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439:"Research with adults initially indicated that joy was indexed by generic smiling, any smiling involving the raising of the lip corners by the zygomatic major .... More recent research suggests that smiling in which the muscle around the eye contracts, raising the cheeks high (Duchenne smiling), is uniquely associated with positive emotion."
226:
450:, whose flight attendants would always flash every passenger the same perfunctory smile. Botox was introduced for cosmetic use in 2002. Chronic use of Botox injections to deal with eye wrinkles can result in paralysis of the small muscles around the eyes, preventing the appearance of a Duchenne smile.
205:
Systematic large cross-cultural study on social perception of smiling individuals documented that in some cultures a smiling individual may be perceived as less intelligent than the same non-smiling individual (and that cultural uncertainty avoidance may explain these differences). Furthermore, the
390:
and how they form in cheeks varies from person to person. The shape of a person's face can affect the look and form as well: leptoprosopic (long and narrow) faces have long and narrow dimples, and eryprosopic (short and broad) faces have short, circular dimples. People with a mesoprosopic face are
378:
muscle, whose fascial strands insert into the dermis and cause a dermal tethering effect. Dimples are genetically inherited and are a dominant trait. Having bilateral dimples (dimples in both cheeks) is the most common form of cheek dimples. A rarer form is the single dimple, which occurs on one
110:
Primatologist Signe
Preuschoft traces the smile back over 30 million years of evolution to a "fear grin" stemming from monkeys and apes, who often used barely clenched teeth to portray to predators that they were harmless or to signal submission to more dominant group members. The smile may have
154:. However, recent research indicates a man's smile may or may not be most effective in attracting heterosexual women, and that facial expressions such as pride or even shame might be more effective. The researchers did not explicitly study the role of smiles in other sexual preferences.
283:
102:. Although cross-cultural studies have shown that smiling is a means of communication throughout the world, there are large differences among different cultures, religions, and societies, with some using smiles to convey confusion, embarrassment or awkwardness.
149:
Smiling is a signaling system that evolved from a need to communicate information in many different forms. One of these is an advertisement of sexual interest. Female smiles are appealing to heterosexual males, increasing physical attractiveness and enhancing
198:, people may smile when they are embarrassed or in emotional pain. Some people may smile at others to indicate a friendly greeting. A smile may be reserved for close friends and family members. Many people in the
386:. As it travels anteriorly, it then divides with a superior bundle that inserts in the typical position above the corner of the mouth. An inferior bundle inserts below the corner of the mouth. Dimples are
206:
same study showed that corruption at the societal level may undermine the prosocial perception of smiling—in societies with high corruption indicators, trust toward smiling individuals is reduced.
855:
Krys, Kuba; -Melanie
Vauclair, C.; Capaldi, Colin A.; Lun, Vivian Miu-Chi; Bond, Michael Harris; DomĂnguez-Espinosa, Alejandra; Torres, Claudio; Lipp, Ottmar V.; Manickam, L. Sam S. (June 2016).
277:
commented: "An affectation which artists, art-lovers and persons of taste have been united in condemning, and which finds no precedent among the
Ancients, is that in smiling, shows her teeth."
446:
smile", is the name given to a fake smile, in which only the zygomatic major muscle is voluntarily contracted to show politeness. It is named after the now-defunct airline
715:
427:
around the eyes). The
Duchenne smile has been described as "smizing", as in "smiling with the eyes". An exaggerated Duchenne smile is sometimes associated with lying.
1019:
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233:
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913:
213:, a member of the Canadian Parliament told a female journalist to smile rather than answer the question she had asked. Biological anthropologist
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342:
rarely depicted people smiling, in accordance with the cultural conventions of
Victorian and Edwardian society. In contrast, the photograph
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that perceive smiling as a negative expression and consider it unwelcoming. Too much smiling can be viewed as a sign of shallowness or
1020:
https://www.library.wales/discover-learn/digital-exhibitions/photographs/early-swansea-photography/welsh-pioneers/%7Ctitle=Swansea
316:
titled "No
Lessons Today" (1863), depicting a child's feelings when school holidays begin. Carroll later sent the photograph to
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demonstrate an open mouth display as a sign of playfulness, which likely has similar roots and purposes as the human smile.
209:
There can also be gender differences. In the United States and Canada, women report men telling them to smile. For example,
1327:
Messinger, D. S.; Fogel, A.; Dickson, K. (2001). "All smiles are positive, but some smiles are more positive than others".
1155:
Chalathadka, Mahabaleshwara; Shankar, K Kiruba; Lakshmi, G Vijaya; Nithin, VM; Kulkarni, Sneha; Firdousbano, Mulla (2019).
