Cell culture - Knowledge

1375:(ECM) is important in the survival, proliferation, differentiation and migration of cells, different hydrogel culture matrices mimicking natural ECM structure are seen as potential approaches to in vivo–like cell culturing. Hydrogels are composed of interconnected pores with high water retention, which enables efficient transport of substances such as nutrients and gases. Several different types of hydrogels from natural and synthetic materials are available for 3D cell culture, including animal ECM extract hydrogels, protein hydrogels, peptide hydrogels, polymer hydrogels, and 1065: 29: 512: 10248: 1483:

more than one type of cell, it is important to evaluate their interaction in a 3D culture environment to gain a better understanding of their interaction and to introduce mimetic tissues. There are two types of co-culturing: direct and indirect. While direct interaction involves cells being in direct contact with each other in the same culture media or matrix, indirect interaction involves different environments, allowing signaling and soluble factors to participate.

11219: 10747: 353: 1971: 1494: 11231: 10759: 802:(ATCC), the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC) and the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ), have received cell line submissions from researchers that were misidentified by them. Such contamination poses a problem for the quality of research produced using cell culture lines, and the major repositories are now authenticating all cell line submissions. ATCC uses 293:. He suggested that the potentialities of individual cells via tissue culture as well as that the reciprocal influences of tissues on one another could be determined by this method. Since Haberlandt's original assertions, methods for tissue and cell culture have been realized, leading to significant discoveries in biology and medicine. He presented his original idea of 586:. Some cells naturally live in suspension, without being attached to a surface, such as cells that exist in the bloodstream. There are also cell lines that have been modified to be able to survive in suspension cultures so they can be grown to a higher density than adherent conditions would allow. Adherent cells require a surface, such as tissue culture plastic or 379:. The cells are bathed in a culture medium, which contains essential nutrients and energy sources necessary for the cells' survival. Thus, in its broader sense, "tissue culture" is often used interchangeably with "cell culture". On the other hand, the strict meaning of "tissue culture" refers to the culturing of tissue pieces, i.e. 5925: 1486:

Cell differentiation in tissue models during interaction between cells can be studied using the Co-Cultured System to simulate cancer tumors, to assess the effect of drugs on therapeutic trials, and to study the effect of drugs on therapeutic trials. The co-culture system in 3D models can predict the

1391:

method (MLM) is the application of growing 3D tissue by inducing cells treated with magnetic nanoparticle assemblies in spatially varying magnetic fields using neodymium magnetic drivers and promoting cell to cell interactions by levitating the cells up to the air/liquid interface of a standard petri

813:

To address this problem of cell line cross-contamination, researchers are encouraged to authenticate their cell lines at an early passage to establish the identity of the cell line. Authentication should be repeated before freezing cell line stocks, every two months during active culturing and before

793:

Cell line cross-contamination can be a problem for scientists working with cultured cells. Studies suggest anywhere from 15 to 20% of the time, cells used in experiments have been misidentified or contaminated with another cell line. Problems with cell line cross-contamination have even been detected

1512:

Microfluidics technique is developed systems that can perform a process in a flow which are usually in a scale of micron. Microfluidics chip are also known as Lab-on-a-chip and they are able to have continuous procedure and reaction steps with spare amount of reactants and space. Such systems enable

1482:

The technique of co-culturing is used to study cell crosstalk between two or more types of cells on a plate or in a 3D matrix. The cultivation of different stem cells and the interaction of immune cells can be investigated in an in vitro model similar to biological tissue. Since most tissues contain

1541:

Besides the culture of well-established immortalised cell lines, cells from primary explants of a plethora of organisms can be cultured for a limited period of time before senescence occurs (see Hayflick's limit). Cultured primary cells have been extensively used in research, as is the case of fish

1527:

OoC systems mimic and control the microenvironment of the cells by growing tissues in microfluidics. Combining tissue engineering, biomaterials fabrication, and cell biology, it offers the possibility of establishing a biomimetic model for studying human diseases in the laboratory. In recent years,

1344:

Culturing cells in 3D leads to wide variation in gene expression signatures and partly mimics tissues in the physiological states. A 3D cell culture model showed cell growth similar to that of in vivo than did a monolayer culture, and all three cultures were capable of sustaining cell growth. As 3D

1335:

research. 3D cell cultures can be grown using a scaffold or matrix, or in a scaffold-free manner. Scaffold based cultures utilize an acellular 3D matrix or a liquid matrix. Scaffold-free methods are normally generated in suspensions. There are a variety of platforms used to facilitate the growth of

266:

tissue. In 1996, the first use of regenerative tissue was used to replace a small length of urethra, which led to the understanding that the technique of obtaining samples of tissue, growing it outside the body without a scaffold, and reapplying it, can be used for only small distances of less than

390:

model of the tissue in a well defined environment which can be easily manipulated and analysed. In animal tissue culture, cells may be grown as two-dimensional monolayers (conventional culture) or within fibrous scaffolds or gels to attain more naturalistic three-dimensional tissue-like structures

1358:

cell substrates. This early use of electrospun fibrous lattices for cell culture and tissue engineering showed that various cell types including Human Foreskin Fibroblasts (HFF), transformed Human Carcinoma (HEp-2), and Mink Lung Epithelium (MLE) would adhere to and proliferate upon polycarbonate

395:

cell and tissue substrates. This early use of electrospun fibrous lattices for cell culture and tissue engineering showed that various cell types would adhere to and proliferate upon polycarbonate fibers. It was noted that as opposed to the flattened morphology typically seen in 2D culture, cells

833:

cell line. HeLa contamination was first noted in the early 1960s in non-human culture in the USA. Intraspecies contamination was discovered in nineteen cell lines in the seventies. In 1974, five human cell lines from the Soviet Union were found to be HeLa. A follow-up study analysing 50-odd cell

1001:

Passaging (also known as subculture or splitting cells) involves transferring a small number of cells into a new vessel. Cells can be cultured for a longer time if they are split regularly, as it avoids the senescence associated with prolonged high cell density. Suspension cultures are easily

1282:

Aside from Petri dishes, scientists have long been growing cells within biologically derived matrices such as collagen or fibrin, and more recently, on synthetic hydrogels such as polyacrylamide or PEG. They do this in order to elicit phenotypes that are not expressed on conventionally rigid

1143:

A cell strain is derived either from a primary culture or a cell line by the selection or cloning of cells having specific properties or characteristics which must be defined. Cell strains are cells that have been adapted to culture but, unlike cell lines, have a finite division potential.

590:, which may be coated with extracellular matrix (such as collagen and laminin) components to increase adhesion properties and provide other signals needed for growth and differentiation. Most cells derived from solid tissues are adherent. Another type of adherent culture is 9780:

van den Berg-Bakker CA, Hagemeijer A, Franken-Postma EM, Smit VT, Kuppen PJ, van Ravenswaay Claasen HH, et al. (February 1993). "Establishment and characterization of 7 ovarian carcinoma cell lines and one granulosa tumor cell line: growth features and cytogenetics".

9525:

Leung, Chak Ming; de Haan, Pim; Ronaldson-Bouchard, Kacey; Kim, Ge-Ah; Ko, Jihoon; Rho, Hoon Suk; Chen, Zhu; Habibovic, Pamela; Jeon, Noo Li; Takayama, Shuichi; Shuler, Michael L.; Vunjak-Novakovic, Gordana; Frey, Olivier; Verpoorte, Elisabeth; Toh, Yi-Chin (12 May 2022).

1532:

and disease modeling. OoC is an important technology that can bridge the gap between animal testing and clinical studies and also by the advances that the science has achieved could be a replace for in vivo studies for drug delivery and pathophysiological studies.

1135:(HA or HAT) is used to select against unfused myeloma cells; primary lymphoctyes die quickly in culture and only the fused cells survive. These are screened for production of the required antibody, generally in pools to start with and then after single cloning. 1160:

is used to expand the number of cells and differentiate the cells into various somatic cell types for transplantation. Stem cell culture is also used to harvest the molecules and exosomes that the stem cells release for the purposes of therapeutic development.

77:, they can subsequently be maintained under carefully controlled conditions. They need to be kept at body temperature (37 °C) in an incubator. These conditions vary for each cell type, but generally consist of a suitable vessel with a substrate or rich 1318:

has been touted as "Biology's New Dimension". At present, the practice of cell culture remains based on varying combinations of single or multiple cell structures in 2D. Currently, there is an increase in use of 3D cell cultures in research areas including

1345:

culturing has been developed it turns out to have a great potential to design tumors models and investigate malignant transformation and metastasis, 3D cultures can provide aggerate tool for understanding changes, interactions, and cellular signaling.

1648:

For bacteria and yeasts, small quantities of cells are usually grown on a solid support that contains nutrients embedded in it, usually a gel such as agar, while large-scale cultures are grown with the cells suspended in a nutrient broth.

157:

being used for plants. The lifespan of most cells is genetically determined, but some cell-culturing cells have been 'transformed' into immortal cells which will reproduce indefinitely if the optimal conditions are provided.

986:

In the case of adherent cultures, the media can be removed directly by aspiration, and then is replaced. Media changes in non-adherent cultures involve centrifuging the culture and resuspending the cells in fresh media.

547:(hPL). This eliminates the worry of cross-species contamination when using FBS with human cells. hPL has emerged as a safe and reliable alternative as a direct replacement for FBS or other animal serum. In addition, 1359:

fibers. It was noted that, as opposed to the flattened morphology typically seen in 2D culture, cells grown on the electrospun fibers exhibited a more histotypic rounded 3-dimensional morphology generally observed

551:

can be used to eliminate any serum trace (human or animal), but this cannot always be accomplished with different cell types. Alternative strategies involve sourcing the animal blood from countries with minimum

9851:

Ou D, Mitchell LA, Décarie D, Tingle AJ, Nepom GT (March 1998). "Promiscuous T-cell recognition of a rubella capsid protein epitope restricted by DRB1*0403 and DRB1*0901 molecules sharing an HLA DR supertype".

1353:

Eric Simon, in a 1988 NIH SBIR grant report, showed that electrospinning could be used to produce nano- and submicron-scale polystyrene and polycarbonate fibrous scaffolds specifically intended for use as

1002:

passaged with a small amount of culture containing a few cells diluted in a larger volume of fresh media. For adherent cultures, cells first need to be detached; this is commonly done with a mixture of

8988:

Fontoura JC, Viezzer C, Dos Santos FG, Ligabue RA, Weinlich R, Puga RD, et al. (February 2020). "Comparison of 2D and 3D cell culture models for cell growth, gene expression and drug resistance".

4521: 2376: 391:(3D culture). Eric Simon, in a 1988 NIH SBIR grant report, showed that electrospinning could be used to produce nano- and submicron-scale polymeric fibrous scaffolds specifically intended for use as 7120:

Liscovitch M, Ravid D (January 2007). "A case study in misidentification of cancer cell lines: MCF-7/AdrR cells (re-designated NCI/ADR-RES) are derived from OVCAR-8 human ovarian carcinoma cells".

5688: 4178: 2579: 1044:

constructs have been realized as a convenient mechanism for suppressing the expression of a particular gene/protein. DNA can also be inserted into cells using viruses, in methods referred to as

594:, which involves growing cells in a three-dimensional (3-D) environment as opposed to two-dimensional culture dishes. This 3D culture system is biochemically and physiologically more similar to 2898: 2438: 939:

Among the common manipulations carried out on culture cells are media changes, passaging cells, and transfecting cells. These are generally performed using tissue culture methods that rely on

6689:

Hemeda, H., Giebel, B., Wagner, W. (16Feb2014) Evaluation of human platelet lysate versus fetal bovine serum for culture of mesenchymal stromal cells Cytotherapy p170-180 issue 2 doi.10.1016

208:(a population of cells descended from a single cell and containing the same genetic makeup) separated from their original tissue source became more robust in the middle 20th century. 10125: 9737:

Hunt P, Robertson D, Weiss D, Rennick D, Lee F, Witte ON (March 1987). "A single bone marrow-derived stromal cell type supports the in vitro growth of early lymphoid and myeloid cells".

8216:

Georges PC, Hui JJ, Gombos Z, McCormick ME, Wang AY, Uemura M, et al. (December 2007). "Increased stiffness of the rat liver precedes matrix deposition: implications for fibrosis".

7282:

Brendan P. Lucey, Walter A. Nelson-Rees, Grover M. Hutchins; Henrietta Lacks, HeLa Cells, and Cell Culture Contamination. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1 September 2009; 133 (9): 1463–1467. doi:

8259:

Li L, Sharma N, Chippada U, Jiang X, Schloss R, Yarmush ML, Langrana NA (May 2008). "Functional modulation of ES-derived hepatocyte lineage cells via substrate compliance alteration".

11235: 8302:

Semler EJ, Lancin PA, Dasgupta A, Moghe PV (February 2005). "Engineering hepatocellular morphogenesis and function via ligand-presenting hydrogels with graded mechanical compliance".

1420:

can be cultured and cryopreserved for future use. Tissue engineering potentially offers dramatic improvements in low cost medical care for hundreds of thousands of patients annually.

1144:

Non-immortalized cells stop dividing after 40 to 60 population doublings and, after this, they lose their ability to proliferate (a genetically determined event known as senescence).

