Communication - Knowledge

1762:. Models of communication aim to give a simplified overview of the main components involved in communication. Theories of communication try to provide conceptual frameworks to accurately present communication in all its complexity. Some theories focus on communication as a practical art of discourse while others explore the roles of signs, experience, information processing, and the goal of building a social order through coordinated interaction. Communication studies is also interested in the functions and effects of communication. It covers issues like how communication satisfies physiological and psychological needs, helps build relationships, and assists in gathering information about the environment, other individuals, and oneself. A further topic concerns the question of how communication systems change over time and how these changes correlate with other societal changes. A related topic focuses on psychological principles underlying those changes and the effects they have on how people exchange ideas. 1401:. This response has to be short relative to the plant's lifespan. Communication is a special form of behavior that involves conveying information from a sender to a receiver. It is distinguished from other types of behavior, like defensive reactions and mere sensing. Like in the field of animal communication, plant communication researchers often require as additional criteria that there is some form of response in the receiver and that the communicative behavior is beneficial to sender and receiver. Biologist Richard Karban distinguishes three steps of plant communication: the emission of a cue by a sender, the perception of the cue by a receiver, and the receiver's response. For plant communication, it is not relevant to what extent the emission of a cue is intentional. However, it should be possible for the receiver to ignore the signal. This criterion can be used to distinguish a response to a signal from a defense mechanism against an unwanted change like intense heat. 398:, who characterize communication as a transmission of information brought about by the interaction of several components, such as a source, a message, an encoder, a channel, a decoder, and a receiver. The transmission view is rejected by transactional and constitutive views, which hold that communication is not just about the transmission of information but also about the creation of meaning. Transactional and constitutive perspectives hold that communication shapes the participant's experience by conceptualizing the world and making sense of their environment and themselves. Researchers studying animal and plant communication focus less on meaning-making. Instead, they often define communicative behavior as having other features, such as playing a beneficial role in survival and reproduction, or having an observable response. 1190:. The biologists Rumsaïs Blatrix and Veronika Mayer define communication as "the exchange of information between individuals, wherein both the signaller and receiver may expect to benefit from the exchange". According to this view, the sender benefits by influencing the receiver's behavior and the receiver benefits by responding to the signal. These benefits should exist on average but not necessarily in every single case. This way, deceptive signaling can also be understood as a form of communication. One problem with the evolutionary approach is that it is often difficult to assess the impact of such behavior on natural selection. Another common pragmatic constraint is to hold that it is necessary to observe a response by the receiver following the signal when judging whether communication has occurred. 493: 470: 1547: 1508:

plants rely on plant-to-animal communication to disperse their seeds and move them to a favorable location. This happens by providing nutritious fruits to animals. The seeds are eaten together with the fruit and are later excreted at a different location. Communication makes animals aware of where the fruits are and whether they are ripe. For many fruits, this happens through their color: they have an inconspicuous green color until they ripen and take on a new color that stands in visual contrast to the environment. Another example of interspecies communication is found in the ant-plant relation. It concerns, for instance, the selection of seeds by

1486: 1386: 89: 533: 1911: 846:, even though it is, strictly speaking, not a language but rather non-verbal communication. It includes many forms, like gestures, postures, walking styles, and dance. Facial expressions, like laughing, smiling, and frowning, all belong to kinesics and are expressive and flexible forms of communication. Oculesics is another subcategory of kinesics in regard to the eyes. It covers questions like how eye contact, gaze, blink rate, and pupil dilation form part of communication. Some kinesic patterns are inborn and involuntary, like blinking, while others are learned and voluntary, like giving a 1091:

cultural context in order to adapt and express the message in a way that is considered acceptable in the given situation. For example, to bid farewell to their teacher, a student may use the expression "Goodbye, sir" but not the expression "I gotta split, man", which they may use when talking to a peer. To be both effective and appropriate means to achieve one's preferred outcomes in a way that follows social standards and expectations. Some definitions of communicative competence put their main emphasis on either effectiveness or appropriateness while others combine both features.

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regulate one's own mental activity and outward behavior as well as internalize cultural norms and ways of thinking. External forms of intrapersonal communication can aid one's memory. This happens, for example, when making a shopping list. Another use is to unravel difficult problems, as when solving a complex mathematical equation line by line. New knowledge can also be internalized this way, like when repeating new vocabulary to oneself. Because of these functions, intrapersonal communication can be understood as "an exceptionally powerful and pervasive tool for thinking."

928: 78: 901:, to claim that the majority of ideas and information is conveyed this way. It has also been suggested that human communication is at its core non-verbal and that words can only acquire meaning because of non-verbal communication. The earliest forms of human communication, such as crying and babbling, are non-verbal. Some basic forms of communication happen even before birth between mother and embryo and include information about nutrition and emotions. Non-verbal communication is studied in various fields besides communication studies, like linguistics, 858:

with how they are expressed. This includes elements like articulation, lip control, rhythm, intensity, pitch, fluency, and loudness. For example, saying something loudly and in a high pitch conveys a different meaning on the non-verbal level than whispering the same words. Paralanguage is mainly concerned with spoken language but also includes aspects of written language, like the use of colors and fonts as well as spatial arrangement in paragraphs and tables. Non-linguistic sounds may also convey information;

1208:. There are many parallels to human communication. One is that humans and many animals express sympathy by synchronizing their movements and postures. Nonetheless, there are also significant differences, like the fact that humans also engage in verbal communication, which uses language, while animal communication is restricted to non-verbal (i.e. non-linguistic) communication. Some theorists have tried to distinguish human from animal communication based on the claim that animal communication lacks a 109: 1098:, control, flexibility, sensitivity, and knowledge. It is often discussed in terms of the individual skills employed in the process, i.e. the specific behavioral components that make up communicative competence. Message production skills include reading and writing. They are correlated with the reception skills of listening and reading. There are both verbal and non-verbal communication skills. For example, verbal communication skills involve the proper understanding of a language, including its 1980:, which made it possible to broadcast radio and television signals to stations all over the world. This way, information could be shared almost instantly everywhere around the globe. The development of the internet constitutes a further milestone in the history of communication. It made it easier than ever before for people to exchange ideas, collaborate, and access information from anywhere in the world by using a variety of means, such as websites, e-mail, social media, and video conferences. 14597: 777: 1270:, and dogs. Auditory signals are frequently used to alert and warn. Lower-order living systems often have simple response patterns to auditory messages, reacting either by approach or avoidance. More complex response patterns are observed for higher animals, which may use different signals for different types of predators and responses. For example, some primates use one set of signals for airborne predators and another for land predators. Tactile communication occurs through touch, 98: 980: 118: 69: 956:

person is talking while the other person sends non-verbal messages in response signaling whether they agree with what is being said. Some communication theorists, like Sarah Trenholm and Arthur Jensen, distinguish between content messages and relational messages. Content messages express the speaker's feelings toward the topic of discussion. Relational messages, on the other hand, demonstrate the speaker's feelings toward their relation with the other participants.

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channels can enhance the effectiveness of communication by helping the receiver better understand the subject matter. The choice of channels often matters since the receiver's ability to understand may vary depending on the chosen channel. For instance, a teacher may decide to present some information orally and other information visually, depending on the content and the student's preferred learning style. This underlines the role of a

14355: 1532:. Dogs can learn to react to various commands, like "sit" and "come". They can even be trained to respond to short syntactic combinations, like "bring X" or "put X in a box". They also react to the pitch and frequency of the human voice to detect emotions, dominance, and uncertainty. Dogs use a range of behavioral patterns to convey their emotions to humans, for example, in regard to aggressiveness, fearfulness, and playfulness. 1903:, societies grew and there was an increased need for stable records of ownership of land and commercial transactions. This triggered the invention of writing, which is able to solve many problems that arose from using exclusively oral communication. It is much more efficient at preserving knowledge and passing it on between generations since it does not depend on human memory. Before the invention of writing, certain forms of 1999: 1157: 1781:. According to Aristotle, for example, the goal of communication is to persuade the audience. The field of communication studies only became a separate research discipline in the 20th century, especially starting in the 1940s. The development of new communication technologies, such as telephone, radio, newspapers, television, and the internet, has had a big impact on communication and communication studies. 14367: 1976:

wireless transmission using radio signals. They made it possible to reach wide audiences and radio soon became one of the central forms of mass communication. Various innovations in the field of photography enabled the recording of images on film, which led to the development of cinema and television. The reach of wireless communication was further enhanced with the development of

1930:. Pictograms are still in use today, like no-smoking signs and the symbols of male and female figures on bathroom doors. A significant disadvantage of pictographic writing systems is that they need a large amount of symbols to refer to all the objects one wants to talk about. This problem was solved by the development of other writing systems. For example, the symbols of 517:

into an electrical signal that travels through the wire, which acts as the channel. The person taking the call is the destination and their telephone is the receiver. The Shannon–Weaver model includes an in-depth discussion of how noise can distort the signal and how successful communication can be achieved despite noise. This can happen by making the message partially

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on interpersonal communication includes topics like how people build, maintain, and dissolve relationships through communication. Other questions are why people choose one message rather than another and what effects these messages have on the communicators and their relation. A further topic is how to predict whether two people would like each other.

1891:, the dominant media for each age can be characterized in relation to several factors. They include the amount of information a medium can store, how long it persists, how much time it takes to transmit it, and how costly it is to use the medium. Poe argues that subsequent ages usually involve some form of improvement of one or more of the factors. 1179:. There are additional obstacles in this area for judging whether communication has taken place between two individuals. Acoustic signals are often easy to notice and analyze for scientists, but it is more difficult to judge whether tactile or chemical changes should be understood as communicative signals rather than as other biological processes. 1922:. Pictograms are graphical symbols that convey meaning by visually resembling real-world objects. The use of basic pictographic symbols to represent things like farming produce was common in ancient cultures and began around 9000 BCE. The first complex writing system including pictograms was developed around 3500 BCE by the 489:, and the effect. Lasswell's model was initially only conceived as a model of mass communication, but it has been applied to other fields as well. Some communication theorists, like Richard Braddock, have expanded it by including additional questions, like "Under what circumstances?" and "For what purpose?". 1641:. They concern various aspects of the exchange, like the format of messages and how to respond to transmission errors. They also cover how the two systems are synchronized, for example, how the receiver identifies the start and end of a signal. Based on the flow of informations, systems are categorized as 1727:, is the academic discipline studying communication. It is closely related to semiotics, with one difference being that communication studies focuses more on technical questions of how messages are sent, received, and processed. Semiotics, on the other hand, tackles more abstract questions in relation to 854:

kissing, or slapping. Meanings linked to haptics include care, concern, anger, and violence. For instance, handshaking is often seen as a symbol of equality and fairness, while refusing to shake hands can indicate aggressiveness. Kissing is another form often used to show affection and erotic closeness.

1649:, and full-duplex. For simplex systems, signals flow only in one direction from the sender to the receiver, like in radio, cable television, and screens displaying arrivals and departures at airports. Half-duplex systems allow two-way exchanges but signals can only flow in one direction at a time, like 799:, hold that it depends on the existence of a socially shared coding system that is used to interpret the meaning of non-verbal behavior. Non-verbal communication has many functions. It frequently contains information about emotions, attitudes, personality, interpersonal relations, and private thoughts. 1895:

helped early humans to organize themselves and plan ahead more efficiently. In early societies, spoken language was the primary form of communication. Most knowledge was passed on through it, often in the form of stories or wise sayings. This form does not produce stable knowledge since it depends on

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is relevant to both organizational and political communication since they often involve attempts to exchange messages between communicators from different cultural backgrounds. The cultural background affects how messages are formulated and interpreted and can be the cause of misunderstandings. It is

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Today, communication studies is a wide discipline. Some works in it try to provide a general characterization of communication in the widest sense. Others attempt to give a precise analysis of one specific form of communication. Communication studies includes many subfields. Some focus on wide topics

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The physical characteristics of a channel have an impact on the code and cues that can be used to express information. For example, typical telephone calls are restricted to the use of verbal language and paralanguage but exclude facial expressions. It is often possible to translate messages from one

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Traditionally, most research focused on verbal communication. However, this paradigm began to shift in the 1950s when research interest in non-verbal communication increased and emphasized its influence. For example, many judgments about the nature and behavior of other people are based on non-verbal

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Chronemics concerns the use of time, such as what messages are sent by being on time versus late for a meeting. The physical appearance of the communicator, such as height, weight, hair, skin color, gender, clothing, tattooing, and piercing, also carries information. Appearance is an important factor

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Verbal communication serves various functions. One key function is to exchange information, i.e. an attempt by the speaker to make the audience aware of something, usually of an external event. But language can also be used to express the speaker's feelings and attitudes. A closely related role is to

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Barriers to effective communication can distort the message. They may result in failed communication and cause undesirable effects. This can happen if the message is poorly expressed because it uses terms with which the receiver is not familiar, or because it is not relevant to the receiver's needs,

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Intrapersonal communication can be triggered by internal and external stimuli. It may happen in the form of articulating a phrase before expressing it externally. Other forms are to make plans for the future and to attempt to process emotions to calm oneself down in stressful situations. It can help

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in which the communicators take turns sending and receiving messages. Transaction models further refine this picture by allowing representations of sending and responding at the same time. This modification is needed to describe how the listener can give feedback in a face-to-face conversation while

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that aim to make the recipient aware of the communicator's intention. One question in this regard is whether only successful transmissions of information should be regarded as communication. For example, distortion may interfere with and change the actual message from what was originally intended. A

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resulted in rapid changes. Mass printing quickly increased the circulation of written media and also led to the dissemination of new forms of written documents, like newspapers and pamphlets. One side effect was that the augmented availability of written documents significantly improved the general

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to indicate to other bees where flowers are located. In regard to self-defense, communication is used to warn others and to assess whether a costly fight can be avoided. Another function of communication is to mark and claim territories used for food and mating. For example, some male birds claim a

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while playing in an attempt to direct their own behavior. In this view, interpersonal communication only develops later when the child moves from their early egocentric perspective to a more social perspective. A different explanation holds that interpersonal communication is more basic since it is

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it satisfies. This includes the needs of belonging somewhere, being included, being liked, maintaining relationships, and influencing the behavior of others. On a practical level, interpersonal communication is used to coordinate one's actions with the actions of others to get things done. Research

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Paralanguage, also known as vocalics, encompasses non-verbal elements in speech that convey information. Paralanguage is often used to express the feelings and emotions that the speaker has but does not explicitly stated in the verbal part of the message. It is not concerned with the words used but

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may interfere with and distort the signal. Once the signal reaches the receiver, it is translated back into a message and made available to the destination. For a landline telephone call, the person calling is the source and their telephone is the transmitter. The transmitter translates the message

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Many aspects of human life depend on successful communication, from ensuring basic necessities of survival to building and maintaining relationships. Communicative competence is a key factor regarding whether a person is able to reach their goals in social life, like having a successful career and

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The transmission of information can occur through multiple channels at once. For example, face-to-face communication often combines the auditory channel to convey verbal information with the visual channel to transmit non-verbal information using gestures and facial expressions. Employing multiple

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Various theories of the function of interpersonal communication have been proposed. Some focus on how it helps people make sense of their world and create society. Others hold that its primary purpose is to understand why other people act the way they do and to adjust one's behavior accordingly. A

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Interpersonal communication can be synchronous or asynchronous. For asynchronous communication, the parties take turns in sending and receiving messages. This occurs when exchanging letters or emails. For synchronous communication, both parties send messages at the same time. This happens when one

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The precise characterization of communication is disputed. Many scholars have raised doubts that any single definition can capture the term accurately. These difficulties come from the fact that the term is applied to diverse phenomena in different contexts, often with slightly different meanings.

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and how people exchange information has changed over time. These changes were usually triggered by the development of new communication technologies. Examples are the invention of writing systems, the development of mass printing, the use of radio and television, and the invention of the internet.

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According to some scientific estimates, language developed around 40,000 years ago while others consider it to be much older. Before this development, human communication resembled animal communication and happened through a combination of grunts, cries, gestures, and facial expressions. Language

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and other rewards in return. They use communication to signal their benefits and attract visitors by using distinctive colors and symmetrical shapes to stand out from their surroundings. This form of advertisement is necessary since flowers compete with each other for visitors. Many fruit-bearing

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that manifests in degrees. In this view, an exchange varies in how interpersonal it is based on several factors. It depends on how many people are present, and whether it happens face-to-face rather than through telephone or email. A further factor concerns the relation between the communicators:

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and may exclude writing and sign language. However, in academic discourse, the term is usually used in a wider sense, encompassing any form of linguistic communication, whether through speech, writing, or gestures. Some of the challenges in distinguishing verbal from non-verbal communication come

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Most communication happens between members within a species as intraspecies communication. This is because the purpose of communication is usually some form of cooperation. Cooperation happens mostly within a species while different species are often in conflict with each other by competing over

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used to perceive the message, i.e. hearing, seeing, smelling, touching, and tasting. But in the widest sense, channels encompass any form of transmission, including technological means like books, cables, radio waves, telephones, or television. Naturally transmitted messages usually fade rapidly

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Proxemics studies how personal space is used in communication. The distance between the speakers reflects their degree of familiarity and intimacy with each other as well as their social status. Haptics examines how information is conveyed using touching behavior, like handshakes, holding hands,

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sets human language apart from all non-human communicative systems. Another difference is that human communication is frequently linked to the conscious intention to send information, which is often not discernable for animal communication. Despite these differences, some theorists use the term

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Appropriateness means that the communicative behavior meets social standards and expectations. Communication theorist Brian H. Spitzberg defines it as "the perceived legitimacy or acceptability of behavior or enactments in a given context". This means that the speaker is aware of the social and

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of communication in this way usually makes communication more effective if the messages of each modality are consistent. However, in some cases different modalities can contain conflicting messages. For example, a person may verbally agree with a statement but press their lips together, thereby

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to make a new concept feel familiar and speed up understanding by mimicking the real-world equivalent of the interface object. Examples include the typical computer folder icon and recycle bin used for discarding files. One aim when designing user interfaces is to simplify the interaction with

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and telephones, which made it even easier and faster to transmit information from one location to another without the need to transport written documents. These communication forms were initially limited to cable connections, which had to be established first. Later developments found ways of

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and appropriateness. Effectiveness is the degree to which the speaker achieves their desired outcomes or the degree to which preferred alternatives are realized. This means that whether a communicative behavior is effective does not just depend on the actual outcome but also on the speaker's

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In the academic literature, the history of communication is usually divided into ages based on the dominant form of communication in that age. The number of ages and the precise periodization are disputed. They usually include ages for speaking, writing, and print as well as electronic mass

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since competence can be present even if it is not exercised, while performance consists in the realization of this competence. However, some theorists reject a stark contrast and hold that performance is the observable part and is used to infer competence in relation to future performances.

