Body language - Knowledge

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given time, and such categorisations are based upon which course of action they are primarily ready for at that moment. Such states of readiness influence the person's whole body, tone of voice, and what impression they convey through their body language. A state of increased readiness may also be referred to as being in a state of high energy or intensity. Relative to states of unreadiness, most states of readiness typically involve a deeper breathing pattern, increased excitation of the nervous system, and an increased heart rate. Such physiological effects also influence the person's skin and its fullness of appearance. In relative terms, a person's skin will usually look fuller and more taut while in a state of readiness, and thinner and more flaccid in a state of unreadiness. A readiness for physical exertion typically means that these effects are increased further in terms of their intensity and visual prominence.

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else. The handshake is used commonly in business at the start of a meeting or negotiation. It shows that each person is willing to trust the other. It may be accompanied by a warm smile, but it would not usually be accompanied by more familiar, less formal body language such as a broad grin or pat on the shoulder. Business body language specifically attempts to avoid body language that conveys mistrust. For example, if someone crosses their arms or legs while speaking in a business context, it can give the impression of a barrier being presented to the other person. That person may then think that the person speaking does not trust them or is hiding something. Because barrier type body language may signal mistrust, it is avoided in business contexts.

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then their breathing pattern will deepen, their IAP will increase, and their tone of voice will sound fuller and stronger. If they are feeling anxious, their breathing will become too shallow, their IAP will decrease, and their voice will sound thinner and weaker. Thus, based upon a person's mood being reflected in their breathing pattern – which is a fundamental influencing factor to both tone of voice and body language – their tone of voice will tend to convey the same sense of mood as their body language, and vice versa. Notably, hands-free devices which use a digital voice, such as

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refer to as 'superiority emotions' such as self-assurance, pride, or contempt. When it is tilted down, this may indicate 'inferiority emotions' such as shame, shyness, or respect. When other factors are incorporated, such as the intensity of the feeling or gender, for example, the most accurate interpretation can change. Joy, for instance, is a superior emotion that is typically found in conjunction with a head tilted up. Contentment, which may be considered to be on the same spectrum as joy but at a lesser intensity, may instead feature the head being angled down somewhat.

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conveyed in intimate relationships through people caressing and kissing each other. These actions are designed to convey openness and warmth in a highly personalised way. Each partner is communicating to the other that they are attracted to them and also that they trust them and are allowing them to touch them in a more intimate way than would otherwise be acceptable. Such body language may be established gradually over a period of courtship. The body language of intimate relationships cannot be used acceptably in non-intimate relationships.

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relationship. For example, spouses may sit, stand, and walk in each other's intimate space, whereas business colleagues may maintain more of a distance and outside of each other's intimate space. As the spouses are in an intimate relationship, they do not feel the need to maintain the same distance as the business colleagues. Other signs that people who are in an intimate relationship may give include an impression that they feel at ease in each other's company, are committed to each other, and a sense of naturalness.

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mean that they have a closed mind and are most likely unwilling to listen to the speaker's viewpoint. Another type of arm gesture also includes an arm crossed over the other, demonstrating insecurity and a lack of confidence. Hand gestures often signify the state of well-being of the person making them. Relaxed hands indicate confidence and self-assurance, while clenched hands may be interpreted as signs of stress or anger. If a person is wringing their hands, this demonstrates nervousness and anxiety.

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attitude, then this gives a more business-like impression, which may encourage the interviewee to give more serious answers. This may develop a more professional rapport overall between them. Alternatively, if the interviewer conveys an informal attitude, then this conveys a more open and casual impression. This may be used to elicit a more open response from the interviewee, encourage them to give more revealing answers, and potentially develop a more personal rapport.

735: 610: 32: 493: 468:: This expresses emotional attachment. Public touch can serve as a 'tie sign' that shows others that your partner is "taken". When a couple is holding hands, putting their arms around each other, this is a 'tie sign' showing others that they are together. The use of 'tie signs' are used more often by couples in the dating and courtship stages than between their married counterparts according to Burgoon, Buller, and Woodall. 456:: This expresses ritual interaction. A study by Jones and Yarbrough regarded communication with touch as the most intimate and involving form which helps people to keep good relationships with others. For example, Jones and Yarbrough explained that strategic touching is a series of touching usually with an ulterior or hidden motive thus making them seem to be using touch as a game to get someone to do something for them. 907:(including humans) have a natural ability to relay emotional signals with one another, a notion shared by several academics (Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1974; Linnankoski, Laakso, Aulanko, & Leinonen, 1994). Where Darwin notes similarity in expression among animals and humans, the Cultural Equivalence Model notes similarity in expression across cultures in humans, even though they may be completely different. 450:: This expresses task-orientation. Donald Walton stated in his book that touching is the ultimate expression of closeness or confidence between two people, but not seen often in business or formal relationships. Touching stresses how special the message is that is being sent by the initiator. "If a word of praise is accompanied by a touch on the shoulder, that's the gold star on the ribbon," wrote Walton. 354:

people who share Hindu beliefs consider finger pointing offensive. Instead, they point with a palm up open hand. Likewise, the thumbs up gesture could show "OK" or "good" in countries like the United States, South Africa, France, Lebanon and Germany. But this same gesture is insulting in other countries like Iran, Bangladesh and Thailand, where it is the equivalent of showing the middle finger in the US.

1106:, has defined body language as follows: to all gestures, postures, movements, human behaviour, body gestures, and even model and gesture of speaking, or all postures of making sounds without making a sound that is based on the age, sex, height, weight, and social or geographical status of human beings are referred to as body language or non-verbal communication. 377:

fish (shaking hands too weakly), etc. Handshakes are popular in the United States and are appropriate for use between men and women. However, in Muslim cultures, men may not shake hands or touch women in any way and vice versa. Likewise, in Hindu cultures, Hindu men may never shake hands with women. Instead, they greet women by placing their hands as if praying.

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This means that they are surer of what the other person means and find it easier to respond accordingly. The interaction is therefore able to be more open and this can be seen when observing friends interact. The communication whether in terms of body language or speech is freer and less constrained by a sense of formal etiquette.

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Such a correspondence can be deliberately manipulated to produce different effects. For example, an actor can pose in a confident manner, while relaxing muscles in the neck which would ordinarily be more contracted in conjunction with the pose. He may thereby make it appear that he is actually afraid

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Indeed, a bowed head probably leads raters to perceive the contraction of the Zygomatic Major (Action Unit 12) and a raised head to perceive the contraction of the Triangularis (Action Unit 15). Second, although we found no significant difference in the perception of mouth contraction at zero degrees

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For example, the posture of the body has a corresponding pattern of muscle tension i.e. how muscles in the face and neck are contracted or relaxed while the person's head is tilted. This relationship is instinctively observed in conjunction with a person's posture. Men and women have been found to be

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The intuitive feature of body language used in teaching is the exemplification of the language, especially individual words, through the use of matching body language. For example, when teaching about the word "cry", teachers can imitate a crying person. This enables a deeper impression which is able

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Recently, scholars have shown that the expressions of pride and shame are universal. Tracy and Robins (2008) concluded that the expression of pride includes an expanded posture of the body with the head tilted back, with a low-intensity face and a non-Duchenne smile (raising the corner of the mouth).

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This is when a person prepares themself for significant physical exertion. For example, before a sportsperson begins to play, they have prepared themself by warming up their body and psychologically focusing on the task ahead. They are thereby in a state of readiness to exert themself. To an observer

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When people are in an intimate relationship, they often position themselves closer to each other than if they were in a different kind of relationship. Even though it may only be a small distance closer together, an observer can interpret this additional closeness to mean that they are in an intimate

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People's natural willingness to act openly and warmly with their friends who they know well can appear more genuine when compared with how strangers present themselves as trustworthy in a business context. This is because friends can read each other's body language and facial expressions more easily.

