2812:. One comprehensive theory of emotional arousal in humans has been developed by Jonathan Turner (2007: 2009). Two of the key eliciting factors for the arousal of emotions within this theory are expectations states and sanctions. When people enter a situation or encounter with certain expectations for how the encounter should unfold, they will experience different emotions depending on the extent to which expectations for Self, other and situation are met or not met. People can also provide positive or negative sanctions directed at Self or other which also trigger different emotional experiences in individuals. Turner analyzed a wide range of emotion theories across different fields of research including sociology, psychology, evolutionary science, and neuroscience. Based on this analysis, he identified four emotions that all researchers consider being founded on human neurology including assertive-anger, aversion-fear, satisfaction-happiness, and disappointment-sadness. These four categories are called primary emotions and there is some agreement amongst researchers that these primary emotions become combined to produce more elaborate and complex emotional experiences. These more elaborate emotions are called first-order elaborations in Turner's theory, and they include sentiments such as pride, triumph, and awe. Emotions can also be experienced at different levels of intensity so that feelings of concern are a low-intensity variation of the primary emotion aversion-fear whereas depression is a higher intensity variant.
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extent than in boys and men (the notion being that an angry man has a valid complaint that needs to be rectified, while an angry women is hysterical or oversensitive, and her anger is somehow invalid), while the expression of sadness or fear is discouraged in boys and men relative to girls and women (attitudes implicit in phrases like "man up" or "don't be a sissy"). Expectations attached to social roles, such as "acting as man" and not as a woman, and the accompanying "feeling rules" contribute to the differences in expression of certain emotions. Some cultures encourage or discourage happiness, sadness, or jealousy, and the free expression of the emotion of disgust is considered socially unacceptable in most cultures. Some social institutions are seen as based on certain emotion, such as
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as the product of an organism investigating its environment, and observing the responses of other organisms. Emotion stimulates the evolution of social relationships, acting as a signal to mediate the behavior of other organisms. In some contexts, the expression of emotion (both voluntary and involuntary) could be seen as strategic moves in the transactions between different organisms. The situated perspective on emotion states that conceptual thought is not an inherent part of emotion, since emotion is an action-oriented form of skillful engagement with the world. Griffiths and
Scarantino suggested that this perspective on emotion could be helpful in understanding phobias, as well as the emotions of infants and animals.
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played a big role in emotions. He suggested that physiological reactions contributed to emotional experience by facilitating a focused cognitive appraisal of a given physiologically arousing event and that this appraisal was what defined the subjective emotional experience. Emotions were thus a result of two-stage process: general physiological arousal, and experience of emotion. For example, the physiological arousal, heart pounding, in a response to an evoking stimulus, the sight of a bear in the kitchen. The brain then quickly scans the area, to explain the pounding, and notices the bear. Consequently, the brain interprets the pounding heart as being the result of fearing the bear. With his student,
879:(1773): "Reason alone can never be a motive to any action of the will⊠it can never oppose passion in the direction of the will⊠The reason is, and ought to be, the slave of the passions, and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them". With these lines, Hume attempted to explain that reason and further action would be subject to the desires and experience of the self. Later thinkers would propose that actions and emotions are deeply interrelated with social, political, historical, and cultural aspects of reality that would also come to be associated with sophisticated neurological and physiological research on the brain and other parts of the physical body.
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1069:. Emotions like fear, anger, and disgust are thought to have evolved to help humans and other animals detect and respond to threats and dangers in their environment. For example, fear helps individuals react quickly to potential dangers, anger can motivate self-defense or assertiveness, and disgust can protect against harmful substances. While happiness might reinforce behaviors that lead to positive outcomes. For example, the anticipation of the reward associated with a pleasurable emotion like joy can motivate individuals to engage in behaviors that promote their well-being.
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2831:(1915/1965) wrote about the collective effervescence or emotional energy that was experienced by members of totemic rituals in Australian Aboriginal society. He explained how the heightened state of emotional energy achieved during totemic rituals transported individuals above themselves giving them the sense that they were in the presence of a higher power, a force, that was embedded in the sacred objects that were worshipped. These feelings of exaltation, he argued, ultimately lead people to believe that there were forces that governed sacred objects.
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1789:, Schachter demonstrated that subjects can have different emotional reactions despite being placed into the same physiological state with an injection of epinephrine. Subjects were observed to express either anger or amusement depending on whether another person in the situation (a confederate) displayed that emotion. Hence, the combination of the appraisal of the situation (cognitive) and the participants' reception of adrenalin or a placebo together determined the response. This experiment has been criticized in Jesse Prinz's (2004)
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ourselves through the "looking glass" that the gestures and reactions of others provide. Depending on these reactions, we either experience pride or shame and this results in particular paths of action. Retzinger (1991) conducted studies of married couples who experienced cycles of rage and shame. Drawing predominantly on
Goffman and Cooley's work, Scheff (1990) developed a micro sociological theory of the social bond. The formation or disruption of social bonds is dependent on the emotions that people experience during interactions.
1937:: The combination of the primary and secondary appraisals contributes to the generation of emotions. The specific emotion experienced is determined by these appraisals. For instance, if a person appraises a situation as relevant to their well-being (positive or negative) and believes they have the resources to cope, this might lead to an emotion such as joy or relief. Conversely, if the situation is appraised negatively, and coping resources are perceived as lacking, emotions like fear or sadness may result.
1616:, Damasio demonstrated how loss of physiological capacity for emotion resulted in the subject's lost capacity to make decisions despite having robust faculties for rationally assessing options. Research on physiological emotion has caused modern neuroscience to abandon the model of emotions and rationality as opposing forces. In contrast to the ancient Greek ideal of dispassionate reason, the neuroscience of emotion shows that emotion is necessarily integrated with intellect.
796:. For example, Peggy Thoits described emotions as involving physiological components, cultural or emotional labels (anger, surprise, etc.), expressive body actions, and the appraisal of situations and contexts. Cognitive processes, like reasoning and decision-making, are often regarded as separate from emotional processes, making a division between "thinking" and "feeling". However, not all theories of emotion regard this separation as valid.
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902:) or dispositions (e.g., hostility), and short-lived (e.g., anger) or long-lived (e.g., grief). Psychotherapist Michael C. Graham describes all emotions as existing on a continuum of intensity. Thus fear might range from mild concern to terror or shame might range from simple embarrassment to toxic shame. Emotions have been described as consisting of a coordinated set of responses, which may include verbal,
2159:(AET) is a psychological theory that focuses on the role of workplace events in shaping employees' emotions, attitudes, and behaviors in the context of their job. This theory was developed by organizational psychologists Howard M. Weiss and Russell Cropanzano in the late 1990s. AET primarily concerns itself with how emotional experiences at work can impact job satisfaction, performance, and other outcomes.
2999:, a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions. The theory states that within human beings, as a response to experiences in the world, the autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of the mouth. Emotions, then, are feelings which come about as a result of these physiological changes, rather than being their cause.
1261:", suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation. Some basic emotions can be modified to form complex emotions. The complex emotions could arise from cultural conditioning or association combined with the basic emotions. Alternatively, similar to the way
824:. The word "emotion" was coined in the early 1800s by Thomas Brown and it is around the 1830s that the modern concept of emotion first emerged for the English language. "No one felt emotions before about 1830. Instead they felt other things â 'passions', 'accidents of the soul', 'moral sentiments' â and explained them very differently from how we understand emotions today."
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stimuli. These biological functions of the amygdala are not only limited to the "fear-conditioning" and "processing of aversive stimuli", but also are present on other components of the amygdala. Therefore, it can referred the amygdala as a key structure to understand the potential responses of behavior in danger like situations in human and non-human mammals.
1425:, emotions occur when an object is considered attractive or repulsive. There is a felt tendency impelling people towards attractive objects and propelling them to move away from repulsive or harmful objects; a disposition to possess the object (greed), to destroy it (hatred), to flee from it (fear), to get obsessed or worried over it (anxiety), and so on.
2181:: AET posits that emotions generated by affective events at work have consequences for employee attitudes and behaviors. For example, positive emotions may lead to increased job satisfaction, improved performance, and greater commitment to the organization, while negative emotions might result in reduced job satisfaction and increased turnover intentions.
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expressions through media. Another classic study found that when participants contorted their facial muscles into distinct facial expressions (for example, disgust), they reported subjective and physiological experiences that matched the distinct facial expressions. Ekman's facial-expression research examined six basic emotions:
1759:), before being subjected to any further processing. Therefore, Cannon also argued that it was not anatomically possible for sensory events to trigger a physiological response prior to triggering conscious awareness and emotional stimuli had to trigger both physiological and experiential aspects of emotion simultaneously.
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manipulating the bodily state induces a desired emotional state. Some people may believe that emotions give rise to emotion-specific actions, for example, "I'm crying because I'm sad", or "I ran away because I was scared". The issue with the JamesâLange theory is that of causation (bodily states causing emotions and being
1575:. Darwin argued that emotions served no evolved purpose for humans, neither in communication, nor in aiding survival. Darwin largely argued that emotions evolved via the inheritance of acquired characters. He pioneered various methods for studying non-verbal expressions, from which he concluded that some expressions had
1931:: Secondary appraisal follows the primary appraisal and involves an assessment of one's ability to cope with or manage the situation. If an individual believes they have the resources and skills to cope effectively, this may result in a different emotional response than if they perceive themselves as unable to cope.
1925:: This initial cognitive appraisal involves evaluating a situation for its relevance and implications for one's well-being. It assesses whether a situation is beneficial, harmful, or neutral. A positive primary appraisal may lead to positive emotions, while a negative primary appraisal may lead to negative emotions.
2630:. The University of Queensland hosts EmoNet, an e-mail distribution list representing a network of academics that facilitates scholarly discussion of all matters relating to the study of emotion in organizational settings. The list was established in January 1997 and has over 700 members from across the globe.
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intensities of emotional energy during face-to-face interactions. Emotional energy is considered to be a feeling of confidence to take action and a boldness that one experiences when they are charged up from the collective effervescence generated during group gatherings that reach high levels of intensity.
940:'s Component Process Model (CPM) of emotion, there are five crucial elements of emotion. From the component process perspective, emotional experience requires that all of these processes become coordinated and synchronized for a short period of time, driven by appraisal processes. Although the inclusion of
1835:, 1993). Solomon claims that emotions are judgments. He has put forward a more nuanced view which responds to what he has called the 'standard objection' to cognitivism, the idea that a judgment that something is fearsome can occur with or without emotion, so judgment cannot be identified with emotion.
2552:). She says that they "are not triggered; you create them. They emerge as a combination of the physical properties of your body, a flexible brain that wires itself to whatever environment it develops in, and your culture and upbringing, which provide that environment". She has termed this approach the
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Some aspects of Ekman's approach to basic emotions are commonly misunderstood. Three misinterpretations are especially common. The first and most widespread is that Ekman posits exactly six basic emotions. Although his original facial-expression research examined six emotions, Ekman has often written
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A common way in which emotions are conceptualized in sociology is in terms of the multidimensional characteristics including cultural or emotional labels (for example, anger, pride, fear, happiness), physiological changes (for example, increased perspiration, changes in pulse rate), expressive facial
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approach in psychology. This theory is markedly different from both cognitivist and neo-Jamesian theories of emotion, both of which see emotion as a purely internal process, with the environment only acting as a stimulus to the emotion. In contrast, a situationist perspective on emotion views emotion
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The Affect
Infusion Model has been applied to a wide range of areas, including consumer behavior, social judgment, and interpersonal interactions. It emphasizes the idea that emotions and mood play a more significant role in cognitive processes and decision-making than traditionally thought. While it
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emotional experiences. He argued that physiological responses were too slow and often imperceptible and this could not account for the relatively rapid and intense subjective awareness of emotion. He also believed that the richness, variety, and temporal course of emotional experiences could not stem
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The JamesâLange theory has remained influential. Its main contribution is the emphasis it places on the embodiment of emotions, especially the argument that changes in the bodily concomitants of emotions can alter their experienced intensity. Most contemporary neuroscientists would endorse a modified
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Christian perspective on emotion presupposes a theistic origin to humanity. God who created humans gave humans the ability to feel emotion and interact emotionally. Biblical content expresses that God is a person who feels and expresses emotion. Though a somatic view would place the locus of emotions
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Using statistical methods to analyze emotional states elicited by short videos, Cowen and
Keltner identified 27 varieties of emotional experience: admiration, adoration, aesthetic appreciation, amusement, anger, anxiety, awe, awkwardness, boredom, calmness, confusion, craving, disgust, empathic pain,
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has supported the view that emotions are discrete, measurable, and physiologically distinct. Ekman's most influential work revolved around the finding that certain emotions appeared to be universally recognized, even in cultures that were preliterate and could not have learned associations for facial
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This list provides a general overview of different traditions in the sociology of emotion that sometimes conceptualize emotion in different ways and at other times in complementary ways. Many of these different approaches were synthesized by Turner (2007) in his sociological theory of human emotions
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Attempts are frequently made to regulate emotion according to the conventions of the society and the situation based on many (sometimes conflicting) demands and expectations which originate from various entities. The expression of anger is in many cultures discouraged in girls and women to a greater
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spectrum posit that both basic emotions and social emotions evolved to motivate (social) behaviors that were adaptive in the ancestral environment. Emotion is an essential part of any human decision-making and planning, and the famous distinction made between reason and emotion is not as clear as it
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AET has been influential in the field of organizational psychology and has helped shed light on how workplace events can have a significant impact on employee well-being and organizational outcomes. It highlights the importance of understanding and managing the emotional experiences of employees in
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and subsequently asked them how they felt. Marañón found that most of these patients felt something but in the absence of an actual emotion-evoking stimulus, the patients were unable to interpret their physiological arousal as an experienced emotion. Schachter did agree that physiological reactions
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Human nature and the accompanying bodily sensations have always been part of the interests of thinkers and philosophers. Far more extensively, this has also been of great interest to both
Western and Eastern societies. Emotional states have been associated with the divine and with the enlightenment
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Some cross-cultural studies indicate that the categorization of "emotion" and classification of basic emotions such as "anger" and "sadness" are not universal and that the boundaries and domains of these concepts are categorized differently by all cultures. However, others argue that there are some
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Our emotional feelings reflect our ability to subjectively experience certain states of the nervous system. Although conscious feeling states are universally accepted as major distinguishing characteristics of human emotions, in animal research the issue of whether other organisms feel emotions is
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research on emotions is required for understanding the psychological situation of a given population or specific actors. This implies the need to comprehend the current emotional state, mental disposition or other behavioral motivation of a target audience located in a different culture, basically
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There is a growing body of research applying the sociology of emotion to understanding the learning experiences of students during classroom interactions with teachers and other students (for example, Milne & Otieno, 2007; Olitsky, 2007; Tobin, et al., 2013; Zembylas, 2002). These studies show
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is activated by stimuli that cause positive approach. If attractive stimuli can selectively activate a region of the brain, then logically the converse should hold, that selective activation of that region of the brain should cause a stimulus to be judged more positively. This was demonstrated for
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Whenever potentially dangerous stimuli are presented, additional brain structures activate that previous thought (hippocampus, thalamus, etc.). Thus, giving the amygdala an important role in coordinating the following behavioral input based on the presented neurotransmitters that respond to threat
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in humans. In
Christian thought, emotions have the potential to be controlled through reasoned reflection. That reasoned reflection also mimics God who made mind. The purpose of emotions in human life is therefore summarized in God's call to enjoy Him and creation, humans are to enjoy emotions and
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In some uses of the word, emotions are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something. On the other hand, emotion can be used to refer to states that are mild (as in annoyed or content) and to states that are not directed at anything (as in anxiety and depression). One line of research
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Nowadays, most research into emotions in the clinical and well-being context focuses on emotion dynamics in daily life, predominantly the intensity of specific emotions and their variability, instability, inertia, and differentiation, as well as whether and how emotions augment or blunt each other
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There is no consensus in the literature on a definition of emotion. The term is taken for granted in itself and, most often, emotion is defined with reference to a list: anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise. I propose here that emotion is any mental experience with high intensity and
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Emotion regulation refers to the cognitive and behavioral strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience. For example, a behavioral strategy in which one avoids a situation to avoid unwanted emotions (trying not to think about the situation, doing distracting activities, etc.).
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Subsequent to these developments, Randall
Collins (2004) formulated his interaction ritual theory by drawing on Durkheim's work on totemic rituals that was extended by Goffman (1964/2013; 1967) into everyday focused encounters. Based on interaction ritual theory, we experience different levels or
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Other emotions like fear and anxiety long thought to be exclusively generated by the most primitive parts of the brain (stem) and more associated to the fight-or-flight responses of behavior, have also been associated as adaptive expressions of defensive behavior whenever a threat is encountered.
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This still left open the question of whether the opposite of approach in the prefrontal cortex is better described as moving away (direction model), as unmoving but with strength and resistance (movement model), or as unmoving with passive yielding (action tendency model). Support for the action
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Frijda's theory emphasizes the adaptive function of emotions and the role of cognitive appraisal in shaping emotional experiences. It highlights that emotions are not simply reactions to external events but are intimately tied to the individual's goals, values, and perceptions of the situation's
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was a prominent psychologist known for his work in the field of emotion and affective science. One of the key contributions of Frijda are his "Laws of
Emotion", which outline a set of principles that help explain how emotions function and how they are experienced. Frijda's Laws of Emotion are as
2005:
The
Appraisal-Tendency Theory, developed by Joseph P. Forgas, is a theory that focuses on how people have dispositional tendencies to appraise and interpret situations in specific ways, leading to consistent emotional reactions to particular types of situations. This theory suggests that certain
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Mandler's Two-Process Theory of
Emotion emphasizes the importance of cognitive appraisal processes in shaping emotional experiences. It recognizes that emotions are not just automatic reactions but result from complex evaluations of the significance of situations and one's ability to manage them
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George Mandler, a prominent psychologist known for his contributions to the study of cognition and emotion, proposed the "Two-Process Theory of Emotion". This theory offers insights into how emotions are generated and how cognitive processes play a role in emotional experiences. Mandler's theory
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theories, normal emotions (like delight and fear) are described as irrational impulses that come from incorrect appraisals of what is 'good' or 'bad'. Alternatively, there are 'good emotions' (like joy and caution) experienced by those that are wise, which come from correct appraisals of what is
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Overall, Prinz's Emotion Attribution Theory emphasizes the role of attributions in the recognition and understanding of emotions. It highlights the automatic and cognitive processes involved in identifying and interpreting emotional states in oneself and others. This theory has implications for
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Emotions play a crucial role in social interactions. Expressing emotions through facial expressions, body language, and vocalizations helps convey information to others about one's internal state. This, in turn, facilitates cooperation, bonding, and the maintenance of social relationships. For
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which capture data about the user's physical state or behavior without interpreting the input. The data gathered is analogous to the cues humans use to perceive emotions in others. Another area within affective computing is the design of computational devices proposed to exhibit either innate
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In the 1990s, sociologists focused on different aspects of specific emotions and how these emotions were socially relevant. For Cooley (1992), pride and shame were the most important emotions that drive people to take various social actions. During every encounter, he proposed that we monitor
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The Affect Infusion Model (AIM) is a psychological framework that was developed by Joseph Forgas in the 1990s. This model focuses on how affect, or mood and emotions, can influence cognitive processes and decision-making. The central idea of the AIM is that affect, whether it is a positive or
2127:: Prinz's theory is associated with the idea of basic emotions, which are a limited set of universal and biologically driven emotional states. He argues that attributions of basic emotions are part of human cognitive architecture and that these attributions are made automatically and rapidly.