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Some animal species also engage in interspecies communication, like apes, whales, dolphins, elephants, and dogs. For example, different species of monkeys use common signals to cooperate when threatened by a common predator. Humans engage in interspecies communication when interacting with

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is conveyed from a sender to a receiver using some medium, such as sound, written signs, bodily movements, or electricity. Sender and receiver are often distinct individuals but it is also possible for an individual to communicate with themselves. In some cases, sender and receiver are not

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Communication history studies how communicative processes evolved and interacted with society, culture, and technology. Human communication has a long history and the way people communicate has changed considerably over time. Many of these changes were triggered by the development of new

1301:, and fireflies send visual messages by flashing light. For some species, the offspring depends on the parent for its survival. One central function of parent-offspring communication is to recognize each other. In some cases, the parents are also able to guide the offspring's behavior. 428:

Models of communication are often categorized based on their intended applications and how they conceptualize communication. Some models are general in the sense that they are intended for all forms of communication. Specialized models aim to describe specific forms, such as models of

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as a transmitter to send information to a server through the public telephone network as the transmission system. The server may use a modem as its receiver. To transmit the data, it has to be converted into an electric signal. Communication channels used for transmission are either

1374:. These walls restrict movement and usually prevent plants from sending and receiving signals that depend on rapid movement. However, there are some similarities since plants face many of the same challenges as animals. For example, they need to find resources, avoid predators and 1606:, which is a computer network within a limited area, usually with a distance of less than one kilometer. This is the case when connecting two computers within a home or an office building. LANs can be set up using a wired connection, like Ethernet, or a wireless connection, like 1315:, wolves, and dogs, engage in various forms of communication to express their feelings and build relations. Communication can aid navigation by helping animals move through their environment in a purposeful way, e.g. to locate food, avoid enemies, and follow other animals. In 734:, are purposefully designed from the ground up. Most everyday verbal communication happens using natural languages. Central forms of verbal communication are speech and writing together with their counterparts of listening and reading. Spoken languages use sounds to produce 1942:

writing systems. A drawback of many early forms of writing, like the clay tablets used for cuneiform, was that they were not very portable. This made it difficult to transport the texts from one location to another to share information. This changed with the invention of

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Communicative competence is the ability to communicate effectively or to choose the appropriate communicative behavior in a given situation. It concerns what to say, when to say it, and how to say it. It further includes the ability to receive and understand messages.

481:, for example, is based on five fundamental questions: "Who?", "Says what?", "In which channel?", "To whom?", and "With what effect?". The goal of these questions is to identify the basic components involved in the communicative process: the sender, the message, the 1083:

intention, i.e. whether this outcome was what they intended to achieve. Because of this, some theorists additionally require that the speaker be able to give an explanation of why they engaged in one behavior rather than another. Effectiveness is closely related to

1126:, and lack of attention to feedback may also be responsible. Noise is another negative factor. It concerns influences that interfere with the message on its way to the receiver and distort it. Crackling sounds during a telephone call are one form of noise. 1958:

Until the 1400s, almost all written communication was hand-written, which limited the spread of written media within society since copying texts by hand was costly. The introduction and popularization of mass printing in the middle of the 15th century by

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representations of the process of communication. Their goal is to provide a simplified overview of its main components. This makes it easier for researchers to formulate hypotheses, apply communication-related concepts to real-world cases, and test

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loop. Feedback is needed to describe many forms of communication, such as a conversation, where the listener may respond to a speaker by expressing their opinion or by asking for clarification. Interaction models represent the process as a form of

947:. It can be planned or unplanned and occurs in many forms, like when greeting someone, during salary negotiations, or when making a phone call. Some communication theorists, like Virginia M. McDermott, understand interpersonal communication as a 226:. Researchers in this field often refine their definition of communicative behavior by including the criteria that observable responses are present and that the participants benefit from the exchange. Animal communication is used in areas like 814:. It often happens simultaneously with verbal communication and helps optimize the exchange through emphasis and illustration or by adding additional information. Non-verbal cues can clarify the intent behind a verbal message. Using multiple 560:

or auditory signs. The message is sent to a destination, who has to decode and interpret it to understand it. In response, they formulate their own idea, encode it into a message, and send it back as a form of feedback. Another innovation of

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establish and maintain social relations with other people. Verbal communication is also utilized to coordinate one's behavior with others and influence them. In some cases, language is not employed for an external purpose but only for

1002:, taking notes, highlighting a passage, and writing a diary or a shopping list. But many forms of intrapersonal communication happen internally in the form of an inner exchange with oneself, like when thinking about something or 592:. A central distinction is whether language is used, as in the contrast between verbal and non-verbal communication. A further distinction concerns whether one communicates with others or with oneself, as in the contrast between 356:

interactions among human beings. Some approaches focus on the use of symbols and signs while others stress the role of understanding, interaction, power, or transmission of ideas. Various characterizations see the communicator's

1274:, stroking, rubbing, and pressure. It is especially relevant for parent-young relations, courtship, social greetings, and defense. Olfactory and gustatory communication happen chemically through smells and tastes, respectively. 885:. They can express what a person or an object looks like and can also convey other ideas and emotions. In some cases, this type of non-verbal communication is used in combination with verbal communication, for example, when 352:. Under a broad definition, many animals communicate within their own species and flowers communicate by signaling the location of nectar to bees through their colors and shapes. Other definitions restrict communication to 1657:. In the case of full-duplex systems, signals can flow in both directions at the same time, like regular telephone and internet. In either case, it is often important for successful communication that the connection is 421:. Due to their simplified presentation, they may lack the conceptual complexity needed for a comprehensive understanding of all the essential aspects of communication. They are usually presented visually in the form of 1378:, find mates, and ensure that their offspring survive. Many of the evolutionary responses to these challenges are analogous to those in animals but are implemented using different means. One crucial difference is that 8437:

Backlund, Philip M.; Morreale, Sherwyn P. (16 October 2015). "Communication competence: Historical synopsis, definitions, applications, and looking to the future". In Hannawa, Annegret F.; Spitzberg, Brian H. (eds.).

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for first impressions but is more limited as a mode of communication since it is less changeable. Some forms of non-verbal communication happen using such artifacts as drums, smoke, batons, traffic lights, and flags.

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A common way to classify communication is by whether information is exchanged between humans, members of other species, or non-living entities such as computers. For human communication, a central contrast is between

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and rules used for communication. Such systems are based on a set of simple units of meaning that can be combined to express more complex ideas. The rules for combining the units into compound expressions are called

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closely related approach is to focus on information and see interpersonal communication as an attempt to reduce uncertainty about others and external events. Other explanations understand it in terms of the

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to send a message as a central component. In this view, the transmission of information is not sufficient for communication if it happens unintentionally. A version of this view is given by philosopher

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cues. It is further present in almost every communicative act to some extent and certain parts of it are universally understood. These considerations have prompted some communication theorists, like

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had already developed. Proto-writing encompasses long-lasting visible marks used to store information, like decorations on pottery items, knots in a cord to track goods, or seals to mark property.

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is the way this is accomplished. It is not concerned with the meaning of the message but only with the technical means of how the meaning is conveyed. Channels are often understood in terms of the

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Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality: 15th International Conference, VAMR 2023, Held as Part of the 25th HCI International Conference, HCII 2023, Copenhagen, Denmark, July 23–28, 2023, Proceedings

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attack. Most communication takes place between members of the same species. The reason is that its purpose is usually some form of cooperation, which is not as common between different species.

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There are large differences between species concerning what functions communication plays, how much it is realized, and the behavior used to communicate. Common functions include the fields of

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and is thus not able to refer to external phenomena. However, various observations seem to contradict this view, such as the warning signals in response to different types of predators used by

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communication technologies and had various effects on how people exchanged ideas. New communication technologies usually require new skills that people need to learn to use them effectively.

1432:, and connect the roots of different plants. The plants use the network to send messages to each other, specifically to warn other plants of a pest attack and to help prepare their defenses. 13359:

Simonson, Peter; Peck, Janice; Craig, Robert T.; Jackson, John (2013a). "1. The History of Communication History". In Simonson, Peter; Peck, Janice; Craig, Robert T.; Jackson, John (eds.).

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One influential way to classify communication is to distinguish between linear transmission, interaction, and transaction models. Linear transmission models focus on how a sender transmits

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is that previous experience is necessary to be able to encode and decode messages. For communication to be successful, the fields of experience of source and destination have to overlap.

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the world around them and themselves. This affects how perceptions of external events are interpreted, how things are categorized, and how ideas are organized and related to each other.

1006:. Closely related to intrapersonal communication is communication that takes place within an organism below the personal level, such as exchange of information between organs or cells. 11616: 1704:, which are usually much easier to use for non-experts. They involve graphical elements through which the user can interact with the computer, commonly using a design concept known as 1022:

first used by parents to regulate what their child does. Once the child has learned this, they can apply the same technique to themselves to get more control over their own behavior.

600:. Forms of human communication are also categorized by their channel or the medium used to transmit messages. The field studying human communication is known as anthroposemiotics. 13105:

Schenk, H. Jochen; Seabloom, Eric W. (5 August 2010). "Evolutionary Ecology of Plant Signals and Toxins: A Conceptual Framework". In Baluška, František; Ninkovic, Velemir (eds.).

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Arimura, G.; Pearse, I. S. (17 March 2017). "From the Lab Bench to the Forest: Ecology and Defence Mechanisms of Volatile-Mediated 'Talking Trees'". In Becard, Guillaume (ed.).

1439:

into the external environment. For instance, they are used to promote sexual interaction in several aquatic fungal species. One form of communication between bacteria is called

230:

and mating, parent–offspring relations, navigation, and self-defense. Communication through chemicals is particularly important for the relatively immobile plants. For example,

12627: 8694:

Berger, Charles R.; Roloff, Michael E.; Ewoldsen, David R. (2010). "1. What Is Communication Science?". In Berger, Charles R.; Roloff, Michael E.; Ewoldsen, David R. (eds.).

10149: 1343:. Their conflict concerns to what extent animal communication is programmed into the genes as a form of adaptation rather than learned from previous experience as a form of 1785:

like interpersonal communication, intrapersonal communication, verbal communication, and non-verbal communication. Others investigate communication within a specific area.

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For computer communication to be successful, the involved devices have to follow a common set of conventions governing their exchange. These conventions are known as the

1622:. Their networks are more complex and may use several intermediate connection nodes to transfer information between endpoints. Further types of computer networks include 572:

in 1970. He understands communication as "the production of meaning, rather than the production of messages". Its goal is to decrease uncertainty and arrive at a shared

10314: 10281: 11013: 12814:

Visualization in Human-Computer Interaction: 7th Interdisciplinary Workshop on Informatics and Psychology, Schärding, Austria, May 24–27, 1988. Selected Contributions

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Sapienza, Zachary S.; Iyer, Narayanan; Veenstra, Aaron S. (3 September 2015). "Reading Lasswell's Model of Communication Backward: Three Scholarly Misconceptions".

8568: 15798: 11991: 1258:, and gustatory communication. Visual communication happens in the form of movements, gestures, facial expressions, and colors. Examples are movements seen during 1087:, the difference being that effectiveness is about achieving goals while efficiency is about using few resources (such as time, effort, and money) in the process. 9796: 651:

One hallmark of human language, in contrast to animal communication, lies in its complexity and expressive power. Human language can be used to refer not just to

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Simonson, Peter; Peck, Janice; Craig, Robert T.; Jackson, John (2013). "Introduction". In Simonson, Peter; Peck, Janice; Craig, Robert T.; Jackson, John (eds.).

1899:. Because of this, many details differ from one telling to the next and are presented differently by distinct storytellers. As people started to settle and form 1554:

Computer communication concerns the exchange of data between computers and similar devices. For this to be possible, the devices have to be connected through a

1118:. The lack of communicative competence can cause problems both on the individual and the societal level, including professional, academic, and health problems. 1661:

to ensure that the transmitted data reaches only the intended destination and is not intercepted by an unauthorized third party. This can be achieved by using

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For this reason, researchers often use slightly altered definitions of communication to facilitate their work. A common assumption in this regard comes from

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writing systems do not stand for regular objects. Instead, they relate to the sounds used in spoken language. Other types of early writing systems include

750:, are another form of verbal communication. They rely on visual means, mostly by using gestures with hands and arms, to form sentences and convey meaning. 8612: 14978: 13723: 3660: 1171:

Besides human communication, there are many other forms of communication found in the animal kingdom and among plants. They are studied in fields like

1971:

Scientific discoveries in the 19th and 20th centuries caused many further developments in the history of communication. They include the invention of

576:. This happens in response to external and internal cues. Decoding is the process of ascribing meaning to them and encoding consists in producing new 15307: 10850: 8353:"Multiple Genes Coding for Precursors of Rhodotorucine A, a Farnesyl Peptide Mating Pheromone of the Basidiomycetous Yeast Rhodosporidium Toruloides" 7596: 12342:

Nuyts, Jan; Pederson, Eric (1999). "1. Overview: on the relationship between language and conceptualization". In Nuyts, Jan; Pederson, Eric (eds.).

8587:

Barnlund, Dean C. (5 July 2013) . "A Transactional Model of Communication". In Akin, Johnnye; Goldberg, Alvin; Myers, Gail; Stewart, Joseph (eds.).

13479:

Spitzberg, Brian H. (16 October 2015). "The composition of competence: Communication skills". In Hannawa, Annegret F.; Spitzberg, Brian H. (eds.).

1424:

to warn neighboring plants, which then react accordingly by adjusting their defenses. Another form of plant-to-plant communication happens through

1043:

code into another to make them available to a different channel. An example is writing down a spoken message or expressing it using sign language.

952:

group communication and mass communication are less typical forms of interpersonal communication and some theorists treat them as distinct types.

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Baldwin, Ian T.; Schultz, Jack C. (1983). "Rapid Changes in Tree Leaf Chemistry Induced by Damage: Evidence for Communication Between Plants".

5142: 3002: 2737: 2680: 2648: 12375:

O'Day, Danton (2 December 2012). "1. Modes of cellular communication and sexual interactions in eukaryotic microbes". In O'Day, Danton (ed.).

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and health promotion efforts. One of its topics is how healthcare providers, like doctors and nurses, should communicate with their patients.

1550:

Example of computer communication: modems act as transmitter and receiver while the public telephone network is used as a transmission system.

1499:

Interspecies communication plays a key role for plants that depend on external agents for reproduction. For example, flowers need insects for

1017:, some theorists have suggested that intrapersonal communication is more basic than interpersonal communication. Young children sometimes use 12532: 11600: 7581: 8918:

Blatrix, Rumsaïs; Mayer, Veronika (5 August 2010). "Communication in Ant-Plant Symbioses". In Baluška, František; Ninkovic, Velemir (eds.).

1968:

of the population. This development served as the foundation for revolutions in various fields, including science, politics, and religion.

508:

is another influential linear transmission model. It is based on the idea that a source creates a message, which is then translated into a

12551:

What is the Matter with Communicative Competence?: An Analysis to Encourage Teachers of English to Assess the Very Basis of Their Teaching

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Gilbert, L.; Johnson, D. (17 March 2017). "Plant-Plant Communication Through Common Mycorrhizal Networks". In Becard, Guillaume (ed.).

9484: 9393: 9294: 8935: 2046: 1228:, especially its almost limitless ability to combine basic units of meaning into more complex meaning structures. One view states that 12945: 11938: 10849:

Hillstrom, Northern Lights; Magee, ECDI (17 October 2006). "Intercultural communication". In Darnay, Arsen; Magee, Monique D. (eds.).

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and between plant cells, between plants of the same or related species, and between plants and non-plant organisms, especially in the

1204:

Animal communication is the process of giving and taking information among animals. The field studying animal communication is called

15825: 12601: 10398:

Giessen, Hans W. (2015). "Media-Based Learning Methodology: Stories, Games, and Emotions". In Ally, Mohamed; Khan, Badrul H. (eds.).

9601:"The Role of Gesture in Communication and Cognition: Implications for Understanding and Treating Neurogenic Communication Disorders" 15693: 11667:

McDermott, Virginia M. (18 August 2009). "Interpersonal Communication Theories". In Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (eds.).

108: 10133: 5669: 1285:. One part of courtship and mating consists in identifying and attracting potential mates. This can happen through various means. 544:. He states that communication starts when a source has an idea and expresses it in the form of a message. This process is called 14971: 12181: 13297:

The IABC Handbook of Organizational Communication: A Guide to Internal Communication, Public Relations, Marketing and Leadership

12230:

Nicotera, Anne Maydan (18 August 2009). "Constitutive View of Communication". In Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (eds.).

10759: 842:, and physical appearance. Kinesics studies the role of bodily behavior in conveying information. It is commonly referred to as 1362:

refers to plant processes involving the sending and receiving of information. The field studying plant communication is called

1138:. Significant cultural differences constitute an additional obstacle and make it more likely that messages are misinterpreted. 444:

because this flow of information only goes in a single direction. This view is rejected by interaction models, which include a

11376:

Lantolf, James P. (18 August 2009). "Intrapersonal Communication Theories". In Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (eds.).

1817:

but it also encompasses other communication activities aimed at advancing the organization's objective to its audiences, like

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The Acquisition of Spanish: Morphosyntactic Development in Monolingual and Bilingual L1 Acquisition and Adult L2 Acquisition

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is much more prominent in the plant kingdom in contrast to the importance of visual and auditory communication for animals.

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Intrapersonal communication is communication with oneself. In some cases this manifests externally, like when engaged in a

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computers. This helps make them more user-friendly and accessible to a wider audience while also increasing productivity.

163:

are simplified overviews of its main components and their interactions. Many models include the idea that a source uses a

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The Evolution of Language: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference (EVOLANG7), Barcelona, Spain, 12–15 March 2008

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Waters, Christopher M.; Bassler, Bonnie L. (1 November 2005). "Quorum Sensing: Cell-to-Cell Communication in Bacteria".

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Li, Hong Ling (September 2007). "From Shannon-Weaver to Boisot: A Review on the Research of Knowledge Transfer Model".

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Giri, Vijai N. (18 August 2009). "Nonverbal Communication Theories". In Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (eds.).

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Bowman, J. P.; Targowski, A. S. (1 October 1987). "Modeling the Communication Process: The Map Is Not the Territory".

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Guzman, Andrea L. (2018). "Introduction: 'What Is HumanMachine Communication, Anyway?'". In Guzman, Andrea L. (ed.).

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is usually not defined in terms of physical movement, as is the case for animals, but as a biochemical response to a

466:. Transaction models also hold that meaning is produced during communication and does not exist independently of it. 171:

to a receiver who has to decode it to understand it. The main field of inquiry investigating communication is called

1731:

and how signs acquire it. Communication studies covers a wide area overlapping with many other disciplines, such as

1039:

whereas some messages using artificial channels have a much longer lifespan, as in the case of books or sculptures.

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relationships. For instance, many flowers use symmetrical shapes and distinctive colors to signal to insects where

8837: 2425: 15252: 15205: 14459: 10984: 2086: 518: 13909: 10010:

Demuth, Donald R.; Lamont, Richard (23 February 2006). "Preface". In Demuth, Donald R.; Lamont, Richard (eds.).