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Finger gestures are also commonly used to exemplify one's speech as well as denote the state of well-being of the person making them. In certain cultures, pointing using one's index finger is deemed acceptable. However, pointing at a person may be viewed as aggressive in other cultures – for example,

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Body language is often used to achieve a humorous effect in comedy productions. This may involve using body language which is exaggerated, repetitious, inappropriate for the circumstances or for the character, and any combination of these. Two or more characters can be used to emphasise each other's

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When you get onto a basketball court, all your teammates beside you, pumped up and ready to go, you form impressions of the other side, their strength and unity, their mood and body language. Of course the physicality element is stronger in sport, but something similar happens in politics, where you

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One of the reasons for this is that when a person's mood changes so does their breathing pattern. This influences their body language, and also their intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) which is a direct influence on, and discernible in, their tone of voice. For example, if a person is feeling confident,

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Changing the distance between two people can convey a desire for intimacy, declare a lack of interest, or increase/decrease domination. It can also influence the body language that is used. For example, when people talk they like to face each other. If forced to sit side by side, their body language

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In general terms, the relative fullness or shallowness of the chest, especially around the sternum, can be a key indicator of both mood and attitude. When the body language of the chest is assessed in everyday circumstances, it involves an instinctive assessment of these factors of shape and volume.

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In a standing discussion, a person standing with arms akimbo with feet pointed towards the speaker could suggest that they are attentive and interested in the conversation. However, a small difference in this posture could mean a lot. In Bali standing with arms akimbo is considered rude and may send

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Studies and behavioral experiments have shown that facial expressions and bodily expressions are congruent in terms of conveying visible signs of a person's emotional state. This means that the brain processes the other's facial and bodily expressions simultaneously. Subjects in these studies judged

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The game of poker involves not only an understanding of probability, but also the competence of reading and analyzing the body language of the opponents. A key component of poker is to be able to bluff opponents. To spot bluffing, players must have the ability to spot the individual "tics" of their

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competencies. Sociolinguistic competence includes understanding the body language that aids the use of a particular language. This is usually also highly culturally influenced. As such, a conscious ability to recognize and even perform this sort of body language is necessary to achieve fluency in a

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There are numerous studies that support both the cultural equivalence model and the cultural advantage model, but reviewing the literature indicates that there is a general consensus that seven emotions are universally recognized, regardless of cultural background: happiness, surprise, fear, anger,

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members" (Soto & Levenson, 2009). This model is rooted in Darwin's evolutionary theory, where he noted that both humans and animals share similar postural expressions of emotions such as anger/aggression, happiness, and fear. These similarities support the evolution argument that social animals

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maintains that during a conversation dealing with feelings and attitudes (i.e., like-dislike), 7% of what is communicated is via what is said, 38% is via tone of voice, and the majority, 55%, is via body language. This is also referred to as the '7%–38%–55% Rule', and is often considered in studies

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also indicate one's emotions. A person sitting still in the back of their chair, leaning forward with their head nodding along with the discussion implies that they are open, relaxed and generally ready to listen. On the other hand, a person who has their legs and arms crossed with the foot kicking

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Nodding of the head is generally considered a sign of saying 'yes'. When used in conversation it may be interpreted as a sign of approval and encourage the speaker to go on. A single nod of the head is a sign of acknowledging another person in a respectful manner. In this manner, it can be regarded

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The importance of body language to verbal language use is the need to eliminate ambiguity and redundancy in comprehension. Pennycook (1985) suggests to limit the use of non-visual materials to facilitate the teaching of a second language to improve this aspect of communication. He calls this being

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The use of body language can be seen in a wide variety of fields. Body languages has seen applications in instructional teaching in areas such as second-language acquisition and also to enhance the teaching of subjects like mathematics. A related use of body language is as a substitution to verbal

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Fundamentally, body language is seemed as an involuntary and unconscious phenomenon that adds to the process of communication. Despite that, there have been certain areas where the conscious harnessing of body language – both in action and comprehension – have been useful. The use of body language

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in general where people present themselves in a professional and focused manner which also overtly recognises that the relationship has boundaries. A businessperson-like approach signals to another person that they can trust that business will be the main focus of the conversation and not anything

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Oculesics, a subcategory of body language, is the study of eye movement, eye behavior, gaze, and eye-related nonverbal communication. As a social or behavioral science, oculesics is a form of nonverbal communication focusing on deriving meaning from eye behavior. Oculesics is culturally dependent.

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are regular greeting rituals and commonly used when meeting, greeting, offering congratulations, expressing camaraderie, or after the completion of an agreement. Studies have categorized several handshake styles, including the finger squeeze, the bone crusher (shaking hands too strongly), the limp

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Similarly, investigators' unintentional cues (e.g., body language, tone of voice) may negatively impact the reliability of eyewitness evidence. Psychology researchers have noted that such influences could be avoided if 'blind' identification procedures were employed (i.e., procedures conducted by

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Body language can convey the impression of a readiness to take action. While this is always observable in the physical sense it can be further categorised as being 'readiness for physical exertion' or 'readiness for social interaction'. Noting that a person will typically be ready for both at any

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Gestures are movements made with body parts (example hands, arms, fingers, head, legs) and they may be voluntary or involuntary. Arm gestures can be interpreted in several ways. In a discussion, when one stands, sits or even walks with folded arms, it is normally not a welcoming gesture. It could

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The angle of facing and positioning of a person's head can be indicative of their mood—this should be considered in conjunction with patterns of muscular tension that occur concurrently with it, such as that of the face and neck. When the head is tilted up this may demonstrate what some academics

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A tilting of the head to the side can be an expression of interest in what the other person is communicating. It may be a sign of curiosity, uncertainty, or questioning. If the head is propped up by the hand when the head is tilted then this may indicate disinterest or be a sign of thinking about

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may also be used by people to prepare themselves for a social engagement. Harvard professor Amy Cuddy suggested in 2010 that two minutes of power posing – "standing tall, holding your arms out or toward the sky, or standing like Superman, with your hands on hips" – could increase confidence, but

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Certain body postures can significantly influence the tone of voice. For instance, if someone is speaking while sitting in a chair with a hunched back, then this obstructs the breathing system, including the throat, and may muffle the tone of voice and convey the impression of being deenergised,

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Body language can be a useful aid not only in teaching a second language, but also in other areas. The idea behind using it is as a nonlinguistic input. It can be used to guide, hint, or urge a student towards the right answer. This is usually paired off with other verbal methods of guiding the

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Birdwhistell pointed out that "human gestures differ from those of other animals in that they are polysemic, that they can be interpreted to have many different meanings depending on the communicative context in which they are produced". And, he "resisted the idea that 'body language' could be

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and informal than body language in business. Trust within a friendship is conveyed in numerous different expressive forms. Like in business a handshake may be used on meeting but this may also involve clasping two hands around one hand or placing a hand on the shoulder etc. Body language which

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A person may alter their body language in order to alter the attitude they convey; this may in turn influence the rapport they have with another person. Whether a formal or informal attitude is conveyed may influence the other person's response. For instance, if an interviewer conveys a formal

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contexts holding hands is a common sign between intimate partners that expresses their affection and trust in each other. It is a gentle act which may extend over several minutes or more. In contrast, a handshake between friends may be quite exuberant and last for a few seconds. Trust is also

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and warmth. Contrarily, mistrusting body language will appear relatively closed and cold. Body language which conveys a sense of trust can vary depending on the nature of the relationship. For example, for business, friendships, and intimate relationships there may be similarities in the body

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On the other hand, the cultural advantage model predicts that individuals of the same race "process the visual characteristics more accurately and efficiently than other-race faces". Other factors that increase accurate interpretation include familiarity with nonverbal accents.