1200:. The cost of growing mammalian cell cultures is high, so research is underway to produce such complex proteins in insect cells or in higher plants, use of single embryonic cell and 40: 535:(FBS), bovine calf serum, equine serum, and porcine serum. One complication of these blood-derived ingredients is the potential for contamination of the culture with viruses or 1212:

observation is one of its applications. It also offers to confirm single cell origin of somatic embryos and the asymmetry of the first cell division, which starts the process.

908:

of findings from cell culture experiments due to the differences in the nutrient composition and concentrations. A systematic bias in generated datasets was recently shown for

10732: 1251:

who, in 1885, removed a portion of the medullary plate of an embryonic chicken and maintained it in warm saline for several days on a flat glass plate. From the advance of

1671:

viruses or viral products may be generated in cell types other than their natural hosts under the right conditions. Depending on the species of the virus, infection and

560:

risk, such as The United States, Australia and New Zealand, and using purified nutrient concentrates derived from serum in place of whole animal serum for cell culture.

1528:

3D cell culture science has made significant progress, leading to the development of OoC. OoC is considered as a preclinical step that benefits pharmaceutical studies,

1336:

three-dimensional cellular structures including scaffold systems such as hydrogel matrices and solid scaffolds, and scaffold-free systems such as low-adhesion plates,

1010:; however, other enzyme mixes are now available for this purpose. A small number of detached cells can then be used to seed a new culture. Some cell cultures, such as 10144:- Introduction to cell culture, covering topics such as laboratory set-up, safety and aseptic technique including basic cell culture protocols and video training 1663:

The culture of viruses requires the culture of cells of mammalian, plant, fungal or bacterial origin as hosts for the growth and replication of the virus. Whole

10120: 1513:

the identification and isolation of individual cells and molecules when combined with appropriate biological assays and high-sensitivity detection techniques.

896:

of the altered cells potentially leading to overgrowth of abnormal, culture-adapted cells with decreased differentiation and increased proliferative capacity.

2092: 1092:, as they may outlive their parent organism and later be used in the discovery of lucrative medical treatments. In the pioneering decision in this area, the 9824:

Lee YG, Korenchuk S, Lehr J, Whitney S, Vessela R, Pienta KJ (2001). "Establishment and characterization of a new human prostatic cancer cell line: DuCaP".

5901: 5807: 5770: 5743: 5718: 5661: 5637: 5609: 5583: 5559: 5483: 5399: 5373: 5339: 5305: 5227: 5179: 5152: 5123: 5087: 5061: 5012: 4985: 4929: 4885: 4820: 4745: 4715: 4686: 4662: 4638: 4614: 4590: 4518: 4464: 4414: 4390: 4334: 4307: 4280: 4231: 4099: 4046: 3995: 3971: 3900: 3848: 3819: 3793: 3767: 3742: 3686: 3660: 3635: 3608: 3578: 3551: 3449: 3423: 3399: 3327: 3304: 3221: 3116: 3085: 3045: 3021: 2997: 2973: 2868: 2793: 2767: 2741: 2712: 2689: 2664: 2520: 2373: 2319: 2293: 2265: 2241: 2217: 2140: 2116: 2043: 5928: 5878: 3874: 1376: 5685: 4175: 2576: 1284: 2895: 2435: 1247:

primarily involves cultures of cells on flat plastic dishes. This technique is known as two-dimensional (2D) cell culture, and was first developed by

563:

Plating density (number of cells per volume of culture medium) plays a critical role for some cell types. For example, a lower plating density makes

6590:

Urry, L. A., Campbell, N. A., Cain, M. L., Reece, J. B., Wasserman, S. (2007). Biology. United Kingdom: Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company. p. 860

7623:

Qian L, Saltzman WM (2004). "Improving the expansion and neuronal differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells through culture surface modification".

1098: 4849: 850:

As cells generally continue to divide in culture, they generally grow to fill the available area or volume. This can generate several issues:

531:, and the presence of other nutrients. The growth factors used to supplement media are often derived from the serum of animal blood, such as 6405:

Haberlandt, G. (1902) Kulturversuche mit isolierten Pflanzenzellen. Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Abt. J. 111, 69–92.

834:

lines indicated that half had HeLa markers, but contaminant HeLa had hybridised with the original cell lines. HeLa cell contamination from

10172: 324:

was one of the first products mass-produced using cell culture techniques. This vaccine was made possible by the cell culture research of

10797: 8614:

Mapanao AK, Voliani V (June 2020). "Three-dimensional tumor models: Promoting breakthroughs in nanotheranostics translational research".

7712:"Cell migration analysis: A low-cost laboratory experiment for cell and developmental biology courses using keratocytes from fish scales" 1396:

is scalable, with the capability for culturing 500 cells to millions of cells or from single dish to high-throughput low volume systems.

1392:

dish. The magnetic nanoparticle assemblies consist of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, and the polymer polylysine.

1056:. Viruses, as parasitic agents, are well suited to introducing DNA into cells, as this is a part of their normal course of reproduction. 1011: 9982: 9965: 7173: 7156: 943:. Aseptic technique aims to avoid contamination with bacteria, yeast, or other cell lines. Manipulations are typically carried out in a 6307: 5955: 8439:

Dupont S, Morsut L, Aragona M, Enzo E, Giulitti S, Cordenonsi M, et al. (June 2011). "Role of YAP/TAZ in mechanotransduction".

6725: 1566:

on a solid medium. The culturing of undifferentiated plant cells and calli requires the proper balance of the plant growth hormones

10237: 10157: 6231: 1388: 1337: 477:

has acquired the ability to proliferate indefinitely either through random mutation or deliberate modification, such as artificial

11277: 10204: 557: 466:

Cells that are cultured directly from a subject are known as primary cells. With the exception of some derived from tumors, most

10413: 9466:

Wu, Qirui; Liu, Jinfeng; Wang, Xiaohong; Feng, Lingyan; Wu, Jinbo; Zhu, Xiaoli; Wen, Weijia; Gong, Xiuqing (12 February 2020).

9297:

Paschos, Nikolaos K.; Brown, Wendy E.; Eswaramoorthy, Rajalakshmanan; Hu, Jerry C.; Athanasiou, Kyriacos A. (3 February 2014).

630: 7243: 1196:(carbohydrate-modified) currently must be made in animal cells. An important example of such a complex protein is the hormone 725:. The color of phenol red changes from orange/red at pH 7–7.4 to yellow at acidic (lower) pH and purple at basic (higher) pH. 11272: 10138:- Resources including application notes and protocols to create an ideal environment for growing cells, right from the start. 6546: 6471: 6023: 504:

and stop dividing after a certain number of population doublings while generally retaining their viability (described as the

10135: 8337:

Friedland JC, Lee MH, Boettiger D (January 2009). "Mechanically activated integrin switch controls alpha5beta1 function".

1978: 10822: 6757:"Cell plating density alters the ratio of estrogenic to progestagenic enzyme gene expression in cultured granulosa cells" 1490:

A co-culture method is used in tissue engineering to generate tissue formation with multiple cells interacting directly.

814:

any publication of research data generated using the cell lines. Many methods are used to identify cell lines, including

610: 224:

containing the chlorides of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium suitable for maintaining the beating of an isolated

73:

are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. After cells of interest have been

543:

applications. Current practice is to minimize or eliminate the use of these ingredients wherever possible and use human

11141: 10844: 10130: 439:

are capable of growth in culture. Cells can be isolated from solid tissues by digesting the extracellular matrix using

386:

Tissue culture is an important tool for the study of the biology of cells from multicellular organisms. It provides an

9624:

Rapanan JL, Cooper KE, Leyva KJ, Hull EE (August 2014). "Collective cell migration of primary zebrafish keratocytes".

8890:"Endogenously Triggerable Ultrasmall-in-Nano Architectures: Targeting Assessment on 3D Pancreatic Carcinoma Spheroids" 8059:

Tilghman RW, Cowan CR, Mih JD, Koryakina Y, Gioeli D, Slack-Davis JK, et al. (September 2010). Hotchin NA (ed.).

11133: 11073: 9242:

Miki, Yasuhiro; Ono, Katsuhiko; Hata, Shuko; Suzuki, Takashi; Kumamoto, Hiroyuki; Sasano, Hironobu (September 2012).

6699: 455:, before agitating the tissue to release the cells into suspension. Alternatively, pieces of tissue can be placed in 10141: 7751:

Discher DE, Janmey P, Wang YL (November 2005). "Tissue cells feel and respond to the stiffness of their substrate".

606:

There are different kinds of cell culture media which being used routinely in life science including the following:

406:

in particular is concerned with the growing of entire plants from small pieces of plant tissue, cultured in medium.

7871:"Soft substrates promote homogeneous self-renewal of embryonic stem cells via downregulating cell-matrix tractions" 5979: 553: 1192:. Although many simpler proteins can be produced using rDNA in bacterial cultures, more complex proteins that are 11195: 11078: 10790: 10722: 10444: 10160:

This webinar introduces the history, theory, basic techniques, and potential pit-falls of mammalian cell culture.

10086: 7492:"Physiologic Medium Rewires Cellular Metabolism and Reveals Uric Acid as an Endogenous Inhibitor of UMP Synthase" 5960: 1937: 788: 1487:

response to chemotherapy and endocrine therapy if the microenvironment defines biological tissue for the cells.

396:

grown on the electrospun fibers exhibited a more rounded 3-dimensional morphology generally observed of tissues

10763: 10727: 9939:"Sergey Fedoroff: A Pioneer of the Neuronal Regeneration. Tribute from the Pan American Association of Anatomy" 6463: 6098: 625: 1223:, fragrances, and rhino horn from cells and microorganisms. It is therefore considered one means of achieving 1219:, which aims to provide both new products and new ways of producing existing agricultural products like milk, 11200: 11190: 11177: 10571: 10338: 9169:"Protection of mice and poultry from lethal H5N1 avian influenza virus through adenovirus-based immunization" 4730: 221: 10817: 10147: 8939:"The transcriptional landscape of a hepatoma cell line grown on scaffolds of extracellular matrix proteins" 8702:"Three-dimensional cell culture systems and their applications in drug discovery and cell-based biosensors" 1727: 272: 251:

demonstrated the growth of frog embryonic cells that would give rise to nerve cells in a medium of clotted

1102:

that human patients have no property rights in cell lines derived from organs removed with their consent.

297:

in 1902, stating that "Theoretically all plant cells are able to give rise to a complete plant." The term

10561: 10197: 1913: 1093: 151:. Tissue culture commonly refers to the culture of animal cells and tissues, with the more specific term 8841:"384 hanging drop arrays give excellent Z-factors and allow versatile formation of co-culture spheroids" 8567:"Organotypic 3D cell culture models: using the rotating wall vessel to study host-pathogen interactions" 927:

that better represents the physiological levels of nutrients can improve the physiological relevance of

11223: 10783: 10418: 6798:"Automated and online characterization of adherent cell culture growth in a microfabricated bioreactor" 2878: 1341: 931:

studies and recently such media types, as Plasmax and Human Plasma Like Medium (HPLM), were developed.

519:

Aside from temperature and gas mixture, the most commonly varied factor in culture systems is the cell

10105: 9916:"Rat Chromaffin cells primary cultures: Standardization and quality assessment for single-cell assays" 9411:"From cells-on-a-chip to organs-on-a-chip: scaffolding materials for 3D cell culture in microfluidics" 9141: 8565:

Barrila J, Radtke AL, Crabbé A, Sarker SF, Herbst-Kralovetz MM, Ott CM, Nickerson CA (November 2010).

7602: 10232: 10152: 4909: 4376: 4371: 1814: 1507: 1053: 1027: 548: 333: 161:

In practice, the term "cell culture" now refers to the culturing of cells derived from multicellular

9410: 7812:

Gilbert PM, Havenstrite KL, Magnusson KE, Sacco A, Leonardi NA, Kraft P, et al. (August 2010).

5855: 4846: 10588: 10267: 10227: 9216: 7773: 6162:

Steinhardt E, Israeli C, Lambert RA (1913). "Studies on the Cultivation of the Virus of Vaccinia".

5632: 2557: 879: 819: 798:, which are used routinely for drug-screening studies. Major cell line repositories, including the 444: 135:

as a monolayer (one single-cell thick), whereas others can be grown free floating in a medium as a

8749:

Bhattacharya M, Malinen MM, Lauren P, Lou YR, Kuisma SW, Kanninen L, et al. (December 2012).

7490:

Cantor JR, Abu-Remaileh M, Kanarek N, Freinkman E, Gao X, Louissaint A, et al. (April 2017).

7433:

Vande Voorde J, Ackermann T, Pfetzer N, Sumpton D, Mackay G, Kalna G, et al. (January 2019).

6119: 312:. Growing viruses in cell cultures allowed preparation of purified viruses for the manufacture of 308:

Cell culture techniques were advanced significantly in the 1940s and 1950s to support research in

10862: 10484: 10262: 5267: 4185: 2814: 2288: 1917: 1643: 1590: 1224: 1132: 1131:

which has the antibody specificity of the primary lymphocyte and the immortality of the myeloma.

