840:). Later researchers, thus, acknowledged that natural languages do not need to consist of an arbitrary relationship between form and meaning. The visual nature of sign language simply allows for a greater degree of iconicity compared to spoken languages as most real-world objects can be described by a prototypical shape (e.g., a table usually has a flat surface), but most real-world objects do not make prototypical sounds that can be mimicked by spoken languages (e.g., tables do not make prototypical sounds). It has to be noted, however, that sign languages are not fully iconic. On the one hand, there are also many arbitrary signs in sign languages and, on the other hand, the grammar of a sign language puts limits to the degree of iconicity: All known sign languages, for example, express lexical concepts via manual signs. From a truly iconic language one would expect that a concept like smiling would be expressed by mimicking a smile (i.e., by performing a smiling face). All known sign languages, however, do not express the concept of smiling by a smiling face, but by a manual sign.
816:. The first studies on iconicity in ASL were published in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Many early sign language linguists rejected the notion that iconicity was an important aspect of sign languages, considering most perceived iconicity to be extralinguistic. However, mimetic aspects of sign language (signs that imitate, mimic, or represent) are found in abundance across a wide variety of sign languages. For example, when deaf children learning sign language try to express something but do not know the associated sign, they will often invent an iconic sign that displays mimetic properties. Though it never disappears from a particular sign language, iconicity is gradually weakened as forms of sign languages become more customary and are subsequently grammaticized. As a form becomes more conventional, it becomes disseminated in a methodical way phonologically to the rest of the sign language community. Nancy Frishberg concluded that though originally present in many signs, iconicity is degraded over time through the application of natural grammatical processes.
2226:
573:
555:, two manual articulators, and the signer's face and body. Though there is still much discussion on the topic of iconicity in sign languages, classifiers are generally considered to be highly iconic, as these complex constructions "function as predicates that may express any or all of the following: motion, position, stative-descriptive, or handling information". It needs to be noted that the term classifier is not used by everyone working on these constructions. Across the field of sign language linguistics the same constructions are also referred with other terms such as depictive signs.
165:
3189:. The book is a work on cryptography, and fingerspelling was referred to as one method of "secret discoursing, by signes and gestures". Wilkins gave an example of such a system: "Let the tops of the fingers signifie the five vowels; the middle parts, the first five consonants; the bottomes of them, the five next consonants; the spaces betwixt the fingers the foure next. One finger laid on the side of the hand may signifie T. Two fingers V the consonant; Three W. The little finger crossed X. The wrist Y. The middle of the hand Z." (1641:116â117)
2126:
1895:
to be applicable to any sign language with minimal modification and to be usable through any medium without special equipment or software. Non-manual elements can be encoded to some extent, but the authors argue that the system does not need to represent all elements of a sign to be practical, the same way written oral language does not. The system has seen some updates which are kept publicly on a wiki page. The Center for
Linguistic Normalization of Spanish Sign Language has made use of SEA to transcribe all signs on its dictionary.
609:
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891:
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used in signed communication to borrow a word from a spoken language. This is most commonly used for proper names of people and places; it is also used in some languages for concepts for which no sign is available at that moment, particularly if the people involved are to some extent bilingual in the spoken language. Fingerspelling can sometimes be a source of new signs, such as initialized signs, in which the handshape represents the first letter of a spoken word with the same meaning.
1145:
39:
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2345:
209:
27:
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2299:(VRI), the two clients (a sign language user and a hearing person who wish to communicate with each other) are in one location, and the interpreter is in another. The interpreter communicates with the sign language user via a video telecommunications link, and with the hearing person by an audio link. VRI can be used for situations in which no on-site interpreters are available.
251:
2205:, the signer appears to stage left or right of the public official to allow both the speaker and signer to be in frame at the same time. Live sign interpretation of important televised events is increasingly common but still an informal industry In traditional analogue broadcasting, some programmes are repeated outside main viewing hours with a signer present. Some emerging
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into the head from books. The form is a grasping hand moving from an open palm to the forehead. The iconic correspondence is between form and concrete source. The metaphorical correspondence is between concrete source and abstract target meaning. Because the concrete source is connected to two correspondences linguistics refer to metaphorical signs as "double mapped".
1095:, which arise where generally uneducated deaf people congregate in urban centers for employment. At first, Deaf-community sign languages are not generally known by the hearing population, in many cases not even by close family members. However, they may grow, in some cases becoming a language of instruction and receiving official recognition, as in the case of ASL.
322:), a pamphlet by an anonymous author who was himself unable to speak. He suggested that the manual alphabet could also be used by mutes, for silence and secrecy, or purely for entertainment. Nine of its letters can be traced to earlier alphabets, and 17 letters of the modern two-handed alphabet can be found among the two sets of 26 handshapes depicted.
2169:(ASL) and spoken English in the U.S. and most of anglophone Canada (since BSL and ASL are distinct sign languages both used in English-speaking countries), etc. Sign language interpreters who can translate between signed and spoken languages that are not normally paired (such as between LSE and English), are also available, albeit less frequently.
611:
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615:
614:
610:
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434:. Duality of patterning means that languages are composed of smaller, meaningless units which can be combined into larger units with meaning (see below). The term recursion means that languages exhibit grammatical rules and the output of such a rule can be the input of the same rule. It is, for example, possible in sign languages to create
2180:
2179:
2174:
616:
640:(ASL) are quite different and mutually unintelligible, even though the hearing people of the United Kingdom and the United States share the same spoken language. The grammars of sign languages do not usually resemble those of spoken languages used in the same geographical area; in fact, in terms of syntax, ASL shares more with spoken
2181:
3696:
282:, in which he presented his own method of deaf education, including an "arthrological" alphabet, where letters are indicated by pointing to different joints of the fingers and palm of the left hand. Arthrological systems had been in use by hearing people for some time; some have speculated that they can be traced to early
651:, which has 11 official spoken languages and a similar number of other widely used spoken languages, is a good example of this. It has only one sign language with two variants due to its history of having two major educational institutions for the deaf which have served different geographic areas of the country.
40:
613:
696:). Spoken language is by and large linear; only one sound can be made or received at a time. Sign language, on the other hand, is visual and, hence, can use a simultaneous expression, although this is limited articulatorily and linguistically. Visual perception allows processing of simultaneous information.
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41:
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and meaning. Thus, if ASL consisted of signs that had iconic form-meaning relationship, it could not be considered a real language. As a result, iconicity as a whole was largely neglected in research of sign languages for a long time. However, iconicity also plays a role in many spoken languages. Spoken
80:, meaning that both emerged through an abstract, protracted aging process and evolved over time without meticulous planning. This is supported by the fact that there is substantial overlap between the neural substrates of sign and spoken language processing, despite the obvious differences in modality.
2597:
Home sign arises due to the absence of any other way to communicate. Within the span of a single lifetime and without the support or feedback of a community, the child naturally invents signs to help meet his or her communication needs, and may even develop a few grammatical rules for combining short
2095:
Some sign languages have obtained some form of legal recognition, while others have no status at all. Sarah
Batterbury has argued that sign languages should be recognized and supported not merely as an accommodation for those with disabilities, but as the communication medium of language communities.
1953:
On occasion, where the prevalence of deaf people is high enough, a deaf sign language has been taken up by an entire local community, forming what is sometimes called a "village sign language" or "shared signing community". Typically this happens in small, tightly integrated communities with a closed
1904:
accepted a dissertation written in
Brazilian Sign Language using Sutton SignWriting for a master's degree in linguistics. The dissertation "The Writing of Grammatical Non-Manual Expressions in Sentences in LIBRAS Using the SignWriting System" by JoĂŁo Paulo Ampessan states that "the data indicate the
1899:
So far, there is no consensus regarding the written form of sign language. Except for SignWriting, none are widely used. Maria Galea writes that SignWriting "is becoming widespread, uncontainable and untraceable. In the same way that works written in and about a well developed writing system such as
1076:
is a local indigenous language that typically arises over several generations in a relatively insular community with a high incidence of deafness, and is used both by the deaf and by a significant portion of the hearing community, who have deaf family and friends. The most famous of these is probably
2360:
principles for two years, Balard revealed the design of the flag, featuring the stylized outline of a hand. The three colors which make up the flag design are representative of
Deafhood and humanity (dark blue), sign language (turquoise), and enlightenment and hope (yellow). Balard intended the flag
1782:
Children who are exposed to a sign language from birth will acquire it, just as hearing children acquire their native spoken language. In a study done at the
University of McGill, they found that American Sign Language users who acquired the language natively (from birth) performed better when asked
1760:
Brentari classifies sign languages as a whole group determined by the medium of communication (visual instead of auditory) as one group with the features monosyllabic and polymorphemic. That means, that one syllable (i.e. one word, one sign) can express several morphemes, e.g., subject and object of
831:
A central task for the pioneers of sign language linguistics was trying to prove that ASL was a real language and not merely a collection of gestures or "English on the hands." One of the prevailing beliefs at this time was that "real languages" must consist of an arbitrary relationship between form
788:
While the content of a signed sentence is produced manually, many grammatical functions are produced non-manually (i.e., with the face and the torso). Such functions include questions, negation, relative clauses and topicalization. ASL and BSL use similar non-manual marking for yes/no questions, for
706:
The possible simultaneity of sign languages in contrast to spoken languages is sometimes exaggerated. The use of two manual articulators is subject to motor constraints, resulting in a large extent of symmetry or signing with one articulator only. Further, sign languages, just like spoken languages,
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Wittmann's explanation for this is that models of acquisition and transmission for sign languages are not based on any typical parent-child relation model of direct transmission which is inducive to variation and change to a greater extent. He notes that sign creoles are much more common than vocal
1894:
on-line. This system makes use of the letters of the Latin alphabet with a few diacritics to represent sign through the morphemic sequence S L C Q D F (bimanual sign, place, contact, handshape, direction and internal form). The resulting words are meant to be read by signing. The system is designed
1790:
word) is learned, the non-manual aspects are attached to the word but do not have the flexibility associated with adult use. At a certain point, the non-manual features are dropped and the word is produced with no facial expression. After a few months, the non-manuals reappear, this time being used
1756:
Sign languages tend to be incorporating classifier languages, where a classifier handshape representing the object is incorporated into those transitive verbs which allow such modification. For a similar group of intransitive verbs (especially motion verbs), it is the subject which is incorporated.
875:
mappings as well as iconic or metonymic ones. For these signs there are three-way correspondences between a form, a concrete source and an abstract target meaning. The ASL sign LEARN has this three-way correspondence. The abstract target meaning is "learning". The concrete source is putting objects
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was one of the first to suggest that the properties of ASL give it a clear advantage in terms of learning and memory. In his study, Brown found that when a group of six hearing children were taught signs that had high levels of iconic mapping they were significantly more likely to recall the signs
192:
says: "If we hadn't a voice or a tongue, and wanted to express things to one another, wouldn't we try to make signs by moving our hands, head, and the rest of our body, just as dumb people do at present?" Most of what is known about pre-19th-century sign languages is limited to the manual alphabets
1675:
In his classification, the author distinguishes between primary and auxiliary sign languages as well as between single languages and names that are thought to refer to more than one language. The prototype-A class of languages includes all those sign languages that seemingly cannot be derived from
792:
Some adjectival and adverbial information is conveyed through non-manual elements, but what these elements are varies from language to language. For instance, in ASL a slightly open mouth with the tongue relaxed and visible in the corner of the mouth means "carelessly", but a similar non-manual in
332:
By 1720, the
British manual alphabet had found more or less its present form. Descendants of this alphabet have been used by deaf communities, at least in education, in the former British colonies India, Australia, New Zealand, Uganda and South Africa, as well as the republics and provinces of the
604:
As a sign language develops, it sometimes borrows elements from spoken languages, just as all languages borrow from other languages that they are in contact with. Sign languages vary in how much they borrow from spoken languages. In many sign languages, a manual alphabet ("fingerspelling") may be
4880:
Wittmann adds that this taxonomic criterion is not really applicable with any scientific rigor: Auxiliary sign languages, to the extent that they are full-fledged natural languages (and therefore included in his survey) at all, are mostly used by the deaf as well, and some primary sign languages
2272:
that are designed for sign language communication may provide better quality than 'off-the-shelf' services and may use data compression methods specifically designed to maximize the intelligibility of sign languages. Some advanced equipment enables a person to remotely control the other person's
1937:
When Deaf people constitute a relatively small proportion of the general population, Deaf communities often develop that are distinct from the surrounding hearing community. These Deaf communities are very widespread in the world, associated especially with sign languages used in urban areas and
1917:
influences how the mind makes sense of their visual language experience. For example, a handshape may vary based on the other signs made before or after it, but these variations are arranged in perceptual categories during its development. The mind detects handshape contrasts but groups similar
213:
1124:
and creolization is common in the development of sign languages, making clear family classifications difficultâ it is often unclear whether lexical similarity is due to borrowing or a common parent language, or whether there was one or several parent languages, such as several village languages
600:
between signed and spoken languages further perpetuated this misconception. Hearing teachers in deaf schools, such as
Charles-Michel de l'ĂpĂ©e or Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, are often incorrectly referred to as "inventors" of sign language. Instead, sign languages, like all natural languages, are
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Wittmann's classification went into
Ethnologue's database where it is still cited. The subsequent edition of Ethnologue in 1992 went up to 81 sign languages, ultimately adopting Wittmann's distinction between primary and alternate sign languages (going back ultimately to Stokoe 1974) and, more
2571:
Some hearing parents teach signs to young hearing children. Since the muscles in babies' hands grow and develop quicker than their mouths, signs are seen as a beneficial option for better communication. Babies can usually produce signs before they can speak. This reduces the confusion between
2076:
Increasingly, hearing schools and universities are expressing interest in incorporating sign language. In the U.S., enrollment for ASL (American Sign
Language) classes as part of students' choice of second language is on the rise. In New Zealand, one year after the passing of NZSL Act 2006 in
1783:
to copy videos of ASL sentences than ASL users who acquired the language later in life. They also found that there are differences in the grammatical morphology of ASL sentences between the two groups, all suggesting that there is a very important critical period in learning signed languages.
211:
847:
perspective rejects a more traditional definition of iconicity as a relationship between linguistic form and a concrete, real-world referent. Rather it is a set of selected correspondences between the form and meaning of a sign. In this view, iconicity is grounded in a language user's mental
216:
215:
210:
2537:
There are a number of communication systems that are similar in some respects to sign languages, while not having all the characteristics of a full sign language, particularly its grammatical structure. Many of these are either precursors to natural sign languages or are derived from them.
800:
are largely regulated through head movement and eye gaze. Since the addressee in a signed conversation must be watching the signer, a signer can avoid letting the other person have a turn by not looking at them, or can indicate that the other person may have a turn by making eye contact.
2589:
Informal, rudimentary sign systems are sometimes developed within a single family. For instance, when hearing parents with no sign language skills have a deaf child, the child may develop a system of signs naturally, unless repressed by the parents. The term for these mini-languages is
217:
3693:
2552:
When Deaf and
Hearing people interact, signing systems may be developed that use signs drawn from a natural sign language but used according to the grammar of the spoken language. In particular, when people devise one-for-one sign-for-word correspondences between spoken words (or even
2557:) and signs that represent them, the system that results is a manual code for a spoken language, rather than a natural sign language. Such systems may be invented in an attempt to help teach Deaf children the spoken language, and generally are not used outside an educational context.
43:
1918:
handshapes together in one category. Different handshapes are stored in other categories. The mind ignores some of the similarities between different perceptual categories, at the same time preserving the visual information within each perceptual category of handshape variation.
453:
is more systematic and widespread in sign languages than in spoken ones, the difference is not categorical. The visual modality allows the human preference for close connections between form and meaning, present but suppressed in spoken languages, to be more fully expressed.
1056:. Home sign is amorphous and generally idiosyncratic to a particular family, where a deaf child does not have contact with other deaf children and is not educated in sign. Such systems are not generally passed on from one generation to the next. Where they are passed on,
328:
published a book in 1692 describing an alphabetic system where pointing to a body part represented the first letter of the part (e.g. Brow=B), and vowels were located on the fingertips as with the other British systems. He described such codes for both English and Latin.
1757:
Only in a very few sign languages (for instance Japanese Sign Language) are agents ever incorporated. In this way, since subjects of intransitives are treated similarly to objects of transitives, incorporation in sign languages can be said to follow an ergative pattern.
225:
The earliest records of contact between Europeans and Indigenous peoples of the Gulf Coast region in what is now Texas and northern Mexico note a fully formed sign language already in use by the time of the Europeans' arrival there. These records include the accounts of
1210:
derive from Swedish SL, though with local admixture in the case of mutually unintelligible Finnish SL. Danish SL has French SL influence and Wittmann (1991) places them in that family, though he proposes that Swedish, Finnish, and Portuguese SL are instead related to
1381:
According to an SIL report, the sign languages of Russia, Moldova and Ukraine share a high degree of lexical similarity and may be dialects of one language, or distinct related languages. The same report suggested a "cluster" of sign languages centered around
214:
2249:â two deaf users were able to freely communicate with each other between the fair and another city. However, video communication did not become widely available until sufficient bandwidth for the high volume of video data became available in the early 2000s.
5201:
1821:
notation system. Designed specifically for representing the use of the hands, it has no way of expressing facial expression or other non-manual features of sign languages. However, his was designed for research, particularly in a dictionary, not for general
2381:, which is almost extinct except for a few elderly signers. Even nationally recognised sign languages can be endangered; for example, New Zealand Sign Language is losing users. Methods are being developed to assess the language vitality of sign languages.
2598:
sequences of signs. Still, this kind of system is inadequate for the intellectual development of a child and it comes nowhere near meeting the standards linguists use to describe a complete language. No type of home sign is recognized as a full language.
513:, of spoken languages. Now they are sometimes called phonemes when describing sign languages too, since the function is the same, but more commonly discussed in terms of "features" or "parameters". More generally, both sign and spoken languages share the
5686:
6921:
Branson, J., D. Miller, & I G. Marsaja. (1996). "Everyone here speaks sign language, too: a deaf village in Bali, Indonesia." In: C. Lucas (ed.): Multicultural aspects of sociolinguistics in deaf communities. Washington, Gallaudet University Press,
1900:
the Latin script, the time has arrived where SW is so widespread, that it is impossible in the same way to list all works that have been produced using this writing system and that have been written about this writing system." In 2015, the
11668:
Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely,
677:
661:
3379:
Sermo mirabilis, or, The silent language whereby one may learn ... how to impart his mind to his friend, in any language ... being a wonderful art kept secret for several ages in Padua, and now published only to the wise and prudent
679:
663:
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E.g.: Irit Meir, Wendy Sandler, Carol Padden, and Mark Aronoff (2010): Emerging Sign Languages. In: Marc Marschark and Patricia Elizabeth Spencer (eds.): The Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies, Language, and Education, Vol. 2, pp.
1945:. This sign language was developed in the Black Deaf community as a variant during the American era of segregation and racism, where young Black Deaf students were forced to attend separate schools than their white Deaf peers.
247:('Reduction of letters and art for teaching mute people to speak') in Madrid. It is considered the first modern treatise of sign language phonetics, setting out a method of oral education for deaf people and a manual alphabet.
2225:
2141:
In order to facilitate communication between deaf and hearing people, sign language interpreters are often used. Such activities involve considerable effort on the part of the interpreter, since sign languages are distinct
1106:, which are developed by the hearing community and only used secondarily by the deaf. It is doubtful whether most of these are languages in their own right, rather than manual codes of spoken languages, though a few such as
3722:
612:
5890:
5804:
2176:
3076:; Sayers, Edna Edith . "Visual-Kinetic Communication in Europe Before 1600: A Survey of Sign Lexicons and Finger Alphabets Prior to the Rise of Deaf Education". Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 2 (1997): 1â25;
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One theory of the evolution of human language states that it developed first as a gestural system, which later shifted to speech. An important question for this gestural theory is what caused the shift to vocalization.
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published his manual alphabet in the 18th century, which has survived largely unchanged in France and North America until the present time. In 1755, AbbĂ© de l'ĂpĂ©e founded the first school for deaf children in Paris;
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would be expected to occur, resulting in a full language. However, home sign may also be closer to full language in communities where the hearing population has a gestural mode of language; examples include various
200:
developed in the Middle Ages has come to regard them as gestural systems rather than true sign languages. Monastic sign languages were the basis for the first known manual alphabet used in deaf schools, developed by
3198:
John Bulwer's "Chirologia: or the natural language of the hand.", published in 1644, London, mentions that alphabets are in use by deaf people, although Bulwer presents a different system which is focused on public
7035:
Healy, Alice F. (1980). "Can Chimpanzees learn a phonemic language?" In: Sebeok, Thomas A. & Jean Umiker-Sebeok, eds, Speaking of apes: a critical anthology of two-way communication with man. New York: Plenum,
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Interpreters may be physically present with both parties to the conversation but, since the technological advancements in the early 2000s, provision of interpreters in remote locations has become available. In
1890:, SEA, by its Spanish name and acronym), developed by linguist Ăngel Herrero Blanco and two deaf researchers, Juan JosĂ© Alfaro and Inmacualada Cascales, was published as a book in 2003 and made accessible in
4237:
For the history of research on iconicity in sign languages see, for example: Vermeerbergen, Myriam (2006): Past and current trends in sign language research. In: Language & Communication, 26(2). 168-192.