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body language. Their gestures and mannerisms may be very similar, and in this manner amplify their comedic effect. Or they may be very different and thereby highlighted by way of contrast. Comedy double acts standardly use such methods of complementary comedic body language.

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of human communications. While there is a wider debate about the percentage share which should be attributed to each of the three contributing factors, it is generally agreed upon that body language plays a fundamental role in determining the attitude a person conveys.

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system and must be interpreted broadly, instead of having an absolute meaning corresponding with a certain movement. It is, technically, not a language. Body language more so refers to the often unconscious reactions we tend to have in relation to observed stimuli.

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While facial body language can be interpreted as a sign of genuine emotion, a lack of it may suggest a lack of sincerity. For example, a lack of wrinkles around the eyes may suggest a potentially fake smile. At one point, researchers believed that making a genuine

183:. In fact, some researchers conclude that nonverbal communication accounts for the majority of information transmitted during interpersonal interactions. It helps to establish the relationship between two people and regulates interaction, yet it can be 426:, direct or prolonged eye contact means that you are challenging the individual with whom you are speaking or that you have a romantic interest in the person. Also, in many Asian cultures, prolonged eye contact may be a sign of anger or aggression. 949:

language to people who lack the ability to use that, be it because of deafness or aphasia. Body language has also been applied in the process of detecting deceit through micro-expressions, both in law enforcement and even in the world of poker.

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student, be it through confirmation checks or modified language use. Tai in his 2014 paper provides a list of three main characteristic of body language and how they influence teaching. The features are intuition, communication, and suggestion.

337:. If it is thrusting prominently forward, then this may be an indication that the person wants to be socially prominent and make a statement of physical confidence. When the chest is pulled back then this can indicate a less confident attitude. 3567:

investigators who do not know the identity of the actual suspect). However, blind procedures, which are used in science to prevent inadvertent contamination of research results, may be impractical for some jurisdictions to implement.

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emotions based on facial expressions with a high level of accuracy. This is because the face and the body are normally seen together in their natural proportions and the emotional signals from the face and body are well integrated.

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has also seen an increase in application and use commercially, with large volumes of books and guides published designed to teach people how to be conscious of body language, and how to use it to benefit them in certain scenarios.

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and patterns of breathing can be indicative of a person's mood and state of mind; because of this, the relationship between body language and breathing is often considered in contexts such as business meetings and presentations.

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The communicative feature is the ability of body language to create an environment and atmosphere that is able to facilitate effective learning. A holistic environment is more productive for learning and the acquisition for new

890:, he postulated that facial expressions of emotion are inherited. On the other hand, scholars have questioned if culture influences one's bodily expression of emotions. Broadly, the theories can be categorized into two models: 827:

The body language of trust in intimate relationships such as courtship and marriage is very open and often highly personalised, even if it is not necessarily as physically dynamic as that found in a friendship for example. In

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If a person positions their chest closer towards another person it may be a sign of paying closer attention to them as part of a conversation, or, in other circumstances, it may be a sign of physical assertion and aggression.

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A firm, friendly handshake has long been recommended in the business world as a way to make a good first impression, and the greeting is thought to date to ancient times as a way of showing a stranger you had no weapons.

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The suggestive feature of body language uses body language as a tool to create opportunities for the students to gain additional information about a particular concept or word through pairing it with the body language

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reliably recognized the facial expressions of individuals from the United States. Culturally isolated and with no exposure to US media, there was no possibility of cross-cultural transmission to the Papuan tribesmen.

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As with other types of body language, proximity range varies with culture. Hall suggested that "physical contact between two people ... can be perfectly correct in one culture, and absolutely taboo in another".

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Within a society, consensus exists regarding the accepted understandings and interpretations of specific behaviors. There also is controversy on whether body language is universal. Body language, a subset of

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over the other, and their posture would display approach tendencies. Comparing this to a person feeling fearful: they would feel weak, and submissive and their posture would display avoidance tendencies.

207:. An accurate interpretation of it relies on interpreting multiple signs in combination – such as the movement of the eyes, eyebrows, lips, nose and cheeks – in order to form an impression of a person's 1072:

Kinesics is the study and interpretation of nonverbal communication related to the movement of any part of the body or the body as a whole; in layman's terms, it is the study of body language. However,

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As a person's vocal chords are influenced physically by the tilt of their head and the respective pattern of muscle tension, it is possible to discern their head tilt by listening to how they talk.

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they appear to be 'pumped up'. Their body language is suggestive that they are about to move quickly and more energetically, they appear physically larger, and their movements are often bigger.

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It doesn't matter if it's a friendship or a business relationship, there has to be a certain level of trust between people. Understanding body language will help you to build trust and rapport.

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In addition to physical distance, the level of intimacy between conversants can be determined by "socio-petal socio-fugal axis", or the "angle formed by the axis of the conversants' shoulders".

2980: 308:. Research has shown that body postures are more accurately recognized when an emotion is compared with a different or neutral emotion. For example, a person feeling angry would portray 166:, which are languages with complex grammar systems and exhibiting the fundamental properties considered to exist in all true languages. Body language, on the other hand, does not have a 155:, eye movement, touch and the use of space. The term body language is usually applied in regard to people but may also be applied to animals. The study of body language is also known as 3467: 238:

The action of the pupil corresponds to mood, and it can communicate the mood of a person when it is observed. For instance, the research found that the person has no control over his

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unhappy or bored. Whereas if they were sitting up straight, this would allow the breathing system to be unobstructed and the tone of voice to be clearer, more energetic and focused.

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Folding your arms and looking away, in body language, can be interpreted as insecurity. The exaggerated use of the gesture by both characters is used to create a comedic impression.

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Your voice starts with your posture, especially the angle of your neck because your vocal chords are physically altered when you move your head forward, backward, or side to side.

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deciphered in some absolute fashion". He also indicated that "every body movement must be interpreted broadly and in conjunction with every other element in communication".

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slightly implies that they are feeling impatient and emotionally detached from the discussion. This being said, interpretation of said behavior can vary cross culturally

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perceived differently in regard to this relationship between posture and muscle tension. According to Alain Mignault and Avi Chaudhuri and considered in regard to

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conveys trust between friends may also be significantly more expressive and physical than in business. Giving someone a pat on the back or a hug for example.

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Kellerman, Susan (1992). "I see what you mean: The role of kinesic behaviour in listening and the implications for foreign and second language learning".

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Heslin, R. (May 1974). "Steps toward a taxonomy of touching". Paper presented to the annual meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago

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and they expanded when someone was interested in another person, or when they were looking at something. Normally, one's eyes need to instinctively

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mentioned that the signals that we send or receive to others through body language are reactions to others' invasions of our personal territories.

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as similar to the Asian practice of bowing to a person as a sign of respect. Shaking the head is usually interpreted as meaning 'no'. In India, a

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Human communication is extremely complex and one must look at the whole in order to make any determination as to the attitudes being expressed.

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Another notable area in the nonverbal world of body language is that of spatial relationships, which is also known as proxemics. Introduced by

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works, and its rejection by the scholarly community as an effective way to detect lies, law enforcement still relies on it. Numerous

4057: 1447:"Do Bodily Expressions Compete with Facial Expressions? Time Course of Integration of Emotional Signals from the Face and the Body" 3113:

O'Toole, Alice J.; Peterson, Jennifer; Deffenbacher, Kenneth A. (1996). "An "other-race effect" for categorizing faces by sex".

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between male and female actors, a large difference is perceived at other head angles even though the expression itself is fixed.

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is fundamental to all positive relationships between people. Body language which expresses trust will usually convey a sense of

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Marsh, A.A.; Elfenbein, H.A.; Ambady, N. (2003). "Nonverbal "accents": Cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion".

