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the most cost-efficient use of physical resources: time, energy and material, and the additional use of physical resources used by the task. This second category is by definition wasted physical resources. Information does not substitute or replace the most cost-efficient use of physical resources but can be used to replace the wasted physical resources. The condition that this occurs under is that the cost of information is less than the cost of the wasted physical resources. Since information is a non-rival good, this can be especially beneficial for repeatable tasks. In manufacturing, the task category of the most cost-efficient use of physical resources is called lean manufacturing.
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signs taken from a language mutually understood by the agents involved in the communication. Mutual understanding implies that agents involved understand the chosen language in terms of its agreed syntax and semantics. The sender codes the message in the language and sends the message as signals along some communication channel (empirics). The chosen communication channel has inherent properties that determine outcomes such as the speed at which communication can take place, and over what distance.
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of digital information (number sequences) must know the domain and binary format of each number sequence before exchanging information. By defining number sequences online, this would be systematically and universally usable. Before the exchanged digital number sequence, an efficient unique link to its online definition can be set. This online-defined digital information (number sequence) would be globally comparable and globally searchable.
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source) a causal input to plants but for animals it only provides information. The colored light reflected from a flower is too weak for photosynthesis but the visual system of the bee detects it and the bee's nervous system uses the information to guide the bee to the flower, where the bee often finds nectar or pollen, which are causal inputs, a nutritional function.
1651:(shortened as InfoSec) is the ongoing process of exercising due diligence to protect information, and information systems, from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, destruction, modification, disruption or distribution, through algorithms and procedures focused on monitoring and detection, as well as incident response and repair.
978:
incorporated the idea of "information catalysts", structures where emerging information promotes the transition from pattern recognition to goal-directed action (for example, the specific transformation of a substrate into a product by an enzyme, or auditory reception of words and the production of an oral response)
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The international standard on records management, ISO 15489, defines records as "information created, received, and maintained as evidence and information by an organization or person, in pursuance of legal obligations or in the transaction of business". The
International Committee on Archives (ICA)
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The "domain of information" is a set that the sender and receiver of information must know before exchanging information. Digital information, for example, consists of building blocks that are all number sequences. Each number sequence represents a selection from its domain. The sender and receiver
1426:
Communication normally exists within the context of some social situation. The social situation sets the context for the intentions conveyed (pragmatics) and the form of communication. In a communicative situation intentions are expressed through messages that comprise collections of inter-related
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is concerned with the meaning of a message conveyed in a communicative act. Semantics considers the content of communication. Semantics is the study of the meaning of signs – the association between signs and behaviour. Semantics can be considered as the study of the link between symbols and their
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has proposed that the focus on information should be what it does as opposed to defining what it is. Grieves has proposed that information can be substituted for wasted physical resources, time, energy, and material, for goal-oriented tasks. Goal-oriented tasks can be divided into two components:
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of S whenever the objects in R are removed from S. Under "Vigo information", pattern, invariance, complexity, representation, and information – five fundamental constructs of universal science – are unified under a novel mathematical framework. Among other things, the
467:
The information available through a collection of data may be derived by analysis. For example, a restaurant collects data from every customer order. That information may be analyzed to produce knowledge that is put to use when the business subsequently wants to identify the most popular or least
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In practice, information is usually carried by weak stimuli that must be detected by specialized sensory systems and amplified by energy inputs before they can be functional to the organism or system. For example, light is mainly (but not only, e.g. plants can grow in the direction of the light
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Records are specialized forms of information. Essentially, records are information produced consciously or as by-products of business activities or transactions and retained because of their value. Primarily, their value is as evidence of the activities of the organization but they may also be
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and applied mathematician
Ronaldo Vigo argues that information is a concept that requires at least two related entities to make quantitative sense. These are, any dimensionally defined category of objects S, and any of its subsets R. R, in essence, is a representation of S, or, in other words,
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In a biological framework, Mizraji has described information as an entity emerging from the interaction of patterns with receptor systems (eg: in molecular or neural receptors capable of interacting with specific patterns, information emerges from those interactions). In addition, he has
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conveys information relevant to the word it is part of, each word conveys information relevant to the phrase it is part of, each phrase conveys information relevant to the sentence it is part of, and so on until at the final step information is interpreted and becomes knowledge in a given
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The Danish
Dictionary of Information Terms argues that information only provides an answer to a posed question. Whether the answer provides knowledge depends on the informed person. So a generalized definition of the concept should be: "Information" = An answer to a specific question".
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and polynucleotides that interact maintaining the biological order and participating in the development of multicellular organisms, precedes by millions of years the emergence of human consciousness and the creation of the scientific culture that produced the chemical nomenclature.
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is concerned with the purpose of communication. Pragmatics links the issue of signs with the context within which signs are used. The focus of pragmatics is on the intentions of living agents underlying communicative behaviour. In other words, pragmatics link language to action.
1362:
Committee on electronic records defined a record as, "recorded information produced or received in the initiation, conduct or completion of an institutional or individual activity and that comprises content, context and structure sufficient to provide evidence of the activity".
934:. Complex definitions of both "information" and "knowledge" make such semantic and logical analysis difficult, but the condition of "transformation" is an important point in the study of information as it relates to knowledge, especially in the business discipline of
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is concerned with the formalism used to represent a message. Syntax as an area studies the form of communication in terms of the logic and grammar of sign systems. Syntax is devoted to the study of the form rather than the content of signs and sign systems.
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The total amount of data created, captured, copied, and consumed globally is forecast to increase rapidly, reaching 64.2 zettabytes in 2020. Over the next five years up to 2025, global data creation is projected to grow to more than 180 zettabytes.
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of the organization or to meet legal, fiscal or accountability requirements imposed on the organization. Willis expressed the view that sound management of business records and information delivered "...six key requirements for good
878:
Information is any type of pattern that influences the formation or transformation of other patterns. In this sense, there is no need for a conscious mind to perceive, much less appreciate, the pattern. Consider, for example,
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may be interpreted into the symbols, letters, numbers, or structures that convey the information available at the next level up. The key characteristic of information is that it is subject to interpretation and processing.
919:) in the system can be called information. In other words, it can be said that information in this sense is something potentially perceived as representation, though not created or presented for that purpose. For example,
891:
without any need for a conscious mind. One might argue though that for a human to consciously define a pattern, for example a nucleotide, naturally involves conscious information processing. However, the existence of
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the occurrence of a causal input at a later time (and perhaps another place). Some information is important because of association with other information but eventually there must be a connection to a causal input.
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explains the multi-faceted concept of information in terms of signs and signal-sign systems. Signs themselves can be considered in terms of four inter-dependent levels, layers or branches of
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A theory is deterministic if, and only if, given its state variables for some initial period, the theory logically determines a unique set of values for those variables for any other period.
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1395:: pragmatics, semantics, syntax, and empirics. These four layers serve to connect the social world on the one hand with the physical or technical world on the other.
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conveys representational (and hence, conceptual) information about S. Vigo then defines the amount of information that R conveys about S as the rate of change in the
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is the process of inspecting, transforming, and modeling information, by converting raw data into actionable knowledge, in support of the decision-making process.
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The
Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Volume 15: The Berlin Years: Writings & Correspondence, June 1925-May 1927 (English Translation Supplement), p. 403
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1374:...transparency; accountability; due process; compliance; meeting statutory and common law requirements; and security of personal and corporate information."
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at times seems to refer to information in this sense, assuming information does not necessarily involve any conscious mind, and patterns circulating (due to
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cf; Huelsenbeck, J. P.; Ronquist, F.; Nielsen, R.; Bollback, J. P. (2001). "Bayesian inference of phylogeny and its impact on evolutionary biology".
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The uncertainty of an event is measured by its probability of occurrence. Uncertainty is inversely proportional to the probability of occurrence.
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1663:(shortened as InfoQ) is the potential of a dataset to achieve a specific (scientific or practical) goal using a given empirical analysis method.