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described "Master Babington", a deaf man proficient in the use of a manual alphabet, "contryved on the joynts of his fingers", whose wife could converse with him easily, even in the dark through the use of
859:
The cognitive linguistics perspective allows for some signs to be fully iconic or partially iconic given the number of correspondences between the possible parameters of form and meaning. In this way, the
3078:
Bruce, Scott G. Silence and Sign Language in Medieval Monasticism: The Cluniac Tradition, C.900â1200. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
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any other language. Prototype-R languages are languages that are remotely modelled on a prototype-A language (in many cases thought to have been French Sign Language) by a process Kroeber (1940) called "
752:
At the lexical level, signs can be lexically specified for non-manual elements in addition to the manual articulation. For instance, facial expressions may accompany verbs of emotion, as in the sign for
1829:(HamNoSys), developed in the early 1990s, is a detailed phonetic system, not designed for any one sign language, and intended as a transcription system for researchers rather than as a practical script.
680:
664:
6182:
Taylor-DiLeva, Kim. Once Upon A Sign : Using American Sign Language To Engage, Entertain, And Teach All Children, p. 15. Libraries Unlimited, 2011. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 29 Feb. 2012.
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code . It only ever had one deaf user, and thus appears to have been a home sign system that was mistakenly-accepted into the ISO 639-3 standard. It has been proposed for deletion from the standard. (
5516:
761:. Non-manual elements may also be lexically contrastive. For example, in ASL (American Sign Language), facial components distinguish some signs from other signs. An example is the sign translated as
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parents when trying to figure out what their child wants. When the child begins to speak, signing is usually abandoned, so the child does not progress to acquiring the grammar of the sign language.
42:
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1501:
The only comprehensive classification along these lines going beyond a simple listing of languages dates back to 1991. The classification is based on the 69 sign languages from the 1988 edition of
765:, which requires that the tongue touch the lower lip and that the head rotate from side to side, in addition to the manual part of the sign. Without these features the sign would be interpreted as
2077:
parliament, a NZSL curriculum was released for schools to take NZSL as an optional subject. The curriculum and teaching materials were designed to target intermediate schools from Years 7 to 10, (
398:, they conclude that it is more complex than a typical pidgin and indeed is more like a full sign language. While the more commonly used term is International Sign, it is sometimes referred to as
212:
2306:(VRS), the sign language user, the interpreter, and the hearing person are in three separate locations, thus allowing the two clients to talk to each other on the phone through the interpreter.
647:
Similarly, countries which use a single spoken language throughout may have two or more sign languages, or an area that contains more than one spoken language might use only one sign language.
5653:
5082:
Reilly, Judy (2005). "How Faces Come to Serve Grammar: The Development of Nonmanual Morphology in American Sign Language". In Brenda Schick; Marc Marschack; Patricia Elizabeth Spencer (eds.).
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2004:
In such communities deaf people are generally well-integrated in the general community and not socially disadvantaged, so much so that it is difficult to speak of a separate "Deaf" community.
5259:
3154:
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through non-manual elements. Postures or movements of the body, head, eyebrows, eyes, cheeks, and mouth are used in various combinations to show several categories of information, including
5714:
135:
lists 150 sign languages, while the SIGN-HUB Atlas of Sign Language Structures lists over 200 and notes that there are more that have not been documented or discovered yet. As of 2021,
5779:
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4768:
3714:
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5887:
5796:
3991:
Boudreault, Patrick; Mayberry, Rachel I. (2006). "Grammatical processing in American Sign Language: Age of first-language acquisition effects in relation to syntactic structure".
1853:, facial expression and dynamics of movement). The script is sometimes used for detailed research, language documentation, as well as publishing texts and works in sign languages.
868:
has parts of its form that are iconic ("movement away from the mouth" means "something coming from the mouth"), and parts that are arbitrary (the handshape, and the orientation).
5990:
91:. Linguists also distinguish natural sign languages from other systems that are precursors to them or obtained from them, such as constructed manual codes for spoken languages,
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Steklis, H. D., & Harnad, S. (1976). From hand to mouth: Some critical stages in the evolution of language. In Origins and evolution of language and speech (pp. 445-455).
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193:(fingerspelling systems) that were invented to facilitate the transfer of words from a spoken language to a sign language, rather than documentation of the language itself.
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Sign language among North American Indians compared with that among other peoples and deaf-mutes. A first annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the
3703:. In: Hall, T. A. Pompino-Marschall, B. (ed.): Dictionaries of Linguistics and Communication Science. Volume: Phonetics and Phonology. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
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This is in contrast to hearing children who grow up with Deaf parents, who generally acquire the full sign language natively, the same as Deaf children of Deaf parents.
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678:
662:
262:
In Britain, manual alphabets were also in use for a number of purposes, such as secret communication, public speaking, or communication by or with deaf people. In 1648,
129:
The number of sign languages worldwide is not precisely known. Each country generally has its own native sign language; some have more than one. The 2021 edition of
12226:
10418:
9177:
7180:
Indigenous Sign Language and Culture; the interpreting and access needs of Deaf people who are of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander in Far North Queensland
6783:
Newman, A. J.; Bavelier, D; Corina, D; Jezzard, P; Neville, HJ (2002). "A Critical Period for Right Hemisphere Recruitment in American Sign Language Processing".
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The language is considered to be endangered. 9,600 deaf people in Hawaii now use American Sign Language with a few local signs for place-names and cultural items.
5619:
1362:
derived from ASL and the native sign languages of Bangkok and Chiang Mai, and may be considered part of the ASL family. Others possibly influenced by ASL include
445:âin other words, signs are conventional, often arbitrary and do not necessarily have a visual relationship to their referent, much as most spoken language is not
10152:
9082:
9074:
3330:
Moser, Henry M.; O'Neill, John J.; Oyer, Herbert J.; Wolfe, Susan M.; Abernathy, Edward A.; Schowe, Ben M. (1960). "Historical Aspects of Manual Communication".
1786:
The acquisition of non-manual features follows an interesting pattern: When a word that always has a particular non-manual feature associated with it (such as a
10646:
10452:
11570:
65:
that use the visual-manual modality to convey meaning, instead of spoken words. Sign languages are expressed through manual articulation in combination with
6605:
2073:
Sign language is also used as a form of alternative or augmentative communication by people who can hear but have difficulties using their voices to speak.
1708:
of prototype languages. Creolization is seen as enriching overt morphology in sign languages, as compared to reducing overt morphology in spoken languages.
7343:. Studies in linguistics, Occasional papers, No. 8, Dept. of Anthropology and Linguistics, University at Buffalo. 2d ed., Silver Spring: Md: Linstok Press.
178:
Groups of deaf people have used sign languages throughout history. One of the earliest written records of a sign language is from the fifth century BC, in
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in a later memory task than another group of six children that were taught signs that had little or no iconic properties. In contrast to Brown, linguists
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7631:
7606:
5109:
4956:
Brentari, Diane (2002). "Modality differences in sign language phonology and morphophonemics". In P. Meier; Kearsy Cormier; David Quinto-Pozos (eds.).
2757:
558:
Today, linguists study sign languages as true languages, part of the field of linguistics. However, the category "sign languages" was not added to the
5321:
11735:
5834:
5649:
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5267:
3248:
3234:
See Wilkins (1641) above. Wilkins was aware that the systems he describes are old, and refers to Bede's account of Roman and Greek finger alphabets.
2011:
arose in a context of extensive speech taboos, such as during mourning and initiation rites. They are or were especially highly developed among the
4596:
7368:
Enacting Stories, Seeing Worlds: Similarities and Differences in the Cross-Cultural Narrative Development of Linguistically Isolated Deaf Children
6855:
5065:
11585:
7065:, Senghas A., Coppola M (1999). "Creation through contact: Sign language emergence and sign language change in Nicaragua." In: M. DeGraff (ed.),
5718:
4923:
in spoken languages, include papers such as Fischer (1974, 1978), Deuchar (1987) and Judy Kegl's pre-1991 work on creolization in sign languages.
3421:
1091:, which develop in the student bodies of deaf schools which do not use sign as a language of instruction, as well as community languages such as
1137:, a village sign language of Ghana, may be related to the "gestural trade jargon used in the markets throughout West Africa", in vocabulary and
8869:
6007:
1350:
A subset of this group includes languages that have been heavily influenced by American Sign Language (ASL), or are regional varieties of ASL.
1152:
from Suliphone, a deaf artist. This was one of several activities at a school book party sponsored by Big Brother Mouse, a literacy project in
5609:"Enrollments in Languages Other Than English in United States Institutions of Higher Education, Summer 2016 and Fall 2016: Preliminary Report"
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that were known at the time of the 1989 conference on sign languages in Montreal and 11 more languages the author added after the conference.
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10759:
10714:
7736:
5760:
69:. Sign languages are full-fledged natural languages with their own grammar and lexicon. Sign languages are not universal and are usually not
1110:
are independent of any particular spoken language. Hearing people may also develop sign to communicate with users of other languages, as in
11606:
10771:
7822:
7817:
2863:
9099:
7154:
3545:
In J. V. Van Cleve (ed.), "Gallaudet encyclopedia of deaf people and deafness", Vol 3 S-Z, Index. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc.
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The interpretation flow is normally between a sign language and a spoken language that are customarily used in the same country, such as
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6166:
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3820:
2078:
700:
537:
119:
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Bross, Fabian (2020). The clausal syntax of German Sign Language. A cartographic approach. Berlin: Language Science Press. Page 37-38.
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12253:
7518:
4493:
7408:
6216:
Susan Goldin-Meadow (Goldin-Meadow 2003, Van Deusen, Goldin-Meadow & Miller 2001) has done extensive work on home sign systems.
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creoles and that we can't know on how many successive creolizations prototype-A sign languages are based prior to their historicity.
12121:
4686:
4246:
Bross, Fabian (2020). The clausal syntax of German Sign Language. A cartographic approach. Berlin: Language Science Press. Page 25.
1877:
which uses a minimalist collection of symbols in the order of Handshape-Location-Movement. Many signs can be written the same way (
6258:
4463:
4445:
2849:
Sandler, Wendy; & Lillo-Martin, Diane. (2006). Sign Language and Linguistic Universals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11483:
11380:
7293:
Sandler, Wendy (2003). "Sign Language Phonology". In William Frawley (Ed.), The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Linguistics.
4647:
3135:
Wurtzburg, Susan, and Campbell, Lyle. "North American Indian Sign Language: Evidence for its Existence before European Contact,"
1799:
Sign languages do not have a traditional or formal written form. Many deaf people do not see a need to write their own language.
632:
On the whole, though, sign languages are independent of spoken languages and follow their own paths of development. For example,
5490:
McCaskill, C. (2011). The hidden treasure of Black ASL: its history and structure. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press.
4667:
Henri Wittmann (1991). The classification is said to be typological satisfying Jakobson's condition of genetic interpretability.
2959:
773:, which are (parts of) spoken words accompanying lexical signs, can also be contrastive, as in the manually identical signs for
12540:
7599:
5742:
5316:
Ampessan, JoĂŁo Paulo. "The Writing of Grammatical Non-Manual Expressions in Sentences in LIBRAS Using the SignWriting System."
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has demonstrated that they exhibit the fundamental properties that exist in all languages. Such fundamental properties include
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1087:, on the other hand, arise where deaf people come together to form their own communities. These include school sign, such as
699:
One way in which many sign languages take advantage of the spatial nature of the language is through the use of classifiers.
601:
developed by the people who use them, in this case, deaf people, who may have little or no knowledge of any spoken language.
376:, founded a school for the deaf in 1857 in Washington, D.C., which in 1864 became the National Deaf-Mute College. Now called
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2008:
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and Richard Meier found that iconicity "appears to have virtually no impact on the acquisition of American Sign Language".
6543:
Miles, H.L. (1990) "The cognitive foundations for reference in a signing orangutan" in S.T. Parker and K.R. Gibson (eds.)
5865:
5376:"Human adults and human infants show a 'perceptual magnet effect' for the prototypes of speech categories, monkeys do not"
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147:
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Video about access to cultural institutions in Mexico, with Mexican sign language interpretation and captions in Spanish
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11078:
10656:
8820:
6292:
5608:
5055:"The Critical Period for Language Acquisition and The Deaf Child's Language Comprehension: A Psycholinguistic Approach"
4744:
2815:
2772:
2492:
1958:
1078:
7298:
Sandler, Wendy & Lillo-Martin, Diane (2001). "Natural sign languages". In M. Aronoff & J. Rees-Miller (Eds.),
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have been developed which automatically translate short videos containing sign language directly to written language.
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7307:
7287:
7201:
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7128:
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6127:
MacDougall, Jamie (February 2001). "Access to justice for deaf Inuit in Nunavut: The role of "Inuit sign language"".
6070:
5950:
5177:
4973:
4410:
4063:
3934:
3573:
3451:
Cf. Supalla, Ted & Rebecca Webb (1995). "The grammar of international sign: A new look at pidgin languages." In:
1994:
576:
Sign language relief sculpture on a stone wall: "Life is beautiful, be happy and love each other", by Czech sculptor
6976:
The Resilience of Language: What Gesture Creation in Deaf Children Can Tell Us About How All Children Learn Language
2607:
11721:
11524:
11134:
11103:
11022:
10671:
9474:
5172:. Alfaro, Juan José,, Cascales, Inmaculada. San Vicente del Raspeig : Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alicante.
4796:
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as a complete system, rather than simply signs/words. Notable examples of animals who have learned signs include:
2520:
856:). It is defined as a fully grammatical and central aspect of a sign language rather than a peripheral phenomenon.
11690:
Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages.
5291:
SignWriting (SW) of Maltese Sign Language (LSM) and its development into an orthography: Linguistic considerations
4346:
1125:
merging into a Deaf-community language. Contact occurs between sign languages, between sign and spoken languages (
231:
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9874:
9135:
9109:
7976:
7417:, December 4, 2012, p. D1 and published online at NYTimes.com on December 3, 2012. Retrieved on December 7, 2012.
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1967:
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6192:
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3459:(International Conference on Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research) Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, pp. 333â352
692:
Sign languages exploit the unique features of the visual medium (sight), but may also exploit tactile features (
11630:
11124:
11017:
10704:
10290:
9344:
8183:
7988:
7900:
7067:
Comparative Grammatical Change: The Intersection of Language Acquisition, Creole Genesis, and Diachronic Syntax
7002:
4222:
2429:
2120:
7294:
5467:
Woll, Bencie; Ladd, Paddy (2003), "Deaf communities", in Marschark, Marc; Spencer, Patricia Elizabeth (eds.),
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depend on linear sequencing of signs to form sentences; the greater use of simultaneity is mostly seen in the
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10507:
10502:
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8771:
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that include speech. The signer usually appears in the bottom corner of the screen, with the programme being
1765:
1610:
1274:
1230:
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that was evidently not used by deaf people in the Plains nations, though it presumably influenced home sign.
1006:
812:
is similarity or analogy between the form of a sign (linguistic or otherwise) and its meaning, as opposed to
422:
Sign languages have capability and complexity equal to spoken languages; their study as part of the field of
6743:
Harnad, S. R., Steklis, H. D., & Lancaster, J. E. (1976). Origins and evolution of language and speech.
4752:
1741:
Sign languages vary in word-order typology. For example, Austrian Sign Language, Japanese Sign Language and
1287:(LSF), or are the result of language contact between local community sign languages and LSF. These include:
572:
11677:
both originated in English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to
11620:
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10766:
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10372:
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8255:
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7863:
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6098:
5325:
4820:
4760:
4054:
Baker, Charlotte (1977). Regulators and turn-taking in American Sign Language discourse, in Lynn Friedman,
2980:
2767:
2054:) before European contact. It was used by hearing people to communicate among tribes with different spoken
1849:, developed by Valerie Sutton in 1974, is a system for representing sign languages phonetically (including
1742:
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of the U.S., but there are also numerous village languages scattered throughout Africa, Asia, and America.
988:
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514:
411:
391:
369:
333:
former Yugoslavia, Grand Cayman Island in the Caribbean, Indonesia, Norway, Germany and the United States.
136:
5826:
3090:
Tirosh, Yoav. "Deafness and Nonspeaking in Late Medieval Iceland (1200â1550)," Viator 51.1 (2020): 311-344
1470:
551:. More than spoken languages, sign languages can convey meaning by simultaneous means, e.g. by the use of
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5768:. 32nd AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-18), Feb. 2â7, 2018, New Orleans, Louisiana, US.
5749:(then about to be released) Bell Laboratories, Pg.134â153 & 160â187, Volume 47, No. 5, May/June 1969;
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people exist, sign languages have developed as useful means of communication and form the core of local
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7466:
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6852:
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Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S; Rumbaugh, D.M.; McDonald, K. (1985). "Language learning in two species of apes".
6021:
Bickford; Albert, J.; Lewis, M. Paul; Simons, Gary F. (2014). "Rating the vitality of sign languages".
5054:
4989:
Ulrike, Zeshan; Escobedo Delgado, Cesar Ernesto; Dikyuva, Hasan; Panda, Sibaji; de Vos, Connie (2013).
4800:
2671:
2373:. For example, a sign language used by a small community may be endangered and even abandoned as users
2302:
However, VRI cannot be used for situations in which all parties are speaking via telephone alone. With
1242:
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625:
597:
526:
494:
19:
This article is about primary sign languages of the deaf. For signed versions of spoken languages, see
4256:
Wilcox, S (2004). "Conceptual spaces and embodied actions: Cognitive iconicity and signed languages".
3431:
2895:
Trettenbrein, Patrick C.; Papitto, Giorgio; Friederici, Angela D.; Zaccarella, Emiliano (2021-02-15).
2099:
Legal requirements covering sign language accessibility in media vary from country to country. In the
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7075:(2004). "Language Emergence in a Language-Ready Brain: Acquisition Issues." In: Jenkins, Lyle (ed.),
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Sign language. An international handbook (HSK â Handbooks of linguistics and communication science).
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video camera, in order to zoom in and out or to point the camera better to understand the signing.
1727:
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345:
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7349:(1974). Classification and description of sign languages. Current Trends in Linguistics 12.345â71.
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8190:
8081:
7755:
7749:
7743:
7709:
7539:
7455:
6925:
Deuchar, Margaret (1987). "Sign languages as creoles and Chomsky's notion of Universal Grammar."
4882:
4828:
4740:
4724:
4359:
4302:
Meir, I (2010). "Iconicity and metaphor: Constraints on metaphorical extension of iconic forms".
2712:
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1985:
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20:
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11243:
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11073:
11009:
10943:
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10835:
10789:
10724:
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10678:
10617:
10591:
10552:
10457:
10426:
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10242:
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9907:
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8031:
7998:
7848:
7726:
7690:
7680:
7626:
7494:
7490:
6426:
4899:
4856:
4764:
4728:
3067:
Stokoe, William C. "Approaching Monastic Sign Language". Sign Language Studies 58 (1988): 37â47
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2012:
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31:
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7773:
7043:, "Journal of African Studies" (Japan Association for African Studies) Vol. 64, March, 2004. .
4625:
4622:
2525:
457:
Sign languages, like spoken languages, organize elementary, meaningless units into meaningful
202:
164:
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11923:
11674:
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11370:
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9515:
9510:
9495:
9468:
9434:
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9389:
9354:
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9187:
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8741:
8715:
8609:
8588:
8567:
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8112:
8073:
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8051:
8046:
7983:
7935:
7853:
7714:
7696:
7685:
7498:
7461:
6635:
5147:
5107:
Hopkins, Jason (2008). "Choosing how to write sign language: a sociolinguistic perspective".
4860:
4832:
4756:
4529:
4172:
Brown, R (1978). "Why Are Signed Languages Easier to Learn than Spoken Languages? Part Two".
3426:
2803:
2632:. However, linguists generally point out that this does not constitute knowledge of a human
2515:
2405:
2162:
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921:
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294:
7341:
Sign language structure: An outline of the visual communication systems of the American deaf
6161:
5797:"Deluxe Launches First Brazilian Sign Language (LIBRAS) Localization Service Outside Brazil"
3924:
3782:
3625:
Sign Language Structure: An Outline of the Visual Communication Systems of the American Deaf
12398:
11933:
11898:
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8789:
8784:
8755:
8710:
8705:
8678:
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8481:
8427:
8373:
8314:
8212:
8008:
7868:
7858:
7731:
7534:
6418:
5230:
4902:, Thai Hill-Country sign languages (possibly including languages in Vietnam and Laos), and
4840:
4836:
4824:
4804:
4780:
4772:
3842:
2897:"Functional neuroanatomy of language without speech: An ALE metaâanalysis of sign language"
2762:
2370:
2154:
2134:
2130:
1874:
1777:
1693:
1685:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1391:
1367:
1296:
1288:
1284:
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1252:
1187:
1107:
1092:
941:
377:
341:
7084:
Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives.
6307:
Plooij, F.X. (1978) "Some basic traits of language in wild chimpanzees?" in A. Lock (ed.)
