79:
64:
1897:
993:
230:
1475:
48:
815:
660:
834:, the form of something (though not necessarily its meaning) moves from one culture to another. For example, Western restaurant chains and culinary brands sparked curiosity and fascination to the Chinese as China opened its economy to international trade in the late 20th-century. "Stimulus diffusion" (the sharing of ideas) refers to an element of one culture leading to an invention or propagation in another. "Direct borrowing", on the other hand, tends to refer to technological or tangible diffusion from one culture to another.
1199:
1979:
1302:. Non-material culture refers to the non-physical ideas that individuals have about their culture, including values, belief systems, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions, while material culture is the physical evidence of a culture in the objects and architecture they make or have made. The term tends to be relevant only in archeological and anthropological studies, but it specifically means all material evidence which can be attributed to culture, past or present.
874:
6517:
1398:, wherein researchers pioneered ethnographic strategies for describing and analyzing a variety of cultures around the world. Part of the legacy of the early development of the field lingers in the methods (much of cultural, sociological research is qualitative), in the theories (a variety of critical approaches to sociology are central to current research communities), and in the substantive focus of the field. For instance, relationships between
1789:, who defines culture as the sum of resources available to human beings for making sense of their world and proposes a two-tiered approach, combining the study of texts (all reified meanings in circulation) and cultural practices (all repeatable actions that involve the production, dissemination or transmission of purposes), thus making it possible to re-link anthropological and sociological study of culture with the tradition of textual theory.
1965:
5252:
1812:
1272:
608:, it is "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." Alternatively, in a contemporary variant, "Culture is defined as a social domain that emphasizes the practices, discourses and material expressions, which, over time, express the continuities and discontinuities of social meaning of a life held in common.
1091:
6541:
921:
1949:, President of Blue Shield International, the destruction of cultural assets is also part of psychological warfare. The target of the attack is the identity of the opponent, which is why symbolic cultural assets become a main target. It is also intended to affect the particularly sensitive cultural memory, the growing cultural diversity and the economic basis (such as tourism) of a state, region or municipality.
6529:
1363:
749:
1850:, and answer whether the human mind is independent from culture. For example, people from collectivistic cultures, such as the Japanese, suppress their positive emotions more than their American counterparts. Culture may affect the way that people experience and express emotions. On the other hand, some researchers try to look for differences between people's
1832:
1351:. As a result, there has been a recent influx of quantitative sociologists to the field. Thus, there is now a growing group of sociologists of culture who are, confusingly, not cultural sociologists. These scholars reject the abstracted postmodern aspects of cultural sociology, and instead, look for a theoretical backing in the more scientific vein of
1138:. Just as some critics have argued that the distinction between high and low cultures is an expression of the conflict between European elites and non-elites, other critics have argued that the distinction between civilized and uncivilized people is an expression of the conflict between European colonial powers and their colonial subjects.
252:, and other foragers of the Central African forests, in the 1200s, which is at least 200 years before polyphony developed in Europe. Note the multiple lines of singers and dancers. The motifs are independent, with theme and variation interweaving. This type of music is thought to be the first expression of polyphony in world music.
961:). According to this school of thought, each ethnic group has a distinct worldview that is incommensurable with the worldviews of other groups. Although more inclusive than earlier views, this approach to culture still allowed for distinctions between "civilized" and "primitive" or "tribal" cultures.
4604:
Coye, N. dir. (2011), Lascaux et la conservation en milieu souterrain: actes du symposium international (Paris, 26-27 fév. 2009) = Lascaux and
Preservation Issues in Subterranean Environments: Proceedings of the International Symposium (Paris, February 26 and 27), Éditions de la Maison des sciences
1586:
thought of as culture unless referring to the medium of television itself, which may have been selected culturally; however, schoolchildren watching television after school with their friends to "fit in" certainly qualifies since there is no grounded reason for one's participation in this practice.
1121:
who were being conquered by
Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a state of nature; this opposition was expressed through the contrast between "civilized" and "uncivilized." According to this way of thinking, one could classify some countries and nations as more civilized than others
829:
Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce—or inhibit—social shifts and changes in cultural practices. War or competition over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics. Additionally, cultural ideas may transfer from one society to
767:
has come to mean any innovation that is new and found to be useful to a group of people and expressed in their behavior but which does not exist as a physical object. Humanity is in a global "accelerating culture change period," driven by the expansion of international commerce, the mass media, and
1944:
and UNESCO promote cultural preservation and cultural diversity through declarations and legally-binding conventions or treaties. The aim is not to protect a person's property, but rather to preserve the cultural heritage of humanity, especially in the event of war and armed conflict. According to
1585:
or eating out) in a given culture. It also studies the meanings and uses people attribute to various objects and practices. Specifically, culture involves those meanings and practices held independently of reason. Watching television to view a public perspective on a historical event should not be
4028:
McCrae, Robert R.; Costa, Paul T.; de Lima, Margarida
Pedroso; Simões, António; Ostendorf, Fritz; Angleitner, Alois; Marušić, Iris; Bratko, Denis; Caprara, Gian Vittorio; Barbaranelli, Claudio; Chae, Joon-Ho; Piedmont, Ralph L. (1999). "Age differences in personality across the adult life span:
1734:
cultural studies and later
American developments of the field, distance themselves from this view. They criticize the Marxist assumption of a single, dominant meaning, shared by all, for any cultural product. The non-Marxist approaches suggest that different ways of consuming cultural artifacts
621:
posits that culture is a series of activities and worldviews that provide humans with the basis for perceiving themselves as "person of worth within the world of meaning"—raising themselves above the merely physical aspects of existence, in order to deny the animal insignificance and death that
1883:
of young adults in
American society. According to Robert Epstein and Jennifer, "American-style teen turmoil is absent in more than 100 cultures around the world, suggesting that such mayhem is not biologically inevitable. Second, the brain itself changes in response to experiences, raising the
1874:
are trained with distinctive reasoning style. Cultural lenses may also make people view the same outcome of events differently. Westerners are more motivated by their successes than their failures, while East Asians are better motivated by the avoidance of failure. Culture is important for
1675:
In the United States, Lindlof and Taylor write, "cultural studies grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition." The
American version of cultural studies initially concerned itself more with understanding the subjective and appropriative side of audience reactions to, and uses of,
1879:, who state that an undeveloped brain is not the main cause of teenagers' turmoils. Some have criticized this understanding of adolescence, classifying it as a relatively recent phenomenon in human history created by modern society, and have been highly critical of what they view as the
968:(1826–1905) argued for "the psychic unity of mankind." He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. According to Bastian, all human societies share a set of "elementary ideas" (
1952:
Tourism is having an increasing impact on the various forms of culture. On the one hand, this can be physical impact on individual objects or the destruction caused by increasing environmental pollution and, on the other hand, socio-cultural effects on society.
1635:
Scholars in the United
Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the late 1970s. The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s, mainly under the influence of Richard Hoggart,
641:. However, some other species have demonstrated similar, though much less complicated, abilities for social learning. It is also used to denote the complex networks of practices and accumulated knowledge and ideas that are transmitted through social
1884:
question of whether adolescent brain characteristics are the cause of teen tumult or rather the result of lifestyle and experiences." David
Moshman has also stated in regards to adolescence that brain research "is crucial for a full picture, but it
1780:
The second covers the variables that represent the "social orientation" of societies, i.e., the attitudes and lifestyles of their members. These variables include gender egalitarianism, institutional collectivism, in-group collectivism, and human
895:: "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity." He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. Against this intellectual cowardice, Kant urged: "
214:, or repositioning, is the reconstruction of a cultural concept of a society. Cultures are internally affected by both forces encouraging change and forces resisting change. Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies.
802:
involved new practices that produced a shift in gender relations, altering both gender and economic structures. Environmental conditions may also enter as factors. For example, after tropical forests returned at the end of the last
4310:" the application of technology to increase productivity, the affluence generated by it, and the related structural changes in society have contributed to the creation of adolescence in the North American urban-industrial society."
1925:
1929:
1463:, who succeeded Hoggart as Director. Cultural studies in this sense, then, can be viewed as a limited concentration scoped on the intricacies of consumerism, which belongs to a wider culture sometimes referred to as
1845:
Starting in the 1990s, psychological research on culture influence began to grow and challenge the universality assumed in general psychology. Culture psychologists began to try to explore the relationship between
725:, and transformation. In this context, modernization could be viewed as adoption of Enlightenment era beliefs and practices, such as science, rationalism, industry, commerce, democracy, and the notion of progress.
1609:: the texts of cultural studies comprise all the meaningful artifacts of culture. Similarly, the discipline widens the concept of culture. Culture, for a cultural-studies researcher, not only includes traditional
570:, 'A cult, especially a religious one.' To be cultural, to have a culture, is to inhabit a place sufficiently intensely to cultivate it—to be responsible for it, to respond to it, to attend to it caringly."
195:
codifies acceptable conduct in society; it serves as a guideline for behavior, dress, language, and demeanor in a situation, which serves as a template for expectations in a social group. Accepting only a
482:
values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same planet. Sometimes "culture" is also used to describe specific practices within a subgroup of a society, a
1936:
deals with cultural heritage in two ways: it gives people the right to participate in cultural life on the one hand and the right to the protection of their contributions to cultural life on the other.
3058:
1016:(1822–1888) used the word "culture" to refer to an ideal of individual human refinement, of "the best that has been thought and said in the world." This concept of culture is also comparable to the
1149:(as produced by "the folk," i.e., rural, illiterate, peasants) to honestly express a natural way of life, while classical music seemed superficial and decadent. Equally, this view often portrayed
1668:" (i.e. mass culture). This emerges in the writings of early British cultural-studies scholars and their influences: see the work of (for example) Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall, Paul Willis, and
1373:
culture that is celebrated by people in more than 22 countries with different nations and religions, at the 1st day of spring. It has been celebrated by diverse communities for over 7,000 years.
905:(1744–1803) argued that human creativity, which necessarily takes unpredictable and highly diverse forms, is as important as human rationality. Moreover, Herder proposed a collective form of
581:... originally meant the cultivation of the soul or mind, acquires most of its later modern meaning in the writings of the 18th-century German thinkers, who were on various levels developing
544:
took over this metaphor in a modern context, meaning something similar, but no longer assuming that philosophy was man's natural perfection. His use, and that of many writers after him, "
4373:"The idea of adolescence is today one of our most widely held and deeply imbedded assumptions about the process of human development. Indeed, most of us treat it not as an idea but as a
1180:. According to this theory, religion evolves from more polytheistic to more monotheistic forms. In the process, he redefined culture as a diverse set of activities characteristic of all
2335:
463:
holds that human symbolic culture arises from the material conditions of human life, as humans create the conditions for physical survival, and that the basis of culture is found in
1870:
within different cultures and nations. Cognitive tools may not be accessible or they may function differently cross culture. For example, people who are raised in a culture with an
1746:), which seeks to challenge the notion that those who produce commodities control the meanings that people attribute to them. Feminist cultural analyst, theorist, and art historian
1290:(1858–1918), culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history." As such, culture in the
200:
in a social group can bear risks, just as a single species can wither in the face of environmental change, for lack of functional responses to the change. Thus in military culture,
1225:, and to communicate symbolically encoded experiences socially. American anthropology is organized into four fields, each of which plays an important role in research on culture:
1875:
psychologists to consider when understanding the human mental operation. The notion of the anxious, unstable, and rebellious adolescent has been criticized by experts, such as
4615:
Jaafar, Mastura; Rasoolimanesh, S Mostafa; Ismail, Safura (2017). "Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of
Langkawi Island".