8878: 5569: 4604: 2863: 2818: 2779: 2690: 2244: 14945: 14385: 14371: 8588: 1665:, which changes the format of the transmitted information to make it unintelligible to potential interceptors. 787:

Non-verbal communication is the exchange of information through non-linguistic modes, like facial expressions,

337:

The issue of the right definition affects the research process on many levels. This includes issues like which

55: 12497:"Marshall T. Poe, A History of Communications: Media and Society From the Evolution of Speech to the Internet" 10563:

High Performance Browser Networking: What Every Web Developer Should Know about Networking and Web Performance

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Akada, Rinji; Minomi, Kenjiro; Kai, Jingo; Yamashita, Ichiro; Miyakawa, Tokichi; Fukui, Sakuzo (August 1989).

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between possible interpretations to discern the sender's intention. These interpretations depend also on the

536:

Schramm's model of communication, which focuses on the processes of encoding and decoding as well as feedback

486: 215:

is the ability to communicate well and applies to the skills of formulating messages and understanding them.

12321:"Families, Companion Nonhuman Animals, and the CSZ Disaster: Implications for Crisis and Risk Communication" 9693:

Cobley, Paul; Schulz, Peter J. (30 January 2013). "Introduction". In Cobley, Paul; Schulz, Peter J. (eds.).

1237:" to refer to certain communicative patterns in animal behavior that have similarities with human language. 795:. However, not every form of non-verbal behavior constitutes non-verbal communication. Some theorists, like 34: 16107: 15244: 15220: 14691: 14641: 14581: 11277:"The Pervasive Role of Information in Health and Health Care: Implications for Health Communication Policy" 1786: 1135: 718:, developed naturally and for the most part unplanned in the course of history. Artificial languages, like 473:

Lasswell's model of communication, which is based on five questions corresponding to five basic components

15995: 15820: 15398: 15371: 15179: 14671: 14656: 14489: 14484: 14479: 12010:

Literacy Theories for the Digital Age: Social, Critical, Multimodal, Spatial, Material and Sensory Lenses

2091: 2076: 1844: 1646: 974: 922: 597: 593: 522: 208: 204: 14596: 14011:"1. Self-Talk and Inner Speech: Understanding The Uniquely Human Aspects of Intrapersonal Communication" 1474:

resources. However, there are also some forms of interspecies communication. This occurs especially for

1435:

Communication can also be observed for fungi and bacteria. Some fungal species communicate by releasing

15560: 15361: 15224: 14444: 14160:

Weaver, Warren (1 September 1998). "Recent Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Communication".

2041: 1806: 1669: 1468: 1172: 1147: 660: 243: 9653: 2175: 325:

individuals but groups like organizations, social classes, or nations. In a different sense, the term

15612: 14777: 14646: 14611: 1849: 1693: 1692:

in which the user must type a command to interact with the computer. Most modern user interfaces are

1688:, as well as the software used in the process. On the software side, most early user interfaces were 1631: 1413: 1271: 1217: 235: 30: 9694: 9652:

Cobley, Paul (5 June 2008). "Communication: Definitions and Concepts". In Donsbach, Wolfgang (ed.).

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is needed to send messages and a receiver is needed to receive them. A personal computer may use a

1404:

Plant communication happens in various forms. It includes communication within plants, i.e. within

1060: 1030:

For communication to be successful, the message has to travel from the sender to the receiver. The

771: 747: 680: 505: 477:

All the early models, developed in the middle of the 20th century, are linear transmission models.

455: 266: 212: 184: 12775:

Rickheit, Gert; Strohner, Hans; Vorwerg, Constanze (2008). Rickheit, Gert; Strohner, Hans (eds.).

12496: 7852: 7723: 1351:, i.e. as a form of learning that only occurs in a certain phase and is then mostly irreversible. 16012: 15888: 15316: 15228: 15019: 15014: 15004: 14711: 14696: 14534: 14524: 2081: 2071: 2056: 1822: 1810: 1802: 1755: 1348: 496:

Shannon–Weaver model of communication, which focuses on how a message is first translated into a

407: 345:

and laws are formulated as well as how systematic theories based on these steps are articulated.

160: 15415: 14787: 12325:

Natural Disasters and Risk Communication: Implications of the Cascadia Subduction Zone Megaquake

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Communicative Competence Approaches to Language Proficiency Assessment: Research and Application

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Toward a Political Economy of Culture: Capitalism and Communication in the Twenty-First Century

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so that decoding is possible nonetheless. Other influential linear transmission models include

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Thomason, Richmond H. (2006). "Artificial And Natural Languages". In Borchert, Donald (ed.).

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Baluska, F.; Volkmann, Dieter; Hlavacka, Andrej; Mancuso, Stefano; Barlow, Peter W. (2006).

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A History of Communications: Media and Society From the Evolution of Speech to the Internet

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du Plessis, Neeltje; Lowe, Nicky; Smith, Ailsa Stewart; Sykes, Pam; Wright, Bianca (2007).

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Illustrated Course Guides : Verbal Communication - Soft Skills for a Digital Workplace

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finding a suitable spouse. Because of this, it can have a large impact on the individual's

940: 831: 815: 703: 557: 219: 180: 131: 97: 9776: 2305: 1852:, which is about the use of communication for assisting in development, like aid given by 983: 939:

Interpersonal communication is communication between distinct people. Its typical form is

8: 15914: 15651: 15602: 15550: 15029: 14862: 14837: 14230:

Developmental Perspectives on Metaphor: A Special Issue of Metaphor and Symbolic Activity

11432:

2007 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing

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and transmit meaning while for writing, the signs are physically inscribed on a surface.

667:. However, this process is less intuitive and often does not result in the same level of 589: 478: 367: 223: 127: 14226:"Understanding Versus Discriminating Nonliteral Utterances: Evidence for a Dissociation" 11599:

McClelland, Charles A. (2008). "Communication, Political". In Darity, William A. (ed.).

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and mating, parent-offspring relations, social relations, navigation, self-defense, and

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Twidale, Michael (2002). "Human-Computer Interaction". In Schement, Jorge Reina (ed.).

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Cryptography, Information Theory, and Error-Correction: A Handbook for the 21st Century

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Animal communication can take a variety of forms, including visual, auditory, tactile,

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by the Egyptians around 2500 BCE and was further improved later by the development of

1668:

Human-computer communication is a closely related field that concerns topics like how

1495:. Many flowers use vivid colors to signal to insects that they offer food like nectar. 1371: 469: 284: 167:

system to express information in the form of a message. The message is sent through a

15783: 15733: 15540: 15475: 15381: 15366: 15065: 14732: 14332: 14301: 14268: 14233: 14212: 14167: 14134: 14113: 14096: 14053: 14018: 13983: 13948: 13915: 13882: 13849: 13816: 13795: 13764: 13729: 13696: 13689:

Tengan, Callistus; Aigbavboa, Clinton; Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku (27 April 2021).

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Communication for Development in the Third World: Theory and Practice for Empowerment

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Neurobiology of Human Language and Its Evolution: Primate and Nonprimate Perspectives

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Danesi, Marcel (17 June 2013a). "Non-verbal Communication". In Danesi, Marcel (ed.).

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Kyle, Jim G.; Kyle, James; Woll, Bencie; Pullen, G.; Maddix, F. (26 February 1988).

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and how data in the form of inputs and outputs is exchanged. This happens through a

1546: 1094:

Many additional components of communicative competence have been suggested, such as

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The International Encyclopedia of Communication Theory and Philosophy, 4 Volume Set

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and holds that communication should somehow benefit the communicators in terms of

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or failed transmissions are included and whether communication not only transmits

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in the here-and-now but also to spatially and temporally distant objects and to

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Non-verbal communication often happens unintentionally and unconsciously, like

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The technological advances also led to new forms of communication, such as the

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are another often-discussed case in this respect since they perform a type of

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is located. Humans engage in interspecies communication when interacting with

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Many contributions in the field of communication studies focus on developing

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and the pruning of exogenous vegetation as well as plant protection by ants.

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to another mind. Another interpretation is given by communication theorists

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Biocommunication: Sign-mediated Interactions Between Cells And Organisms

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to influence voters and legislative communication, like letters to a

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The first transactional model was proposed by communication theorist

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Some definitions are broad and encompass unconscious and non-human

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Two competing theories in the study of animal communication are

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There are many forms of non-verbal communication. They include

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Digital Communication: Communication, Multimedia, Security

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Non-verbal communication can also happen through visual

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conveys information about infant health and well-being.

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that is able to express the idea, for instance, through

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Two central components of communicative competence are

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form, including spoken and written messages as well as

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Knowledge Communication: Contours of a Research Agenda

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Theological Hermeneutics: Development and Significance

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How Plants Communicate With Their Biotic Environment

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How Plants Communicate With Their Biotic Environment

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Verbal communication is the exchange of messages in

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showing the basic components and their interaction.

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using sounds, sign language, and writing as well as

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field of inquiry studying communicational phenomena