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split, only about 1.2% of their genetic material has been modified. This suggests that everything that separates us from chimpanzees must be encoded in that very small amount of DNA, including our behaviors. Students that study animal behaviors have only identified intraspecific examples of
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Appraisal-Tendency Theory suggests that these cognitive tendencies can shape an individual's overall emotional disposition, influencing their emotional reactions and social judgments. This theory has been applied in various contexts, including studies of personality, social psychology, and
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An example of this theory in action would be as follows: An emotion-evoking stimulus (snake) triggers a pattern of physiological response (increased heart rate, faster breathing, etc.), which is interpreted as a particular emotion (fear). This theory is supported by experiments in which by
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A distinction can be made between emotional episodes and emotional dispositions. Emotional dispositions are also comparable to character traits, where someone may be said to be generally disposed to experience certain emotions. For example, an irritable person is generally disposed to feel
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emotional capabilities or that are capable of convincingly simulating emotions. Emotional speech processing recognizes the user's emotional state by analyzing speech patterns. The detection and processing of facial expression or body gestures is achieved through detectors and sensors.
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to attempt to map emotion-related responses onto a more limited number of dimensions. Such methods attempt to boil emotions down to underlying dimensions that capture the similarities and differences between experiences. Often, the first two dimensions uncovered by factor analysis are
2512:. They include thirst, hunger for air, hunger for food, pain and hunger for specific minerals etc. There are two constituents of a primordial emotion â the specific sensation which when severe may be imperious, and the compelling intention for gratification by a consummatory act".
2169:: AET centers on "affective events", which are specific events or occurrences in the workplace that trigger emotional responses in employees. These events can be positive (e.g., receiving praise or a promotion) or negative (e.g., conflicts with coworkers or work-related stressors).
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is a contemporary philosopher and cognitive scientist who has contributed to the field of emotion theory. One of his influential theories is the "Emotion Attribution Theory", which provides a perspective on how people recognize and understand emotions in themselves and others.
2079:: This law acknowledges the role of cognitive appraisal processes in the emotional experience. Individuals appraise or evaluate a situation based on factors such as its relevance, congruence with goals, and coping potential, which in turn shapes the specific emotional response.
1971:: The model suggests that affect can influence the strategies people use to process information. Positive affect might lead to a more heuristic or "top-down" processing style, whereas negative affect might lead to a more systematic, detail-oriented "bottom-up" processing style.
2193:: The theory also suggests that there can be a feedback loop where the emotional reactions of employees influence their perceptions of subsequent events. In other words, an employee's emotional state may color their perception of future events and experiences in the workplace.
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from physiological reactions, that reflected fairly undifferentiated fight or flight responses. An example of this theory in action is as follows: An emotion-evoking event (snake) triggers simultaneously both a physiological response and a conscious experience of an emotion.
1623:). For example, spite seems to work against the individual but it can establish an individual's reputation as someone to be feared. Shame and pride can motivate behaviors that help one maintain one's standing in a community, and self-esteem is one's estimate of one's status.
2995:(1834â1900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. Lange was a Danish physician and psychologist. Working independently, they developed the
2762:, are learnt and not only regulated by culture. Historians of emotion trace and analyze the changing norms and rules of feeling, while examining emotional regimes, codes, and lexicons from social, cultural, or political history perspectives. Others focus on the history of
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phenomena. In his theory, James proposed that the perception of what he called an "exciting fact" directly led to a physiological response, known as "emotion". To account for different types of emotional experiences, James proposed that stimuli trigger activity in the
1977:: The AIM suggests that when the affective state is congruent with the information being processed, it can enhance processing efficiency and lead to more favorable judgments. For example, a positive mood might lead to more positive evaluations of positive information.
2292:. Its present form in humans differed from that of the chimpanzees by only a few mutations and has been present for about 200,000 years, coinciding with the beginning of modern humans. Speech, language, and social organization are all part of the basis for emotions.
2133:: While basic emotions are seen as universal, Prinz acknowledges the role of social and cultural factors in shaping how emotions are expressed and interpreted. Culture can influence the display rules for emotions and how emotions are perceived in various contexts.
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has been influential in understanding the interplay between affect and cognition, it is important to note that the AIM is just one of several models in the field of emotion and cognition that help explain the intricate relationship between emotions and thinking.
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Although defensive behaviors have been present in a wide variety of species, Blanchard et al. (2001) discovered a correlation of given stimuli and situation that resulted in a similar pattern of defensive behavior towards a threat in human and non-human mammals.
2139:: Prinz's theory also explores the connection between emotions and moral evaluation. He suggests that emotions are linked to our moral judgments and evaluations of actions and events. Emotion attributions are crucial in the moral assessment of others' behaviors.
2034:: The theory extends beyond emotions to include the impact of appraisal tendencies on social judgments and evaluations. For example, individuals with a tendency to perceive events as unfair may make consistent social judgments related to fairness and justice.
2085:: Frijda's theory suggests that emotions prepare individuals for action. Emotions are associated with physiological changes and action tendencies that ready the individual to respond to the situation. For example, fear may prepare someone to escape a threat.
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to succeed at night as reptiles slept â one explanation for why olfactory lobes in mammalian brains are proportionally larger than in the reptiles. These odor pathways gradually formed the neural blueprint for what was later to become our limbic brain.
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tendency model (passivity related to right prefrontal activity) comes from research on shyness and research on behavioral inhibition. Research that tested the competing hypotheses generated by all four models also supported the action tendency model.
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Merckelbach H, van Oppen P (March 1989). "Effects of gaze manipulation on subjective evaluation of neutral and phobia-relevant stimuli. A comment on Drake's (1987) 'Effects of Gaze Manipulation on Aesthetic Judgments: Hemisphere Priming of Affect'".
2028:: Appraisal tendencies influence emotional responses to situations. For instance, individuals with a tendency to appraise situations as threatening may consistently experience fear or anxiety in response to a range of situations perceived as threats.
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primary affective systems called SEEKING (expectancy), FEAR (anxiety), RAGE (anger), LUST (sexual excitement), CARE (nurturance), PANIC/GRIEF (sadness), and PLAY (social joy). He proposed what is known as "core-SELF" to be generating these affects.
2187:: AET recognizes that individual and situational factors can moderate the relationship between affective events and outcomes. Personal characteristics, job roles, and organizational culture can influence how employees respond to affective events.
2121:: Prinz suggests that emotions are recognized through a process of attributing specific emotional states to oneself and others based on observed or perceived cues. These cues can include facial expressions, body language, vocal tone, and context.
2175:: The theory suggests that these affective events generate emotions in employees. These emotions can be either discrete (specific emotions like happiness, anger, or sadness) or general mood states (e.g., feeling generally positive or negative).
2040:: Appraisal tendencies may interact with situational factors. In some situations, the tendency to appraise a situation as threatening, for instance, may lead to fear, while in different contexts, it may not produce the same emotional response.
1075:: Emotions can enhance memory. Events or experiences that trigger strong emotions are often remembered more vividly, which can be advantageous for learning from past experiences and avoiding potential threats or repeating successful behaviors.
2016:: Appraisal tendencies refer to the habitual or characteristic ways that individuals appraise or evaluate situations. Appraisals involve cognitive judgments about the personal relevance, desirability, and significance of events or situations.
2712:, a branch of zoology which focuses on the scientific study of animal behavior. Ethology is a combination of laboratory and field science, with strong ties to ecology and evolution. Ethologists often study one type of behavior (for example,
2618:, the study of humanity, scholars use ethnography to undertake contextual analyzes and cross-cultural comparisons of a range of human activities. Some anthropology studies examine the role of emotions in human activities. In the field of
1965:: The AIM posits that individuals use their current mood or emotional state as a source of information when making judgments or decisions. In other words, people consider their emotional experiences as part of the decision-making process.
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Enard W, Khaitovich P, Klose J, Zöllner S, Heissig F, Giavalisco P, Nieselt-Struwe K, Muchmore E, Varki A, Ravid R, Doxiadis GM, Bontrop RE, PÀÀbo S (April 2002). "Intra- and interspecific variation in primate gene expression patterns".
2502:" â attention-demanding feelings evoked by body states, such as pain, hunger and fatigue, that motivate behavior (withdrawal, eating or resting in these examples) aimed at maintaining the body's internal milieu at its ideal state.
2637:, the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, emotions are analyzed in some sub-fields of microeconomics, in order to assess the role of emotions on purchase decision-making and
1045:: a broader term used to describe the emotional and cognitive experience of an emotion, feeling or mood. It can be understood as a combination of three components: emotion, mood, and affectivity (an individual's overall disposition or
2022:: The theory posits that these appraisal tendencies are stable and relatively consistent across time. They are also seen as individual differences, meaning that people may differ in the specific appraisal tendencies they exhibit.
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with physiological changes, and so on. More recently, emotion has been said to consist of all the components. The different components of emotion are categorized somewhat differently depending on the academic discipline. In
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are reactivated more, they are remembered better and have more attention devoted to them. Through remembering our past achievements and failures, autobiographical memories affect how we perceive and feel about ourselves.
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the emotion". James further claims that "we feel sad because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble, and either we cry, strike, or tremble because we are sorry, angry, or fearful, as the case may be".
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in the physical body, Christian theory of emotions would view the body more as a platform for the sensing and expression of emotions. Therefore, emotions themselves arise from the person, or that which is "imago-dei" or
2067:: This law posits that emotions are elicited by events or situations that have personal significance and meaning for the individual. Emotions are not random but are a response to the perceived meaning of the situation.
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and script theory. The affect theory introduced the concept of basic emotions, and was based on the idea that the dominance of the emotion, which he called the affected system, was the motivating force in human life.
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example, a smile communicates happiness and friendliness, while a frown may signal distress or disapproval. Emotions can also ignite conversations about values and ethics. However some emotions, such as some forms of
2824:. In advertising, such as health campaigns and political messages, emotional appeals are commonly found. Recent examples include no-smoking health campaigns and political campaigns emphasizing the fear of terrorism.
1826:
These theories acknowledge that emotions are not automatic reactions but result from the interplay of cognitive interpretations, physiological responses, and the social context. A prominent philosophical exponent is
2886:
Depending on the particular school's general emphasis on either cognitive components of emotion, physical energy discharging, or on symbolic movement and facial expression components of emotion different schools of
3144:(born 1940) â American sociologist whose central contribution was in forging a link between the subcutaneous flow of emotion in social life and the larger trends set loose by modern capitalism within organizations
1801:
With the two-factor theory now incorporating cognition, several theories began to argue that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts were entirely necessary for an emotion to occur.
2199:: AET acknowledges that the effects of affective events may not be immediate and can manifest over time. The theory allows for the consideration of both short-term and long-term emotional influences on employees.
2622:, critical organizational scholars have examined the role of emotions in organizations, from the perspectives of managers, employees, and even customers. A focus on emotions in organizations can be credited to
1321:(how energized or enervated the experience feels). These two dimensions can be depicted on a 2D coordinate map. This two-dimensional map has been theorized to capture one important component of emotion called
2700:, scholars examine documents and other sources to interpret and analyze past activities; speculation on the emotional state of the authors of historical documents is one of the tools of interpretation. In
1989:: The model acknowledges that various factors, such as individual differences, task complexity, and the extent of attention paid to one's mood, can moderate the degree to which affect influences cognition.
1110:
more easily or quickly than others do. Finally, some theorists place emotions within a more general category of "affective states" where affective states can also include emotion-related phenomena such as
2073:: Frijda suggests that emotions are fundamentally concerned with the individual's well-being and adaptation. Emotions serve as signals or reactions to situations that impact one's goals, needs, or values.
872:
proposed a revolutionary argument that sought to explain the main motivators of human action and conduct. He proposed that actions are motivated by "fears, desires, and passions". As he wrote in his book
2429:
Emotions are thought to be related to certain activities in brain areas that direct our attention, motivate our behavior, and determine the significance of what is going on around us. Pioneering work by
1032:
representation of emotions, private to the individual experiencing them. Emotions are often described as the raw, instinctive responses, while feelings involve our interpretation and awareness of those
4762:
Cordaro, Daniel T.; Sun, Rui; Keltner, Dacher; Kamble, Shanmukh; Huddar, Niranjan; McNeil, Galen (February 2018). "Universals and cultural variations in 22 emotional expressions across five cultures".
2212:
A situated perspective on emotion, developed by Paul E. Griffiths and Andrea Scarantino, emphasizes the importance of external factors in the development and communication of emotion, drawing upon the
917:, with some relationships existing between emotions and some direct opposites existing. Graham differentiates emotions as functional or dysfunctional and argues all functional emotions have benefits.
2114:
Emotion Attribution Theory, proposed by Jesse Prinz, focuses on the role of emotion attributions in the experience and understanding of emotions. Key ideas and components of Prinz's theory include:
8648:
2750:. Historians, like other social scientists, assume that emotions, feelings and their expressions are regulated in different ways by both different cultures and different historical times, and the
8485:
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2091:: Emotions are influenced by both what is happening now and what is anticipated to occur in the future. Emotions can reflect an individual's expectations about the consequences of a situation.
7389:
3053:(1927â2015), a Dutch psychologist who advanced the theory that human emotions serve to promote a tendency to undertake actions that are appropriate in the circumstances, detailed in his book
2906:
Research on emotions reveals the strong presence of cross-cultural differences in emotional reactions and that emotional reactions are likely to be culture-specific. In strategic settings,
2006:
individuals may have stable, habitual patterns of appraising and attributing emotional significance to events, and these tendencies can influence their emotional responses and judgments.
1983:: The concept of "affect infusion" refers to the idea that affect can "infuse" or bias cognitive processes, potentially leading to decision-making that is influenced by emotional factors.
6841:
Kringelbach ML, O'Doherty J, Rolls ET, Andrews C (October 2003). "Activation of the human orbitofrontal cortex to a liquid food stimulus is correlated with its subjective pleasantness".
2252:
event, heritable traits that have enabled its ancestor to survive and reproduce successfully are passed down along with new traits that could be potentially beneficial to the offspring.
4719:
Cordaro, Daniel T.; Keltner, Dacher; Tshering, Sumjay; Wangchuk, Dorji; Flynn, Lisa M. (2016). "The voice conveys emotion in ten globalized cultures and one remote village in Bhutan".
2482:, would activate the right prefrontal cortex. The direction model predicted that anger, an approach emotion, would activate the left prefrontal cortex. The second model was supported.
5661:
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seems. Paul D. MacLean claims that emotion competes with even more instinctive responses, on one hand, and the more abstract reasoning, on the other hand. The increased potential in
861:), leading them to propose extensive theoriesâoften competing theoriesâthat sought to explain emotion and the accompanying motivators of human action, as well as its consequences.
3203:, who is a general sociological theorist with specialty areas including the sociology of emotions, ethnic relations, social institutions, social stratification, and bio-sociology
2580:
examines emotions from a scientific perspective by treating them as mental processes and behavior and they explore the underlying physiological and neurological processes, e.g.,
1720:
Although mostly abandoned in its original form, Tim Dalgleish argues that most contemporary neuroscientists have embraced the components of the James-Lange theory of emotions.
1018:
Emotions: predispositions to a certain type of action in response to a specific stimulus, which produce a cascade of rapid and synchronized physiological and cognitive changes.
9947:
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Currently the predominant opinion is that somatovisceral and central nervous responses associated with an emotion serve to prepare situationally adaptive behavioral responses.
2843:
that learning subjects like science can be understood in terms of classroom interaction rituals that generate emotional energy and collective states of emotional arousal like
4383:
2645:, a social science approach to the study of crime, scholars often draw on behavioral sciences, sociology, and psychology; emotions are examined in criminology issues such as
6957:
Harmon-Jones E, Vaughn-Scott K, Mohr S, Sigelman J, Harmon-Jones C (March 2004). "The effect of manipulated sympathy and anger on left and right frontal cortical activity".
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of the human mind and body. The ever-changing actions of individuals and their mood variations have been of great importance to most of the Western philosophers (including
2508:
calls the latter "primordial emotions" and defines them as "the subjective element of the instincts, which are the genetically programmed behavior patterns which contrive
1851:. The cognitive activity involved in the interpretation of an emotional context may be conscious or unconscious and may or may not take the form of conceptual processing.
7773:
Shaver, Phillip R.; Wu, Shelley; Schwartz, Judith C. "Cross-cultural similarities and differences in emotion and its representation" In: Clark, Margaret S. (Ed), (1992).
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and rules; thus historically variable and open to change. Several research centers have opened in the past few years in Germany, England, Spain, Sweden, and Australia.
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systems. This is important because emotions are related to the anti-stress complex, with an oxytocin-attachment system, which plays a major role in bonding. Emotional
1634:
theories of emotion claim that bodily responses, rather than cognitive interpretations, are essential to emotions. The first modern version of such theories came from
5855:
McIntosh DN, Zajonc RB, Vig PB, Emerick SW (1997). "Facial movement, breathing, temperature, and affect: Implications of the vascular theory of emotional efference".
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2371:(or gyrus)) which facilitate the care, feeding, and grooming of offspring. Paleocircuits are neural platforms for bodily expression configured before the advent of
1942:
effectively. This theory underscores the role of cognition in the emotional process and highlights the interplay of cognitive factors in the formation of emotions.
1717:), not that of the bodily influences on emotional experience (which can be argued and is still quite prevalent today in biofeedback studies and embodiment theory).
1600:
has also allowed investigation into evolutionarily ancient parts of the brain. Important neurological advances were derived from these perspectives in the 1990s by
745:, expressive behavior, psychophysiological changes, and instrumental behavior. At one time, academics attempted to identify the emotion with one of the components:
2409:
react to sensory cues of vision, sound, touch, chemical, gravity, and motion with pre-set body movements and programmed postures. With the arrival of night-active
2096:
meaning. Frijda's work has had a significant influence on the study of emotions and has contributed to a more comprehensive understanding of how emotions operate.