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If, however, the premise of "influence" implies that information has been perceived by a conscious mind and also interpreted by it, the specific
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Fisher
Information, a New Paradigm for Science: Introduction, Uncertainty principles, Wave equations, Ideas of Escher, Kant, Plato and Wheeler.
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2531:"Complexity over Uncertainty in Generalized Representational Information Theory (GRIT): A Structure-Sensitive General Theory of Information"
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called these causal inputs. Other inputs (information) are important only because they are associated with causal inputs and can be used to
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Orthuber, Wolfgang (16 May 2022). "We Can Define the Domain of
Information Online and Thus Globally Uniformly". Information. 13(5), 256.
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and refers to the effort a user of a dictionary must make to first find, and then understand data so that they can generate information.
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747:, the feasibility of mobile phones and the development of the Internet. The theory has also found applications in other areas, including
2011:
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2981:, translated into English from the original French 6th ed. by Truscott, F.W. and Emory, F.L., Dover Publications (New York, 1951) p.4.
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Nielsen (2008) discusses the relationship between semiotics and information in relation to dictionaries. He introduces the concept of
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has classified "information" in terms of its uses: "information as process", "information as knowledge", and "information as thing".
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can be construed as a message in its own right, and in that sense, all information is always conveyed as the content of a message.
2288:"Thomas D. Schneider], Michael Dean (1998) Organization of the ABCR gene: analysis of promoter and splice junction sequences"
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Stewart (2001) argues that transformation of information into knowledge is critical, lying at the core of value creation and
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takes advantage of this by concluding that more uncertain events require more information to resolve their uncertainty. The
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688:(with two equally likely outcomes) provides less information (lower entropy) than specifying the outcome from a roll of a
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What is
Information? – Propagating Organization in the Biosphere, the Symbolosphere, the Technosphere and the Econosphere
2435:"Some background on why people in the empirical sciences may want to better understand the information-theoretic methods"
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an attempt to estimate how much new information is created each year (study was produced by faculty and students at the
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is a philosophical theory holding that causal determination can predict all future events, positing a fully predictable
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Mathematical
Principles of Human Conceptual Behavior: The Structural Nature of Conceptual Representation and Processing
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Allikmets, Rando; Wasserman, Wyeth W.; Hutchinson, Amy; Smallwood, Philip; Nathans, Jeremy; Rogan, Peter K. (1998).
815:. Inputs are of two kinds; some inputs are important to the function of the organism (for example, food) or system (
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particles, this results in the irrecoverability of any information about the matter to have originally crossed the
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These sections are using measurements of data rather than information, as information cannot be directly measured.
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It is estimated that the world's technological capacity to store information grew from 2.6 (optimally compressed)
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Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive
Population. Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andre Barroso
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1587:(shortened as InfoVis) depends on the computation and digital representation of data, and assists users in
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2685:"The biological Maxwell's demons: exploring ideas about the information processing in biological systems"
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Nielsen, Sandro (2008). "The Effect of
Lexicographical Information Costs on Dictionary Making and Use".
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Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach, Second Edition
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Willis, Anthony (1 August 2005). "Corporate governance and management of information and records".
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represents the convergence of informatics, telecommunication and audio-visual media & content.
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The information cycle (addressed as a whole or in its distinct components) is of great concern to
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Information embedded in an abstract mathematical object with symmetry symmetry-breaking nucleus
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for information storage (with digital storage capacity bypassing analogue for the first time).
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As of 2007, an estimated 90% of all new information is digital, mostly stored on hard drives.
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The derivation of information from a signal or message may be thought of as the resolution of
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3140:"Gibbs Paradox and the Concepts of Information, Symmetry, Similarity and Their Relationship"
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692:(with six equally likely outcomes). Some other important measures in information theory are
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Visual representation of a strange attractor, with converted data of its fractal structure
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2634:"Information as verb: Re-conceptualizing information for cognitive and ecological models"
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associated with this interpretation may cause the transformation of the information into
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article estimates that 97% of technologically stored information was already in digital
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networks was the informational equivalent of 6 newspapers per person per day in 2007.
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ensures that the integrity of records is preserved for as long as they are required.
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into information to be interpreted and processed at the next step. For example, in
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2036:"The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information"
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The world's combined technological capacity to receive information through one-way
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referents or concepts – particularly the way that signs relate to human behavior.
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Galactic (including dark) matter distribution in a cubic section of the Universe
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The world's combined effective capacity to exchange information through two-way
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may be used. For example, the information encoded in one "fair" coin flip is log
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that arises during the interpretation of patterns within the signal or message.
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Applications of fundamental topics of information theory include source coding/
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Information Quality: The Potential of Data and Analytics to Generate Knowledge
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3529:
3514:
3124:
3116:
2718:
2407:
2264:
2221:
2071:
1236:
1228:
901:
756:
752:
744:
472:
417:
412:
Information is often processed iteratively: Data available at one step are
3351:
2589:
Product Lifecycle Management: Driving the Next Generation of Lean Thinking
2313:
676:. Entropy quantifies the amount of uncertainty involved in the value of a
570:
541:. It is 'that which reduces uncertainty by half'. Other units such as the
7649:
7569:
7499:
7449:
7155:
7134:
7089:
7054:
7009:
6980:
6881:
6862:
6789:
6760:
6688:
6678:
6628:
6505:
6377:
6347:
6297:
6222:
6176:
6156:
6110:
6056:
5888:
5879:
5773:
5635:
5571:
5508:
5442:
5424:
5343:
5338:
5296:
5120:
4996:
4831:
4623:
4402:
4300:
4183:
4149:
4117:
3932:
2950:
The Structure of Science: Problems in the Logic of Scientific Explanation
1961:
1944:
1845:
1714:
1550:
1546:
1514:
1470:, which prevents observers from directly identifying all of its possible
1448:
1270:
893:
564:
488:
450:
386:
279:
259:
122:
3442:
2881:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(199106)42:5<351::AID-ASI5>3.0.CO;2-3
2547:
2530:
1027:
in 1986 – which is the informational equivalent to less than one 730-MB
637:
of information. The field was fundamentally established by the works of
7783:
7509:
7474:
7424:
7309:
7207:
7094:
7019:
6848:
6838:
6833:
6736:
6643:
6561:
6501:
6497:
6430:
6342:
6337:
6322:
6267:
6207:
6115:
6019:
6009:
5999:
5984:
5788:
5778:
5652:
5647:
5536:
5513:
5375:
5353:
5212:
5051:
4966:
4939:
4921:
4861:
4836:
4770:
4750:
4655:
4613:
4598:
4588:
4474:
4424:
4367:
3609:
3564:
3559:
2112:
2094:
1810:
1506:
1398:
884:
850:
760:
654:
542:
394:
183:
137:
3251:(Winter 2005 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
2195:
2084:
Free access to the article at martinhilbert.net/WorldInfoCapacity.html
942:
in performing research and making decisions, including steps such as:
464:
up to an optimal size, which is the theoretical limit of compression.
7943:
7908:
7888:
7434:
7319:
7249:
7202:
7165:
7104:
7034:
6896:
6819:
6770:
6623:
6584:
6492:
6387:
6367:
6332:
6287:
6262:
6232:
6197:
6166:
6071:
6004:
5913:
5893:
5857:
5847:
5803:
5696:
5601:
5541:
5527:
5522:
5474:
5469:
5447:
5437:
5385:
5380:
5318:
5242:
5217:
5202:
5001:
4536:
4519:
4352:
4052:
3594:
3423:
3223:
2285:
1498:
1405:
1392:
1202:
1093:
1047:
1043:
998:
957:
931:
728:
685:
608:
523:
492:
446:
374:
370:
331:
168:
142:
101:
86:
2896:
Information Systems: an introduction to informatics in Organisations
2807:"Guide For Managing Electronic Records From An Archival Perspective"
858:
when attempting to characterize and measure subjective information.