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Early influential theories were created by 134:and attempts to communicate with intelligent 14331:(4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 14044:von Kriegstein, Katharina (25 August 2011). 13392:Sinding, Knud; Waldstrom, Christian (2014). 10819:Textbook of Psychology (Psychology Revivals) 10329: 10009: 9692: 8917: 7334: 7313: 7285: 6671: 6650: 6527: 6467: 6328: 6286: 6226: 5752: 5737: 4660: 2695: 862:indicates that an infant is distressed, and 15315: 13046:Information Theory, Coding and Cryptography 12642: 12547: 11254:"Non-verbal Communication and Interpreting" 11082: 11028: 10949: 10815: 10503: 9375: 8321:The Word Weavers: Newshounds and Wordsmiths 7464: 7171: 7052: 7040: 6998: 6971: 6932: 6878: 6851: 6845: 6815: 5974: 5854: 5129: 4227: 3540: 3094: 1723:Communication studies, also referred to as 1054: 293: 147:is commonly defined as the transmission of 15: 15308: 15294: 14979: 14965: 14400: 14386: 14199:Journal of Educational and Social Research 14126: 14107: 14050:The Neural Bases of Multisensory Processes 13907: 13809:Turkington, Carol; Harris, Joseph (2006). 13443: 12378:Sexual Interactions in Eukaryotic Microbes 12107: 11761: 11598: 10164: 9599:Clough, Sharice; Duff, Melissa C. 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(2014). 10365:"Psycholinguistic aspects" 10231:Fielding, Michael (2006). 9154:10.1177/002194368702400402 9115:10.1007/s00018-020-03674-w 8310: 6858:McGuire & Jenkins 2008 6413:Gilbert & Johnson 2017 6398:Baldwin & Schultz 1983 6392:Schenk & Seabloom 2010 6323:Schenk & Seabloom 2010 6281:Schenk & Seabloom 2010 6242:Schenk & Seabloom 2010 6221:Schenk & Seabloom 2010 6122:Schenk & Seabloom 2010 6002:Chandler & Munday 2011 5951:Chandler & Munday 2011 5924:Baker & Hengeveld 2012 5825:Chandler & Munday 2011 5798:Chandler & Munday 2011 5774:Schenk & Seabloom 2010 5759:Schenk & Seabloom 2010 5717:Schenk & Seabloom 2010 5684:Seckbach & Gordon 2016 5575:Chandler & Munday 2011 4955:Chandler & Munday 2011 4918:Chandler & Munday 2011 4886:Chandler & Munday 2011 4739:Chandler & Munday 2011 4715:Chandler & Munday 2011 4616:Trenholm & Jensen 2013 4589:Chandler & Munday 2011 4472:Chandler & Munday 2011 4312:Chandler & Munday 2011 4123:Chandler & Munday 2011 4096:Chandler & Munday 2011 3994:Chandler & Munday 2011 3970:Chandler & Munday 2011 3883:Chandler & Munday 2011 3865:Chandler & Munday 2011 3526:Chandler & Munday 2011 3502:Chandler & Munday 2011 3440:Chandler & Munday 2011 3413:Burton & Dimbleby 2002 3407:Chandler & Munday 2011 3125:Melkote & Steeves 2001 3037:Chandler & Munday 2011 3009:Chandler & Munday 2011 2754:Chandler & Munday 2011 2599:Schenk & Seabloom 2010 2577:Chandler & Munday 2011 2207:Merriam-Webster staff 2022 2042:Agricultural communication 1987: 1875: 1871: 1807:professional communication 1716: 1626:(personal area networks), 1539: 1469:Interspecies communication 1466: 1443:. It happens by releasing 1414:volatile organic compounds 1197: 1193: 1148:Biocommunication (science) 1145: 1058: 972: 920: 769: 706:. Natural languages, like 607: 405: 375:constitute communication. 244:Interspecies communication 236:volatile organic compounds 53: 16052: 16026: 15966: 15959: 15933: 15897: 15861: 15834: 15771: 15767: 15756: 15689: 15678: 15634: 15611: 15574: 15526: 15461: 15340: 15336: 15323: 15261: 15198: 15157: 15048: 14997: 14936: 14725: 14604: 14593: 14433: 14415: 13728:(2 ed.). Macmillan. 13299:. John Wiley & Sons. 12513:10.1177/1461444811429927c 12114:Health Education Research 11281:Communication Yearbook 11 10986:Empire and Communications 10695:Communicating for Success 10201:Information Communication 10051:. John Wiley & Sons. 9775:Craig, Robert T. (1999). 9225:"Corporate Communication" 9196:. John Wiley & Sons. 9072:10.1017/S0954579411000708 8989:Key Concepts in Marketing 8959:. John Wiley & Sons. 8477:. 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Juta and Company Ltd. 13394:Organisational Behaviour 12178:"What is Communication?" 12013:. Multilingual Matters. 11960:Journal of Communication 11865:. In Mody, Bella (ed.). 11536:Language and Linguistics 10698:. Taylor & Francis. 10371:. Multilingual Matters. 10237:. Juta and Company Ltd. 10084:. Pearson South Africa. 9965:Davey, J. (March 1992). 9814:Journal of Communication 9618:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00323 9260:Organizational behaviour 9171:Journal of Communication 8772:. In Allen, Mike (ed.). 8727:Berlo, David K. 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They are 234:trees release so-called 213:Communicative competence 185:non-verbal communication 31:latest accepted revision 15416:Interpersonal synchrony 15317:Nonverbal communication 14535:Nonverbal communication 14525:Models of communication 13815:. Infobase Publishing. 13644:Taylor, Hal R. (1962). 12682:. Himalaya Publishing. 12501:New Media & Society 12286:Nöth, Winfried (1995). 11440:10.1109/WICOM.2007.1332 11085:"Communication Studies" 11035:. Libraries Unlimited. 10566:. O'Reilly Media, Inc. 10138:. 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LIT Verlag Münster. 11225:. Frontiers Media SA. 10786:Business Communication 10363:Genesee, Fred (1984). 9748:. Simon and Schuster. 9470:Language and Migration 9313:Teaching Communication 8809:. Palgrave MacMillan. 7023:Meinel & Sack 2014 4306:Clough & Duff 2020 4267:du Plessis et al. 2007 3371:Watson & Hill 2015 3341:Watson & Hill 2015 3116:Watson & Hill 2012 2903:Watson & Hill 2012 2181:Meinel & Sack 2014 2109:Military communication 2052:Aviation communication 1915: 1897:imperfect human memory 1809:. The main element of 1799:business communication 1639:communication protocol 1551: 1496: 1390: 1380:chemical communication 1368:central nervous system 1251: 1168: 995: 936: 784: 744:American Sign Language 730:, and the language of 537: 501: 474: 294: 16003:Impression management 15099:Intelligence quotient 14687:Mediated cross-border 14409:Communication studies 14329:The Study of Language 14327:Yule, George (2010). 12781:. Walter de Gruyter. 12712:International Tourism 12606:Oxford Bibliographies 12289:Handbook of Semiotics 12236:. SAGE Publications. 11834:. SAGE Publications. 11673:. SAGE Publications. 11382:. SAGE Publications. 11091:. SAGE Publications. 10489:. SAGE Publications. 10336:. SAGE Publications. 9705:10.1515/9783110240450 9699:. De Gruyter Mouton. 9231:. SAGE Publications. 8992:. SAGE Publications. 8776:. SAGE Publications. 8700:. SAGE Publications. 7810:Simonson et al. 2013a 7259:Gill & Adams 1998 4934:Gill & Adams 1998 2760:, transmission models 2583:, transmission models 2306:119, 121–122, 133–134 1913: 1858:third-world countries 1854:first-world countries 1725:communication science 1719:Communication studies 1713:Communication studies 1549: 1488: 1455:and the formation of 1416:(VOCs). For example, 1388: 1243: 1159: 1128:Ambiguous expressions 1013:Based on its role in 990:(Daydream) featuring 982: 930: 779: 704:constructed languages 669:linguistic competence 644:are combined to form 535: 495: 472: 451:two-way communication 199:, for example, using 173:communication studies 159:but also creates it. 136:extraterrestrial life 16018:Verbal communication 15971:Animal communication 15889:Targeted advertising 15406:Haptic communication 15185:Three-stratum theory 14622:Communication theory 14617:Communication design 14374:at Wikimedia Commons 14232:. Psychology Press. 13617:. Cengage Learning. 13210:. World Scientific. 12679:Communication Skills 12435:. Cengage Learning. 11506:. Penn State Press. 11473:. World Scientific. 10822:. Psychology Press. 10764:www.ahdictionary.com 10731:. Psychology Press. 9781:Communication Theory 9448:Cambridge Dictionary 9382:. Cengage Learning. 9027:. Psychology Press. 7804:Simonson et al. 2013 7693:Simonson et al. 2013 7316:, pp. 31, 41–42 7019:, pp. 29, 41–42 6723:Novak & Day 2018 6446:, pp. 3491–3498 5882:Luuk & Luuk 2008 4438:, pp. 1455–1456 3594:, pp. 11, 13–14 3118:, pp. 112–113, 3021:, pp. 5439–5442 2139:Upward communication 2062:Communication rights 1862:Health communication 1393:In plants, the term 1210:referential function 1200:Animal communication 1184:evolutionary biology 1124:selective perception 941:dyadic communication 931:Kathy Matayoshi and 580:cues as a response. 548:and happens using a 506:Shannon–Weaver model 288:has its root in the 54:For other uses, see 16108:Main topic articles 16027:Non-verbal language 15915:Gesture recognition 15762:Further information 15652:Emotion recognition 15603:Silent service code 15158:Models and theories 12327:. Lexington Books. 12081:. Springer Nature. 11902:. Springer Nature. 11727:. Wiley-Blackwell. 10989:. Clarendon Press. 10545:. Springer Nature. 10204:. Springer Nature. 8518:1983Sci...221..277B 7491:Ren & Zhai 2013 6854:, pp. 142, 175 6368:Baluska et al. 2006 5028:von Kriegstein 2011 2550:, pp. 176, 179 1827:electoral campaigns 1825:covers topics like 1556:transmission system 1360:Plant communication 590:human communication 456:non-verbal feedback 380:I. A. Richards 339:empirical phenomena 224:plant communication 21:Page version status 16053:Art and literature 16008:Meta-communication 15996:Passive-aggressive 15925:Sentiment analysis 15626:Non-verbal leakage 15211:Heritability of IQ 14988:Human intelligence 14652:Discourse analysis 14577:Telecommunications 14520:Meta-communication 12127:10.1093/her/cyn024 10456:. Nelson Thornes. 10423:. Academic Press. 10171:. Wolters Kluwer. 8953:"Innis, Harold A." 8410:. Academic Press. 8301:, pp. 223–224 8295:, pp. 178–181 8253:, pp. 172–173 8208:, pp. 171–172 8166:, pp. 169–170 8112:, pp. 212–214 8079:, pp. 168–169 8064:, pp. 168–169 8025:, pp. 168–169 7968:, pp. 168–169 7455:, pp. 155–156 7421:, pp. 155–156 7394:, pp. 155–156 7367:, pp. 184–185 7216:, pp. 411–413 6935:, pp. 4–5, 14 6881:, pp. 4–5, 14 6818:, pp. 49, 175 6746:, pp. 157–158 6626:, pp. 122–124 6506:, pp. 167–168 6464:, pp. 319–320 6440:, pp. 951–960 6400:, pp. 277–279 5541:, pp. 218–219 5505:, pp. 238–239 5478:, pp. 238–239 4861:, pp. 567–568 4819:, pp. 568–569 4807:, pp. 567–568 4693:, pp. 546–547 4630:, pp. 548–549 4618:, pp. 36, 361 4576:, pp. 547–548 4546:, pp. 547–548 4444:, pp. 113–116 4378:, pp. 690–961 4372:, pp. 492–493 4215:, pp. 693–694 4194:, pp. 693–694 4179:, pp. 692–693 4002:, pp. 493–495 3966:, pp. 692–694 3472:Beynon-Davies 2010 3350:Lawson et al. 2019 3059:, pp. 380–382 2914:, pp. 245–249 2451:, pp. 369–370 2439:, pp. 208–209 2400:, pp. 207–209 2376:, pp. 207–209 2334:, pp. 207–210 2322:, pp. 201–203 2298:, pp. 201–202 2237:, pp. 369–370 2124:Risk communication 1916: 1848:also relevant for 1616:wide area networks 1604:local area network 1552: 1497: 1391: 1252: 1247:Lampyris noctiluca 1169: 1161:Wolves communicate 996: 986:'s 1901 painting, 937: 785: 702:and artificial or 624:oral communication 538: 512:by a transmitter. 502: 475: 431:mass communication 27: 16090: 16089: 16086: 16085: 16082: 16081: 16078: 16077: 15784:Asperger syndrome 15752: 15751: 15734:Social competence 15674: 15673: 15670: 15669: 15476:Emotional prosody 15382:Subtle expression 15367:Facial expression 15283: 15282: 15199:Areas of research 15149:Visual processing 15066:Cognitive liberty 14954: 14953: 14370:Media related to 14338:978-0-521-76527-5 14307:978-0-08-049734-1 14274:978-0-87778-264-3 14239:978-1-317-77779-3 14173:978-0-252-72546-3 14140:978-1-62892-149-6 14119:978-1-84966-563-6 14059:978-1-4398-1217-4 14024:978-1-136-60184-2 13989:978-1-108-50678-6 13954:978-1-4289-2182-5 13921:978-1-946135-07-0 13888:978-1-946135-07-0 13855:978-0-02-865385-3 13822:978-0-8160-6991-0 13801:978-0-19-982750-3 13770:978-1-000-87190-6 13735:978-0-02-865790-5 13702:978-1-000-38141-2 13624:978-1-305-53385-1 13591:978-0-7021-7261-8 13558:978-0-7021-3649-8 13525:978-0-13-350648-8 13492:978-3-11-031745-9 13459:978-0-7021-3446-3 13424:978-981-4479-98-1 13403:978-0-07-715461-5 13372:978-0-415-89259-9 13339:978-0-415-89259-9 13306:978-0-7879-8553-0 13271:978-1-58713-038-0 13217:978-1-78634-046-7 13182:978-0-253-11530-0 13118:978-3-642-12162-3 13056:978-93-325-1784-4 13023:978-0-02-865385-3 12990:978-0-02-865385-3 12957:978-0-02-865386-0 12924:978-1-4496-4521-2 12891:978-0-8039-7837-9 12856:978-0-19-956778-2 12823:978-3-540-52698-8 12788:978-3-11-018829-5 12755:978-3-642-39561-1 12722:978-1-136-43888-2 12689:978-81-8318-351-2 12656:978-90-5699-510-2 12623:978-0-19-975684-1 12592:978-0-511-97691-9 12561:978-3-8258-8487-1 12475:978-1-4129-1684-4 12442:978-1-285-40275-8 12421:978-1-83910-034-5 12388:978-0-323-15097-2 12355:978-0-521-77481-9 12334:978-1-4985-5612-5 12299:978-0-253-20959-7 12266:978-94-007-6973-1 12243:978-1-4129-5937-7 12210:978-1-60807-933-9 12156:978-81-269-0513-3 12088:978-3-030-41668-3 12053:978-90-272-5297-5 12020:978-1-78309-464-6 11909:978-981-15-3147-7 11876:978-0-7619-2901-7 11841:978-0-7619-9476-3 11808:978-1-139-49637-7 11775:978-3-642-54331-9 11742:978-1-4051-3199-5 11701:978-1-56881-305-9 11680:978-1-4129-5937-7 11647:978-1-316-62300-8 11612:978-0-02-865966-4 11579:978-0-19-280637-6 11546:978-0-521-29775-2 11513:978-0-271-07583-9 11480:978-981-277-611-2 11449:978-1-4244-1311-9 11410:978-1-108-59441-7 11389:978-1-4129-5937-7 11356:978-0-521-35717-3 11323:978-0-02-865385-3 11290:978-1-135-14844-7 11267:978-1-317-43451-1 11232:978-2-88919-111-6 11197:978-90-04-42854-6 11164:978-3-7329-0432-7 11131:978-0-226-26484-4 11098:978-1-4833-5995-3 11075:978-1-349-09597-1 11042:978-1-56308-749-3 10963:978-0-8493-0928-1 10930:978-3-11-087968-1 10897:978-3-11-037387-5 10862:978-0-7876-9112-7 10829:978-1-317-81973-8 10796:978-1-134-64572-5 10738:978-1-84872-089-3 10705:978-1-000-81663-1 10672:978-90-272-0458-5 10639:978-1-4766-7989-1 10606:978-1-4331-4251-2 10573:978-1-4493-4474-0 10552:978-3-031-35634-6 10517:978-1-000-39140-4 10496:978-1-4129-5937-7 10463:978-0-17-438743-5 10430:978-0-12-801620-6 10409:978-1-317-64356-2 10378:978-0-905028-21-7 10343:978-1-5443-3279-6 10310:978-0-203-13431-3 10277:978-0-203-13431-3 10244:978-0-7021-6650-1 10211:978-3-031-02293-7 10178:978-93-5129-722-2 10145:978-0-02-865704-2 10112:978-1-4425-5055-1 10091:978-1-86891-593-4 10058:978-1-118-95560-4 10023:978-1-139-44797-3 9945:978-0-8020-8329-6 9912:978-1-4426-9553-5 9879:978-1-4426-9553-5 9846:978-0-7656-3938-7 9755:978-1-4711-0941-6 9714:978-3-11-024045-0 9673:978-1-4051-8640-7 9579:978-0-19-956875-8 9546:978-1-351-06002-8 9513:978-1-317-36371-2 9480:978-1-351-20770-6 9422:978-1-4617-0035-7 9389:978-1-337-34213-1 9356:978-1-134-63038-7 9323:978-1-134-97045-2 9290:978-1-317-34607-4 9269:978-1-292-11749-2 9238:978-1-4833-7653-0 9203:978-1-119-58242-7 9034:978-1-134-79877-3 8999:978-1-84787-498-6 8966:978-1-118-29073-6 8931:978-3-642-12162-3 8898:978-0-415-07310-3 8857:978-0-415-07310-3 8816:978-0-230-29502-5 8783:978-1-4833-8142-8 8707:978-1-4129-1813-8 8674:978-0-8039-7357-2 8641:978-3-319-64565-0 8608:978-3-11-087875-2 8590:Language Behavior 8564:978-3-540-28475-8 8512:(4607): 277–279. 8484:978-0-631-23036-6 8451:978-3-11-031745-9 8417:978-0-12-801620-6 8331:978-0-521-83245-8 6444:Akada et al. 1989 6415:, pp. 84, 94 5388:, pp. 19, 24 5265:, pp. 18, 25 5187:, pp. 18, 25 2899:, 2. Other models 2721:, 2. Other models 2104:Linguistic rights 2067:Data transmission 2033:Technology portal 1698:Microsoft Windows 1588:computer networks 1542:Computer networks 1492:Cosmos bipinnatus 1426:mycorrhizal fungi 1188:natural selection 1110:, and semantics. 1019:egocentric speech 984:Paul César Helleu 911:social psychology 732:first-order logic 464:facial expression 197:linguistic system 39:18 September 2024 18: 16115: 15964: 15963: 15941:Ray Birdwhistell 15769: 15768: 15758: 15757: 15684:Broader concepts 15680: 15679: 15657:First impression 15338: 15337: 15325: 15324: 15310: 15303: 15296: 15287: 15286: 15269: 15268: 15190:Triarchic theory 14981: 14974: 14967: 14958: 14957: 14944: 14943: 14599: 14550:Public relations 14445:Biocommunication 14402: 14395: 14388: 14379: 14378: 14369: 14357: 14342: 14323: 14321: 14319: 14290: 14288: 14286: 14255: 14253: 14251: 14220: 14210: 14189: 14187: 14185: 14156: 14154: 14152: 14123: 14104: 14075: 14073: 14071: 14040: 14038: 14036: 14005: 14003: 14001: 13970: 13968: 13966: 13937: 13935: 13933: 13904: 13902: 13900: 13871: 13869: 13867: 13838: 13836: 13834: 13805: 13786: 13784: 13782: 13751: 13749: 13747: 13718: 13716: 13714: 13685: 13683: 13681: 13640: 13638: 13636: 13607: 13605: 13603: 13574: 13572: 13570: 13541: 13539: 13537: 13508: 13506: 13504: 13475: 13473: 13471: 13440: 13438: 13436: 13407: 13388: 13386: 13384: 13355: 13353: 13351: 13322: 13320: 13318: 13287: 13285: 13283: 13254: 13233: 13231: 13229: 13198: 13196: 13194: 13165: 13163: 13161: 13134: 13132: 13130: 13101: 13072: 13070: 13068: 13039: 13037: 13035: 13006: 13004: 13002: 12973: 12971: 12969: 12940: 12938: 12936: 12907: 12905: 12903: 12872: 12870: 12868: 12839: 12837: 12835: 12804: 12802: 12800: 12771: 12769: 12767: 12738: 12736: 12734: 12705: 12703: 12701: 12672: 12670: 12668: 12639: 12637: 12635: 12596: 12577: 12575: 12573: 12544: 12542: 12540: 12491: 12489: 12487: 12458: 12456: 12454: 12425: 12404: 12402: 12400: 12371: 12369: 12367: 12338: 12315: 12313: 12311: 12282: 12280: 12278: 12247: 12226: 12224: 12222: 12193: 12191: 12189: 12172: 12170: 12168: 12139: 12129: 12104: 12102: 12100: 12069: 12067: 12065: 12036: 12034: 12032: 12003: 12001: 11999: 11950: 11948: 11946: 11925: 11923: 11921: 11892: 11890: 11888: 11857: 11855: 11853: 11824: 11822: 11820: 11791: 11789: 11787: 11758: 11756: 11754: 11717: 11715: 11713: 11684: 11663: 11661: 11659: 11628: 11626: 11624: 11595: 11593: 11591: 11562: 11560: 11558: 11529: 11527: 11525: 11496: 11494: 11492: 11461: 11426: 11424: 11422: 11393: 11372: 11370: 11368: 11339: 11337: 11335: 11306: 11304: 11302: 11271: 11248: 11246: 11244: 11213: 11211: 11209: 11180: 11178: 11176: 11147: 11145: 11143: 11114: 11112: 11110: 11079: 11058: 11056: 11054: 11025: 11023: 11021: 11002: 11000: 10998: 10979: 10977: 10975: 10946: 10944: 10942: 10913: 10911: 10909: 10878: 10876: 10874: 10855:. Thomson Gale. 10845: 10843: 10841: 10812: 10810: 10808: 10779: 10777: 10775: 10754: 10752: 10750: 10721: 10719: 10717: 10688: 10686: 10684: 10655: 10653: 10651: 10622: 10620: 10618: 10589: 10587: 10585: 10556: 10533: 10531: 10529: 10500: 10479: 10477: 10475: 10446: 10444: 10442: 10413: 10394: 10392: 10390: 10359: 10357: 10355: 10326: 10324: 10322: 10293: 10291: 10289: 10260: 10258: 10256: 10227: 10225: 10223: 10194: 10192: 10190: 10161: 10159: 10157: 10128: 10126: 10124: 10095: 10074: 10072: 10070: 10039: 10037: 10035: 10006: 9996: 9986: 9971:The EMBO Journal 9961: 9959: 9957: 9928: 9926: 9924: 9895: 9893: 9891: 9862: 9860: 9858: 9829: 9808: 9806: 9804: 9771: 9769: 9767: 9745:How To Speak Dog 9738: 9736: 9734: 9689: 9687: 9685: 9648: 9638: 9620: 9595: 9593: 9591: 9562: 9560: 9558: 9529: 9527: 9525: 9496: 9494: 9492: 9463: 9461: 9459: 9438: 9436: 9434: 9405: 9403: 9401: 9372: 9370: 9368: 9339: 9337: 9335: 9306: 9304: 9302: 9273: 9254: 9252: 9250: 9219: 9217: 9215: 9186: 9165: 9136: 9126: 9109:(4): 1455–1486. 