1045: 905: 302: 268: 248: 178: 7969:

Paszek MJ, Zahir N, Johnson KR, Lakins JN, Rozenberg GI, Gefen A, et al. (September 2005).

11262: 10751: 10656: 10641: 10469: 10363: 10343: 10190: 10169: 9893:"Neural Stem Cell Culture: Neurosphere generation, microscopical analysis and cryopreservation" 7869:

Chowdhury F, Li Y, Poh YC, Yokohama-Tamaki T, Wang N, Tanaka TS (December 2010). Zhou Z (ed.).

7768: 6317: 5945: 4486: 1112: 968: 871:

Cell-to-cell contact can stimulate cell cycle arrest, causing cells to stop dividing, known as

474: 376: 363:

In modern usage, "tissue culture" generally refers to the growth of cells from a tissue from a

185:). The historical development and methods of cell culture are closely interrelated to those of 6466:. 100 years since Gottlieb Haberlandt. Laimer, Margit; Rücker, Waltraud (Eds.) 2003. Springer 5453: 4491: 2905: 344:

cell cultures. Cell culture has contributed to the development of vaccines for many diseases.

11267: 11257: 11021: 11016: 10958: 10872: 8516:"Epithelial cell coculture models for studying infectious diseases: benefits and limitations" 6206: 5362: 5328: 4020: 3947: 3375: 3351: 1707: 1608: 1563: 1562:

Plant cell cultures are typically grown as cell suspension cultures in a liquid medium or as

1417: 1324: 1276: 1177: 598:

tissue, but is technically challenging to maintain because of many factors (e.g. diffusion).

8492: 8388:

Chan CE, Odde DJ (December 2008). "Traction dynamics of filopodia on compliant substrates".

7435:"Improving the metabolic fidelity of cancer models with a physiological cell culture medium" 247:

for several days, establishing the basic principle of tissue culture. In 1907 the zoologist

11121: 10978: 10827: 10681: 10544: 10408: 10358: 10115: 8803: 8397: 8346: 8072: 7882: 7825: 7760: 7446: 6907: 6352: 6312: 6052: 5035: 2927: 2757: 2016: 1551: 1372: 1260: 1216: 948: 467: 403: 372: 329: 325: 290: 170: 153: 9661:"The composition and dynamics of cell-substratum adhesions in locomoting fish keratocytes" 9409:

Terrell, John A.; Jones, Curtis G.; Kabandana, Giraso Keza Monia; Chen, Chengpeng (2020).

9167:

Gao W, Soloff AC, Lu X, Montecalvo A, Nguyen DC, Matsuoka Y, et al. (February 2006).

1255:

technology arose today's standard plastic dish for 2D cell culture, commonly known as the

279:, published results of his experiments from 1907 to 1910, establishing the methodology of 8: 10990: 10985: 10963: 10909: 10566: 10549: 10529: 10509: 9966:"Widespread intraspecies cross-contamination of human tumor cell lines arising at source" 7157:"Widespread intraspecies cross-contamination of human tumor cell lines arising at source" 6733: 5950: 1583: 1209: 1116: 1032:

Another common method for manipulating cells involves the introduction of foreign DNA by

803: 286: 8807: 8401: 8350: 8076: 8010:

Levental KR, Yu H, Kass L, Lakins JN, Egeblad M, Erler JT, et al. (November 2009).

7886: 7829: 7764: 7450: 6911: 6356: 6235: 6056: 1064: 10576: 10322: 10062: 10037: 10024: 9806: 9762: 9601: 9576: 9557: 9502: 9467: 9448: 9391: 9336: 9279: 9244:"The advantages of co-culture over mono cell culture in simulating in vivo environment" 9193: 9168: 9118: 9093: 9069: 9042: 9023: 8965: 8938: 8914: 8889: 8865: 8840: 8726: 8701: 8631: 8596: 8542: 8515: 8474: 8421: 8370: 8284: 8241: 8193: 8168: 8144: 8119: 8095: 8060: 8036: 8011: 7905: 7870: 7846: 7813: 7794: 7684: 7659: 7636: 7516: 7491: 7467: 7434: 7410: 7383: 7364: 7221: 7102: 7051: 7026: 6871: 6862: 6846: 6822: 6797: 6667: 6642: 6512: 6487: 6383: 6370: 6340: 6288: 6187: 6075: 6040: 5108: 2185: 1598:) can be used for experiments which may be hard to do on live flies or larvae, such as 1557: 1409: 1236: 872: 579: 532: 317: 136: 47: 9865: 6441: 6416: 6259:"Working together to respond to the challenges of EU policy to replace animal testing" 1982: 974:

As cells undergo metabolic processes, acid is produced and the pH decreases. Often, a

11162: 10806: 10701: 10696: 10651: 10474: 10348: 10067: 10016: 9987: 9869: 9833: 9798: 9754: 9750: 9719: 9715: 9680: 9641: 9606: 9561: 9549: 9507: 9489: 9452: 9440: 9383: 9375: 9328: 9320: 9271: 9263: 9198: 9123: 9074: 9027: 9015: 8970: 8919: 8870: 8821: 8772: 8731: 8682: 8635: 8588: 8547: 8478: 8466: 8413: 8374: 8362: 8319: 8276: 8233: 8198: 8149: 8100: 8041: 7992: 7951: 7910: 7851: 7786: 7733: 7689: 7640: 7584: 7521: 7472: 7415: 7368: 7356: 7318: 7213: 7178: 7137: 7094: 7056: 7025:

Cabrera CM, Cobo F, Nieto A, Cortés JL, Montes RM, Catalina P, Concha A (June 2006).

7007: 6966: 6925: 6876: 6827: 6778: 6773: 6756: 6672: 6623: 6566: 6542: 6517: 6467: 6446: 6388: 6280: 6179: 6080: 6019: 5260: 3277: 3109: 2620: 2404: 1672: 1595: 1497:

Schematic representation of 2D culture, 3D culture, organ-on-a-chip and in vivo study

1459: 1272: 1244: 1201: 1189: 1127:

animal are combined with an immortal myeloma cell line (B cell lineage) to produce a

944: 940: 893: 572: 9955: 9938: 9766: 9395: 9283: 9184: 8425: 8288: 8169:"Myofibroblast contraction activates latent TGF-beta1 from the extracellular matrix" 8120:"Feedback amplification of fibrosis through matrix stiffening and COX-2 suppression" 8118:

Liu F, Mih JD, Shea BS, Kho AT, Sharif AS, Tager AM, Tschumperlin DJ (August 2010).

7106: 6292: 435:

culture in several ways. Cells can be easily purified from blood; however, only the

28: 10631: 10598: 10353: 10057: 10049: 10038:"Experimental pathology and the origins of tissue culture: Leo Loeb's contribution" 10008: 9999:

Masters JR (April 2002). "HeLa cells 50 years on: the good, the bad and the ugly".

9977: 9950: 9923: 9900: 9861: 9810: 9790: 9746: 9711: 9672: 9633: 9596: 9588: 9539: 9497: 9479: 9430: 9422: 9367: 9340: 9310: 9255: 9188: 9180: 9113: 9105: 9064: 9054: 9005: 8997: 8960: 8950: 8909: 8901: 8860: 8852: 8811: 8762: 8721: 8713: 8672: 8662: 8651:"Photothermal effect by NIR-responsive excretable ultrasmall-in-nano architectures" 8623: 8600: 8578: 8537: 8527: 8456: 8448: 8405: 8354: 8311: 8268: 8225: 8188: 8180: 8139: 8131: 8090: 8080: 8031: 8023: 7982: 7941: 7900: 7890: 7841: 7833: 7798: 7778: 7723: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7632: 7574: 7511: 7503: 7462: 7454: 7405: 7395: 7384:"Inferring cancer dependencies on metabolic genes from large-scale genetic screens" 7348: 7308: 7258: 7205: 7196:

Masters JR (April 2002). "HeLa cells 50 years on: the good, the bad and the ugly".

7168: 7129: 7086: 7046: 7038: 6997: 6956: 6945:"False human hematopoietic cell lines: cross-contaminations and misinterpretations" 6915: 6866: 6858: 6817: 6809: 6768: 6662: 6654: 6613: 6507: 6499: 6436: 6428: 6378: 6360: 6270: 6171: 6070: 6060: 6011: 5984: 5817: 4980: 4871: 1900: 1529: 705: 436: 132: 124: 10028: 8888:

Mapanao AK, Santi M, Faraci P, Cappello V, Cassano D, Voliani V (September 2018).

8767: 8750: 8245: 7814:"Substrate elasticity regulates skeletal muscle stem cell self-renewal in culture" 7225: 6986:"Cross-contamination: HS-Sultan is not a myeloma but a Burkitt lymphoma cell line" 5278: 4955: 4440: 4255: 11126: 10852: 10464: 10459: 10449: 10176: 10100: 9964:

MacLeod RA, Dirks WG, Matsuo Y, Kaufmann M, Milch H, Drexler HG (November 1999).

9937:

Losardo RJ, Gutiérrez RC, Prates JC, Moscovici M, Torres AR, Martínez MA (2015).

9243: 8085: 7895: 7539: 7155:

MacLeod RA, Dirks WG, Matsuo Y, Kaufmann M, Milch H, Drexler HG (November 1999).

7133: 7090: 6920: 6895: 6536: 5692: 5619: 5533: 5468: 5438: 5204: 4975: 4853: 4794: 4769: 4525: 4361: 4182: 3705: 3696: 3499: 3191: 3186: 2902: 2819: 2583: 2542: 2495: 2467: 2442: 2380: 2347: 2068: 1890: 1717: 1697: 1668: 1627: 1622: 1522: 1467: 1393: 1315: 1205: 1165: 1081: 1037: 731: 567:

exhibit estrogen production, while a higher plating density makes them appear as

544: 478: 460: 459:, and the cells that grow out are available for culture. This method is known as 380: 276: 244: 233: 225: 120: 43: 9637: 9259: 8751:"Nanofibrillar cellulose hydrogel promotes three-dimensional liver cell culture" 6796:

Jaccard N, Macown RJ, Super A, Griffin LD, Veraitch FS, Szita N (October 2014).

6658: 6618: 6601: 6015: 5507: 3163: 2637: 1014:

are mechanically scraped from the surface of their vessel with rubber scrapers.

11157: 11108: 11068: 10636: 10613: 10519: 10514: 10454: 10439: 10403: 10288: 9779: 9592: 9544: 9527: 9001: 8955: 8627: 8027: 7946: 7929: 7507: 7352: 6345:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

6275: 6258: 6140: 6045:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

5931: 5904: 5881: 5858: 5832: 5810: 5773: 5746: 5721: 5695: 5664: 5640: 5612: 5586: 5562: 5536: 5510: 5486: 5426: 5423: 5402: 5376: 5342: 5308: 5250: 5230: 5207: 5182: 5155: 5126: 5090: 5064: 5038: 5015: 4988: 4958: 4932: 4888: 4856: 4823: 4797: 4772: 4748: 4718: 4689: 4665: 4641: 4617: 4593: 4569: 4548: 4528: 4467: 4443: 4417: 4393: 4337: 4310: 4283: 4258: 4234: 4207: 4150: 4124: 4102: 4075: 4049: 4023: 3998: 3974: 3950: 3926: 3903: 3877: 3851: 3822: 3796: 3770: 3745: 3716: 3689: 3663: 3638: 3611: 3581: 3554: 3530: 3502: 3476: 3452: 3426: 3402: 3378: 3354: 3330: 3307: 3284: 3252: 3249: 3224: 3194: 3173: 3166: 3140: 3119: 3088: 3048: 3024: 3000: 2976: 2952: 2930: 2871: 2848: 2845: 2822: 2796: 2770: 2744: 2715: 2692: 2667: 2613: 2586: 2550: 2523: 2498: 2470: 2445: 2411: 2383: 2350: 2322: 2296: 2268: 2244: 2220: 2196: 2193: 2170: 2143: 2119: 2095: 2071: 2046: 1921: 1791: 1405: 1320: 1264: 1204:

embryos as a source for direct gene transfer via particle bombardment, transit

1197: 964: 916: 901: 799: 701: 564: 528: 505: 426: 420: 280: 186: 106: 74: 70: 10053: 9660: 9484: 8272: 8012:"Matrix crosslinking forces tumor progression by enhancing integrin signaling" 7987: 7970: 7400: 7042: 7002: 6985: 6175: 5456: 5281: 4494: 4364: 4147: 4072: 2640: 1416:. The major application of human cell culture is in stem cell industry, where 19:"Co-culture" redirects here. For the concept of cultures-within-cultures, see 11251: 11167: 11058: 10973: 10534: 10489: 10398: 10213: 9553: 9493: 9379: 9324: 9267: 8990:

Materials Science & Engineering. C, Materials for Biological Applications

8905: 8686: 8229: 6813: 6183: 4707: 3593: 3561: 2599: 2460: 1775: 1743: 1658: 1463: 1328: 1267:, is generally credited with this invention while working as an assistant to 1220: 1193: 1152:

Mass culture of animal cell lines is fundamental to the manufacture of viral

1073: 924: 838:

has been reported. HeLa was even unknowingly injected into human subjects by

807: 540: 520: 456: 364: 357: 217: 194: 190: 169:

cells, in contrast with other types of culture that also grow cells, such as

140: 98: 78: 9676: 8409: 8358: 7837: 7782: 7313: 7296: 6065: 11011: 11006: 10686: 10671: 10583: 10524: 10423: 10302: 10020: 9991: 9983:

10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19991112)83:4<555::AID-IJC19>3.0.CO;2-2

9928: 9915: 9905: 9892: 9837: 9794: 9723: 9645: 9610: 9511: 9444: 9387: 9332: 9275: 9202: 9127: 9078: 9043:"3D Cell Culture Systems: Tumor Application, Advantages, and Disadvantages" 9019: 8974: 8923: 8874: 8825: 8776: 8735: 8592: 8551: 8470: 8417: 8366: 8323: 8280: 8237: 8202: 8153: 8104: 8045: 7996: 7955: 7914: 7855: 7790: 7737: 7693: 7644: 7525: 7476: 7458: 7419: 7360: 7322: 7217: 7182: 7174:

10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19991112)83:4<555::AID-IJC19>3.0.CO;2-2

7141: 7098: 7060: 7011: 6970: 6961: 6944: 6929: 6880: 6831: 6782: 6676: 6627: 6521: 6450: 6392: 6284: 6084: 6039:

Harris AR, Peter L, Bellis J, Baum B, Kabla AJ, Charras GT (October 2012).