5015:
4823:(Pakistani SL is said to be R, but Indian SL to be A, though they are the same language),
4763:(Pakistani SL is said to be R, but Indian SL to be A, though they are the same language),
4485:
2107:
addressed the requirements for blind and deaf viewers, but has since been replaced by the
8:
12342:
12079:
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11978:
11610:
11470:
11058:
10948:
10840:
10815:
10749:
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10515:
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10226:
10202:
10186:
10004:
9983:
9861:
9726:
9718:
9700:
9525:
9500:
9490:
9379:
9374:
9359:
9294:
9277:
9222:
9212:
8833:
8673:
8546:
8435:
8178:
7945:
7940:
7890:
7674:
7395:
4848:
4776:
3799:
2797:
2787:
2649:
2641:
2423:
2303:
2289:
2238:
1750:
1746:
1717:
1697:
1650:
1455:
1440:
1383:
1344:
1312:
1304:
931:
813:
782:
758:
306:
184:
123:
11554:
7515:
7014:
7010:
6851:
Blondin-Massé, Alexandre; Harnad, Stevan; Picard, Olivier; and St-Louis, Bernard (2013)
6422:
4678:
1764:
Another aspect of typology that has been studied in sign languages is their systems for
12435:
12352:
12221:
12053:
11955:
11938:
11863:
11601:
11499:
10980:
10805:
10062:
9832:
9713:
9613:
9538:
9232:
8683:
7413:
7262:
7226:
6905:
6880:
6808:
6726:
6513:
6391:
6348:
6247:
5769:
5552:
5441:
5416:
5415:
Morford, J. P.; Grieve-Smith, A. B.; MacFarlane, J.; Staley, J.; Waters, G. S. (2008).
5126:
5020:
4459:
4441:
4319:
4189:
4126:
4008:
3812:
3301:
3293:
2952:
Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2021), "Sign language",
2929:
2896:
2777:
2737:
2566:
2234:
2190:
2125:
2032:
1677:
1355:
836:
for example exhibits many words mimicking the sounds of their potential referents (see
465:. As in spoken languages, these meaningless units are represented as (combinations of)
435:
383:
96:
7530:, Multimodal Human Speech and Sign Language Processing for Human-Machine Communication
6941:
The signs of language revisited: An anthology to honor Ursula Bellugi and Edward Klima
6709:
Hewes, Gordon W. (1973). "Primate communication and the gestural origin of language".
4643:
703:
allow a signer to spatially show a referent's type, size, shape, movement, or extent.
12545:
12211:
12161:
11968:
11903:
11809:
11794:
11504:
11165:
7544:
7398:
7346:
7336:
7326:
7318:
7303:
7283:
7254:
7250:
7197:
7168:
7139:
7124:
7090:
7025:
6990:
6986:
6944:
6910:
6800:
6730:
6689:
6664:
6639:
6628:
6581:
6556:
6505:
6501:
6444:
6383:
6379:
6288:
6066:
6001:
5946:
5544:
5472:
5446:
5397:
5183:
5173:
5151:
5130:
5087:
5024:
4990:
4969:
4426:
Wittmann, H. (1991). Classification linguistique des langues signées non vocalement.
4406:
4373:
4363:
4323:
4218:
4059:
3940:
3930:
3816:
3804:
3761:
3593:
3569:
3473:
3383:
3347:
3305:
3116:
3047:
2953:
2934:
2916:
2659:
2214:
1832:
1149:
853:
833:
825:
720:
386:, formerly known as Gestuno, is used mainly at international deaf events such as the
7555:, a project documenting sign language television shows for the deaf around the world
7266:
6574:
6395:
6352:
5803:. Deluxe Entertainment Services Group Inc. through Cision PR Newswire. 18 Sep 2017.
5739:
5432:
4012:
3530:
12368:
11821:
11703:
11514:
11345:
11326:
7472:
7246:
7106:
6900:
6892:
6812:
6792:
6718:
6548:
6497:
6436:
6375:
6338:
6330:
6321:
Nishida, T (1968). "The social group of wild chimpanzees in the Mahali Mountains".
6225:
6136:
5556:
5536:
5528:
5436:
5428:
5387:
5118:
5010:
5002:
4961:
4311:
4265:
4181:
4118:
4088:
4000:
3971:
3794:
3485:
3339:
3285:
2924:
2908:
2782:
2612:
There have been several notable examples of scientists teaching signs to non-human
2314:
2209:
technologies allow the viewer to turn the signer on and off in a similar manner to
2198:
2143:
2016:
1121:
641:
621:
469:, although coarser descriptions are often also made in terms of five "parameters":
238:
77:
11509:
7111:
7094:
6517:
6366:
Premack, D (1985). "'Gavagai!' or the future of the animal language controversy".
4109:
Frishberg, N (1975). "Arbitrariness and Iconicity: Historical Change in America".
3880:. (1995). "About American Sign Language." Deaf Resource Library, Yale University.
3005:
517:
that linguists have found in all natural human languages, such as transitoriness,
12492:
12466:
12151:
12048:
12018:
11804:
11640:
11435:
11415:
11294:
7565:
7522:
7506:
7158:
7006:
6859:
6552:
6440:
6170:
6060:
5940:
5894:
5759:
Huang, Jie; Zhou, Wengang; Zhang, Qilin; Li, Houqiang; Li, Weiping (2018-01-30).
5746:
5650:"ITC Guidelines on Standards for Sign Language on Digital Terrestrial Television"
4965:
4783:. Wittmann also includes, bizarrely, Chinese characters and Egyptian hieroglyphs.
4707:
vaguely, some other traits from his analysis. The 2013 version (17th edition) of
4353:
3887:
3700:
3656:
3631:
3587:
3537:
3096:
3085:
3073:
3012:
2820:
2687:
2229:
A deaf person using a remote VRS interpreter to communicate with a hearing person
2028:
2024:
1806:
693:
275:
268:
174:("Reduction of letters and art for teaching mute people to speak") (Madrid, 1620)
3624:
3270:
1768:. Typologically significant differences have been found between sign languages.
12373:
12069:
11549:
11534:
11425:
11410:
11180:
6409:
Gardner, R.A.; Gardner, B.T. (1969). "Teaching Sign Language to a Chimpanzee".
5857:
5143:
4920:
3925:
Josep Quer i Carbonell; Carlo Cecchetto; Rannveig Sverrisd Ăttir, eds. (2017).
3877:
3561:
3108:
2702:
2655:
2374:
2261:
2100:
1810:
1705:
1359:
1057:
227:
7527:
6547:: Comparative Developmental Perspectives. Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 511â539.
6241:
The one possible exception to this is Rennellese Sign Language, which has the
5911:
5532:
5517:""Deaf discourse": The social construction of deafness in a Bedouin community"
5502:
Sign languages in village communities: Anthropological and linguistic insights
4004:
3944:
1802:
Several ways to represent sign languages in written form have been developed.
118:, those who have trouble with oral language due to a disability or condition (
12524:
12413:
12306:
12301:
12280:
12271:
12236:
12166:
12141:
12126:
11973:
11780:
11519:
11420:
11405:
11400:
11037:
7560:
7313:
Stiles-Davis, Joan; Kritchevsky, Mark; & Bellugi, Ursula (Eds.). (1988).
7278:
7234:
7221:
7189:
6932:
6221:
6153:
6099:"Sign languages in UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger Project"
5983:
12th International Conference on Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research
5187:
4991:"Cardinal numerals in rural sign languages: Approaching cross-modal typology"
4377:
3808:
3586:
Baker, Anne; Bogaerde, Beppie van den; Pfau, Roland; Schermer, G. M. (2016).
3452:
2920:
2692:
2353:
2333:
2047:
1962:
1731:
1138:
552:
522:
380:, it is still the only liberal arts university for deaf people in the world.
361:
84:
7182:. Sponsored by ASLIA, the Australian Sign Language Interpreters Association.
5417:"Effects of language experience on the perception of American Sign Language"
4401:
Frishberg, Nancy (1987). "Ghanaian Sign Language." In: Cleve, J. Van (ed.),
2369:
As with any spoken language, sign languages are also vulnerable to becoming
1835:
has attempted to create a phonetic transcription system for signing that is
364:
was arguably its most famous graduate. Clerc went to the United States with
12311:
12296:
12263:
11908:
11395:
11340:
7387:
7273:
7185:
7022:
Everyone here spoke sign language: Hereditary deafness on Martha's Vineyard
6914:
6804:
6630:
Language Files: Materials for an Introduction to Language & Linguistics
5548:
5450:
5006:
4916:
4631:
4342:
4338:
3557:
3351:
2938:
2717:
2645:
2194:
2043:
1932:
1859:
is another orthography which is largely phonemic. However, a few signs are
1723:
1701:
1126:
1099:
730:
648:
446:
111:
107:
16:
Language that uses manual communication and body language to convey meaning
11713:
7258:
6896:
6509:
6448:
6387:
6163:
Proceedings of Conference on Language Documentation and Linguistic Theory.
5540:
5401:
5337:
5170:
Escritura alfabética de la Lengua de Signos Española : once lecciones
5122:
4315:
4269:
4092:
3489:
3343:
3289:
12487:
12445:
12275:
12023:
11993:
11858:
11529:
11299:
6936:
6217:
4027:
American Sign Language: A teacher's resource text on grammar and culture.
3411:. The Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center, Gallaudet University.
3387:
3382:
London, Printed for Tho. Salusbury... and sold by Randal Taylor... 1692.
2722:
2707:
2357:
1938:
throughout a nation, and the cultures they have developed are very rich.
1846:
1787:
890:
789:
example. They are shown through raised eyebrows and a forward head tilt.
518:
423:
387:
349:
337:
263:
7501:) may contain further external links, e.g. for learning those languages.
6978:, Psychology Press, a subsidiary of Taylor & Francis, New York, 2003
3638:. Buffalo: Dept. of Anthropology and Linguistics, University of Buffalo.
3297:
3066:
2328:; for example, all movies shown in Brazilian movie theaters must have a
2058:, as well as by deaf people. There are especially users today among the
1144:
536:
Common linguistic features of many sign languages are the occurrence of
12408:
12378:
12156:
11963:
11645:
11284:
10627:
10436:
9845:
9319:
8260:
7237:(1985). "'Gavagai!' or the future of the animal language controversy".
6343:
6334:
5392:
5375:
4708:
4644:"SIL Electronic Survey Reports: The signed languages of Eastern Europe"
4193:
4076:
3744:
Language, cognition and the brain: Insights from sign language research
3016:
2894:
2621:
2560:
2257:
2253:
2242:
2206:
2059:
1976:
1870:
1502:
1486:
1459:
872:
541:
131:
76:
Linguists consider both spoken and signed communication to be types of
6065:. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 57â58.
5980:
McKee, Rachel; McKee, David (2016), "Assessing the vitality of NZSL",
4130:
3881:
2912:
2245:(trademarked as the Picturephone) was introduced to the public at the
2237:
to help sign language users communicate with each other occurred when
585:
12418:
12206:
12146:
12074:
11943:
11880:
11853:
11838:
11170:
11139:
10995:
10431:
7072:
7062:
7047:
6954:
Fischer, Susan D. (1974). "Sign language and linguistic universals."
6242:
6229:
6140:
3976:
3959:
3398:
Daniel Defoe (1720). "The Life and Adventures of Mr. Duncan Campbell"
2810:
2629:
2591:
2584:
2554:
2210:
1942:
1878:
1873:
is a system designed primarily for education of deaf children by Dr.
1864:
1753:. Influence from the surrounding spoken languages is not improbable.
1735:
1049:
849:
809:
746:
738:
470:
461:
units. This type of organization in natural language is often called
450:
431:
92:
6634:(8th ed.). Columbus: The Ohio State University Press. pp.
5676:"Sign language interpreting on TV and media: sharing best practices"
5581:
5289:
4185:
2377:
to a sign language used by a larger community, as has happened with
2276:
1761:
a verb determine the direction of the verb's movement (inflection).
394:. While recent studies claim that International Sign is a kind of a
12243:
12009:
11918:
11848:
11784:
11775:
11350:
11309:
11160:
10914:
6722:
5774:
5762:
Video-based Sign Language Recognition without Temporal Segmentation
5414:
4122:
3755:
3366:
A Pictorial History of the evolution of the British Manual Alphabet
2727:
2063:
2055:
1860:
1850:
1818:
1422:, though it is unclear whether the latter derives from DGS or from
770:
458:
189:
115:
62:
7214:
Poizner, Howard; Klima, Edward S.; & Bellugi, Ursula. (1987).
6796:
6220:(1988) published a seminal study of the homesign system of a deaf
4988:
3152:. Ed. Abarca de Angulo, Madrid, ejemplar facsĂmil accesible en la
2344:
2197:
full size or slightly shrunk away from that corner. Typically for
497:. These meaningless units in sign languages were initially called
305:. The earliest known printed pictures of consonants of the modern
73:, although there are similarities among different sign languages.
12497:
11816:
10985:
6862:. In, Lefebvre, Claire; Cohen, Henri; and Comrie, Bernard (eds.)
5260:"Diccionario normativo de la lengua de signos española ... (SID)"
4816:
4560:"O que todos devĂamos saber sobre lĂngua gestual (em dez pontos)"
2697:
2625:
2613:
2532:
2067:
1840:
1130:
734:
506:
498:
438:
and a subordinate clause may contain another subordinate clause.
7584:
6158:
The ethics of documenting sign languages in village communities.
4676:
4144:
Klima, Edward; Bellugi, Ursula (1989). "The Signs of Language".
2986:
1941:
One example of sign language variation in the Deaf community is
596:, or that they were invented by hearing people. Similarities in
244:
Reducción de las letras y arte para enseñar a hablar a los mudos
171:
Reducción de las letras y arte para enseñar a hablar a los mudos
12471:
12216:
12171:
12136:
12013:
11928:
11890:
11614:
10699:
7971:
7959:
7579:
7535:
Sign Language among North American Indians, by Garrick Mallery.
7366:
Van Deusen-Phillips S.B., Goldin-Meadow S., Miller P.J., 2001.
6487:
5156:
A dictionary of American sign language on linguistic principles
3155:"Reduction de las letras y arte para enseñar a ablar los mudos"
2265:
2147:
1998:
1971:
1948:
1681:
1572:
1173:
1165:
1115:
1053:
1015:
742:
581:
548:
395:
298:
293:
of this alphabet have survived in the modern alphabets used in
7421:
6853:
Symbol Grounding and the Origin of Language: From Show to Tell
6604:. Department of Linguistics, The Ohio State University. 1994.
5912:"Did you know Hawai'i Sign Language is critically endangered?"
4915:
Wittmann's references on the subject, besides his own work on
4620:(2010). "Variation in East Asian Sign Language Structures" in
4162:
Brentari, Diane. "Introduction." Sign Languages, 2011, pp. 12.
4056:
On the other hand: New perspectives on American Sign Language.
7552:
7050:(1994). "The Nicaraguan Sign Language Project: An Overview".
6688:(8th ed.). Boston: Thomson Wadsworth. pp. 352â356.
6461:
Gardner, R.A., Gardner, B.T., and Van Cantfort, T.E. (1989),
5740:
A collection of several articles on the AT&T Picturephone
5582:"Benefits of Sign Language and Other Forms of AAC for Autism"
4736:
3990:
3150:
Reduction de las letras y Arte para enseñar å ablar los Mudos
2617:
2020:
1989:
1836:
290:
283:
179:
26:
5340:"Seeing Signs: Language Experience and Handshape Perception"
5338:
Morford, Jill P.; Staley, Joshua; Burns, Brian (Fall 2010).
4143:
3927:
SignGram blueprint: A guide to sign language grammar writing
3409:"Laurent Clerc: Apostle to the Deaf People of the New World"
3030:
Sign Language Legislation in the European Union â Edition II
2665:
2260:
designed for use with sign language or with "off-the-shelf"
11314:
11304:
7439:
6782:
3665:. The University of Sydney: unpublished Ph.D. dissertation.
2325:
1980:
1856:
1169:
1153:
442:
143:
ranks it as the 151st most "spoken" language in the world.
103:
7359:
Valli, Clayton, Ceil Lucas, and Kristin Mulrooney. (2005)
5504:. Berlin and Nijmegen: De Gruyter Mouton and Ishara Press.
5084:
Advances in the Sign Language Development of Deaf Children
4352:. In Marschark, Marc; Spencer, Patricia Elizabeth (eds.).
3662:
Auslan: The Sign Language of the Australian Deaf community
2361:
to be an international symbol which welcomes deaf people.
1018:
family (British, Australian and New Zealand Sign Language)
250:
7392:
Talking Hands: What Sign Language Reveals About the Mind
7375:
American Sign Language: Linguistic and applied dimensions
7207:
Pfau, Roland, Markus Steinbach & Bencie Woll (eds.),
6956:
Actes du Colloque franco-allemand de grammaire générative
6663:. New Haven CT: Yale University Press. pp. 263â300.
6160:
In Peter K. Austin, Oliver Bond & David Nathan (eds)
6020:
4037:
4035:
3585:
3329:
2264:
designed for use with broadband and an ordinary computer
1283:. There are a number of sign languages that emerged from
564:
until the 1988 volume, when it appeared with 39 entries.
12227:
Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
7352:
Twilhaar, Jan Nijen, and Beppie van den Bogaerde. 2016.
7153:. M.A. Thesis, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
7069:, pp. 179â237. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
6962:
Fischer, Susan D. (1978). "Sign languages and creoles".
5674:
de Wit, Maya; PĂ©rez, Sheyla M.; Peterson, Paal Richard.
5469:
Oxford handbook of deaf studies, language, and education
5167:
4355:
Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies, Language, and Education
4336:
3913:
Grammar, Gesture, and Meaning in American Sign Language.
3781:
Pirot, Khunaw Sulaiman; Ali, Wrya Izaddin (2021-09-29).
2280:
Video interpreter sign used at VRS/VRI service locations
592:
There is a common misconception that sign languages are
114:, it is also used by hearing individuals, such as those
7509:, directory for all online Sign Languages dictionaries
7121:
The Deaf experience: Classics in language and education
6684:
Fromkin, Victoria; Rodman, Robert; Hyams, Nina (2007).
5086:. Cary, NC: Oxford University Press. pp. 262â290.
4428:
Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée
2364:
2332:
video track available to play alongside the film via a
7444:
7361:
Linguistics of American Sign Language: An Introduction
7302:(pp. 533â562). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
7196:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
7123:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
7024:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
4032:
3756:
Janse, Mark; Borkent, Hans; Tol, Sijmen, eds. (1990).
3368:. British Deaf History Society Publications: Middlesex
3129:
2035:, and are based on their respective spoken languages.
567:
11571:
Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada
7363:, 4th Ed. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
7151:
Warlpiri Sign Language and Auslan â A Comparison
6023:
Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development
4958:
Modality and Structure in Signed and Spoken Languages
4174:
Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1841:
Sign Language International Phonetic Alphabet (SLIPA)
110:. Although signing is used primarily by the deaf and
5886:
Bickford, J. Albert, and Melanie McKay-Cody (2018).
4422:
4420:
4418:
2951:
2541:
1926:
1738:, polysynthetic, incorporating, and isolating ones.
1454:, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, and Iraq (and possibly
1129:, a kind of pidgin), and between sign languages and
1045:
Sign languages may be classified by how they arise.
372:
in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1817. Gallaudet's son,
7279:
Seeing voices: A journey into the world of the deaf
6282:
5888:"Endangerment and revitalization of sign languages"
4516:
Sign Languages of the World: a Comparative Handbook
4403:
Gallaudet encyclopaedia of deaf people and deafness
3513:Rubino, F., Hayhurst, A., and Guejlman, J. (1975).
2233:One of the first demonstrations of the ability for
654:
6879:Aronoff, Mark; Meir, Irit; Sandler, Wendy (2005).
6878:
6769:Wittmann, H. (1980). Intonation in Glottogenesis.
6683:
6627:
6573:
6193:"Baby sign language: A helpful communication tool"
5294:(Ph.D. dissertation). Malta: University of Malta.
5110:International Journal of the Sociology of Language
3589:The Linguistics of Sign Languages: An Introduction
2758:List of sign languages by number of native signers
2252:The Internet now allows deaf people to talk via a
1884:The Alphabetic Writing System for sign languages (
561:Linguistic Bibliography/Bibliographie Linguistique
7409:Pushing Science's Limits in Sign Language Lexicon
5899:The Routledge handbook of language revitalization
5349:(2). Videography by Jo Santiago and Brian Burns.
4677:Simons, Gary F.; Charles D. Fennig, eds. (2018).
4415:
4210:The crosslinguistic study of language acquisition
3960:"Scope-taking strategies in German Sign Language"
3636:Studies in linguistics: Occasional papers (No. 8)
3515:Gestuno. International sign language of the deaf.
3223:Didascalocophus, or, The deaf and dumb mans tutor
2978:
2608:Great ape language § Primate use of sign language
1172:are usually considered to be a language known as
1065:and gestural systems across West Africa, such as
280:Didascalocophus, or, The deaf and dumb mans tutor
139:is the most-used sign language in the world, and
12522:
7440:Journal of American Sign Language and Literature
6625:
5758:
5607:Looney, Dennis; Lusin, Natalia (February 2018).