9093: 9083: 9050: 9048: 9046: 9015: 9013: 9011: 8982: 8980: 8978: 8947: 8945: 8943: 8914: 8912: 8910: 8873: 8871: 8869: 8832: 8830: 8828: 8799: 8797: 8795: 8764: 8762: 8760: 8723: 8721: 8719: 8690: 8688: 8686: 8657: 8655: 8653: 8624: 8622: 8620: 8583: 8578: 8576: 8545: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8467: 8465: 8463: 8433: 8431: 8429: 8400: 8390: 8372: 8363:(8): 3491–3498. 8347: 8345: 8343: 8305: 8287: 8281: 8272: 8266: 8245: 8239: 8218: 8212: 8191: 8185: 8158: 8152: 8131: 8125: 8104: 8098: 8085:, pp. 69–70 8071: 8065: 8059: 8053: 8017: 8011: 7987: 7981: 7960: 7954: 7933: 7927: 7921: 7915: 7894: 7888: 7864: 7858: 7845:, pp. 12–13 7837: 7831: 7789: 7783: 7750: 7744: 7714: 7708: 7687: 7681: 7663: 7657: 7636: 7630: 7606: 7600: 7590: 7584: 7575: 7569: 7545: 7539: 7506: 7500: 7480: 7474: 7447: 7441: 7413: 7407: 7386: 7380: 7374: 7368: 7362: 7356: 7350: 7344: 7323: 7317: 7311: 7305: 7274: 7268: 7235: 7229: 7228:, pp. 58–59 7223: 7217: 7211: 7205: 7184: 7178: 7169: 7163: 7138: 7132: 7104: 7098: 7074: 7068: 7067:, pp. 41–42 7062: 7056: 7050: 7044: 7038: 7032: 7011: 7005: 6984: 6978: 6960: 6954: 6950:, pp. 46–48 6927: 6921: 6897: 6891: 6887:, pp. 46–48 6873: 6867: 6848:, pp. 49–50 6840: 6834: 6828: 6822: 6812:, pp. 39–40 6804: 6798: 6777: 6771: 6765: 6759: 6738: 6732: 6705: 6699: 6693: 6687: 6686:, pp. 56–57 6681: 6675: 6669: 6663: 6645: 6639: 6633: 6627: 6621: 6615: 6609: 6603: 6597: 6591: 6570: 6564: 6558: 6552: 6546: 6540: 6522: 6516: 6498: 6492: 6486: 6480: 6456: 6450: 6422: 6416: 6410: 6404: 6380: 6374: 6365: 6359: 6353: 6347: 6341: 6335: 6311: 6305: 6299: 6293: 6275: 6269: 6263: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6209: 6203: 6194: 6188: 6182: 6176: 6175:, pp. 14–15 6170: 6164: 6154:, pp. 58–59 6146: 6140: 6139:, pp. 28–29 6134: 6128: 6110: 6104: 6103:, pp. 27–28 6098: 6092: 6086: 6080: 6076:, pp. 19–20 6062: 6056: 6046:, pp. 26–27 6038: 6032: 6031:, pp. 26–29 6026: 6020: 6014: 6008: 5990: 5984: 5971:, pp. 58–59 5963: 5957: 5939: 5933: 5909: 5903: 5897: 5891: 5870: 5864: 5843: 5837: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5795: 5789: 5788:, pp. 25–26 5783: 5777: 5771: 5765: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5729: 5711: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5660: 5654: 5621: 5615: 5591: 5585: 5560: 5554: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5497: 5491: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5436:, pp. 41–42 5422: 5416: 5398: 5392: 5374: 5368: 5367:, pp. 20–22 5362: 5356: 5350: 5344: 5331:, pp. 59–60 5323: 5317: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5197: 5191: 5175:, pp. 20–21 5167: 5161: 5160:, pp. 17–18 5155: 5149: 5130:Peterwagner 2005 5115: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5088: 5082: 5081:, pp. 20–21 5076: 5070: 5066:, pp. 43–54 5043: 5037: 5004: 4998: 4989: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4949: 4943: 4912: 4906: 4880: 4874: 4853: 4847: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4792:, pp. 47–52 4775: 4769: 4760: 4754: 4733: 4727: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4499: 4493: 4489:, pp. 52–53 4466: 4460: 4454: 4448: 4430: 4424: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4364: 4358: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4300: 4294: 4252: 4246: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4144: 4138: 4117: 4111: 4084: 4078: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 3982: 3976: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3877: 3871: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3793: 3787: 3771:, pp. 58–59 3763: 3757: 3748:Kyle et al. 1988 3733: 3727: 3718:Kyle et al. 1988 3697: 3691: 3687:, pp. 41–42 3670: 3664: 3654: 3648: 3639: 3633: 3609: 3603: 3586: 3580: 3556: 3550: 3541:Butterfield 2016 3532:Kyle et al. 1988 3520: 3514: 3510:, pp. 58–59 3496: 3490: 3466: 3460: 3434: 3428: 3401: 3395: 3391:, pp. 57–60 3365: 3359: 3329: 3323: 3305: 3299: 3290: 3284: 3250: 3244: 3219: 3213: 3182: 3176: 3172:, pp. 25–26 3149: 3143: 3110: 3104: 3095:Januszewski 2001 3069: 3063: 3031: 3025: 2993: 2987: 2983:, pp. 88–93 2960: 2954: 2932:, pp. 52–53 2924: 2918: 2887: 2881: 2854: 2848: 2809: 2803: 2770: 2764: 2728: 2722: 2712: 2706: 2671: 2665: 2639: 2633: 2623: 2617: 2593: 2587: 2536: 2530: 2506: 2500: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2419: 2413: 2392: 2386: 2368: 2362: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2290: 2284: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2223: 2217: 2196: 2190: 2160: 2035: 2030: 2029: 2021: 2016: 2015: 2007: 2002: 2001: 1961:Johann Gutenberg 1837:and the role of 1819:public relations 1735:, anthropology, 1489:A honeybee on a 1372:rigid cell walls 1173:biocommunication 899:Ray Birdwhistell 665:second languages 653:concrete objects 479:Lasswell's model 319: 316: 313: 309: 306: 303: 299: 120: 111: 100: 91: 80: 71: 16123: 16122: 16118: 16117: 16116: 16114: 16113: 16112: 16093: 16092: 16091: 16074: 16065:Mimoplastic art 16048: 16039:Tactile signing 16022: 15955: 15929: 15893: 15857: 15830: 15763: 15748: 15724:Social behavior 15685: 15666: 15630: 15621:Microexpression 15607: 15591:One-bit message 15570: 15522: 15457: 15377:Microexpression 15332: 15319: 15314: 15284: 15279: 15257: 15194: 15153: 15119:Problem solving 15053: 15044: 14993: 14985: 14955: 14950: 14932: 14721: 14600: 14591: 14438: 14436: 14429: 14411: 14406: 14350: 14345: 14339: 14317: 14315: 14308: 14284: 14282: 14275: 14249: 14247: 14240: 14183: 14181: 14174: 14150: 14148: 14141: 14120: 14069: 14067: 14060: 14034: 14032: 14025: 13999: 13997: 13990: 13964: 13962: 13955: 13931: 13929: 13922: 13898: 13896: 13889: 13865: 13863: 13856: 13832: 13830: 13823: 13802: 13780: 13778: 13771: 13745: 13743: 13736: 13712: 13710: 13703: 13679: 13677: 13634: 13632: 13625: 13601: 13599: 13592: 13568: 13566: 13559: 13535: 13533: 13526: 13502: 13500: 13493: 13469: 13467: 13460: 13434: 13432: 13425: 13404: 13382: 13380: 13373: 13349: 13347: 13340: 13316: 13314: 13307: 13281: 13279: 13272: 13264:. Cisco Press. 13227: 13225: 13218: 13192: 13190: 13183: 13159: 13157: 13128: 13126: 13119: 13066: 13064: 13057: 13033: 13031: 13024: 13000: 12998: 12991: 12967: 12965: 12958: 12934: 12932: 12925: 12901: 12899: 12892: 12866: 12864: 12857: 12833: 12831: 12824: 12798: 12796: 12789: 12765: 12763: 12756: 12732: 12730: 12723: 12699: 12697: 12690: 12666: 12664: 12657: 12633: 12631: 12624: 12593: 12571: 12569: 12562: 12538: 12536: 12485: 12483: 12476: 12452: 12450: 12443: 12422: 12398: 12396: 12389: 12365: 12363: 12356: 12335: 12309: 12307: 12300: 12276: 12274: 12267: 12244: 12220: 12218: 12211: 12187: 12185: 12166: 12164: 12157: 12098: 12096: 12089: 12063: 12061: 12054: 12030: 12028: 12021: 11997: 11995: 11944: 11942: 11935:Merriam-Webster 11931:"Communication" 11919: 11917: 11910: 11886: 11884: 11877: 11851: 11849: 11842: 11818: 11816: 11809: 11785: 11783: 11776: 11752: 11750: 11743: 11711: 11709: 11702: 11681: 11657: 11655: 11648: 11622: 11620: 11613: 11589: 11587: 11580: 11556: 11554: 11547: 11523: 11521: 11514: 11490: 11488: 11481: 11450: 11420: 11418: 11411: 11390: 11366: 11364: 11357: 11333: 11331: 11324: 11300: 11298: 11291: 11268: 11242: 11240: 11233: 11207: 11205: 11198: 11174: 11172: 11165: 11141: 11139: 11132: 11108: 11106: 11099: 11076: 11052: 11050: 11043: 11019: 11017: 10996: 10994: 10973: 10971: 10964: 10940: 10938: 10931: 10907: 10905: 10898: 10872: 10870: 10863: 10839: 10837: 10830: 10806: 10804: 10797: 10773: 10771: 10760:"Communication" 10748: 10746: 10739: 10715: 10713: 10706: 10682: 10680: 10673: 10649: 10647: 10640: 10616: 10614: 10607: 10583: 10581: 10574: 10553: 10527: 10525: 10518: 10497: 10473: 10471: 10464: 10440: 10438: 10431: 10410: 10388: 10386: 10379: 10353: 10351: 10344: 10320: 10318: 10311: 10287: 10285: 10278: 10254: 10252: 10245: 10221: 10219: 10212: 10188: 10186: 10179: 10155: 10153: 10146: 10122: 10120: 10113: 10092: 10068: 10066: 10059: 10033: 10031: 10024: 9955: 9953: 9946: 9922: 9920: 9913: 9889: 9887: 9880: 9856: 9854: 9847: 9839:. M.E. Sharpe. 9802: 9800: 9765: 9763: 9756: 9732: 9730: 9715: 9683: 9681: 9674: 9589: 9587: 9580: 9556: 9554: 9547: 9523: 9521: 9514: 9490: 9488: 9481: 9457: 9455: 9444:"Communication" 9432: 9430: 9423: 9399: 9397: 9390: 9366: 9364: 9357: 9333: 9331: 9324: 9300: 9298: 9291: 9270: 9248: 9246: 9239: 9213: 9211: 9204: 9044: 9042: 9035: 9009: 9007: 9000: 8976: 8974: 8967: 8941: 8939: 8932: 8908: 8906: 8899: 8867: 8865: 8858: 8826: 8824: 8817: 8793: 8791: 8784: 8758: 8756: 8741: 8717: 8715: 8708: 8684: 8682: 8675: 8651: 8649: 8642: 8618: 8616: 8609: 8574: 8572: 8565: 8494: 8492: 8485: 8461: 8459: 8452: 8427: 8425: 8418: 8341: 8339: 8332: 8313: 8308: 8304: 8288: 8284: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8072: 8068: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8018: 8014: 8010: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7934: 7930: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7699:Sonderling 1995 7688: 7684: 7680: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7607: 7603: 7591: 7587: 7578:McClelland 2008 7576: 7572: 7568: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7387: 7383: 7375: 7371: 7363: 7359: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7324: 7320: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7236: 7232: 7224: 7220: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7185: 7181: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7075: 7071: 7063: 7059: 7051: 7047: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7012: 7008: 7004: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6841: 6837: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6778: 6774: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6706: 6702: 6694: 6690: 6682: 6678: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6646: 6642: 6634: 6630: 6622: 6618: 6610: 6606: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6571: 6567: 6559: 6555: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6499: 6495: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6423: 6419: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6381: 6377: 6366: 6362: 6354: 6350: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6312: 6308: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6276: 6272: 6264: 6260: 6252: 6248: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6223:, pp. 2, 7 6210: 6206: 6195: 6191: 6183: 6179: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6147: 6143: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6111: 6107: 6099: 6095: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6039: 6035: 6027: 6023: 6015: 6011: 6007: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5910: 5906: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5820: 5816: 5808: 5804: 5796: 5792: 5784: 5780: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5748: 5744: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5719:, pp. 1, 3 5712: 5708: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5566:UMN staff 2016a 5561: 5557: 5553: 5534: 5530: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5498: 5494: 5486: 5482: 5474: 5470: 5459: 5455: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5375: 5371: 5363: 5359: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5288: 5284: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5252: 5248: 5240: 5236: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5168: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5116: 5112: 5104: 5100: 5089: 5085: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5005: 5001: 4990: 4986: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4930:, pp. 63–9 4913: 4909: 4905: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4827: 4823: 4815: 4811: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4776: 4772: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4706:Ezhilarasu 2016 4701: 4697: 4689: 4685: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4650: 4646: 4638: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4601:UMN staff 2016a 4599: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4554: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4514:Ezhilarasu 2016 4500: 4496: 4492: 4467: 4463: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4401: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4365: 4361: 4350: 4346: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4223: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4187: 4183: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4061: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3959: 3955: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3920: 3916: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3848: 3844: 3836: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3671: 3667: 3655: 3651: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3306: 3302: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3032: 3028: 3024: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2905:, p. 154, 2888: 2884: 2880: 2860:UMN staff 2016a 2855: 2851: 2847: 2815:UMN staff 2016a 2810: 2806: 2802: 2776:UMN staff 2016a 2771: 2767: 2763: 2729: 2725: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2687:UMN staff 2016a 2672: 2668: 2664: 2640: 2636: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2601:, pp. 1, 3 2594: 2590: 2586: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2471: 2467: 2459: 2455: 2449:Munodawafa 2008 2447: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2342: 2338: 2330: 2326: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2269: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2241:Blackburn 1996a 2235:Munodawafa 2008 2224: 2220: 2216: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2031: 2024: 2017: 2010: 2003: 1996: 1993: 1986: 1880: 1874: 1743:, linguistics, 1721: 1715: 1544: 1538: 1526:working animals 1471: 1465: 1453:bioluminescence 1449:gene expression 1357: 1235:animal language 1202: 1196: 1154: 1144: 1063: 1057: 1028: 1015:self-regulation 977: 971: 925: 919: 848:military salute 812:raising a thumb 774: 768: 612: 606: 586: 563:Schramm's model 523:Gerbner's model 410: 404: 317: 314: 311: 307: 304: 301: 280: 260:working animals 142: 141: 140: 139: 123: 122: 121: 113: 112: 103: 102: 101: 93: 92: 83: 82: 81: 73: 72: 59: 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 16121: 16111: 16110: 16105: 16088: 16087: 16084: 16083: 16080: 16079: 16076: 16075: 16073: 16072: 16067: 16062: 16056: 16054: 16050: 16049: 16047: 16046: 16041: 16036: 16030: 16028: 16024: 16023: 16021: 16020: 16015: 16010: 16005: 16000: 15999: 15998: 15993: 15988: 15983: 15973: 15967: 15961: 15957: 15956: 15954: 15953: 15948: 15946:Charles Darwin 15943: 15937: 15935: 15931: 15930: 15928: 15927: 15922: 15917: 15912: 15907: 15901: 15899: 15895: 15894: 15892: 15891: 15886: 15881: 15876: 15871: 15865: 15863: 15859: 15858: 15856: 15855: 15850: 15840: 15838: 15832: 15831: 15829: 15828: 15823: 15818: 15813: 15812: 15811: 15806: 15801: 15796: 15791: 15786: 15775: 15773: 15765: 15764: 15754: 15753: 15750: 15749: 15747: 15746: 15741: 15736: 15731: 15726: 15721: 15716: 15711: 15706: 15701: 15696: 15690: 15687: 15686: 15676: 15675: 15672: 15671: 15668: 15667: 15665: 15664: 15659: 15654: 15649: 15644: 15642:Affect display 15638: 15636: 15632: 15631: 15629: 15628: 15623: 15617: 15615: 15609: 15608: 15606: 15605: 15600: 15599: 15598: 15588: 15578: 15576: 15572: 15571: 15569: 15568: 15563: 15558: 15553: 15548: 15543: 15538: 15532: 15530: 15528:Social context 15524: 15523: 15521: 15520: 15519: 15518: 15513: 15508: 15503: 15498: 15493: 15488: 15478: 15473: 15467: 15465: 15459: 15458: 15456: 15455: 15450: 15445: 15440: 15439: 15438: 15436:Pupil dilation 15433: 15423: 15418: 15413: 15408: 15403: 15402: 15401: 15396: 15386: 15385: 15384: 15379: 15374: 15364: 15359: 15350: 15344: 15342: 15334: 15333: 15321: 15320: 15313: 15312: 15305: 15298: 15290: 15281: 15280: 15278: 15277: 15262: 15259: 15258: 15256: 15255: 15218: 15213: 15208: 15202: 15200: 15196: 15195: 15193: 15192: 15187: 15182: 15177: 15172: 15167: 15161: 15159: 15155: 15154: 15152: 15151: 15146: 15141: 15131: 15126: 15121: 15116: 15111: 15106: 15101: 15096: 15091: 15083: 15078: 15073: 15068: 15063: 15057: 15055: 15054:and constructs 15046: 15045: 15043: 15042: 15032: 15027: 15022: 15017: 15012: 15007: 15001: 14999: 14995: 14994: 14984: 14983: 14976: 14969: 14961: 14952: 14951: 14949: 14948: 14937: 14934: 14933: 14931: 14930: 14925: 14920: 14915: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14840: 14835: 14830: 14825: 14820: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14780: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14745: 14740: 14735: 14729: 14727: 14723: 14722: 14720: 14719: 14714: 14709: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14692:Organizational 14689: 14684: 14679: 14674: 14669: 14664: 14659: 14654: 14649: 14644: 14642:Cross-cultural 14639: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14619: 14614: 14608: 14606: 14602: 14601: 14594: 14592: 14590: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14573: 14572: 14562: 14557: 14552: 14547: 14542: 14537: 14532: 14527: 14522: 14517: 14512: 14507: 14502: 14497: 14492: 14490:Intrapersonal 14487: 14482: 14477: 14472: 14467: 14462: 14457: 14452: 14447: 14441: 14439: 14434: 14431: 14430: 14428: 14427: 14422: 14416: 14413: 14412: 14405: 14404: 14397: 14390: 14382: 14376: 14375: 14363: 14349: 14348:External links 14346: 14344: 14343: 14337: 14324: 14306: 14291: 14273: 14256: 14238: 14221: 14190: 14172: 14157: 14139: 14124: 14118: 14105: 14087:(1): 319–346. 14076: 14058: 14041: 14023: 14006: 13988: 13971: 13953: 13938: 13920: 13905: 13887: 13872: 13854: 13839: 13821: 13806: 13800: 13787: 13769: 13752: 13734: 13719: 13701: 13686: 13641: 13623: 13608: 13590: 13575: 13557: 13542: 13524: 13509: 13491: 13476: 13458: 13441: 13423: 13408: 13402: 13389: 13371: 13356: 13338: 13323: 13305: 13288: 13270: 13255: 13245:(3): 379–423. 13234: 13216: 13199: 13181: 13166: 13135: 13117: 13102: 13084:(5): 599–622. 13073: 13055: 13040: 13022: 13007: 12989: 12974: 12956: 12941: 12923: 12908: 12890: 12873: 12855: 12849:. OUP Oxford. 12840: 12822: 12805: 12787: 12772: 12754: 12739: 12721: 12706: 12688: 12673: 12655: 12640: 12622: 12597: 12591: 12578: 12560: 12545: 12507:(2): 356–359. 12492: 12474: 12459: 12441: 12426: 12420: 12405: 12387: 12372: 12354: 12339: 12333: 12316: 12298: 12283: 12265: 12248: 12242: 12227: 12209: 12194: 12173: 12155: 12140: 12120:(3): 369–370. 