5973: 5288: 3858: 3829: 3522: 3281: 3158: 2418: 1808: 1761: 1676: 1599: 1471: 1332: 1248: 1181: 1124: 1077: 1033: 1023: 975: 960: 835: 823: 795: 722: 587: 568: 511: 488:. Numerous cell lines are well established as representative of particular 229: 86: 10071: 9873: 9802: 9758: 9684: 9355: 9059: 8532: 8184: 8135: 7588: 7077:

Chatterjee R (February 2007). "Cell biology. Cases of mistaken identity".

6703: 6365: 3527: 3113: 2408: 1088:

Cell lines that originate with humans have been somewhat controversial in

139:. This is typically facilitated via use of a liquid, semi-solid, or solid 11185: 10914: 10676: 10666: 10661: 8816: 8791: 8717: 6503: 5349: 4030: 3910: 3803: 3072: 2477: 2357: 1839: 1765: 1723: 1631: 1613: 1268: 1185: 952: 709: 337: 128: 10247: 8583: 8566: 8461: 8452: 6567:"Phase I Final Report: Fibrous Substrates for Cell Culture (R3RR03544A)" 6191: 500:

For the majority of isolated primary cells, they undergo the process of

289:

first pointed out the possibilities of the culture of isolated tissues,

10941: 10936: 10931: 10603: 10556: 10479: 10388: 10166:(NCCS), Pune, India; national repository for cell lines/hybridomas etc. 9575:

Ma, Chao; Peng, Yansong; Li, Hongtong; Chen, Weiqiang (February 2021).

9435: 9426: 9041:

Habanjar O, Diab-Assaf M, Caldefie-Chezet F, Delort L (November 2021).

9040: 9010: 8677: 8667: 8650: 8649:

Cassano D, Santi M, D'Autilia F, Mapanao AK, Luin S, Voliani V (2019).

7579: 7562: 6432: 5728: 5097: 4424: 4344: 4290: 3884: 3737: 3459: 3262: 3216: 2571: 2275: 2165: 1941: 1844: 1749: 1448: 1256: 1240: 956: 920: 889: 839: 717: 677: 501: 482: 321: 205: 201: 82: 33: 20: 9315: 9298: 9109: 8856: 8790:

DeRosa MC, Monreal C, Schnitzer M, Walsh R, Sultan Y (February 2010).

8315: 7728: 7711: 352: 131:). Most cells require a surface or an artificial substrate to form an 10968: 8839:

Hsiao AY, Tung YC, Qu X, Patel LR, Pienta KJ, Takayama S (May 2012).

8218:

American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology

8061:"Matrix rigidity regulates cancer cell growth and cellular phenotype" 7283: 6374: 5780: 5528: 5162: 5133: 4965: 4139: 4064: 3055: 2731: 2336: 2303: 1952: 1896: 1873: 1834: 1664: 1571: 1157: 1128: 1106: 1089: 1049: 996: 861: 815: 666: 620: 489: 162: 10775: 9371: 7563:"A brief history of the mortality and immortality of cultured cells" 7339:

Lagziel S, Gottlieb E, Shlomi T (December 2020). "Mind your media".

7297:"Genetic and epigenetic instability in human pluripotent stem cells" 11031: 11026: 10919: 10706: 10608: 10012: 9699: 9299:"Advances in tissue engineering through stem cell-based co-culture" 9217:"NIAID Taps Chiron to Develop Vaccine Against H9N2 Avian Influenza" 7432: 7209: 5850: 5144: 5079: 5053: 4863: 4841: 4696: 4328: 4169: 3843: 3444: 3241: 3212: 2428: 2159: 1798: 1493: 1455: 1173: 1153: 928: 885: 865: 309: 256: 39: 7489: 6602:"Methods for isolating atrial cells from large mammals and humans" 1080:

blue, and are one of the earliest human cell lines descended from

11137: 11112: 11087: 11083: 11063: 10876: 10646: 10539: 10317: 10312: 9524: 5702: 5463: 5383: 4804: 4725: 2508:

Bronchial epithelium + Adenovirus 12-SV40 virus hybrid (Ad12SV40)

1946: 1826: 1804: 1795: 1779: 1771: 1630:, are commonly used for expression of recombinant proteins using 1444: 1436: 1428: 1252: 1169: 1003: 687: 662: 452: 448: 431: 313: 240: 182: 102: 94: 90: 51: 10182: 8987: 8648: 7811: 7540:"Moore v. Regents of University of California (1990) 51 C3d 120" 7027:"Identity tests: determination of cell line cross-contamination" 6643:"Methods in cardiomyocyte isolation, culture, and gene transfer" 1412:, as it establishes the basics of growing and maintaining cells 1084:, who died of cervical cancer from which these cells originated. 822:(HLA) typing, chromosomal analysis, karyotyping, morphology and 10948: 10926: 10691: 10283: 9936: 5966: 4939: 3752: 3670: 2829: 2777: 2736: 2647: 2593: 2530: 2026: 1120: 909: 440: 341: 340:

for their discovery of a method of growing the virus in monkey

263: 237: 174: 166: 113: 9094:"Hydrogels as extracellular matrix mimics for 3D cell culture" 6099:"Some landmarks in the development of tissue and cell culture" 11150: 10733:

List of largest biomedical companies by market capitalization

10593: 9221:

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)

7868: 7709: 5543: 5433: 4779: 4501: 4214: 4082: 3777: 3509: 3483: 3231: 2674: 1869: 1861: 1818: 1785: 1733: 1703: 1693: 1603: 1567: 1440: 1432: 536: 259: 255:. In 1913, E. Steinhardt, C. Israeli, and R. A. Lambert grew 252: 144: 9468:"Organ-on-a-chip: recent breakthroughs and future prospects" 8748: 829:

One significant cell-line cross contaminant is the immortal

708:

within the cells and provide essential metal ions to act as

16:

Process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions

10953: 10307: 9296: 8789: 7930:"Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification" 6010:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 41–52. 5753: 5593: 5315: 3723: 3618: 3588: 2487: 1739: 1713: 1617: 1452: 1382: 1287:, a concept that has led to discoveries in fields such as: 1069: 1041: 1007: 913: 830: 615: 485: 371:. These cells may be cells isolated from a donor organism ( 148: 10148:

Database of Who's Who in Cell Culture and Related Research

9963: 8887: 8699: 7710:

Prieto D, Aparicio G, Sotelo-Silveira JR (November 2017).

7154: 6041:"Characterizing the mechanics of cultured cell monolayers" 10866: 10856: 10297: 10293: 9891:

Pacey L, Stead S, Gleave J, Tomczyk K, Doering L (2006).

9736: 9408: 9248:

The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

8564: 8301: 8215: 8167:

Wipff PJ, Rifkin DB, Meister JJ, Hinz B (December 2007).

8058: 6795: 6726:"LipiMAX purified lipoprotein solution from bovine serum" 6600:

Voigt N, Pearman CM, Dobrev D, Dibb KM (September 2015).

6541:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 29–30. 4995: 2329: 2053: 1955: 1934: 1881: 1755: 55: 9913: 9697: 8513: 7968: 7928:

Engler AJ, Sen S, Sweeney HL, Discher DE (August 2006).

6161: 1474:(a common cold virus) as a vector, and novel adjuvants. 1275:, conicals, and even disposable bags like those used in 10163: 9890: 9850: 9823: 9303:

Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

8936: 8700:

Edmondson R, Broglie JJ, Adcock AF, Yang L (May 2014).

8438: 7927: 7660:"Therapeutics from Adult Stem Cells and the Hype Curve" 7244:"Doing good science: Authenticating cell line identity" 1227:. It is also a central tool for teaching cell biology. 524: 9623: 9577:"Organ-on-a-Chip: A New Paradigm for Drug Development" 8166: 7024: 6599: 1637: 1501: 1156:

and other products of biotechnology. Culture of human

978:

is added to the medium to measure nutrient depletion.

197:

is also related, with cells as hosts for the viruses.

9166: 8336: 8258: 7338: 6754: 6038: 1283:

substrates. There is growing interest in controlling

409: 8937:

Ghosh S, Börsch A, Ghosh S, Zavolan M (April 2021).