3814:
4482:
2665:
1294:
field can be defined as the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together shape a people's way of life. Culture can be either of two types,
6138:
1343:
focusing on words, artifacts and symbols. Culture has since become an important concept across many branches of sociology, including resolutely scientific fields like
3500:
7087:
1214:
Although anthropologists worldwide refer to Tylor's definition of culture, in the 20th century "culture" emerged as the central and unifying concept of
American
2689:
947:
movements—such as the nationalist struggle to create a "Germany" out of diverse principalities, and the nationalist struggles by ethnic minorities against the
825:, in traditional clothing. Sense of time is dependent on culture. A 1913 photo, but can be difficult to date for a viewer, due to the absence of cultural cues.
503:
hold that cultures cannot easily be objectively ranked or evaluated because any evaluation is necessarily situated within the value system of a given culture.
8264:
3288:
1087:. In other words, the idea of "culture" that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries reflected inequalities within European societies.
4845:
4074:
Cheung, F. M.; Leung, K.; Fan, R. M.; Song, W.S.; Zhang, J. X.; Zhang, H. P. (March 1996). "Development of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory".
3144:
666:
exemplified changing cultural dynamics, not only in music, but fashion and lifestyle. Over a half century after their emergence, they continue to have a
4479:"UNESCO Legal Instruments: Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 1999"
204:
is counted a typical behavior for an individual and duty, honor, and loyalty to the social group are counted as virtues or functional responses in the
1141:
Other 19th-century critics, following Rousseau, have accepted this differentiation between higher and lower culture, but have seen the refinement and
316:
covers the physical expressions of culture, such as technology, architecture and art, whereas the immaterial aspects of culture such as principles of
2890:
844:
has different meanings. Still, in this context, it refers to the replacement of traits of one culture with another, such as what happened to certain
1624:, but also everyday meanings and practices. The last two, in fact, have become the main focus of cultural studies. A further and recent approach is
363:, one sense of culture as an attribute of the individual has been the degree to which they have cultivated a particular level of sophistication in
1687:
The distinction between American and British strands, however, has faded. Some researchers, especially in early British cultural studies, apply a
3952:
2126:
686:
4823:
Global communication without universal civilization, vol.1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western
3305:
published a paper in a journal of cultural sociology stating that gravity was a social construct that should be examined hermeneutically. See
3109:
Fernandez, James W.; Hanchett, Suzanne L.; Jeganathan, Pradeep; Nicholas, Ralph W.; Robotham, Donald Keith; Smith, Eric A. (August 31, 2015).
478:, and values of a society or community, such as an ethnic group or nation. Culture is the set of knowledge acquired over time. In this sense,
6952:
5116:
4503:
Gerold Keusch "Kulturschutz in der Ära der Identitätskriege" In: Truppendienst - Magazin des Österreichischen Bundesheeres, October 24, 2018.
1554:
to study cultural phenomena or cultural texts. In this field researchers often concentrate on how particular phenomena relate to matters of
617:
states that culture is "the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time."
6552:
1436:. Following nineteenth-century Romantics, they identified culture with consumption goods and leisure activities (such as art, music, film,
3666:
1940:
In the 21st century, the protection of culture has been the focus of increasing activity by national and international organizations. The
7137:
4377:. The concept of adolescence, as generally understood and applied, did not exist before the last two decades of the nineteenth century."
2211:
2730:
2365:
4186:
3736:
790:
Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new
613:
1145:
of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature. These critics considered
4456:
Roger O’Keefe, Camille Péron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari "Protection of Cultural Property. Military Manual." UNESCO, 2016, p 73.
2817:
2536:
Chigbu, Uchendu Eugene (July 3, 2015). "Repositioning culture for development: women and development in a Nigerian rural community".
2464:
1762:
is among influential voices at the turn of the century, contributing to cultural studies from the field of art and psychoanalytical
860:. The transnational flow of culture has played a major role in merging different cultures and sharing thoughts, ideas, and beliefs.
1456:
3806:
4466:
UNESCO Director-General calls for stronger cooperation for heritage protection at the Blue Shield International General Assembly.
4236:
1851:
779:
Cultures are internally affected by both forces encouraging change and forces resisting change. These forces are related to both
460:
2657:
7775:
4478:
1030:
by means of getting to know, on all the matters which most concern us, the best which has been thought and said in the world."
5099:
7039:
7024:
5166:
5089:
5050:
5015:
4973:
4952:
4918:
4876:
4830:
4710:
4664:
4331:
4126:
3928:
3887:
3769:
3703:
3597:
3564:
3531:
3440:
3384:
3243:
3208:
3175:
3118:
3044:
2982:
2928:
2784:
2512:
2472:
2431:
2404:
2321:
2282:
2245:
2172:
1933:
3783:
3080:
2840:
2437:
1773:
The first group covers the variables that represent the "efficiency orientation" of the societies: performance orientation,
7034:
7005:
6962:
6586:
6128:
4856:
3484:
3257:
2588:
1885:
2236:
Velkley, Richard L (2002). "The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy".
1257:, which allow a person to make sense of the culture they inhabit, "can blind us to things outsiders pick up immediately."
838:
theory presents a research-based model of why and when individuals and cultures adopt new ideas, practices, and products.
5156:
7361:
4432:
4031:
1118:
845:
6977:
5232:
5141:
5036:
4891:
980:), are local modifications of the elementary ideas. This view paved the way for the modern understanding of culture.
173:
of the individuals in these groups. Culture is often originated from or attributed to a specific region or location.
122:
3966:
Norenzayan, Ara; Heine, Steven J. (September 2005). "Psychological universals: what are they and how can we know?".
2686:
8334:
8254:
8234:
5063:
Kim, Uichol (2001). "Culture, science and indigenous psychologies: An integrated analysis." In D. Matsumoto (Ed.),
4539:
Corine Wegener; Marjan Otter (Spring 2008). "Cultural Property at War: Protecting Heritage during Armed Conflict".
4387:
1331:
approaches to social science. This type of cultural sociology may be loosely regarded as an approach incorporating
241:
3280:
984:(1858–1942) was trained in this tradition, and he brought it with him when he left Germany for the United States.
8508:
7130:
7082:
6930:
6340:
3622:
2943:
argues that contemporary definitions of culture fall into three possibilities or mixture of the following three:
1499:
1460:
1425:
1319:('cultural sociology'). Cultural sociology was then reinvented in the English-speaking world as a product of the
1072:, which led to identifying a "culture" among non-elites. This distinction is often characterized as that between
4840:
1581:
and practices of everyday life. These practices comprise the ways people do particular things (such as watching
6957:
5779:
5205:
3636:
3140:
667:
8224:
7735:
1704:
1578:
917:
was the totality of experiences that provide a coherent identity, and sense of common destiny, to a people."
4254:
1053:. As these forms were associated with urban life, "culture" was identified with "civilization" (from Latin:
8513:
8294:
8163:
6345:
5584:
5330:
1708:
1625:
1098:
was one of the first English-speaking scholars to use the term culture in an inclusive and universal sense.
353:
4517:
4142:
Heine, Steven J.; Kitayama, Shinobu; Lehman, Darrin R. (2001). "Cultural Differences in Self-Evaluation".
4109:
Baillargeon, Rene (2002). "The Acquisition of Physical Knowledge in Infancy: A Summary in Eight Lessons".
2886:
7596:
6988:
6427:
1820:
1382:
The sociology of culture grew from the intersection between sociology (as shaped by early theorists like
4547:
Eden Stiffman (May 11, 2015). "Cultural Preservation in Disasters, War Zones. Presents Big Challenges".
4406:
629:
The word is used in a general sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with
8477:
7123:
5870:
5687:
5537:
4009:
Miyahara, Akira. "Toward Theorizing Japanese Communication Competence from a Non-Western Perspective".
1479:
935:(1767–1835) called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant's and Herder's interests. During the
7740:
4657:
Primitive culture: researches into the development of mythology, philosophy, religion, art, and custom
2028:
1251:, refers to the "lenses" through which a person sees their own culture. Martin Lindstrom asserts that
8364:
8314:
7244:
7092:
7044:
6482:
5915:
5345:
5340:
5335:
3658:
1921:
1806:
1324:
1158:
1835:
Cognitive tools suggest a way for people from certain culture to deal with real-life problems, like
8503:
8354:
8304:
8113:
7403:
7077:
6726:
6579:
6533:
6442:
6432:
6335:
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5834:
4928:
2920:
2914:
1645:
1046:
835:
831:
618:
521:
63:
39:
17:
5113:
3836:
Petrakis, Panagiotis; Kostis, Pantelis (December 1, 2013). "Economic growth and cultural change".
1644:, and later that of Stuart Hall and others at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the
403:. In common parlance, culture is often used to refer specifically to the symbolic markers used by
78:
8434:
7745:
6253:
5513:
5483:
5417:
5402:
5137:
5068:
4815:
3091:
1727:
1723:
1441:
1230:
1226:
992:
948:
902:
8098:
5179:
5106:, Behavioral Sciences Department, Palomar College, San Marco, California. Retrieved: 2006-07-10.
887:(1724–1804) formulated an individualist definition of "enlightenment" similar to the concept of
783:
and natural events, and are involved in the perpetuation of cultural ideas and practices within
7720:
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6865:
6188:
5935:
5804:
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5645:
5610:
5397:
5325:
4943:
1908:
There are a number of international agreements and national laws relating to the protection of
1629:
1203:
753:
682:
443:, have argued that culture is often used politically as a tool of the elites to manipulate the
371:, or manners. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been used to distinguish
321:
7103:
3376:
3370:
2357:
2197:
1896:
1510:, created an international intellectual movement. As the field developed, it began to combine
745:
and endorsed or not endorsed by the symbolic authority of the cultural community in question.
741:, has proposed a model of cultural change based on claims and bids, which are judged by their
8439:
8429:
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7805:
7308:
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6375:
6248:
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5950:
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5885:
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5605:
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5289:
5269:
5225:
4758:
3874:(2) (Third ed.). New York: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Cognitive Science: 254–266.
3695:
3689:
2738:
1862:
is also studied to understand how people react when they are confronted with other cultures.
1703:
and others. The main focus of an orthodox Marxist approach concentrates on the production of
1539:
1344:
1328:
1234:
1218:, where it most commonly refers to the universal human capacity to classify and encode human
1193:
1177:
1114:
853:
496:
205:
3728:
2091:"Repositioning culture for development: women and development in a Nigerian rural community"
8444:
8244:
7705:
7097:
7072:
7029:
6452:
6422:
6330:
6320:
6258:
6238:
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5905:
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4201:
2148:
2043:
1847:
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1266:
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1095:
932:
738:
634:
605:
593:
56:
8043:
7830:
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1176:(1832–1917) applied these ideas of higher versus lower culture to propose a theory of the
8:
8284:
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7790:
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7652:
7535:
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7160:
7016:
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6313:
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6298:
6228:
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5865:
5819:
5759:
5667:
5567:
5547:
5463:
5442:
5382:
4797:
Whorf, Benjamin Lee (1941). "The relation of habitual thought and behavior to language".
2038:
1802:
1680:; for example, American cultural-studies advocates wrote about the liberatory aspects of
1117:, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature." According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the
791:
500:
448:
375:
from less complex societies. Such hierarchical perspectives on culture are also found in
317:
269:
229:
208:. In the practice of religion, analogous attributes can be identified in a social group.