8379:
7316:
1906:
provided an extensive theoretical and empirical discussion of emotion as influenced by cognition, consciousness, and the autonomic nervous system in two books (
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professor, is the field's godmother; her 1997 book, Affective Computing, triggered an explosion of interest in the emotional side of computers and their users.
1058:
There is no single, universally accepted evolutionary theory. The most prominent ideas suggest that emotions have evolved to serve various adaptive functions:
7089:
Wacker J, Chavanon ML, Leue A, Stemmler G (April 2008). "Is running away right? The behavioral activation-behavioral inhibition model of anterior asymmetry".
6399:
Weiss HM, Cropanzano R. (1996). Affective events theory: a theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work.
2240:
affect social connectedness and fitness in complex social systems. These characteristics are shared with other species and taxa and are due to the effects of
948:
are separate but interacting systems, the CPM provides a sequence of events that effectively describes the coordination involved during an emotional episode.
2538:
may release hormones due to a trigger (such as an innate reaction to seeing a snake), but "then we elaborate it through cognitive and conscious processes".
2244:
and their continuous transmission. Information that is encoded in the DNA sequences provides the blueprint for assembling proteins that make up our cells.
1751:
Phillip Bard contributed to the theory with his work on animals. Bard found that sensory, motor, and physiological information all had to pass through the
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that deals with the design of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, and process human emotions. It is an interdisciplinary field spanning
7875:
1183:
Later in his career, Ekman theorized that other universal emotions may exist beyond these six. In light of this, recent cross-cultural studies led by
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founded on its national, political, social, economic, and psychological peculiarities but also subject to the influence of circumstances and events.
1571:
1552:
828:
universal bases of emotions (see Section 6.1). In psychiatry and psychology, an inability to express or perceive emotion is sometimes referred to as
8322:
6748:
Broca, P. (1878). "Anatomie comparée des circonvolutions cérébrales: le grande lobe limbique et la scissure limbique dans la série des mammifÚres".
1918:
focuses on the interplay between primary and secondary appraisal processes in the formation of emotions. Here are the key components of his theory:
5399:
Haque A (2004). "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists".
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fields such as psychology, philosophy, and cognitive science and contributes to our understanding of the social and cultural aspects of emotions.
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Leviathan (1651), VI: Of the Interior Beginnings of Voluntary Notions, Commonly called the Passions; and the Speeches by which They are Expressed
5246:
2596:, scientists study the neural mechanisms of emotion by combining neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood. In
1805:
Cognitive theories of emotion emphasize that emotions are shaped by how individuals interpret and appraise situations. These theories highlight:
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3187:(born 1943) â Swiss psychologist and director of the Swiss Center for Affective Sciences in Geneva; he specializes in the psychology of emotion
2925:
In the 2000s, research in computer science, engineering, psychology and neuroscience has been aimed at developing devices that recognize human
2498:
in 2003 distinguishes two classes of emotion: "classical" emotions such as love, anger and fear that are evoked by environmental stimuli, and "
1191:, both former students of Ekman, extended the list of universal emotions. In addition to the original six, these studies provided evidence for
737:
From a mechanistic perspective, emotions can be defined as "a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of
5473:
5031:
Russell JA, Barrett LF (May 1999). "Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: dissecting the elephant".
921:
looks at the meaning of the word emotion in everyday language and finds that this usage is rather different from that in academic discourse.
7796:
Fellous, Jean-Marc; Armony, Jorge L.; LeDoux, Joseph E. (2002). "Emotional Circuits and Computational Neuroscience". In Arbib, M. A. (ed.).
7286:
6806:
MacLean, P.D. (1952). "Some psychiatric implications of physiological studies on frontotemporal portion of limbic system (visceral brain)".
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are not as directly related to emotion as others are while some non-limbic structures have been found to be of greater emotional relevance.
1743:
agreed that physiological responses played a crucial role in emotions, but did not believe that physiological responses alone could explain
895:
deriving from one's circumstances, mood, or relationships with others". Emotions are responses to significant internal and external events.
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2850:
Apart from interaction ritual traditions of the sociology of emotion, other approaches have been classed into one of six other categories:
2661:
prosecutions against alleged lawbreakers (as evidence of the defendant's state of mind during trials, sentencing, and parole hearings). In
2352:) step-up or step-down the brain's activity level, as visible in body movements, gestures and postures. Emotions can likely be mediated by
8536:
4204:
2708:, scholars study the role that emotion plays in the dissemination of ideas and messages. Emotion is also studied in non-human animals in
928:
has defined emotions as the result of a cognitive and conscious process which occurs in response to a body system response to a trigger.
7620:
Olitsky, S. (2007). "Science learning, status and identity formation in an urban middle school". In W.-M. Roth & K.G. Tobin (Eds.),
7471:
7189:
Denton DA, McKinley MJ, Farrell M, Egan GF (June 2009). "The role of primordial emotions in the evolutionary origin of consciousness".
6473:
3150:(born 1949) â American neuroscientist who studies the biological underpinnings of memory and emotion, especially the mechanisms of fear
1329:
entrancement, excitement, fear, horror, interest, joy, nostalgia, relief, romance, sadness, satisfaction, sexual desire, and surprise.
6486:
emotional phenotype ('temperament') affects social connectedness, 'social efficiency' and finally, fitness, in complex social systems.
3193:(born 1940) â EnglishâCanadian philosopher who specializes in the philosophy of emotions, philosophy of mind and philosophy of biology
2324:
explanation of human emotion is that emotion is a pleasant or unpleasant mental state organized in the limbic system of the mammalian
5189:
592:
7999:
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for most emotion expressions, Darwin insisted that they were functional in the past or were functional in animals but not in humans.
2478:
Two neurobiological models of emotion in the prefrontal cortex made opposing predictions. The valence model predicted that anger, a
1638:
in the 1880s. The theory lost favor in the 20th century, but has regained popularity more recently due largely to theorists such as
10355:
8754:
4379:
2890:
approach the regulation of emotion differently. Cognitively oriented schools approach them via their cognitive components, such as
7447:
1891:
Lazarus stressed that the quality and intensity of emotions are controlled through cognitive processes. These processes underline
6646:"Human defensive behaviors to threat scenarios show parallels to fear- and anxiety-related defense patterns of non-human mammals"
4411:
3037:(1923â2008) a PolishâAmerican social psychologist who specialized in social and cognitive processes such as social facilitation;
2520:
Emotions are seen by some researchers to be constructed (emerge) in social and cognitive domain alone, without directly implying
7912:
1258:
10959:
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1619:
Research on social emotion also focuses on the physical displays of emotion including body language of animals and humans (see
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Influential theorists who are still active include the following psychologists, neurologists, philosophers, and sociologists:
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in an attempt to produce one comprehensive sociological account that draws on developments from many of the above traditions.
2743:
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TĂĄborskĂœ I, DolnĂk V (September 1977). "Physico-chemical properties of interferon produced by a mixed leukocyte suspension".
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3061:(1943â2017), an Estonian-born American psychologist, psychobiologist, neuroscientist and pioneer in affective neuroscience;
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1822:
The complexity of emotional responses, influenced by cognitive processes, physiological reactions, and situational factors.
605:
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1583:. This led the way for animal research on emotions and the eventual determination of the neural underpinnings of emotion.
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Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear, and rage: an account of recent researches into the function of emotional excitement
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1325:. Core affect is not theorized to be the only component to emotion, but to give the emotion its hedonic and felt energy.
1322:
1005:
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Hammock EA, Young LJ (June 2005). "Microsatellite instability generates diversity in brain and sociobehavioral traits".
5537:. Note: This book was originally published in 1872, but has been reprinted many times thereafter by different publishers
2653:, which underpins civil obedience, politics, economics and society, evidence about people's emotions is often raised in
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The introduction of emotion to computer science was done by Pickard (sic) who created the field of affective computing.
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decision-making, to better understand how cognitive appraisal tendencies influence emotional and evaluative responses.
1955:
negative mood, can "infuse" or influence various cognitive activities, including information processing and judgments.
1884:
Her brain activates the adrenal glands which pump adrenalin through her blood stream, resulting in increased heartbeat.
3041:(1942â2007), an American philosopher who contributed to the theories on the philosophy of emotions with books such as
9905:
8374:
7814:
7312:
5756:
5698:
3271:
2891:
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Vargha-Khadem F, Gadian DG, Copp A, Mishkin M (February 2005). "FOXP2 and the neuroanatomy of speech and language".
1039:: enduring affective states that are considered less intense than emotions and appear to lack a contextual stimulus.
10939:
9707:
6432:
2614:, emotions are examined for the role they play in human society, social patterns and interactions, and culture. In
106:
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO Standardization Agency AAP-6 â Glossary of terms and definitions, p. 188.
4921:
The Archaeology of Mind: Neuroevolutionary Origins of Human Emotions (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology)
3025:(1922â2002), an American psychologist who specialized in emotion and stress, especially in relation to cognition;
2789:
emotions can be passed on from parents to offspring to second and even third generation, presented as examples of
2704:
and film-making, the expression of emotion is the cornerstone of genres such as drama, melodrama, and romance. In
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8455:
Plutchik, R. (1980). "A general psychoevolutionary theory of emotion". In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.),
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914:
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Caroline Blanchard, D; Hynd, April L; Minke, Karl A; Minemoto, Tiffanie; Blanchard, Robert J (1 December 2001).
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Schwarz, N.H. (1990). "Feelings as information: Informational and motivational functions of affective states".
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3575:
Averill, James R. (February 1999). "Individual Differences in Emotional Creativity: Structure and Correlates".
2774:. What somebody can and may feel (and show) in a given situation, towards certain people or things, depends on
1609:
1338:
1066:
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Durkheim, E. (1915/1912). The elementary forms of the religious life, trans. J.W. Swain. New York: Free Press.
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differentiates between the human's defense system, which has evolved over time, and emotions such as fear and
1867:: The cognitive reaction starts biological changes such as increased heart rate or pituitary adrenal response.
1443:. In the Aristotelian view all emotions (called passions) corresponded to appetites or capacities. During the
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10149:
9995:
9640:
3443:
2553:
2549:
585:
2894:. Yet others approach emotions via symbolic movement and facial expression components (like in contemporary
944:
as one of the elements is slightly controversial, since some theorists make the assumption that emotion and
812:, which means "to stir up". The term emotion was introduced into academic discussion as a catch-all term to
10974:
10596:
9972:
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3306:
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theorized about the influence of emotions on health and behaviors, suggesting the need to manage emotions.
719:
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Theorizing Emotions: A Brief Study of Psychological, Philosophical, and Cultural Aspects of Human Emotions
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5799:
Aziz-Zadeh L, Damasio A (2008). "Embodied semantics for actions: findings from functional brain imaging".
2225:
Emotions can motivate social interactions and relationships and therefore are directly related with basic
11002:
9895:
6166:
Cannon WB (1927). "The James-Lange theory of emotion: A critical examination and an alternative theory".
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that evidence may eventually be found for several more and has suggested as many as 15 likely candidates.
3787:
3266:
3128:(born 1934) â psychologist specializing in the study of emotions and their relation to facial expressions
989:
expression almost always accompanies an emotional state to communicate reaction and intention of actions.
741:
activity". Emotions are complex, involving multiple different components, such as subjective experience,
10997:
7054:
Drake RA, Myers LR (2006). "Visual attention, emotion, and action tendency: Feeling active or passive".
2442:(1952) suggested that emotion is related to a group of structures in the center of the brain called the
1881:
Jenny cognitively assesses the snake in her presence. Cognition allows her to understand it as a danger.
10797:
10095:
9925:
8438:
5742:
5547:
Hess, Ursula; Thibault (2009). "Darwin & Emotion Expression". The Principle of Serviceable Habits.
3754:
3658:"From social status to emotions: Asymmetric contests predict emotional responses to victory and defeat"
3301:
3276:
3104:
3049:(1946â2011), a British philosopher who specialized in ethics, aesthetics, emotion, mood and character;
2572:, emotions are examined as part of the discipline's study and treatment of mental disorders in humans.
2367:
is proposed to be the expression of Paleocircuits of the mammalian brain (specifically, modules of the
1565:
Perspectives on emotions from evolutionary theory were initiated during the mid-late 19th century with
875:
30:
6886:
Drake RA (1987). "Effects of gaze manipulation on aesthetic judgments: Hemisphere priming of affect".
5240:
1895:
that form the emotional reaction by altering the relationship between the person and the environment.
1700:
also proposed a similar theory at around the same time, and therefore this theory became known as the
678:
Research on emotion has increased over the past two decades, with many fields contributing, including
10929:
10921:
10551:
10285:
10161:
10005:
9900:
9702:
6645:
4575:
3178:, developmental theory of differentiation of emotion concepts, and, more recently, the theory of the
3163:
2907:
2213:
1631:
101:
7946:"Phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories for positive, negative, and neutral events"
7847:
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7125:
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4537:
2949:. While the origins of the field may be traced as far back as to early philosophical enquiries into
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10139:
10075:
10043:
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8353:
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Milne C, Otieno T (2007). "Understanding engagement: Science demonstrations and emotional energy".
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2623:
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706:, and other aspects of emotions have fostered intense research on this topic. Theorizing about the
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23:
8405:
LeDoux, J.E. (1986). "The neurobiology of emotion". Chap. 15 in J.E. LeDoux & W. Hirst (Eds.)
6855:
5465:
4970:
2665:, emotions are examined in a number of sub-fields, such as the analysis of voter decision-making.
1854:
Lazarus' theory is very influential; emotion is a disturbance that occurs in the following order:
1418:(à€à€Żà€Ÿà€šà€à€): Horror / terror, Veeram (à€”à„à€°à€): Pride / Heroism, Adbhutam (à€
à€Šà„à€à„à€€à€): Surprise / wonder.
11053:
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4154:"Emotion | Definition of Emotion by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of Emotion"
3156:â American philosopher who specializes in emotion, moral psychology, aesthetics and consciousness
2971:
2934:
2808:
and body movements (for example, smiling, frowning, baring teeth), and appraisals of situational
2156:
1592:
1537:
1506:. In the 19th century emotions were considered adaptive and were studied more frequently from an
111:
7290:
4380:"On Fear, Emotions, and Memory: An Interview with Dr. Joseph LeDoux â Page 2 of 2 â Brain World"
2413:, smell replaced vision as the dominant sense, and a different way of responding arose from the
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could blend to form the full spectrum of human emotional experience. For example, interpersonal
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Pace-Schott EF, Amole MC, Aue T, Balconi M, Bylsma LM, Critchley H, et al. (August 2019).
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The Geopolitics of Emotion: How Cultures of Fear, Humiliation and Hope are Reshaping the World
7515:
Cooley, C.H. (1992). Human nature and the social order. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
4640:
2610:
often examine emotion for the role that it plays in human culture and social interactions. In
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moderately attractive visual stimuli and replicated and extended to include negative stimuli.
1491:
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Ekman, Paul; Cordaro, Daniel (20 September 2011). "What is Meant by Calling Emotions Basic".
4419:
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studies emotions as part of its approach to the provision of holistic health care to humans.
1947:
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3073:(1924â2016), an American psychologist who wrote influential books on cognition and emotion.
3033:(1928â2006), an American psychologist who developed a psychoevolutionary theory of emotion;
2734:
has become an increasingly popular topic recently, with some scholars arguing that it is an
1281:. Relationships exist between basic emotions, resulting in positive or negative influences.
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9600:
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5218:. Historical sourcebooks in classical Indian thought. New York: Columbia University Press.
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1314:
865:
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2957:'s 1995 paper on affective computing. Detecting emotional information begins with passive
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Zembylas M (2002). "Constructing genealogies of teachers' emotions in science teaching".
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Collins, R. (2004). Interaction ritual chains. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
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Some of the most influential deceased theorists on emotion from the 20th century include
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283:
75:
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7704:
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Reisenzein R (1995). "James and the physical basis of emotion: A comment on Ellsworth".
5641:
5136:
5121:"Self-report captures 27 distinct categories of emotion bridged by continuous gradients"
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Russell JA (January 2003). "Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion".
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1025:
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10528:
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a critique of the hypothesis of universal recognition of emotion from facial expression
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JamesâLange view in which bodily feedback modulates the experience of emotion. (p. 583)
1696:, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain. The Danish psychologist
1580:
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3834:"Emotion dynamics in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic and descriptive review"
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3206:
3113:(born 1944) â Portuguese behavioral neurologist and neuroscientist who works in the US
3107:
developed the interaction ritual theory which includes the emotional entrainment model
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Emotion can be differentiated from a number of similar constructs within the field of
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4779:
4744:
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4693:
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4341:
Fehr B, Russell JA (1984). "Concept of Emotion Viewed from a Prototype Perspective".
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Damasio AR (May 1998). "Emotion in the perspective of an integrated nervous system".
3337:
3094:
3038:
3029:(1916â2001), who included emotions into decision making and artificial intelligence;
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2844:
2782:
2693:
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2662:
2568:
study the role of emotions in mental processes, disorders, and neural mechanisms. In
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7636:"Relationships between emotional climate and the fluency of classroom interactions"
7603:
7362:
7198:
7140:
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7063:
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6992:
Schmidt LA (1999). "Frontal brain electrical activity in shyness and sociability".
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6772:
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6313:"Feelings and Consumer Decision Making: Extending the Appraisal-Tendency Framework"
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Scherer, Klaus R.; Shuman, Vera; Fontaine, Johnny R. J.; Soriano, Cristina (2013).
4900:
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Emotions in the practice of psychotherapy: clinical implications of affect theories
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over time and differences in these dynamics between people and along the lifespan.
778:
754:
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Early modern views on emotion are developed in the works of philosophers such as
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628:
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353:
7635:
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6040:
5963:
5089:
4354:
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1668:
1049:, which can be characterized as having a generally positive or negative affect).
808:
The word "emotion" dates back to 1579, when it was adapted from the French word
10912:
10832:
10827:
10792:
10767:
10737:
10732:
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10687:
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10458:
9977:
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9729:
9410:
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9296:
8944:
8106:
7777:, No. 13., (pp. 175â212). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc, ix, 326 pp
7622:
Science, learning, identity: Sociocultural and cultural-historical perspectives
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4958:
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Lisa Feldman Barrett; Michael Lewis; Jeannette M. Haviland-Jones, eds. (2016).
3296:
3250:
3087:, a structural, phenomenological theory of personality, motivation, and emotion
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1387:
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1184:
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711:
463:
258:
8724:
8666:
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Reisenzein, R (2006). "Arnold's theory of emotion in historical perspective".
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Turner, J.H. (2007). Human emotions: A sociological theory. London: Routledge.