12105: 12087: 12070: 12052: 12037: 12019: 12004: 11951: 11926: 11908: 11893: 11875: 11858: 11840: 11825: 11807: 11792: 11774: 11759: 11741: 11718: 11700: 11685: 11679: 11664: 11646: 11629: 11611: 11596: 11578: 11563: 11545: 11530: 11512: 11497: 11479: 11462: 11448: 11427: 11409: 11394: 11388: 11373: 11355: 11340: 11322: 11307: 11289: 11272: 11266: 11249: 11231: 11214: 11196: 11181: 11163: 11148: 11130: 11115: 11097: 11080: 11074: 11059: 11041: 11026: 11003: 10980: 10962: 10947: 10929: 10914: 10896: 10879: 10861: 10846: 10828: 10813: 10795: 10780: 10755: 10737: 10722: 10704: 10689: 10671: 10656: 10638: 10623: 10605: 10590: 10572: 10557: 10551: 10534: 10516: 10501: 10495: 10480: 10462: 10447: 10429: 10414: 10408: 10395: 10377: 10360: 10342: 10327: 10309: 10294: 10276: 10261: 10243: 10228: 10210: 10195: 10177: 10162: 10144: 10129: 10111: 10096: 10090: 10075: 10057: 10040: 10022: 10007: 9977:(3): 951–960. 9962: 9944: 9929: 9911: 9896: 9878: 9863: 9845: 9830: 9820:(2): 201–210. 9809: 9787:(2): 119–161. 9772: 9754: 9739: 9713: 9690: 9672: 9649: 9596: 9578: 9572:. OUP Oxford. 9563: 9545: 9530: 9512: 9497: 9479: 9464: 9439: 9421: 9406: 9388: 9373: 9355: 9340: 9322: 9307: 9289: 9274: 9268: 9255: 9237: 9220: 9202: 9187: 9166: 9137: 9094: 9066:(1): 113–123. 9051: 9033: 9016: 8998: 8983: 8965: 8948: 8930: 8915: 8897: 8874: 8856: 8833: 8815: 8800: 8782: 8765: 8739: 8724: 8706: 8691: 8673: 8658: 8640: 8625: 8607: 8584: 8563: 8546: 8501: 8483: 8468: 8450: 8434: 8416: 8401: 8348: 8330: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8306: 8303: 8302: 8296: 8289: 8282: 8275:Steinberg 1995 8267: 8264: 8263: 8257:Steinberg 1995 8254: 8247: 8240: 8237: 8236: 8230:Steinberg 1995 8227: 8220: 8213: 8210: 8209: 8203: 8197:Steinberg 1995 8193: 8186: 8183: 8182: 8176: 8170:Steinberg 1995 8167: 8160: 8153: 8150: 8149: 8143: 8137:Steinberg 1995 8133: 8126: 8123: 8122: 8113: 8106: 8099: 8096: 8095: 8089:Steinberg 1995 8086: 8080: 8073: 8066: 8054: 8051: 8050: 8041: 8035: 8029:Steinberg 1995 8026: 8019: 8012: 8009: 8008: 8002:Aitchison 2007 7999: 7989: 7982: 7979: 7978: 7972:Steinberg 1995 7969: 7962: 7955: 7952: 7951: 7945:Steinberg 1995 7942: 7935: 7928: 7916: 7913: 7912: 7906:Steinberg 1995 7903: 7896: 7889: 7886: 7885: 7876: 7870:Steinberg 1995 7866: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7846: 7839: 7832: 7829: 7828: 7822:Blondheim 2016 7819: 7813: 7807: 7801: 7795:Steinberg 1995 7791: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7771: 7762: 7752: 7745: 7742: 7741: 7740:, pp. 6–7 7735: 7729:Steinberg 1995 7726: 7716: 7709: 7706: 7705: 7696: 7689: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7672: 7669:Steinberg 2007 7665: 7658: 7655: 7654: 7651:Steinberg 2007 7648: 7638: 7631: 7628: 7627: 7618: 7608: 7601: 7585: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7557: 7547: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7527: 7518: 7508: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7488: 7482: 7475: 7472: 7471: 7462: 7459:Steinberg 2007 7456: 7449: 7442: 7439: 7438: 7428: 7425:Steinberg 2007 7422: 7415: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7395: 7388: 7381: 7369: 7357: 7345: 7342: 7341: 7332: 7329:Steinberg 2007 7325: 7318: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7293: 7292:, Introduction 7283: 7276: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7256: 7250: 7244: 7237: 7230: 7218: 7206: 7203: 7202: 7193: 7186: 7179: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7147: 7140: 7133: 7130: 7129: 7116: 7106: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7086: 7076: 7069: 7065:Stallings 2014 7057: 7045: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7020: 7017:Stallings 2014 7013: 7006: 7003: 7002: 7001:, pp. 4–5 6996: 6986: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6969: 6966:Stallings 2014 6962: 6955: 6952: 6951: 6948:Stallings 2014 6945: 6936: 6929: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6909: 6899: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6885:Stallings 2014 6882: 6875: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6855: 6849: 6842: 6835: 6831:Stallings 2014 6823: 6820: 6819: 6813: 6810:Stallings 2014 6806: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6786: 6783:Stallings 2014 6779: 6772: 6768:Stallings 2014 6760: 6757: 6756: 6747: 6740: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6720: 6714: 6707: 6700: 6688: 6676: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6654: 6647: 6640: 6628: 6616: 6604: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6579: 6572: 6565: 6553: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6531: 6524: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6507: 6500: 6493: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6471: 6470:, p. xiii 6465: 6458: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6441: 6435: 6424: 6417: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6388:, pp. 4–5 6382: 6375: 6360: 6348: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6326: 6320: 6313: 6306: 6304:, pp. 2–4 6294: 6291: 6290: 6284: 6277: 6270: 6258: 6256:, pp. 1–2 6246: 6234: 6231: 6230: 6224: 6218: 6217:, pp. 1–4 6211: 6204: 6189: 6187:, pp. 4–5 6177: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6155: 6148: 6141: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6119: 6112: 6105: 6093: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6071: 6064: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6047: 6040: 6033: 6021: 6009: 6006: 6005: 5999: 5992: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5972: 5965: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5948: 5941: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5921: 5911: 5904: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5879: 5872: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5852: 5845: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5828: 5821: 5814: 5802: 5790: 5778: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5756: 5749: 5742: 5730: 5727: 5726: 5720: 5713: 5706: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5681: 5675:UMN staff 2016 5672: 5662: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5642: 5633: 5623: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5603: 5597:van Trijp 2018 5593: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5572: 5562: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5542: 5535: 5528: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5506: 5503:Spitzberg 2015 5499: 5492: 5480: 5476:Spitzberg 2015 5468: 5453: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5431: 5424: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5410:Spitzberg 2015 5407: 5400: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5383: 5376: 5369: 5357: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5332: 5325: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5299:Spitzberg 2015 5296: 5289: 5282: 5278:Spitzberg 2015 5270: 5267: 5266: 5260: 5253: 5246: 5242:Spitzberg 2015 5234: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5212: 5209:Spitzberg 2015 5206: 5199: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5182: 5179:Spitzberg 2015 5176: 5169: 5162: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5136: 5127: 5117: 5110: 5098: 5083: 5071: 5068: 5067: 5061: 5052: 5045: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5025: 5016: 5006: 4999: 4984: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4962: 4951: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4931: 4925: 4914: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4893: 4882: 4875: 4872: 4871: 4862: 4855: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4835: 4828: 4821: 4809: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4787: 4781:UMN staff 2016 4777: 4770: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4745:Honeycutt 2014 4742: 4735: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4718: 4712: 4702: 4695: 4691:McDermott 2009 4683: 4679:McDermott 2009 4671: 4668: 4667: 4658: 4655:McDermott 2009 4651: 4644: 4640:McDermott 2009 4632: 4628:McDermott 2009 4620: 4608: 4593: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4574:McDermott 2009 4571: 4565: 4559:UMN staff 2016 4555: 4548: 4544:McDermott 2009 4536: 4532:McDermott 2009 4524: 4521: 4520: 4511: 4505:UMN staff 2016 4501: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4484: 4478:UMN staff 2016 4475: 4468: 4461: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4439: 4432: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4415:Bornstein 2013 4412: 4402: 4395: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4373: 4366: 4359: 4344: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4319: 4318:, Logocentrism 4309: 4302: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4282: 4273: 4264: 4254: 4247: 4244: 4243: 4234: 4224: 4217: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4195: 4188: 4181: 4169: 4166: 4165: 4159:Bornstein 2013 4156: 4146: 4139: 4136: 4135: 4126: 4119: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4099: 4093: 4086: 4079: 4076: 4075: 4069: 4062: 4055: 4043: 4031: 4019: 4007: 4004: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3984: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3967: 3960: 3953: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3928: 3921: 3914: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3879: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3849: 3842: 3830: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3805: 3799:ISU staff 2016 3795: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3783:, pp. 7–8 3778: 3772: 3765: 3758: 3755: 3754: 3745: 3735: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3715: 3709: 3699: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3682: 3672: 3665: 3649: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3621: 3611: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3588: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3568: 3558: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3538: 3529: 3522: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3505: 3498: 3491: 3488: 3487: 3478: 3468: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3447: 3436: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3419: 3410: 3403: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3386: 3377: 3367: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3347: 3338: 3331: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3314: 3307: 3300: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3271: 3262: 3252: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3232: 3221: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3200: 3191: 3184: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3167: 3161:Steinberg 1995 3158: 3151: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3131: 3122: 3112: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3092: 3082: 3071: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3054: 3044: 3033: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3016: 3006: 2995: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2978: 2969: 2962: 2955: 2952: 2951: 2942: 2933: 2930:Steinberg 2007 2926: 2919: 2916: 2915: 2909: 2900: 2889: 2882: 2879: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2856: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2836: 2830: 2821: 2811: 2804: 2801: 2800: 2791: 2782: 2772: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2751: 2741: 2730: 2723: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2702:, Introduction 2693: 2684: 2673: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2652: 2641: 2634: 2618: 2615: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2595: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2574: 2569: 2563:Reisinger 2010 2560: 2554:ISU staff 2016 2551: 2545: 2538: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2518: 2508: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2488: 2479: 2472: 2465: 2453: 2441: 2429: 2422:Blackburn 1996 2414: 2411: 2410: 2401: 2394: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2380:Rosengren 2000 2377: 2370: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2350: 2347:Rosengren 2000 2343: 2336: 2324: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2299: 2292: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2276: 2270: 2263: 2259:Rosengren 2000 2251: 2248: 2247: 2238: 2232: 2229:Rosengren 2000 2225: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2198: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2178: 2169: 2166:Rosengren 2000 2162: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2022: 2019:Society portal 2008: 1985: 1982: 1926:and is called 1876:Main article: 1873: 1870: 1767:Ancient Greece 1717:Main article: 1714: 1711: 1674:user interface 1651:walkie-talkies 1540:Main article: 1537: 1534: 1467:Main article: 1464: 1461: 1441:quorum sensing 1364:phytosemiotics 1356: 1353: 1305:Social animals 1283:territoriality 1260:mating rituals 1226:human language 1214:vervet monkeys 1198:Main article: 1195: 1192: 1143: 1140: 1059:Main article: 1056: 1053: 1049:media-adequate 1027: 1024: 973:Main article: 970: 967: 921:Main article: 918: 915: 770:Main article: 767: 764: 740:Sign languages 657:abstract ideas 608:Main article: 605: 602: 585: 582: 542:Wilbur Schramm 406:Main article: 403: 400: 392:Claude Shannon 315:to make common 300:, which means 279: 276: 125: 124: 115: 114: 106: 105: 104: 95: 94: 86: 85: 84: 75: 74: 66: 65: 64: 63: 62: 50: 28: 22: 19: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16120: 16109: 16106: 16104: 16103:Communication 16101: 16100: 16098: 16071: 16068: 16066: 16063: 16061: 16058: 16057: 16055: 16051: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16034:Sign language 16032: 16031: 16029: 16025: 16019: 16016: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16006: 16004: 16001: 15997: 15994: 15992: 15989: 15987: 15984: 15982: 15979: 15978: 15977: 15974: 15972: 15969: 15968: 15965: 15962: 15958: 15952: 15949: 15947: 15944: 15942: 15939: 15938: 15936: 15932: 15926: 15923: 15921: 15918: 15916: 15913: 15911: 15908: 15906: 15903: 15902: 15900: 15896: 15890: 15887: 15885: 15882: 15880: 15879:Freudian slip 15877: 15875: 15874:Lie detection 15872: 15870: 15867: 15866: 15864: 15860: 15854: 15853:Mirror neuron 15851: 15849: 15845: 15844:Limbic system 15842: 15841: 15839: 15837: 15833: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15810: 15809:Rett syndrome 15807: 15805: 15802: 15800: 15797: 15795: 15792: 15790: 15787: 15785: 15782: 15781: 15780: 15777: 15776: 15774: 15770: 15766: 15759: 15755: 15745: 15742: 15740: 15739:Social skills 15737: 15735: 15732: 15730: 15727: 15725: 15722: 15720: 15717: 15715: 15714:People skills 15712: 15710: 15707: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15699:Communication 15697: 15695: 15692: 15691: 15688: 15681: 15677: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15640: 15639: 15637: 15635:Multi-faceted 15633: 15627: 15624: 15622: 15619: 15618: 15616: 15614: 15610: 15604: 15601: 15597: 15594: 15593: 15592: 15589: 15587: 15583: 15580: 15579: 15577: 15573: 15567: 15564: 15562: 15559: 15557: 15554: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15546:Display rules 15544: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15533: 15531: 15529: 15525: 15517: 15516:Voice quality 15514: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15497: 15494: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15484: 15483: 15482: 15479: 15477: 15474: 15472: 15469: 15468: 15466: 15464: 15460: 15454: 15451: 15449: 15446: 15444: 15441: 15437: 15434: 15432: 15429: 15428: 15427: 15424: 15422: 15419: 15417: 15414: 15412: 15409: 15407: 15404: 15400: 15397: 15395: 15392: 15391: 15390: 15387: 15383: 15380: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15369: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15354: 15353:Body language 15351: 15349: 15346: 15345: 15343: 15339: 15335: 15331: 15326: 15322: 15318: 15311: 15306: 15304: 15299: 15297: 15292: 15291: 15288: 15276: 15272: 15264: 15263: 15260: 15254: 15250: 15246: 15242: 15238: 15234: 15230: 15226: 15222: 15219: 15217: 15216:Psychometrics 15214: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15203: 15201: 15197: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15183: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15162: 15160: 15156: 15150: 15147: 15145: 15144:Understanding 15142: 15139: 15135: 15132: 15130: 15127: 15125: 15122: 15120: 15117: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15088: 15084: 15082: 15079: 15077: 15074: 15072: 15071:Communication 15069: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15059: 15058: 15056: 15051: 15047: 15040: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15002: 15000: 14996: 14992: 14989: 14982: 14977: 14975: 14970: 14968: 14963: 14962: 14959: 14947: 14939: 14938: 14935: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14916: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14826: 14824: 14821: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14730: 14728: 14724: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14682:Media studies 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14672:International 14670: 14668: 14665: 14663: 14660: 14658: 14657:Environmental 14655: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14647:Developmental 14645: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14627:Communicology 14625: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14609: 14607: 14603: 14598: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14571: 14568: 14567: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14543: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14516: 14515:Media ecology 14513: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14485:Interpersonal 14483: 14481: 14480:Intercultural 14478: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14468: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14455:Communication 14453: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14442: 14440: 14432: 14426: 14423: 14421: 14418: 14417: 14414: 14410: 14403: 14398: 14396: 14391: 14389: 14384: 14383: 14380: 14373: 14372:Communication 14368: 14364: 14361: 14360:Communication 14356: 14352: 14351: 14340: 14334: 14330: 14325: 14313: 14309: 14303: 14299: 14298: 14292: 14280: 14276: 14270: 14266: 14262: 14257: 14245: 14241: 14235: 14231: 14227: 14222: 14218: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14200: 14196: 14191: 14179: 14175: 14169: 14165: 14164: 14158: 14146: 14142: 14136: 14132: 14131: 14125: 14121: 14115: 14111: 14106: 14102: 14098: 14094: 14090: 14086: 14082: 14077: 14065: 14061: 14055: 14052:. CRC Press. 14051: 14047: 14042: 14030: 14026: 14020: 14017:. Routledge. 