47:
5880:
4213:
4205:
1498:
From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall's pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues
659:
8404:
8063:
8028:
7938:
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7298:
7249:
6967:
6935:
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5709:
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5579:
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5357:
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4167:
4091:
3946:
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2504:
2271:
2118:
2033:
1926:
Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict
1913:
1774:
1719:
1649:
1440:, sports, and clothing). They saw patterns of consumption and leisure as determined by
1150:
1135:
1131:
811:, which in turn brought about many cultural innovations and shifts in social dynamics.
764:
757:
742:
642:
305:
8013:
1769:
Petrakis and Kostis (2013) divide cultural background variables into two main groups:
8193:
8093:
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7883:
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7855:
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7185:
7170:
7146:
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5682:
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5508:
5162:
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5032:
5011:
4969:
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4914:
4887:
4872:
4826:
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4706:
4699:
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4636:
4614:
4327:
4305:
4159:
4122:
4095:
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4048:
3991:
3983:
3934:
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3901:
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3883:
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3446:
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3413:
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3343:
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3239:
3214:
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3181:
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3050:
3040:
3015:
2978:
2934:
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2790:
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2565:
2553:
2518:
2508:
2478:
2468:
2427:
2400:
2327:
2317:
2278:
2251:
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2203:
2178:
2168:
2122:
2110:
2012:
1946:
1909:
1855:
1798:
1712:
1511:
1474:
1356:
1352:
1332:
799:
694:
690:
408:
7963:
7657:
5198:
4899:
4789:
4591:
4171:
3464:"Studying Culture – Reflections and Assessment: An Interview with Richard Hoggart".
1387:
8498:
8449:
8123:
8083:
8073:
8023:
8008:
7998:
7958:
7918:
7908:
7785:
7755:
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7437:
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7205:
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6899:
6521:
6407:
6360:
6308:
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6155:
6113:
6077:
6060:
6050:
6025:
6015:
6010:
6005:
5839:
5794:
5784:
5640:
5625:
5562:
5503:
5468:
5407:
5372:
5367:
5294:
5279:
5218:
5096:
4993:
4785:
4729:
4624:
4579:
4356:
4293:
4209:
4151:
4114:
4083:
4040:
3975:
3875:
3845:
3335:
2619:
2545:
2392:
2102:
2017:
2007:
1930:
Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions
1747:
1692:
1665:
1661:
1641:
1590:
1433:
1429:
1415:
1299:
1198:
1127:
857:
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769:
541:
479:
452:
432:
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313:
237:
96:
8118:
5077:. Ed. William Swatos and Peter Kivisto. Walnut Creek: AltaMira, pp. 528–529.
4998:
4981:
3110:
2623:
2090:
633:
and to act imaginatively and creatively. This ability arose with the evolution of
8399:
8394:
8158:
8103:
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8003:
7978:
7888:
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7825:
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7398:
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7175:
6904:
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6853:
6805:
6656:
6629:
6497:
6492:
6417:
6278:
6233:
6223:
6150:
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6082:
6055:
6030:
6000:
5995:
5975:
5970:
5754:
5729:
5662:
5520:
5120:
5103:
4867:
4849:
4407:"Are the Brains of Reckless Teens More Mature Than Those of Their Prudent Peers?"
4321:
3759:
2857:
2706:
2693:
2549:
2421:
2106:
1880:
1816:
1763:
1700:
1653:
1621:
1531:
1527:
1507:
1464:
1452:
1448:
1444:, which led them to focus on class relations and the organization of production.
1399:
1336:
1306:
1166:
1123:
734:
702:
678:
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555:
464:
456:
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345:
197:
131:
4297:
4155:
3979:
3849:
3166:
Haviland, William A.; McBride, Bunny; Prins, Harald E.L.; Walrath, Dana (2011).
3095:
2580:
2396:
1978:
807:, plants suitable for domestication were available, leading to the invention of
794:, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany
8454:
8344:
8274:
8173:
8148:
8018:
7988:
7948:
7913:
7770:
7695:
7680:
7675:
7566:
7556:
7266:
7217:
6787:
6771:
6293:
6218:
6213:
6183:
6162:
6087:
6020:
5844:
5824:
5387:
5304:
5184:
4583:
4044:
3319:
3007:
1992:
1970:
1876:
1759:
1755:
1547:
1451:; that is, on the social meanings of mass-produced consumer and leisure goods.
1348:
1142:
1013:
1009:
997:
773:
722:
710:
654:
492:
211:
35:
4347:
Demos, John; Demos, Virginia (1969). "Adolescence in Historical Perspective".
4118:
3036:
Constructing race: the science of bodies and cultures in American anthropology
1161:
and unblemished lives, uncomplicated and uncorrupted by the highly stratified
8492:
8459:
8168:
8153:
8143:
8128:
8078:
8033:
7993:
7928:
7923:
7893:
7760:
7700:
7642:
7366:
7180:
7010:
6502:
6487:
6472:
6447:
6437:
6365:
6325:
6193:
6065:
5829:
5809:
5774:
5694:
5635:
5615:
5600:
5574:
5488:
5437:
5109:
4852:
4628:
4163:
4087:
4052:
3987:
3938:
3897:
3779:
3713:
3632:
3607:
3574:
3541:
3496:
3450:
3417:
3394:
3347:
3253:
3218:
3185:
3054:
3019:
2938:
2794:
2734:
2631:
2557:
2522:
2331:
2207:
2182:
2114:
2002:
1901:
1859:
1726:
form the economic base of society, which constantly interacts and influences
1696:
1637:
1523:
1515:
1320:
1184:
societies. This view paved the way for the modern understanding of religion.
1110:
1050:
1017:
965:
924:
884:
877:
841:
784:
562:
meant 'place tilled' in Middle English, and the same word goes back to Latin
420:
192:
185:
181:
2853:
2482:
2255:
249:
8138:
8133:
8108:
8038:
7973:
7933:
7903:
7898:
7810:
7800:
7690:
7425:
7420:
7408:
7329:
7315:
7239:
7065:
7060:
6972:
6837:
6825:
6609:
6467:
6412:
6400:
6385:
6355:
6268:
6208:
5814:
5498:
5478:
5473:
5422:
4060:
3995:
3905:
3306:
2952:"the works and practices of intellectual and especially artistic activity."
2653:
2391:. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 52. pp. 1–70.
1997:
1984:
1863:
1677:
1657:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1567:
1503:
1491:
1403:
1395:
1340:
1310:
1287:
1215:
1154:
1080:
1077:
1073:
849:
597:
512:
396:
380:
376:
372:
325:
257:
83:
31:
4323:
Teen 2.0: Saving Our Children and Families from the Torment of Adolescence
3233:
2946:"a general process of intellectual, spiritual, and aesthetic development."
1377:
873:
848:
tribes and many indigenous peoples across the globe during the process of
260:, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social
8419:
8214:
8188:
8183:
7983:
7968:
7835:
7815:
7795:
7647:
7622:
7581:
7442:
7351:
7341:
7303:
7261:
7224:
7190:
6914:
6882:
6843:
6688:
6614:
6477:
6380:
6350:
6035:
5493:
5392:
5299:
4762:
4555:
Hans Haider (June 29, 2012). "Missbrauch von Kulturgütern ist strafbar".
1751:
1669:
1598:
1559:
1551:
1535:
1238:
1084:
1065:
944:
936:
808:
730:
714:
663:
530:
488:
444:
388:
233:
166:
139:
135:
4221:
2705:
Kant, Immanuel. 1784. "Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?" (
1691:
model to the field. This strain of thinking has some influence from the
1447:
In the United Kingdom, cultural studies focuses largely on the study of
645:
and exist in specific human groups, or cultures, using the plural form.
8424:
8384:
7953:
7943:
7820:
7750:
7637:
7606:
7586:
7530:
7525:
7480:
7375:
6875:
6800:
6766:
6693:
6678:
6666:
6634:
6595:
5542:
5320:
4570:
Shepard, Robert (August 2002). "Commodification, culture and tourism".
3302:
2610:
Pringle, Heather (November 20, 1998). "The Slow Birth of Agriculture".
2022:
1867:
1824:
1582:
1543:
1487:
1248:
1219:
1207:
1162:
1146:
1107:
1090:
1027:
981:
952:
718:
637:
in humans around 50,000 years ago and is often thought to be unique to
600:" is usually implied in these authors, even when not expressed as such.
589:
484:
471:
428:
360:
337:
333:
293:
245:
4808:
A Study of Archeology. Memoir 69, American Anthropological Association
4368:
3355:
2313:
Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability
435:
that emerged in the 20th century. Some schools of philosophy, such as
272:
are found in all human societies. These include expressive forms like
8464:
8414:
8178:
8053:
7780:
7551:
7475:
7382:
7356:
7276:
6859:
6848:
6810:
6703:
6370:
5769:
5010:
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
3034:
1786:
1606:
1563:
1519:
1483:
1468:
1420:
In the United Kingdom, sociologists and other scholars influenced by
1391:
1383:
1291:
901:" ("Dare to be wise!"). In reaction to Kant, German scholars such as
726:
706:
586:
547:
546:
refers to all the ways in which human beings overcome their original
537:
475:
404:
368:
329:
150:
7115:
5200:
Cultura: International Journal of Philosophy of Culture and Axiology
3323:
2687:
Stephen Wolfram (May 16, 2017) A New Kind of Science: A 15-Year View
1811:
1271:
8389:
7865:
7591:
7561:
7520:
7515:
7281:
7256:
6887:
6776:
6698:
6644:
6619:
5128:
Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion: Eastern and Western Thought.
4799:
Language, Culture, and Personality: Essays in Honor of Edward Sapir
4766:
4733:
4360:
4281:
4073:
3339:
3108:
2949:"a particular way of life, whether of a people, period or a group."
2311:
1731:
1555:
1370:
1339:. Cultural sociologists tend to reject scientific methods, instead
1276:
1122:
and some people as more cultured than others. This contrast led to
1069:
1005:
818:
795:
698:
582:
533:
412:
364:
309:
289:
261:
177:
158:
67:
3879:
1964:
1924:
coordinate international protection and local implementation. The
7627:
7490:
7271:
7229:
6870:
6794:
6671:
6624:
4862:
4237:"Why it's time to lay the stereotype of the 'teen brain' to rest"
3235:
Georg Simmel on individuality and social forms: selected writings
1837:
1730:, such as culture. Other approaches to cultural studies, such as
1707:. This model assumes a mass production of culture and identifies
1688:
1602:
1421:
1283:
1247:, or "culture glasses," coined by German American anthropologist
1103:
940:
890:
814:
804:
798:
shifts and other types of cultural change. For example, the U.S.
436:
416:
349:
341:
301:
265:
201:
146:
4701:
The Symbolic Species: The Co-evolution of Language and the Brain
3555:
Sardar, Ziauddin; Van Loon, Borin; Appignanesi, Richard (1994).
2310:
James, Paul; Magee, Liam; Scerri, Andy; Steger, Manfred (2015).
920:
681:
can be brought about, including growth, development, evolution,
399:
of the lower classes, distinguished by the stratified access to
188:, which is shown by the diversity of cultures across societies.
8409:
7500:
7470:
7322:
7234:
7165:
6909:
6781:
6639:
5552:
5133:
4776:
Tomasello, Michael (1999). "The Human Adaptation for Culture".