7883:
7444:
7299:
7074:
7039:
6901:
6804:
6745:
6711:
6702:
6673:
6663:
6638:
6594:
6534:
6457:
6425:
6420:
6407:
6397:
6352:
6317:
6277:
6189:
6161:
6086:
6076:
5972:
5825:
5753:
5748:
5721:
5701:
5686:
5630:
5566:
5432:
5390:
5279:
5095:
5086:
4846:
4765:
4745:
4740:
4660:
4479:
4454:
4449:
4188:
4163:
4144:
3396:
This essay is continually revised in the light of ongoing research.
1486:
exist, even if it is not accessible for humans; A view surmised by
1452:
1194:
1186:
1032:
1024:
993:
and their effects on human cultures, he refers to the structure of
950:
916:
888:
808:
511:
193:
91:
3156:
330:
convey information in a more continuous form. Information is not
7733:
7439:
7369:
7339:
7304:
7239:
7197:
7182:
7049:
6930:
6915:
6891:
6579:
6519:
6509:
6477:
6472:
6272:
6171:
5940:
5918:
5898:
5830:
5793:
5783:
5676:
5659:
5596:
5551:
5532:
5517:
5503:
5452:
5363:
5306:
5115:
4911:
4841:
4807:
4802:
4788:
4778:
4774:
4715:
4407:
4178:
4134:
3651:
3619:
3426:
The Danish Dictionary of Information Terms / Informationsordbogen
2170:
Delgado-Bonal, Alfonso; Martín-Torres, Javier (3 November 2016).
1985:
1607:
Partial map of the Internet, with nodes representing IP addresses
1542:
1266:
923:
defines "information" as a "difference that makes a difference".
905:
887:
is a pattern that influences the formation and development of an
828:
499:
484:
315:
287:
173:
2566:. New York and London: Scientific Psychology Series, Routledge.
2287:
2145:
F. Rieke; D. Warland; R Ruyter van Steveninck; W Bialek (1997).
7329:
7279:
7192:
7064:
6784:
6779:
6697:
6529:
6514:
6101:
6029:
5903:
5852:
5768:
5758:
5618:
5546:
5358:
5328:
5313:
5061:
4901:
4883:
4792:
4783:
4243:
4078:
3629:
3624:
3072:
The Laws of Cool: Knowledge Work and the Culture of Information
2804:
2670:
Form, Substance, and Difference, in Steps to an Ecology of Mind
1865:
1412:
1036:
1031:
per person (539 MB per person) – to 295 (optimally compressed)
1028:
873:
816:
812:
519:
421:
283:
6949:
966:
Make decisions or recommendations from the resulting knowledge
763:, linguistics, the evolution and function of molecular codes (
7834:
Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments
7429:
7379:
6721:
6467:
6081:
5994:
5989:
5491:
5397:
5368:
5301:
5250:
4896:
938:. In this practice, tools and processes are used to assist a
578:"Information is a selection from the domain of information".
366:
323:
319:
311:
306:
to convey information, other phenomena and artifacts such as
275:
96:
4021:
2234:
7374:
7354:
7349:
7274:
7232:
7217:
6105:
5952:
5798:
5739:
5706:
5681:
5556:
4981:
4856:
4797:
4277:
4159:
4130:
2984:
1825:
1182:
1035:
in 2007. This is the informational equivalent of almost 61
689:
457:
362:
299:
294:
can be said to convey some amount of information. Whereas
3284:
The Study of information : interdisciplinary messages
2328:
2169:
1557:(including encoding, encryption, compression, packaging),
946:
Review information to effectively derive value and meaning
862:
As a substitute for task wasted time, energy, and material
6046:
5923:
2012:"DT&SC 4-5: Information Theory Primer, Online Course"
880:
807:
Often information can be viewed as a type of input to an
736:
560:
534:
438:
2172:"Human vision is determined based on information theory"
596:
The English word "information" comes from Middle French
563:
in 2007 and that the year 2002 was the beginning of the
349:
is relevant or connected to various concepts, including
7774:
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
2868:
Journal of the American Society for Information Science
1524:
1505:, positing that, because the complete evaporation of a
1004:
571:
Exact definition of information and digital application
483:. Information is expressed either as the content of a
1893:
Information Theory, Evolution, and the Origin of Life
997:
that in turn shape our behaviors and mindsets. Also,
739:). Its impact has been crucial to the success of the
704:. Important sub-fields of information theory include
266:. At the most fundamental level, it pertains to the
3040:"A Black Hole Mystery Wrapped in a Firewall Paradox"
904:
that leads, among other events, to the existence of
16:
Facts provided or learned about something or someone
3346:. Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley and Sons.
1478:, determinists reconciled with this behavior using
839:
2467:
2029:
2027:
2025:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1461:the effect of its past and the cause of its future
1001:are often said to be "information" in this sense.
649:in the 1940s. The field is at the intersection of
625:Information theory is the scientific study of the
575:Information can be defined exactly by set theory:
2816:. International Committee on Archives. p. 22
2805:Committee on Electronic Records (February 1997).
2432:
1501:cites the mechanical sense of information in the
1466:Quantum physics instead encodes information as a
1046:networks was the informational equivalent of 174
684:. For example, identifying the outcome of a fair
600:'a criminal investigation' and its etymon, Latin
7992:
2946:"§V: Alternative descriptions of physical state"
2672:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 448–466.
1890:
549:(2/1) = 1 bit, and in two fair coin flips is log
510:(for example, information may be encoded into a
2374:Bennett, Charles H.; Li, Ming; Ma, Bin (2003).
2022:
1969:
1915:
2329:"Information Theory and Statistical Mechanics"
1354:retained for their informational value. Sound
854:framework aims to overcome the limitations of
282:. Any natural process that is not completely
6965:
4037:
3458:
3434:
3337:
3130:The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood
2918:
2893:
1334:
743:missions to deep space, the invention of the
592:History of the word and concept "information"
262:that refers to something which has the power
236:
3411:School of Information Management and Systems
3323:. Westport, Ct: Greenwood Publishing Group.
3028:
2943:
2033:
1513:leaves nothing except an expanding cloud of
874:As an influence that leads to transformation
607:In English, "information" is an uncountable
471:Information can be transmitted in time, via
2952:(2nd ed.). Hackett. pp. 285–292.
2373:
6972:
6958:
4044:
4030:
3465:
3451:
3082:
2631:
2376:"Chain Letters and Evolutionary Histories"
1866:John B. Anderson; Rolf Johnnesson (1996).
1720:Information and communication technologies
1430:
1341:
1327:
1092:
960:context, often from many possible contexts
243:
229:
3472:
3389:Principia Cybernetica entry on negentropy
3222:
3173:
3155:
3085:"Information in the holographic universe"
2708:
2652:
2546:
2465:
2303:
2211:
2123:Burnham, K. P. and Anderson D. R. (2002)
2061:
2034:Hilbert, Martin; López, Priscila (2011).
1960:
1895:. Cambridge University Press. p. 7.
963:Derive new knowledge from the information
3203:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
2969:
2861:
2618:The Mathematical Theory of Communication
2591:. New York: McGraw Hill. pp. 6–12.
1577:(such as magnetic or optical, including
3309:
3296:
3255:
3249:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3239:
3190:
3034:
2995:
2768:"Total data volume worldwide 2010–2025"
2682:
2667:
2611:
2586:
1945:"Measurement in the Age of Information"
1919:Information – A Very Short Introduction
1859:
672:A key measure in information theory is
7993:
3286:. 1983, New York: Wiley. xxii, 743 p.
3261:Information: A Very Short Introduction
3123:
2978:A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities
2834:
2326:
2138:
1942:
1909:
1868:Understanding Information Transmission
7804:Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics
6953:
6136:
4265:
4063:
4025:
3446:
3433:
3318:
3245:"Semantic Conceptions of Information"
2865:(June 1991). "Information as thing".