14016: 14012: 14007: 13995: 13991: 13985: 13981: 13977: 13972: 13960: 13956: 13950: 13946: 13945: 13939: 13927: 13923: 13917: 13913: 13912: 13906: 13894: 13890: 13884: 13880: 13879: 13873: 13861: 13857: 13851: 13847: 13846: 13840: 13828: 13824: 13818: 13814: 13813: 13807: 13803: 13797: 13793: 13788: 13776: 13772: 13766: 13762: 13758: 13753: 13741: 13737: 13731: 13727: 13726: 13720: 13708: 13704: 13698: 13695:. Routledge. 13694: 13693: 13687: 13675: 13671: 13667: 13663: 13659: 13655: 13651: 13647: 13642: 13630: 13626: 13620: 13616: 13615: 13609: 13597: 13593: 13587: 13583: 13582: 13576: 13564: 13560: 13554: 13550: 13549: 13543: 13531: 13527: 13521: 13517: 13516: 13510: 13498: 13494: 13488: 13484: 13483: 13477: 13465: 13461: 13455: 13451: 13447: 13442: 13430: 13426: 13420: 13416: 13415: 13409: 13405: 13399: 13395: 13390: 13378: 13374: 13368: 13365:. Routledge. 13364: 13363: 13357: 13345: 13341: 13335: 13332:. Routledge. 13331: 13330: 13324: 13312: 13308: 13302: 13298: 13294: 13289: 13277: 13273: 13267: 13263: 13262: 13256: 13252: 13248: 13244: 13240: 13235: 13223: 13219: 13213: 13209: 13205: 13200: 13188: 13184: 13178: 13174: 13173: 13167: 13155: 13151: 13147: 13143: 13142: 13136: 13124: 13120: 13114: 13110: 13109: 13103: 13099: 13095: 13091: 13087: 13083: 13079: 13074: 13062: 13058: 13052: 13048: 13047: 13041: 13029: 13025: 13019: 13015: 13014: 13008: 12996: 12992: 12986: 12982: 12981: 12975: 12963: 12959: 12953: 12949: 12948: 12942: 12930: 12926: 12920: 12916: 12915: 12909: 12897: 12893: 12887: 12883: 12879: 12874: 12862: 12858: 12852: 12848: 12847: 12841: 12829: 12825: 12819: 12815: 12811: 12806: 12794: 12790: 12784: 12780: 12779: 12773: 12761: 12757: 12751: 12747: 12746: 12740: 12728: 12724: 12718: 12715:. Routledge. 12714: 12713: 12707: 12695: 12691: 12685: 12681: 12680: 12674: 12662: 12658: 12652: 12649:. CRC Press. 12648: 12647: 12641: 12629: 12625: 12619: 12615: 12611: 12607: 12603: 12598: 12594: 12588: 12584: 12579: 12567: 12563: 12557: 12553: 12552: 12546: 12534: 12530: 12526: 12522: 12518: 12514: 12510: 12506: 12502: 12498: 12493: 12481: 12477: 12471: 12467: 12466: 12460: 12448: 12444: 12438: 12434: 12433: 12427: 12423: 12417: 12413: 12412: 12406: 12394: 12390: 12384: 12380: 12379: 12373: 12361: 12357: 12351: 12347: 12346: 12340: 12336: 12330: 12326: 12322: 12317: 12305: 12301: 12295: 12291: 12290: 12284: 12272: 12268: 12262: 12258: 12254: 12249: 12245: 12239: 12235: 12234: 12228: 12216: 12212: 12206: 12202: 12201: 12195: 12183: 12179: 12174: 12162: 12158: 12152: 12148: 12147: 12141: 12137: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12119: 12115: 12111: 12106: 12094: 12090: 12084: 12080: 12076: 12071: 12059: 12055: 12049: 12045: 12044: 12038: 12026: 12022: 12016: 12012: 12011: 12005: 11993: 11989: 11985: 11981: 11977: 11973: 11969: 11965: 11961: 11957: 11952: 11940: 11936: 11932: 11927: 11915: 11911: 11905: 11901: 11900: 11894: 11882: 11878: 11872: 11868: 11864: 11859: 11847: 11843: 11837: 11833: 11832: 11826: 11814: 11810: 11804: 11800: 11799: 11793: 11781: 11777: 11771: 11767: 11766: 11760: 11748: 11744: 11738: 11734: 11730: 11726: 11725: 11719: 11707: 11703: 11697: 11694:. CRC Press. 11693: 11692: 11686: 11682: 11676: 11672: 11671: 11665: 11653: 11649: 11643: 11639: 11635: 11630: 11618: 11614: 11608: 11604: 11603: 11597: 11585: 11581: 11575: 11571: 11570: 11564: 11552: 11548: 11542: 11538: 11537: 11531: 11519: 11515: 11509: 11505: 11504: 11498: 11486: 11482: 11476: 11472: 11468: 11463: 11459: 11455: 11451: 11445: 11441: 11437: 11433: 11428: 11416: 11412: 11406: 11402: 11401: 11395: 11391: 11385: 11381: 11380: 11374: 11362: 11358: 11352: 11348: 11347: 11341: 11329: 11325: 11319: 11315: 11314: 11308: 11296: 11292: 11286: 11283:. Routledge. 11282: 11278: 11273: 11269: 11263: 11260:. Routledge. 11259: 11255: 11250: 11238: 11234: 11228: 11224: 11220: 11215: 11203: 11199: 11193: 11189: 11188: 11182: 11170: 11166: 11160: 11156: 11155: 11149: 11137: 11133: 11127: 11123: 11122: 11116: 11104: 11100: 11094: 11090: 11086: 11081: 11077: 11071: 11068:. Macmillan. 11067: 11066: 11060: 11048: 11044: 11038: 11034: 11033: 11027: 11015: 11011: 11010: 11004: 10992: 10988: 10987: 10981: 10969: 10965: 10959: 10956:. CRC Press. 10955: 10954: 10948: 10936: 10932: 10926: 10922: 10921: 10915: 10903: 10899: 10893: 10889: 10885: 10880: 10868: 10864: 10858: 10854: 10853: 10847: 10835: 10831: 10825: 10821: 10820: 10814: 10802: 10798: 10792: 10789:. Routledge. 10788: 10787: 10781: 10769: 10765: 10761: 10756: 10744: 10740: 10734: 10730: 10729: 10723: 10711: 10707: 10701: 10697: 10696: 10690: 10678: 10674: 10668: 10664: 10663: 10657: 10645: 10641: 10635: 10631: 10630: 10624: 10612: 10608: 10602: 10598: 10597: 10591: 10579: 10575: 10569: 10565: 10564: 10558: 10554: 10548: 10544: 10540: 10535: 10523: 10519: 10513: 10510:. Routledge. 10509: 10508: 10502: 10498: 10492: 10488: 10487: 10481: 10469: 10465: 10459: 10455: 10454: 10448: 10436: 10432: 10426: 10422: 10421: 10415: 10411: 10405: 10402:. Routledge. 10401: 10396: 10384: 10380: 10374: 10370: 10366: 10361: 10349: 10345: 10339: 10335: 10334: 10328: 10316: 10312: 10306: 10303:. Routledge. 10302: 10301: 10295: 10283: 10279: 10273: 10270:. Routledge. 10269: 10268: 10262: 10250: 10246: 10240: 10236: 10235: 10229: 10217: 10213: 10207: 10203: 10202: 10196: 10184: 10180: 10174: 10170: 10169: 10163: 10151: 10147: 10141: 10137: 10136: 10130: 10118: 10114: 10108: 10104: 10103: 10097: 10093: 10087: 10083: 10082: 10076: 10064: 10060: 10054: 10050: 10046: 10041: 10029: 10025: 10019: 10015: 10014: 10008: 10004: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9976: 9972: 9968: 9963: 9951: 9947: 9941: 9937: 9936: 9930: 9918: 9914: 9908: 9904: 9903: 9897: 9885: 9881: 9875: 9871: 9870: 9864: 9852: 9848: 9842: 9838: 9837: 9831: 9827: 9823: 9819: 9815: 9810: 9798: 9794: 9790: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9773: 9761: 9757: 9751: 9747: 9746: 9740: 9728: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9710: 9706: 9702: 9698: 9697: 9691: 9679: 9675: 9669: 9665: 9661: 9657: 9656: 9650: 9646: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9628: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9597: 9585: 9581: 9575: 9571: 9570: 9564: 9552: 9548: 9542: 9539:. Routledge. 9538: 9537: 9531: 9519: 9515: 9509: 9506:. Routledge. 9505: 9504: 9498: 9486: 9482: 9476: 9473:. Routledge. 9472: 9471: 9465: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9440: 9428: 9424: 9418: 9414: 9413: 9407: 9395: 9391: 9385: 9381: 9380: 9374: 9362: 9358: 9352: 9349:. Routledge. 9348: 9347: 9341: 9329: 9325: 9319: 9316:. Routledge. 9315: 9314: 9308: 9296: 9292: 9286: 9283:. Routledge. 9282: 9281: 9275: 9271: 9265: 9261: 9256: 9244: 9240: 9234: 9230: 9226: 9221: 9209: 9205: 9199: 9195: 9194: 9188: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9052: 9040: 9036: 9030: 9026: 9022: 9017: 9005: 9001: 8995: 8991: 8990: 8984: 8972: 8968: 8962: 8958: 8954: 8949: 8937: 8933: 8927: 8923: 8922: 8916: 8904: 8900: 8894: 8890: 8886: 8883:. Routledge. 8882: 8881: 8875: 8863: 8859: 8853: 8849: 8845: 8842:. Routledge. 8841: 8840: 8834: 8822: 8818: 8812: 8808: 8807: 8801: 8789: 8785: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8766: 8754: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8740:9780030074905 8736: 8732: 8731: 8725: 8713: 8709: 8703: 8699: 8698: 8692: 8680: 8676: 8670: 8666: 8665: 8659: 8647: 8643: 8637: 8633: 8632: 8626: 8614: 8610: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8591: 8585: 8582: 8570: 8566: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8502: 8490: 8486: 8480: 8476: 8475: 8469: 8457: 8453: 8447: 8443: 8442: 8435: 8423: 8419: 8413: 8409: 8408: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8349: 8337: 8333: 8327: 8323: 8322: 8316: 8315: 8300: 8297: 8294: 8291: 8290: 8286: 8280: 8276: 8271: 8262: 8258: 8255: 8252: 8249: 8248: 8244: 8235: 8231: 8228: 8226:, p. 171 8225: 8222: 8221: 8217: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8190: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8171: 8168: 8165: 8162: 8161: 8157: 8148:, p. 169 8147: 8144: 8142: 8138: 8135: 8134: 8130: 8121: 8117: 8116:Haarmann 2020 8114: 8111: 8108: 8107: 8103: 8094: 8090: 8087: 8084: 8081: 8078: 8075: 8074: 8070: 8063: 8058: 8049: 8045: 8042: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8030: 8027: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8016: 8007: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7994: 7993:Robinson 2009 7991: 7990: 7986: 7977: 7973: 7970: 7967: 7964: 7963: 7959: 7950: 7946: 7943: 7940: 7937: 7936: 7932: 7926:, p. 168 7925: 7920: 7911: 7907: 7904: 7902:, p. 168 7901: 7898: 7897: 7893: 7884: 7880: 7879:Capstick 2020 7877: 7875: 7871: 7868: 7867: 7863: 7854: 7850: 7847: 7844: 7841: 7840: 7836: 7827: 7823: 7820: 7817: 7814: 7811: 7808: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7796: 7793: 7792: 7788: 7779: 7775: 7774:Tompkins 2023 7772: 7770: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7757: 7754: 7753: 7749: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7713: 7704: 7700: 7697: 7694: 7691: 7690: 7686: 7677:, p. 395 7676: 7673: 7671:, p. 307 7670: 7667: 7666: 7662: 7653:, p. 301 7652: 7649: 7647: 7643: 7640: 7639: 7635: 7626: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7605: 7598: 7594: 7589: 7583: 7579: 7574: 7565: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7552: 7549: 7548: 7544: 7535: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7513: 7510: 7509: 7505: 7496: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7479: 7470: 7466: 7463: 7461:, p. 286 7460: 7457: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7446: 7436: 7432: 7429: 7426: 7423: 7420: 7417: 7416: 7412: 7403: 7399: 7396: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7385: 7379:, p. 155 7378: 7373: 7366: 7361: 7355:, p. 184 7354: 7349: 7340: 7336: 7333: 7330: 7327: 7326: 7322: 7315: 7310: 7301: 7297: 7294: 7291: 7287: 7284: 7282:, p. 181 7281: 7278: 7277: 7273: 7264: 7260: 7257: 7255:, p. 156 7254: 7251: 7248: 7245: 7243:, p. 181 7242: 7239: 7238: 7234: 7227: 7222: 7215: 7210: 7201: 7197: 7194: 7192:, p. 411 7191: 7188: 7187: 7183: 7177: 7173: 7168: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7148: 7146:, p. 414 7145: 7142: 7141: 7137: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7111: 7108: 7107: 7103: 7094: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7073: 7066: 7061: 7055:, p. 143 7054: 7049: 7043:, p. 142 7042: 7037: 7028: 7024: 7021: 7018: 7015: 7014: 7010: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6983: 6974:, p. 542 6973: 6970: 6968:, p. 295 6967: 6964: 6963: 6959: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6940: 6937: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6926: 6917: 6913: 6912:Grigorik 2013 6910: 6908: 6904: 6903:Nawrocki 2016 6901: 6900: 6896: 6886: 6883: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6872: 6863: 6859: 6856: 6853: 6850: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6839: 6832: 6827: 6817: 6814: 6811: 6808: 6807: 6803: 6794: 6790: 6787: 6784: 6781: 6780: 6776: 6769: 6764: 6755: 6751: 6748: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6718: 6715: 6713:, p. 157 6712: 6709: 6708: 6704: 6697: 6692: 6685: 6680: 6674:, p. 127 6673: 6668: 6658: 6655: 6653:, p. 129 6652: 6649: 6648: 6644: 6637: 6632: 6625: 6620: 6614:, p. 122 6613: 6608: 6602:, p. 111 6601: 6596: 6587: 6583: 6580: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6569: 6563:, p. 110 6562: 6557: 6551:, p. 109 6550: 6545: 6535: 6532: 6530:, p. 129 6529: 6526: 6525: 6521: 6511: 6508: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6497: 6490: 6485: 6475: 6472: 6469: 6466: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6455: 6445: 6442: 6439: 6436: 6433: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6421: 6414: 6409: 6399: 6396: 6393: 6390: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6379: 6373: 6369: 6364: 6357: 6352: 6345: 6340: 6331:, p. 128 6330: 6327: 6324: 6321: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6310: 6303: 6298: 6289:, p. 128 6288: 6285: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6274: 6267: 6262: 6255: 6250: 6243: 6238: 6229:, p. 128 6228: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6208: 6202: 6198: 6193: 6186: 6181: 6174: 6169: 6159: 6156: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6145: 6138: 6133: 6123: 6120: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6109: 6102: 6097: 6090: 6085: 6075: 6072: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6061: 6051: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6037: 6030: 6025: 6018: 6013: 6003: 6000: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5989: 5980: 5976: 5973: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5962: 5952: 5949: 5946: 5943: 5942: 5938: 5929: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5901: 5896: 5887: 5883: 5880: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5869: 5860: 5856: 5853: 5850: 5847: 5846: 5842: 5832: 5829: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5818: 5812:, p. 107 5811: 5806: 5799: 5794: 5787: 5782: 5775: 5770: 5760: 5757: 5755:, p. 128 5754: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5740:, p. 128 5739: 5734: 5724: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5710: 5703: 5698: 5689: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5659: 5650: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5620: 5611: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5590: 5580: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5559: 5550: 5546: 5545:Fielding 2006 5543: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5525: 5520: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5489: 5484: 5477: 5472: 5466: 5462: 5457: 5450: 5445: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5421: 5412:, p. 242 5411: 5408: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5397: 5387: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5366: 5361: 5354: 5349: 5340: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5301:, p. 238 5300: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5286: 5280:, p. 241 5279: 5274: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5250: 5244:, p. 241 5243: 5238: 5231: 5226: 5216: 5213: 5211:, p. 241 5210: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5186: 5183: 5181:, p. 241 5180: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5166: 5159: 5154: 5144: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5114: 5107: 5102: 5096: 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4512: 4510: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4488: 4487:Barnlund 2013 4485: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4474:, p. 221 4473: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4459:, p. 690 4458: 4453: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4420: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4393:, p. 691 4392: 4387: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4342:, p. 690 4341: 4336: 4327: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4313: 4310: 4308:, p. 323 4307: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4290: 4286: 4285:Jeanrond 1991 4283: 4281: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4242: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4221: 4214: 4209: 4200:, p. 492 4199: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4178: 4173: 4164: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4134: 4130: 4127: 4125:, p. 310 4124: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4107: 4103: 4100: 4098:, p. 297 4097: 4094: 4092:, p. 694 4091: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4074:, p. 494 4073: 4070: 4068:, p. 692 4067: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4053:, p. 692 4052: 4047: 4041:, p. 493 4040: 4035: 4029:, p. 692 4028: 4023: 4017:, p. 693 4016: 4011: 4001: 3998: 3996:, p. 297 3995: 3992: 3990:, p. 690 3989: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3972:, p. 297 3971: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3951:, p. 493 3950: 3945: 3936: 3932: 3929: 3927:, p. 691 3926: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3912:, p. 107 3911: 3906: 3897:, p. 493 3896: 3893: 3891:, p. 690 3890: 3887: 3885:, p. 297 3884: 3881: 3880: 3876: 3867:, p. 297 3866: 3863: 3861:, p. 690 3860: 3857: 3855:, p. 107 3854: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3840:, p. 690 3839: 3834: 3828:, p. 492 3827: 3822: 3813: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3753: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3739:Champoux 2016 3737: 3736: 3732: 3723: 3719: 3716: 3714:, p. 306 3713: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3703:Champoux 2016 3701: 3700: 3696: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3676:Champoux 2016 3674: 3673: 3669: 3662: 3658: 3657:Thomason 2006 3653: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3629: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3608: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3576: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3546: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3530: 3528:, p. 448 3527: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3509: 3506: 3504:, p. 448 3503: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3486: 3482: 3481:Bussmann 2006 3479: 3477: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3455: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3424:, p. 153 3423: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3390: 3389:Barnlund 2013 3387: 3385: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3355: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3335:Barnlund 2013 3333: 3332: 3328: 3318: 3317:Barnlund 2013 3315: 3313:, p. 176 3312: 3311:Nicotera 2009 3309: 3308: 3304: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3279: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3240: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3226: 3223: 3222: 3218: 3208: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3192: 3190:, p. 176 3189: 3188:Nicotera 2009 3186: 3185: 3181: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3159: 3157:, p. 176 3156: 3155:Nicotera 2009 3153: 3152: 3148: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3100: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3076: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2982: 2981:Braddock 1958 2979: 2977: 2973: 2972:Feicheng 2022 2970: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2950: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2876: 2875:Barnlund 2013 2873: 2871:, p. 176 2870: 2869:Nicotera 2009 2867: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2844: 