4513:
3085:
1917:
1871:
1681:
1571:
1366:
1222:
776:
means the reconstruction of the cultural concept of a society.
630:
516:
285:
218:
154:
52:
4884:
Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities
2158:
2156:
114:
7510:
7505:
7485:
7293:
6661:
6564:
4859:
Third edition, 1882, available online. Retrieved: 2006-06-28.
4543:. Vol. 23, no. 1. The Getty Conservation Institute.
3412:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 87–93, 236–38.
2273:
Intercultural Communication: Globalization and Social Justice
1589:
In the context of cultural studies, a text includes not only
1210:, dating back to 10,000 BCE and indicating a thriving culture
1181:
1038:
638:
384:
281:
277:
170:
143:
111:
3588:
Fiske, John; Turner, Graeme; Hodge, Robert Ian Vere (1987).
2420:
Greenberg, Jeff; Koole, Sander L.; Pyszczynski, Tom (2013).
2387:
Pyszczynski, Tom; Solomon, Sheldon; Greenberg, Jeff (2015).
240:
well before their discovery by non-African explorers of the
7495:
4768:
Globalization and Culture, Vol. 3: Global-Local Consumption
3165:
2501:
Meaning in Action: Outline of an Integral Theory of Culture
2386:
2153:
1831:
1777:, assertiveness, power distance, and uncertainty avoidance.
1594:
1437:
1362:
1282:
The sociology of culture concerns culture as manifested in
822:
297:
5210:
4538:
1000:
viewed "culture" as the cultivation of the humanist ideal.
407:
to distinguish themselves visibly from each other such as
7088:
List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field
6651:
4720:
Holloway Jr. Ralph L. (1969). "Culture: A Human domain".
3621:
Bakhtin, Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich; Holquist, Michael (1981).
3554:
3324:"A Methodological Framework for the Sociology of Culture"
2419:
1042:
748:
511:
The modern term "culture" is based on a term used by the
273:
162:
105:
71:
5149:
The Science of Culture: A study of man and civilization.
4039:(2). American Psychological Association (APA): 466–477.
4027:
2240:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 11–30.
2238:
Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question
536:
for the development of a philosophical soul, understood
6714:
5058:
Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions.
1941:
1932:
deal with the protection of culture. Article 27 of the
1455:
coined the term in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham
1378:
Early researchers and development of cultural sociology
856:(adoption of a different culture by an individual) and
2309:
2196:
Cicéron, Marcus Tullius Cicero; Bouhier, Jean (1812).
1459:
or CCCS. It has since become strongly associated with
8265:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
4719:
4111:
Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Cognitive Development
3761:
Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman
3238:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. xix.
1740:
Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman
540:
as the highest possible ideal for human development.
123:
102:
4810:. Carbondale IL: Southern Illinois University Press.
2658:"Why China Loves American Chain Restaurants So Much"
2494:
2492:
2461:
Religious Pluralism: An Indian Christian Perspective
2029:
Honour § Cultures of honour and cultures of law
1960:
1866:
is displayed with significantly different levels of
1785:
In 2016, a new approach to culture was suggested by
451:. Such perspectives are common in the discipline of
108:
5024:. Totowa, New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams & Co.
4944:
The Extended Phenotype: The Long Reach of the Gene.
4141:
3201:
Small data: the tiny clues that uncover huge trends
1750:contributed to cultural studies from viewpoints of
852:. Related processes on an individual level include
626:became aware of when they acquired a larger brain.
221:attempt to preserve culture and cultural heritage.
99:
55:expression developed as prehistoric humans reached
4898:
4775:
4698:
4433:"The Teenage Brain: Debunking the 5 Biggest Myths"
4405:Epstein, Robert; Ong, Jennifer (August 25, 2009).
2459:Panikkar, Raimon (1991). Pathil, Kuncheria (ed.).
2270:
974:); different cultures, or different "folk ideas" (
951:—developed a more inclusive notion of culture as "
5073:McClenon, James. Tylor, Edward B(urnett) (1998)
2489:
2291:
1041:ideal and was associated with such activities as
525:, where he wrote of a cultivation of the soul or
8490:
4696:
3866:Heine, Steven J. (2015). "Cultural psychology".
3627:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 4.
3587:
1841:for Chinese to perform mathematical calculation.
830:another, through diffusion or acculturation. In
5008:The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior.
4966:The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays
4925:The Science of Culture in Enlightenment Germany
3965:
3918:
3620:
3590:Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture
3281:"A Physicist Experiments with Cultural Studies"
2423:Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology
931:In 1795, the Prussian linguist and philosopher
4982:"Ritual and Social Change: A Javanese Example"
4805:
3835:
3232:Simmel, Georg (1971). Levine, Donald N (ed.).
3012:Tre saggi sull'antropologia dell'età coloniale
2972:
2777:Adolf Bastian and the psychic unity of mankind
2195:
2167:. Toronto: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 53.
2163:Macionis, John J; Gerber, Linda Marie (2011).
2162:
1406:were early and lasting concerns in the field.
7131:
6953:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
6580:
5226:
5130:New Jersey US; Sussex, UK: Humanities Press.
4546:
3687:
3410:Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society
3375:. New York: Oxford University Press. p.
3141:"What is Anthropology? – Advance Your Career"
2973:Dunne, Timothy; Reus-Smit, Christian (2017).
7373:
7327:
7313:
4871:. Ed. Michael Holquist. Trans. Caryl Press.
4825:. INU societal research. Geneva: INU Press.
4388:"The Danger of Treating Teens Like Children"
4113:. Blackwell Publishers Ltd. pp. 47–83.
2714:
2202:(in French). Nismes: J. Gaude. p. 273.
2089:Chigbu, Uchendu Eugene (November 24, 2014).
1854:. As different cultures dictate distinctive
1823:. Regional variation exists with respect to
1314:
1252:
1242:
1021:
975:
969:
956:
912:
906:
888:
566:, 'to inhabit, care for, till, worship' and
550:, and through artifice, become fully human."
5138:Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity
5123:, January 14, 1989. Retrieved June 3, 2006.
4757:
4748:
4554:
4541:The Getty Conservation Institute Newsletter
4108:
4008:
3688:Lindlof, Thomas R; Taylor, Bryan C (2002).
2711:Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklärung?
2680:
1059:
1026:: "...culture being a pursuit of our total
896:
256:Culture is considered a central concept in
7138:
7124:
6587:
6573:
5233:
5219:
5029:The HarperCollins Dictionary of Sociology.
4514:"Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon"
4404:
4346:
3951:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3691:Qualitative Communication Research Methods
3368:
3168:Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge
2975:The globalization of international society
2880:
2878:
2578:
863:
787:, which themselves are subject to change.
596:." Thus a contrast between "culture" and "
5060:Cambridge, Massachusetts: Peabody Museum
4997:
3804:
3198:
2810:"Biography of Adolf Bastian, ethnologist"
2759:
2350:
2231:
2229:
1102:Matthew Arnold contrasted "culture" with
4896:
3407:
3318:
3143:. American Anthropological Association.
2764:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
2696:As applied to the computational universe
2458:
2389:Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory
2268:
2077:Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology
1895:
1891:
1886:does not provide an ultimate explanation
1830:
1810:
1473:
1457:Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies
1361:
1309:(1918–1933), where sociologists such as
1270:
1197:
1089:
991:
919:
872:
821:woman, on a carpet at the entrance to a
813:
747:
658:
499:, the ideology and analytical stance of
228:
77:
62:
46:
5084:. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
5056:Kroeber, A.L. and C. Kluckhohn (1952).
5043:The Vice Lords: Warriors of the Streets
4936:The Symbolic Construction of Community.
4690:The Sage dictionary of cultural studies
4569:
4430:
4319:
4184:
3786:from the original on September 26, 2015
3260:from the original on September 12, 2017
3006:
2875:
2842:Franz Boas and the discovery of culture
2774:
2609:
2235:
2056:
1660:; it absorbed some of the ideas of the
1577:Cultural studies is concerned with the
1237:, and in the United States and Canada,
927:developed a universal model of culture.
74:are important aspects of human culture.
14:
8491:
4979:
4687:
4279:
4067:
4021:
3757:
3726:
3639:from the original on September 1, 2021
3430:
3231:
3061:from the original on September 1, 2021
3032:
2884:
2535:
2440:from the original on December 31, 2016
2226:
2214:from the original on September 2, 2018
2088:
1920:and its partner organizations such as
1064:'city'). Another facet of the
987:
880:called attention to national cultures.
27:Social behavior and norms of a society
7145:
7119:
7040:National Endowment for the Humanities
7025:Humanities, arts, and social sciences
6568:
5214:
5151:New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
4868:The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays
4820:
4796:
4654:
4234:
3865:
3861:
3859:
3521:
3503:from the original on October 31, 2016
3482:
3278:
3147:from the original on October 26, 2016
3121:from the original on October 30, 2016
2838:
2591:from the original on October 27, 2016
2581:"Culture Change: Processes of Change"
2297:
1934:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
868:
474:, a "culture" is the set of customs,
7035:Moscow University for the Humanities
7006:Arts and Humanities Research Council
6963:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
6528:
6129:Role of Christianity in civilization
5075:Encyclopedia of Religion and Society
4705:. New York and London: W.W. Norton.
4485:from the original on August 25, 2021
4144:Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
4076:Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
3739:from the original on October 7, 2019
3624:The dialogic imagination four essays
2893:from the original on January 6, 2017
2728:
2498:
2368:from the original on August 15, 2015
2141:
2066:. Vol 1. New York: J.P. Putnam's Son
1738:This view comes through in the book
1305:Cultural sociology first emerged in
130:) is a concept that encompasses the
6540:
5157:Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge
5114:"Final Radio Address to the Nation"
5065:Handbook of culture and psychology.
4905:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
4282:"On the "Invention" of Adolescence"
4214:10.1038/scientificamerican0607-68sp
3805:MacKenzie, Gina (August 21, 2018).
3669:from the original on August 5, 2012
3372:Karl Marx: His Life and Environment
3369:Berlin, Isaiah; Ryan, Alan (2002).
3291:from the original on March 26, 2007
2912:
2820:from the original on August 6, 2017
2668:from the original on March 30, 2019
2652:
1735:affect the meaning of the product.
1648:. This included overtly political,
1409:
1275:An example of folkloric dancing in
176:Humans acquire culture through the
24:
4675:
4280:Fasick, Frank A. (February 1994).
3856:
3817:from the original on July 12, 2019
2338:from the original on June 26, 2017
2129:from the original on July 30, 2022
943:, especially those concerned with
25:
8525:
5192:
5142:International Mother Language Day
4520:from the original on May 26, 2020
3483:Adams, Tim (September 23, 2007).
2911:Williams (1983), p. 90. Cited in
2807:
2762:Humboldt, Worldview, and Language
2316:. London: Routledge. p. 53.
1711:as residing with those producing
1394:) with the growing discipline of
752:A 19th-century engraving showing
459:, the theoretical perspective of
8335:The Closing of the American Mind
8255:Civilization and Its Discontents
8235:A Vindication of Natural Society
6539:
6527:
6516:
6515:
5250:
4911:Outline of a Theory of Practice.
4617:Tourism and Hospitality Research
1977:
1963:
1827:in different parts of the world.
1369:is a good sample of popular and
772:explosion, among other factors.