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Matsumoto, David; Hyi Sung, Hwang; Skinner, Lisa; Frank, Mark (June 2011). "Evaluating Truthfulness and Detecting Deception".

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Research has also shown that people can accurately decode distinct emotions by merely watching others communicate via touch.

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Jones, Stanley E. & A. Elaine Yarbrough; Yarbrough, A. Elaine (1985). "A naturalistic study of the meanings of touch".

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Candler, Wendy; & Lille-Martin, Diane. (2006). Sign Language and Linguistic Universals.: Cambridge University Press.

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in 1966, proxemics is the study of measurable distances between people as they interact with one another. In the book,

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Scholars have long debated on whether body language, particularly facial expressions, are universally understood. In

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at around 20 times per minute, but merely looking at a person the viewer finds attractive can make this rate faster.

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in which physical behaviors, as opposed to words, are used to express or convey information. Such behavior includes

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The expression of shame includes the hiding of the face, either by turning it down or covering it with the hands.

1142: 1016: 3021:"Emotion recognition across cultures: The influence of ethnicity on empathic accuracy and physiological linkage" 1937:"Asymmetries of Influence: Differential Effects of Body Postures on Perceptions of Emotional Facial Expressions" 1418: 365:—a cognitive association between members of a specific out-group and a culturally held belief (Hamilton, 1981). 159:. Although body language is an important part of communication, most of it happens without conscious awareness. 2460: 1281: 785:

Body language which conveys trust in a business context is done so in a formal manner. This is in keeping with

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something. A head that is tilted forwards slightly while being pulled backward may indicate being suspicious.

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Two women talking to each other. Notice the woman in blue has an arm next to her body, the other uses hers to

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is the tilting of the head from side to side, whose interpretation can be ambiguous and context-dependent.

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The body language of the members of law enforcement might influence the accuracy of eyewitness accounts.

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have addressed body language as a purported tool for "evaluation truthfulness and detecting deception."

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When the posture of the chest is fuller, and it is positioned relatively forward, then this is a sign of

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Hertenstein, Matthew J.; Keltner, Dacher; App, Betsy; Bulleit, Brittany A.; Jaskolka, Ariane R. (2006).

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was inspired by the fact that to successfully learn a language is to achieve discourse, strategic, and

3309:(July 2007). "Language learning beyond words: Incorporating body language into classroom activities". 2624:

Personality & Emotion Tests & Software: Psychological Books & Articles of Popular Interest

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retracted the advice and stopped teaching it after a 2015 study was unable to replicate the effect.

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was nearly impossible to do on command. More recently, however, a study conducted by researchers at

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Mondloch, Catherine J.; Nelson, Nicole L.; Horner, Matthew; Pavlova, Marina (10 September 2013).

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can read the mood of one side or the other simply by looking at them, sitting there all together.

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will try to compensate for this lack of eye-to-eye contact by leaning in shoulder-to-shoulder.

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model predicts that "individuals should be equally accurate in understanding the emotions of

822: 3523:

Pinizzoto, Anthony J.; Davis, Edward F.; Miller III, Charles E. (March 2006). "Dead Right".

4334: 3869: 3834: 3811: 3769: 3693: 2620:"'Silent Messages' – A Wealth of Information About Nonverbal Communication (Body Language)" 2160: 1948: 1458: 903: 899: 805: 675: 435: 305: 89: 910:

One of the strongest pieces of evidence that supports this model was a study conducted by

8: 4278: 4015: 3966: 3914: 887: 3484: 1952: 1462: 1361:

Kurien, Daisy N (March 1, 2010). "Body Language: Silent Communicator at the Workplace".

4371: 4288: 4157: 3989: 3891: 3874: 3799: 3505: 3393: 3376:(1985). "Actions speak louder than words: Paralanguage, communication, and education". 3373: 3288: 3231: 3181: 3138: 3045: 3020: 2777: 2738: 2580: 2572: 2395: 2060: 2023: 1971: 1936: 1865: 1805: 1745: 1685: 1625: 1536: 1481: 1446: 1394: 1177: 1172: 2799:

Brilliant Body Language: Impress, Persuade and Succeed with the Power of Body Language

4147: 4097: 3904: 3839: 3745: 3730: 3617: 3613: 3584: 3497: 3489: 3292: 3278: 3223: 3173: 3130: 3095: 3050: 2892: 2867: 2842: 2817: 2763: 2724: 2699: 2674: 2650: 2584: 2480: 2456: 2433: 2427: 2406: 2340: 2329: 2297: 2238: 2192: 2141: 2102: 2046: 2015: 1976: 1909: 1846:"The many faces of a neutral face: Head tilt and perception of dominance and emotion" 1786:"The many faces of a neutral face: Head tilt and perception of dominance and emotion" 1726:"The many faces of a neutral face: Head tilt and perception of dominance and emotion" 1666:"The many faces of a neutral face: Head tilt and perception of dominance and emotion" 1606:"The many faces of a neutral face: Head tilt and perception of dominance and emotion" 1584: 1559: 1528: 1524: 1486: 1308: 1277: 1238: 599: 208: 200: 148: 3509: 2760:

Without Saying a Word: Master the Science of Body Language and Maximize Your Success

2721:

Without Saying a Word: Master the Science of Body Language and Maximize Your Success

1869: 1809: 1749: 1689: 1629: 187:. The interpretation of body language tends to vary in different cultural contexts. 4304: 3757: 3609: 3479: 3446: 3385: 3355: 3270: 3235: 3215: 3165: 3142: 3122: 3087: 3040: 3032: 2564: 2372: 2289: 2228: 2133: 2094: 2011: 2007: 1966: 1956: 1857: 1797: 1737: 1677: 1617: 1520: 1476: 1466: 1393:

thinking, What someone's eyes can tell you about what they are (30 November 2001).

1074: 915: 748: 422:

usually portrays a lack of confidence, certainty, or truthfulness. However, in the

316: 290: 1540: 478:

The amount of touching that occurs within a culture is also culturally dependent.

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Body language is a major contributor to the attitude a person conveys to others.

180: 3219: 4309: 4005: 3451: 3434: 3091: 2390: 2137: 1996:"Public Grace and Private Fears: Gaiety, Offense, and Sorcery in Northern Bali" 883: 509: 497: 232: 216: 3359: 3264: 2376: 2293: 2098: 1861: 1801: 1741: 1681: 1621: 1445:

Gu, Yuanyuan; Mai, Xiaoqin; Luo, Yue-jia; Di Russo, Francesco (23 July 2013).

786: 128: 4460: 4397: 4349: 4242: 4237: 4216: 4207: 4172: 4102: 4077: 4062: 3909: 3493: 3274: 2242: 2145: 2019: 1157: 1126: 1012: 163: 144: 3169: 3073:"The nonverbal expression of pride: Evidence for cross-cultural recognition" 282: 4247: 4232: 4199: 3844: 3501: 3177: 3099: 3054: 2301: 2106: 1980: 1532: 1490: 1327:

Onsager, Mark. "Understanding the Importance of Non-Verbal Communication",

1077:, who is considered the founder of this area of study, never used the term 1041:". Players also have to look out for signs that an opponent is doing well. 1038: 716: 415: 212: 3649: 3227: 3134: 1845: 1785: 1725: 1665: 1605: 1329: 4423: 4381: 4211: 3959: 3929: 3794: 2619: 1082: 523:

Hall also came up with four distinct zones in which most people operate:

517: 419: 361:—a negative response to a member of a different group—from one fueled by 260: 133: 3266:

Qualitative Data Collection Tools: Design, Development, and Applications

1049: 4344: 4314: 4092: 3899: 3397: 2576: 911: 870: 799: 334: 2027: 1995: 4354: 4142: 4082: 4010: 3879: 3816: 3789: 3774: 3413:

Communicative Language Teaching in Action: Putting Principles to Work

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D. Billups, Felice (2019). "The Qualitative Data Collection Cycle".