2433:David R. Anderson (1 November 2003).
1992:from the original on 21 December 2021
1884:
1435:The existence of information about a
614:
7904:Interpretations of quantum mechanics
7824:The World as Will and Representation
3415:University of California at Berkeley
3083:Bekenstein, Jacob D. (August 2003).
2731:
2561:
2528:
2494:
2095:https://doi.org/10.3390/info13050256
1943:Webler, Forrest (25 February 2022).
1525:The application of information study
1365:Records may be maintained to retain
1005:Technologically mediated information
526:for safe storage and communication.
3384:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3376:Semantic Conceptions of Information
3137:
3069:
2798:
2734:"Informationsordbogen – vis begreb"
1695:Data storage device#Recording media
802:
598:enformacion/informacion/information
13:
3215:10.1111/j.1933-1592.2005.tb00531.x
3063:
2641:Journal of Ecological Anthropology
1565:methods), presentation (including
604:'conception, teaching, creation'.
38:
14:
8042:
4064:
3369:
3271:
3196:"Is Information Meaningful Data?"
3109:10.1038/scientificamerican0803-58
2400:10.1038/scientificamerican0603-76
2147:Spikes: Exploring the Neural Code
2018:. University of California. 2015.
1841:Receiver operating characteristic
1455:described by classical physicist
456:Information may be structured as
7967:
7957:
7956:
4006:
4005:
3660:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1600:
1308:
1307:
840:As representation and complexity
7754:Meditations on First Philosophy
6979:
3525:Computer-mediated communication
2937:
2912:
2887:
2855:
2828:
2785:
2760:
2751:
2725:
2676:
2661:
2625:
2605:
2580:
2555:
2522:
2488:
2459:
2426:
2367:
2320:
2279:
2228:
2163:
2117:
1982:"World_info_capacity_animation"
1705:Free Information Infrastructure
1421:lexicographic information costs
1086:Library and information science
3282:Machlup, F. and U. Mansfield,
2100:
2087:
2004:
1936:
1816:Lexicographic information cost
1503:black hole information paradox
1474:. Prior to the publication of
1249:Science and technology studies
733:error detection and correction
718:information-theoretic security
714:algorithmic information theory
487:or through direct or indirect
1:
6540:Traditional African religions
4051:
3247:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
2898:. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave.
2305:10.1016/s0378-1119(98)00269-8
2127:(Springer Science, New York)
1852:
1072:
1063:
1018:
819:) by themselves. In his book
710:algorithmic complexity theory
7939:Philosophy of space and time
6137:
3647:Text and conversation theory
2921:Business Information Systems
2466:Dusenbery, David B. (1992).
1377:
1050:per person per day in 2007.
900:organisms, with the complex
585:
133:Organizational communication
21:Information (disambiguation)
7:
7814:The Phenomenology of Spirit
5868:Food and drink prohibitions
4266:
3278:. Toronto: DEMO Publishing.
3076:University of Chicago Press
1922:. Oxford University Press.
1672:
1439:is a major concept in both
974:for the modern enterprise.
338:that may be derived from a
10:
8047:
3400:How Much Information? 2003
3314:. New York, NY: Doubleday.
2919:Beynon-Davies, P. (2009).
2894:Beynon-Davies, P. (2002).
2837:Records Management Journal
2701:10.1007/s12064-021-00354-6
2632:Casagrande, David (1999).
2474:. New York: W.H. Freeman.
1760:Information infrastructure
1545:) and generation (through
1008:
856:Shannon-Weaver information
618:
589:
18:
7952:
7876:
7675:
7415:
7143:
6987:
6558:
6406:
6185:
6147:
6143:
6132:
5720:
5423:
5241:
4920:
4756:Cross-cultural psychology
4714:
4574:Manipulation (psychology)
4440:
4276:
4272:
4261:
4070:
4059:
4001:
3790:
3669:
3658:
3498:
3480:
3440:
3435:Links to related articles
3321:The Nature of Information
3175:10.3390/entropy-e10010001
3133:. New York, NY: Pantheon.
3002:Hawking, Stephen (2006).
2923:. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
2849:10.1108/09565690510614238
2668:Bateson, Gregory (1972).
2587:Grieves, Michael (2006).
2516:10.1016/j.ins.2011.05.020
2108:Oxford English Dictionary
1891:Hubert P. Yockey (2005).
1831:Philosophy of information
1667:Information communication
1585:Information visualization
1490:with the assertion that "
7929:Philosophy of psychology
7864:Simulacra and Simulation
5106:Mass psychogenic illness
4957:Collective effervescence
4398:Self-fulfilling prophecy
4084:Collective consciousness
3605:Nonviolent communication
3535:History of communication
3310:Stewart, Thomas (2001).
1916:Luciano Floridi (2010).
1725:Information architecture
1480:hidden variable theories
1213:Interdisciplinary fields
460:. Redundant data can be
342:through interpretation.
8006:Concepts in metaphysics
7794:Critique of Pure Reason
6446:Eastern Orthodox Church
4987:Culture-bound syndromes
4962:Collective intelligence
3600:Nonverbal communication
3590:Models of communication
3424:Informationsordbogen.dk
3265:Oxford University Press
2975:Laplace, Pierre Simon,
2738:Informationsordbogen.dk
2654:10.5038/2162-4593.3.1.1
2353:10.1103/physrev.106.620
2257:10.1126/science.1065889
2111:, Third Edition, 2009,
2063:10.1126/science.1200970
1791:Information sensitivity
1745:Information engineering
1685:Complex adaptive system
1431:Physics and determinacy
799:and even art creation.
663:information engineering
553:(4/1) = 2 bits. A 2011
518:, or transmitted via a
502:into various forms for
274:) of that which may be
7385:Type–token distinction
7213:Hypostatic abstraction
6995:Abstract object theory
6887:Social constructionism
6545:Unitarian Universalism
5349:Observational learning
5077:In-group and out-group
5017:False consensus effect
4696:Suppression of dissent
4594:Moral entrepreneurship
4564:Ideological repression
4552:Historical revisionism
4088:Collective unconscious
2327:Jaynes, E. T. (1957).
1796:Information technology
1770:Information metabolism
1765:Information management
1710:Freedom of information
1680:Accuracy and precision
1531:information technology
1492:God does not play dice
1157:Information management
1145:Collections management
785:intelligence gathering
731:), and channel coding/
667:electrical engineering
43:
7974:Philosophy portal
7854:Being and Nothingness
7270:Mental representation
6436:Chinese folk religion
5136:Political correctness
5131:Pluralistic ignorance
4820:Identity (philosophy)
4646:Religious persecution
4629:Psychological warfare
4609:Political engineering
4460:Argumentum ad populum
4318:Collective narcissism
4296:Attitude polarization
3752:Mediated cross-border
3474:Communication studies
3352:10.1002/9781118890622
3138:Lin, Shu-Kun (2008).
2944:Ernest Nagel (1999).
2732:Simonsen, Bo Krantz.
2689:Theory in Biosciences
1735:Information continuum
1233:Documentation science
1221:Communication studies
1009:Further information:
972:competitive advantage
781:information retrieval
749:statistical inference
659:statistical mechanics
42:
7899:Feminist metaphysics
6800:Naturalism (Western)
6795:Naturalism (Chinese)
6707:Renaissance humanism
5263:Conceptual framework
5228:System justification
5067:Hysterical contagion
4651:Religious uniformity
4634:Religious conversion
4490:Cognitive dissonance
4388:Selective perception
4239:Theory of everything
4209:Primal world beliefs
4194:Philosophical theory
3687:Communication theory
3682:Communication design
3405:7 April 2010 at the
3319:Young, Paul (1987).
2863:Buckland, Michael K.
2683:Mizraji, E. (2021).