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area consider smiling at strangers in public to be unusual and even suspicious behavior, or even a sign of stupidity.
1545:
1507:
Ekman, P.; Davidson, R.J.; Friesen, W.V. (1990). "The
Duchenne smile: Emotional expression and brain psysiology II".
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states that, while this could be either caring or controlling behavior, such behavior is unlikely to be welcome.
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857:"Be Careful Where You Smile: Culture Shapes Judgments of Intelligence and Honesty of Smiling Individuals"
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Smiling is sometimes a pre-laughing device and is a common pattern for paving the way to laughter;
24:
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163:
20:
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490:. However, not all animal displays of teeth convey negative acts or emotions. For example,
415:
identified two distinct types of smiles. A Duchenne smile involves contraction of both the
238:
573:"Understanding chimpanzee facial expression: Insights into the evolution of communication"
8:
1313:. New York: Cambridge University Press. Translated by R. Andrew. Originally published as
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boy, William Mansel (1838-1866) titled 'Willy', smiling at something off camera. Taken
435:
A non-Duchenne smile involves only the zygomatic major muscle. According to
Messenger
162:
The influence of smiling on others is not necessarily benign. It may take the form of
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1265:
How to Design a Life Worth
Smiling About: Developing Success in Business and in Life
1157:"Evaluation of Prevalence and Morphology of Dimple among Population of Sullia Taluk"
1098:"Anatomical basis of dimple creation - A new technique: Our experience of 100 cases"
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Gladstone, G. (2002). "When you're smiling, does the whole world smile for you?".
1471:
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491:
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Conscious or unconscious facial muscular movement conveying happiness or pleasure
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716:"Happy Guys Finish Last: The Impact of Emotion Expressions on Sexual Attraction"
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This bifid variation of the muscle originates as a single structure from the
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1407:"FDA approves Botox Cosmetic to improve the appearance of crow's feet lines"
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30:
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In the late 19th century and early 20th century, photographs taken in the
99:
75:
1494:
The anthropology of language: An introduction to linguistic anthropology.
1223:"New Landmarks for the Surgical Creation of Dimples Based on Facial Form"
1053:
79:
767:
Who's
Pulling Your Strings ? How to Break The Cycle of Manipulation
138:
have different functions in the order of sequence in social situations:
66:. Some smiles include a contraction of the muscles at the corner of the
1436:
Preuschoft, Signe (1992). "'Laughter' and 'Smile' in Barbary Macaques (
519:
479:
408:
391:
more likely to have dimples in their cheeks than any other face shape.
191:
151:
94:. It is distinct from a similar but usually involuntary expression of
42:
736:
687:
Haakana, M. (2010). "Laughter and smiling: Notes on co-occurrences".
359:
91:
83:
35:
241:. Humor has been noted as a source of inspiration for many notable
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135:
1221:
Almaary, Hayaat F.; Scott, Cynthia; Karthik, Ramakrishnan (2018).
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of facial expressions in the mid-19th century, French neurologist
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183:
171:
95:
19:
This article is about the facial expression. For other uses, see
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403:
A Duchenne smile engages the muscles around the mouth and eyes.
399:
371:
59:
509:
475:
443:
71:
63:
835:"There are 19 types of smile but only six are for happiness"
111:
evolved differently among species, especially among humans.
487:
195:
969:"Need a Good Laugh? Check Out Some 17th-Century Dutch Art"
839:
470:
In other animals, the baring of teeth is often used as a
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painted herself smiling. When it was exhibited at the
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1506:
157:
1220:
997:
The Great Nation: France from Louis XIV to Napoleon
234:
Smiling Girl, a Courtesan, Holding an Obscene Image
1533:Cited in: Russell and Fernandez-Dols, eds. (1997).
1227:The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology
1033:"The first smile and photobomb ever photographed"
628:"Why do we smile and laugh when we're terrified?"
323:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
300:, it is the earliest known photograph of a smile.
1565:
419:(which raises the corners of the mouth) and the
145:Smiling can be used as a response to laughter.
70:, an action known as a Duchenne smile. Among
625:
1509:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1079:"Why people never smiled in old photographs"
270:
1559:BBC News: Scanner shows unborn babies smile
1096:Lari, A. R.; Panse, Nikhil (January 2012).
789:
577:Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
1435:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1161:Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery
1022:in the nineteenth century, Welsh Pioneers.
714:Tracy, Jessica L.; Beall, Alec T. (2011).
713:
570:
105:
1536:Russell and Fernandez-Dols, eds. (1997).