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Burgoon, Judee K.; Buller, David B.; Woodall, William Gill (1996).

1147: 1067: 156: 4433: 3752: 2122:"Effects of emotional body language on rapid out-group judgments" 1199: 492: 204: 167: 152: 4407: 4152: 4107: 4072: 3949: 3864: 3826: 3112: 2085:

Black, Roxie M. (2011). "Cultural Considerations of Hand Use".

1383:(Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology). 1167: 501: 239: 1419:"Butler Newsroom | 9 Wordless Ways Someone Says, "I Love You"" 3541: 1504:

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Hall, Edward T. (1966). The Hidden Dimension. Anchor Books.

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and Friesen (1971), where members of a preliterate tribe in

734: 2910: 2908: 2696:

Life Competencies for Growth and Success A Trainer's Manual

2045:(12th ed.). Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. p. 348. 1934: 1011:

Despite the absence of evidence indicating that non-verbal

3466:

Vrij, Aldert; Hartwig, Maria; Granhag, Pär Anders (2019).

777:

language used but it can also be significantly different.

357:

It is difficult to distinguish a behavior motivated by an

2043:

Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior

1503: 4163:

Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified

3522: 2905: 2191:(illustrated ed.). Sqge Publications. p. 577. 989:

to lead to greater understanding of the particular word.

2188:

The Sage Glossary of the Social and Behavioral Sciences

1554:

Lewis, Hedgwig (2012). "The Head and Torso: Wobbling".

1211:

and the pose is merely an attempt to appear confident.

3435:"The Application of Body Language in English Teaching" 2891:(3 ed.). John Wiley & Sons Ltd. p. 229. 1395:"How To Read Anyone's Body Language Using Eye Signals" 1340:, New York, 19 May 2014. Retrieved on 26 October 2014. 543:

for interactions among good friends or family members

3468:"Reading Lies: Nonverbal Communication and Deception" 3330:

The Body Language of Poker: Mike Caro's Book of Tells

2723:. HarperCollins Leadership. pp. 89–90, 98, 116. 1235:

Nonverbal Communication Across Disciplines, Volume II

253: 3155: 3066: 3064: 2947: 2425: 235:, even when they were not feeling especially happy. 2914:Campbell, Alastair, 'The Team Player: Edi Rama' in 2331:

Are You Communicating?: You Can't Manage Without It

1258:Fast, Julius (2014). "1. The Body is the Message". 864: 56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3465: 2757: 2718: 2394: 2328: 2120:Hinzman, Lindsay; Kelly, Spencer D. (2013-01-01). 1237:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 189. 855: 3061: 2501:Nonverbal Communication: Studies and Applications 2335:(First ed.). McGraw-Hill Companies. p. 1272:Klimt, Edward S.; & Belling, Ursula. (1979). 877: 203:is a part of body language and the expression of 4458: 3562:Eyewitness Evidence: A Guide for Law Enforcement 1444: 804:Body language between friends is typically more 2930:"8 Powerful Ways to Improve Your Body Language" 2839:Body Language in Business: Decoding the Signals 3071:Tracy, Jessica L.; Robins, Richard W. (2008). 3019:Soto, Jose Angel; Levenson, Robert W. (2009). 2836: 2429:Nonverbal Communication: The Unspoken Dialogue 2362: 2041:Coon, Dennis, & Mitterer, John O. (2010). 957: 869:A body language warm up routine consisting of 3665: 1844:Mignault, Alain & Chaudhuri, Avi (2003). 1784:Mignault, Alain & Chaudhuri, Avi (2003). 1724:Mignault, Alain & Chaudhuri, Avi (2003). 1664:Mignault, Alain & Chaudhuri, Avi (2003). 1604:Mignault, Alain & Chaudhuri, Avi (2003). 1579:Lewis, Hedgwig (2012). "The Head and Torso". 1440: 1438: 893: 3341: 3339: 3299: 3080:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 3018: 2782:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2762:. HarperCollins Leadership. pp. 34–35. 2743:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2511: 2509: 2397:Manwatching: A Field Guide to Human Behavior 2119: 2065:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2040: 1889:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1829:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1769:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1709:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1649:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 462:: This expresses idiosyncratic relationship. 231:found that people could convincingly fake a 3679: 3635: 3633: 3070: 2866:(1 ed.). Pearson Educational Limited. 2608:, New York: Russell Sage Foundation, p. 398 1930: 1928: 1276:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 922: 638:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 547:Close phase – 1.5 to 2.5 feet (46 to 76 cm) 500:'s interpersonal distances of man, showing 3672: 3658: 3606:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 3269:. SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 52–53. 3262: 2758:Wezowski, Wezowski, Kasia, Patryk (2018). 2719:Wezowski, Wezowski, Kasia, Patryk (2018). 1435: 1305:Psychological Development of Deaf Children 975:not just bilingual but also 'bi-kinesic'. 575:Close phase – 12 to 25 feet (3.7 to 7.6 m) 4190:Social (pragmatic) communication disorder 3483: 3450: 3439:Journal of Language Teaching and Research 3372: 3345: 3336: 3305: 3044: 2837:Adrian Furnham, Evgeniya Petrova (2010). 2617: 2506: 2470: 2468: 2451: 2449: 2322: 2320: 2283: 2232: 2126:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 1970: 1960: 1480: 1470: 1302: 952: 816: 702:Learn how and when to remove this message 116:Learn how and when to remove this message 4058:Basic interpersonal communicative skills 3630: 3311:Reflections on English Language Teaching 2693: 2401:(illustrated ed.). Abrams. p. 2358: 2356: 2221:Leadership and Management in Engineering 2184: 2080: 2078: 2076: 1925: 1903: 1392: 1386: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1048: 733: 561:Close phase – 4 to 7 feet (1.2 to 2.1 m) 550:Far phase – 2.5 to 4 feet (76 to 122 cm) 536:Far phase – 6 to 18 inches (15 to 46 cm) 533:Close phase – less than 6 inches (15 cm) 491: 443:Heslin outlines five haptic categories: 281: 277: 127: 4125: 3198: 2606:Social Research in the Judicial Process 2210: 2208: 1307:. Oxford University Press. p. 27. 1232: 564:Far phase – 7 to 12 feet (2.1 to 3.7 m) 190: 4459: 3603: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3410: 2886: 2861: 2811: 2796: 2671:Job Readiness for Health Professionals 2644: 2465: 2446: 2389: 2326: 2317: 2265:"Touch Communicates Distinct Emotions" 1360: 529:for embracing, touching or whispering 397: 304:Emotions can also be detected through 179:, complements verbal communication in 4124: 4046: 3920:High-context and low-context cultures 3691: 3653: 3578: 2978: 2927: 2649:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 19. 2353: 2185:Sullivan, Larry E. (31 August 2009). 2084: 2073: 1993: 1578: 1553: 1343: 978: 971:language beyond the discourse level. 557:for interactions among acquaintances 195: 4269:Computer processing of body language 4047: 3554: 3535: 3516: 3327: 2953: 2673:. Elsevier. 2021. pp. 140–141. 2647:It's What You Don't Say That Matters 2547: 2503:. New York: Oxford University Press. 2474: 2234:10.1061/(ASCE)1532-6748(2001)1:4(51) 2214: 2205: 1904:Treasure, Julian (2017). "Posture". 1257: 1122:Computer processing of body language 1037:opponents, known in poker as their " 636:adding citations to reliable sources 603: 578:Far phase – 25 feet (7.6 m) or more. 54:adding citations to reliable sources 25: 4284:List of facial expression databases 4274:Emotion recognition in conversation 3485:10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103135 3432: 3419: 2841:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 154. 2517:"The significance of Body Language" 2158: 1001: 962:The importance of body language in 13: 3404: 3366: 2698:. Sage publications. p. 142. 1006: 254:Head and neck postures and signals 136:; both are signs of body language. 14: 4483: 4168:Childhood disintegrative disorder 3643:. Illinois: Blackwell Publishing. 2988:Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 1525:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.08.012 932:contempt, disgust, and sadness. 865:Readiness for social interaction 608: 593: 289:, a painting by Canadian artist 30: 3597: 3572: 3459: 3321: 3256: 3192: 3149: 3106: 3012: 2972: 2928:Haden, Jeff (5 December 2013). 2921: 2880: 2855: 2830: 2805: 2790: 2751: 2712: 2687: 2663: 2638: 2611: 2598: 2541: 2493: 2419: 2383: 2308: 2256: 2178: 2152: 2113: 2034: 1987: 1897: 1837: 1777: 1717: 1657: 1597: 1572: 1547: 1497: 1411: 1191: 1143:Literal and figurative language 1098:is still more widely used than 1017:Federal Bureau of Investigation 939: 856:Readiness for physical exertion 474:: This expresses sexual intent. 41:needs additional citations for 16:Type of nonverbal communication 3692: 3641:The dictionary of anthropology 3614:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01421-8 3604:Danesi, M (2006). "Kinesics". 3583:. Routledge. pp. 98–100. 2956:"My position on "Power Poses"" 2012:10.1525/eth.1987.15.4.02a00010 1373: 1321: 1296: 1287: 1266: 1251: 1226: 1044: 878:Universal vs. culture-specific 21:Body language (disambiguation) 1: 2916:Winners: And How They Succeed 2626:. Los Angeles: self-published 2432:(2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. 1850:Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 1790:Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 1730:Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 1670:Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 1610:Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 1219: 1102:. Dr. Maziar Mir in his book 793: 368: 294: 3544:FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 3525:FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 2918:, London: Arrow Books, p.143 2801:(1 ed.). Prentice Hall. 1962:10.1371/journal.pone.0073605 1472:10.1371/journal.pone.0066762 840: 481: 414:For example, in traditional 402: 384: 317:Sitting or standing postures 7: 4185:Nonverbal learning disorder 3763:Speech-independent gestures 3736:Facial Action Coding System 3579:Olsen, Christopher (2016). 3472:Annual Review of Psychology 3220:10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.102 2864:Understanding Body Language 2694:Agochiya, Davendra (2018). 1163:Nonverbal learning disorder 1132:Facial Action Coding System 1109: 1085:'s definition of language. 1061: 964:second-language acquisition 958:Second-language acquisition 780: 729: 344: 162:Body language differs from 10: 4488: 3925:Interpersonal relationship 3726:Body-to-body communication 3452:10.4304/jltr.5.5.1205-1209 3199:Russell, James A. (1994). 3092:10.1037/0022-3514.94.3.516 2887:Kuhnke, Elizabeth (2015). 2816:. Routledge. p. 173. 2618:Mehrabian, Albert (2009). 2138:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.07.010 1363:IUP Journal of Soft Skills 1233:Poyatos, Fernando (2002). 1065: 894:Cultural equivalence model 820: 797: 597: 485: 433: 429: 406: 18: 4416: 4390: 4330: 4323: 4297: 4261: 4225: 4198: 4135: 4131: 4120: 4053: 4042: 3998: 3975: 3938: 3890: 3825: 3704: 3700: 3687: 2994:: 207–283. Archived from 2889:Body Language for Dummies 2377:10.1080/03637758509376094 2294:10.1037/1528-3542.6.3.528 2099:10.1016/j.jht.2010.09.067 1399:www.psychologistworld.com 1022:Law Enforcement Bulletins 571:used for public speaking 389:Body language related to 4340:Behavioral communication 3275:10.4135/9781071878699.n7 2604:Loh, Wallace D. (1984). 