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and other performance arts, written between 200 BC and 200 AD. The theory of
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771:
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333:
288:
253:
203:
8070:
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6614:
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6350:
Haviland-Jones, Jeannette M.; Lewis, Michael; Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2016).
5868:
5766:
5145:
4877:
4441:
Haviland-Jones, Jeannette M.; Lewis, Michael; Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2016).
4161:
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2649:
theory and studies of "toughness", aggressive behavior, and hooliganism. In
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10201:
10085:
9957:
9870:
9714:
9166:
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8844:
8641:
7353:
Turner JH (2009). "The sociology of emotion: Basic Theoretical arguments".
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5172:
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Some people regard mental illnesses as having evolutionary value, see e.g.
4281:
Emotion Science: An Integration of Cognitive and Neuroscientific Approaches
3939:
From passions to emotions: the creation of a secular psychological category
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universality. Darwin also detailed homologous expressions of emotions that
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1029:
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767:
715:
624:
178:
7944:
D'Argembeau, Arnaud; Comblain, Christine; Van der Linden, Martial (2003).
6943:
6907:
6792:
5356:
4477:
4084:
4068:
4016:
3995:
Russell JA (November 1991). "Culture and the categorization of emotions".
3382:
2458:, and other structures. More recent research has shown that some of these
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2597:
2548:, and says that emotions (such as anxiety) are socially constructed (see
2509:
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2435:
2391:
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require genetic information from their parental germ cells, and at every
2237:
2107:
2056:
1816:
The subjectivity of emotions and the influence of individual differences.
1469:
1444:
1414:(à€à€Ÿà€°à„à€Łà„à€Żà€): Compassion / mercy, BÄ«bhatsam (à€Źà„à€à€€à„à€žà€): Disgust / aversion,
1200:
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668:
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383:
328:
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4959:"The GRID meets the Wheel: Assessing emotional feeling via self-report1"
4904:
1861:: The individual assesses the event cognitively, which cues the emotion.
1458:
In Chinese antiquity, excessive emotion was believed to cause damage to
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8504:
8318:
7481:
7287:"History of Emotions | Max Planck Institute for Human Development"
6187:
4775:
4732:
3849:
3714:
Scherer KR (2005). "What are emotions? And how can they be measured?".
3673:
3125:
2942:
2771:
2713:
2701:
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agreed with Ekman's biologically driven perspective but developed the "
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488:
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8457:
Emotion: Theory, research, and experience: Vol. 1. Theories of emotion
8026:
7712:
7607:
5719:
Mama's Last Hug: Animal Emotions and What They Tell Us about Ourselves
4859:
4182:
Schacter, D.L., Gilbert, D.T., Wegner, D.M., & Hood, B.M. (2011).
3162:(born 1947) â American psychologist who developed or co-developed the
2421:
emotion and emotional memory. The mammalian brain invested heavily in
10877:
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9512:
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9474:
9417:
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9232:
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8929:
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8899:
8839:
8819:
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8217:
7972:
7943:
7823:
7126:"Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body"
5560:
2634:
2611:
2601:
2387:
2383:
2353:
2349:
2234:
1436:
1410:(à€čà€Ÿà€žà„à€Żà€): Laughter / mirth / comedy, Raudram (à€°à„à€Šà„à€°à€): Fury / Anger,
1395:
1379:
1228:
1192:
1169:
1124:
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238:
218:
173:
153:
148:
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4619:
Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior
3334:
Affective neuroscience: the foundations of human and animal emotions
2600:, the expression of emotion may change to the meaning of sounds. In
2268:(Microtus spp.) minor genetic differences have been identified in a
2162:
Key concepts and principles of the Affective Events Theory include:
2009:
Key features and concepts of the Appraisal-Tendency Theory include:
1958:
Key components and principles of the Affect Infusion Model include:
1704:. As James wrote, "the perception of bodily changes, as they occur,
1472:
contributed to the study of emotion in the same way that it did for
995:: the subjective experience of emotional state once it has occurred.
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9176:
9141:
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4503:
The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life
4053:"Alexithymia: concept, measurement, and implications for treatment"
3119:(born 1951) â American psychologist and neuroscientist; pioneer in
2821:
2763:
2709:
2535:
2521:
2378:
for speech. They consist of pre-configured pathways or networks of
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2289:
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in both facial and vocal expressions. They also found evidence for
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683:
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453:
403:
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313:
268:
223:
8732:
2304:
Timeline of some of the most prominent brain models of emotion in
1776:
formulated his theory on the earlier work of a Spanish physician,
1407:
792:. A similar multi-componential description of emotion is found in
9937:
9517:
9465:
9459:
9385:
9345:
9331:
9326:
9316:
9227:
9087:
8986:
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8919:
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8859:
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8834:
8680:
6311:
Lerner, Jennifer S.; Han, Seunghee; Keltner, Dacher (July 2007).
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233:
208:
193:
183:
168:
64:
59:
7749:"On Emotion â an article from Manchester Gestalt Centre website"
4039:
Emotions across languages and cultures: diversity and universals
3420:
Emotional processing, but not emotions, can occur unconsciously.
1370:
underpinning of all Indian classical dance and theatre, such as
10261:
9967:
9301:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9133:
9080:
8939:
8854:
8093:
Plutchik, R (1982). "A psychoevolutionary theory of emotions".
6763:
Papez, J. W. (1995). "A proposed mechanism of emotion. 1937 ".
3239:
2958:
2747:
2673:
2646:
2564:
Many different disciplines have produced work on the emotions.
2418:
2410:
2379:
2285:
2280:. Another potential example with behavioral differences is the
2245:
1440:
1383:
1375:
1204:
1135:
1028:. In the context of emotion, feelings are best understood as a
975:
component for the preparation and direction of motor responses.
888:
858:
774:
468:
363:
248:
188:
9948:
Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems
8238:. Great Abington: Cambridge International Science Publishing.
7725:
Schacter, Daniel. "Psychology". Worth Publishers. 2011. p. 316
7264:
6548:
6379:. Philosophy of mind series. Oxford: Oxford university press.
4718:
3093:â (born 1963) neuroscientist and psychologist specializing in
2987:
In the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were
1006:
Affect measures § Differentiating affect from other terms
10028:
9449:
9375:
9269:
9242:
9121:
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9051:
9021:
8959:
8829:
8824:
8205:
4331:
Hume, D. Emotions and Moods. Organizational Behavior, 258â97.
3781:
Barrett LF, Mesquita B, Ochsner KN, Gross JJ (January 2007).
3656:
Cabral, J. Centurion; de Almeida, Rosa Maria Martins (2022).
2953:, the more modern branch of computer science originated with
2325:
2281:
1447:, the Aristotelian view was adopted and further developed by
1304:
Two dimensions of emotions, made accessible for practical use
1270:
1240:
1236:
1157:
899:
846:
731:
563:
513:
458:
438:
348:
343:
318:
273:
163:
158:
8392:
Political Affections: Civic Participation and Moral Theology
4956:
4813:
Keltner, Dacher; Oatley, Keith; Jenkins, Jennifer M (2019).
2604:, the role of emotions in relation to learning is examined.
1873:: The individual feels the emotion and chooses how to react.
10606:
9252:
9213:
9196:
9099:
9026:
9006:
8814:
7634:
Tobin K, Ritchie SM, Oakley J, Mergard V, Hudson P (2013).
6591:
6456:"Emotions are at the core of individual social performance"
6415:"Emotions in the wild: The situated perspective on emotion"
4806:
4576:"Listening to Your Authentic Self: The Purpose of Emotions"
3780:
2817:
2654:
2364:
2357:
2332:, emotions would then be mammalian elaborations of general
2265:
2241:
1212:
1165:
1063:
Survival, threat detection, decision-making, and motivation
448:
423:
418:
368:
323:
308:
7088:
6349:
5881:
4440:
3879:
Charles, Susan T.; Carstensen, Laura L. (1 January 2010).
9181:
8869:
7926:
7633:
7188:
6765:
The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
5993:. Emotion. Vol. 11th edition. Pearson. p. 388.
2650:
1196:
1067:
facilitate adaptive responses to environmental challenges
398:
198:
8649:
Wikibook Cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience
7574:
Encounters: Two studies in the sociology of interactions
6460:
Emotions of Animals and Humans: Comparative Perspectives
5854:
5619:
Lerner JS, Li Y, Valdesolo P, Kassam KS (January 2015).
3618:
Cacioppo, John T.; Gardner, Wendi L. (1999). "Emotion".
3017:(1903â2002), an American psychologist who developed the
2827:
Sociological attention to emotion has varied over time.
2316:
Based on discoveries made through neural mapping of the
8023:"Applied Studies in Motivation, Emotion, and Cognition"
7539:
Microsociology: discourse, emotion and social structure
5618:
4761:
4203:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2018.
3965:
3963:
3408:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 291â293.
2754:
school of history claims even that some sentiments and
2680:(for example, sensoryâemotional values, and matters of
1608:. For example, in an extensive study of a subject with
1460:
8486:"Brain function, emotional experience and personality"
8132:
What is an Emotion?: Classic and Contemporary Readings
7811:
Tao J, Tan T (2005). "Affective Computing: A Review".
6120:
6118:
5691:
Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain
5271:"Epitome of Stoic Ethics" in the Anthology of Stobaeus
3134:â Social psychologist who specializes in emotions and
3043:
What Is An Emotion?: Classic and Contemporary Readings
2272:
gene that corresponds to major species differences in
1439:
believed that emotions were an essential component of
609:
Sixteen faces expressing the human passions â colored
8359:
The managed heart: commercialization of human feeling
8288:
The Primordial Emotions: The Dawning of Consciousness
6542:
5498:
Spiritual Emotions: A Psychology of Christian Virtues
3747:
3745:
3438:
3336:( ed.). Oxford : Oxford Univ. Press. p. 9.
2284:
gene, which is involved in neural circuitry handling
1524:
benefit from them and use them to energize behavior.
710:
origin and possible purpose of emotion dates back to
7775:
Emotion. Review of personality and social psychology
7526:
Violent emotions: Shame and rage in marital quarrels
6920:
5005:
4812:
3960:
3456:(2nd ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. p.
1317:(how negative or positive the experience feels) and
1295:
8407:
Mind and Brain: dialogues in cognitive neuroscience
7795:
6808:
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology
6701:"The biology of fear-and anxiety-related behaviors"
6413:Griffiths, Paul Edmund; Scarantino, Andrea (2009).
6412:
6115:
5597:Gaulin, Steven J.C. and Donald H. McBurney (2003).
5024:
8435:Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions
8352:
8129:
7431:"I Used to Insist I Didn't Get Angry. Not Anymore"
6235:
5242:The Psychology of Emotions in Buddhist Perspective
5010:. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
4334:
3742:
2207:
1945:
1847:who argued that emotions must have some cognitive
1054:Evolutionary approach: Emotions' purpose and value
8537:"What are emotions and how can they be measured?"
8020:
7813:Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction;
7624:. (pp. 41â62). Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense.
6101:. Emotion (11th ed.). Pearson. p. 389.
5798:
5472:. Department of Philosophy, Stanford University.
4669:
4100:What is emotion?: History, measures, and meanings
3878:
3083:â (born 1939) British psychologist who developed
2929:display and model emotions. In computer science,
2489:
1654:who are able to appeal to neurological evidence.
1572:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
1553:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
11030:
9343:
7905:"The Love Machine; Building computers that care"
7798:The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks
6491:
6458:. In Watanabe, Shigeru; Kuczaj, Stan A. (eds.).
6310:
5131:(38). National Academy of Sciences: E7900â7909.
4186:(European ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
4031:
3655:
2417:sense, which is proposed to have developed into
2147:
1819:The cognitive labeling of emotional experiences.
1024:: not all feelings include emotion, such as the
29:"Emotional" redirects here. For other uses, see
8421:Mind and Body: Psychology of emotion and stress
6354:(4 ed.). New York (N.Y.): Guilford press.
6290:Mind and Body: Psychology of Emotion and Stress
5274:. Book 2. Chapter 7. Section 10. Archived from
5125:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4445:(4 ed.). New York (N.Y.): Guilford press.
3825:
3752:Thoits PA (1989). "The sociology of emotions".
3617:
2880:
1912:Mind and Body: Psychology of Emotion and Stress
1464:, which in turn, damages the vital organs. The
955:: provides an evaluation of events and objects.
702:. The numerous attempts to explain the origin,
9218:
8579:The Passions: Emotions and the Meaning of Life
8471:Emotions: An Essay in Aid of Moral Psychology.
7818:. Vol. 3784. Springer. pp. 981â995.
7348:
7346:
7336:
7334:
7026:
6462:. Springer Science+Business Media. p. 4.
6238:The Passions: Emotions and the Meaning of Life
5030:
2328:. If distinguished from reactive responses of
2311:
1833:The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life
10044:
8748:
7866:
6585:
6377:Gut reactions: a perceptual theory of emotion
6211:Gut Reactions: A Perceptual Theory of Emotion
5535:The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals
4965:. Oxford University Press. pp. 281â298.
4917:
4633:The Sage encyclopedia of theory in psychology
4327:
4325:
3403:
3213:focusing on emotions related to globalization
2672:, emotions are studied in sub-fields such as
2099:
1838:
1406:(à€¶à„à€à„à€à€Ÿà€°à€): Romance / Love / attractiveness,
586:
9522:
9361:
9352:
9119:
8262:International Journal on Humanistic Ideology
8213:Sources for the History of Emotions: A Guide
7996:"What Is the James-Lange Theory of Emotion?"
6497:
6419:The Cambridge Handbook of Situated Cognition
6417:. In Aydede, Murat; Robbins, Philip (eds.).
6267:. Malabar: R.E. Krieger Publishing Company.
6127:"Organization for Physiological Homeostasis"
5792:
5612:
5546:
5118:
5059:
5033:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
4675:
3974:. Little, Brown, and Company. pp. 4â7.
3516:high hedonic content (pleasure/displeasure).
3481:Cabanac, Michel (2002). "What is emotion?".
3406:The Nature of emotion: fundamental questions
3199:(born 1942) â American sociologist from the
3103:â (born 1941) American sociologist from the
3065:(1951â2018), one of the founding fathers of
2933:is a branch of the study and development of
1997:
1843:One of the main proponents of this view was
1352:enunciated the nine rasas (emotions) in the
10021:indicate emotion names in foreign languages
9085:
8362:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
7585:
7576:. Mansfiled Centre, CT: Martino Publishing.
7343:
7331:
7182:
6054:Dalgleish T (2004). "The emotional brain".
5593:
5591:
5589:
4343:Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
4340:
3349:little more than a conceptual embarrassment
2820:in the case of contemporary institution of
10051:
10037:
8755:
8741:
8595:
8047:
7117:
7053:
6026:
5377:
5216:A rasa reader: classical Indian aesthetics
5006:Osgood CE, Suci GJ, Tannenbaum PH (1957).
4322:
4274:
4272:
3560:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3404:Ekman, Paul; Davidson, Richard J. (1994).
2901:
2559:
2494:Another neurological approach proposed by
593:
579:
8631:
8621:
8329:. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Sussex, UK:.
8325:". In: T. Dalgleish and M. Power (Eds.).
8206:Barclay, Katie; Crozier-De Rosa, Sharon;
8069:
6854:
6724:
6453:
6202:
6142:
6053:
5909:
5899:
5267:
5162:
5144:
5079:
4971:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592746.003.0019
4891:Plutchik R (2002). "Nature of emotions".
4536:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4374:
4372:
4102:. Yale University Press. pp. 10, 11.
3912:
3808:
2264:gene-dependent behavioral phenotypes. In
1813:in evaluating the significance of events.
18:Conscious subjective experience of humans
8483:
8429:
8376:What Literature Teaches Us about Emotion
8092:
7939:
7937:
7869:"Recognition and Simulation of Emotions"
7690:
6650:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
5936:
5934:
5932:
5886:. Theories of emotion & physiology.
5779:
5586:
5441:See for instance Antonio Damasio (2005)
5238:
4890:
4845:
4466:Buss, David M., ed. (5 September 2015).
4306:Facts of Life: ten issues of contentment
4253:Facts of Life: Ten Issues of Contentment
4228:Facts of Life: ten issues of contentment
3831:
3331:
3170:, prototype theory of emotion concepts,
2299:
1667:
1541:
1527:
1308:Psychologists have used methods such as
1299:
1142:
1134:
1130:
714:. Current areas of research include the
639:, behavioral responses, and a degree of
604:
8534:
8473:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8127:
7902:
7804:
7693:Journal of Research in Science Teaching
7541:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
7428:
7231:
6991:
6805:
6698:
6287:
6262:
6233:
6096:
5988:
5713:
5685:
5494:
5463:
5213:
5065:
4469:The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology
4269:
4201:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4112:
3994:
3988:
3872:
3713:
3574:
3480:
3425:
3360:
2950:
2515:
1683:argued that feelings and emotions were
11031:
8386:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8285:
7810:
7352:
6165:
6124:
5970:from the original on 20 September 2020
5888:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
5741:
4630:
4500:
4398:
4369:
4303:
4283:. Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 16â17.
4250:
4225:
4117:. Oxford University Press. p. 2.
4050:
3801:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085709
3751:
3363:Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews
2719:
2470:There is ample evidence that the left
1513:
1086:, are sometimes regarded as part of a
10032:
8736:
8459:(pp. 3â33). New York: Academic.
8339:. Maison des Sciences de l'Homme and
8175:
8163:. Maison des Sciences de l'Homme and
8002:from the original on 14 February 2012
7934:
7469:
7387:
7123:
6885:
6762:
6747:
6374:
6208:
6007:
5940:
5929:
5466:"Emotions in the Christian Tradition"
5398:
5383:
5325:
5184:
5182:
4606:evolutionary approaches to depression
4515:
4207:from the original on 11 December 2018
4097:
3969:
3935:
3709:
3707:
3209:(born 1946) â authored a book titled
3180:psychological construction of emotion
1898:
1796:
1729:
1657:
1343:
8705:. New York: D. Appleton and Company
7289:. Mpib-berlin.mpg.de. Archived from
6242:. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.
5365:from the original on 27 January 2013
5336:from the original on 29 October 2012
5249:from the original on 9 November 2020
4987:from the original on 29 January 2020
4918:Panksepp, Jaak; Biven, Lucy (2012).
4586:from the original on 28 October 2021
4465:
4137:
3956:from the original on 9 October 2021.
3651:
3649:
2982:
2965:
2716:) in a number of unrelated animals.
2465:
2255:In the five million years since the
1762:
1119:, motivational states (for example,
1090:and thus possibly of negative value.
651:on a definition. Emotions are often
8762:
8686:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
8672:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
8395:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
8264:, Vol. 3 No. 1, SpringâSummer 2010.