8009: 6341:"Plant Tissue Cultures from a Hormone Point of View" 10179:, Public Health England Culture Collections (ECACC) 8514:Duell BL, Cripps AW, Schembri MA, Ulett GC (2011). 7971:"Tensional homeostasis and the malignant phenotype" 6983: 6942: 6488:"Cultivation of Tissues in Vitro and ITS Technique" 1310: 1271:. Various researchers today also utilize culturing 645: 6984:Drexler HG, MacLeod RA, Dirks WG (December 2001). 6641:Louch WE, Sheehan KA, Wolska BM (September 2011). 6640: 1168:(rDNA) technology in animal cell cultures include 736:It is used to maintain a balanced pH in the media 119:), and regulates the physio-chemical environment ( 9241: 7750: 6943:Drexler HG, Dirks WG, MacLeod RA (October 1999). 1675:may result in host cell lysis and formation of a 1536: 1399: 1230: 971:solution) can also be added to the growth media. 934: 11249: 9700:"Insect cells as factories for biomanufacturing" 9356:"Lab-on-a-chip: microfluidics in drug discovery" 9354:Dittrich, Petra S.; Manz, Andreas (March 2006). 8838: 7381: 7334: 7332: 7294: 7241: 6755:Portela VM, Zamberlam G, Price CA (April 2010). 1451:are currently made in cell cultures. Due to the 1099:Moore v. Regents of the University of California 1040:of interest. More recently, the transfection of 1017: 782: 10116:Table of common cell lines from Alberts 4th ed. 7119: 6006:Taylor MW (2014). "A History of Cell Culture". 4144:Secretes MA2.1 mAb (against HLA-A2 and HLA-B17) 2652:Biopsy xenograft of Pancreatic Carcinoma line 3 1366: 1348: 1147: 1059: 919:screens, and for metabolic profiling of cancer 495: 9914:Gilabert JA, Montalvo GB, Artalejo AR (2006). 9698:Drugmand JC, Schneider YJ, Agathos SN (2012). 8613: 6481: 6479: 1470:-based vaccines, such as one made using human 10791: 10198: 9465: 9091: 8117: 7705: 7703: 7329: 7072: 7070: 6560: 6558: 6485: 6001: 5999: 1545: 1466:government. Novel ideas in the field include 1458:threat, research into using cell culture for 10131:Hypertext version of the Cell Line Data Base 9574: 9353: 9085: 8742: 8693: 7716:Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education 7651: 7622: 7616: 7483: 7426: 7375: 6847:"Organotypic brain slice cultures: A review" 6700:"Post - Blog | Boval BioSolutions, LLC" 6647:Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 6606:Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 1338:nanoparticle facilitated magnetic levitation 1111:It is possible to fuse normal cells with an 1036:. This is often performed to cause cells to 742: 712:for enzymatic reactions, cell adhesion etc. 9773: 9658: 9047:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 7595: 6476: 1404:Cell culture is a fundamental component of 601: 10798: 10784: 10205: 10191: 8520:Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology 7700: 7382:Lagziel S, Lee WD, Shlomi T (April 2019). 7076: 7067: 6555: 6538:Tissue Culture Techniques: An Introduction 6091: 6008:Viruses and Man: A History of Interactions 5996: 1119:. In brief, lymphocytes isolated from the 951:to exclude contaminating micro-organisms. 10061: 10035: 9981: 9954: 9927: 9904: 9730: 9600: 9543: 9501: 9483: 9434: 9314: 9192: 9117: 9068: 9058: 9009: 8964: 8954: 8913: 8864: 8815: 8766: 8725: 8676: 8666: 8582: 8541: 8531: 8460: 8192: 8143: 8094: 8084: 8035: 7986: 7945: 7904: 7894: 7845: 7772: 7727: 7683: 7578: 7515: 7466: 7409: 7399: 7312: 7237: 7235: 7172: 7050: 7001: 6960: 6919: 6870: 6821: 6772: 6666: 6617: 6511: 6440: 6382: 6364: 6274: 6133: 6074: 6064: 5956:Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing 4228:Invasive breast ductal carcinoma ER+, PR+ 2031:"3-day transfer, inoculum 3 x 10^5 cells" 1215:Cell culture is also a key technique for 845: 10238:Competitions and prizes in biotechnology 8387: 7560: 7554: 2238:Adriamycin-resistant derivative of A2780 1652: 1606:. Cell lines derived from the army worm 1492: 1389:3D Cell Culturing by Magnetic Levitation 1383:3D Cell Culturing by Magnetic Levitation 1063: 510: 351: 38: 27: 9998: 9817: 9134: 8706:Assay and Drug Development Technologies 7657: 7195: 7148: 6893: 6887: 6789: 6692: 5990: 4733:, 3-day transfer, inoculum 3 x 10 cells 2915:Chronic myeloid leukemia T lymphocyte 1 2262:Cisplatin-resistant derivative of A2780 1542:keratocytes in cell migration studies. 523:. Recipes for growth media can vary in 81:that supplies the essential nutrients ( 11250: 7232: 6844: 6534: 6338: 6305: 6299: 6256: 6005: 4506:Medical Research Council cell strain 5 1577: 854:Nutrient depletion in the growth media 216:The 19th-century English physiologist 10805: 10779: 10186: 6564: 6232:"Animals and alternatives in testing" 6224: 6204: 6032: 4349:M.D. Anderson - Metastatic Breast-468 4320:M.D. Anderson - Metastatic Breast-361 4295:M.D. Anderson - Metastatic Breast-231 4268:M.D. Anderson - Metastatic Breast-157 1961: 1853:MDBK cell (Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney) 414: 10758: 10164:The National Centre for Cell Science 7295:Nguyen HT, Geens M, Spits C (2012). 6492:The Journal of Experimental Medicine 6308:"An unsung hero of medical research" 5273:Late stage (20–24 hours old) embryos 1965: 1682: 704:mixture of ions to maintain optimum 515:A bottle of DMEM cell culture medium 11230: 9943:International Journal of Morphology 9659:Lee J, Jacobson K (November 1997). 9092:Tibbitt MW, Anseth KS (July 2009). 6486:Carrel A, Burrows MT (March 1911). 6414: 1638:Bacterial and yeast culture methods 1502:Cell culture in microfluidic device 878:Cell-to-cell contact can stimulate 301:was coined by American pathologist 13: 10126:Evolution of Cell Culture Surfaces 9883: 9581:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 9142:"Quickie Bird Flu Vaccine Created" 7637:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.08.013 7284:https://doi.org/10.5858/133.9.1463 6863:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.086 6263:Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 6164:The Journal of Infectious Diseases 5102:The second cell line derived from 4069:Secretes L243 mAb (against HLA-DR) 3648:Clone 7 of clone 1 hepatoma line 1 1516: 1477: 990: 410:Concepts in mammalian cell culture 14: 11289: 11074:Post-transcriptional modification 10212: 10080: 4087:Lymph Node Cancer of the Prostate 2598:Packaging cell line derived from 1850:BHK21 cell (Baby Hambster Kidney) 1377:wood-based nanocellulose hydrogel 1115:. This method is used to produce 857:Changes in pH of the growth media 692:Promote cell survival and growth 11229: 11218: 11217: 10757: 10746: 10745: 10246: 10158:An Introduction To Cell Culture. 9716:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.09.014 9528:"A guide to the organ-on-a-chip" 9415:Journal of Materials Chemistry B 9098:Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8845:Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8304:Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8261:Annals of Biomedical Engineering 7242:Dunham JH, Guthmiller P (2008). 6802:Journal of Laboratory Automation 6774:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.01.151 6141:"Whonamedit - Ringer's solution" 5980:List of breast cancer cell lines 5758:Vertebral Cancer of the Prostate 3106:Ovarian granulosa cell carcinoma 1969: 1316:Cell culture in three dimensions 1311:Cell culture in three dimensions 1164:Biological products produced by 981: 810:to authenticate its cell lines. 800:American Type Culture Collection 646:Components of cell culture media 11079:Post-translational modification 10723:Index of biotechnology articles 9970:International Journal of Cancer 9956:10.4067/S0717-95022015000200059 9844: 9783:International Journal of Cancer 9691: 9652: 9617: 9568: 9518: 9459: 9402: 9347: 9290: 9235: 9209: 9185:10.1128/JVI.80.4.1959-1964.2006 9160: 9034: 8981: 8930: 8881: 8832: 8792:"Nanotechnology in fertilizers" 8783: 8642: 8607: 8558: 8507: 8485: 8432: 8381: 8330: 8295: 8252: 8209: 8160: 8111: 8052: 8003: 7962: 7921: 7862: 7805: 7744: 7664:ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters 7532: 7288: 7276: 7189: 7161:International Journal of Cancer 7113: 7018: 6977: 6936: 6838: 6748: 6718: 6683: 6634: 6593: 6584: 6528: 6457: 6408: 6399: 6332: 5961:List of contaminated cell lines 2707:Embryonic mesenchymal cell line 1138: 789:List of contaminated cell lines 347: 11278:Alternatives to animal testing 10728:List of biotechnology articles 9532:Nature Reviews Methods Primers 7676:10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00125 6250: 6198: 6155: 6112: 4906:Range of prostate tumour lines 4244:Michigan Cancer Foundation-10A 4112:Microbiological Associates-104 3244:insensitive prostate carcinoma 2492:HIV+ primary effusion lymphoma 1817:'s 60 cancer cell line panel ( 1620:, and from the cabbage looper 1537:Culture of non-mammalian cells 1400:Tissue culture and engineering 1231:Cell culture in two dimensions 935:Manipulation of cultured cells 204:technique of maintaining live 1: 11201:Post-translational regulation 10572:Genetically modified organism 10339:Biotechnology industrial park 9866:10.1016/S0198-8859(98)00006-8 9472:BioMedical Engineering OnLine 9360:Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 8768:10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.06.039 8755:Journal of Controlled Release 7561:Hayflick L (September 1998). 6702:. bovalco.com. Archived from 6535:Martin BM (1 December 2013). 3271:Metastatic prostate carcinoma 1856:DF-1cell (chicken fibroblast) 1072:cells have been stained with 1018:Transfection and transduction 783:Cell line cross-contamination 578:Cells can be grown either in 11273:Molecular biology techniques 11149:High-throughput technique (" 10106:Resources in other libraries 9751:10.1016/0092-8674(87)90708-2 8571:Nature Reviews. Microbiology 8086:10.1371/journal.pone.0012905 7896:10.1371/journal.pone.0015655 7567:The Keio Journal of Medicine 7134:10.1016/j.canlet.2006.01.013 7091:10.1126/science.315.5814.928 6921:10.1126/science.347.6225.938 6730:Selborne Biological Services 5527:T cell leukemia/B cell line 5084:SV40-transformed tumour line 5058:SV40-transformed tumour line 4377:Madin Darby Canine Kidney II 4219:Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 1728:chronic myelogenous leukemia 1367:3D cell culture in hydrogels 1349:3D cell culture in scaffolds 1148:Applications of cell culture 1060:Established human cell lines 496:Maintaining cells in culture 273:Johns Hopkins Medical School 243:and maintained it in a warm 7: 11027:Functional biology/medicine 10562:Environmental biotechnology 9638:10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.06.011 9260:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.12.004 8173:The Journal of Cell Biology 8124:The Journal of Cell Biology 6894:Neimark J (February 2015). 6659:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.06.012 6619:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.07.006 6306:Schiff JA (February 2002). 6257:Fentem JH (February 2006). 6016:10.1007/978-3-319-07758-1_3 5939: 5738:Leukemic monocytic lymphoma 4355:Pleural effusion metastasis 4301:Pleural effusion metastasis 4274:Pleural effusion metastasis 1423: 1340:, hanging drop plates, and 1094:Supreme Court of California 682:Building blocks of protein 262:in fragments of guinea pig 75:isolated from living tissue 10: 11296: 10036:Witkowski JA (July 1983). 9626:Experimental Cell Research 9593:10.1016/j.tips.2020.11.009 9545:10.1038/s43586-022-00118-6 9148:. Reuters. 26 January 2006 9002:10.1016/j.msec.2019.110264 8956:10.1186/s12864-021-07532-2 8628:10.1016/j.apmt.2019.100552 8028:10.1016/j.cell.2009.10.027 7947:10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.044 7603:"Worthington tissue guide" 7508:10.1016/j.cell.2017.03.023 7353:10.1038/s42255-020-00299-y 6276:10.1177/026119290603400116 5789:(green, for green monkey) 3566:Human Embryonic Kidney 293 1656: 1641: 1581: 1555: 1549: 1546:Plant cell culture methods 1520: 1505: 1123:(or possibly blood) of an 1104: 1021: 994: 786: 539:, particularly in medical 418: 356:Cultured cells growing in 228:outside the body. In 1885 211: 18: 11213: 11176: 11096: 11051: 11044: 10999: 10886: 10843: 10836: 10813: 10741: 10715: 10622: 10502: 10432: 10381: 10372: 10331: 10276: 10255: 10244: 10233:Timeline of biotechnology 10220: 10153:Coriell Cell Repositories 10136:Cell Culture Applications 10101:Resources in your library 10054:10.1017/S0025727300042964 9485:10.1186/s12938-020-0752-0 8273:10.1007/s10439-008-9458-3 7988:10.1016/j.ccr.2005.08.010 7401:10.1186/s12915-019-0654-4 7301:Human Reproduction Update 7043:10.1007/s10616-006-9013-8 7003:10.1182/blood.V98.12.3495 6845:Humpel C (October 2015). 5829:Primary effusion lymphoma 5167:Rat Basophilic Leukemia-1 2658:Pancreatic adenocarcinoma 1815:National Cancer Institute 1508:Microfluidic cell culture 1028:Transformation (genetics) 842:in a 1978 vaccine trial. 743:Typical Growth conditions 527:, glucose concentration, 334:Frederick Chapman Robbins 232:removed a section of the 10589:Microbial biodegradation 10268:Industrial biotechnology 10228:History of biotechnology 8906:10.1021/acsomega.8b01719 8230:10.1152/ajpgi.00032.2007 6814:10.1177/2211068214529288 5712:Glioblastoma-astrocytoma 5691:24 November 2021 at the 5679:Glioblastoma-astrocytoma 5633:Acute monocytic leukemia 5603:Glioblastoma-astrocytoma 4524:24 November 2021 at the 4181:24 November 2021 at the 4093:Prostatic adenocarcinoma 3063:, origin-defective SV-40 2582:24 November 2021 at the 2441:24 November 2021 at the 2379:24 November 2021 at the 1929:Other species cell lines 880:cellular differentiation 820:human lymphocyte antigen 602:Cell culture basal media 549:chemically defined media 69:is the process by which 32:Cell culture in a small 10263:Colors of biotechnology 10121:Cancer Cells in Culture 9677:10.1242/jcs.110.22.2833 9665:Journal of Cell Science 8616:Applied Materials Today 8410:10.1126/science.1163595 8359:10.1126/science.1168441 7838:10.1126/science.1191035 7783:10.1126/science.1116995 7257:: 15–17. Archived from 6761:Fertility and Sterility 6415:Noé AC (October 1934). 6176:10.1093/infdis/13.2.294 6066:10.1073/pnas.1213301109 5796:African green monkey - 5556:Breast ductal carcinoma 5268:Drosophila melanogaster 2940:Canine Mammary Tumor 12 2901:29 October 2021 at the 2815:Squamous cell carcinoma 2362:Armenian Hamster Lung-1 2289:Squamous cell carcinoma 2190:Head and neck carcinoma 1918:cell suspension culture 1644:Microbiological culture 1591:Drosophila melanogaster 1462:is being funded by the 1225:animal-free agriculture 1133:Selective growth medium 963:) and antifungals (e.g. 906:physiological relevance 697:Balanced salt solution 470:have limited lifespan. 303:Montrose Thomas Burrows 269:Ross Granville Harrison 249:Ross Granville Harrison 179:microbiological culture 10657:Biomedical engineering 10364:Pharmaceutical company 10344:Biotechnology products 10001:Nature Reviews. Cancer 9929:10.1038/nprot.2006.294 9906:10.1038/nprot.2006.215 9795:10.1002/ijc.2910530415 9704:Biotechnology Advances 7658:Maguire G (May 2016). 