2548:Hall, Edward T. (1968). 2365:Communication Monographs 1330:Body Language Dictionary 1303:Marschark, Mark (1993). 1184: 1031: 923:Cultural advantage model 759: 327: 4472:Nonverbal communication 3780:Interpersonal synchrony 3681:Nonverbal communication 3360:10.1093/applin/13.3.239 3170:10.1111/1467-9280.24461 2862:Eggert, Max A. (2014). 2797:Eggert, Max A. (2012). 2645:Phipps, Robert (2012). 2327:Walton, Donald (1989). 2087:Journal of Hand Therapy 1862:10.1023/A:1023914509763 1802:10.1023/A:1023914509763 1742:10.1023/A:1023914509763 1682:10.1023/A:1023914509763 1622:10.1023/A:1023914509763 448:Functional/professional 324:signals of aggression. 229:Northeastern University 177:nonverbal communication 4377:Monastic sign lexicons 4068:Emotional intelligence 3433:Tai, Yuanyuan (2014). 3411:Brandl, Klaus (2007). 3208:Psychological Bulletin 2954:Carney, Dana R. (nd). 2215:Cruz, William (2001). 1379:Brunstein, A. (2007). 1208: 1092: 1054: 953:Instructional teaching 849: 817:Intimate relationships 767: 745: 739: 505: 301: 137: 4367:Impression management 3158:Psychological Science 2475:Fast, Julius (2014). 1274:The signs of language 1203: 1104:Body Language of Iran 1087: 1052: 844: 823:Intimate relationship 763: 741: 737: 495: 285: 278:General body postures 131: 4382:Verbal communication 4335:Animal communication 4253:Targeted advertising 3770:Haptic communication 3639:Barfield, T (1997). 3608:. pp. 207–213. 2979:Ekman, Paul (1971). 2814:Marketing Essentials 2812:Blythe, Jim (2012). 2557:Current Anthropology 2499:Moore, Nina (2010). 1994:Wikan, Unni (1987). 904:ingroup and outgroup 900:cultural equivalence 632:improve this section 436:Haptic communication 191:Physical expressions 50:improve this article 19:For other uses, see 4391:Non-verbal language 4279:Gesture recognition 4126:Further information 4016:Emotion recognition 3967:Silent service code 3374:Pennycook, Alastair 3348:Applied Linguistics 3328:Caro, Mike (1994). 3307:Gregersen, Tammy S. 2479:. Open Road Media. 1953:2013PLoSO...873605M 1463:2013PLoSO...866762G 888:evolutionary theory 398:Other subcategories 4417:Art and literature 4372:Meta-communication 4360:Passive-aggressive 4289:Sentiment analysis 3990:Non-verbal leakage 1336:2017-05-06 at the 1262:. Open Road Media. 1178:Universal language 1173:Statement analysis 1055: 979:Enhancing teaching 787:business etiquette 740: 506: 504:in feet and meters 496:A chart depicting 418:culture, avoiding 302: 196:Facial expressions 181:social interaction 149:facial expressions 138: 4454: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4442: 4441: 4148:Asperger syndrome 4116: 4115: 4098:Social competence 4038: 4037: 4034: 4033: 3840:Emotional prosody 3746:Subtle expression 3731:Facial expression 3590:978-1-138-89141-8 2165:Beckman Institute 2159:Ramadas, Nidhin. 2052:978-0-495-59913-5 712: 711: 704: 686: 600:Emotional prosody 541:Personal distance 527:Intimate distance 460:Friendship/warmth 363:stereotype effect 201:Facial expression 126: 125: 118: 100: 4479: 4328: 4327: 4305:Ray Birdwhistell 4133: 4132: 4122: 4121: 4048:Broader concepts 4044: 4043: 4021:First impression 3702: 3701: 3689: 3688: 3674: 3667: 3660: 3651: 3650: 3644: 3637: 3628: 3627: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3487: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3445:(5): 1205–1209. 3430: 3417: 3416: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3343: 3334: 3333: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3250: 3244: 3238:. 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Mehrabian 738:Mehrabian's rule 707: 700: 696: 693: 687: 685: 644: 612: 604: 299: 296: 291:Florence Carlyle 151:, body posture, 121: 114: 110: 107: 101: 99: 58: 34: 26: 4487: 4486: 4482: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4477: 4476: 4467:Human positions 4457: 4456: 4455: 4438: 4429:Mimoplastic art 4412: 4403:Tactile signing 4386: 4319: 4293: 4257: 4221: 4194: 4127: 4112: 4088:Social behavior 4049: 4030: 3994: 3985:Microexpression 3971: 3955:One-bit message 3934: 3886: 3821: 3741:Microexpression 3696: 3683: 3678: 3648: 3647: 3638: 3631: 3624: 3602: 3598: 3591: 3577: 3573: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3540: 3536: 3521: 3517: 3464: 3460: 3431: 3420: 3409: 3405: 3390:10.2307/3586829 3378:TESOL Quarterly 3371: 3367: 3344: 3337: 3326: 3322: 3304: 3300: 3285: 3261: 3257: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3203: 3197: 3193: 3154: 3150: 3127:10.1068/p250669 3111: 3107: 3075: 3069: 3062: 3017: 3013: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2983: 2977: 2973: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2952: 2948: 2938: 2936: 2926: 2922: 2913: 2906: 2899: 2885: 2881: 2874: 2860: 2856: 2849: 2835: 2831: 2824: 2810: 2806: 2795: 2791: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2756: 2752: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2717: 2713: 2706: 2692: 2688: 2681: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2657: 2643: 2639: 2629: 2627: 2616: 2612: 2603: 2599: 2589: 2587: 2563:(2/3): 83–108. 2552: 2546: 2542: 2532: 2530: 2529:on 1 April 2010 2526: 2519: 2515: 2514: 2507: 2498: 2494: 2487: 2473: 2466: 2454: 2447: 2440: 2424: 2420: 2413: 2391:Morris, Desmond 2388: 2384: 2361: 2354: 2347: 2325: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2285:10.1.1.421.2391 2267: 2261: 2257: 2247: 2245: 2213: 2206: 2199: 2183: 2179: 2169: 2167: 2157: 2153: 2118: 2114: 2083: 2074: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2039: 2035: 1992: 1988: 1933: 1926: 1916: 1906:How to be Heard 1902: 1898: 1882: 1881: 1874: 1872: 1842: 1838: 1822: 1821: 1814: 1812: 1782: 1778: 1762: 1761: 1754: 1752: 1722: 1718: 1702: 1701: 1694: 1692: 1662: 1658: 1642: 1641: 1634: 1632: 1602: 1598: 1591: 1577: 1573: 1566: 1552: 1548: 1508: 1502: 1498: 1443: 1436: 1427: 1425: 1423:news.butler.edu 1417: 1416: 1412: 1403: 1401: 1391: 1387: 1378: 1374: 1359: 1344: 1338:Wayback Machine 1326: 1322: 1315: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1271: 1267: 1256: 1252: 1245: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1216: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1153:Mimoplastic art 1117:Autism spectrum 1112: 1070: 1064: 1047: 1034: 1009: 1007:Law enforcement 1004: 981: 968:sociolinguistic 960: 955: 942: 925: 896: 880: 867: 858: 843: 825: 819: 802: 796: 783: 762: 732: 708: 697: 691: 688: 651:"Body language" 645: 643: 629: 613: 602: 596: 569:Public Distance 555:Social distance 490: 484: 438: 432: 411: 405: 400: 387: 371: 347: 330: 297: 280: 256: 198: 193: 122: 111: 105: 102: 65:"Body language" 59: 57: 47: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4485: 4475: 4474: 4469: 4452: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4394: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4363: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4317: 4312: 4310:Charles Darwin 4307: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4219: 4214: 4204: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4176: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4139: 4137: 4129: 4128: 4118: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4054: 4051: 4050: 4040: 4039: 4036: 4035: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4006:Affect display 4002: 4000: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3992: 3987: 3981: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3969: 3964: 3963: 3962: 3952: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3896: 3894: 3892:Social context 3888: 3887: 3885: 3884: 3883: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3842: 3837: 3831: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3803: 3802: 3800:Pupil dilation 3797: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3766: 3765: 3760: 3750: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3728: 3723: 3714: 3708: 3706: 3698: 3697: 3685: 3684: 3677: 3676: 3669: 3662: 3654: 3646: 3645: 3629: 3623:978-0080448541 3622: 3596: 3589: 3571: 3553: 3534: 3515: 3478:(1): 295–317. 3458: 3418: 3403: 3384:(2): 259–282. 3365: 3354:(3): 239–258. 3335: 3320: 3298: 3283: 3255: 3214:(1): 102–141. 3191: 3164:(4): 373–376. 3148: 3121:(6): 669–676. 3105: 3086:(3): 516–530. 3060: 3031:(6): 874–884. 3011: 2971: 2946: 2920: 2904: 2898:978-1119067399 2897: 2879: 2873:978-1292084596 2872: 2854: 2848:978-0230241466 2847: 2829: 2823:978-0080966243 2822: 2804: 2789: 2769:978-0814439746 2768: 2750: 2730:978-0814439746 2729: 2711: 2705:978-9352805280 2704: 2686: 2680:978-0323430265 2679: 2662: 2656:978-0857081742 2655: 2637: 2610: 2597: 2569:10.1086/200975 2540: 2505: 2492: 2486:978-1497622685 2485: 2464: 2445: 2439:978-0070089952 2438: 2418: 2412:978-0810913103 2411: 2382: 2352: 2346:978-0070680524 2345: 2316: 2307: 2278:(3): 528–533. 2255: 2204: 2198:978-1412951432 2197: 2177: 2151: 2132:(1): 152–155. 2112: 2072: 2051: 2033: 2006:(4): 337–365. 1986: 1924: 1915:978-1633536715 1914: 1896: 1856:(2): 111–132. 1836: 1796:(2): 111–132. 1776: 1736:(2): 111–132. 1716: 1656: 1616:(2): 111–132. 