2504:Information Sciences
1962:10.3390/info13030111
1775:Information overload
1755:Information inequity
1750:Information geometry
1655:Information analysis
1649:Information security
1457:Pierre-Simon Laplace
1372:corporate governance
1165:Knowledge management
1039:per person in 2007.
936:knowledge management
789:plagiarism detection
696:, channel capacity,
680:or the outcome of a
657:, computer science,
77:Communication theory
19:For other uses, see
8021:Main topic articles
8011:Information science
7744:Daneshnameh-ye Alai
7255:Linguistic modality
6213:Christian democracy
5176:Social facilitation
5072:Information cascade
5007:Emotional contagion
4945:Collective behavior
4907:Symbolic boundaries
4761:Cultural psychology
4505:Cultural dissonance
4378:Observer-expectancy
4373:Observational error
4358:In-group favoritism
4103:Conventional wisdom
3312:Wealth of Knowledge
3166:2008Entrp..10....1L
3101:2003SciAm.289b..58B
3089:Scientific American
3005:The Hawking Paradox
2548:10.3390/info4010001
2392:2003SciAm.288f..76B
2380:Scientific American
2345:1957PhRv..106..620J
2249:2001Sci...294.2310H
2243:(5550): 2310–2314.
2188:2016NatSR...636038D
2054:2011Sci...332...60H
1836:Quantum information
1806:Information warfare
1786:Information science
1780:Information quality
1740:Information ecology
1661:Information quality
1589:pattern recognition
1579:holographic methods
1539:information science
1535:information systems
1245:Information science
1141:Archives management
1080:Part of a series on
846:cognitive scientist
793:pattern recognition
539:unit of information
498:Information can be
286:and any observable
8016:Information theory
7934:Philosophy of self
7924:Philosophy of mind
7188:Embodied cognition
7100:Scientific realism
6911:Post-structuralism
5665:natural philosophy
5047:Group polarization
5032:Group cohesiveness
4681:Social engineering
4579:Media manipulation
4500:Crowd manipulation
4485:Circular reporting
4403:Clever Hans effect
4383:Selective exposure
3717:Discourse analysis
3642:Telecommunications
3585:Meta-communication
3070:Liu, Alan (2004).
3045:The New York Times
3038:(12 August 2013).
2613:Shannon, Claude E.
2176:Scientific Reports
1801:Information theory
1730:Information broker
1356:records management
1169:Library management
883:. The sequence of
825:David B. Dusenbery
694:mutual information
651:probability theory
645:in the 1920s, and
621:Information theory
615:Information theory
531:Information theory
522:). It can also be
128:Mass communication
118:Discourse analysis
44:
7988:
7987:
7982:
7981:
7161:Category of being
7130:Truthmaker theory
6947:
6946:
6943:
6942:
6939:
6938:
6921:Transcendentalism
6877:Neo-scholasticism
6858:Neopythagoreanism
6308:Industrialisation
6248:Constitutionalism
6128:
6127:
6124:
6123:
5946:political freedom
5463:mind–body problem
5256:tacit assumptions
5208:Spontaneous order
5198:Social psychology
5151:Self-organization
4495:Critical thinking
4257:
4256:
4224:School of thought
4113:Cultural movement
4093:Conceptual system
4019:
4018:
3361:978-1-118-87444-8
3330:978-0-275-92698-4
3010:Discovery Channel
2930:978-0-230-20368-6
2905:978-0-333-96390-6
2562:Vigo, R. (2014).
2529:Vigo, R. (2013).
2510:(21): 4847–4859.
2495:Vigo, R. (2011).
2481:978-0-7167-2333-2
2414:on 7 October 2007
2196:10.1038/srep36038
2149:. The MIT press.
2133:978-0-387-95364-9
1929:978-0-19-160954-1
1593:anomaly detection
1563:telecommunication
1553:or composition),
1511:Hawking radiation
1445:quantum mechanics
1441:classical physics
1351:
1350:
1055:telecommunication
797:anomaly detection
773:quantum computing
481:telecommunication
475:, and space, via
253:
252:
8038:
7972:
7971:
7970:
7960:
7959:
7869:
7859:
7849:
7839:
7829:
7819:
7809:
7799:
7789:
7779:
7769:
7759:
7749:
7739:
7729:
7719:
7709:
7699:
7689:
7365:Substantial form
7177:Cogito, ergo sum
7120:Substance theory
6974:
6967:
6960:
6951:
6950:
6609:New Confucianism
6483:Korean shamanism
6453:Ethnic religions
6383:Social democracy
6258:Environmentalism
6238:Communitarianism
6203:Authoritarianism
6145:
6144:
6134:
6133:
5764:Codes of conduct
5415:World disclosure
5403:consensus theory
5171:Social exclusion
4977:Crowd psychology
4972:Consensus theory
4935:Bandwagon effect
4872:Rites of passage
4686:Social influence
4619:Propaganda model
4584:Media regulation
4413:wishful thinking
4363:Magical thinking
4274:
4273:
4263:
4262:
4126:World folk-epics
4061:
4060:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4023:
4022:
4009:
4008:
3664:
3615:Public relations
3510:Biocommunication
3467:
3460:
3453:
3444:
3443:
3431:
3430:
3422:
3365:
3338:Kenett, Ron S.;
3334:
3315:
3306:
3279:
3273:Logan, Robert K.
3268:
3257:Floridi, Luciano
3252:
3241:Floridi, Luciano
3236:
3226:
3200:
3192:Floridi, Luciano
3187:
3177:
3159:
3134:
3120:
3079:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3016:on 2 August 2013
3012:. Archived from
2999:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2811:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2712:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2638:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2501:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2473:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2446:
2440:. Archived from
2439:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2410:. Archived from
2371:
2365:
2364:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2307:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2215:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2142:
2136:
2121:
2115:
2104:
2098:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2065:
2031:
2020:
2019:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1988:. 11 June 2011.
1978:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1863:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1604:
1383:Michael Buckland
1367:corporate memory
1343:
1336:
1329:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1225:Computer science
1217:Archival science
1096:
1077:
1076:
987:Marshall McLuhan
940:knowledge worker
803:As sensory input
725:data compression
702:relative entropy
491:. That which is
334:itself, but the
308:analogue signals
260:abstract concept
245:
238:
231:
148:Sociolinguistics
28:
27:
8046:
8045:
8041:
8040:
8039:
8037:
8036:
8035:
7991:
7990:
7989:
7984:
7983:
7978:
7968:
7966:
7948:
7872:
7867:
7857:
7847:
7837:
7827:
7817:
7807:
7797:
7787:
7777:
7767:
7757:
7747:
7737:
7727:
7717:
7714:De rerum natura
7707:
7697:
7687:
7671:
7411:
7315:Physical object
7151:Abstract object
7139:
7125:Theory of forms
7060:Meaning of life
6983:
6978:
6948:
6935:
6766:Megarian school
6717:Illuminationism
6693:New historicism
6669:Foundationalism
6654:Eretrian school
6614:Critical theory
6575:Aristotelianism
6570:Agriculturalism
6560:
6554:
6488:Modern paganism
6402:
6313:Intellectualism
6187:
6181:
6139:
6120:
5968:Meaning of life
5873:unclean animals
5730:Aesthetic taste
5716:
5672:Problem of evil
5614:National mythoi
5419:
5237:
5233:Viral phenomena
5223:Swarm behaviour
5166:Social emotions
5161:Social behavior
5141:Pseudoconsensus
5092:Majoritarianism
4992:Deindividuation
4930:Abilene paradox
4916:
4852:Myth and ritual
4710:
4691:Social progress
4666:Self-censorship
4542:Excommunication
4465:Attitude change
4442:
4436:
4268:
4253:
4204:Presuppositions
4066:
4055:
4050:
4020:
4015:
3997:
3786:
3665:
3656:
3503:
3501:
3494:
3476:
3471:
3436:
3420:
3407:Wayback Machine
3380:Luciano Floridi
3372:
3362:
3331:
3198:
3066:
3064:Further reading
3061:
3060:
3050:
3048:
3036:Overbye, Dennis
3033:
3029:
3019:
3017:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2985:
2974:
2970:
2960:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2892:
2888:
2860:
2856:
2833:
2829:
2819:
2817:
2809:
2803:
2799:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2776:
2774:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2730:
2726:
2681:
2677:
2666:
2662:
2636:
2630:
2626:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2560:
2556:
2527:
2523:
2499:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2470:Sensory Ecology
2464:
2460:
2450:
2448:
2447:on 23 July 2011
2444:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2415:
2372:
2368:
2325:
2321:
2284:
2280:
2233:
2229:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2143:
2139:
2122:
2118:
2105:
2101:
2092:
2088:
2048:(6025): 60–65.