5493:
5462:
5460:
4906:(14 deaf schools with different sign languages).
4019:
3760:. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. pp. 970â972.
3592:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 2.
2979:Hosemann, Jana; Steinbach, Markus, eds. (2021),
122:), and those with deaf family members including
11586:World Association of Sign Language Interpreters
6545:"Language" and intelligence in monkeys and apes
5673:
5281:
4041:Sutton-Spence, Rachel, and Bencie Woll (1998).
3783:"The Common Misconceptions about Sign Language"
1726:) is based on word structure and distinguishes
410:(IG). International Sign is a term used by the
146:Some sign languages have obtained some form of
7315:Spatial cognition: Brain bases and development
6626:Stewart, Thomas W.; Vaillette, Nathan (2001).
6408:
6054:
6052:
6050:
6048:
6046:
6044:
6042:
6040:
6038:
6036:
4589:"Democratic Republic of SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe"
4289:. Washington D.C.: Gallaudet University Press.
4281:
4279:
3528:International gesture: Principles and gestures
3268:
3137:International Journal of American Linguistics,
2533:Communication systems similar to sign language
11729:
11576:International Center on Deafness and the Arts
7600:
6283:Premack and Premack, David and Ann J (1984).
5864:. National Technical Institute for the Deaf.
5457:
5137:
3683:. New York : Cambridge University Press.
3474:"Interpreting into International Sign Pidgin"
3210:Philocopus, or the Deaf and Dumbe Mans Friend
1885:
1249:is largely intelligible with Portuguese Sign.
242:
169:
9634:
7650:
7282:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
7077:Biolinguistics and the Evolution of Language
6864:New Perspectives on the Origins of Language.
6758:Neuromotor Mechanisms in Human Communication
5849:
5499:
5081:
4936:
4297:
4295:
4206:
4025:Baker, Charlotte, and Dennis Cokely (1980).
3900:Lexical Borrowing in American Sign Language.
3675:
3673:
3671:
3101:
2356:. After studying flags around the world and
2121:Language interpretation § Sign language
1949:Use of sign languages in hearing communities
1867:due to regional variation in sign languages.
1133:used by the broader community. For example,
895:The classification of Sign Language families
99:", and signs learned by non-human primates.
11743:
7422:Academic journals related to sign languages
6943:. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
6476:Nim: A chimpanzee who learned Sign Language
6033:
5606:
5158:. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet College Press
4944:A prosodic model of sign language phonology
4276:
4249:
3568:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
3471:
3028:Wheatley, Mark & Annika Pabsch (2012).
3006:What are the top 200 most spoken languages?
1905:need for usage in writing sign language".
310:
11736:
11722:
7607:
7593:
7451:Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education
7136:When the mind hears: A history of the deaf
6827:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
6745:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
6287:(1st ed.). NY: W.W. Norton & Co.
6126:
6058:
6006:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5979:
5827:"Accessibility & The Audio Track File"
5508:
5042:. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
3746:. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
2561:"Baby sign language" with hearing children
2165:(BSL) and spoken English in the U.K., and
1509:Wittmann classification of sign languages
1354:is sometimes considered a dialect of ASL.
1245:, although some reports also say that the
711:(internal structure of individual signs).
120:augmentative and alternative communication
83:Sign language should not be confused with
12254:Social (pragmatic) communication disorder
7165:Intermediate Conversational Sign Language
7110:
6904:
6881:"The Paradox of Sign Language Morphology"
6430:
6342:
5942:International Encyclopedia of Linguistics
5773:
5732:
5440:
5391:
5014:
4679:"Bibliography of Ethnologue Data Sources"
4292:
4108:
4043:The linguistics of British Sign Language.
3975:
3798:
3758:Linguistic Bibliography for the Year 1988
3668:
3139:Vol. 61, No. 2 (Apr., 1995), pp. 153-167.
3113:A Disability History of the United States
3035:
2928:
2666:Gestural theory of human language origins
2324:Sign language has been incorporated into
12122:Basic interpersonal communicative skills
7569:) is being considered for deletion. See
7317:. Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.
6838:Kolb, Bryan, and Ian Q. Whishaw (2003).
6658:
5709:
5707:
5466:
4955:
4791:
4789:
4719:
4717:
4213:. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp.
4207:Newport, Elissa; Meier, Richard (1985).
3780:
3553:
3551:
3271:"The Ancient Origins of Sign Handshapes"
2343:
2275:
2224:
2189:Sign language is sometimes provided for
2171:
2124:
1143:
1052:is not a full language, but closer to a
889:
674:
658:
607:
571:
249:
207:
163:
66:
37:
25:
12189:
11381:Manually coded language in South Africa
7516:List Serv for Sign Language Linguistics
7233:
7089:
6961:
6571:
6365:
6320:
6120:
5945:. Oxford University Press. 2003-01-01.
5500:Zeshan, Ulrike; de Vos, Connie (2012).
5231:"Traductor de español a LSE â Apertium"
5106:
5037:
3332:Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders
3187:Mercury, the Swift and Silent Messenger
3115:. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press.
3107:
1418:; it also at least strongly influenced
1198:are largely mutually intelligible with
1114:; this was a contact signing system or
544:by means of changes of movement, and a
414:and other international organisations.
12523:
7218:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
7194:Deaf in America: Voices from a culture
7086:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6534:, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston
6530:Patterson, F.G. and Linden E. (1981),
6490:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
6062:An Introduction to Linguistic Typology
5471:, Oxford UK: Oxford University Press,
5318:Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
4593:African Sign Languages Resource Center
4534:African Sign Languages Resource Center
4513:
4490:African Sign Languages Resource Center
4405:. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
4255:
4045:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3915:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3840:
3715:"American Sign Language: "parameters""
3472:McKee, Rachel; Napier, Jemina (2002).
3467:
3465:
3041:
2748:List of international common standards
2150:, different from any spoken language.
2038:A sign language arose among tribes of
1791:the way adult signers would use them.
714:
12188:
12110:
11984:High-context and low-context cultures
11755:
11717:
9633:
7649:
7588:
7216:What the hands reveal about the brain
6840:Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology
6708:
6481:
6463:Teaching Sign Language to Chimpanzees
5837:from the original on 14 November 2023
5807:from the original on 14 November 2023
5704:
5514:
5287:
4946:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press
4786:
4714:
4558:Pinto, Mariana Correia (2017-11-14).
4557:
4347:"Chapter 18: Emerging sign languages"
4171:
4104:
4102:
4074:
3957:
3548:
2866:from the original on 13 February 2018
2845:
2843:
2841:
2826:Machine translation of sign languages
2793:Sign language in infants and toddlers
624:video informing viewers of their new
12333:Computer processing of body language
12111:
7370:, Human Development, Vol. 44, No. 6.
7356:. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
7354:Concise Lexicon for Sign Linguistics
7046:
7009:Sections for primary sign languages
6537:
6524:
6468:
6455:
6402:
6359:
6314:
6301:
6276:
6228:highlands, with special emphasis on
5855:
5373:
5052:
4896:Australian Aboriginal sign languages
4733:Australian Aboriginal sign languages
4685:(21st ed.). SIL International.
4301:
3044:Open your eyes: Deaf studies talking
2958:(24th ed.), SIL International,
2672:Origin of language § Gestural theory
2365:Language endangerment and extinction
2352:The Sign Union flag was designed by
2084:
2009:Australian Aboriginal sign languages
1954:gene pool. Famous examples include:
1902:Federal University of Santa Catarina
1815:Dictionary of American Sign Language
1462:, or may be one dialect of a larger
1104:Aboriginal Australian sign languages
1063:Australian Aboriginal sign languages
793:BSL means "boring" or "unpleasant".
725:Sign languages convey much of their
352:, by using their own sign language.
12348:List of facial expression databases
12338:Emotion recognition in conversation
11692:
11683:
11661:
8418:Creole Hawaiʻi Sign Language (CHSL)
5202:"Biblioteca de signos â Materiales"
4898:(at least 14 different languages),
4581:
4029:Silver Spring, MD: T.J. Publishers.
3517:Carlisle: British Deaf Association.
3462:
3160:Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library
2743:Legal recognition of sign languages
2157:(LSF) and spoken French in France,
2091:Legal recognition of sign languages
1722:Linguistic typology (going back to
1247:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe Sign Language
1148:Young students learn some words of
568:Relationships with spoken languages
13:
9731:Somalia, Somaliland & Djibouti
9345:Jamaican Country (KS/Konchri Sain)
7381:
6983:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
6760:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5868:from the original on 17 April 2022
5692:from the original on 24 April 2023
5040:Language, Cognition, and the Brain
4683:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
4522:
4287:Metaphor in American Sign Language
4099:
3859:from the original on 12 April 2014
3712:
3414:
2955:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
2838:
2816:Sociolinguistics of sign languages
2773:Modern Sign Language communication
2339:
2317:, some recent deep learning based
2161:(LSE) to spoken Spanish in Spain,
1908:
1221:includes the following languages:
594:spoken language expressed in signs
221:Alphabets - Ghanaian Sign Language
14:
12567:
12232:Childhood disintegrative disorder
7614:
7573:to help reach a consensus. âș
7483:
7478:John Benjamins Publishing Company
6248:"Change Request Number: 2016-002"
5588:from the original on 7 March 2022
5168:Herrero Blanco, Ăngel L. (2003).
4885:) have acquired auxiliary usages.
3902:Silver Spring, MD: Linstok Press.
3046:. University of Minnesota Press.
2982:Atlas of Sign Language Structures
2542:Manual codes for spoken languages
2114:
1927:Deaf communities and Deaf culture
1141:including prosody and phonetics.
879:
48:Preservation of the Sign Language
11313:
11104:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
6958:, 2.187â204. TĂŒbingen: Niemeyer.
6845:
6842:, 5th edition, Worth Publishers.
6832:
6819:
6776:
6763:
6750:
6737:
6702:
6677:
6652:
6619:
6594:
6565:
6235:
6210:
6185:
6176:
6147:
6103:University of Central Lancashire
6091:
6079:from the original on 26 May 2024
6014:
5973:
5933:
5904:
5880:
5819:
5789:
5785:from the original on 2018-03-29.
5752:
5738:Bell Laboratories RECORD (1969)
5667:
5642:
5629:
5625:from the original on 2021-08-16.
5600:
5574:
5484:
5298:from the original on 13 May 2018
5071:from the original on 2017-12-01.
4894:Wittmann includes in this class
4769:Thai Hill-Country sign languages
4711:is now up to 137 sign languages.
3993:Language and Cognitive Processes
3787:Journal of University of Raparin
3176:, online (Spanish) scan of book.
2521:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
2256:, either with a special-purpose
1794:
1426:, which is in the French family.
1325:Brazilian Sign Language (LIBRAS)
783:Sign Language of the Netherlands
655:Spatial grammar and simultaneity
598:language processing in the brain
11694:
11685:
11663:
11631:U.S. Army hand and arm signals
10715:Far North Queensland Indigenous
9337:Keresan Pueblo (KPISL/Keresign)
7473:Sign Language & Linguistics
7224:, & Ann J. Premack (1983).
7119:Lane, Harlan L. (Ed.). (1984).
6927:Essays in honor of Noam Chomsky
6872:
6608:from the original on 2008-02-07
6264:from the original on 2016-01-28
6109:from the original on 2021-08-23
5996:from the original on 2016-11-01
5959:from the original on 2023-01-14
5922:from the original on 2016-03-07
5656:from the original on 2007-04-23
5563:from the original on 2024-05-26
5433:10.1016/j.cognition.2008.07.016
5408:
5367:
5356:from the original on 2012-01-11
5331:
5310:
5252:
5241:from the original on 2019-07-03
5223:
5194:
5161:
5100:
5075:
5046:
5031:
4982:
4949:
4926:
4909:
4888:
4874:
4745:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
4700:
4689:from the original on 2008-07-25
4670:
4661:
4650:from the original on 2012-01-14
4636:
4610:
4599:from the original on 2024-05-13
4570:from the original on 2024-05-13
4551:
4540:from the original on 2024-05-13
4507:
4496:from the original on 2024-05-13
4478:
4466:from the original on 2008-09-21
4448:from the original on 2011-06-04
4433:
4395:
4384:from the original on 2023-01-14
4330:
4240:
4231:
4200:
4165:
4156:
4137:
4081:Sign Language & Linguistics
4068:
4048:
3984:
3951:
3918:
3905:
3892:
3871:
3834:
3823:from the original on 2022-12-04
3774:
3749:
3736:
3725:from the original on 2021-11-29
3706:
3686:
3650:
3641:
3617:
3606:from the original on 2023-01-14
3579:
3520:
3507:
3496:from the original on 2024-05-26
3478:Sign Language & Linguistics
3445:
3401:
3392:
3371:
3358:
3323:
3312:from the original on 2023-01-04
3262:
3251:from the original on 2010-06-02
3237:
3228:
3215:
3212:, London: Humphrey and Moseley.
3202:
3192:
3179:
3167:from the original on 2021-10-04
3142:
3060:
2962:from the original on 2019-04-02
2493:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
1968:Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language
1959:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
1887:Sistema de escritura alfabética
1495:Providence Island Sign Language
1491:Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language
1273:are thought to be members of a
1079:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
688:in ASL (American Sign Language)
671:in ASL (American Sign Language)
11756:
11452:Bilingualâbicultural education
10772:Western Torres Strait Islander
9846:Kata Kolok (Benkala, Balinese)
7823:Western Torres Strait Islander
7377:. San Diego, CA: College-Hill.
7167:. Gallaudet University Press.
6580:. Cambridge University Press.
6197:Child & Family Development
5635:Sarah C. E. Batterbury. 2012.
5016:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-B2E1-B
3022:
2999:
2972:
2945:
2888:
2878:
2852:
2601:
2430:Jamaican Country Sign Language
2319:machine translation algorithms
1771:
1394:. This group may also include
1102:languages such as the various
417:
1:
12541:Language varieties and styles
10524:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
9672:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
9534:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
9283:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
8790:Taiwanese (TSL/Taiwan Shouyu)
7558:
7533:Mallery, Garrick. 1879â1880.
7112:10.1525/aa.1940.42.1.02a00020
6981:Gordon, Raymond, ed. (2008).
6974:Goldin-Meadow, Susan (2003),
6659:Anderson, Stephen R. (2004).
5715:"Sign Language on Television"
4460:"South African Sign Language"
4439:See Gordon (2008), under nsr
3958:Bross, Fabian; Hole, Daniel.
3457:Language, gesture, and space.
3032:. European Union of the Deaf.
2832:
2616:in order to communicate with
2412:Finland-Swedish Sign Language
2220:
1921:
1447:(VGT) though this is unclear.
1437:, used in Hong Kong and Macau
1275:Japanese Sign Language family
1231:Finland-Swedish Sign Language
1085:Deaf-community sign languages
1007:Japanese Sign Language family
9110:Providence Island (Provisle)
8760:North West Frontier Province
7251:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90036-8
7041:The Sign Languages of Africa
6553:10.1017/CBO9780511665486.021
6502:10.1016/0149-7634(85)90012-0
6441:10.1126/science.165.3894.664
6380:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90036-8
5380:Perception and Psychophysics
5347:Deaf Studies Digital Journal
5266:(in Spanish). Archived from
4966:10.1017/CBO9780511486777.003
4761:Indo-Pakistani Sign Language
4337:Meir, Irit; Sandler, Wendy;
3800:10.26750/Vol(8).No(3).Paper6
3430:. 2014-02-06. Archived from
2768:Metacommunicative competence
2594:(sometimes "kitchen sign").
2578:
2309:With recent developments in
1743:Indo-Pakistani Sign Language
1464:Eastern Arabic Sign Language
1219:Swedish Sign Language Family
1048:In non-signing communities,
989:Indo-Pakistani Sign Language
952:Swedish Sign Language family
804:
796:Discourse functions such as
412:World Federation of the Deaf
392:World Federation of the Deaf
370:American School for the Deaf
137:Indo-Pakistani Sign Language
30:Two men and a woman signing
7:
12249:Nonverbal learning disorder
11827:Speech-independent gestures
11800:Facial Action Coding System
10710:Akitiri (Eltye eltyarrenke)
7429:American Annals of the Deaf
7163:Madsen, Willard J. (1982),
6686:An introduction to language
6661:Doctor Doolittle's Delusion
6059:Velupillai, Viveka (2012).
5616:Modern Language Association
4839:(with possible admixture),
4749:Plains Indian Sign Language
3364:Hay, A. and Lee, R. (2004)
2680:
2454:Plains Indian Sign Language
2448:Old Chiangmai Sign Language
2201:such as those given by the
2052:Plains Indian Sign Language
1711:
1281:French Sign Language family
1182:South African Sign Language
1112:Plains Indian Sign Language
1026:South African Sign Language
972:& some Thai and Lao SLs
961:German Sign Language family
903:French Sign Language family
644:than it does with English.
10:
12572:
11989:Interpersonal relationship
11790:Body-to-body communication
11581:Mimics and Gesture Theatre
10790:HawaiÊ»an (Haoilona Ê»Ćlelo)
10720:Arrernte (Iltyeme iltyeme)
9506:Trinidad and Tobago (TTSL)
9360:Hausa (HSL/Magannar Hannu)
8780:Japanese (JSL/Nihon Shuwa)
8174:Estonian (Eesti viipekeel)
7467:Gallaudet University Press
7434:Gallaudet University Press
7211:Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
7138:. New York: Random House.
6929:, 81â91. New York: Falmer.
6309:Action, Gesture and Symbol
4801:Kod Tangan Bahasa Malaysia
4753:UrubĂș-Kaapor Sign Language
4058:New York: Academic Press.
3911:Liddell, Scott K. (2003).
3377:Charles de La Fin (1692).
3247:. Bris.ac.uk. 2000-11-07.
3148:Pablo Bonet, J. de (1620)
2985:, Sign-hub, archived from
2669:
2605:
2582:
2564:
2545:
2283:
2247:1964 New York World's Fair
2118:
2088:
1995:Yucatec Maya Sign Language
1930:
1913:For a native signer, sign
1775:
1715:
1243:Cape Verdian Sign Language
1028:(within the BANZSL family)
883:
718:
588:, by a school for the deaf
501:, from the Greek word for
157:
153:
116:unable to physically speak
18:
12480:
12454:
12394:
12387:
12361:
12325:
12289:
12262:
12199:
12195:
12184:
12117:
12106:
12062:
12039:
12002:
11954:
11889:
11768:
11764:
11751:
11659:
11594:
11563:
11492:
11469:
11444:
11359:
11336:
11325:
11277:
11179:
11117:
11046:
11008:
10973:
10857:
10826:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
10689:
10399:
10084:
9775:
9640:
9626:
9567:
9265:HawaiÊ»i (Hoailona Ê»Ćlelo)
9123:
9098:
9075:Ktunaxa (ÊŸa·qanⱥiⱥⱥitnam)
9059:
9042:
8923:
8914:
8896:
8868:
8832:
8798:
8770:
8724:
8696:
8659:
8623:
8602:
8581:
8560:
8539:
8505:
8482:Kazakh-Russian (KSL/KRSL)
8464:
8455:
8425:
8408:
8391:
8352:
8328:
8246:
8235:
8159:
8150:
8121:
8108:
8099:
8064:
8022:
7977:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
7967:
7958:
7928:
7899:
7886:
7877:
7844:
7835:
7810:
7782:
7656:
7640:
7632:List by number of signers
7622:
7149:Madell, Samantha (1998).
7015:Browse by Language Family
7011:Browse by Language Family
7005:January 13, 2013, at the
6311:New York: Academic Press.
5533:10.1080/01459740802222807
4904:Sri Lankan sign languages
4853:Sri Lankan sign languages
4803:(manually signed Malay),
4358:. Vol. 2. New York:
4005:10.1080/01690960500139363
3898:Battison, Robbin (1978).
3623:Stokoe, William C. 1960.
3455:& Judy Reilly (eds).
3422:"How Sign Language Works"
2511:Pitta Pitta sign language
2505:Old Kentish Sign Language
2483:Angami Naga Sign Language
2460:Providencia Sign Language
2442:Old Bangkok Sign Language
2386:Endangered sign languages
2297:video remote interpreting
2286:Video remote interpreting
980:Arab sign-language family
970:Vietnamese sign languages
404:International Sign Pidgin
348:'s mute younger brother,
303:New Zealand Sign Language
50:, George W. Veditz (1913)
12404:Behavioral communication
11391:Paget Gorman Sign System
10845:Samoa and American Samoa
9635:Sign languages by region
9420:Ottoman (Seraglio/Harem)
9146:Albarradas Sign Language
9136:Al-Sayyid Bedouin (ABSL)
8969:Meciciya ka pekiskwakehk
8821:Martha's Vineyard (MVSL)
8785:Korean (KSL/Hanguk Sueo)
8037:Finland-Swedish (FinSSL)
7651:Sign languages by family
7571:templates for discussion
7134:Lane, Harlan L. (1984).
7039:Kamei, Nobutaka (2004).
5989:, Melbourne, Australia,
5206:www.cervantesvirtual.com
4781:Nohya Maya Sign Language
4767:, and maybe the various
4442:"Maritime Sign Language"
3843:"What is Sign Language?"