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1238:
1190:
1172:
1131:
1113:
1095:
944:"Why you shouldn't tell a woman to smile"
888:
651:
596:
182:While smiling is perceived as a positive
1311:The Mechanism of Human Facial Expression
1293:"How facial software can identify liars"
1045:
626:Inglis-Arkell, Esther (7 October 2013).
457:
398:
358:
41:
29:
1470:
1404:
1376:"The smile that says where you're from"
1268:. McGraw Hill Professional. p. 8.
1207:
1076:
832:
764:
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442:The "Pan Am smile", also known as the "
177:
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999:. London: Penguin Books. p. 364.
966:
758:
1429:
1405:Fischer, Andrea (11 September 2013).
1367:
1261:
1049:Lewis Carroll: The Man and his Circle
994:
911:
544:
430:
259:Self-portrait with her daughter Julie
134:. In the social context, smiling and
549:. New York: Appleton-Century-Croft.
320:for possible use in his publication
1538:The Psychology of Facial Expression
1315:Mecanisme de la Physionomie Humaine
941:
571:Parr, L. A.; Waller, B. M. (2006).
423:(which raises the cheeks and forms
13:
1464:
1454:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1992.tb00864.x
1374:Harlow, John (February 20, 2005).
14:
1605:
1552:
1102:Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery
967:Siegal, Nina (October 21, 2017).
914:"Why Do Men Need Women To Smile?"
407:While conducting research on the
394:
186:most of the time, there are many
158:As reinforcement and manipulation
114:
1077:Edwards, Phil (7 October 2016).
833:Gorvett, Zaria (10 April 2017).
666:10.1046/j.1440-1665.2002.00423.x
453:
374:are formed secondary to a bifid
331:
305:
282:
250:
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58:formed primarily by flexing the
1496:Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworh.
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912:Laing, Sarah (July 25, 2018).
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346:depicts a smiling Chinese man.
1:
861:Journal of Nonverbal Behavior
531:
294:
38:, who is known for her smile.
1309:Duchenne, Guillaume (1990).
1262:Davis, Darryl (2014-05-30).
769:. McGraw Hill Professional.
765:Braiker, Harriet B. (2004).
701:10.1016/j.pragma.2010.01.010
166:, possibly for an underhand
7:
505:Facial Action Coding System
497:
486:, it can also be a sign of
10:
1610:
1521:10.1037/0022-3514.58.2.342
1492:Ottenheimer, H.J. (2006).
1353:10.1037/0012-1649.37.5.642
942:May, Ashley (March 2017).
792:"Non Verbal Communication"
545:Izard, Carroll E. (1971).
448:Pan American World Airways
354:
126:upon others and makes one
122:seems to have a favorable
18:
1046:Wakeling, Edward (2014).
873:10.1007/s10919-015-0226-4
813:"Nonverbal Communication"
472:threat or warning display
269:, the court gossip-sheet
1476:"What's behind a smile?"
1330:Developmental Psychology
1281:(Subscription required.)
1174:10.4103/JCAS.JCAS_109_19
462:Chimpanzee "smiling" at
421:orbicularis oculi muscle
1115:10.4103/0970-0358.96593
654:Australasian Psychiatry
379:side of the face only.
263:Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun
106:Evolutionary background
25:Smiles (disambiguation)
467:
417:zygomatic major muscle
404:
368:
271:
164:positive reinforcement
47:
39:
21:Smile (disambiguation)
995:Jones, Colin (2003).
689:Journal of Pragmatics
461:
402:
362:
45:
33:
1481:Smithsonian Magazine
1035:. 18 September 2015.
312:Photograph taken by
239:Gerard van Honthorst
178:Cultural differences
74:, a smile expresses
62:at the sides of the
589:10.1093/scan/nsl031
547:The Face of Emotion
200:former Soviet Union
194:. In some parts of
1574:Facial expressions
974:The New York Times
468:
431:Non-Duchenne smile
413:Guillaume Duchenne
405:
369:
344:Eating Rice, China
48:
40:
790:Charles Tidwell.
776:978-0-07-144672-3
556:978-0-390-47831-3
376:zygomaticus major
363:A man with cheek
56:facial expression
1601:
1594:Social influence
1532:
1489:
1472:Conniff, Richard
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1433:
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1413:. Archived from
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1382:. Archived from
1380:The Sunday Times
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747:. Archived from
737:10.1037/a0022902
731:(6): 1379–1387.
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695:(6): 1499–1512.
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492:Barbary macaques
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289:A photograph of
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273:MĂ©moires secrets
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243:Dutch Golden Age
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46:A smiling child.
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1465:Further reading
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