8136:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7751:. 123webpages.co.uk. Archived from
7476:. Neelkanth Pralashan. p. 75.
7429:Jamison, Leslie (17 January 2018).
7388:Blair, Elaine (27 September 2018).
6401:Research in Organizational Behavior
6213:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5642:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115043
5470:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5386:Clinical neuropsychology of emotion
5354:
4386:from the original on 9 October 2021
4278:
4041:. Cambridge University Press. 1999.
3897:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100448
3201:University of California, Riverside
2914:
2657:law claims for compensation and in
2546:emotions between different cultures
1626:
1127:), moods, dispositions and traits.
898:Emotions can be occurrences (e.g.,
891:definition of emotion is "A strong
631:changes, variously associated with
13:
8306:The Emotions and Cultural Analysis
8198:
7993:
6705:Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
6476:from the original on 1 August 2020
6168:The American Journal of Psychology
5307:from the original on 14 April 2021
5296:
5179:
4852:American Psychological Association
4409:
4158:Lexico Dictionaries | English
3704:
3164:PAD theory of environmental impact
2048:
1591:More contemporary views along the
999:
965:component of emotional experience.
14:
11075:
8661:
8655:
8493:Netherlands Journal of Psychology
8327:Handbook of Cognition and Emotion
8308:. Burlington, VT : Ashgate.
8251:"Flashback: Reshuffling Emotions"
7672:from the original on 30 July 2022
7473:Ethics â Integrity & Aptitude
5845:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
5782:Advances in Psychological Science
5667:from the original on 17 July 2019
5515:from the original on 30 July 2022
5476:from the original on 10 June 2022
5464:Roberts, Robert (10 March 2021).
5214:Pollock, Sheldon I., ed. (2016).
4938:from the original on 21 July 2021
4113:Mossner, Ernest Campbell (2001).
3646:
3272:Emotions in virtual communication
2892:rational emotive behavior therapy
2738:category of analysis, not unlike
2020:Stable and Individual Differences
1969:Information Processing Strategies
1877:For example: Jenny sees a snake.
1296:Multi-dimensional analysis theory
1094:
10260:
9464:
9458:
8249:Dana Sugu & Amita Chaterjee
8169:
8150:
8121:
8086:
8041:
8014:
7987:
7915:from the original on 18 May 2008
7896:
7867:Kleine-Cosack C (October 2006).
7860:
7830:
7789:
7780:
7767:
7741:
7738:. Worth Publishers. 2011. p. 340
7728:
7719:
7684:
7627:
7614:
7579:
7566:
7553:
7544:
7531:
7518:
7509:
7500:
7463:
7422:
7381:
7305:
7279:
7253:
7225:
7082:
7047:
7020:
6985:
6950:
6914:
6879:
6834:
6799:
6756:
6741:
6692:
6637:
6435:from the original on 6 July 2022
6015:Feelings: the Perception of Self
5813:10.1016/j.jphysparis.2008.03.012
4518:"An argument for basic emotions"
2857:symbolic interactionist theories
2854:evolutionary/biological theories
63:
58:
7319:from the original on 1 May 2016
7313:"Cultura Emocional E Identidad"
7170:from the original on 4 May 2019
7133:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
6717:10.31887/DCNS.2002.4.3/tsteimer
6447:
6406:
6393:
6368:
6343:
6304:
6281:
6256:
6227:
6159:
6090:
6047:
6020:
5982:
5901:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.002
5875:
5848:
5835:
5773:
5735:
5707:
5679:
5540:
5527:
5501:. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
5488:
5457:
5448:
5435:
5392:
5348:
5319:
5290:
5261:
5232:
5207:
5112:
4999:
4963:Components of Emotional Meaning
4950:
4911:
4884:
4839:
4624:
4611:
4598:
4568:
4509:
4494:
4459:
4434:
4297:
4244:
4230:. Outskirts Press. p. 63.
4219:
4189:
4176:
4146:
4131:
4106:
4091:
4051:Taylor, Graeme J. (June 1984).
4044:
3929:
3774:
2208:Situated perspective on emotion
2089:The Law of Concerned Expectancy
1586:
1560:
1243:facial expressions, as well as
766:, emotion typically includes a
10058:
8234:Glinka, Lukasz Andrzej (2013)
7800:(2nd ed.). The MIT Press.
7643:Learning Environments Research
6421:. Cambridge University Press.
6317:Journal of Consumer Psychology
5401:Journal of Religion and Health
4924:. W. W. Norton & Company.
4057:American Journal of Psychiatry
3942:. Cambridge University Press.
3632:10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.191
3611:
3568:
3521:
3474:
3397:
3354:
3325:
2490:Homeostatic/primordial emotion
2065:The Law of Situational Meaning
1358:, an ancient Sanskrit text of
1339:Functional accounts of emotion
882:
749:with a subjective experience,
1:
10356:Industrial and organizational
8373:Hogan, Patrick Colm. (2011).
7239:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
7145:10.1016/S0959-4388(03)00090-4
6662:10.1016/S0149-7634(01)00056-2
6329:10.1016/S1057-7408(07)70027-X
5621:"Emotion and decision making"
3532:(Fourth ed.). New York.
3495:10.1016/S0376-6357(02)00078-5
3375:10.1016/s0165-0173(97)00064-7
3318:
2554:theory of constructed emotion
2550:theory of constructed emotion
2259:leading to modern humans and
2148:Affective Events Theory (AET)
2131:Social and Cultural Influence
2032:Influence on Social Judgments
1780:, who injected patients with
1674:James-Lange Theory of Emotion
1612:damage described in the book
931:
718:of emotion, using tools like
10597:Human factors and ergonomics
9973:Social emotional development
8623:10.1371/journal.pone.0003556
8304:GonzĂĄlez, Ana Marta (2012).
7953:Applied Cognitive Psychology
7390:"The Power of Enraged Women"
7203:10.1016/j.concog.2008.06.009
6936:10.1016/0001-6918(89)90017-6
6900:10.1016/0001-6918(87)90020-5
6820:10.1016/0013-4694(52)90073-4
6551:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
6144:10.1152/physrev.1929.9.3.399
5801:Journal of Physiology, Paris
5119:Cowen AS, Keltner D (2017).
4416:Center for Nonverbal Studies
3881:"Social and Emotional Aging"
3768:10.1146/annurev.soc.15.1.317
3307:Two-factor theory of emotion
2881:Psychotherapy and regulation
2796:
2582:cognitive behavioral therapy
2363:For example, the emotion of
2295:
2137:Emotion and Moral Evaluation
1887:Jenny screams and runs away.
1769:Two-factor theory of emotion
1065:. One view is that emotions
803:
753:with instrumental behavior,
7:
9219:
8598:"Neural correlates of hate"
8290:. Oxford University Press.
8128:Solomon, Robert C. (2003).
7903:Diamond D (December 2003).
7846:MIT Technical Report #321 (
7263:. Uq.edu.au. Archived from
7191:Consciousness and Cognition
6234:Solomon, Robert C. (1993).
6056:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
6041:10.1037/0033-295X.102.4.757
5629:Annual Review of Psychology
5090:10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.145
4355:10.1037/0096-3445.113.3.464
4009:10.1037/0033-2909.110.3.426
3885:Annual Review of Psychology
3788:Annual Review of Psychology
3783:"The experience of emotion"
3620:Annual Review of Psychology
3267:Emotionally focused therapy
3217:
2974:are encoded and retrieved.
2336:arousal patterns, in which
2312:Neurobiological explanation
2220:
2204:the context of their work.
1479:In the early 11th century,
1402:established the following:
1332:
777:characterized primarily by
10:
11080:
8596:Zeki S, Romaya JP (2008).
8544:Social Science Information
8439:Cambridge University Press
8341:Cambridge University Press
8165:Cambridge University Press
8107:10.1177/053901882021004003
8095:Social Science Information
7925:Rosalind Picard, a genial
5045:10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.805
5008:The Measurement of Meaning
4817:. Wiley Global Education.
4140:A treatise of human nature
3972:The Book of Human Emotions
3755:Annual Review of Sociology
3716:Social Science Information
3302:Social sharing of emotions
3277:Facial feedback hypothesis
3211:The Geopolitics of Emotion
3168:circumplex model of affect
3105:University of Pennsylvania
3005:(1911â1991) developed the
2918:
2800:
2723:
2544:highlights differences in
2100:Emotion Attribution Theory
1839:Cognitive Appraisal Theory
1766:
1733:
1661:
1531:
1336:
1139:Examples of basic emotions
1098:
1003:
876:A Treatise of Human Nature
835:
31:Emotional (disambiguation)
20:
10983:
10920:
10627:
10537:
10449:
10286:Applied behavior analysis
10269:
10258:
10094:
10066:
10016:
9535:
9473:
9456:
8775:
8725:Resources in your library
8469:Roberts, Robert. (2003).
8389:Hordern, Joshua. (2013).
8354:Russell Hochschild, Arlie
8216:. London & New York:
8176:Moisi, Dominique (2009).
8062:10.1080/02699930600616445
7655:10.1007/s10984-013-9125-y
7572:Goffman, E. (1964/2013).
7563:. New York: Anchor Books.
7103:10.1037/1528-3542.8.2.232
7068:10.1080/02699930500368105
6865:10.1093/cercor/13.10.1064
6699:Steimer, Thierry (2002).
6292:. New York: W.W. Norton.
6017:, Oxford University Press
5964:10.1093/mind/os-ix.34.188
5721:. New York: W.W. Norton.
5609:, Chapter 6, pp. 121â142.
5413:10.1007/s10943-004-4302-z
4846:Plutchik, Robert (2000).
4649:10.4135/9781483346274.n85
4547:10.1080/02699939208411068
2972:autobiographical memories
2866:power and status theories
2781:Furthermore, research in
1998:Appraisal-Tendency Theory
1610:ventromedial frontal lobe
1510:psychiatric perspective.
9906:in virtual communication
8556:10.1177/0539018405058216
7524:Retzinger, S.M. (1991).
7470:Singh, Virendra (2016).
7367:10.1177/1754073909338305
7235:(2017). "Introduction".
7124:Craig AD (August 2003).
6971:10.1037/1528-3542.4.1.95
6454:Kotrschal, Kurt (2013).
6375:Prinz, Jesse J. (2006).
6288:Mandler, George (1984).
6263:Mandler, George (1975).
6209:Prinz, Jesse J. (2004).
5884:"Physiological feelings"
5533:Darwin, Charles (1872).
5495:Roberts, Robert (2007).
4690:10.1177/1754073911410740
3728:10.1177/0539018405058216
3142:Arlie Russell Hochschild
2970:Emotion affects the way
2791:transgenerational trauma
2624:Arlie Russell Hochschild
2229:, particularly with the
1694:autonomic nervous system
1151:For more than 40 years,
613:by J. Pass, 1821, after
24:Emotion (disambiguation)
10562:Behavioral neuroscience
10126:Behavioral neuroscience
8180:. London: Bodley Head.
8050:Cognition & Emotion
8021:The Tomkins Institute.
7006:10.1111/1467-9280.00161
6615:10.1126/science.1068996
6520:10.1126/science.1111427
5869:10.1080/026999397379980
5857:Cognition & Emotion
5599:Evolutionary Psychology
5146:10.1073/pnas.1702247114
4525:Cognition & Emotion
4505:. Simon & Schuster.
3832:Reitsema, A.M. (2021).
3589:10.1111/1467-6494.00058
3332:Panksepp, Jaak (2005).
2935:artificial intelligence
2902:Cross-cultural research
2869:stratification theories
2560:Disciplinary approaches
2534:. He has said that the
2179:Emotion-Driven Outcomes
2157:Affective Events Theory
1593:evolutionary psychology
1538:Evolutionary psychology
1468:theory made popular by
10612:Psychology of religion
10552:Behavioral engineering
10489:Human subject research
10145:Cognitive neuroscience
10111:Affective neuroscience
9523:
9362:
9353:
9344:
9120:
9086:
8409:. New York: Cambridge.
8269:The science of emotion
8267:Cornelius, R. (1996).
6099:Physiology of Behavior
5991:Physiology of Behavior
4815:Understanding emotions
4501:LeDoux, J. E. (1996).
4142:. Courier Corporation.
4115:The Life of David Hume
4098:Kagan, Jerome (2007).
3997:Psychological Bulletin
3936:Dixon, Thomas (2003).
3577:Journal of Personality
3257:Emotional intelligence
3235:Affective neuroscience
3121:affective neuroscience
2860:dramaturgical theories
2594:affective neuroscience
2522:biologically inherited
2308:
2306:affective neuroscience
1741:Walter Bradford Cannon
1727:
1676:
1557:
1305:
1289:biologically inherited
1148:
1140:
1101:Emotion classification
1012:affective neuroscience
617:
91:Emotional intelligence
11049:Subjective experience
10988:Wiktionary definition
10524:Self-report inventory
10519:Quantitative research
8681:"Theories of Emotion"
8256:30 April 2011 at the
7837:"Affective Computing"
7237:How Emotions Are Made
7233:Barrett, Lisa Feldman
7056:Cognition and Emotion
6994:Psychological Science
6131:Physiological Reviews
5946:"What Is an Emotion?"
5549:American Psychologist
5388:. New York: Guilford.
5332:. Book 2. Chapter 6.
5303:. Book 4. Section 6.
5300:Tusculan Disputations
4635:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
4478:10.1002/9780470939376
4472:(1 ed.). Wiley.
4069:10.1176/ajp.141.6.725
3483:Behavioural Processes
3230:Affective forecasting
2803:Sociology of emotions
2706:communication studies
2620:communication studies
2446:, which includes the
2405:The motor centers of
2303:
1963:Affect as Information
1948:Affect Infusion Model
1865:Physiological changes
1722:
1671:
1545:
1528:Evolutionary theories
1303:
1146:
1138:
1131:Basic emotions theory
1079:Social communication.
692:sociology of emotions
608:
10514:Qualitative research
10469:Behavior epigenetics
9943:Group affective tone
8577:Solomon, R. (1993).
8573:on 25 February 2015.
8484:Robinson DL (2008).
8423:. New York: Norton.
8419:Mandler, G. (1984).
8382:13 July 2011 at the
7853:24 July 2019 at the
7559:Goffman, E. (1967).
6352:Handbook of emotions
6029:Psychological Review
5068:Psychological Review
4443:Handbook of emotions
4138:Hume, David (2003).
3530:Handbook of emotions
3091:Lisa Feldman Barrett
2542:Lisa Feldman Barrett
2516:Emergent explanation
2500:homeostatic emotions
2270:vasopressin receptor
2083:The Law of Readiness
2077:The Law of Appraisal
2014:Cognitive Appraisals
1811:cognitive appraisals
1679:In his 1884 article
1672:Simplified graph of
1534:Evolution of emotion
1277:could blend to form
924:In practical terms,
866:Age of Enlightenment
786:biological reactions
649:scientific consensus
294:Emotional Detachment
22:For other uses, see
10993:Wiktionary category
10557:Behavioral genetics
10529:Statistical surveys
10386:Occupational health
10121:Behavioral genetics
9996:constructed emotion
9666:functional accounts
8614:2008PLoSO...3.3556Z
8535:Scherer, K (2005).
8522:on 25 February 2021
8431:Nussbaum, Martha C.
7842:13 May 2011 at the
7705:2002JRScT..39...79Z
7600:2007SciEd..91..523M
7537:Scheff, J. (1990).
7488:on 18 February 2020
7267:on 18 February 2013
6777:10.1176/jnp.7.1.103
6607:2002Sci...296..340E
6512:2005Sci...308.1630H
6506:(5728): 1630â1634.
5843:The Emotional Brain
5841:LeDoux J.E. (1996)
5443:Looking for Spinoza
5239:de Silva P (1976).
5137:2017PNAS..114E7900C
4905:10.1511/2001.28.739
4582:. 21 October 2015.
4308:. Outskirts Press.
4255:. Outskirts Press.
3440:Schacter, Daniel L.
3292:Homeostatic feeling
3262:Emotional isolation
3136:positive psychology
3132:Barbara Fredrickson
3067:social neuroscience
2931:affective computing
2921:Affective computing
2785:suggests that some
2732:history of emotions
2726:History of emotions
2720:History of emotions
2690:philosophy of music
2590:social neuroscience
2588:sub-fields such as
2274:social organization
2119:Emotion Attribution
2026:Emotional Responses
1929:Secondary Appraisal
1859:Cognitive appraisal
1514:Western theological
1492:NiccolĂČ Machiavelli
1251:vocal expressions.
953:Cognitive appraisal
942:cognitive appraisal
913:Emotions have been
868:, Scottish thinker
779:psychophysiological
755:psychophysiologists
743:cognitive processes
726:scans to study the
10965:Schools of thought
10868:Richard E. Nisbett
10748:Donald T. Campbell
10426:Sport and exercise
9896:in decision-making
9137:(sense of purpose)
8583:Hackett Publishing
8505:10.1007/BF03076418
7734:Schacter, Daniel.
7561:Interaction ritual
7435:The New York Times
7394:The New York Times
6125:Cannon WB (1929).
6097:Carlson N (2012).
5989:Carlson N (2012).
5329:Nicomachean Ethics
5278:on 18 January 2021
4893:American Scientist
4850:. Washington, DC:
4776:10.1037/emo0000302
4733:10.1037/emo0000100
4556:on 15 October 2018
4304:Graham MC (2014).
4251:Graham MC (2014).
4226:Graham MC (2014).
4037:Wierzbicka, Anna.
3850:10.1037/emo0000970
3674:10.1037/emo0000839
3444:Gilbert, Daniel T.
3282:Fuzzy-trace theory
3245:Emotion and memory
3197:Jonathan H. Turner
2997:JamesâLange theory
2976:Emotional memories
2309:
2185:Moderating Factors
2173:Emotion Generation
2071:The Law of Concern
2038:Context Dependence
1987:Moderating Factors
1935:Emotion Generation
1899:Two-Process Theory
1797:Cognitive theories
1755:(particularly the
1736:CannonâBard theory
1730:CannonâBard theory
1702:JamesâLange theory
1677:
1664:JamesâLange theory
1658:JamesâLange theory
1558:
1546:Illustration from
1433:'good' and 'bad'.
1344:Pre-modern history
1306:
1149:
1141:
1073:Memory enhancement
1026:feeling of knowing
906:, behavioral, and
629:neurophysiological
618:
11026:
11025:
11003:Wikimedia Commons
10930:Counseling topics
10893:Ronald C. Kessler
10883:Shelley E. Taylor
10808:Lawrence Kohlberg
10783:Stanley Schachter
10582:Consumer behavior
10464:Archival research
10232:Psycholinguistics
10116:Affective science
10026:
10025:
9613:Appeal to emotion
9391:Social connection
8711:Library resources
8591:978-0-872-20226-9
8479:978-0-521-52584-8
8448:978-0-511-84071-5
8415:978-0-521-31853-2
8348:978-0-521-31600-2
8286:Denton D (2006).