95:
7083:Humanities in the United States
6931:American Journal of Archaeology
6341:Culture and positive psychology
5251:
5097:Cultural Anthropology Tutorials
5045:. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
4790:10.1146/annurev.anthro.28.1.509
4608:
4598:
4563:
4532:
4506:
4497:
4471:
4459:
4450:
4431:Moshman, David (May 17, 2011).
4424:
4398:
4380:
4340:
4313:
4273:
4247:
4235:Romer, Dan (October 29, 2017).
4228:
4178:
4135:
4102:
4002:
3959:
3912:
3829:
3798:
3751:
3727:Gonick, Cy (February 7, 2006).
3720:
3681:
3651:
3614:
3581:
3548:
3515:
3476:
3457:
3424:
3401:
3362:
3312:
3279:Sokal, Alan D. (June 5, 1996).
3272:
3225:
3192:
3159:
3133:
3111:"anthropology | Britannica.com"
3102:
3073:
3026:
3000:
2991:
2966:
2957:
2905:
2832:
2801:
2768:
2753:
2722:
2699:
2646:
2603:
2572:
2529:
2452:
2413:
2380:
2303:
2025:– United Nations plan of action
1323:of the 1960s, which ushered in
1187:
604:In the words of anthropologist
6958:Journal of Controversial Ideas
6594:
5780:High- and low-context cultures
5182:(2014-12-27), Joshua Rothman,
5022:Dictionary of Modern Sociology
4957:Findley & Rothney (1986).
4886:University of Michigan Press.
4816:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
4349:Journal of Marriage and Family
4255:"The Invention of Adolescence"
4011:American Communication Journal
3838:The Journal of Socio-Economics
3694:(2nd ed.). Sage. p.
3659:"Comparative Cultural Studies"
3203:. London: St. Martin's Press.
3170:. Wadsworth/Cengage Learning.
3039:. Cambridge University Press.
2731:"The German Bildung Tradition"
2262:
2189:
2082:
2069:
1628:, based on the disciplines of
224:
13:
1:
8225:Oration on the Dignity of Man
5027:Jary, D. and J. Jary (1991).
4999:10.1525/aa.1957.59.1.02a00040
4778:Annual Review of Anthropology
4549:The Chronicle Of Philanthropy
4516:(in German). April 28, 2019.
4185:Epstein, Robert (June 2007).
4029:Parallels in five cultures".
2775:Köpping, Klaus-Peter (2005).
2624:10.1126/science.282.5393.1446
2049:
1852:personalities across cultures
1792:
1106:; other Europeans, following
8295:The Society of the Spectacle
6978:Revue des Études Arméniennes
6346:Culture and social cognition
5331:Cross-cultural communication
4923:Carhart. Michael C. (2007).
4913:Cambridge University Press.
4771:. London: Sage Publications.
4286:Journal of Early Adolescence
4187:"The Myth of the Teen Brain"
3923:(Tenth ed.). New York.
3557:Introducing Cultural Studies
3466:Media, Culture & Society
2977:. Oxford. pp. 102–121.
2760:Underhill, James W. (2009).
2550:10.1080/13668803.2014.981506
2538:Community, Work & Family
2362:Cambridge English Dictionary
2107:10.1080/13668803.2014.981506
2095:Community, Work & Family
1626:comparative cultural studies
1260:
1068:movement was an interest in
677:identified 29 ways in which
614:Cambridge English Dictionary
506:
354:intangible cultural heritage
7:
6428:Intercultural communication
5240:
5173:
5041:Keiser, R. Lincoln (1969).
4468:UNESCO, September 13, 2017.
4298:10.1177/0272431694014001002
4156:10.1177/0022022101032004004
3980:10.1037/0033-2909.131.5.763
3850:10.1016/j.socec.2013.02.011
3813:. Oxford University Press.
3592:. London: Allen and Unwin.
3117:. Encyclopedia Britannica.
2916:Understanding popular music
2719:, December (Berlin Monthly)
2397:10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001
1956:
1172:In 1870 the anthropologist
10:
8530:
5871:Cross cultural sensitivity
5538:Resistance through culture
5154:Wilson, Edward O. (1998).
4934:Cohen, Anthony P. (1985).
4848:November 18, 2017, at the
4659:. New York: Gordon Press.
4647:
4584:10.1177/146879702761936653
4045:10.1037/0012-1649.35.2.466
3758:du Gay, Paul, ed. (1997).
3408:Williams, Raymond (1983).
3199:Lindström, Martin (2016).
2692:February 28, 2021, at the
2269:Sorrells, Kathryn (2015).
1821:world's largest LGBT event
1796:
1695:, but especially from the
1480:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1413:
1264:
1202:Petroglyphs in modern-day
1191:
729:, building on the work of
652:
82:Germans marching during a
29:
8473:
8377:
8365:Intellectuals and Society
8315:The Culture of Narcissism
8206:
7874:
7666:
7615:
7544:
7458:
7451:
7391:
7153:
7093:Outline of the humanities
7073:Criticism of mass culture
7053:
7045:National Humanities Medal
6998:
6923:
6754:
6602:
6511:
6483:Transformation of culture
6176:
6096:
5916:Cultural environmentalism
5853:
5593:
5456:
5346:Cross-cultural psychology
5341:Cross-cultural psychiatry
5336:Cross-cultural leadership
5313:
5262:
5248:
5119:January 30, 2016, at the
5102:December 4, 2004, at the
5031:New York: HarperCollins.
5020:Hoult, T.F., ed. (1969).
4980:Geertz, Clifford (1957).
4964:Geertz, Clifford (1973).
4909:Bourdieu, Pierre (1977).
4697:Deacon, Terrence (1997).
4392:help.fortroubledteens.com
4119:10.1002/9780470996652.ch3
3733:The Canadian Encyclopedia
3559:. New York: Totem Books.
2716:Berlinische Monatsschrift
2426:. Guilford Publications.
1922:Blue Shield International
1807:Cross-cultural psychology
1652:views, and criticisms of
1490:can be one expression of
1402:, political control, and
913:
668:worldwide cultural impact
648:
8355:The Malaise of Modernity
8305:The History of Sexuality
7404:Catholic social teaching
7078:Educational essentialism
6715:Interdisciplinary fields
6443:Living things in culture
6433:Intercultural competence
6336:Culture and menstruation
5835:Trans-cultural diffusion
5180:The Meaning of "Culture"
4929:Harvard University press
4751:Reinventing Anthropology
4681:
4629:10.1177/1467358415610373
4320:Epstein, Robert (2010).
4088:10.1177/0022022196272003
4032:Developmental Psychology
3919:Myers, David G. (2010).
3328:Sociological Methodology
2885:Arnold, Matthew (1869).
2814:Today in Science History
1646:University of Birmingham
996:British poet and critic
836:Diffusion of innovations
756:opposing the arrival of
619:Terror management theory
522:Tusculanae Disputationes
320:(including practices of
40:Culture (disambiguation)
8435:Philosophy of education
6254:Cultural homogenization
5484:Individualistic culture
5418:Popular culture studies
5403:Intercultural relations
5069:Oxford University Press
4986:American Anthropologist
4959:Twentieth-Century World
4897:Benedict, Ruth (1934).
4839:Arnold, Matthew. 1869.
4814:Bastian, Adolf (2009),
4806:Taylor, Walter (1948).
3868:WIREs Cognitive Science
3663:Purdue University Press
3522:James, Procter (2004).
3092:Oxford University Press
2579:O'Neil, Dennis (2006).
2062:Tylor, Edward. (1871).
1724:relations of production
1718:In a Marxist view, the
1442:relations of production
1349:social network analysis
1231:linguistic anthropology
1227:biological anthropology
1094:British anthropologist
949:Austro-Hungarian Empire
903:Johann Gottfried Herder
864:Early modern discourses
379:distinctions between a
8509:Social constructionism
7374:
7328:
7314:
6866:Liberal arts education
6189:Archaeological culture
5936:Cultural globalization
5805:Organizational culture
5653:Cultural communication
5611:Cultural appropriation
5398:Intercultural learning
5326:Cross-cultural studies
5082:Studying Popular Music
5080:Middleton, R. (1990).
4882:Barzilai, Gad (2003).
3968:Psychological Bulletin
3033:Teslow, Tracy (2016).
2715:
2710:
2358:"Meaning of "culture""
1905:
1842:
1828:
1632:and cultural studies.
1630:comparative literature
1506:, Tony Jefferson, and
1495:
1432:(1921–1988) developed
1374:
1315:
1279:
1253:
1243:
1211:
1099:
1054:
1022:
1001:
976:
970:
957:
928:
907:
897:
889:
881:
826:
761:
671:
602:
558:wrote, "The very word
322:political organization
253:
87:
75:
60:
8440:Philosophy of history
8430:Philosophy of culture
8325:A Conflict of Visions
6942:History of Humanities
6458:Participatory culture
6249:Cultural evolutionism
6073:Multiracial democracy
5951:Cultural intelligence
5896:Cultural conservatism
5886:Cultural backwardness
5876:Cultural assimilation
5750:Cultural reproduction
5606:Cultural appreciation
5558:Far-right subcultures
5448:Transcultural nursing
5413:Philosophy of culture
5290:Cultural neuroscience
5270:Cultural anthropology
4941:Dawkins, R. (1999) .
4655:Tylor, E.B. (1974) .
4326:. Linden Publishing.
3811:Oxford Bibliographies
3431:Berger, John (1972).
3088:UK English Dictionary
2919:. Routledge. p.
2887:"Culture and Anarchy"
2277:. Los Angeles: Sage.
2147:Michael Obert (2013)
1899:
1892:Protection of culture
1834:
1814:
1540:cultural anthropology
1477:
1365:
1345:social stratification
1274:
1235:cultural anthropology
1201:
1194:American anthropology
1178:evolution of religion
1115:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1093:
1076:, namely that of the
1004:In the 19th century,
995:
923:
876:
817:
774:Culture repositioning
751:
662:
579:
573:Culture described by
554:In 1986, philosopher
497:cultural anthropology
232:
206:continuum of conflict
81:
66:
50:
8445:Political philosophy
8245:Democracy in America
7098:Renaissance humanism
7030:Master of Humanities
6453:Oppositional culture
6423:Emotions and culture
6331:Cultural sensibility
6321:Cultural translation
6259:Cultural institution
6239:Cultural determinism
5961:Cultural nationalism
5946:Cultural imperialism
5906:Cultural deprivation
5800:Non-material culture
5433:Sociology of culture
5428:Semiotics of culture
5126:Reese, W.L. (1980).
5006:Goodall, J. (1986).
4938:New York: Routledge
4842:Culture and Anarchy.
4821:Anker, Guy (2000) .
4749:Hymes, Dell (1969).
4722:Current Anthropology
3735:. Historica Canada.
3309:for further details.
3098:on January 22, 2020.
2997:McClenon, pp. 528–29
2913:Roy, Shuker (1997).
2149:Song from the Forest
2044:Semiotics of culture
1848:emotions and culture
1465:Western civilization
1296:non-material culture
1267:Sociology of culture
933:Wilhelm von Humboldt
739:Jeffrey C. Alexander
635:behavioral modernity
461:cultural materialism
169:, capabilities, and
57:behavioral modernity
30:For other uses, see
8514:Main topic articles
8285:One-Dimensional Man
7017:Geisteswissenschaft
6983:Teaching Philosophy
6762:Abductive reasoning
6304:Culture speculation
6299:Cultural relativism
6229:Cultural competence
6119:Cultural Christians
5991:Cultural Revolution
5981:Cultural radicalism
5956:Cultural liberalism
5891:Cultural Bolshevism
5866:Consumer capitalism
5820:Relational mobility
5760:Cultural technology
5668:Cultural dissonance
5585:Culture by location
5548:Alternative culture
5464:Constructed culture
5443:Theology of culture
5383:Cultural psychology
5363:Cultural entomology
5161:New York: Vintage.