3526:Bar-Tzur, David (2002).
3042:Bauman, Dirksen (2008).
2860:"What is Sign Language?"
2733:Intercultural competence
2526:Warluwarra sign language
2499:Old French Sign Language
2466:Rennellese Sign Language
1475:Nicaraguan Sign Language
1429:The southern dialect of
1372:Philippine Sign Language
1235:Portuguese Sign Language
1208:Portuguese Sign Language
1184:are also related to BSL.
1089:Nicaraguan Sign Language
1034: Isolated languages
838:Japanese sound symbolism
538:classifier constructions
366:Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet
357:Charles-Michel de l'ĂpĂ©e
346:Veerapandiya Kattabomman
160:History of sign language
102:Wherever communities of
11844:Interpersonal synchrony
11745:Nonverbal communication
11636:Monastic sign languages
11484:Television shows (list)
11457:Manually coded language
11290:Hamburg Notation System
9083:Shuswap (Secwepemcékst)
8329:Indonesian (Nusantaric)
8052:Finnish (Viittomakieli)
7989:Northern Ireland (NISL)
7540:Smithsonian Institution
7511:(in French and English)
7491:specific sign languages
7489:Note: the articles for
7456:Oxford University Press
7300:Handbook of linguistics
7099:American Anthropologist
7020:Groce, Nora E. (1988).
6756:Kimura, Doreen (1993).
5683:static1.squarespace.com
5038:Emmorey, Karen (2002).
4942:Brentari, Diane (1998)
4883:Adamorobe Sign Language
4741:Monastic sign languages
4725:Adamorobe Sign Language
4360:Oxford University Press
3269:Montgomery, G. (2002).
3225:. Oxford: Halton, 1680.
2713:Chinese number gestures
2548:Manually coded language
2394:Adamorobe Sign Language
2330:Brazilian Sign Language
2311:artificial intelligence
2109:Communications Act 2003
1986:Adamorobe Sign Language
1839:-friendly known as the
1827:Hamburg Notation System
1700:) were the products of
1435:Hong Kong Sign Language
1388:Hungarian Sign Language
1376:Malaysian Sign Language
1341:Hungarian Sign Language
1333:Ukrainian Sign Language
1267:Taiwanese Sign Language
1257:Pakistani Sign Language
1196:Icelandic Sign Language
1192:Norwegian Sign Language
1135:Adamorobe Sign Language
580:on HoleÄkova Street in
441:Sign languages are not
198:monastic sign languages
196:Debate around European
124:children of deaf adults
89:nonverbal communication
21:manually coded language
12556:Education for the deaf
12441:Monastic sign lexicons
12132:Emotional intelligence
11607:CHCI chimpanzee center
11376:Manually coded English
11074:Henniker Sign Language
10740:Warumungu (Warramunga)
10725:Warlpiri (Rdaka rdaka)
9719:Hausa (Magannar Hannu)
7627:List of sign languages
7507:Langue:Signes du Monde
7082:Kendon, Adam. (1988).
6771:The Melody of Language
6602:"Animal Communication"
6572:Wallman, Joel (1992).
6474:Terrace, H.S. (1979).
5717:. RNID. Archived from
5515:Kisch, Shifra (2008).
5007:10.1515/lity-2013-0019
4900:Monastic sign language
4765:Japanese Sign Language
4729:Armenian Sign Language
4514:Jepsen, Julie (2015).
3681:Language from the body
3543:International gesture.
3407:Canlas, Loida (2006).
3185:Wilkins, John (1641).
2862:. Linguistic society.
2753:List of sign languages
2488:Henniker Sign Language
2475:Extinct sign languages
2436:Maritime Sign Language
2400:Ban Khor Sign Language
2349:
2281:
2230:
2203:Mayor of New York City
2186:
2167:American Sign Language
2138:
1886:
1483:Armenian Sign Language
1424:Austrian Sign Language
1352:Bolivian Sign Language
1337:Austrian Sign Language
1301:American Sign Language
1263:Japanese Sign Language
1239:Eritrean Sign Language
1178:Maritime Sign Language
1157:
1156:where Suliphone works.
1042:
912:American Sign Language
886:List of sign languages
819:In 1978, psychologist
694:tactile sign languages
689:
672:
638:American Sign Language
629:
589:
374:Edward Miner Gallaudet
311:
309:appeared in 1698 with
259:
243:
222:
175:
170:
51:
35:
32:American Sign Language
12431:Impression management
11431:Signing Exact English
11371:Indian Signing System
11094:Plateau Sign Language
10468:Inuit (Atgangmuurniq)
10045:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
9575:Amami Shuwa languages
9248:Guatemalan (Lensegua)
9188:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
9167:Caucasian (Harsneren)
9115:Old Cayman (Guyanese)
8643:Norwegian (TegnsprÄk)
8615:French Belgian (LSFB)
8047:Swedish (TeckensprÄk)
7462:Sign Language Studies
7373:Wilbur, R.B. (1987).
7178:O'Reilly, S. (2005).
7157:June 8, 2011, at the
7013:and alternative ones
6897:10.1353/lan.2005.0043
6532:The education of Koko
6465:, Albany: SUNY Press.
6257:. SIL International.
6173:London: SOAS. p. 271.
5288:Galea, Maria (2014).
5148:Dorothy C. Casterline
5123:10.1515/ijsl.2008.036
4757:Chinese Sign Language
4316:10.1353/lan.2010.0044
4270:10.1515/cogl.2004.005
4258:Cognitive Linguistics
4146:Sign Language Studies
4093:10.1075/sll.22003.bro
3929:. De Gruyter Mouton.
3841:Perlmutter, David M.
3692:Fabian Bross (2016).
3566:The signs of language
3490:10.1075/sll.5.1.04mck
3427:Stuff You Should Know
3344:10.1044/jshd.2502.145
3290:10.1353/sls.2002.0010
3278:Sign Language Studies
2804:Sign Language Studies
2516:Plateau Sign Language
2418:Hawai'i Sign Language
2406:Benkala Sign Language
2379:Hawai'i Sign Language
2347:
2279:
2228:
2191:television programmes
2184:
2163:British Sign Language
2159:Spanish Sign Language
2128:
2105:Broadcasting Act 1996
1892:Spanish Sign Language
1479:Turkish Sign Language
1445:Flemish Sign Language
1443:may be the source of
1431:Chinese Sign Language
1420:Israeli Sign Language
1364:Ugandan Sign Language
1339:(along with its twin
1329:Catalan Sign Language
1321:Mexican Sign Language
1317:Spanish Sign Language
1309:Russian Sign Language
1293:Italian Sign Language
1227:Finnish Sign Language
1223:Swedish Sign Language
1213:British Sign Language
1204:Finnish Sign Language
1200:Swedish Sign Language
1147:
1074:village sign language
998:Chinese Sign Language
922:Russian Sign Language
893:
862:Israeli Sign Language
845:cognitive linguistics
684:Another variation of
683:
667:
634:British Sign Language
619:
575:
531:cultural transmission
487:place of articulation
463:duality of patterning
428:duality of patterning
408:International Gesture
340:against the British,
295:British Sign Language
253:
220:
167:
71:mutually intelligible
46:
29:
12446:Verbal communication
12399:Animal communication
12317:Targeted advertising
11834:Haptic communication
11679:French Sign Language
11386:Manually Coded Malay
11194:British (two-handed)
11130:Bimodal bilingualism
10760:Far North Queensland
10068:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
9590:Sri Lankan languages
9521:Venezuelan (LSV/VSL)
9425:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
8936:Chaticks si Chaticks
8916:Plains Sign Language
8834:Mayan (Meemul Tziij)
8336:Indonesian (Bisindo)
8014:South African (SASL)
7737:Far North Queensland
7396:Simon & Schuster
7095:"Stimulus diffusion"
6711:Current Anthropology
5916:Endangered Languages
5856:Durr, Patti (2020).
5521:Medical Anthropology
4773:French Sign Language
4077:"What is iconicity?"
3742:Emmorey, K. (2002).
2763:Manual communication
2155:French Sign Language
2135:Przystanek Woodstock
2131:Polish Sign Language
1778:Language acquisition
1416:Polish Sign Language
1412:German Sign Language
1392:Slovak Sign Language
1368:Kenyan Sign Language
1297:Quebec Sign Language
1289:French Sign Language
1285:French Sign Language
1271:Korean Sign Language
1255:(ISL) is similar to
1253:Indian Sign Language
1190:and its descendants
1188:Danish Sign Language
1108:Yolngu Sign Language
1093:Bamako Sign Language
942:Danish Sign Language
505:, by analogy to the
390:and meetings of the
378:Gallaudet University
342:Veeran Sundaralingam
12455:Non-verbal language
12343:Gesture recognition
12190:Further information
12080:Emotion recognition
12031:Silent service code
9601:Tanzanian languages
9580:Ethiopian languages
9547:Nanabin (NanabinSL)
8638:Icelandic (TĂĄknmĂĄl)
8353:Francophone African
8311:Puerto Rican (PRSL)
8169:Swiss-German (DSGS)
8100:Chilean-Paraguayan-
7528:The MUSSLAP Project
7230:. New York: Norton.
6785:Nature Neuroscience
6423:1969Sci...165..664G
6129:Canadian Psychology
5328:on 29 January 2021.
4995:Linguistic Typology
4855:, and perhaps BSL,
4777:Lyons Sign Language
4285:Wilcox, P. (2000).
2901:Human Brain Mapping
2798:Sign language media
2788:Sign language glove
2424:Inuit Sign Language
2348:The Sign Union flag
2304:video relay service
2290:Video relay service
2270:special videophones
2133:interpreter at the
1751:Subject-verb-object
1747:Subject-object-verb
1718:Linguistic typology
1680:". The families of
1510:
1458:) may be part of a
1441:Lyons Sign Language
1414:(DGS) gave rise to
1384:Czech Sign Language
1345:Czech Sign Language
1313:Dutch Sign Language
1305:Irish Sign Language
1098:Both contrast with
932:Czech Sign Language
759:Czech Sign Language
715:Non-manual elements
540:, a high degree of
436:subordinate clauses
307:two-handed alphabet
203:Pedro Ponce de LeĂłn
12481:Art and literature
12436:Meta-communication
12424:Passive-aggressive
12353:Sentiment analysis
12054:Non-verbal leakage
11602:Baby sign language
11500:Jabbar Baghtcheban
10981:International Sign
10884:Brazilian (Libras)
10798:New Zealand (NZSL)
10745:Mudbura (Mudburra)
10673:Sandy River Valley
10652:Keresan (Keresign)
10243:Yugoslav (Kosovar)
9614:International Sign
9595:Sudanese languages
9218:Navajo/Diné Family
9032:WĂyut'a / WĂblut'e
8870:Original Thai Sign
8648:Danish (Tegnsprog)
8191:Brazilian (Libras)
8004:New Zealand (NZSL)
7521:2004-10-13 at the
7414:The New York Times
7407:Quenqua, Douglas.
7347:Stokoe, William C.
7337:Stokoe, William C.
7227:The mind of an ape
7091:Kroeber, Alfred L.
6858:2022-01-21 at the
6335:10.1007/bf01730971
6285:The Mind of an Ape
6169:2015-09-24 at the
5893:2021-08-31 at the
5801:Cision PR Newswire
5745:2012-06-23 at the
5393:10.3758/bf03212211
5144:Stokoe, William C.
5053:Mayberry, Rachel.
4960:. pp. 35â36.
4797:Providencia Island
4616:Fischer, Susan D.
4486:"State of Eritrea"
4075:Bross, F. (2024).
3886:2013-05-19 at the
3699:2018-03-17 at the
3630:2013-12-02 at the
3536:2017-11-11 at the
3221:Dalgarno, George.
3208:Bulwer, J. (1648)
3095:2023-01-27 at the
3084:2023-01-27 at the
3072:2023-01-27 at the
3011:2023-09-23 at the
2778:Origin of language
2738:International Sign
2567:Baby sign language
2350:
2282:
2235:telecommunications
2231:
2187:
2139:
1678:stimulus diffusion
1508:
1450:Sign languages of
1356:Thai Sign Language
1343:and its offspring
1158:
1043:
690:
673:
630:
590:
384:International Sign
344:communicated with
286:manual alphabets.
260:
223:
176:
168:Juan Pablo Bonet,
67:non-manual markers
52:
36:
12518:
12517:
12514:
12513:
12510:
12509:
12506:
12505:
12212:Asperger syndrome
12180:
12179:
12162:Social competence
12102:
12101:
12098:
12097:
11904:Emotional prosody
11810:Subtle expression
11795:Facial expression
11711:
11710:
11704:extinct languages
11626:Legal recognition
11505:Jeanette Berglind
11465:
11464:
11166:Nonmanual feature
11079:Martha's Vineyard
11004:
11003:
10658:Martha's Vineyard
10153:Faroese (TeknmĂĄl)
9875:Al-Sayyid Bedouin
9685:Bouakako (LaSiBo)
9622:
9621:
9607:Zimsign languages
9585:Laotian languages
9469:Rwandan (AKR/AMR)
9228:Ecuadorian (LSEC)
9173:Azerbaijani (AÄ°D)
9094:
9093:
8692:
8691:
8535:
8534:
8451:
8450:
8441:Cypriot (ÎÎÎ/KNG)
8146:
8145:
8074:Chinese (CSL/ZGS)
8060:
8059:
7954:
7953:
7924:
7923:
7831:
7830:
7686:Eltye eltyarrenke
7666:
7665:multiple families
7545:Project Gutenberg
7403:978-0-7432-4712-2
7173:978-0-913580-79-0
7079:. John Benjamins.
6995:978-1-55671-159-6
6987:SIL International
6695:978-1-4130-1773-1
6670:978-0-300-10339-7
6645:978-0-8142-5076-1
6587:978-0-521-40666-6
6417:(3894): 664â672.
5897:, pp. 255â264 in
5478:978-0-195-14997-5
5235:wiki.apertium.org
5152:Carl G. Croneberg
5093:978-0-19-803996-9
4881:(such as ASL and
4566:(in Portuguese).
4369:978-0-19-539003-2
3767:978-07-92-30936-9
3679:Taub, S. (2001).
3599:978-90-272-1230-6
3541:Moody, W. (1987).
3053:978-0-8166-4619-7
2913:10.1002/hbm.25254
2215:closed captioning
2199:press conferences
2182:
2144:natural languages
2085:Legal recognition
1833:David J. Peterson
1817:, is an abstract
1809:, devised by Dr.
1673:
1672:
1150:Lao sign language
854:cognitive grammar
848:representation ("
721:Nonmanual feature
681:
665:
617:
509:, from Greek for
493:, and non-manual
326:Charles de La Fin
218:
148:legal recognition
44:
12563:
12392:
12391:
12369:Ray Birdwhistell
12197:
12196:
12186:
12185:
12112:Broader concepts
12108:
12107:
12085:First impression
11766:
11765:
11753:
11752:
11738:
11731:
11724:
11715:
11714:
11698:
11689:
11667:
11555:Pierre PĂ©lissier
11540:Thomas Gallaudet
11515:Thomas Braidwood
11346:Initialized sign
11334:
11333:
11317:
10802:Papua New Guinea
10705:Australian-Irish
10411:Plains Sign Talk
10291:Northern Ireland
10287:Northern Ireland
9810:Hong Kong (HKSL)
9631:
9630:
9410:Nicaraguan (ISN)
9325:Kenyan (KSL/LAK)
9141:Albanian (AlbSL)
8921:
8920:
8735:Bangalore-Madras
8716:Israeli (Shassi)
8684:Thai (TSL/MSTSL)
8594:Honduran (LESHO)
8462:
8461:
8320:Singapore (SgSL)
8256:Black ASL (BASL)
8244:
8243:
8184:Australian-Irish
8157:
8156:
8106:
8105:
8082:Hong Kong (HKSL)
8042:Portuguese (LGP)
8032:Eritrean (EriSL)
7965:
7964:
7884:
7883:
7842:
7841:
7780:
7779:
7664:
7647:
7646:
7609:
7602:
7595:
7586:
7585:
7512:
7274:Sacks, Oliver W.
7270:
7116:
7114:
7059:
6985:, 15th edition.
6971:
6939:(Eds.). (2000).
6918:
6908:
6867:
6849:
6843:
6836:
6830:
6823:
6817:
6816:
6780:
6774:
6767:
6761:
6754:
6748:
6741:
6735:
6734:
6706:
6700:
6699:
6681:
6675:
6674:
6656:
6650:
6649:
6633:
6623:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6613:
6598:
6592:
6591:
6579:
6569:
6563:
6541:
6535:
6528:
6522:
6521:
6485:
6479:
6478:New York: Knopf.
6472:
6466:
6459:
6453:
6452:
6434:
6406:
6400:
6399:
6363:
6357:
6356:
6346:
6318:
6312:
6305:
6299:
6298:
6280:
6274:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6263:
6252:
6239:
6233:
6226:Papua New Guinea
6214:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6204:
6189:
6183:
6180:
6174:
6151:
6145:
6144:
6141:10.1037/h0086880
6124:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6056:
6031:
6030:
6018:
6012:
6011:
6005:
5997:
5995:
5988:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5965:
5964:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5908:
5902:
5884:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5853:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5823:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5777:
5767:
5756:
5750:
5736:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5711:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5691:
5680:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5646:
5640:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5613:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5578:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5512:
5506:
5505:
5497:
5491:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5464:
5455:
5454:
5444:
5427:(41â53): 41â53.
5412:
5406:
5405:
5395:
5374:Kuhl, P (1991).
5371:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5355:
5344:
5335:
5329:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5246:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5208:. Archived from
5198:
5192:
5191:
5165:
5159:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5059:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5018:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4953:
4947:
4940:
4934:
4930:
4924:
4913:
4907:
4892:
4886:
4878:
4872:
4793:
4784:
4721:
4712:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4674:
4668:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4640:
4634:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4482:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4437:
4431:
4424:
4413:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4351:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4299:
4290:
4283:
4274:
4273:
4253:
4247:
4244:
4238:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4106:
4097:
4096:
4072:
4066:
4052:
4046:
4039:
4030:
4023:
4017:
4016:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:10.5334/gjgl.106
3955:
3949:
3948:
3922:
3916:
3909:
3903:
3896:
3890:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3858:
3847:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3802:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3753:
3747:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3710:
3704:
3690:
3684:
3677:
3666:
3657:Johnston, Trevor
3654:
3648:
3645:
3639:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3583:
3577:
3558:Klima, Edward S.
3555:
3546:
3524:
3518:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3469:
3460:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3418:
3412:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3390:
3375:
3369:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3275:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3226:
3219:
3213:
3206:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3146:
3140:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3105:
3099:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3039:
3033:
3026:
3020:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2932:
2892:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2783:Origin of speech
2315:computer science
2183:
2040:American Indians
1889:
1766:cardinal numbers
1734:/concatenating,
1730:classes such as
1511:
1507:
1131:gestural systems
1122:Language contact
1039:
1033:
1023:
1013:
1004:
995:
986:
977:
967:
958:
949:
939:
929:
919:
909:
900:
871:Many signs have
682:
666:
622:Welsh Government
618:
314:
246:
239:Juan Pablo Bonet
219:
173:
78:natural language
59:signed languages
45:
12571:
12570:
12566:
12565:
12564:
12562:
12561:
12560:
12521:
12520:
12519:
12502:
12493:Mimoplastic art
12476:
12467:Tactile signing
12450:
12383:
12357:
12321:
12285:
12258:
12191:
12176:
12152:Social behavior
12113:
12094:
12058:
12049:Microexpression
12035:
12019:One-bit message
11998:
11950:
11885:
11805:Microexpression
11760:
11747:
11742:
11712:
11707:
11655:
11641:Tactile signing
11590:
11559:
11488:
11461:
11440:
11416:Signed Japanese
11362:
11355:
11328:
11321:
11295:Stokoe notation
11273:
11175:
11135:Phonology (ASL)
11113:
11048:
11042:
11000:
10969:
10868:Argentine (LSA)
10853:
10685:
10508:New Costa Rican
10503:Old Costa Rican
10403:
10401:
10395:
10279:North Macedonia
10080:
9771:
9706:Bamako (LaSiMa)
9636:
9618:
9568:Other groupings
9563:
9415:Old Costa Rican
9390:Burkina (Mossi)
9370:Mauritian (MSL)
9243:Ghardaia (AJSL)
9156:Argentine (LSA)
9119:
9101:
9090:
9055:
9038:
8910:
8892:
8864:
8828:
8794:
8766:
8727:
8720:
8688:
8655:
8625:Danish (Tegnic)
8619:
8598:
8577:
8556:
8531:
8506:Yugoslavic Sign
8501:
8472:Bulgarian (ĐĐĐ)
8457:
8447:
8436:Greek (ÎÎÎ/ENG)
8421:
8411:Hoailona Ê»Ćlelo
8404:
8387:
8374:Bamako (LaSiMa)
8355:(Françafrosign)
8354:
8348:
8324:
8296:Malaysian (BIM)
8238:
8231:
8206:Valencian (LSV)
8142:
8133:Paraguay (LSPY)
8124:
8117:
8101:
8095:
8056:
8018:
7950:
7920:
7895:
7879:
7873:
7837:Arab (Ishaaric)
7827:
7806:
7778:
7691:Iltyeme iltyeme
7662:
7659:
7652:
7642:
7636:
7618:
7613:
7574:
7523:Wayback Machine
7510:
7486:
7424:
7384:
7382:Further reading
7159:Wayback Machine
7007:Wayback Machine
6937:Lane, Harlan L.