8281:978-0-133-00153-2
8227:978-0-367-26145-0
8208:Stearns, Peter N.
7713:10.1002/tea.10010
7608:10.1002/sce.20203
7588:Science Education
7451:on 1 January 2022
7410:on 1 January 2022
6924:Acta Psychologica
6888:Acta Psychologica
6849:(10): 1064â1071.
6601:(5566): 340â343.
6428:978-0-521-61286-9
6386:978-0-19-530936-2
6361:978-1-4625-2534-8
5751:. Vintage Books.
5728:978-0-393-63506-5
5601:. Prentice Hall.
5225:978-0-231-17390-2
4860:10.1037/10366-000
4637:SAGE Publications
4487:978-0-471-26403-3
4452:978-1-4625-2534-8
4164:on 9 October 2021
4124:978-0-199-24336-5
3970:Smith TW (2015).
3448:Wegner, Daniel M.
3097:and human emotion
3095:affective science
3039:Robert C. Solomon
2983:Notable theorists
2966:Effects on memory
2947:cognitive science
2939:computer sciences
2872:exchange theories
2845:emotional climate
2783:historical trauma
2694:music and emotion
2678:philosophy of art
2663:political science
2524:characteristics.
2472:prefrontal cortex
2466:Prefrontal cortex
2460:limbic structures
1975:Affect Congruence
1923:Primary Appraisal
1893:coping strategies
1829:Robert C. Solomon
1774:Stanley Schachter
1763:Two-factor theory
1287:carved out seven
1259:wheel of emotions
1147:The emotion wheel
969:Action tendencies
730:processes in the
728:affective picture
623:are physical and
603:
602:
529:Social connection
11071:
10960:Research methods
10903:Richard Davidson
10898:Joseph E. LeDoux
10773:George A. Miller
10763:David McClelland
10758:Herbert A. Simon
10658:Edward Thorndike
10479:Content analysis
10264:
10237:Psychophysiology
10053:
10046:
10039:
10030:
10029:
10001:discrete emotion
9901:in the workplace
9797:Empathy quotient
9528:
9468:
9462:
9367:
9358:
9349:
9224:
9125:
9091:
8757:
8750:
8743:
8734:
8733:
8690:
8676:
8663:Zalta, Edward N.
8645:
8635:
8625:
8581:. Indianapolis:
8574:
8572:
8566:. Archived from
8541:
8531:
8529:
8527:
8521:
8515:. Archived from
8490:
8452:
8363:
8301:
8231:
8192:
8191:
8173:
8167:
8154:
8148:
8147:
8135:
8125:
8119:
8118:
8101:(4â5): 529â553.
8090:
8084:
8083:
8073:
8071:20.500.11780/598
8045:
8039:
8038:
8036:
8034:
8029:on 19 March 2012
8025:. Archived from
8018:
8012:
8011:
8009:
8007:
7991:
7985:
7984:
7950:
7941:
7932:
7931:
7922:
7920:
7900:
7894:
7893:
7888:
7886:
7880:
7874:. Archived from
7873:
7864:
7858:
7834:
7828:
7827:
7824:10.1007/11573548
7808:
7802:
7801:
7793:
7787:
7784:
7778:
7771:
7765:
7764:
7762:
7760:
7745:
7739:
7732:
7726:
7723:
7717:
7716:
7688:
7682:
7681:
7679:
7677:
7671:
7640:
7631:
7625:
7618:
7612:
7611:
7583:
7577:
7570:
7564:
7557:
7551:
7548:
7542:
7535:
7529:
7528:. London: Sage.
7522:
7516:
7513:
7507:
7504:
7498:
7497:
7495:
7493:
7484:. Archived from
7467:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7456:
7450:
7445:. Archived from
7426:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7415:
7409:
7404:. Archived from
7385:
7379:
7378:
7350:
7341:
7338:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7324:
7309:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7298:
7283:
7277:
7276:
7274:
7272:
7257:
7251:
7250:
7229:
7223:
7222:
7186:
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7115:
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7086:
7080:
7079:
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7045:
7044:
7024:
7018:
7017:
6989:
6983:
6982:
6954:
6948:
6947:
6918:
6912:
6911:
6883:
6877:
6876:
6858:
6838:
6832:
6831:
6803:
6797:
6796:
6760:
6754:
6753:
6750:Rev d'Anthropol.
6745:
6739:
6738:
6728:
6696:
6690:
6689:
6641:
6635:
6634:
6589:
6583:
6582:
6546:
6540:
6539:
6495:
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6488:
6483:
6481:
6451:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6410:
6404:
6397:
6391:
6390:
6372:
6366:
6365:
6347:
6341:
6340:
6308:
6302:
6301:
6285:
6279:
6278:
6265:Mind and Emotion
6260:
6254:
6253:
6241:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6206:
6200:
6199:
6174:(1/4): 106â124.
6163:
6157:
6156:
6146:
6122:
6113:
6112:
6094:
6088:
6087:
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6044:
6024:
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5980:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5938:
5927:
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5879:
5873:
5872:
5852:
5846:
5839:
5833:
5832:
5796:
5790:
5789:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5748:The Moral Animal
5739:
5733:
5732:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5687:DamĂĄsio, AntĂłnio
5683:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5666:
5625:
5616:
5610:
5595:
5584:
5583:
5561:10.1037/a0013386
5544:
5538:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5492:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5461:
5455:
5452:
5446:
5439:
5433:
5432:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5384:Suchy Y (2011).
5381:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5358:Summa Theologica
5352:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5186:
5177:
5176:
5166:
5148:
5116:
5110:
5109:
5083:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4943:
4915:
4909:
4908:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4628:
4622:
4615:
4609:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4555:
4549:. Archived from
4540:
4522:
4516:Ekman P (1992).
4513:
4507:
4506:
4498:
4492:
4491:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4418:. Archived from
4407:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4376:
4367:
4366:
4338:
4332:
4329:
4320:
4319:
4301:
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4294:
4276:
4267:
4266:
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4242:
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4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4193:
4187:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4160:. Archived from
4150:
4144:
4143:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4048:
4042:
4035:
4029:
4028:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3967:
3958:
3957:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3916:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3812:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3749:
3740:
3739:
3711:
3702:
3701:
3653:
3644:
3643:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3559:
3551:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3436:
3423:
3422:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3329:
3160:James A. Russell
3148:Joseph E. LeDoux
3117:Richard Davidson
3063:John T. Cacioppo
3027:Herbert A. Simon
3019:appraisal theory
2991:(1842â1910) and
2915:Computer science
2480:negative emotion
2452:cingulate cortex
2369:cingulate cortex
2167:Affective Events
1908:Mind and Emotion
1778:Gregorio Marañón
1648:Joseph E. LeDoux
1640:John T. Cacioppo
1627:Somatic theories
1614:Descartes' Error
1602:Joseph E. LeDoux
1581:occur in animals
1366:still forms the
1267:primary emotions
696:computer science
595:
588:
581:
67:
62:
39:
38:
34:
27:
11079:
11078:
11074:
11073:
11072:
11070:
11069:
11068:
11029:
11028:
11027:
11022:
10979:
10955:Psychotherapies
10916:
10873:Martin Seligman
10838:Daniel Kahneman
10778:Richard Lazarus
10728:Raymond Cattell
10632:
10623:
10622:
10621:
10533:
10445:
10272:
10265:
10256:
10217:Neuropsychology
10097:
10090:
10062:
10057:
10027:
10022:
10012:
9953:Jealousy in art
9696:in conversation
9618:Amygdala hijack
9531:
9469:
9463:
9454:
9443:sense of wonder
8771:
8761:
8731:
8730:
8729:
8719:
8718:
8714:
8679:
8658:
8653:
8570:
8539:
8525:
8523:
8519:
8488:
8449:
8425:Wayback Machine
8384:Wayback Machine
8298:
8258:Wayback Machine
8228:
8210:, eds. (2021).
8201:
8199:Further reading
8196:
8195:
8188:
8174:
8170:
8155:
8151:
8144:
8126:
8122:
8091:
8087:
8046:
8042:
8032:
8030:
8019:
8015:
8005:
8003:
7992:
7988:
7965:10.1002/acp.856
7948:
7942:
7935:
7918:
7916:
7901:
7897:
7884:
7882:
7878:
7871:
7865:
7861:
7855:Wayback Machine
7844:Wayback Machine
7835:
7831:
7809:
7805:
7794:
7790:
7785:
7781:
7772:
7768:
7758:
7756:
7747:
7746:
7742:
7733:
7729:
7724:
7720:
7689:
7685:
7675:
7673:
7669:
7638:
7632:
7628:
7619:
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7584:
7580:
7571:
7567:
7558:
7554:
7549:
7545:
7536:
7532:
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7501:
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7489:
7468:
7464:
7454:
7452:
7427:
7423:
7413:
7411:
7386:
7382:
7351:
7344:
7339:
7332:
7322:
7320:
7311:
7310:
7306:
7296:
7294:
7285:
7284:
7280:
7270:
7268:
7259:
7258:
7254:
7247:
7230:
7226:
7187:
7183:
7173:
7171:
7167:
7128:
7122:
7118:
7087:
7083:
7052:
7048:
7029:Acta Virologica
7025:
7021:
6990:
6986:
6955:
6951:
6919:
6915:
6884:
6880:
6843:Cerebral Cortex
6839:
6835:
6804:
6800:
6761:
6757:
6746:
6742:
6697:
6693:
6642:
6638:
6590:
6586:
6563:10.1038/nrn1605
6547:
6543:
6496:
6492:
6479:
6477:
6470:
6452:
6448:
6438:
6436:
6429:
6411:
6407:
6398:
6394:
6387:
6373:
6369:
6362:
6348:
6344:
6309:
6305:
6286:
6282:
6275:
6261:
6257:
6250:
6232:
6228:
6221:
6207:
6203:
6180:10.2307/1415404
6164:
6160:
6123:
6116:
6109:
6095:
6091:
6068:10.1038/nrn1432
6052:
6048:
6025:
6021:
6012:
6008:
6001:
5987:
5983:
5973:
5971:
5958:(34): 188â205.
5939:
5930:
5880:
5876:
5853:
5849:
5840:
5836:
5797:
5793:
5778:
5774:
5759:
5740:
5736:
5729:
5712:
5708:
5701:
5684:
5680:
5670:
5668:
5664:
5623:
5617:
5613:
5596:
5587:
5545:
5541:
5532:
5528:
5518:
5516:
5509:
5493:
5489:
5479:
5477:
5462:
5458:
5453:
5449:
5440:
5436:
5397:
5393:
5382:
5378:
5368:
5366:
5361:. Q.59, Art.2.
5353:
5349:
5339:
5337:
5324:
5320:
5310:
5308:
5295:
5291:
5281:
5279:
5268:Arius Didymus.
5266:
5262:
5252:
5250:
5237:
5233:
5226:
5212:
5208:
5198:
5196:
5188:
5187:
5180:
5117:
5113:
5081:10.1.1.320.6245
5064:
5060:
5029:
5025:
5018:
5004:
5000:
4990:
4988:
4981:
4955:
4951:
4941:
4939:
4932:
4916:
4912:
4889:
4885:
4870:
4844:
4840:
4825:
4811:
4807:
4760:
4756:
4717:
4713:
4674:
4670:
4659:
4629:
4625:
4616:
4612:
4603:
4599:
4589:
4587:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4538:10.1.1.454.1984
4520:
4514:
4510:
4499:
4495:
4488:
4464:
4460:
4453:
4439:
4435:
4425:
4423:
4408:
4399:
4389:
4387:
4382:. 6 June 2018.
4378:
4377:
4370:
4339:
4335:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4302:
4298:
4291:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4249:
4245:
4238:
4224:
4220:
4210:
4208:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4181:
4177:
4167:
4165:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4136:
4132:
4125:
4111:
4107:
4096:
4092:
4049:
4045:
4036:
4032:
3993:
3989:
3982:
3968:
3961:
3950:
3934:
3930:
3877:
3873:
3830:
3826:
3779:
3775:
3750:
3743:
3712:
3705:
3654:
3647:
3616:
3612:
3573:
3569:
3553:
3552:
3540:
3526:
3522:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3437:
3426:
3416:
3402:
3398:
3359:
3355:
3344:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3312:Kuleshov effect
3225:Affect measures
3220:
3207:Dominique MoĂŻsi
3191:Ronald de Sousa
3111:Antonio Damasio
3101:Randall Collins
3085:reversal theory
3031:Robert Plutchik
3023:Richard Lazarus
3015:Magda B. Arnold
2985:
2968:
2955:Rosalind Picard
2923:
2917:
2904:
2896:Gestalt therapy
2883:
2863:ritual theories
2805:
2799:
2728:
2722:
2639:risk perception
2628:emotional labor
2608:Social sciences
2562:
2518:
2492:
2468:
2440:Paul D. MacLean
2322:neurobiological
2314:
2298:
2223:
2210:
2150:
2102:
2051:
2049:Laws of Emotion
2000:
1981:Affect Infusion
1952:
1901:
1845:Richard Lazarus
1841:
1799:
1771:
1765:
1738:
1732:
1666:
1660:
1644:Antonio Damasio
1629:
1606:Antonio Damasio
1589:
1563:
1540:
1532:Main articles:
1530:
1516:
1455:in particular.
1360:dramatic theory
1346:
1341:
1335:
1310:factor analysis
1298:
1255:Robert Plutchik
1133:
1103:
1097:
1056:
1008:
1002:
1000:Differentiation
959:Bodily symptoms
934:
885:
838:
806:
615:Charles Le Brun
599:
570:
569:
568:
133:
132:
123:
102:Self-regulation
100:
35:
28:
21:
19:
12:
11:
5:
11077:
11067:
11066:
11061:
11056:
11054:Human behavior
11051:
11046:
11041:
11024:
11023:
11021:
11020:
11015:
11010:
11005:
11000:
10995:
10990:
10984:
10981:
10980:
10978:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10952:
10947:
10942:
10937:
10932:
10926:
10924:
10918:
10917:
10915:
10913:Roy Baumeister
10910:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10885:
10880:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10848:Michael Posner
10845:
10840:
10835:
10833:Elliot Aronson
10830:
10828:Walter Mischel
10825:
10820:
10815:
10810:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10793:Albert Bandura
10790:
10785:
10780:
10775:
10770:
10768:Leon Festinger
10765:
10760:
10755:
10750:
10745:
10740:
10738:Neal E. Miller
10735:
10733:Abraham Maslow
10730:
10725:
10720:
10718:Ernest Hilgard
10715:
10713:Donald O. Hebb
10710:
10705:
10700:
10695:
10693:J. P. Guilford
10690:
10688:Gordon Allport
10685:
10680:
10675:
10670:
10668:John B. Watson
10665:
10660:
10655:
10650:
10645:
10640:
10635:
10633:
10628:
10625:
10624:
10620:
10619:
10614:
10609:
10604:
10599:
10594:
10589:
10584:
10579:
10574:
10569:
10564:
10559:
10554:
10549:
10543:
10542:
10541:
10539:
10535:
10534:
10532:
10531:
10526:
10521:
10516:
10511:
10506:
10501:
10496:
10491:
10486:
10481:
10476:
10471:
10466:
10461:
10459:Animal testing
10455:
10453:
10447:
10446:
10444:
10443:
10438:
10433:
10428:
10423:
10418:
10413:
10408:
10403:
10398:
10393:
10388:
10383:
10378:
10373:
10368:
10363:
10358:
10353:
10348:
10343:
10338:
10333:
10328:
10323:
10318:
10313:
10308:
10303:
10298:
10293:
10288:
10283:
10277:
10275:
10267:
10266:
10259:
10257:
10255:
10254:
10249:
10244:
10239:
10234:
10229:
10224:
10219:
10214:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10162:Cross-cultural
10159:
10154:
10153:
10152:
10142:
10133:
10128:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10108:
10102:
10100:
10092:
10091:
10089:
10088:
10083:
10078:
10073:
10067:
10064:
10063:
10056:
10055:
10048:
10041:
10033:
10024:
10023:
10017:
10014:
10013:
10011:
10010:
10009:
10008:
10006:somatic marker
10003:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9980:
9978:Stoic passions
9975:
9970:
9965:
9960:
9955:
9950:
9945:
9940:
9935:
9934:
9933:
9928:
9926:social sharing
9923:
9918:
9916:self-conscious
9913:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9880:
9879:
9878:
9868:
9867:
9866:
9861:
9859:thought method
9856:
9851:
9846:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9826:
9824:lateralization
9821:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9801:
9800:
9799:
9794:
9784:
9783:
9782:
9772:
9767:
9762:
9757:
9752:
9747:
9742:
9737:
9732:
9727:
9719:
9718:
9717:
9712:
9711:
9710:
9700:
9699:
9698:
9688:
9683:
9678:
9673:
9668:
9663:
9658:
9653:
9651:classification
9648:
9643:
9638:
9633:
9628:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9609:
9608:
9603:
9595:
9594:
9593:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9573:
9565:
9564:
9563:
9558:
9553:
9548:
9539:
9537:
9533:
9532:
9530:
9529:
9520:
9515:
9510:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9485:
9479:
9477:
9471:
9470:
9457:
9455:
9453:
9452:
9447:
9446:
9445:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9415:
9414:
9413:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9373:
9371:Sentimentality
9368:
9359:
9350:
9341:
9340:
9339:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9293:
9292:
9287:
9282:
9277:
9267:
9262:
9261:
9260:
9250:
9245:
9240:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9216:
9211:
9210:
9209:
9207:at first sight
9204:
9194:
9189:
9184:
9179:
9174:
9169:
9164:
9159:
9154:
9149:
9144:
9139:
9131:
9126:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9083:
9078:
9077:
9076:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8978:
8977:
8967:
8962:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8945:Disappointment
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8781:
8779:
8773:
8772:
8760:
8759:
8752:
8745:
8737:
8728:
8727:
8721:
8720:
8709:
8708:
8707:
8706:
8696:
8694:About Emotions
8691:
8677:
8657:
8656:External links
8654:
8652:
8651:
8646:
8593:
8575:
8550:(4): 695â729.
8532:
8481:
8467:
8465:978-0125587013
8453:
8447:
8427:
8417:
8403:
8387:
8371:
8369:978-0520054547
8350:
8330:
8323:Basic Emotions
8316:
8314:978-1409453178
8302:
8297:978-0199203147
8296:
8283:
8271:. New Jersey:
8265:
8247:
8244:978-1907343957
8232:
8226:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8194:
8193:
8187:978-1409077084
8186:
8168:
8149:
8143:978-0195159646
8142:
8120:
8085:
8056:(7): 920â951.