2840: 2839:Fielding 2006 2837: 2835:, p. 176 2834: 2833:Nicotera 2009 2831: 2829: 2825: 2824:Kastberg 2019 2822: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2799: 2795: 2794:Fielding 2006 2792: 2790: 2786: 2785:Kastberg 2019 2783: 2781: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2759: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2727: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2701: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2660: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2582: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2548:Nicotera 2009 2546: 2543: 2542:Barnlund 2013 2540: 2539: 2535: 2526: 2522: 2521:Skyttner 2006 2519: 2517: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2496: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2480: 2478:, p. 101 2477: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2463:, p. 209 2462: 2457: 2450: 2445: 2438: 2433: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2409: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2358: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2333: 2328: 2321: 2316: 2307: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2260: 2255: 2246: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2226: 2222: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2195: 2186: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2099: 2098:Ishin-denshin 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2034: 2028: 2023: 2020: 2014: 2009: 2006: 2000: 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Retrieved 8320: 8285: 8270: 8243: 8216: 8189: 8156: 8129: 8102: 8069: 8057: 8044:Bernabo 2017 8040:, p. 68 8015: 7985: 7958: 7941:, p. 67 7931: 7919: 7892: 7862: 7835: 7812:, p. 14 7787: 7748: 7712: 7685: 7661: 7642:Melkote 2003 7634: 7604: 7588: 7573: 7543: 7521:Mullany 2020 7504: 7478: 7445: 7431:Bernabo 2017 7411: 7384: 7372: 7360: 7348: 7331:, p. 18 7321: 7309: 7272: 7233: 7221: 7214:Twidale 2002 7209: 7190:Twidale 2002 7182: 7167: 7150:Riekert 1990 7144:Twidale 2002 7136: 7119:Riekert 1990 7102: 7072: 7060: 7048: 7036: 7009: 6982: 6958: 6939:Shinder 2001 6925: 6895: 6871: 6838: 6833:, p. 44 6826: 6802: 6785:, p. 39 6775: 6770:, p. 40 6763: 6736: 6719:, p. 59 6703: 6698:, p. 61 6691: 6679: 6667: 6659:, p. 56 6643: 6631: 6619: 6607: 6595: 6582:Ketcham 2020 6568: 6556: 6544: 6536:, p. 61 6520: 6512:, p. 56 6496: 6491:, p. 56 6484: 6476:, p. 59 6454: 6420: 6408: 6378: 6363: 6358:, p. 45 6351: 6339: 6309: 6297: 6273: 6261: 6249: 6237: 6207: 6192: 6180: 6168: 6144: 6132: 6118:, p. 28 6108: 6096: 6084: 6070:, p. 27 6060: 6036: 6024: 6012: 6004:, p. 15 5998:, p. 26 5988: 5961: 5953:, p. 15 5947:, p. 26 5937: 5915:Houston 2019 5907: 5895: 5878:, p. 14 5868: 5851:, p. 13 5841: 5827:, p. 15 5817: 5805: 5800:, p. 15 5793: 5781: 5769: 5745: 5733: 5709: 5704:, p. 45 5697: 5666:Emmeche 2003 5658: 5619: 5589: 5558: 5531: 5526:, p. 24 5519: 5511:, p. 24 5495: 5490:, p. 15 5483: 5471: 5456: 5451:, p. 25 5444: 5430:, p. 25 5420: 5406:, p. 24 5396: 5382:, p. 24 5372: 5360: 5355:, p. 26 5348: 5321: 5313:, p. 70 5307:, p. 18 5295:, p. 23 5285: 5273: 5259:, p. 23 5249: 5237: 5232:, p. 23 5225: 5217:, p. 25 5205:, p. 23 5195: 5165: 5153: 5139:McQuail 2008 5121:Genesee 1984 5113: 5108:, p. 25 5101: 5086: 5074: 5064:Giessen 2015 5051:, p. 67 5041: 5002: 4987: 4975: 4947: 4910: 4878: 4859:Lantolf 2009 4851: 4832:Lantolf 2009 4824: 4817:Lantolf 2009 4812: 4805:Lantolf 2009 4800: 4773: 4758: 4731: 4721:Lantolf 2009 4698: 4686: 4674: 4647: 4635: 4623: 4611: 4596: 4584: 4551: 4539: 4527: 4497: 4464: 4452: 4428: 4398: 4386: 4370:Danesi 2013a 4362: 4347: 4335: 4298: 4250: 4220: 4208: 4198:Danesi 2013a 4184: 4172: 4142: 4115: 4082: 4072:Danesi 2013a 4058: 4046: 4039:Danesi 2013a 4034: 4022: 4010: 4000:Danesi 2013a 3980: 3956: 3949:Danesi 2013a 3944: 3917: 3905: 3895:Danesi 2013a 3875: 3845: 3833: 3826:Danesi 2013a 3821: 3791: 3761: 3731: 3695: 3668: 3652: 3637: 3624:Montrul 2004 3607: 3584: 3554: 3518: 3494: 3464: 3432: 3409:, p. 58 3399: 3363: 3337:, p. 47 3327: 3319:, p. 48 3303: 3288: 3274:Schramm 1954 3248: 3225:Schramm 1954 3217: 3203:Schramm 1954 3180: 3147: 3108: 3067: 3057:Shannon 1948 3029: 2999:McQuail 2008 2991: 2958: 2922: 2885: 2877:, p. 48 2852: 2807: 2768: 2734:McQuail 2008 2726: 2710: 2677:McQuail 2008 2669: 2645:McQuail 2008 2637: 2621: 2591: 2544:, p. 48 2534: 2504: 2468: 2456: 2444: 2432: 2417: 2390: 2366: 2353:Ketcham 2020 2339: 2327: 2315: 2288: 2266: 2254: 2221: 2194: 2158: 2096: 2005:Media portal 1970: 1957: 1917: 1893: 1889:Marshall Poe 1885: 1881: 1843: 1791:corporations 1783: 1764: 1753: 1724: 1722: 1706:skeumorphism 1667: 1663:cryptography 1636: 1615: 1611: 1603: 1599: 1585: 1553: 1518: 1498: 1490: 1472: 1463:Interspecies 1434: 1403: 1394: 1392: 1358: 1345:conditioning 1338: 1321:echolocation 1303: 1287:Grasshoppers 1276: 1253: 1245: 1206:zoosemiotics 1203: 1181: 1177:biosemiotics 1170: 1152:Biosemiotics 1132:disambiguate 1120: 1112: 1093: 1089: 1077: 1064: 1045: 1041: 1031: 1029: 1012: 1008: 997: 992:Alice Guérin 987: 958: 954: 938: 933:Mazie Hirono 907:anthropology 895: 872: 868: 856: 852: 836:paralanguage 821: 801: 786: 752: 697: 672: 650: 628: 613: 587: 567: 545: 539: 503: 476: 460:body posture 441: 435: 427: 411: 377: 347: 335: 326: 283: 281: 264: 217: 177: 144: 143: 60: 38: 29:This is the 23: 15848:Limbic lobe 15613:Unconscious 15596:Missed call 15566:Social norm 15541:Conventions 15431:Eye contact 15245:personality 15180:PASS theory 15138:abstraction 14612:Closed-loop 14475:Information 14437:terminology 14318:31 December 14285:28 November 14184:28 November 14151:28 November 14035:20 December 13932:28 November 13899:20 December 13866:20 December 13833:27 December 13746:22 December 13713:28 November 13680:22 December 13656:(3): 8–10. 13650:STWP Review 13635:28 November 13602:20 December 13569:28 November 13536:31 December 13518:. Pearson. 13503:29 December 13282:31 December 13193:26 December 13160:28 November 13129:20 December 13034:20 December 13001:20 December 12968:28 November 12867:2 September 12799:29 December 12667:31 December 12634:17 December 12572:29 December 12453:31 December 12366:22 December 12221:31 December 12167:28 November 12099:20 December 11920:28 November 11887:20 December 11852:28 November 11786:31 December 11753:28 November 11712:31 December 11623:20 December 11590:29 December 11557:22 December 11421:28 November 11367:22 December 11334:20 December 11301:20 December 11208:26 December 11175:28 November 11142:26 December 11053:28 November 11020:22 December 10873:20 December 10807:20 December 10749:22 December 10683:20 December 10617:31 December 10584:31 December 10528:22 December 10474:20 December 10441:26 December 10389:29 December 10354:20 December 10321:28 November 10288:28 November 10222:28 November 10189:20 December 10123:28 November 10034:26 December 9956:20 December 9923:20 December 9890:20 December 9857:22 December 9766:26 December 9733:28 November 9590:28 November 9524:22 December 9400:22 December 9334:20 December 9301:22 December 9045:26 December 9010:28 November 8942:20 December 8827:20 December 8759:22 December 8718:20 December 8685:28 November 8652:20 December 8619:20 December 8575:15 November 8474:Linguistics 8462:29 December 8428:26 December 8342:2 September 8293:Danesi 2013 8259:, pp. 8251:Danesi 2013 8232:, pp. 8224:Danesi 2013 8206:Danesi 2013 8199:, pp. 8172:, pp. 8164:Danesi 2013 8146:Danesi 2013 8118:, pp. 8077:Danesi 2013 8062:Danesi 2013 8031:, pp. 8023:Danesi 2013 7995:, pp. 7974:, pp. 7966:Danesi 2013 7947:, pp. 7924:Danesi 2013 7908:, pp. 7900:Danesi 2013 7881:, pp. 7851:, pp. 7849:Peters 2012 7824:, pp. 7818:, p. V 7806:, p. 1 7797:, pp. 7756:Rowitz 2014 7731:, pp. 7722:, pp. 7720:Peters 2012 7695:, p. 1 7614:, pp. 7612:Blythe 2009 7595:, pp. 7551:Sierra 2006 7514:, pp. 7453:Ruben 2002a 7433:, pp. 7427:, p. 3 7419:Ruben 2002a 7400:, pp. 7392:Ruben 2002a 7377:Ruben 2002a 7365:Danesi 2013 7353:Danesi 2013 7337:, pp. 7288:, pp. 7280:Danesi 2013 7253:Ruben 2002a 7249:, p. 6 7241:Danesi 2013 7226:Danesi 2000 7112:, pp. 7110:Guzman 2018 6990:Palmer 2012 6725:, pp. 6636:Karban 2015 6624:Karban 2015 6612:Karban 2015 6600:Karban 2015 6576:Karban 2015 6561:Karban 2015 6549:Karban 2015 6504:Danesi 2013 6430:, pp. 6394:, p. 1 6356:Karban 2015 6346:, p. 7 6344:Karban 2015 6325:, p. 1 6319:, p. 5 6317:Karban 2015 6302:Karban 2015 6283:, p. 7 6268:, p. 2 6266:Karban 2015 6254:Karban 2015 6244:, p. 6 6215:Karban 2015 6197:Sebeok 1991 6185:Karban 2015 6160:, p. 7 6152:Danesi 2000 6124:, p. 5 6091:, p. 3 6052:, p. 2 6019:, p. 2 5969:Danesi 2000 5917:, pp. 5902:, p. 5 5833:, p. 1 5776:, p. 6 5761:, p. 3 5725:, p. 7 5686:, pp. 5668:, pp. 5627:Blythe 2009 5606:Winner 2017 5599:, pp. 5547:, pp. 5463:, pp. 5337:, pp. 5329:Danesi 2000 5311:Danesi 2009 5093:, pp. 5012:, pp. 5010:Taylor 1962 4980:Danesi 2013 4965:Danesi 2013 4936:, pp. 4898:, pp. 4865:Vocate 2012 4763:Vocate 2012 4663:, pp. 4568:Danesi 2013 4354:, pp. 4324:, pp. 4287:, pp. 4276:Ongaro 2020 4269:, pp. 4260:, pp. 4230:, pp. 3933:, pp. 3931:Taylor 1962 3777:, p. 6 3769:Danesi 2000 3741:, pp. 3712:Danesi 2009 3705:, pp. 3678:, pp. 3659:, pp. 3644:, pp. 3642:Harley 2014 3615:Meisel 2011 3573:, pp. 3571:Harley 2014 3564:, pp. 3543:, pp. 3508:Danesi 2000 3483:, pp. 3452:, pp. 3373:, pp. 3352:, pp. 3343:, pp. 3276:, pp. 3258:, pp. 3256:Wisely 1994 3235:Blythe 2009 3227:, pp. 3205:, pp. 3196:, pp. 3194:Wisely 1994 3136:, pp. 3087:, pp. 3085:Weaver 1998 3077:, pp. 3049:, pp. 3001:, pp. 2947:, pp. 2945:Berger 1995 2912:Wenxiu 2015 2895:, pp. 2893:Fiske 2011a 2744:Narula 2006 2736:, pp. 2717:, pp. 2715:Fiske 2011a 2698:, pp. 2679:, pp. 2655:Narula 2006 2647:, pp. 2628:, pp. 2613:, p. 5 2611:Karban 2015 2607:, p. 7 2565:, pp. 2406:, pp. 2404:Miller 1966 2304:, pp. 2174:, pp. 2172:Cobley 2008 1940:ideographic 1936:logographic 1815:advertising 1602:stands for 1560:transmitter 1514:ant gardens 1501:pollination 1406:plant cells 1309:chimpanzees 1104:orthography 1072:performance 1004:daydreaming 673:linguistics 610:Linguistics 554:sign system 438:information 419:predictions 296:communicare 278:Definitions 149:information 16097:Categories 15981:Aggressive 15951:Paul Ekman 15934:Key people 15898:Technology 15884:Poker tell 15729:Social cue 15536:Chronemics 15486:Intonation 15330:Modalities 15076:Creativity 15020:Linguistic 15005:Collective 14928:Wertheimer 14808:Horkheimer 14545:Propaganda 14500:Mass media 14495:Journalism 14435:Topics and 13781:28 October 12935:28 October 12834:28 October 12486:28 October 12310:29 October 11658:18 October 11109:20 October 10941:28 October 10650:20 October 10156:17 October 9491:31 October 9433:28 October 8794:20 October 8749:3901269929 8495:28 October 8277:, p. 8139:, p. 8091:, p. 8046:, p. 8004:, p. 7872:, p. 7776:, p. 7767:, p. 7758:, p. 7738:Innis 1950 7701:, p. 7675:Kreps 2002 7644:, p. 7623:, p. 7562:, p. 7560:Brønn 2016 7553:, p. 7532:, p. 7530:Dixon 2017 7523:, p. 7493:, p. 7467:, p. 7298:, p. 7261:, p. 7198:, p. 7174:, p. 7152:, p. 7121:, p. 7091:, p. 7082:, p. 7025:, p. 6992:, p. 6941:, p. 6914:, p. 6905:, p. 6860:, p. 6791:, p. 6752:, p. 6750:Coren 2012 6717:Berea 2017 6696:Berea 2017 6684:Berea 2017 6657:Berea 2017 6584:, p. 6534:Berea 2017 6510:Berea 2017 6489:Berea 2017 6474:Berea 2017 6438:Davey 1992 6428:O'Day 2012 6199:, p. 6137:Ruben 2002 6116:Ruben 2002 6101:Ruben 2002 6068:Ruben 2002 6044:Ruben 2002 6029:Ruben 2002 5996:Ruben 2002 5977:, p. 5945:Ruben 2002 5926:, p. 5884:, p. 5857:, p. 5786:Ruben 2002 5647:, p. 5638:, p. 5629:, p. 5608:, p. 5577:, p. 5434:Berlo 1960 5141:, p. 5132:, p. 5123:, p. 5057:, p. 5049:Berlo 1960 5030:, p. 5021:, p. 4994:, p. 4992:Fiske 2011 4961:, channels 4957:, p. 4928:Berlo 1960 4924:, channels 4920:, p. 4896:Fiske 2011 4892:, channels 4888:, p. 4867:, p. 4840:, p. 4838:Kreps 2012 4765:, p. 4747:, p. 4708:, p. 4516:, p. 4417:, p. 4408:, p. 4322:Mills 2015 4314:, p. 4278:, p. 4239:, p. 4161:, p. 4152:, p. 4131:, p. 4104:, p. 3810:, p. 3781:Berlo 1960 3750:, p. 3720:, p. 3685:Berlo 1960 3626:, p. 3617:, p. 3562:Lyons 1981 3534:, p. 3474:, p. 3450:Fiske 2011 3446:, channels 3442:, p. 3415:, p. 3382:, p. 3380:Dwyer 2012 3295:, p. 3267:, p. 3237:, p. 3163:, p. 3127:, p. 3097:, p. 3089:4–9, 18–19 3075:Fiske 2011 3047:Fiske 2011 3039:, p. 3011:, p. 2974:, p. 2938:, p. 2841:, p. 2826:, p. 2796:, p. 2787:, p. 2756:, p. 2746:, p. 2657:, p. 2626:Ruben 2001 2579:, p. 2523:, p. 2514:, p. 2493:, p. 2484:, p. 2461:Dance 1970 2437:Dance 1970 2398:Dance 1970 2374:Dance 1970 2355:, p. 2332:Dance 1970 2320:Dance 1970 2302:Craig 1999 2296:Dance 1970 2183:, p. 2146:References 2134:Small talk 1978:satellites 1973:telegraphs 1932:alphabetic 1920:pictograms 1866:healthcare 1839:mass media 1835:propaganda 1795:nonprofits 1749:journalism 1737:psychology 1512:for their 1437:pheromones 1349:imprinting 1299:pheromones 1146:See also: 1116:well-being 1106:, syntax, 1085:efficiency 1068:Competence 1051:approach. 840:chronemics 816:modalities 766:Non-verbal 689:pragmatics 681:morphology 616:linguistic 578:behavioral 414:conceptual 388:experience 364:Paul Grice 343:hypotheses 189:linguistic 15986:Assertive 15794:Fragile X 15779:Aprosodia 15772:Disorders 15719:Semiotics 15647:Deception 15453:Proxemics 15443:Olfaction 15426:Oculesics 15411:Imitation 15237:longevity 15225:fertility 15124:Reasoning 15104:Knowledge 15094:Intellect 15061:Cognition 15052:, traits, 15050:Abilities 15010:Emotional 14712:Technical 14697:Political 14605:Subfields 14530:New media 14250:26 August 14217:2239-978X 14070:30 August 14000:26 August 13965:3 January 13662:2376-0761 13470:2 January 13435:3 January 13383:2 January 13350:2 January 13317:4 October 13150:143518338 13098:146389958 13067:4 October 12902:3 January 12733:2 January 12700:3 January 12539:2 January 12521:1461-4448 12399:3 January 12277:3 January 12064:3 January 12031:29 August 11980:0021-9916 11819:3 January 11524:3 January 11491:31 August 11243:3 January 11190:. Brill. 10997:3 January 10974:3 January 10908:30 August 10840:31 August 10716:26 August 10255:26 August 10069:30 August 9723:140352429 9627:1662-5161 9557:4 October 9367:31 August 9249:4 October 9214:4 October 9162:145236749 8977:2 January 8909:3 January 8868:3 January 8379:0270-7306 8110:Yule 2010 7621:Meng 2020 5636:Meng 2020 4457:Giri 2009 4391:Giri 2009 4376:Giri 2009 4340:Giri 2009 4237:Chan 2020 4213:Giri 2009 4192:Giri 2009 4177:Giri 2009 4090:Giri 2009 4066:Giri 2009 4051:Giri 2009 4027:Giri 2009 4015:Giri 2009 3988:Giri 2009 3964:Giri 2009 3925:Giri 2009 3889:Giri 2009 3859:Giri 2009 3838:Giri 2009 3265:Meng 2020 3003:3143–3149 2738:3143–3149 2681:3143–3149 2649:3143–3149 2491:Nöth 1995 2482:Lyon 1998 2476:Nöth 2013 2151:Citations 1949:parchment 1928:cuneiform 1924:Sumerians 1775:Aristotle 1741:sociology 1577:bandwidth 1480:parasitic 1476:symbiotic 1422:herbivore 1410:root zone 1376:pathogens 1370:and have 1279:courtship 1272:vibration 1264:fireflies 1256:olfactory 1230:recursion 1100:phonology 1000:monologue 903:semiotics 879:paintings 828:proxemics 720:Esperanto 693:phonetics 677:semantics 646:sentences 552:, i.e. a 519:redundant 373:deception 354:conscious 282:The word 248:symbiotic 240:herbivore 228:courtship 15816:Dyssemia 15662:Intimacy 15582:Emoticon 15491:Loudness 15421:Laughter 15357:Kinesics 15348:Blushing 15341:Physical 15109:Learning 15025:Multiple 14946:Category 14898:Richards 14823:Jakobson 14803:Habermas 14758:Castells 14748:Benjamin 14726:Scholars 14312:Archived 14279:Archived 14244:Archived 14178:Archived 14145:Archived 14101:16212498 14064:Archived 14029:Archived 13994:Archived 13959:Archived 13926:Archived 13893:Archived 13860:Archived 13827:Archived 13775:Archived 13740:Archived 13707:Archived 13674:Archived 13670:43093688 13629:Archived 13596:Archived 13563:Archived 13530:Archived 13497:Archived 13464:Archived 13429:Archived 13377:Archived 13344:Archived 13311:Archived 13276:Archived 13222:Archived 13187:Archived 13154:Archived 13123:Archived 13061:Archived 13028:Archived 12995:Archived 12962:Archived 12929:Archived 12896:Archived 12884:. SAGE. 12861:Archived 12828:Archived 12793:Archived 12760:Archived 12727:Archived 12694:Archived 12661:Archived 12628:Archived 12566:Archived 12533:Archived 12529:45550086 12480:Archived 12468:. SAGE. 12447:Archived 12393:Archived 12360:Archived 12304:Archived 12271:Archived 12215:Archived 12182:Archived 12161:Archived 12136:18504296 12093:Archived 12058:Archived 12025:Archived 11992:Archived 11939:Archived 11914:Archived 11881:Archived 11869:. SAGE. 11846:Archived 11813:Archived 11780:Archived 11747:Archived 11706:Archived 11652:Archived 11617:Archived 11584:Archived 11551:Archived 11518:Archived 11485:Archived 11458:15690224 11415:Archived 11361:Archived 11328:Archived 11295:Archived 11237:Archived 11202:Archived 11169:Archived 11136:Archived 11103:Archived 11047:Archived 11014:Archived 10991:Archived 10968:Archived 10935:Archived 10902:Archived 10867:Archived 10834:Archived 10801:Archived 10768:Archived 10743:Archived 10710:Archived 10677:Archived 10644:Archived 10611:Archived 10578:Archived 10522:Archived 10468:Archived 10435:Archived 10383:Archived 10348:Archived 10315:Archived 10282:Archived 10249:Archived 10216:Archived 10183:Archived 10150:Archived 10117:Archived 10063:Archived 10028:Archived 9950:Archived 9917:Archived 9884:Archived 9851:Archived 9797:Archived 9760:Archived 9727:Archived 9678:Archived 9645:32903691 9584:Archived 9551:Archived 9518:Archived 9485:Archived 9452:Archived 9427:Archived 9394:Archived 9361:Archived 9328:Archived 9295:Archived 9243:Archived 9208:Archived 9133:33084944 9090:22292998 9039:Archived 9004:Archived 8971:Archived 8936:Archived 8903:Archived 8862:Archived 8821:Archived 8788:Archived 8753:Archived 8712:Archived 8679:Archived 8667:. SAGE. 8646:Archived 8613:Archived 8569:Archived 8542:31818182 8534:17815197 8489:Archived 8456:Archived 8422:Archived 8336:Archived 8299:Poe 2011 8179:Poe 2011 8083:Poe 2011 8038:Poe 2011 7939:Poe 2011 7843:Poe 2011 7816:Poe 2011 5919:266, 279 5645:Rao 2009 1984:See also 1966:literacy 1831:congress 1779:rhetoric 1684:, and a 1682:keyboard 1620:internet 1536:Computer 1457:biofilms 1399:stimulus 1395:behavior 1291:crickets 1268:primates 1026:Channels 887:diagrams 883:drawings 864:babbling 824:kinesics 808:blushing 804:sweating 793:postures 789:gestures 716:Japanese 629:language 620:language 546:encoding 487:receiver 458:through 446:feedback 423:diagrams 350:behavior 305:to share 35:reviewed 16070:Subtext 15991:Passive 15960:Related 15551:Habitus 15496:Prosody 15448:Posture 15389:Gesture 15275:thought 15136: ( 15134:Thought 15037: ( 15035:Spatial 14918:Tankard 14913:Shannon 14908:Schramm 14893:Quebral 14888:Postman 14878:Packard 14858:McLuhan 14853:Marcuse 14848:Luhmann 14843:Lippman 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