6875:
6870:
6860:Wayback Machine
6850:
6846:
6837:
6833:
6824:
6820:
6781:
6777:
6768:
6764:
6755:
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6707:
6703:
6696:
6682:
6678:
6671:
6657:
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6624:
6620:
6611:
6609:
6600:
6599:
6595:
6588:
6570:
6566:
6542:
6538:
6529:
6525:
6486:
6482:
6473:
6469:
6460:
6456:
6432:10.1.1.384.4164
6407:
6403:
6364:
6360:
6319:
6315:
6306:
6302:
6295:
6281:
6277:
6267:
6265:
6261:
6250:
6246:
6240:
6236:
6224:woman from the
6215:
6211:
6202:
6200:
6191:
6190:
6186:
6181:
6177:
6171:Wayback Machine
6152:
6148:
6125:
6121:
6112:
6110:
6097:
6096:
6092:
6082:
6080:
6073:
6057:
6034:
6019:
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5974:
5962:
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5953:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5925:
5923:
5910:
5909:
5905:
5895:Wayback Machine
5885:
5881:
5871:
5869:
5858:"Arnaud Balard"
5854:
5850:
5840:
5838:
5825:
5824:
5820:
5810:
5808:
5795:
5794:
5790:
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5757:
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5747:Wayback Machine
5737:
5733:
5724:
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5713:
5712:
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5695:
5693:
5689:
5678:
5672:
5668:
5659:
5657:
5648:
5647:
5643:
5637:Language Policy
5634:
5630:
5622:
5611:
5605:
5601:
5591:
5589:
5584:. 3 June 2020.
5580:
5579:
5575:
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5513:
5509:
5498:
5494:
5489:
5485:
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5409:
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5359:
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5200:
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5180:
5166:
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5105:
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5080:
5076:
5068:
5057:
5051:
5047:
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5032:
4987:
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4976:
4954:
4950:
4941:
4937:
4931:
4927:
4914:
4910:
4893:
4889:
4879:
4875:
4871:sign languages.
4794:
4787:
4722:
4715:
4705:
4701:
4692:
4690:
4675:
4671:
4666:
4662:
4653:
4651:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4626:Sign Languages,
4615:
4611:
4602:
4600:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4573:
4571:
4556:
4552:
4543:
4541:
4528:
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4512:
4508:
4499:
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4425:
4416:
4400:
4396:
4387:
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4370:
4349:
4335:
4331:
4300:
4293:
4284:
4277:
4254:
4250:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4225:
4205:
4201:
4186:10.2307/3823113
4170:
4166:
4161:
4157:
4142:
4138:
4107:
4100:
4073:
4069:
4053:
4049:
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3989:
3985:
3956:
3952:
3937:
3923:
3919:
3910:
3906:
3897:
3893:
3888:Wayback Machine
3878:Nakamura, Karen
3876:
3872:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3845:
3839:
3835:
3826:
3824:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3754:
3750:
3741:
3737:
3728:
3726:
3721:. Bill Vicars.
3711:
3707:
3701:Wayback Machine
3691:
3687:
3678:
3669:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3632:Wayback Machine
3622:
3618:
3609:
3607:
3600:
3584:
3580:
3562:Bellugi, Ursula
3556:
3549:
3540:
3538:Wayback Machine
3525:
3521:
3512:
3508:
3499:
3497:
3470:
3463:
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3170:
3168:
3153:
3147:
3143:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3122:978-080702204-7
3106:
3102:
3097:Wayback Machine
3086:Wayback Machine
3074:Wayback Machine
3065:
3061:
3054:
3040:
3036:
3027:
3023:
3013:Wayback Machine
3004:
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2883:
2879:
2869:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2821:Tactile signing
2688:Animal language
2683:
2674:
2668:
2610:
2604:
2587:
2581:
2569:
2563:
2550:
2544:
2535:
2530:
2471:
2367:
2342:
2340:Sign Union flag
2292:
2284:Main articles:
2223:
2172:
2146:with their own
2123:
2117:
2093:
2087:
1951:
1935:
1929:
1924:
1911:
1909:Sign perception
1807:Stokoe notation
1797:
1780:
1774:
1720:
1714:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1406:sign languages.
1041:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1021:
1019:
1011:
1009:
1002:
1000:
993:
991:
984:
982:
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947:
945:
937:
935:
927:
925:
917:
915:
907:
905:
898:
888:
882:
864:(ISL) sign for
807:
723:
717:
675:
659:
657:
620:A January 2021
608:
570:
515:characteristics
420:
276:George Dalgarno
269:tactile signing
254:Chirogram from
208:
162:
156:
112:hard of hearing
57:(also known as
38:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
12569:
12559:
12558:
12553:
12548:
12543:
12538:
12536:Sign languages
12533:
12516:
12515:
12512:
12511:
12508:
12507:
12504:
12503:
12501:
12500:
12495:
12490:
12484:
12482:
12478:
12477:
12475:
12474:
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12448:
12443:
12438:
12433:
12428:
12427:
12426:
12421:
12416:
12411:
12401:
12395:
12389:
12385:
12384:
12382:
12381:
12376:
12374:Charles Darwin
12371:
12365:
12363:
12359:
12358:
12356:
12355:
12350:
12345:
12340:
12335:
12329:
12327:
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12314:
12309:
12304:
12299:
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12291:
12287:
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12169:
12164:
12159:
12154:
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12139:
12134:
12129:
12124:
12118:
12115:
12114:
12104:
12103:
12100:
12099:
12096:
12095:
12093:
12092:
12087:
12082:
12077:
12072:
12070:Affect display
12066:
12064:
12060:
12059:
12057:
12056:
12051:
12045:
12043:
12037:
12036:
12034:
12033:
12028:
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12026:
12016:
12006:
12004:
12000:
11999:
11997:
11996:
11991:
11986:
11981:
11976:
11971:
11966:
11960:
11958:
11956:Social context
11952:
11951:
11949:
11948:
11947:
11946:
11941:
11936:
11931:
11926:
11921:
11916:
11906:
11901:
11895:
11893:
11887:
11886:
11884:
11883:
11878:
11873:
11868:
11867:
11866:
11864:Pupil dilation
11861:
11851:
11846:
11841:
11836:
11831:
11830:
11829:
11824:
11814:
11813:
11812:
11807:
11802:
11792:
11787:
11778:
11772:
11770:
11762:
11761:
11749:
11748:
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11718:
11709:
11708:
11660:
11657:
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11648:
11643:
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11598:
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11591:
11589:
11588:
11583:
11578:
11573:
11567:
11565:
11561:
11560:
11558:
11557:
11552:
11550:William Stokoe
11547:
11542:
11537:
11535:Valerie Sutton
11532:
11527:
11525:AbbĂ© de l'ĂpĂ©e
11522:
11517:
11512:
11507:
11502:
11496:
11494:
11490:
11489:
11487:
11486:
11481:
11475:
11473:
11467:
11466:
11463:
11462:
11460:
11459:
11454:
11448:
11446:
11442:
11441:
11439:
11438:
11436:Signed Swedish
11433:
11428:
11426:Signed Spanish
11423:
11418:
11413:
11411:Signed Italian
11408:
11403:
11398:
11393:
11388:
11383:
11378:
11373:
11367:
11365:
11357:
11356:
11354:
11353:
11348:
11343:
11337:
11331:
11323:
11322:
11320:
11319:
11307:
11302:
11297:
11292:
11287:
11281:
11279:
11275:
11274:
11272:
11271:
11266:
11261:
11256:
11254:Serbo-Croatian
11251:
11246:
11241:
11236:
11231:
11226:
11221:
11216:
11211:
11206:
11201:
11196:
11191:
11185:
11183:
11181:Fingerspelling
11177:
11176:
11174:
11173:
11168:
11163:
11158:
11137:
11132:
11127:
11121:
11119:
11115:
11114:
11112:
11111:
11106:
11101:
11096:
11091:
11086:
11081:
11076:
11071:
11066:
11061:
11056:
11052:
11050:
11044:
11043:
11041:
11040:
11035:
11030:
11025:
11020:
11014:
11012:
11006:
11005:
11002:
11001:
10999:
10998:
10993:
10988:
10983:
10977:
10975:
10971:
10970:
10968:
10967:
10962:
10959:
10954:
10951:
10946:
10941:
10936:
10933:
10928:
10925:
10920:
10917:
10912:
10907:
10904:
10899:
10896:
10891:
10886:
10881:
10878:
10873:
10870:
10865:
10861:
10859:
10855:
10854:
10852:
10851:
10846:
10843:
10838:
10833:
10828:
10823:
10818:
10813:
10808:
10803:
10800:
10795:
10792:
10787:
10784:
10779:
10774:
10769:
10767:Western Desert
10764:
10763:
10762:
10752:
10747:
10742:
10737:
10732:
10727:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10707:
10702:
10697:
10693:
10691:
10687:
10686:
10684:
10683:
10676:
10669:
10664:
10661:
10654:
10649:
10644:
10641:
10638:
10635:
10632:
10631:
10630:
10625:
10618:American (ASL)
10615:
10612:
10610:Old Salvadoran
10607:
10602:
10599:
10594:
10589:
10586:
10581:
10578:
10573:
10568:
10563:
10558:
10555:
10550:
10547:
10542:
10539:
10534:
10529:
10526:
10521:
10518:
10513:
10510:
10505:
10500:
10495:
10490:
10487:
10480:
10477:
10470:
10465:
10460:
10458:Maritime (MSL)
10455:
10450:
10447:
10444:
10441:
10440:
10439:
10434:
10427:American (ASL)
10424:
10421:
10416:
10413:
10407:
10405:
10397:
10396:
10394:
10393:
10388:
10385:
10380:
10375:
10373:Central Taurus
10370:
10367:
10362:
10359:
10354:
10351:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10333:
10328:
10325:
10320:
10317:
10312:
10309:
10304:
10301:
10296:
10293:
10288:
10285:
10280:
10277:
10272:
10269:
10264:
10261:
10256:
10253:
10248:
10245:
10240:
10237:
10232:
10229:
10224:
10221:
10216:
10213:
10208:
10205:
10200:
10197:
10192:
10189:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10171:
10166:
10163:
10158:
10155:
10150:
10145:
10142:
10137:
10134:
10129:
10128:United Kingdom
10126:
10124:French Belgian
10121:
10116:
10113:
10108:
10105:
10100:
10097:
10092:
10088:
10086:
10082:
10081:
10079:
10078:
10073:
10070:
10065:
10060:
10055:
10050:
10047:
10042:
10039:
10034:
10031:
10026:
10023:
10018:
10015:
10010:
10007:
10002:
9999:
9994:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9976:
9971:
9968:
9963:
9960:
9955:
9952:
9947:
9942:
9937:
9934:
9929:
9926:
9924:Kazakh-Russian
9921:
9918:
9913:
9910:
9905:
9900:
9895:
9892:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9872:
9869:
9864:
9859:
9856:
9851:
9848:
9843:
9838:
9835:
9830:
9828:Indo-Pakistani
9825:
9820:
9815:
9812:
9807:
9804:
9799:
9796:
9791:
9788:
9783:
9779:
9777:
9773:
9772:
9770:
9769:
9764:
9761:
9756:
9753:
9748:
9745:
9740:
9737:
9732:
9729:
9724:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9708:
9703:
9698:
9695:
9690:
9687:
9682:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9666:
9661:
9658:
9653:
9648:
9644:
9642:
9638:
9637:
9628:
9624:
9623:
9620:
9619:
9617:
9616:
9610:
9609:
9604:
9598:
9592:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9571:
9569:
9565:
9564:
9562:
9561:
9556:
9551:
9550:
9549:
9544:
9541:
9536:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9471:
9466:
9461:
9454:
9449:
9448:
9447:
9440:Peruvian (LSP)
9437:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9397:
9392:
9387:
9385:Miyakubo Shuwa
9382:
9377:
9372:
9367:
9362:
9357:
9352:
9347:
9342:
9339:
9334:
9333:
9332:
9322:
9317:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9286:
9285:
9280:
9272:
9271:
9270:
9262:
9255:
9250:
9245:
9240:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9223:Dogon/Douentza
9220:
9215:
9210:
9205:
9200:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9170:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9148:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9127:
9125:
9121:
9120:
9118:
9117:
9112:
9106:
9104:
9096:
9095:
9092:
9091:
9089:
9088:
9085:
9080:
9077:
9072:
9069:
9065:
9063:
9057:
9056:
9054:
9053:
9049:
9047:
9045:American (ASL)
9040:
9039:
9037:
9036:
9033:
9030:
9027:
9024:
9021:
9018:
9015:
9012:
9009:
9006:
9003:
9000:
8997:
8994:
8991:
8988:
8985:
8982:
8979:
8976:
8973:
8970:
8967:
8964:
8961:
8958:
8955:
8952:
8949:
8946:
8943:
8940:
8937:
8934:
8931:
8928:
8924:
8918:
8912:
8911:
8909:
8908:
8906:Namibian (NSL)
8902:
8900:
8894:
8893:
8891:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8874:
8872:
8866:
8865:
8863:
8862:
8861:
8860:
8857:
8854:
8851:
8848:
8842:
8838:
8836:
8830:
8829:
8827:
8826:
8825:
8824:
8812:
8804:
8802:
8796:
8795:
8793:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8776:
8774:
8768:
8767:
8765:
8764:
8761:
8758:
8753:
8750:
8747:
8744:
8739:
8736:
8732:
8730:
8726:Indo-Pakistani
8722:
8721:
8719:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8702:
8700:
8694:
8693:
8690:
8689:
8687:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8665:
8663:
8657:
8656:
8654:
8653:
8650:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8629:
8627:
8621:
8620:
8618:
8617:
8612:
8606:
8604:
8600:
8599:
8597:
8596:
8591:
8585:
8583:
8579:
8578:
8576:
8575:
8573:Tunisian (TSL)
8570:
8564:
8562:
8558:
8557:
8555:
8554:
8549:
8543:
8541:
8537:
8536:
8533:
8532:
8530:
8529:
8527:Yugoslav (YSL)
8524:
8521:
8518:
8515:
8513:Croatian (HZJ)
8509:
8507:
8503:
8502:
8500:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8468:
8466:
8459:
8453:
8452:
8449:
8448:
8446:
8445:
8444:
8443:
8432:
8430:
8423:
8422:
8420:
8419:
8415:
8413:
8406:
8405:
8403:
8402:
8398:
8396:
8389:
8388:
8386:
8385:
8384:Sierra Leonean
8382:
8379:
8376:
8371:
8368:
8365:
8362:
8358:
8356:
8350:
8349:
8347:
8346:
8345:
8344:
8341:
8332:
8330:
8326:
8325:
8323:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8309:
8307:Filipino (FSL)
8304:
8301:
8298:
8293:
8290:
8287:
8284:
8281:
8280:
8279:
8276:
8268:
8265:
8264:
8263:
8258:
8251:American (ASL)
8247:
8241:
8233:
8232:
8230:
8229:
8227:Romanian (LSR)
8224:
8223:
8222:
8210:
8209:
8208:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8187:
8186:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8164:Algerian (LSA)
8160:
8154:
8148:
8147:
8144:
8143:
8141:
8140:
8135:
8129:
8127:
8125:Uruguayan Sign
8119:
8118:
8116:
8115:
8113:Chilean (LSCh)
8109:
8103:
8102:Uruguayan Sign
8097:
8096:
8094:
8093:
8092:
8091:
8090:
8089:
8088:
8087:
8070:
8068:
8062:
8061:
8058:
8057:
8055:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8028:
8026:
8020:
8019:
8017:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7999:Maritime (MSL)
7996:
7993:
7992:
7991:
7981:
7980:
7979:
7968:
7962:
7956:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7932:
7930:
7926:
7925:
7922:
7921:
7919:
7918:
7915:
7912:
7909:
7905:
7903:
7897:
7896:
7894:
7893:
7887:
7881:
7875:
7874:
7872:
7871:
7866:
7864:Qatari Unified
7861:
7856:
7851:
7845:
7839:
7833:
7832:
7829:
7828:
7826:
7825:
7820:
7814:
7812:
7811:Zendath Kesign
7808:
7807:
7805:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7788:
7786:
7784:Western Desert
7777:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7763:
7761:Worora Kinship
7758:
7753:
7746:
7741:
7740:
7739:
7729:
7724:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7700:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7670:
7668:
7654:
7653:
7644:
7638:
7637:
7635:
7634:
7629:
7623:
7620:
7619:
7612:
7611:
7604:
7597:
7589:
7583:
7582:
7556:
7553:signlangtv.org
7550:
7531:
7525:
7513:
7485:
7484:External links
7482:
7481:
7480:
7469:
7458:
7447:
7436:
7423:
7420:
7419:
7418:
7405:
7383:
7380:
7379:
7378:
7371:
7364:
7357:
7350:
7344:
7339:(1960, 1978).
7334:
7311:
7296:
7291:
7271:
7235:Premack, David
7231:
7222:Premack, David
7219:
7212:
7205:
7190:Humphries, Tom
7183:
7176:
7161:
7147:
7132:
7117:
7087:
7080:
7070:
7060:
7044:
7037:
7033:
7018:
6979:
6972:
6959:
6952:
6933:Emmorey, Karen
6930:
6923:
6919:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6868:
6844:
6831:
6818:
6775:
6762:
6749:
6736:
6723:10.1086/201401
6701:
6694:
6676:
6669:
6651:
6644:
6618:
6593:
6586:
6576:Aping Language
6564:
6536:
6523:
6496:(4): 653â665.
6480:
6467:
6454:
6401:
6374:(3): 207â296.
6358:
6329:(3): 167â224.
6313:
6300:
6294:978-0393015812
6293:
6275:
6234:
6209:
6184:
6175:
6154:Zeshan, Ulrike
6146:
6119:
6090:
6071:
6032:
6013:
5972:
5951:
5932:
5903:
5879:
5848:
5818:
5788:
5751:
5731:
5703:
5666:
5641:
5628:
5599:
5573:
5541:11245/1.345005
5527:(3): 283â313.
5507:
5492:
5483:
5477:
5456:
5407:
5366:
5330:
5309:
5280:
5251:
5222:
5193:
5178:
5160:
5136:
5117:(192): 75â90.
5099:
5092:
5074:
5045:
5030:
4981:
4974:
4948:
4935:
4925:
4921:relexification
4908:
4887:
4873:
4851:, the various
4821:Indo-Pakistani
4785:
4713:
4699:
4669:
4660:
4646:. 2012-01-14.
4635:
4609:
4580:
4550:
4521:
4506:
4477:
4432:
4414:
4394:
4368:
4329:
4291:
4275:
4248:
4239:
4230:
4223:
4199:
4164:
4155:
4136:
4123:10.2307/412894
4117:(3): 696â719.
4098:
4067:
4047:
4031:
4018:
3999:(5): 608â635.
3983:
3950:
3935:
3917:
3904:
3891:
3870:
3833:
3793:(3): 110â132.
3773:
3766:
3748:
3735:
3719:ASL University
3713:Vicars, Bill.
3705:
3685:
3667:
3649:
3640:
3616:
3598:
3578:
3547:
3519:
3506:
3461:
3453:Emmorey, Karen
3444:
3413:
3400:
3391:
3370:
3357:
3338:(2): 145â151.
3322:
3284:(3): 322â334.
3261:
3236:
3227:
3214:
3201:
3191:
3178:
3141:
3128:
3121:
3100:
3059:
3052:
3034:
3021:
2998:
2971:
2944:
2907:(3): 699â712.
2887:
2877:
2851:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2703:Fingerspelling
2700:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2670:Main article:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2652:
2606:Main article:
2603:
2600:
2583:Main article:
2580:
2577:
2565:Main article:
2562:
2559:
2546:Main article:
2543:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2366:
2363:
2341:
2338:
2262:video services
2222:
2219:
2119:Main article:
2116:
2115:Interpretation
2113:
2101:United Kingdom
2089:Main article:
2086:
2083:
2002:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1950:
1947:
1931:Main article:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1910:
1907:
1897:
1896:
1882:
1868:
1854:
1844:
1830:
1823:
1811:William Stokoe
1796:
1793:
1773:
1770:
1713:
1710:
1706:relexification
1696:(and possibly
1671:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1499:
1498:
1467:
1448:
1438:
1427:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1379:
1360:mixed language
1347:) and others.