2032:
2023:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1980:
1979:
1970:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1821:Library science
1675:
1644:
1641:
1632:
1629:
1620:
1617:
1608:
1605:
1561:(including all
1527:
1488:Albert Einstein
1433:
1380:
1347:
1306:
1294:
1293:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1241:Library science
1214:
1206:
1205:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1153:Data management
1138:
1130:
1129:
1120:
1075:
1066:
1021:
1013:
1011:Information Age
1007:
921:Gregory Bateson
876:
867:Michael Grieves
864:
842:
821:Sensory Ecology
805:
769:thermal physics
698:error exponents
678:random variable
623:
617:
594:
588:
573:
552:
548:
345:The concept of
296:digital signals
249:
164:Public speaking
68:General aspects
62:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8044:
8034:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7986:
7985:
7980:
7979:
7977:
7976:
7964:
7953:
7950:
7949:
7947:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7880:
7878:
7877:Related topics
7874:
7873:
7871:
7870:
7860:
7850:
7844:Being and Time
7840:
7830:
7820:
7810:
7800:
7790:
7780:
7770:
7760:
7750:
7740:
7730:
7720:
7710:
7700:
7690:
7679:
7677:
7673:
7672:
7670:
7669:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7421:
7419:
7417:Metaphysicians
7413:
7412:
7410:
7409:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7236:
7235:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7173:
7171:Causal closure
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7147:
7145:
7141:
7140:
7138:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7045:Libertarianism
7042:
7037:
7032:
7030:Existentialism
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6991:
6989:
6985:
6984:
6977:
6976:
6969:
6962:
6954:
6945:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6933:
6928:
6926:Utilitarianism
6923:
6918:
6913:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6854:Pythagoreanism
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6741:Neo-Kantianism
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6700:
6695:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6659:Existentialism
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6566:
6564:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6552:
6550:Zoroastrianism
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6449:
6448:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6412:
6410:
6404:
6403:
6401:
6400:
6395:
6393:Utilitarianism
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6328:Libertarianism
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6293:Green politics
6290:
6285:
6283:Fundamentalism
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6194:
6192:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6153:
6151:
6141:
6140:
6130:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6099:
6097:Unspoken rules
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6043:
6042:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5938:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5882:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5828:
5823:
5822:
5821:
5816:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5737:
5732:
5726:
5724:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5668:
5667:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5633:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5616:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5489:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5472:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5429:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5395:
5394:
5393:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5334:Meta-knowledge
5331:
5326:
5324:Meaning-making
5321:
5316:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5299:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5265:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5247:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5111:Milieu control
5108:
5103:
5098:
5089:
5084:
5082:Invisible hand
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5037:Group dynamics
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4926:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4886:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4786:
4781:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4720:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4676:Social control
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4604:Polite fiction
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4569:Indoctrination
4566:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4446:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4422:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4408:placebo effect
4405:
4395:
4393:Self-deception
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4282:
4280:
4270:
4269:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4234:Social reality
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4214:Reality tunnel
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4128:
4122:National epics
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4081:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4057:
4056:
4049:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4026:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3757:Organizational
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3707:Cross-cultural
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3555:Intrapersonal
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3470:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3447:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3428:
3427:
3418:
3397:
3391:
3386:
3371:
3370:External links
3368:
3367:
3366:
3360:
3340:Shmueli, Galit
3335:
3329:
3316:
3307:
3294:
3292:978-0471887171
3280:
3269:
3253:
3237:
3209:(2): 351–370.
3188:
3135:
3121:
3080:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3027:
2994:
2983:
2968:
2959:978-0915144716
2958:
2936:
2929:
2911:
2904:
2886:
2875:(5): 351–360.
2854:
2827:
2797:
2784:
2759:
2750:
2724:
2695:(3): 307–318.
2675:
2660:
2624:
2604:
2597:
2579:
2573:978-0415714365
2572:
2554:
2521:
2487:
2480:
2458:
2425:
2366:
2319:
2298:(1): 111–122.
2278:
2227:
2162:
2156:978-0262681087
2155:
2137:
2116:
2099:
2086:
2021:
2003:
1968:
1935:
1928:
1908:
1902:978-0511546433
1901:
1883:
1877:978-0471711209
1876:
1870:. Ieee Press.
1857:
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1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1690:Complex system
1687:
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1646:
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1642:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1599:
1526:
1523:
1476:Bell's theorem
1432:
1429:
1379:
1376:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1323:
1320:
1319:
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1121:
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1114:
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1111:
1106:
1098:
1097:
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1074:
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1065:
1062:
1020:
1017:
1006:
1003:
968:
967:
964:
961:
954:
947:
913:Systems theory
875:
872:
863:
860:
841:
838:
804:
801:
765:bioinformatics
682:random process
647:Claude Shannon
627:quantification
619:Main article:
616:
613:
587:
584:
572:
569:
550:
546:
508:interpretation
468:popular dish.