5095:O'Neil, D. (2006).
4961:, Houghton Mifflin
4947:Oxford Paperbacks.
4901:Patterns of Culture
4688:Barker, C. (2004).
4411:Scientific American
4206:2007SciAm..17...68E
4194:Scientific American
3485:"Cultural hallmark"
2839:Liron, Tal (2003).
2741:on January 23, 2009
2729:Eldridge, Michael.
2587:. Palomar College.
2499:Rein, Raud (2016).
2467:. pp. 252–99.
2039:Recombinant culture
1803:Cultural psychology
988:English Romanticism
501:cultural relativism
449:false consciousness
318:social organization
270:Cultural universals
217:Organizations like
8405:Cultural pessimism
8400:Cultural criticism
7299:National character
7104:Studia Humanitatis
6463:Permission culture
6396:Disability culture
6376:Children's culture
6244:Cultural diversity
6204:Circuit of culture
5986:Cultural retention
5966:Cultural pessimism
5921:Cultural exception
5911:Cultural diplomacy
5901:Cultural contracts
5861:Colonial mentality
5790:Manuscript culture
5765:Cultural universal
5735:Cultural pluralism
5715:Cultural landscape
5710:Cultural invention
5678:Cultural framework
5580:Vernacular culture
5378:Cultural mediation
5358:Cultural economics
5353:Cultural analytics
5285:Cultural geography
5275:Cultural astronomy
5147:White, L. (1949).
4605:de l'homme, 360 p.
2963:Bakhtin 1981, p. 4
2863:on January 2, 2017
2656:(March 20, 2018).
2034:Outline of culture
1914:cultural diversity
1906:
1900:Restoration of an
1843:
1829:
1775:future orientation
1713:cultural artifacts
1536:film/video studies
1496:
1375:
1286:. For sociologist
1280:
1212:
1151:indigenous peoples
1136:cultural evolution
1132:Lewis Henry Morgan
1100:
1012:poet and essayist
1002:
929:
882:
869:German Romanticism
827:
785:current structures
765:Cultural invention
762:
758:Captain James Cook
754:Australian natives
743:cognitive adequacy
672:
465:evolved biological
254:
88:
76:
61:
8486:
8485:
8202:
8201:
7347:Spontaneous order
7337:Social alienation
7186:Cultural heritage
7147:Social philosophy
7113:
7112:
6833:General knowledge
6816:Cultural literacy
6750:
6749:
6684:Religious studies
6620:Classical studies
6562:
6561:
6391:Death and culture
6284:Cultural movement
6274:Cultural literacy
6134:Eastern Orthodoxy
6046:Dominator culture
6041:Deculturalization
5941:Cultural hegemony
5931:Cultural genocide
5926:Cultural feminism
5745:Cultural property
5740:Cultural practice
5725:Cultural leveling
5720:Cultural learning
5705:Cultural industry
5700:Cultural identity
5683:Cultural heritage
5673:Cultural emphasis
5658:Cultural conflict
5631:Cultural behavior
5621:Cultural artifact
5533:Primitive culture
5509:Political culture
5167:978-0-679-76867-8
5090:978-0-335-15275-9
5051:978-0-03-080361-1
5016:978-0-674-11649-8
4974:978-0-465-09719-7
4953:978-0-19-288051-2
4919:978-0-521-29164-4
4877:978-0-252-06445-6
4832:978-2-88155-004-1
4712:978-0-3930-3838-5
4666:978-0-87968-091-6
4333:978-1-61035-101-0
4128:978-0-470-99665-2
3930:978-0-0733-7066-8
3921:Social psychology
3889:978-0-3932-6398-5
3771:978-0-7619-5402-6
3705:978-0-7619-2493-7
3599:978-0-04-330391-7
3566:978-1-84046-587-7
3533:978-0-415-26267-5
3442:978-0-563-12244-9
3386:978-0-19-510326-7
3245:978-0-226-75776-6
3210:978-1-250-08068-4
3177:978-0-495-81082-7
3046:978-1-316-60338-3
2984:978-0-19-251193-5
2930:978-0-415-10723-5
2786:978-3-8258-3989-5
2514:978-1-5095-1124-2
2474:978-81-7214-005-2
2433:978-1-4625-1479-3
2406:978-0-12-802247-4
2323:978-1-138-02572-1
2284:978-1-4129-2744-4
2247:978-0-226-85256-0
2174:978-0-13-700161-3
2064:Primitive Culture
2013:Cultural identity
1947:Karl von Habsburg
1910:cultural heritage
1799:Social psychology
1664:critique of the "
1512:political economy
1357:cognitive science
1353:social psychology
1333:cultural analysis
1063:
971:Elementargedanken
800:feminist movement
781:social structures
721:, modernization,
585:'s criticism of "
409:body modification
312:. The concept of
149:, as well as the
16:(Redirected from
8521:
8450:Social criticism
8370:
8360:
8350:
8340:
8330:
8320:
8310:
8300:
8290:
8280:
8270:
8260:
8250:
8240:
8230:
8220:
7456:
7455:
7438:Frankfurt School
7416:Communitarianism
7379:
7333:
7319:
7140:
7133:
7126:
7117:
7116:
6900:Self-realization
6712:
6711:
6589:
6582:
6575:
6566:
6565:
6543:
6542:
6531:
6530:
6519:
6518:
6408:Drinking culture
6361:Culture industry
6309:Cultural tourism
6289:Cultural mulatto
6264:Cultural jet lag
6199:Cannabis culture
6156:Cultural Muslims
6078:Pluriculturalism
6061:Multiculturalism
6051:Interculturalism
6026:Culture minister
6016:Cultural Zionism
6011:Cultural subsidy
6006:Cultural silence
5881:Cultural attaché
5840:Transculturation
5795:Material culture
5785:Interculturality
5641:Cultural capital
5626:Cultural baggage
5563:Youth subculture
5504:Official culture
5469:Dominant culture
5408:Internet culture
5373:Cultural mapping
5368:Cultural history
5295:Cultural studies
5280:Cultural ecology
5254:
5253:
5235:
5228:
5221:
5212:
5211:
5206:What is Culture?
5003:
5001:
4906:
4904:
4836:
4811:
4802:
4793:
4772:
4754:
4745:
4716:
4704:
4693:
4670:
4641:
4640:
4612:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4552:
4544:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4510:
4504:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4475:
4469:
4463:
4457:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4384:
4378:
4372:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4317:
4311:
4309:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4259:Psychology Today
4251:
4245:
4244:
4241:The Conversation
4232:
4226:
4225:
4191:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3950:
3942:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3863:
3854:
3853:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3807:"Julia Kristeva"
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3435:. Peter Smithn.
3428:
3422:
3421:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3316:
3310:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3094:. Archived from
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2955:
2942:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2882:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2862:
2856:. Archived from
2847:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2737:. Archived from
2726:
2720:
2718:
2703:
2697:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2496:
2487:
2486:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2276:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2160:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2086:
2080:
2073:
2067:
2060:
2018:Cultural tourism
2008:Cultural studies
1987:
1982:
1981:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1902:ancient Egyptian
1748:Griselda Pollock
1742:(by Paul du Gay
1693:Frankfurt School
1666:culture industry
1662:Frankfurt School
1656:as "capitalist"
1642:Raymond Williams
1613:(the culture of
1591:written language
1434:cultural studies
1430:Raymond Williams
1428:(1932–2014) and
1416:Cultural studies
1410:Cultural studies
1318:
1316:Kultursoziologie
1300:material culture
1256:
1246:
1128:Social Darwinism
1119:Native Americans
1061:
1058:
1025:
979:
973:
960:
916:
915:
910:
900:
894:
858:transculturation
770:human population
542:Samuel Pufendorf
527:"cultura animi",
480:multiculturalism
453:cultural studies
433:consumer culture
401:cultural capital
314:material culture
126:
121:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
21:
8529:
8528:
8524:
8523:
8522:
8520:
8519:
8518:
8504:Social concepts
8489:
8488:
8487:
8482:
8469:
8395:Critical theory
8373:
8368:
8358:
8348:
8338:
8328:
8318:
8308:
8298:
8288:
8278:
8268:
8258:
8248:
8238:
8228:
8218:
8198:
7876:
7870:
7668:
7662:
7611:
7540:
7447:
7399:Budapest School
7387:
7176:Cosmopolitanism
7149:
7144:
7114:
7109:
7049:
6994:
6919:
6905:Self-reflection
6895:Moral character
6854:Human condition
6806:Critical theory
6746:
6710:
6657:Performing arts
6598:
6593:
6563:
6558:
6507:
6498:Western culture
6493:Welfare culture
6418:Eastern culture
6279:Cultural mosaic
6234:Cultural critic
6224:Cultural center
6172:
6146:Cultural Hindus
6092:
6083:Polyculturalism
6056:Monoculturalism
6031:Culture of fear
6001:Cultural safety
5996:Cultural rights
5976:Cultural racism
5971:Cultural policy
5849:
5755:Cultural system
5730:Cultural memory
5663:Cultural cringe
5589:
5521:Popular culture
5452:
5388:Cultural values
5309:
5258:
5244:
5239:
5195:
5190:
5176:
5121:Wayback Machine
5104:Wayback Machine
4850:Wayback Machine
4833:
4713:
4684:
4678:
4676:Further reading
4673:
4667:
4650:
4645:
4644:
4613:
4609:
4603:
4599:
4572:Tourist Studies
4568:
4564:
4537:
4533:
4523:
4521:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4502:
4498:
4488:
4486:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4464:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4441:
4439:
4429:
4425:
4415:
4413:
4403:
4399:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4345:
4341:
4334:
4318:
4314:
4278:
4274:
4264:
4262:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4233:
4229:
4189:
4183:
4179:
4140:
4136:
4129:
4107:
4103:
4072:
4068:
4026:
4022:
4007:
4003:
3964:
3960:
3944:
3943:
3931:
3917:
3913:
3890:
3864:
3857:
3834:
3830:
3820:
3818:
3803:
3799:
3789:
3787:
3772:
3756:
3752:
3742:
3740:
3725:
3721:
3706:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3670:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3642:
3640:
3619:
3615:
3600:
3586:
3582:
3567:
3553:
3549:
3534:
3520:
3516:
3506:
3504:
3481:
3477:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3443:
3429:
3425:
3406:
3402:
3387:
3367:
3363:
3320:Griswold, Wendy
3317:
3313:
3294:
3292:
3277:
3273:
3263:
3261:
3246:
3230:
3226:
3211:
3197:
3193:
3178:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3148:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3124:
3122:
3107:
3103:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3064:
3062:
3047:
3031:
3027:
3008:Angioni, Giulio
3005:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2931:
2910:
2906:
2896:
2894:
2883:
2876:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2845:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2821:
2806:
2802:
2787:
2773:
2769:
2758:
2754:
2744:
2742:
2727:
2723:
2704:
2700:
2694:Wayback Machine
2685:
2681:
2671:
2669:
2651:
2647:
2608:
2604:
2594:
2592:
2577:
2573:
2534:
2530:
2515:
2497:
2490:
2475:
2457:
2453:
2443:
2441:
2434:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2369:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2324:
2308:
2304:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2267:
2263:
2248:
2234:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2194:
2190:
2175:
2161:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2087:
2083:
2074:
2070:
2061:
2057:
2052:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1928:and the UNESCO
1894:
1881:infantilization
1817:NYC Pride March
1809:
1795:
1764:French feminism
1728:superstructures
1701:Louis Althusser
1654:popular culture
1622:popular culture
1528:literary theory
1508:Angela McRobbie
1453:Richard Hoggart
1449:popular culture
1418:
1412:
1400:popular culture
1380:
1341:hermeneutically
1337:critical theory
1269:
1263:
1196:
1190:
1124:Herbert Spencer
1047:classical music
1037:referred to an
990:
911:: "For Herder,
871:
866:
846:Native American
792:cultural models
768:above all, the
735:Pierre Bourdieu
679:cultural change
675:Raimon Panikkar
657:
651:
575:Richard Velkley
556:Edward S. Casey
509:
470:When used as a
457:social sciences
455:. In the wider
441:critical theory
393:popular culture
227:
212:Cultural change
132:social behavior
124:
98:
94:
70:and expressive
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8527:
8517:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8484:
8483:
8481:
8480:
8474:
8471:
8470:
8468:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8455:Social science
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8381:
8379:
8375:
8374:
8372:
8371:
8361:
8351:
8345:Gender Trouble
8341:
8331:
8321:
8311:
8301:
8291:
8281:
8275:The Second Sex
8271:
8261:
8251:
8241:
8231:
8221:
8210:
8208:
8204:
8203:
8200:
8199:
8197:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7880:
7878:
7872:
7871:
7869:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7672:
7670:
7664:
7663:
7661:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7619:
7617:
7613:
7612:
7610:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7548:
7546:
7542:
7541:
7539:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7462:
7460:
7453:
7449:
7448:
7446:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7434:
7433:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7412:
7411:
7401:
7395:
7393:
7389:
7388:
7386:
7385:
7380:
7371:
7370:
7369:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7325:
7320:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7290:
7289:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7267:Invisible hand
7264:
7259:
7254:
7253:
7252:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7221:
7220:
7210:
7209:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7157:
7155:
7151:
7150:
7143:
7142:
7135:
7128:
7120:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7107:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7069:
7068:
7057:
7055:
7051:
7050:
7048:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7021:
7020:
7008:
7002:
7000:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6992:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6938:
6933:
6927:
6925:
6921:
6920:
6918:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6891:
6890:
6880:
6879:
6878:
6873:
6863:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6829:
6828:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6791:
6788:Belles-lettres
6784:
6779:
6774:
6772:Antipositivism
6769:
6764:
6758:
6756:
6752:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6718:
6716:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6675:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6654:
6649:
6648:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6606:
6604:
6600:
6599:
6592:
6591:
6584:
6577:
6569:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6556:
6549:
6537:
6525:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6404:
6403:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6294:Cultural probe
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6219:Cross-cultural
6216:
6214:Coffee culture
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6184:Animal culture
6180:
6178:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6159:
6158:
6148:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6106:
6100:
6098:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6090:
6088:Transculturism
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6069:
6068:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6021:Culture change
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5857:
5855:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5847:
5845:Visual culture
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5825:Safety culture
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5646:Cross-cultural
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5597:
5595:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5571:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5529:
5528:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5323:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5305:Culture theory
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5266:
5264:
5260:
5259:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5238:
5237:
5230:
5223:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5194:
5193:External links
5191:
5189:
5188:
5185:The New Yorker
5175:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5152:
5145:
5131:
5124:
5110:Reagan, Ronald
5107:
5093:
5078:
5071:
5061:
5054:
5039:
5025:
5018:
5004:
4977:
4962:
4955:
4939:
4932:
4921:
4907:
4894:
4880:
4865:, M.M. (1981)
4860:
4837:
4831:
4818:
4812:
4803:
4794:
4773:
4755:
4746:
4734:10.1086/201036
4728:(4): 395–412.
4717:
4711:
4694:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4665:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4623:(2): 123–134.
4607:
4597:
4578:(2): 183–201.
4562:
4557:Wiener Zeitung
4531:
4505:
4496:
4470:
4458:
4449:
4423:
4397:
4379:
4361:10.2307/349302
4355:(4): 632–638.
4339:
4332:
4312:
4272:
4261:. June 9, 2016
4246:
4227:
4177:
4150:(4): 434–443.
4134:
4127:
4101:
4082:(2): 181–199.
4066:
4020:
4001:
3974:(5): 763–784.
3958:
3929:
3911:
3888:
3855:
3828:
3797:
3770:
3750:
3719:
3704:
3680:
3650:
3613:
3598:
3580:
3565:
3547:
3532:
3514:
3475:
3456:
3441:
3433:Ways of seeing
3423:
3400:
3385:
3361:
3340:10.2307/271027
3311:
3271:
3244:
3224:
3209:
3191:
3176:
3158:
3132:
3115:Britannica.com
3101:
3081:"anthropology"
3072:
3045:
3025:
3014:(in Italian).
2999:
2990:
2983:
2965:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2929:
2904:
2874:
2831:
2800:
2785:
2779:. Lit Verlag.
2767:
2752:
2721:
2698:
2679:
2645:
2618:(5393): 1446.
2602:
2585:Culture Change
2571:
2528:
2513:
2488:
2473:
2451:
2432:
2412:
2405:
2379:
2349:
2322:
2302:
2290:
2283:
2261:
2246:
2225:
2188:
2173:
2152:
2140:
2101:(3): 334–350.
2081:
2068:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1993:Animal culture
1989:
1988:
1974:
1971:Society portal
1958:
1955:
1893:
1890:
1877:Robert Epstein
1794:
1791:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1760:Julia Kristeva
1756:psychoanalysis
1548:museum studies
1414:Main article:
1411:
1408:
1379:
1376:
1313:used the term
1307:Weimar Germany
1265:Main article:
1262:
1259:
1192:Main article:
1189:
1186:
1143:sophistication
1014:Matthew Arnold
998:Matthew Arnold
989:
986:
977:Völkergedanken
958:Weltanschauung
939:, scholars in
870:
867:
865:
862:
723:indigenization
693:, revivalism,
685:, renovation,
655:Culture change
653:Main article:
650:
647:
538:teleologically
508:
505:
493:counterculture
467:dispositions.
423:refers to the
383:of the social
356:of a society.
226:
223:
36:Tissue culture
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8526:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8496:
8494:
8479:
8476:
8475:
8472:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8460:Social theory
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8382:
8380:
8376:
8367:
8366:
8362:
8357:
8356:
8352:
8347:
8346:
8342:
8337:
8336:
8332:
8327:
8326:
8322:
8317:
8316:
8312:
8307:
8306:
8302:
8297:
8296:
8292:
8287:
8286:
8282:
8277:
8276:
8272:
8267:
8266:
8262:
8257:
8256:
8252:
8247:
8246:
8242:
8237:
8236:
8232:
8227:
8226:
8222:
8217:
8216:
8212:
8211:
8209:
8205:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8114:Radhakrishnan
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7881:
7879:
7875:20th and 21st
7873:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7673:
7671:
7667:18th and 19th
7665:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7620:
7618:
7614:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7549:
7547:
7543:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7463:
7461:
7457:
7454:
7450:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7432:
7429:
7428:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7410:
7407:
7406:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7396:
7394:
7390:
7384:
7381:
7378:
7377:
7372:
7368:
7365:
7364:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7332:
7331:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7318:
7317:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7288:
7285:
7284:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7251:
7248:
7247:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7219:
7216:
7215:
7214:
7211:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7193:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7158:
7156:
7152:
7148:
7141:
7136:
7134:
7129:
7127:
7122:
7121:
7118:
7106:
7105:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7067:
7064:
7063:
7062:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7052:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7019:
7018:
7014:
7013:
7012:
7011:Human science
7009:
7007:
7004:
7003:
7001:
6997:
6991:
6990:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6943:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6928:
6926:
6922:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6889:
6886:
6885:
6884:
6881:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6868:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6861:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6796:
6792:
6790:
6789:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6759:
6757:
6753:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6727:Environmental
6725:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6713:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6691:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6632:
6631:
6630:Language arts
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6590:
6585:
6583:
6578:
6576:
6571:
6570:
6567:
6555:
6554:
6550:
6548:
6547:
6538:
6536:
6535:
6526:
6524:
6523:
6514:
6513:
6510:
6504:
6503:Youth culture
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6488:Urban culture
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6473:Remix culture
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6448:Media culture
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6438:Languaculture
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6366:Culture shock
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6326:Cultural turn
6324:
6322:
6319:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6194:Bennett scale
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6175:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6124:Protestantism
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6095:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6067:
6066:Biculturalism
6064:
6063:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5852:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5830:Technoculture
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5810:Print culture
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5775:Enculturation
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5695:Cultural icon
5693:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5647:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5636:Cultural bias
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5616:Cultural area
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5601:Acculturation
5599:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5575:Super culture
5573:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5519:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5489:Legal culture
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5438:Sound culture
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5247:
5243:
5236:
5231:
5229:
5224:
5222:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5197:
5196:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5158:
5153:
5150:
5146:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5132:
5129:
5125:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5105:
5101:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5076:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5038:
5037:0-06-271543-7
5034:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5019:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4927:, Cambridge,
4926:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4903:
4902:
4895:
4893:
4892:0-472-11315-1
4889:
4885:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4847:
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4809:
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4800:
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4779:
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4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4747:
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4727:
4723:
4718:
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4708:
4703:
4702:
4695:
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4652:
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4484:
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4453:
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4408:
4401:
4393:
4389:
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4376:
4370:
4366:
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4354:
4350:
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4335:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4316:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4276:
4260:
4256:
4250:
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4231:
4223:
4219:
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4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
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4149:
4145:
4138:
4130:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4105:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4070:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4024:
4016:
4012:
4005:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3954:
3948:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3881:
3880:10.1002/wcs.7
3877:
3873:
3869:
3862:
3860:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3821:September 29,
3816:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3754:
3738:
3734:
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3723:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3697:
3693:
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3684:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3617:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3591:
3584:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3558:
3551:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3526:. Routledge.
3525:
3518:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3479:
3471:
3467:
3460:
3452:
3448:
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3404:
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3365:
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3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3308:
3304:
3290:
3286:
3285:Lingua Franca
3282:
3275:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3228:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3003:
2994:
2986:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2960:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2908:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2879:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2843:
2835:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2763:
2756:
2740:
2736:
2735:UNC Charlotte
2732:
2725:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2672:September 29,
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2654:Wei, Clarissa
2649:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2544:(3): 334–50.