7459:10.1126/sciadv.aau7314 7198:Nature Reviews. Cancer 6962:10.1038/sj.leu.2401510 6732:. 2006. Archived from 6339:Bonner J (June 1936). 5946:Biological immortality 5922:EBV-transformed B cell 5393:Bone marrow metastasis 4895:OPCN / OPCT cell lines 4558:Myocardial Endothelial 3871:EBV-transformed B cell 3265:cancer of the Prostate 3068:Cercopithecus aethiops 3061:Cercopithecus aethiops 2562:Baby Hamster Kidney-21 1837:(African green monkey 1498: 1418:mesenchymal stem cells 1291:Stem cell self-renewal 1277:single-use bioreactors 1113:immortalised cell line 1085: 969:Antibiotic-Antimycotic 846:Other technical issues 516: 475:immortalized cell line 377:immortalised cell line 360: 59: 36: 11022:Developmental biology 11017:Computational biology 10170:Public Health England 9060:10.3390/ijms222212200 8796:Nature Nanotechnology 8185:10.1083/jcb.200704042 8136:10.1083/jcb.201004082 7314:10.1093/humupd/dms048 6417:"Gottlieb Haberlandt" 6366:10.1073/pnas.22.6.426 5363:Spodoptera frugiperda 5355:Spodoptera frugiperda 5329:Spodoptera frugiperda 5321:Spodoptera frugiperda 4952:Epithelioid Carcinoma 4331:(contaminated by M14) 3441:Lymph node metastasis 2883:Chinese Hamster Ovary 1708:adrenocortical cancer 1653:Viral culture methods 1609:Spodoptera frugiperda 1496: 1331:assessment and basic 1325:regenerative medicine 1297:Cancer cell phenotype 1294:Lineage specification 1178:monoclonal antibodies 1176:, immunobiologicals ( 1117:monoclonal antibodies 1105:Further information: 1067: 514: 468:primary cell cultures 355: 336:, who were awarded a 42: 31: 11196:Post-transcriptional 10682:Chemical engineering 10545:Reproductive cloning 10409:Hybridoma technology 10359:Human Genome Project 8817:10.1038/nnano.2010.2 8718:10.1089/adt.2014.573 6706:on 10 September 2014 6504:10.1084/jem.13.3.387 6464:Plant Tissue Culture 6313:Yale Alumni Magazine 6207:"Growing new organs" 5991:References and notes 5580:Colorectal carcinoma 5293:Sarcoma OSteogenic-2 5113:Potorous tridactylus 5104:Potorous tridactylis 4876:Didelphis virginiana 4437:Pancreatic Carcinoma 4157:Ma-Mel 1, 2, 3....48 4115:African Green Monkey 4040:Lymphocytic leukemia 3301:Embryonic stem cells 3137:Colorectal carcinoma 2863:Embryonic stem cells 2790:Colorectal carcinoma 2758:Asian tiger mosquito 1983:adding missing items 1949:A6 kidney epithelial 1552:Plant tissue culture 1373:extracellular matrix 1342:rotary cell culture. 1261:Julius Richard Petri 1217:cellular agriculture 949:laminar flow cabinet 892:alterations, with a 404:Plant tissue culture 330:Thomas Huckle Weller 326:John Franklin Enders 291:plant tissue culture 171:plant tissue culture 154:plant tissue culture 10991:Histone methylation 10567:Genetic engineering 10550:Therapeutic cloning 10530:Bionic architecture 10510:Animal cell culture 10277:Biological concepts 10175:7 June 2022 at the 10142:Cell Culture Basics 9173:Journal of Virology 8808:2010NatNa...5...91D 8584:10.1038/nrmicro2423 8533:10.1155/2011/852419 8453:10.1038/nature10137 8402:2008Sci...322.1687C 8396:(5908): 1687–1691. 8351:2009Sci...323..642F 8077:2010PLoSO...512905T 7887:2010PLoSO...515655C 7830:2010Sci...329.1078G 7824:(5995): 1078–1081. 7765:2005Sci...310.1139D 7759:(5751): 1139–1143. 7451:2019SciA....5.7314V 6912:2015Sci...347..938N 6357:1936PNAS...22..426B 6320:on 14 November 2012 6238:on 25 February 2006 6057:2012PNAS..10916449H 6051:(41): 16449–16454. 5951:Cell culture assays 5798:Chlorocebus sabaeus 5764:Vertebra metastasis 4817:Embryonal carcinoma 4712:Neuronal stem cells 4485:Myeloid metaplasic 3066:Old World monkey - 2535:Brain Endothelial 3 1600:biochemical studies 1594:(most prominently, 1588:Cells derived from 1584:Insect cell culture 1578:Insect cell culture 1303:Hepatocyte function 1210:confocal microscopy 804:short tandem repeat 730:Bicarbonate /HEPES 592:organotypic culture 287:Gottlieb Haberlandt 10623:Interdisciplinary 10577:Molecular genetics 10323:Selective breeding 9427:10.1039/D0TB00718H 8900:(9): 11796–11801. 8668:10.1039/C9MH00096H 8655:Materials Horizons 8224:(6): G1147–G1154. 7631:(7–8): 1331–1337. 7580:10.2302/kjm.47.174 7502:(2): 258–272.e17. 7264:on 28 October 2008 6433:10.1104/pp.9.4.850 5767:Prostate carcinoma 5420:Cervical carcinoma 5109:Long-nosed potoroo 5009:Prostate carcinoma 4852:2011-11-16 at the 3632:Cervical carcinoma 3602:Kidney (embryonic) 3572:Kidney (embryonic) 2607:Kidney (embryonic) 2186:Submandibular duct 1981:; you can help by 1962:List of cell lines 1914:Tobacco BY-2 cells 1558:Tobacco BY-2 cells 1499: 1460:influenza vaccines 1410:tissue engineering 1323:, cancer biology, 1237:tissue engineering 1086: 873:contact inhibition 808:DNA fingerprinting 794:in lines from the 773:Relative Humidity 573:theca lutein cells 533:fetal bovine serum 517: 473:An established or 415:Isolation of cells 361: 137:suspension culture 60: 37: 11245: 11244: 11224:Molecular biology 11209: 11208: 11163:Mass spectrometry 11040: 11039: 10807:Molecular biology 10773: 10772: 10702:Nanobiotechnology 10697:Molecular biology 10498: 10497: 10349:Biotechnology law 10087:Library resources 9920:Protocol Exchange 9897:Protocol Exchange 9671:(22): 2833–2844. 9421:(31): 6667–6685. 9316:10.1002/term.1870 9110:10.1002/bit.22361 8857:10.1002/bit.24399 8447:(7350): 179–183. 8345:(5914): 642–644. 8316:10.1002/bit.20328 7729:10.1002/bmb.21071 7347:(12): 1369–1372. 7341:Nature Metabolism 7085:(5814): 928–931. 6996:(12): 3495–3496. 6955:(10): 1601–1607. 6906:(6225): 938–940. 6565:Simon EM (1988). 6548:978-1-4612-0247-9 6472:978-3-211-83839-6 6025:978-3-319-07757-4 5937: 5936: 5802:Kidney epithelium 5480:Ovarian carcinoma 5417:Cervix epithelium 5000:Prostate Cancer-3 4789:Leukemia/lymphoma 4482:White blood cells 4250:Breast epithelium 3839:White blood cells 3816:B lymphocyte cell 3728:Human Leukemia-60 3629:Cervix epithelium 3623:"Henrietta Lacks" 2631:Breast epithelium 2214:Ovarian carcinoma 1999: 1998: 1758:(prostate cancer) 1736:(prostate cancer) 1683:Common cell lines 1673:viral replication 1602:or studies using 1596:Schneider 2 cells 1394:3D cell culturing 1273:laboratory flasks 1245:molecular biology 1190:anticancer agents 945:biosafety cabinet 941:aseptic technique 904:might affect the 894:natural selection 780: 779: 740: 739: 672:Source of energy 584:adherent cultures 429:from tissues for 316:. The injectable 11285: 11233: 11232: 11221: 11220: 11154: 11049: 11048: 10902: 10897: 10841: 10840: 10800: 10793: 10786: 10777: 10776: 10761: 10760: 10749: 10748: 10599:Pharmacogenomics 10379: 10378: 10373:Basic techniques 10354:Green Revolution 10332:General concepts 10250: 10207: 10200: 10193: 10184: 10183: 10075: 10065: 10032: 9995: 9985: 9960: 9958: 9933: 9931: 9910: 9908: 9878: 9877: 9854:Human Immunology 9848: 9842: 9841: 9821: 9815: 9814: 9777: 9771: 9770: 9734: 9728: 9727: 9710:(5): 1140–1157. 9695: 9689: 9688: 9656: 9650: 9649: 9621: 9615: 9614: 9604: 9572: 9566: 9565: 9547: 9522: 9516: 9515: 9505: 9487: 9463: 9457: 9456: 9438: 9406: 9400: 9399: 9351: 9345: 9344: 9318: 9294: 9288: 9287: 9239: 9233: 9232: 9230: 9228: 9223:. 17 August 2004 9213: 9207: 9206: 9196: 9179:(4): 1959–1964. 9164: 9158: 9157: 9155: 9153: 9138: 9132: 9131: 9121: 9089: 9083: 9082: 9072: 9062: 9038: 9032: 9031: 9013: 8985: 8979: 8978: 8968: 8958: 8934: 8928: 8927: 8917: 8885: 8879: 8878: 8868: 8851:(5): 1293–1304. 8836: 8830: 8829: 8819: 8787: 8781: 8780: 8770: 8746: 8740: 8739: 8729: 8697: 8691: 8690: 8680: 8670: 8646: 8640: 8639: 8611: 8605: 8604: 8586: 8562: 8556: 8555: 8545: 8535: 8511: 8505: 8504: 8502: 8500: 8489: 8483: 8482: 8464: 8436: 8430: 8429: 8385: 8379: 8378: 8334: 8328: 8327: 8299: 8293: 8292: 8256: 8250: 8249: 8213: 8207: 8206: 8196: 8179:(6): 1311–1323. 8164: 8158: 8157: 8147: 8115: 8109: 8108: 8098: 8088: 8056: 8050: 8049: 8039: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7990: 7966: 7960: 7959: 7949: 7925: 7919: 7918: 7908: 7898: 7866: 7860: 7859: 7849: 7809: 7803: 7802: 7776: 7748: 7742: 7741: 7731: 7707: 7698: 7697: 7687: 7655: 7649: 7648: 7620: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7599: 7593: 7592: 7582: 7558: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7547: 7542:. Online.ceb.com 7536: 7530: 7529: 7519: 7487: 7481: 7480: 7470: 7439:Science Advances 7430: 7424: 7423: 7413: 7403: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7336: 7327: 7326: 7316: 7292: 7286: 7280: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7263: 7248: 7239: 7230: 7229: 7193: 7187: 7186: 7176: 7152: 7146: 7145: 7128:(1–2): 350–352. 7117: 7111: 7110: 7074: 7065: 7064: 7054: 7022: 7016: 7015: 7005: 6981: 6975: 6974: 6964: 6940: 6934: 6933: 6923: 6896:"Line of attack" 6891: 6885: 6884: 6874: 6842: 6836: 6835: 6825: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6776: 6767:(6): 2050–2055. 6752: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6722: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6696: 6690: 6687: 6681: 6680: 6670: 6638: 6632: 6631: 6621: 6597: 6591: 6588: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6562: 6553: 6552: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6515: 6483: 6474: 6461: 6455: 6454: 6444: 6421:Plant Physiology 6412: 6406: 6403: 6397: 6396: 6386: 6368: 6336: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6316:. Archived from 6303: 6297: 6296: 6278: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6234:. Archived from 6228: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6205:Atala A (2009). 6202: 6196: 6195: 6159: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6143:. whonamedit.com 6137: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6116: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6095: 6089: 6088: 6078: 6068: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6003: 5985:Microphysiometry 5926:Human Immunology 5785:From Esperanto: 5471:Ovarian cancer 3 5450:Breast carcinoma 5360:Insect (moth) - 5326:Insect (moth) - 5149:Lymphoblast-like 4981:Pheochromocytoma 4872:Virginia opossum 4766:Blast-crisis CML 4763:Peripheral blood 4358:Breast carcinoma 4304:Breast carcinoma 4277:Breast carcinoma 3923:CML blast crisis 3897:CML blast crisis 3787:Colon epithelium 3703:Insect (moth) - 3369:CML blast crisis 3345:CML blast crisis 2634:Breast carcinoma 2001: 2000: 1994: 1991: 1973: 1972: 1966: 1908:Plant cell lines 1901:pheochromocytoma 1884:tumor cell lines 1778:, cloned from a 1688:Human cell lines 1530:drug development 1285:matrix stiffness 860:Accumulation of 747: 746: 706:osmotic pressure 650: 649: 295:totipotentiality 133:adherent culture 125:osmotic pressure 44:Epithelial cells 11295: 11294: 11288: 11287: 11286: 11284: 11283: 11282: 11248: 11247: 11246: 11241: 11205: 11178:Gene regulation 11172: 11148: 11109:Model organisms 11092: 11069:Cell signalling 11036: 10995: 10900: 10895: 10882: 10853:DNA replication 10832: 10809: 10804: 10774: 10769: 10737: 10711: 10652:Biopharmacology 10624: 10618: 10494: 10465:Electrophoresis 10460:Kidney dialysis 10450:Crystallization 10428: 10374: 10368: 10327: 10272: 10251: 10242: 10216: 10211: 10177:Wayback Machine 10112: 10111: 10110: 10095: 10094: 10090: 10083: 10078: 10042:Medical History 9886: 9884:Further reading 9881: 9849: 9845: 9822: 9818: 9778: 9774: 9745:(6): 997–1007. 9735: 9731: 9696: 9692: 9657: 9653: 9622: 9618: 9573: 9569: 9523: 9519: 9464: 9460: 9407: 9403: 9372:10.1038/nrd1985 9352: 9348: 9295: 9291: 9240: 9236: 9226: 9224: 9215: 9214: 9210: 9165: 9161: 9151: 9149: 9140: 9139: 9135: 9090: 9086: 9039: 9035: 8986: 8982: 8935: 8931: 8886: 8882: 8837: 8833: 8788: 8784: 8747: 8743: 8698: 8694: 8647: 8643: 8612: 8608: 8577:(11): 791–801. 8563: 8559: 8512: 8508: 8498: 8496: 8491: 8490: 8486: 8437: 8433: 8386: 8382: 8335: 8331: 8300: 8296: 8257: 8253: 8214: 8210: 8165: 8161: 8116: 8112: 8057: 8053: 8008: 8004: 7967: 7963: 7926: 7922: 7867: 7863: 7810: 7806: 7749: 7745: 7708: 7701: 7656: 7652: 7621: 7617: 7607: 7605: 7601: 7600: 7596: 7559: 7555: 7545: 7543: 7538: 7537: 7533: 7488: 7484: 7445:(1): eaau7314. 7431: 7427: 7380: 7376: 7337: 7330: 7293: 7289: 7281: 7277: 7267: 7265: 7261: 7246: 7240: 7233: 7194: 7190: 7153: 7149: 7118: 7114: 7075: 7068: 7023: 7019: 6982: 6978: 6941: 6937: 6892: 6888: 6843: 6839: 6794: 6790: 6753: 6749: 6739: 6737: 6736:on 19 July 2012 6724: 6723: 6719: 6709: 6707: 6698: 6697: 6693: 6688: 6684: 6639: 6635: 6598: 6594: 6589: 6585: 6575: 6573: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6533: 6529: 6484: 6477: 6462: 6458: 6413: 6409: 6404: 6400: 6337: 6333: 6323: 6321: 6304: 6300: 6255: 6251: 6241: 6239: 6230: 6229: 6225: 6215: 6213: 6203: 6199: 6160: 6156: 6146: 6144: 6139: 6138: 6134: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6117: 6113: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6096: 6092: 6037: 6033: 6026: 6004: 5997: 5993: 5942: 5715:Epithelial-like 5693:Wayback Machine 5577:Lung metastasis 5469:Sloan-Kettering 5441:Breast cancer 3 5439:Sloan-Kettering 5201:Renal carcinoma 5192:Renal Carcinoma 5030:T cell leukemia 5006:Bone metastasis 4976:Adrenal medulla 4854:Wayback Machine 4814:Lung metastasis 4526:Wayback Machine 4183:Wayback Machine 3992:Erythroleukemia 3706:Trichoplusia ni 3420:Epithelial-like 3396:Epithelial-like 3324:T cell leukemia 3187:Medulloblastoma 3155:Lung metastasis 2924:T cell leukemia 2921:CML acute phase 2903:Wayback Machine 2625:Breast Tumor-20 2584:Wayback Machine 2543:cerebral cortex 2443:Wayback Machine 2381:Wayback Machine 2285:Skin epithelium 1995: 1989: 1986: 1970: 1964: 1891:pituitary tumor 1788:(breast cancer) 1752:(breast cancer) 1718:cervical cancer 1698:prostate cancer 1685: 1661: 1655: 1646: 1640: 1628:High Five cells 1623:Trichoplusia ni 1586: 1580: 1564:callus cultures 1560: 1554: 1548: 1539: 1525: 1523:Organ-on-a-chip 1519: 1517:Organ-on-a-chip 1510: 1504: 1480: 1478:Cell co-culture 1468:recombinant DNA 1426: 1402: 1385: 1371:As the natural 1369: 1351: 1313: 1233: 1221:(cultured) meat 1206:gene expression 1166:recombinant DNA 1150: 1141: 1109: 1082:Henrietta Lacks 1062: 1030: 1022:Main articles: 1020: 999: 993: 991:Passaging cells 984: 937: 848: 791: 785: 745: 661:Carbon source ( 648: 604: 565:granulosa cells 545:platelet lysate 498: 461:explant culture 423: 417: 412: 381:explant culture 350: 277:Yale University 245:saline solution 234:medullary plate 214: 117: 110: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11293: 11292: 11281: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11243: 11242: 11240: 11239: 11227: 11214: 11211: 11210: 11207: 11206: 11204: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11182: 11180: 11174: 11173: 11171: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11158:DNA microarray 11155: 11145: 11144: 11131: 11130: 11129: 11124: 11116: 11106: 11100: 11098: 11094: 11093: 11091: 11090: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11055: 11053: 11046: 11042: 11041: 11038: 11037: 11035: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11003: 11001: 10997: 10996: 10994: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10982: 10981: 10976: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10945: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10924: 10923: 10922: 10917: 10906: 10905: 10904: 10903: 10898: 10890: 10888: 10884: 10883: 10881: 10880: 10870: 10860: 10849: 10847: 10838: 10834: 10833: 10831: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10814: 10811: 10810: 10803: 10802: 10795: 10788: 10780: 10771: 10770: 10768: 10767: 10755: 10742: 10739: 10738: 10736: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10719: 10717: 10713: 10712: 10710: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10642:Bioengineering 10639: 10637:Bioelectronics 10634: 10628: 10626: 10620: 10619: 10617: 10616: 10614:Tissue culture 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10580: 10579: 10574: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10553: 10552: 10547: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10520:Bioinformatics 10517: 10515:Biofabrication 10512: 10506: 10504: 10500: 10499: 10496: 10495: 10493: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10455:Chromatography 10452: 10447: 10442: 10440:Centrifugation 10436: 10434: 10433:Chemical field 10430: 10429: 10427: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10404:Flow cytometry 10401: 10396: 10391: 10385: 10383: 10376: 10370: 10369: 10367: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10335: 10333: 10329: 10328: 10326: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10291: 10286: 10280: 10278: 10274: 10273: 10271: 10270: 10265: 10259: 10257: 10253: 10252: 10245: 10243: 10241: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10224: 10222: 10218: 10217: 10210: 10209: 10202: 10195: 10187: 10181: 10180: 10167: 10161: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10139: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10109: 10108: 10103: 10097: 10096: 10085: 10084: 10082: 10081:External links 10079: 10077: 10076: 10048:(3): 269–288. 