8040:
8013:
7986:
7959:(3): 281â294.
7933:
7895:
7881:on 28 May 2008
7859:
7829:
7803:
7788:
7779:
7766:
7755:on 12 May 2012
7740:
7727:
7718:
7683:
7626:
7613:
7594:(4): 532â553.
7578:
7565:
7552:
7543:
7530:
7517:
7508:
7499:
7462:
7421:
7380:
7361:(4): 340â354.
7355:Emotion Review
7342:
7330:
7304:
7278:
7252:
7246:978-0544133310
7245:
7224:
7197:(2): 500â514.
7181:
7139:(4): 500â555.
7116:
7097:(2): 232â249.
7081:
7046:
7035:(5): 359â364.
7019:
7000:(4): 316â320.
6984:
6949:
6930:(2): 147â151.
6913:
6878:
6833:
6814:(4): 407â418.
6798:
6771:(1): 103â112.
6755:
6740:
6711:(3): 231â249.
6691:
6656:(7): 761â770.
6636:
6584:
6557:(2): 131â138.
6541:
6490:
6469:978-4431541226
6468:
6446:
6427:
6405:
6392:
6385:
6367:
6360:
6342:
6323:(3): 181â187.
6303:
6280:
6274:978-0898743500
6273:
6255:
6248:
6226:
6220:978-0195348590
6219:
6201:
6158:
6137:(3): 399â421.
6114:
6108:978-0205239399
6107:
6089:
6062:(7): 582â589.
6046:
6035:(4): 757â761.
6019:
6013:Laird, James,
6006:
6000:978-0205239399
5999:
5981:
5928:
5874:
5847:
5834:
5807:(1â3): 35â39.
5791:
5772:
5757:
5743:Wright, Robert
5734:
5727:
5715:de Waal, Frans
5706:
5699:
5678:
5611:
5607:978-0131115293
5585:
5555:(2): 120â128.
5539:
5526:
5508:978-0802827401
5507:
5487:
5456:
5447:
5434:
5407:(4): 357â377.
5391:
5376:
5347:
5318:
5289:
5260:
5231:
5224:
5206:
5190:"Natyashastra"
5178:
5111:
5074:(1): 145â172.
5058:
5039:(5): 805â819.
5023:
5017:978-0252745393
5016:
4998:
4980:978-0199592746
4979:
4949:
4931:978-0393707311
4930:
4910:
4883:
4868:
4838:
4824:978-1119492535
4823:
4805:
4754:
4727:(1): 117â128.
4711:
4684:(4): 364â370.
4678:Emotion Review
4668:
4658:978-1452256719
4657:
4623:
4610:
4597:
4567:
4531:(3): 169â200.
4508:
4493:
4486:
4458:
4451:
4433:
4422:on 23 May 2014
4397:
4368:
4349:(3): 464â486.
4333:
4321:
4315:978-1478722595
4314:
4296:
4290:978-0230005174
4289:
4279:Fox E (2008).
4268:
4262:978-1478722595
4261:
4243:
4237:978-1478722595
4236:
4218:
4188:
4175:
4145:
4130:
4123:
4105:
4090:
4063:(6): 725â732.
4043:
4030:
4003:(3): 426â450.
3987:
3981:978-0316265409
3980:
3959:
3949:978-0521026697
3948:
3928:
3891:(1): 383â409.
3871:
3844:(2): 374â396.
3824:
3795:(1): 373â403.
3773:
3741:
3722:(4): 693â727.
3703:
3668:(4): 769â779.
3645:
3610:
3583:(2): 331â371.
3567:
3539:978-1462525348
3538:
3520:
3473:
3467:978-1429237192
3466:
3424:
3415:978-0195089448
3414:
3396:
3369:(2â3): 83â86.
3353:
3343:978-0195096736
3342:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3297:Moral emotions
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3251:Emotion Review
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3204:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3129:
3123:
3114:
3108:
3098:
3088:
3071:George Mandler
3003:Silvan Tomkins
2984:
2981:
2967:
2964:
2919:Main article:
2916:
2913:
2908:cross-cultural
2903:
2900:
2882:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2829:Ămile Durkheim
2801:Main article:
2798:
2795:
2758:, for example
2752:constructivist
2724:Main article:
2721:
2718:
2686:sentimentality
2626:'s concept of
2566:Human sciences
2561:
2558:
2517:
2514:
2491:
2488:
2467:
2464:
2340:(for example,
2338:neurochemicals
2313:
2310:
2297:
2294:
2222:
2219:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2125:Basic Emotions
2122:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1951:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1904:George Mandler
1900:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1849:intentionality
1840:
1837:
1831:(for example,
1824:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1798:
1795:
1767:Main article:
1764:
1761:
1734:Main article:
1731:
1728:
1662:Main article:
1659:
1656:
1628:
1625:
1621:affect display
1588:
1585:
1577:cross-cultural
1567:Charles Darwin
1562:
1559:
1548:Charles Darwin
1529:
1526:
1515:
1512:
1496:Baruch Spinoza
1488:René Descartes
1453:Thomas Aquinas
1345:
1342:
1334:
1331:
1297:
1294:
1263:primary colors
1247:, relief, and
1189:Dacher Keltner
1185:Daniel Cordaro
1132:
1129:
1099:Main article:
1096:
1095:Classification
1093:
1092:
1091:
1088:mental illness
1076:
1070:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1040:
1034:
1019:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
990:
976:
966:
956:
933:
930:
884:
881:
837:
834:
805:
802:
712:Charles Darwin
647:. There is no
627:brought on by
601:
600:
598:
597:
590:
583:
575:
572:
571:
567:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
259:Disappointment
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
135:
134:
130:
129:
128:
125:
124:
122:
121:
116:
115:
114:
109:
98:
93:
88:
83:
81:Classification
78:
72:
69:
68:
55:
54:
48:
47:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11076:
11065:
11064:Mental states
11062:
11060:
11057:
11055:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11045:
11044:Limbic system
11042:
11040:
11037:
11036:
11034:
11019:
11016:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10996:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10986:
10985:
10982:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10958:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10950:Psychologists
10948:
10946:
10943:
10941:
10940:Organizations
10938:
10936:
10933:
10931:
10928:
10927:
10925:
10923:
10919:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10888:John Anderson
10886:
10884:
10881:
10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10818:Ulric Neisser
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10803:Endel Tulving
10801:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10788:Robert Zajonc
10786:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10776:
10774:
10771:
10769:
10766:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10754:
10751:
10749:
10746:
10744:
10743:Jerome Bruner
10741:
10739:
10736:
10734:
10731:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10721:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10708:B. F. Skinner
10706:
10704:
10701:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10691:
10689:
10686:
10684:
10681:
10679:
10676:
10674:
10673:Clark L. Hull
10671:
10669:
10666:
10664:
10661:
10659:
10656:
10654:
10653:Sigmund Freud
10651:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10643:William James
10641:
10639:
10638:Wilhelm Wundt
10636:
10634:
10631:
10630:Psychologists
10626:
10618:
10617:Psychometrics
10615:
10613:
10610:
10608:
10605:
10603:
10600:
10598:
10595:
10593:
10590:
10588:
10585:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10577:Consciousness
10575:
10573:
10570:
10568:
10565:
10563:
10560:
10558:
10555:
10553:
10550:
10548:
10545:
10544:
10540:
10536:
10530:
10527:
10525:
10522:
10520:
10517:
10515:
10512:
10510:
10509:Psychophysics
10507:
10505:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10490:
10487:
10485:
10482:
10480:
10477:
10475:
10472:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10456:
10454:
10452:
10451:Methodologies
10448:
10442:
10439:
10437:
10434:
10432:
10429:
10427:
10424:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10414:
10412:
10411:Psychotherapy
10409:
10407:
10406:Psychometrics
10404:
10402:
10399:
10397:
10394:
10392:
10389:
10387:
10384:
10382:
10379:
10377:
10374:
10372:
10369:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10349:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10339:
10337:
10334:
10332:
10329:
10327:
10324:
10322:
10319:
10317:
10314:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10299:
10297:
10294:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10278:
10276:
10274:
10268:
10263:
10253:
10250:
10248:
10245:
10243:
10240:
10238:
10235:
10233:
10230:
10228:
10225:
10223:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10172:Developmental
10170:
10168:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10151:
10148:
10147:
10146:
10143:
10141:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10103:
10101:
10099:
10093:
10087:
10084:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10068:
10065:
10061:
10054:
10049:
10047:
10042:
10040:
10035:
10034:
10031:
10020:
10015:
10007:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9983:
9981:
9979:
9976:
9974:
9971:
9969:
9966:
9964:
9961:
9959:
9956:
9954:
9951:
9949:
9946:
9944:
9941:
9939:
9936:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9883:
9881:
9877:
9874:
9873:
9872:
9869:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9832:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9807:
9805:
9802:
9798:
9795:
9793:
9790:
9789:
9788:
9785:
9781:
9778:
9777:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9768:
9766:
9763:
9761:
9760:dysregulation
9758:
9756:
9753:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9743:
9741:
9738:
9736:
9733:
9731:
9728:
9726:
9723:
9722:
9720:
9716:
9713:
9709:
9708:interpersonal
9706:
9705:
9704:
9701:
9697:
9694:
9693:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9652:
9649:
9647:
9644:
9642:
9639:
9637:
9634:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9624:
9623:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9598:
9596:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9569:
9568:
9566:
9562:
9561:in psychology
9559:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9547:
9546:consciousness
9544:
9543:
9541:
9540:
9538:
9534:
9527:
9526:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9481:
9480:
9478:
9476:
9472:
9467:
9461:
9451:
9448:
9444:
9441:
9440:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9412:
9409:
9408:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9366:
9365:
9360:
9357:
9356:
9355:Schadenfreude
9351:
9348:
9347:
9342:
9338:
9335:
9334:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9272:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9259:
9256:
9255:
9254:
9251:
9249:
9246:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9236:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9223:
9222:
9221:Mono no aware
9217:
9215:
9212:
9208:
9205:
9203:
9200:
9199:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9175:
9173:
9170:
9168:
9165:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9155:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9136:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9124:
9123:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9090:
9089:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9075:
9074:
9073:Joie de vivre
9070:
9069:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9042:Gratification
9040:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8976:
8973:
8972:
8971:
8970:Embarrassment
8968:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8875:Belongingness
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8782:
8780:
8778:
8774:
8769:
8765:
8758:
8753:
8751:
8746:
8744:
8739:
8738:
8735:
8726:
8723:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8704:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8688:
8687:
8682:
8678:
8674:
8673:
8668:
8664:
8660:
8659:
8650:
8647:
8643:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8615:
8611:
8608:(10): e3556.
8607:
8603:
8599:
8594:
8592:
8588:
8584:
8580:
8576:
8569:
8565:
8561:
8557:
8553:
8549:
8545:
8538:
8533:
8518:
8514:
8510:
8506:
8502:
8499:(4): 152â67.
8498:
8494:
8487:
8482:
8480:
8476:
8472:
8468:
8466:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8450:
8444:
8440:
8437:. Cambridge:
8436:
8432:
8428:
8426:
8422:
8418:
8416:
8412:
8408:
8404:
8402:
8398:
8394:
8393:
8388:
8385:
8381:
8378:
8377:
8372:
8370:
8366:
8361:
8360:
8355:
8351:
8349:
8345:
8342:
8338:
8334:
8331:
8328:
8324:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8311:
8307:
8303:
8299:
8293:
8289:
8284:
8282:
8278:
8274:
8273:Prentice Hall
8270:
8266:
8263:
8259:
8255:
8252:
8248:
8245:
8241:
8237:
8233:
8229:
8223:
8219:
8215:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8203:
8189:
8183:
8179:
8172:
8166:
8162:
8158:
8153:
8145:
8139:
8134:
8133:
8124:
8116:
8112:
8108:
8104:
8100:
8096:
8089:
8081:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8063:
8059:
8055:
8051:
8044:
8028:
8024:
8017:
8001:
7997:
7990:
7982:
7978:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7947:
7940:
7938:
7930:
7928:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7899:
7892:
7877:
7870:
7863:
7856:
7852:
7849:
7845:
7841:
7838:
7833:
7825:
7821:
7817:
7816:
7807:
7799:
7792:
7783:
7776:
7770:
7754:
7750:
7744:
7737:
7731:
7722:
7714:
7710:
7706:
7702:
7699:(1): 79â103.
7698:
7694:
7687:
7668:
7664:
7660:
7656:
7652:
7648:
7644:
7637:
7630:
7623:
7617:
7609:
7605:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7582:
7575:
7569:
7562:
7556:
7547:
7540:
7534:
7527:
7521:
7512:
7503:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7474:
7466:
7449:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7425:
7408:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7384:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7349:
7347:
7337:
7335:
7318:
7314:
7308:
7293:on 5 May 2015
7292:
7288:
7282:
7266:
7262:
7256:
7248:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7228:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7185:
7166:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7127:
7120:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7085:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7065:
7062:(5): 608â22.
7061:
7057:
7050:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7023:
7015:
7011:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6995:
6988:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6965:(1): 95â101.
6964:
6960:
6953:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6917:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6882:
6874:
6870:
6866:
6862:
6857:
6856:10.1.1.67.541
6852:
6848:
6844:
6837:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6802:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6759:
6752:(1): 385â498.
6751:
6744:
6736:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6695:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6651:
6647:
6640:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6588:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6545:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6494:
6487:
6475:
6471:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6450:
6434:
6430:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6409:
6402:
6396:
6388:
6382:
6378:
6371:
6363:
6357:
6353:
6346:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6307:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6284:
6276:
6270:
6266:
6259:
6251:
6245:
6240:
6239:
6230:
6222:
6216:
6212:
6205:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6162:
6154:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6121:
6119:
6110:
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5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5878:
5870:
5866:
5863:(2): 171â95.
5862:
5858:
5851:
5844:
5838:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
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5764:
5760:
5758:0-679-76399-6
5754:
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5700:0-399-13894-3
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4679:
4672:
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4660:
4654:
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4646:
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4638:
4634:
4627:
4621:, 2, 527â561.
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3328:
3324:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3287:Group emotion
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
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3226:
3223:
3222:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3185:Klaus Scherer
3183:
3181:
3177:
3174:, concept of
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3081:Michael Apter
3079:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3059:Jaak Panksepp
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3035:Robert Zajonc
3032:
3028:
3024:
3021:of emotions;
3020:
3016:
3011:
3008:
3007:affect theory
3004:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2989:William James
2980:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2912:
2909:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2888:psychotherapy
2878:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2804:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2760:schadenfreude
2757:
2756:meta-emotions
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2528:Joseph LeDoux
2525:
2523:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2476:
2473:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2444:limbic system
2441:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2346:noradrenaline
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2318:limbic system
2307:
2302:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2278:mating system
2275:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2215:
2205:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2191:Feedback Loop
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2145:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1949:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1896:
1894:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1794:
1792:
1791:Gut Reactions
1788:
1787:Jerome Singer
1783:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1689:physiological
1686:
1682:
1681:William James
1675:
1670:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1652:Robert Zajonc
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1636:William James
1633:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1569:'s 1872 book
1568:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1522:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1500:Thomas Hobbes
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1449:scholasticism
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1372:Bharatanatyam
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1348:In Hinduism,
1340:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1302:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1285:Jaak Panksepp
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:embarrassment
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1145:
1137:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1102:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1007:
994:
991:
988:
984:
980:
977:
974:
970:
967:
964:
963:physiological
960:
957:
954:
951:
950:
949:
947:
943:
939:
936:According to
929:
927:
926:Joseph LeDoux
922:
918:
916:
911:
909:
905:
904:physiological
901:
896:
894:
890:
880:
878:
877:
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
833:
831:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
801:
797:
795:
791:
790:mental states
787:
783:
780:
776:
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
752:
748:
747:William James
744:
740:
739:physiological
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
625:mental states
622:
616:
612:
607:
596:
591:
589:
584:
582:
577:
576:
574:
573:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
504:Schadenfreude
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
334:Gratification
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
289:Embarrassment
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
254:Determination
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
204:Belongingness
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
136:
127:
126:
120:
117:
113:
112:Dysregulation
110:
108:
107:Interpersonal
105:
104:
103:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
73:
71:
70:
66:
61:
57:
56:
53:
50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
32:
25:
16:
10863:Larry Squire
10858:Bruce McEwen
10853:Amos Tversky
10823:Jerome Kagan
10813:Noam Chomsky
10753:Hans Eysenck
10723:Harry Harlow
10703:Erik Erikson
10602:Intelligence
10499:Neuroimaging
10242:Quantitative
10207:Mathematical
10202:Intelligence
10192:Experimental
10187:Evolutionary
10177:Differential
10086:Psychologist
10018:
9958:Meta-emotion
9871:Emotionality
9844:responsivity
9792:and bullying
9787:intelligence
9597:Affectivity
9581:neuroscience
9551:in education
9134:
9095:Homesickness
9071:
8997:Enthrallment
8982:Emotion work
8845:Anticipation
8776:
8763:
8715:
8699:W. B. Cannon
8684:
8670:
8605:
8601:
8578:
8568:the original
8547:
8543:
8524:. Retrieved
8517:the original
8496:
8492:
8470:
8456:
8434:
8420:
8406:
8391:
8375:
8358:
8337:The Emotions
8336:
8333:Frijda, N.H.
8326:
8305:
8287:
8268:
8261:
8235:
8212:
8177:
8171:
8161:The Emotions
8160:
8157:Frijda, N.H.
8152:
8131:
8123:
8098:
8094:
8088:
8053:
8049:
8043:
8031:. Retrieved
8027:the original
8016:
8004:. Retrieved
7989:
7956:
7952:
7924:
7917:. Retrieved
7908:
7898:
7890:
7883:. Retrieved
7876:the original
7862:
7832:
7812:
7806:
7797:
7791:
7782:
7774:
7769:
7757:. Retrieved
7753:the original
7743:
7735:
7730:
7721:
7696:
7692:
7686:
7674:. Retrieved
7646:
7642:
7629:
7621:
7616:
7591:
7587:
7581:
7573:
7568:
7560:
7555:
7546:
7538:
7533:
7525:
7520:
7511:
7502:
7490:. Retrieved
7486:the original
7472:
7465:
7453:. Retrieved
7448:the original
7434:
7424:
7412:. Retrieved
7407:the original
7393:
7383:
7358:
7354:
7321:. Retrieved
7315:. unav.edu.