1278:
1260:
1250:
1216:
1185:
1139:areal features
1036:
1030:
1020:
1010:
1001:
992:
983:
974:
964:
955:
946:
936:
926:
916:
906:
897:
881:
880:Classification
878:
826:Elissa Newport
806:
803:
719:Main article:
716:
713:
656:
653:
578:Zuzana ÄĂĆŸkovĂĄ
569:
566:
419:
416:
228:Cabeza de Vaca
158:Main article:
155:
152:
55:Sign languages
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12568:
12557:
12554:
12552:
12549:
12547:
12544:
12542:
12539:
12537:
12534:
12532:
12531:Sign language
12529:
12528:
12526:
12499:
12496:
12494:
12491:
12489:
12486:
12485:
12483:
12479:
12473:
12470:
12468:
12465:
12463:
12462:Sign language
12460:
12459:
12457:
12453:
12447:
12444:
12442:
12439:
12437:
12434:
12432:
12429:
12425:
12422:
12420:
12417:
12415:
12412:
12410:
12407:
12406:
12405:
12402:
12400:
12397:
12396:
12393:
12390:
12386:
12380:
12377:
12375:
12372:
12370:
12367:
12366:
12364:
12360:
12354:
12351:
12349:
12346:
12344:
12341:
12339:
12336:
12334:
12331:
12330:
12328:
12324:
12318:
12315:
12313:
12310:
12308:
12307:Freudian slip
12305:
12303:
12302:Lie detection
12300:
12298:
12295:
12294:
12292:
12288:
12282:
12281:Mirror neuron
12279:
12277:
12273:
12272:Limbic system
12270:
12269:
12267:
12265:
12261:
12255:
12252:
12250:
12247:
12245:
12242:
12238:
12237:Rett syndrome
12235:
12233:
12230:
12228:
12225:
12223:
12220:
12218:
12215:
12213:
12210:
12209:
12208:
12205:
12204:
12202:
12198:
12194:
12187:
12183:
12173:
12170:
12168:
12167:Social skills
12165:
12163:
12160:
12158:
12155:
12153:
12150:
12148:
12145:
12143:
12142:People skills
12140:
12138:
12135:
12133:
12130:
12128:
12127:Communication
12125:
12123:
12120:
12119:
12116:
12109:
12105:
12091:
12088:
12086:
12083:
12081:
12078:
12076:
12073:
12071:
12068:
12067:
12065:
12063:Multi-faceted
12061:
12055:
12052:
12050:
12047:
12046:
12044:
12042:
12038:
12032:
12029:
12025:
12022:
12021:
12020:
12017:
12015:
12011:
12008:
12007:
12005:
12001:
11995:
11992:
11990:
11987:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11977:
11975:
11974:Display rules
11972:
11970:
11967:
11965:
11962:
11961:
11959:
11957:
11953:
11945:
11944:Voice quality
11942:
11940:
11937:
11935:
11932:
11930:
11927:
11925:
11922:
11920:
11917:
11915:
11912:
11911:
11910:
11907:
11905:
11902:
11900:
11897:
11896:
11894:
11892:
11888:
11882:
11879:
11877:
11874:
11872:
11869:
11865:
11862:
11860:
11857:
11856:
11855:
11852:
11850:
11847:
11845:
11842:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11832:
11828:
11825:
11823:
11820:
11819:
11818:
11815:
11811:
11808:
11806:
11803:
11801:
11798:
11797:
11796:
11793:
11791:
11788:
11786:
11782:
11781:Body language
11779:
11777:
11774:
11773:
11771:
11767:
11763:
11759:
11754:
11750:
11746:
11739:
11734:
11732:
11727:
11725:
11720:
11719:
11716:
11705:
11701:
11697:
11696:
11691:
11688:
11687:
11680:
11676:
11672:
11666:
11665:
11658:
11652:
11649:
11647:
11644:
11642:
11639:
11637:
11634:
11632:
11629:
11627:
11624:
11622:
11619:
11616:
11612:
11608:
11605:
11603:
11600:
11599:
11597:
11595:Miscellaneous
11593:
11587:
11584:
11582:
11579:
11577:
11574:
11572:
11569:
11568:
11566:
11564:Organisations
11562:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11520:Laurent Clerc
11518:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11510:PĂ€r Aron Borg
11508:
11506:
11503:
11501:
11498:
11497:
11495:
11491:
11485:
11482:
11480:
11477:
11476:
11474:
11472:
11468:
11458:
11455:
11453:
11450:
11449:
11447:
11443:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11429:
11427:
11424:
11422:
11421:Signed Polish
11419:
11417:
11414:
11412:
11409:
11407:
11406:Signed German
11404:
11402:
11401:Signed French
11399:
11397:
11394:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11368:
11366:
11364:
11358:
11352:
11349:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11338:
11335:
11332:
11330:
11324:
11316:
11311:
11308:
11306:
11303:
11301:
11298:
11296:
11293:
11291:
11288:
11286:
11283:
11282:
11280:
11276:
11270:
11267:
11265:
11262:
11260:
11257:
11255:
11252:
11250:
11247:
11245:
11242:
11240:
11237:
11235:
11232:
11230:
11227:
11225:
11222:
11220:
11217:
11215:
11212:
11210:
11207:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11187:
11186:
11184:
11182:
11178:
11172:
11169:
11167:
11164:
11162:
11159:
11157:
11153:
11149:
11145:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11131:
11128:
11126:
11125:Grammar (ASL)
11123:
11122:
11120:
11116:
11110:
11107:
11105:
11102:
11100:
11097:
11095:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11082:
11080:
11077:
11075:
11072:
11070:
11067:
11065:
11062:
11060:
11057:
11054:
11053:
11051:
11045:
11039:
11036:
11034:
11031:
11029:
11026:
11024:
11021:
11019:
11016:
11015:
11013:
11011:
11007:
10997:
10994:
10992:
10989:
10987:
10984:
10982:
10979:
10978:
10976:
10974:International
10972:
10966:
10963:
10960:
10958:
10955:
10952:
10950:
10947:
10945:
10942:
10940:
10937:
10934:
10932:
10929:
10926:
10924:
10921:
10918:
10916:
10913:
10911:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10879:
10877:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10866:
10863:
10862:
10860:
10858:South America
10856:
10850:
10847:
10844:
10842:
10839:
10837:
10834:
10832:
10831:Rossel Island
10829:
10827:
10824:
10822:
10821:Mount Avejaha
10819:
10817:
10814:
10812:
10809:
10807:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10793:
10791:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10778:
10775:
10773:
10770:
10768:
10765:
10761:
10758:
10757:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10698:
10695:
10694:
10692:
10688:
10682:
10681:
10677:
10675:
10674:
10670:
10668:
10667:Navajo Family
10665:
10662:
10660:
10659:
10655:
10653:
10650:
10648:
10645:
10642:
10639:
10636:
10633:
10629:
10626:
10624:
10621:
10620:
10619:
10616:
10614:United States
10613:
10611:
10608:
10606:
10603:
10600:
10598:
10595:
10593:
10590:
10587:
10585:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10556:
10554:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10533:
10530:
10527:
10525:
10522:
10519:
10517:
10514:
10511:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10499:
10496:
10494:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10485:
10481:
10478:
10476:
10475:
10471:
10469:
10466:
10464:
10461:
10459:
10456:
10454:
10451:
10448:
10445:
10442:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10430:
10429:
10428:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10417:
10414:
10412:
10409:
10408:
10406:
10398:
10392:
10389:
10386:
10384:
10381:
10379:
10376:
10374:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10334:
10332:
10329:
10326:
10324:
10321:
10318:
10316:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10302:
10300:
10297:
10294:
10292:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10270:
10268:
10265:
10262:
10260:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10230:
10228:
10225:
10222:
10220:
10217:
10214:
10212:
10209:
10206:
10204:
10201:
10198:
10196:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10167:
10164:
10162:
10159:
10156:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10146:
10143:
10141:
10138:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10106:
10104:
10101:
10098:
10096:
10093:
10090:
10089:
10087:
10083:
10077:
10074:
10071:
10069:
10066:
10064:
10061:
10059:
10056:
10054:
10051:
10048:
10046:
10043:
10040:
10038:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10016:
10014:
10011:
10008:
10006:
10003:
10000:
9998:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9977:
9975:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9961:
9959:
9956:
9953:
9951:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9941:
9938:
9935:
9933:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9893:
9891:
9888:
9886:
9883:
9881:
9878:
9876:
9873:
9870:
9868:
9865:
9863:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9836:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9819:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9805:
9803:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9781:
9780:
9778:
9774:
9768:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9743:South African
9741:
9738:
9736:
9733:
9730:
9728:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9696:
9694:
9691:
9688:
9686:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9652:
9649:
9646:
9645:
9643:
9639:
9632:
9629:
9625:
9615:
9612:
9611:
9608:
9605:
9602:
9599:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9572:
9570:
9566:
9560:
9557:
9555:
9554:Yoruban (YSL)
9552:
9548:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9539:Bura (Burasl)
9537:
9535:
9532:
9531:
9530:West African
9529:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9516:Ugandan (USL)
9514:
9512:
9511:Turkish (TÄ°D)
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9496:Spanish (LSE)
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9476:
9472:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9464:Rossel Island
9462:
9460:
9459:
9455:
9453:
9452:Qahveh Khaneh
9450:
9446:
9443:
9442:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9433:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9396:
9395:Mount Avejaha
9393:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9355:Maltese (LSM)
9353:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9331:
9328:
9327:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9278:Atgangmuurniq
9276:
9275:
9273:
9268:
9267:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9260:
9256:
9254:
9253:Guinea-Bissau
9251:
9249:
9246:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9236:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9204:
9201:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9191:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9168:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9128:
9126:
9122:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9107:
9105:
9103:
9097:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9070:
9067:
9066:
9064:
9062:
9058:
9051:
9050:
9048:
9046:
9041:
9034:
9031:
9028:
9025:
9022:
9019:
9016:
9013:
9010:
9007:
9004:
9001:
8998:
8995:
8992:
8989:
8986:
8983:
8980:
8977:
8974:
8971:
8968:
8965:
8962:
8959:
8956:
8953:
8950:
8947:
8944:
8941:
8938:
8935:
8932:
8929:
8926:
8925:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8913:
8907:
8904:
8903:
8901:
8899:
8895:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8875:
8873:
8871:
8867:
8859:Cepeda Peraza
8858:
8855:
8852:
8849:
8846:
8845:
8843:
8841:Highland Maya
8840:
8839:
8837:
8835:
8831:
8823:
8822:
8818:
8817:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8810:
8806:
8805:
8803:
8801:
8797:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8777:
8775:
8773:
8772:Japanese Sign
8769:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8751:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8737:
8734:
8733:
8731:
8729:
8723:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8703:
8701:
8699:
8695:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8666:
8664:
8662:
8658:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8630:
8628:
8626:
8622:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8610:Flemish (VGT)
8608:
8607:
8605:
8601:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8589:Mexican (LSM)
8587:
8586:
8584:
8580:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8568:Italian (LIS)
8566:
8565:
8563:
8559:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8544:
8542:
8538:
8528:
8525:
8522:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8510:
8508:
8504:
8498:
8497:Russian (Đ ĐĐŻ)
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8487:Latvian (LSL)
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8469:
8467:
8463:
8460:
8454:
8442:
8439:
8438:
8437:
8434:
8433:
8431:
8429:
8424:
8417:
8416:
8414:
8412:
8407:
8400:
8399:
8397:
8395:
8390:
8383:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8369:
8366:
8363:
8360:
8359:
8357:
8351:
8342:
8339:
8338:
8337:
8334:
8333:
8331:
8327:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8291:
8288:
8285:
8282:
8277:
8274:
8273:
8272:
8269:
8266:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8253:
8252:
8249:
8248:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8234:
8228:
8225:
8221:
8220:
8216:
8215:
8214:
8211:
8207:
8204:
8203:
8202:
8201:Catalan (LSC)
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8185:
8182:
8181:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8161:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8149:
8139:
8138:Uruguay (LSU)
8136:
8134:
8131:
8130:
8128:
8126:
8120:
8114:
8111:
8110:
8107:
8104:
8098:
8085:
8084:
8083:
8080:
8079:
8077:
8076:
8075:
8072:
8071:
8069:
8067:
8063:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8029:
8027:
8025:
8021:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7994:
7990:
7987:
7986:
7985:
7984:British (BSL)
7982:
7978:
7975:
7974:
7973:
7970:
7969:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7957:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7933:
7931:
7927:
7916:
7913:
7910:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7902:
7898:
7892:
7889:
7888:
7885:
7882:
7876:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7846:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7834:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7815:
7813:
7809:
7803:
7802:Ngaatjatjarra
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7789:
7787:
7785:
7781:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7751:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7738:
7735:
7734:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7722:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7705:
7701:
7699:
7698:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7676:
7672:
7671:
7669:
7661:
7655:
7648:
7645:
7639:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7624:
7621:
7617:
7616:Sign language
7610:
7605:
7603:
7598:
7596:
7591:
7590:
7587:
7581:
7577:
7576:Sign language
7572:
7568:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7542:
7541:
7536:
7532:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7520:
7517:
7514:
7508:
7505:
7504:
7503:
7502:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7479:
7475:
7474:
7470:
7468:
7464:
7463:
7459:
7457:
7453:
7452:
7448:
7446:
7442:
7441:
7437:
7435:
7431:
7430:
7426:
7425:
7416:
7415:
7410:
7406:
7404:
7400:
7397:
7393:
7389:
7388:Fox, Margalit
7386:
7385:
7376:
7372:
7369:
7365:
7362:
7358:
7355:
7351:
7348:
7345:
7342:
7338:
7335:
7332:
7331:0-8058-0078-6
7328:
7324:
7323:0-8058-0046-8
7320:
7316:
7312:
7309:
7308:0-631-20497-0
7305:
7301:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7289:
7288:0-520-06083-0
7285:
7281:
7280:
7275:
7272:
7268:
7264:
7260:
7256:
7252:
7248:
7245:(3): 207â96.
7244:
7240:
7236:
7232:
7229:
7228:
7223:
7220:
7217:
7213:
7210:
7206:
7203:
7202:0-674-19423-3
7199:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7186:Padden, Carol
7184:
7181:
7177:
7174:
7170:
7166:
7162:
7160:
7156:
7152:
7148:
7145:
7144:0-394-50878-5
7141:
7137:
7133:
7130:
7129:0-674-19460-8
7126:
7122:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7085:
7081:
7078:
7074:
7071:
7068:
7064:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7031:
7030:0-674-27041-X
7027:
7023:
7019:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6999:1-55671-159-X
6996:
6992:
6988:
6984:
6980:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6960:
6957:
6953:
6950:
6949:0-8058-3246-7
6946:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6931:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6891:(2): 301â44.
6890:
6886:
6882:
6877:
6876:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6854:
6848:
6841:
6835:
6828:
6822:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6798:
6797:10.1038/nn775
6794:
6790:
6786:
6779:
6772:
6766:
6759:
6753:
6746:
6740:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6705:
6697:
6691:
6687:
6680:
6672:
6666:
6662:
6655:
6647:
6641:
6637:
6632:
6631:
6622:
6607:
6603:
6597:
6589:
6583:
6578:
6577:
6568:
6562:
6561:9780511665486
6558:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6540:
6533:
6527:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6484:
6477:
6471:
6464:
6458:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6424:
6420:
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6068:
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5948:
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5764:
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5755:
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5744:
5741:
5735:
5721:on 2009-04-17
5720:
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5438:
5434:
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5426:
5422:
5418:
5411:
5403:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5386:(2): 93â107.
5385:
5381:
5377:
5370:
5352:
5348:
5341:
5334:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5313:
5297:
5293:
5292:
5284:
5270:on 2019-07-07
5269:
5265:
5261:
5255:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5226:
5212:on 2020-09-06
5211:
5207:
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5189:
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5181:
5179:9781282574960
5175:
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4971:
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4703:
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4684:
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4673:
4664:
4649:
4645:
4639:
4633:
4630:, p. 499, at
4629:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4554:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4518:. De Gruyter.
4517:
4510:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4481:
4465:
4461:
4447:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4412:
4411:9780070792296
4408:
4404:
4398:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4348:
4344:
4343:Aronoff, Mark
4340:
4339:Padden, Carol
4333:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4310:(4): 865â96.
4309:
4305:
4298:
4296:
4288:
4282:
4280:
4271:
4267:
4264:(2): 119â47.
4263:
4259:
4252:
4243:
4234:
4226:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4211:
4203:
4195:
4191:
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4179:
4175:
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4159:
4151:
4147:
4140:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4105:
4103:
4094:
4090:
4087:(1): 73â102.
4086:
4082:
4078:
4071:
4065:
4064:9780122678509
4061:
4057:
4051:
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4038:
4036:
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4014:
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4006:
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3998:
3994:
3987:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3965:
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3954:
3946:
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3938:
3936:9781501511806
3932:
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3574:0-674-80795-2
3571:
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3483:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3466:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3434:on 2018-11-02
3433:
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3404:
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3374:
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3307:
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3075:
3071:
3068:
3063:
3055:
3049:
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3038:
3031:
3025:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3002:
2989:on 2021-04-13
2988:
2984:
2983:
2975:
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2957:
2956:
2948:
2940:
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2926:
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2898:
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2855:
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2809:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2799:
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2791:
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2784:
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2779:
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2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2693:Body language
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2673:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2640:Chimpanzees:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2586:
2576:
2573:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2549:
2539:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2354:Arnaud Balard
2346:
2337:
2335:
2334:second screen
2331:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2291:
2287:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2227:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2048:North America
2045:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1963:United States
1960:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1946:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1919:
1916:
1906:
1903:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1813:for his 1965
1812:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1795:Written forms
1792:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1752:
1749:while ASL is
1748:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1732:agglutinating
1729:
1728:morphological
1725:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1506:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:gave rise to
1432:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1069:in Cameroon.
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1040: No data
1027:
1017:
1008:
999:
990:
981:
971:
962:
953:
943:
933:
923:
914:(ASL) cluster
913:
904:
896:
892:
887:
877:
874:
869:
867:
863:
857:
855:
851:
846:
841:
839:
835:
829:
827:
822:
817:
815:
814:arbitrariness
811:
802:
799:
794:
790:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
750:
748:
745:content, and
744:
740:
736:
733:distinction,
732:
728:
722:
712:
710:
704:
702:
697:
695:
687:
670:
652:
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
627:
623:
606:
602:
599:
595:
587:
583:
579:
574:
565:
563:
562:
556:
554:
550:
547:
546:topic-comment
543:
539:
534:
532:
528:
524:
523:arbitrariness
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
452:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
379:
375:
371:
368:to found the
367:
363:
362:Laurent Clerc
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
330:
327:
323:
321:
320:of the Finger
318:
313:
312:Digiti Lingua
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
272:
270:
265:
257:
252:
248:
245:
240:
235:
233:
229:
206:
204:
199:
194:
191:
187:
186:
181:
172:
166:
161:
151:
149:
144:
142:
138:
134:
133:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
108:deaf cultures
105:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
85:body language
81:
79:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
49:
33:
28:
22:
12551:Deaf culture
12461:
12297:Cold reading
12290:Applications
12264:Neuroanatomy
11909:Paralanguage
11699:
11693:
11684:
11682:
11662:
11479:Films (list)
11396:Signed Dutch
11341:Contact sign
10786:Hawaii (USA)
10679:
10672:
10657:
10482:
10473:
10365:Swiss-German
10001:Saudi Arabia
9739:South Africa
9473:
9456:
9330:Somali (SSL)
9257:
9165:
9100:Providenciaâ
9079:Nesilextcl'n
9052:Oneida (OSL)
9014:Tickanwaâątic
9002:Schitsu'umsh
8984:NĆłmÄ
ÌkhĆłÌ·ki
8898:Paget Gorman
8819:
8814:
8807:
8799:
8763:Punjab-Sindh
8711:Polish (PJM)
8706:German (DGS)
8582:Mexican Sign
8561:Italian Sign
8465:Russian Sign
8428:French (LSF)
8401:Oneida (OSL)
8315:Quebec (LSQ)
8300:Oneida (OSL)
8217:
8213:French (LSF)
8066:Chinese Sign
8024:Swedish Sign
7748:
7719:
7702:
7695:
7673:
7615:
7564:
7548:
7537:
7488:
7487:
7471:
7460:
7449:
7438:
7427:
7412:
7391:
7374:
7367:
7360:
7353:
7340:
7314:
7299:
7277:
7242:
7238:
7225:
7215:
7208:
7193:
7179:
7164:
7150:
7135:
7120:
7102:
7098:
7083:
7076:
7066:
7055:
7051:
7040:
7021:
6982:
6975:
6967:
6963:
6955:
6940:
6926:
6922:pp. 39+
6888:
6884:
6873:Bibliography
6863:
6847:
6839:
6834:
6826:
6821:
6791:(1): 76â80.