435:digital signal
403:representation
387:mental stimuli
340:representation
268:interpretation
251:
250:
248:
247:
240:
233:
225:
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107:
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60:
55:
49:
46:
45:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8043:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8026:Communication
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7998:
7996:
7975:
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7951:
7945:
7942:
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7937:
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7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7919:Phenomenology
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
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7836:
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7811:
7806:
7805:
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7796:
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7756:
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7731:
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7721:
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7711:
7706:
7705:
7701:
7696:
7695:
7691:
7686:
7685:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7676:Notable works
7674:
7668:
7667:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
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7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
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7633:
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7618:
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7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
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7598:
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7408:
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7136:
7133:
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7128:
7126:
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7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7080:Phenomenalism
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
7000:Action theory
6998:
6996:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6975:
6970:
6968:
6963:
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6956:
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6908:
6907:Structuralism
6905:
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6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6874:
6873:Scholasticism
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
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6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6815:Phenomenology
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6775:Postmodernism
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6727:Individualism
6725:
6723:
6722:ʿIlm al-Kalām
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6690:
6687:
6685:
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6606:
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6511:
6507:
6503:
6499:
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6444:
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6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6405:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6373:Republicanism
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6358:Progressivism
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6303:Individualism
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
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6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6191:
6184:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6135:
6131:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
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6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6052:Social stigma
6050:
6048:
6045:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5974:
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5969:
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5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5939:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5929:jurisprudence
5927:
5926:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5863:Family values
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5843:Entertainment
5841:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5723:
5719:
5713:
5712:Unobservables
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5658:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5625:
5624:philosophical
5622:
5621:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5487:Creation myth
5485:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5458:Consciousness
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5416:
5413:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5257:
5254:
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5252:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5234:
5231:
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5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
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5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
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5186:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5156:Social action
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5126:Peer pressure
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5057:Herd behavior
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5042:Group emotion
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
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4925:
4923:
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4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4893:Social status
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4875:
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4865:
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4727:
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4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4707:
4706:Woozle effect
4704:
4702:
4701:Systemic bias
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4671:Social change
4669:
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4654:
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4550:
4548:
4547:Fearmongering
4545:
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4535:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4522:
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4518:
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4510:Deprogramming
4508:
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4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4348:Filter bubble
4346:
4344:
4343:Ethnocentrism
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4309:
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4299:
4297:
4294:
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4264:
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4227:
4225:
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4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4199:Point of view
4197:
4195:
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4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4174:Metanarrative
4172:
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4106:
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4099:
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4089:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4075:Basic beliefs
4073:
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4069:
4065:Related terms
4062:
4058:
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3747:Media studies
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3737:International
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3722:Environmental
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3712:Developmental
3710:
3708:
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3700:
3698:
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3693:
3692:Communicology
3690:
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3580:Media ecology
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3550:Interpersonal
3548:
3546:
3545:Intercultural
3543:
3541:
3538:
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3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
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3520:Communication
3518:
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3158:
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3141:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3125:Gleick, James
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3073:
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3015:
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3006:
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2655:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2600:
2598:0-07-145230-3
2594:
2590:
2583:
2575:
2569:
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2558:
2549:
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2250:
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2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
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2177:
2173:
2166:
2158:
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2141:
2134:
2130:
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2120:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2096:
2090:
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2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2017:
2013:
2007:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1912:
1904:
1898:
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1603:
1598:
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1596:
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1590:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:visualization
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1537:, as well as
1536:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1519:event horizon
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1468:wave function
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1437:closed system
1428:
1424:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1389:Beynon-Davies
1386:
1384:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1322:
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1315:
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1300:
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1298:
1297:
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1268:
1264:
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1255:
1250:
1246:
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1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
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1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1100:
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1087:
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1083:
1079:
1078:
1070:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1016:
1012:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
983:
979:
975:
973:
965:
962:
959:
955:
952:
948:
945:
944:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
907:
903:
899:
898:multicellular
895:
890:
886:
882:
871:
868:
859:
857:
852:
847:
837:
833:
830:
826:
823:biophysicist
822:
818:
814:
810:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
706:source coding
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
643:Ralph Hartley
640:
639:Harry Nyquist
636:
635:communication
632:
628:
622:
612:
610:
605:
603:
602:informatiō(n)
599:
593:
583:
579:
576:
568:
566:
562:
558:
557:
544:
540:
537:is a typical
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
477:communication
474:
469:
465:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
443:
440:
436:
432:
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
383:understanding
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
355:communication
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
302:use discrete
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
246:
241:
239:
234:
232:
227:
226:
224:
223:
218:
215:
214:
213:
212:
209:
206:
205:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
179:Argumentation
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
160:
159:
155:
154:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
115:
114:
113:
109:
108:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
74:
73:
72:
69:
66:
65:
59:
56:
54:
51:
50:
48:
47:
41:
37:
36:
33:
32:Communication
30:
29:
26:
22:
7894:Epistemology
7862:
7852:
7842:
7832:
7822:
7812:
7802:
7792:
7782:
7772:
7762:
7752:
7742:
7732:
7722:
7712:
7704:Nyāya Sūtras
7702:
7692:
7682:
7664:
7580:Wittgenstein
7525:Schopenhauer
7404:
7395:Unobservable
7245:Intelligence
7227:
7175:
7115:Subjectivism
7110:Spiritualism
7025:Essentialism
7005:Anti-realism
6868:Reductionism
6844:Pre-Socratic
6824:Neoplatonism
6684:Hermeneutics
6649:Epicureanism
6605:Confucianism
6600:Collectivism
6590:Cartesianism
6441:Christianity
6253:Distributism
6243:Conservatism
6218:Collectivism
6186:Economic and
6111:Works of art
6067:Sublime, The
5958:Magnificence
5909:Human rights
5636:Origin myths
5582:Intelligence
5576:
5562:Idios kosmos
5297:Explanations
5268:Epistemology
5193:Social proof
5188:Social group
5146:Scapegoating
5027:Group action
5022:Folie à deux
5012:Entitativity
4889:Social class
4832:Institutions
4724:Anthropology
4589:Missionaries
4515:Echo chamber
4470:Brainwashing
4425:Stereotyping
4333:Cryptomnesia
4323:Confirmation
4249:Value system
4169:Mental model
3539:
3530:Conversation
3515:Broadcasting
3343:
3320:
3311:
3302:
3298:
3283:
3275:
3260:
3248:
3206:
3202:
3147:
3143:
3129:
3095:(2): 58–65.
3092:
3088:
3071:
3049:. Retrieved
3043:
3030:
3018:. Retrieved
3014:the original
3004:
2997:
2986:
2976:
2971:
2963:
2949:
2939:
2920:
2914:
2895:
2889:
2872:
2866:
2857:
2843:(2): 86–97.
2840:
2836:
2830:
2818:. Retrieved
2813:
2800:
2792:
2787:
2775:. Retrieved
2771:
2762:
2753:
2741:. Retrieved
2737:
2727:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2669:
2663:
2644:
2640:
2627:
2617:
2607:
2588:
2582:
2563:
2557:
2538:
2534:
2524:
2507:
2503:
2490:
2469:
2461:
2449:. Retrieved
2442:the original
2428:
2416:. Retrieved
2412:the original
2386:(6): 76–81.
2383:
2379:
2369:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2182:(1): 36038.
2179:
2175:
2165:
2146:
2140:
2124:
2119:
2106:
2102:
2089:
2045:
2039:
2015:
2006:
1994:. Retrieved
1952:
1948:
1938:
1918:
1911:
1892:
1886:
1867:
1861:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1583:
1559:transmission
1528:
1496:
1483:
1472:measurements
1465:
1434:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1387:
1381:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1237:Epistemology
1229:Data science
1190:
1149:Preservation
1067:
1059:
1052:
1041:
1022:
1014:
984:
980:
976:
969:
953:if available
925:
911:
902:biochemistry
877:
865:
843:
834:
820:
806:
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722:
671:
624:
606:
601:
597:
595:
580:
577:
574:
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528:
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254:
81:
25:
8031:Abstraction
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7724:Metaphysics
7708:(c. 200 BC)
7698:(c. 350 BC)
7688:(c. 350 BC)
7575:Collingwood
7480:Malebranche
7228:Information
7156:Anima mundi
7135:Type theory
7090:Physicalism
7055:Materialism
7010:Determinism
6981:Metaphysics
6882:Sentientism
6863:Rationalism
6810:Peripatetic
6790:Natural law
6761:Materialism
6689:Historicism
6679:Hegelianism
6629:Determinism
6506:Agnosticism
6378:Sentientism
6348:Nationalism
6298:Imperialism
6228:Communalism
6223:Colonialism
6177:Weltschmerz
6157:Misanthropy
6057:Stewardship
5985:Obligations
5889:Culpability
5880:Golden Rule
5774:Common good
5692:Supernature
5648:Otherworlds
5607:comparative
5577:Information
5572:Incarnation
5509:Eschatology
5443:Anima mundi
5425:Metaphysics
5344:Observation
5339:Methodology
5121:Moral panic
5101:Mass action
4997:Doublethink
4940:Collectives
4862:Pilgrimages
4751:Coronations
4656:Revolutions
4624:Proselytism
4557:negationism
4443:maintenance
4291:Attentional
4150:Life stance
4118:Epic poetry
4108:Conventions
3677:Closed-loop
3540:Information
3502:terminology
3421:(in Danish)
2814:www.ica.org
2647:(1): 4–13.
2541:(1): 1–30.
