:
425:
388:synthesizers
382:
345:
319:
268:
252:
243:Toningenieur
242:
208:
149:
119:
93:
91:
80:
52:equalization
39:
35:
31:
29:
4862:White label
4797:Backmasking
4614:Music award
4593:Rising Star
4389:HitQuarters
4268:ARIA Charts
4184:Eight-track
4169:Music video
4146:Maxi single
4094:Ghostwriter
4089:Vocal coach
4044:Disc jockey
4017:Arrangement
3986:Record shop
3956:Music venue
3951:Music store
3911:Disc jockey
3771:Live Nation
3766:CTS Eventim
3688:Independent
3491:Wikiproject
3246:and Control
3236:Information
3060:Biomaterial
2990:Bioresource
2981:/Bioprocess
2979:Biochemical
2931:Electronics
2702:Specialties
2672:Engineering
1884:HitQuarters
1790:Audiography
1718:Bill Porter
1647:Dale Becker
1556:John Travis
1446:Scott Salem
1426:Phil Ramone
1416:Bill Putnam
1411:Bill Porter
1341:Jack Mullin
1246:Neil Kernon
1241:Toshi Kasai
1141:Jack Endino
1081:Fred Catero
1061:Terry Brown
1051:Chuck Britz
1041:Helmut Burk
963:Microphones
821:compression
736:, producer
734:Genya Ravan
728:Purple Rain
674:Gail Davies
626:Tanya Tagaq
622:world music
555:autodidacts
526:advertising
485:, or sound
184:engineering
176:electronics
72:microphones
4911:Categories
4717:by country
4705:by country
4463:Television
4445:Smash Hits
4350:Sino Chart
4223:Live shows
4134:12" single
4022:Songwriter
4010:Production
3818:Electronic
3759:Live music
3620:Publishers
3601:PROMUSICAE
3410:Glossaries
3231:Industrial
3211:Facilities
3206:Explosives
3131:Biomedical
3126:Automation
3075:Metallurgy
2985:Biological
2936:Microwaves
2896:Electrical
2841:Automotive
2823:Mechanical
2796:Structural
2761:Geological
2749:Ecological
2739:Earthquake
2565:27 October
2540:27 October
2435:2022-06-27
2375:2017-03-02
1866:2019-12-08
1839:2019-02-05
1817:References
1691:Live sound
1682:Mike Bozzi
1672:Bob Weston
1657:Bob Ludwig
1642:Ted Jensen
1627:Kevin Gray
1586:Dan Wallin
1531:Mike Terry
1511:Mike Stone
1501:H. Sridhar
1466:Tom Scholz
1461:Al Schmitt
1401:Tony Platt
1361:Alex Tumay
1271:James Lock
1231:Glyn Johns
1226:Andy Johns
1216:Bones Howe
1186:Doug Grean
1161:Steve Fisk
1111:Nick Davis
1106:Terry Date
1086:Roy Cicala
1076:Dru Castro
1066:John Burns
978:Amplifiers
958:Headphones
785:RCA Victor
760:Toby Keith
756:Lari White
543:See also:
530:multimedia
332:See also:
233:require a
227:automobile
144:See also:
4782:Album era
4676:Brazilian
4648:(Females)
4579:The Voice
4552:franchise
4513:MuchMusic
4478:Channel V
4396:Hot Press
4382:Billboard
4290:Billboard
4282:Billboard
4274:Billboard
4142:CD single
4039:Conductor
3991:Road crew
3971:Promotion
3894:and roles
3776:LiveStyle
3713:Retailers
3676:Universal
3369:Doctorate
3283:Packaging
3253:Logistics
3226:Geomatics
3187:/graphics
3080:Molecular
3070:Corrosion
3052:Materials
3032:Petroleum
3022:Molecular
2904:Broadcast
2886:Tribology
2836:Aerospace
2771:Hydraulic
2350:3 October
1703:Dan Healy
1622:Mike Dean
1617:Tom Coyne
1605:Mastering
1476:Ken Scott
1471:Jim Scott
1201:Roy Halee
1151:Bob Ezrin
1071:Ian Caple
1016:Dave Aron
994:Recording
894:Equipment
694:Nashville
567:pop music
551:fine arts
279:Auto-Tune
223:headphone
152:acoustics
140:Education
98:scientist
44:recording
4895:Category
4739:by women
4572:The Four
4558:Popstars
4471:Channels
4403:Kerrang!