10033: 10013:10.1038/nrc775 10007:(4): 315–319. 9996: 9976:(4): 555–563. 9961: 9949:(2): 794–800. 9934: 9911: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9879: 9860:(3): 149–157. 9843: 9832:(2): 157–162. 9816: 9789:(4): 613–620. 9772: 9729: 9690: 9651: 9632:(1): 155–165. 9616: 9587:(2): 119–133. 9567: 9517: 9458: 9401: 9366:(3): 210–218. 9346: 9309:(5): 488–503. 9289: 9254:(3–5): 68–75. 9234: 9208: 9159: 9133: 9104:(4): 655–663. 9084: 9033: 8980: 8929: 8880: 8831: 8782: 8761:(3): 291–298. 8741: 8712:(4): 207–218. 8692: 8661:(3): 531–537. 8641: 8606: 8557: 8506: 8484: 8431: 8380: 8329: 8310:(3): 296–307. 8294: 8267:(5): 865–876. 8251: 8208: 8159: 8130:(4): 693–706. 8110: 8051: 8022:(5): 891–906. 8002: 7981:(3): 241–254. 7961: 7940:(4): 677–689. 7920: 7881:(12): e15655. 7861: 7804: 7774:10.1.1.318.690 7743: 7722:(6): 475–482. 7699: 7670:(5): 441–443. 7650: 7615: 7594: 7573:(3): 174–182. 7553: 7531: 7482: 7425: 7374: 7328: 7307:(2): 187–205. 7287: 7275: 7231: 7210:10.1038/nrc775 7204:(4): 315–319. 7188: 7167:(4): 555–563. 7147: 7122:Cancer Letters 7112: 7066: 7031:Cytotechnology 7017: 6976: 6935: 6886: 6837: 6808:(5): 437–443. 6788: 6747: 6717: 6691: 6682: 6653:(3): 288–298. 6633: 6592: 6583: 6554: 6547: 6527: 6498:(3): 387–396. 6475: 6456: 6427:(4): 850–855. 6407: 6398: 6351:(6): 426–430. 6331: 6298: 6249: 6223: 6197: 6170:(2): 294–300. 6154: 6132: 6120:"Cell Culture" 6111: 6090: 6031: 6024: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5970: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5923: 5920: 5919:Lymphoblastoid 5917: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5907: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5884: 5876: 5874: 5873:Lymphoblastoid 5871: 5868: 5866: 5862: 5861: 5853: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5794: 5783: 5777: 5776: 5768: 5765: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5668: 5667: 5659: 5656: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5644: 5643: 5635: 5630: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5607: 5604: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5566: 5565: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5531: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5513: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5489: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5263: 5258: 5254: 5253: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5233: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5210: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5193: 5190: 5186: 5185: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5150: 5147: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5121: 5118: 5115: 5106: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5085: 5082: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5067: 5059: 5056: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5042: 5041: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5019: 5018: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4892: 4891: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4869: 4868:Opossum Kidney 4866: 4860: 4859: 4844: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4827: 4826: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4752: 4751: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4713: 4710: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4684: 4683:Lung carcinoma 4681: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4668: 4660: 4659:Lung carcinoma 4657: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4645: 4644: 4636: 4635:Lung carcinoma 4633: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4620: 4612: 4611:Lung carcinoma 4609: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4597: 4596: 4588: 4587:Lung carcinoma 4585: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4531: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4489: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4471: 4470: 4462: 4461:Lung carcinoma 4459: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4397: 4396: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4332: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4314: 4313: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4262: 4261: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4238: 4237: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4205: 4204:Adenocarcinoma 4202: 4199: 4196: 4195:Mouse Colon-38 4193: 4189: 4188: 4173: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4154: 4153: 4145: 4142: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4127: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4070: 4067: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4052: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4018: 4015: 4014:Lymphoblastoid 4012: 4009: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3993: 3990: 3989:Lymphoblastoid 3987: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3977: 3969: 3966: 3965:Lymphoblastoid 3963: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3945: 3942: 3941:Lymphoblastoid 3939: 3936: 3934: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3921: 3920:Lymphoblastoid 3918: 3915: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3898: 3895: 3894:Lymphoblastoid 3892: 3889: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3872: 3869: 3868:Lymphoblastoid 3866: 3863: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3846: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3791: 3790:Adenocarcinoma 3788: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3740: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3701: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3684: 3683:Hepatoblastoma 3681: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3642: 3641: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3549: 3548:Adenocarcinoma 3546: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3533: 3525: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3497: 3496:Lung carcinoma 3494: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3447: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3429: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3406: 3405: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3333: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3310: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3260: 3256: 3255: 3247: 3245: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3219: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3189: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3161: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3091: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3043: 3042:Lung carcinoma 3040: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3027: 3019: 3018:Lung carcinoma 3016: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3004: 3003: 2995: 2994:Lung carcinoma 2992: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2971: 2970:Lung carcinoma 2968: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2934: 2933: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2908: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2851: 2843: 2842:Adenocarcinoma 2840: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2817: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2799: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2747: 2739: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2718: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2695: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2574: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2548: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2493: 2490: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2465: 2463: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2448: 2433: 2431: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2386: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2334: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2317: 2316:Lung carcinoma 2314: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2291: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2247: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2223: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2191: 2188: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2173: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2146: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2122: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2074: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2050: 2049: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 1997: 1996: 1976: 1974: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1958: 1950: 1944: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1925: 1924:of plant cell) 1910: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1894: 1886: 1885: 1878: 1877: 1866: 1865: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1831: 1830: 1823: 1822: 1812: 1802: 1789: 1783: 1769: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1737: 1731: 1721: 1711: 1701: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1681: 1657:Main article: 1654: 1651: 1642:Main article: 1639: 1636: 1582:Main article: 1579: 1576: 1550:Main article: 1547: 1544: 1538: 1535: 1521:Main article: 1518: 1515: 1506:Main article: 1503: 1500: 1479: 1476: 1425: 1422: 1406:tissue culture 1401: 1398: 1384: 1381: 1368: 1365: 1350: 1347: 1321:drug discovery 1312: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1306:Mechanosensing 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1265:bacteriologist 1232: 1229: 1198:erythropoietin 1149: 1146: 1140: 1137: 1076:turning their 1061: 1058: 1054:transformation 1038:express a gene 1019: 1016: 995:Main article: 992: 989: 983: 980: 965:amphotericin B 936: 933: 917:gene silencing 902:culture medium 900:The choice of 898: 897: 883: 876: 869: 858: 855: 847: 844: 787:Main article: 784: 781: 778: 777: 774: 770: 769: 766: 762: 761: 758: 754: 753: 751: 744: 741: 738: 737: 734: 727: 726: 720: 718:Phenol red dye 714: 713: 698: 694: 693: 690: 684: 683: 680: 674: 673: 670: 658: 657: 654: 647: 644: 643: 642: 639: 636: 635:Leibovitz L-15 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 603: 600: 529:growth factors 506:Hayflick limit 497: 494: 421:Cell isolation 419:Main article: 416: 413: 411: 408: 349: 346: 299:tissue culture 281:tissue culture 222:salt solutions 213: 210: 187:tissue culture 115: 108: 99:growth factors 67:tissue culture 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11291: 11290: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11263:Biotechnology 11261: 11259: 11256: 11255: 11253: 11238: 11237: 11228: 11226: 11225: 11216: 11215: 11212: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11183: 11181: 11179: 11175: 11169: 11168:Lab-on-a-chip 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11152: 11147: 11146: 11143: 11142:Radioactivity 11139: 11135: 11132: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11101: 11099: 11095: 11089: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11059:Cultured meat 11057: 11056: 11054: 11050: 11047: 11043: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11004: 11002: 10998: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10980: 10979:trp repressor 10977: 10975: 10974:lac repressor 10972: 10971: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10929: 10928: 10925: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10912: 10911: 10908: 10907: 10899: 10894: 10893: 10892: 10891: 10889: 10885: 10878: 10874: 10871: 10868: 10864: 10863:Transcription 10861: 10858: 10854: 10851: 10850: 10848: 10846: 10845:Central dogma 10842: 10839: 10835: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10815: 10812: 10808: 10801: 10796: 10794: 10789: 10787: 10782: 10781: 10778: 10766: 10765: 10756: 10754: 10753: 10744: 10743: 10740: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10720: 10718: 10714: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10629: 10627: 10621: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10569: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10542: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10535:Cell immunity 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10507: 10505: 10501: 10491: 10490:Sedimentation 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10431: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10399:Cultured meat 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10386: 10384: 10382:Biology field 10380: 10377: 10371: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10336: 10334: 10330: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10281: 10279: 10275: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10260: 10258: 10254: 10249: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10225: 10223: 10219: 10215: 10214:Biotechnology 10208: 10203: 10201: 10196: 10194: 10189: 10188: 10185: 10178: 10174: 10171: 10168: 10165: 10162: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10143: 10140: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10113: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10073: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10047: 10043: 10039: 10034: 10030: 10026: 10022: 10018: 10014: 10010: 10006: 10002: 9997: 9993: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9975: 9971: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9948: 9944: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9921: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9898: 9894: 9889: 9888: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9847: 9839: 9835: 9831: 9827: 9820: 9812: 9808: 9804: 9800: 9796: 9792: 9788: 9784: 9776: 9768: 9764: 9760: 9756: 9752: 9748: 9744: 9740: 9733: 9725: 9721: 9717: 9713: 9709: 9705: 9701: 9694: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9662: 9655: 9647: 9643: 9639: 9635: 9631: 9627: 9620: 9612: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9594: 9590: 9586: 9582: 9578: 9571: 9563: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9529: 9521: 9513: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9462: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9405: 9397: 9393: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9361: 9357: 9350: 9342: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9326: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9293: 9285: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9269: 9265: 9261: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9238: 9222: 9218: 9212: 9204: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9163: 9147: 9143: 9137: 9129: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9088: 9080: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9053:(22): 12200. 