6788:
6784:
6778:
6770:
6765:
6757:
6752:
6744:
6739:
6714:
6710:
6704:
6685:
6679:
6660:
6654:
6629:
6621:
6610:. Retrieved
6596:
6575:
6567:
6544:
6539:
6531:
6526:
6493:
6489:
6483:
6475:
6470:
6462:
6457:
6414:
6410:
6404:
6371:
6367:
6361:
6326:
6322:
6316:
6308:
6303:
6284:
6278:
6266:. Retrieved
6254:
6237:
6212:
6201:. Retrieved
6199:. 2020-09-04
6196:
6187:
6178:
6162:
6157:
6149:
6132:
6128:
6122:
6111:. Retrieved
6102:
6093:
6081:. Retrieved
6061:
6026:
6022:
6016:
5982:
5975:
5967:
5961:. Retrieved
5941:
5935:
5924:. Retrieved
5915:
5906:
5898:
5882:
5870:. Retrieved
5861:
5851:
5839:. Retrieved
5830:
5821:
5809:. Retrieved
5800:
5791:
5761:
5754:
5734:
5723:. Retrieved
5719:the original
5696:23 September
5694:. Retrieved
5682:
5669:
5658:. Retrieved
5644:
5636:
5631:
5602:
5590:. Retrieved
5576:
5565:. Retrieved
5524:
5520:
5510:
5501:
5495:
5486:
5468:
5424:
5420:
5410:
5383:
5379:
5369:
5358:. Retrieved
5346:
5333:
5326:the original
5317:
5312:
5300:. Retrieved
5290:
5283:
5272:. Retrieved
5268:the original
5263:
5254:
5243:. Retrieved
5234:
5225:
5214:. Retrieved
5210:the original
5205:
5196:
5169:
5163:
5155:
5139:
5114:
5108:
5102:
5083:
5077:
5061:
5048:
5039:
5033:
4998:
4994:
4984:
4957:
4951:
4943:
4938:
4928:
4917:creolization
4911:
4890:
4876:
4863:(spurious),
4702:
4691:. Retrieved
4682:
4672:
4663:
4652:. Retrieved
4638:
4632:Google Books
4627:
4621:
4617:
4612:
4601:. Retrieved
4592:
4583:
4572:. Retrieved
4563:
4553:
4542:. Retrieved
4533:
4530:"Cape Verde"
4524:
4515:
4509:
4498:. Retrieved
4489:
4480:
4468:. Retrieved
4450:. Retrieved
4435:
4430:, 10(1), 88.
4427:
4402:
4397:
4386:. Retrieved
4354:
4332:
4307:
4303:
4286:
4261:
4257:
4251:
4242:
4233:
4209:
4202:
4180:(3): 25â44.
4177:
4173:
4167:
4158:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4114:
4110:
4084:
4080:
4070:
4055:
4050:
4042:
4026:
4021:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3967:
3963:
3953:
3926:
3920:
3912:
3907:
3899:
3894:
3873:
3861:. Retrieved
3849:
3836:
3825:. Retrieved
3790:
3786:
3776:
3757:
3751:
3743:
3738:
3727:. Retrieved
3718:
3708:
3688:
3680:
3661:
3652:
3643:
3635:
3619:
3608:. Retrieved
3588:
3581:
3565:
3542:
3527:
3522:
3514:
3509:
3498:. Retrieved
3484:(1): 27â54.
3481:
3477:
3456:
3447:
3436:. Retrieved
3432:the original
3425:
3416:
3403:
3394:
3378:
3373:
3365:
3360:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3314:. Retrieved
3281:
3277:
3264:
3253:. Retrieved
3239:
3230:
3222:
3217:
3209:
3204:
3194:
3186:
3181:
3169:. Retrieved
3158:
3149:
3144:
3136:
3131:
3112:
3109:Nielsen, Kim
3103:
3062:
3043:
3037:
3029:
3024:
3001:
2991:, retrieved
2987:the original
2981:
2974:
2964:, retrieved
2954:
2947:
2904:
2900:
2890:
2880:
2868:. Retrieved
2854:
2802:
2718:Hearing loss
2675:
2646:Nim Chimpsky
2633:
2611:
2596:
2588:
2574:
2570:
2551:
2536:
2368:
2351:
2323:
2308:
2301:
2293:
2251:
2232:
2188:
2152:
2140:
2098:
2094:
2075:
2072:
2044:Great Plains
2037:
2006:
2003:
1952:
1940:
1936:
1933:Deaf culture
1912:
1898:
1814:
1801:
1798:
1785:
1781:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1740:
1736:inflectional
1724:Edward Sapir
1721:
1702:creolization
1674:
1656:
1618:
1555:Prototype-R
1538:Prototype-A
1500:
1456:Saudi Arabia
1127:contact sign
1120:
1100:speech-taboo
1097:
1083:
1077:the extinct
1071:
1058:creolization
1047:
1044:
894:
870:
865:
858:
842:
830:
818:
808:
795:
791:
787:
778:
774:
766:
762:
754:
751:
724:
705:
698:
691:
685:
668:
649:South Africa
646:
631:
603:
591:
560:
557:
535:
527:productivity
510:
502:
486:
474:
456:
447:onomatopoeic
440:
421:
407:
403:
399:
382:
354:
338:Polygar Wars
335:
331:
324:
319:
316:
288:
279:
273:
261:
255:
236:
230:in 1527 and
224:
195:
183:
177:
145:
140:
130:
128:
101:
87:, a type of
82:
75:
58:
54:
53:
47:
12276:Limbic lobe
12041:Unconscious
12024:Missed call
11994:Social norm
11969:Conventions
11859:Eye contact
11621:Open Outcry
11545:Abbé Sicard
11530:Roger Fouts
11361:Signed Oral
11300:SignWriting
11148:Orientation
11118:Linguistics
11099:Pitha Pitha
10794:New Zealand
10730:Manjiljarra
10601:El Salvador
10361:Switzerland
10271:Netherlands
10111:Azerbaijani
10053:Old Bangkok
9993:Philippines
9681:Ivory Coast
9475:Sandy River
9213:Cuban (LSC)
9102:Cayman Sign
8951:Hinono'eino
8942:Coahuilteco
8927:Anishinaabe
8888:Old Bangkok
8809:Old Kentish
8738:Beluchistan
8698:German Sign
8679:Ho Chi Minh
8603:Old Belgian
8547:Dutch (NGT)
8286:Costa Rican
8179:Irish (ISL)
8123:Paraguayan-
7914:Palestinian
7797:Manjiljarra
7792:Kartutjarra
7727:Rdaka rdaka
7721:Pitha Pitha
7559:âč The
7058:(1): 24â31.
6344:2433/213162
6218:Adam Kendon
5841:14 November
5639:11:253â272.
5264:sid.usal.es
3970:(1): 1â30.
3659:A. (1989).
3245:"Session 9"
2723:Gang signal
2622:chimpanzees
2602:Primate use
2358:vexillology
1875:Sam Supalla
1847:SignWriting
1788:wh-question
1772:Acquisition
1632:LSF-derived
1611:JSL-derived
1592:DGS-derived
1573:BSL-derived
821:Roger Brown
798:turn taking
749:functions.
737:structure,
735:grammatical
701:Classifiers
628:regulations
519:semanticity
479:orientation
424:linguistics
418:Linguistics
388:Deaflympics
350:Oomaithurai
336:During the
315:(Latin for
264:John Bulwer
12525:Categories
12409:Aggressive
12379:Paul Ekman
12362:Key people
12326:Technology
12312:Poker tell
12157:Social cue
11964:Chronemics
11914:Intonation
11758:Modalities
11646:Protactile
11285:ASL-phabet
11269:Portuguese
11171:Sign names
11156:Expression
11084:Old French
11069:Kalkutungu
11038:Name signs
11028:Literature
10965:Venezuelan
10939:Inmaculada
10931:Paraguayan
10923:Ecuadorian
10777:Yir Yoront
10628:Protactile
10605:Salvadoran
10597:Panamanian
10584:Nicaraguan
10561:Albarradas
10532:Guatemalan
10489:Costa Rica
10484:Old Cayman
10437:Protactile
10315:Portuguese
10283:Macedonian
10259:Lithuanian
10107:Azerbaijan
10076:Vietnamese
10033:Tajikistan
10021:Sri Lankan
9920:Kazakhstan
9890:Kafr Qasem
9841:Indonesian
9543:Mofu-Gudur
9481:Salvadoran
9458:Rennellese
9445:Inmaculada
9400:Mozambican
9350:Macedonian
9320:Kata Kolok
9310:Kafr Qasim
9269:Creole HSL
9020:Tsuu T'ina
8981:NiitsĂtapi
8975:Ni Mii Puu
8966:Maagiadawa
8930:ApsĂĄalooke
8856:Trascorral
8540:Dutch Sign
8343:Yogyakarta
8303:Panamanian
8261:Protactile
8219:Old French
8196:Lithuanian
8152:Francosign
7769:Yir Yoront
7756:Warramunga
7704:Kalkutungu
7660:Aboriginal
7658:Australian
7192:. (1988).
7073:Kegl, Judy
7063:Kegl, Judy
7048:Kegl, Judy
6612:2008-02-21
6268:2016-07-05
6203:2024-06-30
6156:. (2007).
6113:2021-08-23
6029:(5): 1â15.
5963:2016-02-28
5926:2016-02-28
5775:1801.10111
5725:2008-01-30
5660:2008-01-30
5567:2018-12-20
5360:2011-12-14
5302:4 February
5274:2019-07-07
5245:2019-07-07
5216:2019-07-07
4869:Nicaraguan
4865:Venezuelan
4845:Rennellese
4813:Salvadoran
4795:These are
4723:These are
4709:Ethnologue
4693:2008-09-19
4654:2021-08-23
4603:2024-05-13
4574:2024-05-13
4544:2024-05-13
4500:2024-05-13
4470:2008-09-19
4452:2011-06-01
4388:2016-11-05
4224:0898593670
3945:1012688117
3863:4 November
3827:2022-09-26
3729:2021-08-13
3610:2021-04-15
3564:. (1979).
3500:2021-04-15
3438:2019-03-26
3316:2021-04-15
3255:2010-09-28
3171:2021-10-17
3017:Ethnologue
2993:2021-01-13
2966:2021-05-15
2833:References
2654:Gorillas:
2630:orangutans
2620:, such as
2371:endangered
2258:videophone
2254:video link
2243:videophone
2221:Technology
2207:television
2046:region of
1977:Kata Kolok
1922:In society
1915:perception
1871:ASL-phabet
1865:ideographs
1861:logographs
1776:See also:
1716:See also:
1503:Ethnologue
1487:Kata Kolok
1460:sprachbund
1067:Mofu-Gudur
884:See also:
873:metaphoric
739:adjectival
709:morphology
636:(BSL) and
542:inflection
495:expression
355:Frenchman
278:published
256:Chirologia
241:published
141:Ethnologue
132:Ethnologue
12414:Assertive
12222:Fragile X
12207:Aprosodia
12200:Disorders
12147:Semiotics
12075:Deception
11881:Proxemics
11871:Olfaction
11854:Oculesics
11839:Imitation
11702:indicate
11363:Languages
11264:Ukrainian
11224:Hungarian
11209:Esperanto
11140:Handshape
11109:Warluwara
11049:languages
11033:Profanity
10996:Signalong
10961:Venezuela
10957:Uruguayan
10910:Colombian
10864:Argentina
10735:Warlmanpa
10696:Australia
10634:Blackfeet
10623:Black ASL
10580:Nicaragua
10528:Guatemala
10520:Greenland
10443:Blackfoot
10432:Black ASL
10400:North and
10391:Ukrainian
10349:Valencian
10331:Slovenian
10299:Norwegian
10255:Lithuania
10219:Icelandic
10211:Hungarian
10058:Chiangmai
10029:Taiwanese
10017:Sri Lanka
10013:Singapore
10009:Singapore
9966:Mongolian
9940:Malaysian
9837:Indonesia
9806:Hong Kong
9794:Cambodian
9751:Tanzanian
9627:By region
9183:Bhutanese
8978:NiimĂipuu
8960:Karankawa
8883:Hai Phong
8878:Chiangmai
8669:Hai Phong
8661:Viet-Thai
8523:Slovenian
8492:Mongolian
8458:Hungarian
8394:Hand Talk
8361:Ethiopian
8289:Dominican
8283:Cambodian
8078:Shanghai
7908:Jordanian
7901:Levantine
7880:Levantine
7765:Yan-nhaĆu
7750:Warluwara
7744:Warlmanpa
7710:Miriwoong
7239:Cognition
6970:: 309â31.
6731:146288708
6427:CiteSeerX
6368:Cognition
6255:ISO 639-3
6243:ISO 639-3
6230:iconicity
6135:(1): 61.
5831:Cinepedia
5421:Cognition
5188:643124997
5131:145429638
5025:145616039
4829:Brazilian
4809:Ecuadoran
4378:779907637
4324:117619041
3817:244246983
3809:2522-7130
3694:"Chereme"
3306:144243540
3199:speaking.
2921:1065-9471
2811:Sign name
2807:(journal)
2592:home sign
2585:Home sign
2579:Home sign
2555:morphemes
2211:subtitles
2195:broadcast
2081:, 2007).
2079:NZ Herald
2056:languages
2033:Warlmanpa
2017:Warumungu
1943:Black ASL
1879:homograph
1653:-derived
1531:Auxiliary
1528:language
1526:Auxiliary
1518:language
1400:Bulgarian
1050:home sign
850:construal
810:Iconicity
805:Iconicity
771:Mouthings
747:discourse
743:adverbial
471:handshape
451:iconicity
432:recursion
274:In 1680,
237:In 1620,
234:in 1541.
97:baby sign
93:home sign
63:languages
12546:Deafness
12244:Dyssemia
12090:Intimacy
12010:Emoticon
11919:Loudness
11849:Laughter
11785:Kinesics
11776:Blushing
11769:Physical
11351:Mouthing
11327:Language
11310:ASLwrite
11234:Japanese
11189:American
11161:Mouthing
11152:Movement
11144:Location
11089:Old Kent
11055:Chilmark
10991:Monastic
10944:Peruvian
10927:Paraguay
10915:Provisle
10906:Colombia
10876:Bolivian
10836:Sinasina
10680:Henniker
10640:Cheyenne
10592:Chiriqui
10553:Honduran
10549:Honduras
10419:Belizean
10327:Slovenia
10311:Portugal
10177:Ghardaia
10161:Estonian
10140:Croatian
10103:Austrian
10095:Armenian
10049:Thailand
9997:Filipino
9989:Nepalese
9974:Ghandruk
9962:Mongolia
9958:Maldives
9954:Maldives
9950:Selangor
9936:Malaysia
9908:Miyakubo
9898:Japanese
9880:Ghardaia
9790:Cambodia
9747:Tanzania
9660:Cameroon
9656:Ghardaia
9651:Algerian
9486:Sinasina
9259:Henniker
9238:Ghandruk
9178:Belizean
9161:Armenian
9124:Isolates
9071:Kalispel
9068:A'aninin
9026:Wazhazhe
9023:Umatilla
9005:Shiwinna
8996:Piipaash
8945:Dane-zaa
8939:Cheyenne
8844:Yucatec
8815:Chilmark
8749:Calcutta
8633:Malagasy
8477:Georgian
8381:Nigerian
8378:Moroccan
8367:Ghanaian
8292:Jamaican
8278:Mandalay
8267:Bolivian
8237:American
7929:Possible
7911:Lebanese
7849:Egyptian
7715:Mudburra
7681:Djingili
7643:families
7641:Language
7561:template
7519:Archived
7445:ASLized!
7276:(1989).
7267:39292094
7188:; &
7155:Archived
7105:: 1â20.
7093:(1940).
7052:Signpost
7003:Archived
6935:; &
6915:22223926
6885:Language
6866:Benjamin
6856:Archived
6805:11753419
6717:: 5â32.
6606:Archived
6396:39292094
6353:28751730
6323:Primates
6259:Archived
6167:Archived
6107:Archived
6083:16 April
6077:Archived
6002:citation
5991:archived
5957:Archived
5920:Archived
5891:Archived
5872:17 April
5866:Archived
5862:Deaf Art
5835:Archived
5805:Archived
5780:Archived
5743:Archived
5687:Archived
5654:Archived
5620:Archived
5586:Archived
5561:Archived
5549:18663641
5451:18834975
5351:Archived
5322:Archived
5320:, 2015.
5296:Archived
5239:Archived
5154:. 1965.
5066:Archived
4857:Peruvian
4735:, Hindu
4687:Archived
4648:Archived
4597:Archived
4568:Archived
4538:Archived
4494:Archived
4464:Archived
4457:and sfs
4446:Archived
4382:Archived
4345:(2010).
4304:Language
4152:(1): 11.
4111:Language
4013:13572435
3884:Archived
3854:Archived
3821:Archived
3723:Archived
3697:Archived
3628:Archived
3604:Archived
3560:; &
3534:Archived
3494:Archived
3388:27245872
3352:14424535
3310:Archived
3298:26204860
3249:Archived
3165:Archived
3111:(2012).
3093:Archived
3082:Archived
3070:Archived
3009:Archived
2960:archived
2939:33118302
2870:10 March
2864:Archived
2728:Gestures
2681:See also
2634:language
2626:gorillas
2614:primates
2414:(FinSSL)
2239:AT&T
2064:Cheyenne
2029:Arrernte
2025:Kaytetye
2013:Warlpiri
1851:mouthing
1819:phonemic
1712:Typology
1473:include
1471:isolates
1396:Romanian
1241:and the
834:Japanese
642:Japanese
626:COVID-19
507:phonemes
499:cheremes
491:movement
483:location
475:handform
467:features
459:semantic
449:. While
317:Language
232:Coronado
190:Socrates
188:, where
185:Cratylus
12498:Subtext
12419:Passive
12388:Related
11979:Habitus
11924:Prosody
11876:Posture
11817:Gesture
11700:Italics
11651:Tic-tac
11493:Persons
11329:contact
11278:Writing
11259:Spanish
11249:Russian
11204:Chilean
11199:Catalan
11064:Jaralde
11047:Extinct
11018:Grammar
10986:Makaton
10953:Uruguay
10919:Ecuador
10902:Chilean
10894:Ka'apor
10872:Bolivia
10690:Oceania
10576:Mexican
10566:Chatino
10545:Haitian
10474:Plateau
10404:America
10402:Central
10387:Ukraine
10383:Turkish
10357:Swedish
10344:Spanish
10339:Catalan
10323:Russian
10267:Russian
10263:Moldova
10251:Latvian
10235:Italian
10223:Ireland
10215:Iceland
10207:Hungary
10191:Germany
10169:Finnish
10165:Finland
10157:Estonia
10144:Denmark
10136:Croatia
10132:British
10119:Flemish
10115:Belgium
10099:Austria
10091:Armenia
10072:Vietnam
10037:Russian
9979:Jhankot
9932:Laotian
9885:Israeli
9867:Kurdish
9854:Persian
9823:Bengali
9802:Chinese
9786:Bengali
9767:Zambian
9759:Ugandan
9723:Senegal
9710:Nigeria
9677:Nanabin
9647:Algeria
9559:Zambian
9435:Persian
9341:Kisindo
9300:Ka'apor
9290:Jhankot
9208:Chatino
9061:Plateau
9043:Mixed,
9035:Wyandot
9029:Wichita
9017:ThĂĄumgĂĄ
8999:PpĂĄâżkka
8987:NÊmÊnÊÊ
8963:Liksiyu
8954:HiraacĂĄ
8933:Arikara
8800:Kentish
8742:Bengali
8652:TeknmĂĄl
8552:Gambian
8520:Serbian
8517:Kosovar
8456:Austro-
8426:Mixed,
8409:Mixed,
8392:Mixed,
8370:Guinean
8364:Chadian
8340:Jakarta
8271:Burmese
8239:(ASLic)
7936:Emirati
7854:Kuwaiti
7697:Jaralde
7563:below (
7390:(2007)
7259:4017517
7036:141â43.
6906:3250214
6813:2745545
6510:4080283
6449:5793972
6419:Bibcode
6411:Science
6388:4017517
5592:7 March
5557:1745792
5442:2639215
5402:1945741
4861:Tijuana
4833:Spanish
4817:Gestuno
4564:PĂBLICO
4215:881â938
4194:3823113
3531:website
2930:7814757
2885:267â80.
2708:Chereme
2698:Braille
2660:Michael
2396:(AdaSL)
2268:. The
2137:in 2017
2068:Arapaho
2042:in the
1863:and/or
1596:1 or 2
1521:Primary
1516:Primary
1315:(NGT),
934:cluster
930: â
924:cluster
920: â
910: â
779:battery
763:not yet
731:lexical
727:prosody
586:SmĂchov
400:Gestuno
154:History
12472:Tadoma
12217:Autism
12172:Unsaid
12137:Nunchi
12014:Smiley
11934:Stress
11929:Rhythm
11899:Affect
11891:Speech
11615:Loulis
11611:Washoe
11445:Others
11244:Polish
11239:Korean
11219:German
11214:French
11059:Diyari
11023:Idioms
10880:Brazil
10849:Samoan
10811:Kailge
10755:Umpila
10700:Auslan
10663:Navajo
10647:Oneida
10643:Ojibwa
10588:Panama
10557:Mexico
10498:Brunca
10493:Bribri
10479:Cayman
10463:Quebec
10453:Oneida
10449:Ojibwa
10423:Canada
10415:Belize
10378:Mardin
10369:Turkey
10353:Sweden
10319:Russia
10307:Polish
10303:Poland
10295:Norway
10247:Latvia
10239:Kosovo
10199:Greece
10195:German
10182:French
10173:France
10148:Danish
10085:Europe
10025:Taiwan
9945:Penang
9916:Korean
9903:Koniya
9871:Israel
9818:Alipur
9782:Bengal
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