2543:
2539:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2506:
2503:. Cambridge:
2502:
2495:
2493:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2416:
2408:
2402:
2398:
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2383:
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2299:
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2274:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2230:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2157:
2150:
2144:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2072:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2003:Cultural area
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1961:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1898:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1860:culture shock
1857:
1853:
1849:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1758:. The writer
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1697:structuralist
1694:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1638:E.P. Thompson
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1618:social groups
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:social theory
1521:
1517:
1516:communication
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1325:structuralist
1322:
1321:cultural turn
1317:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1258:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:noble savages
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1134:'s theory of
1133:
1129:
1126:'s theory of
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:Thomas Hobbes
1109:
1105:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1056:
1052:
1051:haute cuisine
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1033:In practice,
1031:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
999:
994:
985:
983:
978:
972:
967:
966:Adolf Bastian
962:
959:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
926:
925:Adolf Bastian
922:
918:
909:
904:
899:
893:
892:
886:
885:Immanuel Kant
879:
878:Johann Herder
875:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
842:Acculturation
839:
837:
833:
824:
820:
816:
812:
810:
806:
801:
797:
793:
788:
786:
782:
777:
775:
771:
766:
759:
755:
750:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
713:, borrowing,
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
669:
665:
661:
656:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
625:
620:
616:
615:
609:
607:
601:
599:
595:
594:Enlightenment
591:
588:
584:
578:
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
552:
551:
549:
543:
539:
535:
532:
528:
524:
523:
518:
514:
513:ancient Roman
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
447:and create a
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:mass mediated
426:
425:mass-produced
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:ethnic groups
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
373:civilizations
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
352:comprise the
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
222:
220:
215:
213:
209:
207:
203:
199:
194:
193:cultural norm
189:
187:
186:socialization
183:
182:enculturation
180:processes of
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
128:
119:
92:
85:
80:
73:
69:
65:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
8363:
8353:
8343:
8333:
8323:
8313:
8303:
8293:
8283:
8273:
8263:
8253:
8243:
8233:
8223:
8213:
7633:Guicciardini
7616:Early modern
7452:Philosophers
7426:Conservatism
7421:Confucianism
7409:Distributism
7342:Social norms
7330:Sittlichkeit
7316:Ressentiment
7262:Institutions
7240:Human nature
7212:
7102:
7066:Philistinism
7061:Antihumanism
7015:
6987:
6973:Nova Religio
6940:
6858:
6838:Hermeneutics
6820:
6793:
6786:
6610:Anthropology
6551:
6544:
6532:
6520:
6468:Rape culture
6413:Drug culture
6401:Deaf culture
6386:Cyberculture
6356:Culture hero
6269:Cultural lag
6209:Civilization
6109:Christianity
5815:Protoculture
5499:Microculture
5479:High culture
5474:Folk culture
5423:Postcritique
5241:
5199:
5183:
5155:
5148:
5140:, issued on
5127:
5081:
5074:
5064:
5057:
5042:
5028:
5021:
5007:
4989:
4985:
4968:. New York.
4965:
4958:
4942:
4935:
4924:
4910:
4900:
4883:
4866:
4841:
4822:
4807:
4798:
4781:
4777:
4767:
4763:Szeman, Imre
4750:
4725:
4721:
4700:
4689:
4656:
4620:
4616:
4610:
4600:
4575:
4571:
4565:
4556:
4548:
4540:
4534:
4524:December 13,
4522:. Retrieved
4508:
4499:
4489:September 1,
4487:. Retrieved
4473:
4465:
4461:
4452:
4442:November 20,
4440:. Retrieved
4436:
4426:
4414:. Retrieved
4410:
4400:
4391:
4382:
4374:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4322:
4315:
4289:
4285:
4275:
4265:February 19,
4263:. Retrieved
4258:
4249:
4240:
4230:
4200:(2): 68–75.
4197:
4193:
4180:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4110:
4104:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4036:
4030:
4023:
4014:
4010:
4004:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3920:
3914:
3871:
3867:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3819:. Retrieved
3810:
3800:
3788:. Retrieved
3760:
3753:
3741:. Retrieved
3732:
3722:
3690:
3683:
3671:. Retrieved
3662:
3653:
3643:September 1,
3641:. Retrieved
3623:
3616:
3589:
3583:
3556:
3550:
3523:
3517:
3505:. Retrieved
3489:The Guardian
3488:
3478:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3432:
3426:
3409:
3403:
3371:
3364:
3331:
3327:
3314:
3307:Sokal affair
3293:. Retrieved
3284:
3274:
3262:. Retrieved
3234:
3227:
3200:
3194:
3167:
3161:
3149:. Retrieved
3135:
3123:. Retrieved
3114:
3104:
3096:the original
3084:
3075:
3063:. Retrieved
3035:
3028:
3011:
3002:
2993:
2974:
2968:
2959:
2915:
2907:
2895:. Retrieved
2865:. Retrieved
2858:the original
2841:
2834:
2822:. Retrieved
2813:
2808:Ellis, Ian.
2803:
2776:
2770:
2761:
2755:
2743:. Retrieved
2739:the original
2724:
2701:
2682:
2670:. Retrieved
2661:
2648:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2593:. Retrieved
2584:
2574:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2500:
2460:
2454:
2442:. Retrieved
2422:
2415:
2388:
2382:
2370:. Retrieved
2361:
2352:
2340:. Retrieved
2312:
2305:
2293:
2272:
2264:
2237:
2216:. Retrieved
2198:
2191:
2164:
2143:
2131:. Retrieved
2098:
2094:
2084:
2076:
2075:Jackson, Y.
2071:
2063:
2058:
1998:Anthropology
1985:World portal
1951:
1939:
1907:
1864:LGBT culture
1844:
1836:
1784:
1781:orientation.
1768:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1717:
1686:
1678:mass culture
1674:
1658:mass culture
1634:
1611:high culture
1588:
1576:
1568:social class
1532:media theory
1504:Dick Hebdige
1497:
1492:high culture
1446:
1419:
1404:social class
1396:anthropology
1381:
1311:Alfred Weber
1304:
1292:sociological
1288:Georg Simmel
1281:
1254:Kulturbrille
1244:Kulturbrille
1223:symbolically
1216:anthropology
1213:
1188:Anthropology
1174:Edward Tylor
1171:
1140:
1108:philosophers
1101:
1096:Edward Tylor
1081:social group
1074:high culture
1034:
1032:
1003:
963:
937:Romantic era
930:
883:
854:assimilation
850:colonization
840:
828:
789:
778:
763:
687:reconception
673:
628:
624:Homo sapiens
623:
612:
610:
603:
598:civilization
580:
572:
567:
563:
559:
553:
545:
531:agricultural
526:
520:
510:
469:
421:Mass culture
397:folk culture
381:high culture
367:, sciences,
358:
326:institutions
294:technologies
258:anthropology
255:
216:
210:
190:
175:
136:institutions
90:
89:
84:folk culture
44:
32:Cell culture
8420:Historicism
8249:(1835–1840)
8215:De Officiis
7939:de Beauvoir
7909:Baudrillard
7861:Vivekananda
7851:Tocqueville
7766:Kierkegaard
7582:Ibn Khaldun
7552:Alpharabius
7443:Personalism
7352:Stewardship
7309:Reification
7304:Natural law
7225:Familialism
7191:Culturalism
6915:Work of art
6883:Metaphysics
6844:Historicism
6689:Visual arts
6615:Archaeology
6603:Disciplines
6546:WikiProject
6478:Tea culture
6381:Culturalism
6351:Culture gap
6314:Pop-culture
6114:Catholicism
6036:Culture war
5494:Low culture
5393:Culturomics
5300:Culturology
4759:James, Paul
4292:(1): 6–23.
3673:October 30,
3524:Stuart Hall
3507:October 30,
3295:October 28,
3151:October 30,
3125:October 30,
2867:October 30,
2595:October 29,
1752:art history
1699:Marxism of
1670:Paul Gilroy
1599:photographs
1593:, but also
1560:nationality
1552:art history
1500:Paul Willis
1461:Stuart Hall
1426:Stuart Hall
1241:. The term
1239:archaeology
1220:experiences
1165:systems of
1085:low culture
1020:concept of
945:nationalist
898:Sapere Aude
809:agriculture
796:ideological
731:Umberto Eco
715:eclecticism
664:The Beatles
643:interaction
489:bro culture
445:proletariat
389:low culture
377:class-based
324:and social
234:Pygmy music
225:Description
198:monoculture
86:celebration
8493:Categories
8425:Humanities
8385:Agnotology
8044:Kołakowski
7607:Ibn Tufayl
7587:Maimonides
7531:Thucydides
7526:Tertullian
7481:Lactantius
7376:Volksgeist
7357:Traditions
7171:Convention
6876:Quadrivium
6801:Creativity
6767:Aesthetics
6694:Filmmaking
6679:Philosophy
6635:Literature
6596:Humanities
5543:Subculture
5321:Bioculture
4857:Macmillan.
4784:: 509–29.
4416:October 5,
3844:: 147–57.
3743:October 7,
3303:Alan Sokal
3301:Physicist
2848:(Thesis).
2298:Tylor 1974
2199:Tusculanes
2050:References
2023:Culture 21
1797:See also:
1793:Psychology
1607:hairstyles
1583:television
1544:philosophy
1488:Visual art
1329:postmodern
1249:Franz Boas
1208:Azerbaijan
1163:capitalist
1147:folk music
1028:perfection
982:Franz Boas
719:syncretism
695:revolution
691:innovation
689:, reform,
683:involution
606:E.B. Tylor
590:liberalism
485:subculture
476:traditions
472:count noun
361:humanities
338:literature
334:philosophy
298:tool usage
238:polyphonic
8465:Sociology
8415:Historism
8124:Santayana
8094:Oakeshott
8064:MacIntyre
8049:Kropotkin
8024:Heidegger
7877:centuries
7791:Nietzsche
7756:Jefferson
7741:Helvétius
7706:Condorcet
7669:centuries
7653:Montaigne
7476:Confucius
7466:Augustine
7383:Worldview
7277:Modernity
7250:Formation
6948:Humanitas
6860:Humanitas
6849:Historism
6811:Criticism
6704:Sculpture
6371:Culturgen
6139:Mormonism
6097:Religions
5770:Cultureme
5688:Destroyed
5314:Subfields
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4742:144502900
4637:157784805
4306:145165641
4164:0022-0221
4096:145134209
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3947:cite book
3939:667213323
3898:911004797
3780:949857570
3729:"Marxism"
3714:780825710
3633:872436352
3608:883364628
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2115:1366-8803
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1650:left-wing
1570:, and/or
1564:ethnicity
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1469:globalism
1261:Sociology
1159:authentic
1157:" living
1006:humanists
964:In 1860,
953:worldview
832:diffusion
727:Rein Raud
707:diffusion
548:barbarism
529:using an
507:Etymology
495:. Within
491:"), or a
431:forms of
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330:mythology
266:societies
264:in human
236:has been
151:knowledge
147:societies
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8478:Category
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8378:See also
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7866:Voltaire
7831:de Staël
7806:Rousseau
7731:Franklin
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7577:Gelasius
7562:Avempace
7545:Medieval
7521:Polybius
7516:Plutarch
7282:Morality
7257:Ideology
7245:Identity
7154:Concepts
6999:Academia
6968:Leonardo
6936:Daedalus
6924:Journals
6888:Ontology
6777:The arts
6699:Painting
6645:Rhetoric
6522:Category
6104:Buddhism
5854:Politics
5263:Sciences
5174:Articles
5136:(2002).
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4853:New York
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4061:10082017
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3906:26271239
3815:Archived
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3764:. Sage.
3737:Archived
3667:Archived
3665:. 2015.
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3059:Archived
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2212:Archived
2127:Archived
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1732:feminist
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1371:folklore
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1167:the West
1070:folklore
1066:Romantic
1008:such as
703:progress
699:mutation
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534:metaphor
413:clothing
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310:clothing
290:religion
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