1596: 1589: 1571: 1564: 1546: 1496: 1434: 1410: 1385: 1372: 1342: 1320: 1313: 1295: 1286: 1265: 1250: 1243: 1224: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1189: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1094:Despite that, 1066:Main article: 1063: 1060: 1046: 1043: 1033: 1030: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 999: 998: 994: 990: 980: 977: 959: 956: 954: 951: 941: 938: 924: 921: 895: 892: 879: 876: 866: 863: 857: 854: 842: 839: 821:Main article: 818: 815: 798:Main article: 795: 792: 782: 779: 761: 758: 731: 728: 710: 709: 616: 614: 607: 598:Main article: 595: 592: 580: 579: 576: 566: 565: 562: 552: 551: 548: 538: 537: 534: 510:Edward T. Hall 498:Edward T. Hall 486:Main article: 483: 480: 476: 475: 472:Sexual/arousal 469: 463: 457: 451: 434:Main article: 431: 428: 424:Latino culture 407:Main article: 404: 401: 399: 396: 386: 383: 370: 367: 359:out-group bias 346: 343: 329: 326: 279: 276: 255: 252: 233:Duchenne smile 197: 194: 192: 189: 124: 123: 38: 36: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4484: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4398:Sign language 4396: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4243:Freudian slip 4241: 4239: 4238:Lie detection 4236: 4234: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4217:Mirror neuron 4215: 4213: 4209: 4208:Limbic system 4206: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4174: 4173:Rett syndrome 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4123: 4119: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4103:Social skills 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4078:People skills 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4063:Communication 4061: 4059: 4056: 4055: 4052: 4045: 4041: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999:Multi-faceted 3997: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3937: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3910:Display rules 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3889: 3881: 3880:Voice quality 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3792: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3754: 3751: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3733: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3717:Body language 3715: 3713: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3670: 3668: 3663: 3661: 3656: 3655: 3652: 3642: 3636: 3634: 3625: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3592: 3586: 3582: 3581:Acting Comedy 3575: 3568: 3563: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3519: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3414: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3342: 3340: 3331: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3284:9781544334813 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3267: 3259: 3245:on 2016-03-04 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3202: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3074: 3067: 3065: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3001:on 2014-04-11 2997: 2993: 2989: 2982: 2975: 2957: 2950: 2935: 2931: 2924: 2917: 2911: 2909: 2900: 2894: 2890: 2883: 2875: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2850: 2844: 2840: 2833: 2825: 2819: 2815: 2808: 2800: 2793: 2785: 2779: 2771: 2765: 2761: 2754: 2746: 2740: 2732: 2726: 2722: 2715: 2707: 2701: 2697: 2690: 2682: 2676: 2672: 2666: 2658: 2652: 2648: 2641: 2625: 2621: 2614: 2607: 2601: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2551: 2544: 2525: 2518: 2512: 2510: 2502: 2496: 2488: 2482: 2478: 2477:Body Language 2471: 2469: 2462: 2458: 2452: 2450: 2441: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2422: 2414: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2359: 2357: 2348: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2332: 2323: 2321: 2311: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2266: 2259: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2211: 2209: 2200: 2194: 2190: 2189: 2181: 2166: 2162: 2155: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2116: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2093:(2): 104–11. 2092: 2088: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2068: 2062: 2054: 2048: 2044: 2037: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1990: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1947:(9): e73605. 1946: 1942: 1938: 1931: 1929: 1921: 1917: 1911: 1907: 1900: 1892: 1886: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1840: 1832: 1826: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1780: 1772: 1766: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1720: 1712: 1706: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1660: 1652: 1646: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1600: 1592: 1590:9788132116905 1586: 1582: 1581:Body Language 1575: 1567: 1565:9788132116905 1561: 1557: 1556:Body Language 1550: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1507: 1500: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1457:(7): e66762. 1456: 1452: 1448: 1441: 1439: 1424: 1420: 1414: 1400: 1396: 1389: 1382: 1376: 1369:(1/2): 29–36. 1368: 1364: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1339: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1324: 1316: 1314:0-19-506899-8 1310: 1306: 1299: 1290: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1269: 1261: 1260:Body Language 1254: 1246: 1244:1-55619-754-3 1240: 1236: 1229: 1225: 1212: 1207: 1201: 1194: 1190: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1158:Mirror neuron 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1127:Display rules 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1096:body language 1091: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1079:body language 1076: 1069: 1059: 1051: 1042: 1040: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1023: 1018: 1014: 1013:lie detection 995: 991: 987: 986: 985: 976: 972: 969: 965: 950: 946: 937: 933: 929: 920: 917: 913: 908: 905: 901: 891: 889: 885: 875: 872: 862: 853: 848: 838: 834: 831: 824: 814: 810: 807: 801: 791: 788: 778: 775: 771: 766: 757: 753: 750: 744: 736: 727: 723: 721: 720: 706: 703: 695: 684: 681: 677: 674: 670: 667: 663: 660: 656: 653: – 652: 648: 647:Find sources: 641: 637: 633: 627: 626: 622: 617:This section 615: 611: 606: 605: 601: 594:Tone of voice 591: 587: 583: 577: 574: 573: 572: 570: 563: 560: 559: 558: 556: 549: 546: 545: 544: 542: 535: 532: 531: 530: 528: 524: 521: 519: 515: 514:Body Language 511: 503: 499: 494: 489: 479: 473: 470: 467: 466:Love/intimacy 464: 461: 458: 455: 454:Social/polite 452: 449: 446: 445: 444: 441: 437: 427: 425: 421: 417: 410: 395: 392: 382: 378: 375: 366: 364: 360: 355: 351: 342: 338: 336: 325: 321: 318: 314: 311: 307: 306:body postures 292: 288: 284: 275: 272: 268: 264: 262: 251: 247: 245: 241: 236: 234: 230: 226: 220: 218: 214: 213:state of mind 210: 206: 202: 188: 186: 182: 178: 172: 169: 165: 164:sign language 160: 158: 154: 150: 146: 145:communication 143:is a type of 142: 141:Body language 135: 130: 120: 117: 109: 98: 95: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: – 66: 62: 61:Find sources: 55: 51: 45: 44: 39:This article 37: 33: 28: 27: 22: 4233:Cold reading 4226:Applications 4200:Neuroanatomy 3845:Paralanguage 3716: 3640: 3605: 3599: 3580: 3574: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3547: 3543: 3537: 3528: 3524: 3518: 3475: 3471: 3461: 3442: 3438: 3412: 3406: 3381: 3377: 3368: 3351: 3347: 3329: 3323: 3314: 3310: 3301: 3265: 3258: 3247:. Retrieved 3240:the original 3211: 3207: 3194: 3161: 3157: 3151: 3118: 3114: 3108: 3083: 3079: 3028: 3024: 3014: 3003:. Retrieved 2996:the original 2991: 2987: 2974: 2962:. Retrieved 2949: 2937:. Retrieved 2933: 2923: 2915: 2888: 2882: 2863: 2857: 2838: 2832: 2813: 2807: 2798: 2792: 2759: 2753: 2720: 2714: 2695: 2689: 2670: 2665: 2646: 2640: 2628:. Retrieved 2623: 2613: 2605: 2600: 2588:. Retrieved 2560: 2556: 2543: 2531:. Retrieved 2524:the original 2500: 2495: 2476: 2428: 2421: 2396: 2385: 2371:(1): 19–56. 2368: 2364: 2330: 2310: 2275: 2271: 2258: 2246:. Retrieved 2227:(4): 51–53. 2224: 2220: 2187: 2180: 2170:13 September 2168:. Retrieved 2164: 2154: 2129: 2125: 2115: 2090: 2086: 2042: 2036: 2003: 1999: 1989: 1944: 1940: 1919: 1905: 1899: 1885:cite journal 1873:. Retrieved 1853: 1849: 1839: 1825:cite journal 1813:. Retrieved 1793: 1789: 1779: 1765:cite journal 1753:. Retrieved 1733: 1729: 1719: 1705:cite journal 1693:. Retrieved 1673: 1669: 1659: 1645:cite journal 1633:. Retrieved 1613: 1609: 1599: 1580: 1574: 1555: 1549: 1516: 1512: 1499: 1454: 1450: 1426:. Retrieved 1422: 1413: 1402:. 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Mango. 1138:Imitation 841:Readiness 717:Amazon's 692:July 2023 619:does not 488:Proxemics 482:Proxemics 409:Oculesics 403:Oculesics 391:breathing 385:Breathing 310:dominance 217:intention 185:ambiguous 106:July 2023 4180:Dyssemia 4026:Intimacy 3946:Emoticon 3855:Loudness 3785:Laughter 3721:Kinesics 3712:Blushing 3705:Physical 3510:58562467 3502:30609913 3317:: 51–64. 3178:12807413 3100:18284295 3055:20001130 2964:23 March 2393:(1977). 2302:16938094 2107:21109395 1981:24039996 1941:PLOS ONE 1870:73547442 1810:73547442 1750:73547442 1690:73547442 1630:73547442 1583:. Sage. 1558:. 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