2535:Information
1949:Information
1846:Satisficing
1715:Informatics
1551:formulation
1547:computation
1515:homogeneous
1449:Determinism
1302:WikiProject
1191:Information
1161:cataloguing
1127:Information
894:unicellular
885:nucleotides
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565:digital age
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399:proposition
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123:Linguistics
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7995:Categories
7784:Monadology
7718:(c. 80 BC)
7425:Parmenides
7310:Perception
7208:Experience
7095:Relativism
7070:Naturalism
7020:Enactivism
6849:Pyrrhonism
6839:Pragmatism
6834:Positivism
6737:Kantianism
6644:Empiricism
6562:philosophy
6559:Schools of
6502:Irreligion
6498:Secularity
6431:Cheondoism
6363:Radicalism
6343:Monarchism
6338:Militarism
6323:Liberalism
6268:Fanaticism
6208:Capitalism
6190:ideologies
6188:political
6116:Wrongdoing
6020:Repentance
6010:Punishment
6005:Principles
6000:Praxeology
5789:Creativity
5779:Conscience
5740:Almsgiving
5653:axes mundi
5537:Nonfiction
5514:Everything
5376:Revelation
5364:fallacious
5354:Perception
5290:scientific
5213:Status quo
5052:Groupshift
4967:Conformity
4922:Groupthink
4837:Liminality
4771:Employment
4746:Ceremonies
4614:Propaganda
4599:Persuasion
4475:Censorship
4441:Change and
4420:Status quo
4328:Congruence
3993:Wertheimer
3873:Horkheimer
3610:Propaganda
3565:Mass media
3560:Journalism
3500:Topics and
3378:Review by
3305:: 170–189.
3263:. Oxford:
3150:(1): 1–5.
2820:9 February
2339:(4): 620.
1955:(3): 111.
1853:References
1811:Infosphere
1573:methods),
1555:processing
1507:black hole
1399:Pragmatics
1073:As records
1064:As of 2020
1048:newspapers
1019:As of 2007
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989:speaks of
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949:Reference
851:complexity
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735:(e.g. for
727:(e.g. for
655:statistics
590:See also:
462:compressed
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351:constraint
298:and other
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184:Persuasion
138:Pragmatics
7944:Teleology
7909:Mereology
7889:Cosmology
7748:(c. 1000)
7645:Plantinga
7635:Armstrong
7585:Heidegger
7560:Whitehead
7545:Nietzsche
7465:Descartes
7435:Aristotle
7390:Universal
7320:Principle
7290:Necessity
7250:Intention
7203:Existence
7166:Causality
7105:Solipsism
7035:Free will
6897:Spinozism
6829:Pluralism
6820:Platonism
6771:Modernism
6756:Logicians
6624:Cyrenaics
6585:Averroism
6525:Spiritism
6493:Rastafari
6408:Religions
6388:Socialism
6368:Reformism
6333:Masculism
6288:Globalism
6263:Extremism
6233:Communism
6198:Anarchism
6172:Reclusion
6167:Pessimism
6149:Attitudes
6072:Suffering
6035:Sexuality
6025:Reverence
6015:Qualities
5934:religious
5914:Judgement
5894:Happiness
5858:Étiquette
5848:Eroticism
5836:Aesthetic
5819:religious
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5804:Economics
5735:Aesthetic
5697:Teleology
5641:political
5602:Mythology
5567:Illusions
5542:Free will
5528:Existence
5523:Evolution
5497:existence
5480:religious
5475:Cosmology
5470:Cosmogony
5448:Causality
5438:Afterlife
5386:Tradition
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5359:Reasoning
5319:Intuition
5285:anecdotal
5243:Knowledge
5218:Stigmergy
5203:Sociology
5002:Emergence
4741:Calendars
4537:Euphemism
4525:religious
4520:Education
4353:Homophily
4306:Cognitive
4155:Lifestyle
4053:Worldview
3777:Technical
3762:Political
3670:Subfields
3595:New media
3224:2299/1825
3157:0803.2571
3051:12 August
3020:13 August
2793:ISO 15489
2333:Phys. Rev
2204:2045-2322
2113:full text
2080:206531385
1499:astronomy
1406:Semantics
1393:semiotics
1378:Semiotics
1203:Knowledge
1199:Artefacts
1195:Documents
1123:Libraries
1119:Histories
1044:broadcast
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932:knowledge
729:ZIP files
686:coin flip
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586:Etymology
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493:perceived
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7962:Category
7884:Axiology
7738:(c. 270)
7666:more ...
7620:Anscombe
7615:Strawson
7610:Davidson
7505:Berkeley
7445:Plotinus
7406:more ...
7345:Relation
7325:Property
7300:Ontology
7223:Identity
7144:Concepts
7075:Nihilism
7040:Idealism
6988:Theories
6902:Stoicism
6805:Nihilism
6751:Legalism
6746:Kokugaku
6712:Idealism
6703:Humanism
6674:Hedonism
6664:Fatalism
6639:Eleatics
6619:Cynicism
6535:Tenrikyo
6458:Hinduism
6426:Caodaism
6421:Buddhism
6398:Veganism
6353:Pacifism
6318:Islamism
6278:Feminism
6162:Optimism
6138:Examples
6087:Theodicy
6077:Sympathy
5973:Morality
5831:Emotions
5826:Elegance
5754:Autonomy
5749:Altruism
5702:Theology
5631:Ontology
5597:Miracles
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5433:Ætiology
5408:criteria
5391:folklore
5280:Evidence
5096:Mob rule
5087:Lynching
4847:Marriage
4825:cultural
4803:Holidays
4789:Funerals
4784:Families
4766:Doctrine
4729:cultural
4661:Rhetoric
4480:Charisma
4455:Argument
4450:Activism
4338:Cultural
4286:Academic
4219:Schemata
4189:Paradigm
4164:Memeplex
4145:Ideology
4135:factoids
4011:Category
3963:Richards
3888:Jakobson
3868:Habermas
3823:Castells
3813:Benjamin
3791:Scholars
3403:Archived
3382:for the
3342:(2016).
3259:(2010).
3243:(2005).
3194:(2005).
3184:41159530
3127:(2011).
3117:12884539
2777:6 August
2772:Statista
2719:34449033
2615:(1949).
2418:11 March
2408:12764940
2361:17870175
2265:11743192
2222:27808236
2072:21310967
1990:Archived
1673:See also
1581:), etc.
1453:universe
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1025:exabytes
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7734:Enneads
7728:(c. 50)
7694:Timaeus
7684:Sophist
7630:Dummett
7625:Deleuze
7565:Russell
7555:Bergson
7550:Meinong
7530:Bolzano
7490:Leibniz
7470:Spinoza
7455:Aquinas
7440:Proclus
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7340:Reality
7335:Quality
7305:Pattern
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7240:Insight
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7085:Realism
7050:Liberty
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6931:Yangism
6916:Thomism
6892:Sophism
6634:Dualism
6595:Cārvāka
6580:Atomism
6520:Sikhism
6510:Atheism
6478:Judaism
6473:Jainism
6463:Hòa Hảo
6273:Fascism
6102:Virtues
5941:Liberty
5919:Justice
5899:Harmony
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5518:Nothing
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4912:Worship
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4808:Hygiene
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4775:Serfdom
4716:Culture
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4098:Context
4079:Beliefs
3983:Tankard
3978:Shannon
3973:Schramm
3958:Quebral
3953:Postman
3943:Packard
3923:McLuhan
3918:Marcuse
3913:Luhmann
3908:Lippman
3903:Kincaid
3898:Johnson
3863:Goffman
3858:Gerbner
3848:Flusser
3828:Chomsky
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3803:Barthes
3772:Science
3702:Climate
3652:Writing
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2710:8568868
2451:23 June
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7868:(1981)
7858:(1943)
7848:(1927)
7838:(1846)
7828:(1818)
7818:(1807)
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7764:Ethics
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7450:Scotus
7330:Qualia
7295:Object
7285:Nature
7280:Motion
7260:Matter
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7065:Monism
6785:Monism
6780:Mohism
6732:Ionian
6698:Holism
6530:Taoism
6515:Shinto
6416:Baháʼí
6062:Styles
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6030:Rights
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5769:Comedy
5759:Beauty
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5619:Nature
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3732:Health
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6468:Islam
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2743:1 May
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