7307:
7295:. Retrieved
7291:the original
7281:
7269:. Retrieved
7265:the original
7255:
7236:
7227:
7194:
7190:
7184:
7172:. Retrieved
7136:
7132:
7119:
7094:
7090:
7084:
7059:
7055:
7049:
7032:
7028:
7022:
6997:
6993:
6987:
6962:
6958:
6952:
6927:
6923:
6916:
6894:(2): 91â99.
6891:
6887:
6881:
6846:
6842:
6836:
6811:
6807:
6801:
6768:
6764:
6758:
6749:
6743:
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6704:
6694:
6653:
6649:
6639:
6598:
6594:
6587:
6554:
6550:
6544:
6503:
6499:
6493:
6485:
6478:. Retrieved
6459:
6449:
6437:. Retrieved
6418:
6408:
6400:
6395:
6376:
6370:
6351:
6345:
6320:
6316:
6306:
6289:
6283:
6264:
6258:
6237:
6229:
6210:
6204:
6171:
6167:
6161:
6134:
6130:
6098:
6092:
6059:
6055:
6049:
6032:
6028:
6022:
6014:
6009:
5990:
5984:
5972:. Retrieved
5955:
5949:
5923:
5911:10919/100456
5891:
5887:
5877:
5860:
5856:
5850:
5842:
5837:
5804:
5800:
5794:
5785:
5781:
5775:
5747:
5737:
5718:
5709:
5690:
5681:
5669:. Retrieved
5633:
5627:
5614:
5598:
5580:
5552:
5548:
5542:
5534:
5529:
5517:. Retrieved
5497:
5490:
5478:. Retrieved
5469:
5459:
5450:
5442:
5437:
5404:
5400:
5394:
5385:
5379:
5367:. Retrieved
5357:
5350:
5338:. Retrieved
5328:
5321:
5309:. Retrieved
5299:
5292:
5280:. Retrieved
5276:the original
5270:
5263:
5251:. Retrieved
5241:
5234:
5215:
5209:
5197:. Retrieved
5193:
5128:
5124:
5114:
5071:
5067:
5061:
5036:
5032:
5026:
5007:
5001:
4989:. Retrieved
4962:
4952:
4940:. Retrieved
4920:
4913:
4896:
4892:
4886:
4847:
4841:
4814:
4808:
4770:(1): 75â93.
4767:
4763:
4757:
4724:
4720:
4714:
4681:
4677:
4671:
4662:
4632:
4626:
4618:
4613:
4600:
4590:15 September
4588:. Retrieved
4579:
4570:
4558:. Retrieved
4551:the original
4528:
4524:
4511:
4502:
4496:
4468:
4461:
4442:
4436:
4424:. Retrieved
4420:the original
4415:
4388:. Retrieved
4346:
4342:
4336:
4305:
4299:
4280:
4252:
4246:
4227:
4221:
4209:. Retrieved
4200:
4191:
4183:
4178:
4166:. Retrieved
4162:the original
4157:
4148:
4139:
4133:
4114:
4108:
4099:
4093:
4060:
4056:
4046:
4038:
4033:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3971:
3938:
3931:
3888:
3884:
3874:
3841:
3837:
3827:
3792:
3786:
3776:
3759:
3753:
3719:
3715:
3665:
3661:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3529:
3523:
3514:
3489:(2): 69â83.
3486:
3482:
3476:
3452:
3419:
3405:
3399:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3347:
3333:
3327:
3249:
3210:
3075:
3055:The Emotions
3054:
3047:Peter Goldie
3042:
3012:
3001:
2986:
2969:
2924:
2905:
2884:
2875:
2849:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2814:
2806:
2780:
2776:social norms
2729:
2667:
2659:criminal law
2632:
2616:anthropology
2606:
2586:neuroscience
2563:
2540:
2526:
2519:
2506:Derek Denton
2504:
2493:
2484:
2477:
2469:
2448:hypothalamus
2438:(1937), and
2428:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2362:
2315:
2254:
2238:temperaments
2224:
2214:situationism
2211:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2161:
2154:
2151:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2113:
2106:
2103:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2055:
2052:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1911:
1910:, 1975, and
1907:
1902:
1890:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1853:
1842:
1832:
1825:
1809:The role of
1804:
1800:
1790:
1772:
1753:diencephalon
1750:
1739:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1705:
1684:
1678:
1630:
1618:
1598:neuroimaging
1590:
1587:Contemporary
1570:
1564:
1561:19th century
1551:
1521:Image of God
1517:
1485:
1478:
1459:
1457:
1435:
1427:
1420:
1400:Bharata Muni
1398:and others.
1353:
1350:Bharata Muni
1347:
1327:
1307:
1283:
1266:
1253:
1182:
1150:
1104:
1078:
1072:
1062:
1057:
1009:
992:
978:
973:motivational
968:
958:
952:
935:
923:
919:
912:
910:mechanisms.
897:
886:
874:
863:
839:
826:
809:
807:
798:
751:behaviorists
736:
716:neuroscience
708:evolutionary
677:
620:
619:
179:Anticipation
51:
36:
15:
10935:Disciplines
10908:Susan Fiske
10798:Roger Brown
10698:Carl Rogers
10683:Jean Piaget
10648:Ivan Pavlov
10504:Observation
10484:Experiments
10431:Suicidology
10326:Educational
10281:Anomalistic
10252:Theoretical
10227:Personality
10157:Comparative
10140:Cognitivism
10131:Behaviorism
9886:and culture
9691:recognition
9676:homeostatic
9576:forecasting
9525:Weltschmerz
9498:Misanthropy
9275:grandiosity
9157:Inspiration
9147:Infatuation
9115:Humiliation
9037:Frustration
8910:Contentment
7759:11 November
7323:11 November
7297:11 November
7271:11 November
7174:6 September
5894:: 267â304.
5636:: 799â823.
5355:Aquinas T.
5326:Aristotle.
4991:20 December
4639:. pp.
4410:Givens DB.
4390:16 November
4211:16 November
3762:: 317â342.
3626:: 191â214.
3176:core affect
3154:Jesse Prinz
3051:Nico Frijda
2688:), and the
2643:criminology
2598:linguistics
2510:homeostasis
2436:James Papez
2392:spinal cord
2380:nerve cells
2261:chimpanzees
2108:Jesse Prinz
2057:Nico Frijda
1782:epinephrine
1470:Hippocrates
1466:four humors
1445:Middle Ages
1355:NÄtyasÄstra
1323:core affect
1201:contentment
1047:temperament
915:categorized
883:Definitions
830:alexithymia
782:expressions
669:disposition
665:personality
661:temperament
653:intertwined
645:displeasure
384:Humiliation
329:Frustration
229:Contentment
11059:Psychology
11033:Categories
10998:Wikisource
10843:Paul Ekman
10678:Kurt Lewin
10572:Competence
10494:Interviews
10474:Case study
10351:Humanistic
10331:Ergonomics
10316:Counseling
10291:Assessment
10273:psychology
10222:Perception
10182:Ecological
10098:psychology
10076:Philosophy
10060:Psychology
9963:Pathognomy
9864:well-being
9780:and gender
9775:expression
9770:exhaustion
9755:detachment
9740:competence
9721:Emotional
9703:regulation
9686:perception
9681:in animals
9631:and memory
9567:Affective
9475:Worldviews
9337:melancholy
9322:Resentment
9192:Loneliness
9167:Irritation
9152:Insecurity
9142:Indulgence
9017:Excitement
9002:Enthusiasm
8935:Depression
8895:Confidence
8890:Compassion
8865:Attraction
8790:Admiration
8785:Acceptance
8401:0199646813
7994:Cherry K.
7736:Psychology
7482:B01BKSC2BK
7455:9 December
7414:9 December
6249:0872202267
5693:. Putnam.
5369:5 February
5340:5 February
5311:18 January
5282:18 January
4899:(4): 349.
4869:1557986940
4833:1114474792
4560:25 October
4184:Psychology
3453:Psychology
3319:References
3126:Paul Ekman
2993:Carl Lange
2943:psychology
2772:psychology
2714:aggression
2702:literature
2692:(see also
2670:philosophy
2578:Psychology
2570:psychiatry
2456:hippocampi
2432:Paul Broca
2354:pheromones
2334:vertebrate
2250:speciation
2227:physiology
1745:subjective
1698:Carl Lange
1508:empiricist
1504:David Hume
1416:BhayÄnakam
1392:Kudiyattam
1337:See also:
1153:Paul Ekman
1108:irritation
1033:responses.
1030:subjective
1004:See also:
979:Expression
932:Components
870:David Hume
822:affections
818:sentiments
775:experience
768:subjective
764:philosophy
760:psychology
700:philosophy
680:psychology
673:creativity
489:Resentment
414:Loneliness
304:Enthusiasm
244:Depression
214:Confidence
144:Admiration
139:Acceptance
86:In animals
11018:Wikibooks
11008:Wikiquote
10878:Ed Diener
10663:Carl Jung
10567:Cognition
10396:Political
10306:Community
10136:Cognitive
9991:appraisal
9931:sociology
9882:Emotions
9854:symbiosis
9839:reasoning
9809:isolation
9750:contagion
9735:blackmail
9661:expressed
9656:evolution
9646:and sleep
9636:and music
9571:computing
9518:Reclusion
9513:Pessimism
9488:Defeatism
9418:Suffering
9364:Sehnsucht
9307:Rejection
9258:self-pity
9233:Nostalgia
9202:limerence
9172:Isolation
9110:Hostility
9067:Happiness
9047:Gratitude
8992:Emptiness
8975:vicarious
8925:Curiosity
8900:Confusion
8840:Annoyance
8820:Amusement
8810:Agitation
8805:Affection
8800:Aesthetic
8795:Adoration
8667:"Emotion"
8564:145575751
8513:143896041
8321:(1999). "
8319:Ekman, P.
8218:Routledge
8115:144109550
7981:0888-4080
7973:2268/1394
7663:140384593
7649:: 71â89.
7443:0362-4331
7402:0362-4331
7375:146259730
7076:144134109
7014:145482474
6851:CiteSeerX
6785:0895-0172
6670:0149-7634
6337:1057-7408
6298:797330039
6084:148864726
5788:: 87â114.
5155:0027-8424
5076:CiteSeerX
4784:1931-1516
4741:1931-1516
4698:1754-0739
4533:CiteSeerX
4412:"Emotion"
4197:"Emotion"
4077:0002-953X
3905:0066-4308
3866:244748515
3736:145575751
3698:220371464
3682:1931-1516
3597:0022-3506
3556:cite book
3548:950202673
2797:Sociology
2787:traumatic
2736:essential
2635:economics
2612:sociology
2602:education
2496:Bud Craig
2423:olfaction
2419:mammalian
2415:olfactory
2388:brainstem
2384:forebrain
2350:serotonin
2296:Formation
2235:phenotype
2060:follows:
1685:secondary
1437:Aristotle
1396:Kathakali
1380:Kuchipudi
1368:aesthetic
1265:combine,
1229:confusion
1193:amusement
1170:happiness
1125:curiosity
946:cognition
851:Descartes
843:Aristotle
804:Etymology
794:sociology
772:conscious
611:engraving
549:Suspicion
539:Suffering
509:Self-pity
474:Rejection
429:Nostalgia
409:Limerence
379:Hostility
359:Happiness
339:Gratitude
284:Elevation
239:Curiosity
219:Confusion
174:Annoyance
154:Amusement
149:Affection
11013:Wikinews
10970:Timeline
10592:Feelings
10587:Emotions
10547:Behavior
10538:Concepts
10416:Religion
10401:Positive
10391:Pastoral
10376:Military
10341:Forensic
10336:Feminist
10321:Critical
10311:Consumer
10301:Coaching
10296:Clinical
10271:Applied
10167:Cultural
10106:Abnormal
9849:security
9829:literacy
9814:lability
9804:intimacy
9745:conflict
9725:aperture
9622:Emotion
9606:negative
9601:positive
9591:spectrum
9556:measures
9508:Optimism
9503:Nihilism
9493:Fatalism
9483:Cynicism
9428:Sympathy
9423:Surprise
9265:Pleasure
9187:Kindness
9177:Jealousy
9162:Interest
9129:Hysteria
9012:Euphoria
8955:Distrust
8905:Contempt
8885:Calmness
8777:Emotions
8764:Emotions
8716:Emotions
8701:(1915).
8642:18958169
8602:PLOS ONE
8433:(2001).
8380:Archived
8356:(1983).
8335:(1986).
8254:Archived
8159:(1986).
8033:30 April
8006:30 April
8000:Archived
7913:Archived
7851:Archived
7848:Abstract
7840:Archived
7667:Archived
7317:Archived
7261:"EmoNet"
7219:14995914
7211:18701321
7165:Archived
7161:16369323
7153:12965300
7111:18410197
6979:15053729
6873:12967923
6828:12998590
6735:22033741
6686:24732701
6678:11801300
6631:17564509
6623:11951044
6571:15685218
6536:18899853
6528:15947188
6474:Archived
6433:Archived
6196:27900216
6153:87128623
6076:15208700
5968:Archived
5944:(1884).
5920:31125635
5829:44371175
5821:18472250
5767:33496013
5745:(1994).
5717:(2019).
5689:(1994).
5662:Archived
5650:25251484
5577:31276371
5569:19203144
5513:Archived
5474:Archived
5429:38740431
5421:27512819
5363:Archived
5334:Archived
5305:Archived
5297:Cicero.
5253:3 August
5247:Archived
5173:28874542
5098:12529060
5053:10353204
4985:Archived
4936:Archived
4878:44110498
4792:28604039
4749:26389648
4706:52833124
4584:Archived
4580:HuffPost
4384:Archived
4205:Archived
3954:Archived
3923:19575618
3858:34843305
3819:17002554
3690:32628033
3640:10074678
3605:10202807
3511:24365776
3503:12426062
3450:(2011).
3218:See also
3057:(1986);
3045:(2003);
2822:marriage
2764:medicine
2710:ethology
2536:amygdala
2434:(1878),
2407:reptiles
2376:circuits
2373:cortical
2342:dopamine
2330:reptiles
2290:language
2276:and the
2257:lineages
2221:Genetics
2197:Time Lag
2152:Source:
2104:Source:
2053:Source:
2002:Source:
1914:, 1984)
1757:thalamus
1715:a priori
1481:Avicenna
1474:medicine
1423:Buddhism
1412:KÄruáčyam
1404:Ćáčáč
gÄraáž„
1388:Manipuri
1333:Theories
1279:contempt
1245:contempt
1233:interest
1221:sympathy
1178:surprise
1113:pleasure
993:Feelings
814:passions
810:Ă©mouvoir
704:function
684:medicine
641:pleasure
637:feelings
633:thoughts
621:Emotions
544:Surprise
454:Pleasure
404:Kindness
394:Jealousy
389:Interest
314:Euphoria
269:Distrust
224:Contempt
131:Emotions
52:Emotions
44:a series
42:Part of
11039:Emotion
10945:Outline
10441:Traffic
10436:Systems
10371:Medical
10197:Gestalt
10071:History
10019:Italics
9982:Theory
9938:Feeling
9891:history
9876:bounded
9834:prosody
9641:and sex
9626:and art
9586:science
9542:Affect
9536:Related
9411:chronic
9386:Shyness
9346:Saudade
9332:Sadness
9327:Revenge
9317:Remorse
9248:Passion
9238:Outrage
9228:Neglect
9088:Hiraeth
8987:Empathy
8965:Ecstasy
8950:Disgust
8920:Cruelty
8915:Courage
8880:Boredom
8860:Arousal
8850:Anxiety
8835:Anguish
8665:(ed.).
8633:2569212
8610:Bibcode
8526:1 March
8080:6113452
7857:), 1995
7701:Bibcode
7596:Bibcode
7091:Emotion
6959:Emotion
6944:2741709
6908:3687478
6793:7711480
6726:3181681
6603:Bibcode
6595:Science
6579:2504002
6508:Bibcode
6500:Science
6439:7 March
6403:8: 1±74
6188:1415404
5974:4 April
5942:James W
5658:5622279
5519:10 June
5480:10 June
5164:5617253
5133:Bibcode
5106:2890641
4942:21 July
4800:3436764
4764:Emotion
4721:Emotion
4641:248â250
4363:4825988
4168:2 March
4085:6375397
4025:4830394
4017:1758918
3914:3950961
3838:Emotion
3810:1934613
3662:Emotion
3391:8504450
3383:9651488
2959:sensors
2951:emotion
2768:science
2698:history
2574:Nursing
2532:anxiety
2411:mammals
2382:in the
2246:Zygotes
1632:Somatic
1319:arousal
1315:valence
1275:disgust
1249:triumph
1225:boredom
1174:sadness
1162:disgust
1084:anxiety
1022:Feeling
938:Scherer
893:feeling
864:In the
855:Aquinas
836:History
688:history
524:Shyness
499:Saudade
494:Sadness
484:Remorse
444:Passion
434:Outrage
299:Empathy
279:Ecstasy
264:Disgust
234:Courage
209:Boredom
194:Arousal
184:Anxiety
169:Anguish
119:Valence
10975:Topics
10421:School
10346:Health
10247:Social
10150:Social
10096:Basic
10081:Portal
9986:affect
9968:Pathos
9921:social
9765:eating
9438:Wonder
9406:Stress
9396:Sorrow
9312:Relief
9302:Regret
9290:vanity
9285:insult
9280:hubris
9135:Ikigai
9105:Horror
9081:Hatred
8940:Desire
8930:Defeat
8855:Apathy
8713:about
8640:
8630:
8589:
8562:
8511:
8477:
8463:
8445:
8413:
8399:
8367:
8346:
8312:
8294:
8279:
8242:
8224:
8184:
8140:
8113:
8078:
7979:
7919:13 May
7885:13 May
7676:8 July
7661:
7492:8 July
7480:
7441:
7400:
7373:
7243:
7217:
7209:
7159:
7151:
7109:
7074:
7039:
7012:
6977:
6942:
6906:
6871:
6853:
6826:
6791:
6783:
6733:
6723:
6684:
6676:
6668:
6629:
6621:
6577:
6569:
6534:
6526:
6480:8 July
6466:
6425:
6383:
6358:
6335:
6296:
6271:
6246:
6217:
6194:
6186:
6151:
6105:
6082:
6074:
5997:
5918:
5827:
5819:
5765:
5755:
5725:
5697:
5671:8 July
5656:
5648:
5605:
5575:
5567:
5505:
5427:
5419:
5222:
5199:23 May
5171:
5161:
5153:
5104:
5096:
5078:
5051:
5014:
4977:
4928:
4876:
4866:
4831:
4821:
4798:
4790:
4782:
4747:
4739:
4704:
4696:
4655:
4535:
4484:
4449:
4361:
4312:
4287:
4259:
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