4032:Lyricist
4027:Composer
3471:Category
3400:Engineer
3308:Software
3303:Security
3278:Ontology
3268:Military
3258:Robotics
3221:Forensic
3141:Clinical
3100:Surfaces
3090:Polymers
3065:Ceramics
3042:Reaction
2971:Chemical
2909:Computer
2831:Acoustic
2786:Offshore
2754:Sanitary
2612:Archived
2327:BBC News
1950:Archived
1946:wiseGeek
1919:Archived
1860:archived
1800:Loudness
1742:See also
1723:Dave Rat
1652:Bob Katz
1421:Bob Rock
1326:Joe Meek
1126:Tom Dowd
825:limiting
719:producer
715:, early
624:artists
495:engineer
491:consoles
102:engineer
4691:Swedish
4686:Italian
4681:British
4671:Belgian
4657:Genre:
4635:Germany
4630:Finland
4345:Top 100
4276:Hot 100
4230:Concert
4204:Airplay
4162:Mixtape
4117:formats
4115:Release
3892:Sectors
3858:New Age
3838:Hip hop
3808:Country
3745:Kaspien
3694:Concord
3481:Commons
3323:Textile
3318:Systems
3288:Privacy
3273:Nuclear
3037:Process
2995:Genetic
2941:Optical
2921:Control
2914:outline
2881:Thermal
2871:Railway
2811:Railway
2806:Traffic
2729:Coastal
2688:Outline
2683:History
2622:Licence
1810:Tape op
688:" and "
587:Grammys
506:masters
469:At the
396:singing
239:Germany
180:science
164:physics
76:pre-amp
4625:Brazil
4542:Series
4260:Charts
4125:Single
3868:Reggae
3833:Gospel
3720:Amazon
3681:Warner
3501:Portal
3298:Survey
3293:Safety
3180:Design
3000:Tissue
2876:Sports
2861:Marine
2851:Energy
2776:Mining
2618:under
2457:
2266:22 May
2237:
2206:22 May
2177:
2137:
2111:22 May
2084:13 May
2059:17 May
2032:13 May
2002:13 May
1956:17 May
1894:Sep 3,
929:(DAWs)
807:mixes.
630:Wu Man
620:, and
444:speech
438:Speech
355:, and
64:mixing
4775:Other
4744:Latin
4661:Latin
4640:Japan
4153:Album
3883:World
3853:Metal
3848:Latin
3803:Blues
3665:Major
3121:Audio
3109:Other
3027:Paper
2946:Power
2791:River
2716:Civil
1925:8 Dec
518:video
416:music
237:. In
83:sound
46:or a
4623:In:
4550:Idol
4523:Viva
4508:Tr3s
4503:MTV2
4493:Mnet
4488:Fuse
4410:Mojo
3878:Rock
3843:Jazz
3828:Folk
3735:Fnac
3704:AAMG
3671:Sony
3611:SNEP
3606:RIAA
3586:FIMI
3571:BVMI
3566:ARIA
3216:Fire
3017:Food
2567:2015
2542:2015
2455:ISBN
2412:help
2352:2018
2268:2013
2235:ISBN
2208:2013
2175:ISBN
2135:ISBN
2113:2013
2086:2013
2061:2013
2034:2013
2004:2013
1958:2013
1927:2019
1896:2010
1696:List
1610:List
999:List
823:and
684:", "
628:and
565:and
563:rock
522:film
520:and
516:for
371:and
363:and
287:Opus
190:and
174:and
58:and
4528:VH1
4498:MTV
4483:CMT
4424:NME
4199:DVD
3863:Pop
3740:HMV
3596:PMB
3576:BPI
3426:M–Z
3421:A–L
3168:MEP
2704:and
2227:doi
885:or
762:'s
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394:of
367:in
297:or
285:or
283:MP3
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