9052: 9048: 9044: 9037: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8991: 8984: 8976: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8933: 8925: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8884: 8876: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8835: 8827: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8786: 8778: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8745: 8737: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8696: 8688: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8652: 8645: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8610: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8561: 8553: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8510: 8494: 8488: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8435: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8384: 8376: 8372: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8333: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8298: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8255: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8235: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8212: 8204: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8163: 8155: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8114: 8106: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8071:(9): e12905. 8070: 8066: 8062: 8055: 8047: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8006: 7998: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7965: 7957: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7924: 7916: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7865: 7857: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7808: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7747: 7739: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7706: 7704: 7695: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7654: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7619: 7604: 7598: 7590: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7557: 7541: 7535: 7527: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7486: 7478: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7429: 7421: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7378: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7335: 7333: 7324: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7291: 7285: 7279: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7245: 7238: 7236: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7192: 7184: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7151: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7116: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7073: 7071: 7062: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7021: 7013: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6980: 6972: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6939: 6931: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6890: 6882: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6841: 6833: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6792: 6784: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6751: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6721: 6705: 6701: 6695: 6686: 6678: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6637: 6629: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6596: 6587: 6572: 6568: 6561: 6559: 6550: 6544: 6540: 6539: 6531: 6523: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6482: 6480: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6460: 6452: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6411: 6402: 6394: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6335: 6319: 6315: 6314: 6309: 6302: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6253: 6237: 6233: 6227: 6212: 6208: 6201: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6158: 6142: 6136: 6121: 6115: 6100: 6094: 6086: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6035: 6027: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6002: 6000: 5995: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5971: 5968: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5933: 5930: 5927: 5924: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5883: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5860: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5834: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5812: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5775: 5772: 5769: 5766: 5763: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5657: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5614: 5611: 5608: 5605: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5564: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5398: 5396:Neuroblastoma 5395: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5330: 5325: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5247:T cell tumour 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5176:Basophil cell 5175: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4708:neuroblastoma 4705: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4043:Ascitic fluid 4042: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3707: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3417:Mammary gland 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3393:Mammary gland 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3211: 3209:Histiocytosis 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2946:Mammary gland 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2762:Larval tissue 2761: 2759: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2461:Neuroblastoma 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2063:Mammary gland 2062: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013:Origin tissue 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1993: 1984: 1980: 1977:This list is 1975: 1968: 1967: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1842: 1841: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1776:neuroblastoma 1773: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1744:breast cancer 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1686: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1660: 1659:Viral culture 1650: 1645: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1592: 1585: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1559: 1553: 1543: 1534: 1531: 1524: 1514: 1509: 1495: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1464:United States 1461: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1397: 1395: 1390: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1364: 1362: 1357: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1330: 1329:nanomaterials 1326: 1322: 1317: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1286: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1145: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1029: 1025: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 998: 988: 982:Media changes 979: 977: 972: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 932: 930: 926: 925:growth medium 922: 918: 915: 911: 907: 903: 895: 891: 887: 884: 881: 877: 874: 870: 867: 863: 859: 856: 853: 852: 851: 843: 841: 837: 832: 827: 825: 821: 817: 811: 809: 805: 801: 797: 790: 775: 772: 771: 767: 764: 763: 759: 756: 755: 752: 749: 748: 735: 733: 729: 728: 724: 721: 719: 716: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 696: 695: 691: 689: 686: 685: 681: 679: 676: 675: 671: 668: 664: 660: 659: 655: 652: 651: 640: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 608: 607: 599: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 576: 574: 570: 566: 561: 559: 555: 550: 546: 542: 541:biotechnology 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 521:growth medium 513: 509: 507: 503: 493: 491: 487: 484: 480: 476: 471: 469: 464: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 433: 428: 425:Cells can be 422: 407: 405: 401: 399: 394: 389: 384: 382: 378: 374: 373:primary cells 370: 366: 365:multicellular 359: 358:growth medium 354: 345: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 320:developed by 319: 318:polio vaccine 315: 311: 306: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 282: 278: 274: 271:, working at 270: 265: 261: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 218:Sydney Ringer 209: 207: 203: 198: 196: 195:Viral culture 192: 191:organ culture 188: 184: 180: 177:culture, and 176: 172: 168: 165:, especially 164: 159: 156: 155: 150: 146: 142: 141:growth medium 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 111: 105:, and gases ( 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 87:carbohydrates 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 35: 30: 26: 22: 11268:Cell biology 11258:Cell culture 11234: 11222: 11134:Fluorescence 11122:Nucleic acid 11113:C57BL/6 mice 11104:Cell culture 11103: 11012:Biochemistry 11007:Cell biology 10762: 10750: 10687:Microbiology 10672:Biochemicals 10584:Gene therapy 10525:Biosynthesis 10503:Applications 10424:Spectroscopy 10394:Cell culture 10393: 10303:Fermentation 10092:Cell culture 10091: 10045: 10041: 10004: 10000: 9973: 9969: 9946: 9942: 9919: 9896: 9857: 9853: 9846: 9829: 9825: 9819: 9786: 9782: 9775: 9742: 9738: 9732: 9707: 9703: 9693: 9668: 9664: 9654: 9629: 9625: 9619: 9584: 9580: 9570: 9535: 9531: 9520: 9475: 9471: 9461: 9418: 9414: 9404: 9363: 9359: 9349: 9306: 9302: 9292: 9251: 9247: 9237: 9225:. Retrieved 9220: 9211: 9176: 9172: 9162: 9150:. Retrieved 9145: 9136: 9101: 9097: 9087: 9050: 9046: 9036: 8993: 8989: 8983: 8946: 8943:BMC Genomics 8942: 8932: 8897: 8893: 8883: 8848: 8844: 8834: 8799: 8795: 8785: 8758: 8754: 8744: 8709: 8705: 8695: 8658: 8654: 8644: 8619: 8615: 8609: 8574: 8570: 8560: 8523: 8519: 8509: 8497:. Retrieved 8495:. Nature.com 8487: 8462:11380/673649 8444: 8440: 8434: 8393: 8389: 8383: 8342: 8338: 8332: 8307: 8303: 8297: 8264: 8260: 8254: 8221: 8217: 8211: 8176: 8172: 8162: 8127: 8123: 8113: 8068: 8064: 8054: 8019: 8015: 8005: 7978: 7974: 7964: 7937: 7933: 7923: 7878: 7874: 7864: 7821: 7817: 7807: 7756: 7752: 7746: 7719: 7715: 7667: 7663: 7653: 7628: 7625:Biomaterials 7624: 7618: 7606:. Retrieved 7597: 7570: 7566: 7556: 7544:. Retrieved 7534: 7499: 7495: 7485: 7442: 7438: 7428: 7391: 7387: 7377: 7344: 7340: 7304: 7300: 7290: 7278: 7266:. Retrieved 7259:the original 7254: 7250: 7201: 7197: 7191: 7164: 7160: 7150: 7125: 7121: 7115: 7082: 7078: 7037:(2): 45–50. 7034: 7030: 7020: 6993: 6989: 6979: 6952: 6948: 6938: 6903: 6899: 6889: 6854: 6851:Neuroscience 6850: 6840: 6805: 6801: 6791: 6764: 6760: 6750: 6738:. Retrieved 6734:the original 6729: 6720: 6708:. Retrieved 6704:the original 6694: 6685: 6650: 6646: 6636: 6609: 6605: 6595: 6586: 6574:. Retrieved 6571:ResearchGate 6570: 6537: 6530: 6495: 6491: 6459: 6424: 6420: 6410: 6401: 6348: 6344: 6334: 6322:. Retrieved 6318:the original 6311: 6301: 6269:(1): 11–18. 6266: 6262: 6252: 6240:. Retrieved 6236:the original 6226: 6214:. Retrieved 6210: 6200: 6167: 6163: 6157: 6145:. Retrieved 6135: 6123:. Retrieved 6114: 6102:. Retrieved 6093: 6048: 6044: 6034: 6007: 5974:LL-100 panel 5797: 5790: 5786: 5655:Osteosarcoma 5361: 5354: 5327: 5320: 5302:Osteosarcoma 5266: 5112: 5103: 4875: 4648:NCI-H69/LX20 4624:NCI-H69/LX10 4512:Lung (fetal) 4411:Osteosarcoma 3764:Fibrosarcoma 3704: 3523:Keratinocyte 3372:Ph+ CML line 3348:Ph+ CML line 3159:Osteosarcoma 3071: 3067: 3060: 3031:COR-L23/R23- 2983:COR-L23/5010 2137:Glioblastoma 2113:Glioblastoma 1987: 1922:model system 1838: 1809:glioblastoma 1677:viral plaque 1662: 1647: 1621: 1612:, including 1607: 1589: 1587: 1561: 1540: 1526: 1511: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1427: 1413: 1403: 1386: 1370: 1360: 1355: 1352: 1333:life science 1314: 1281: 1249:Wilhelm Roux 1235:Research in 1234: 1214: 1194:glycosylated 1182:interleukins 1172:, synthetic 1163: 1151: 1142: 1139:Cell strains 1110: 1097: 1087: 1046:transduction 1034:transfection 1031: 1024:Transfection 1000: 985: 976:pH indicator 973: 961:streptomycin 938: 899: 868:(dead) cells 849: 836:air droplets 828: 824:STR analysis 812: 796:NCI-60 panel 792: 760:37 °C 757:Temperature 723:pH indicator 605: 595: 591: 588:microcarrier 583: 577: 569:progesterone 562: 518: 499: 472: 465: 457:growth media 430: 424: 402: 397: 392: 387: 385: 368: 362: 348:Modern usage 307: 298: 294: 285: 275:and then at 230:Wilhelm Roux 226:animal heart 215: 199: 160: 152: 66: 63:Cell culture 62: 61: 46:in culture, 25: 11236:WikiProject 11045:Engineering 11000:Linked life 10915:Pribnow box 10873:Translation 10677:Biorobotics 10667:Biomimetics 10662:Biomedicine 9538:(1): 1–29. 9436:11603/21825 9011:10923/20413 8678:11384/77439 7975:Cancer Cell 7388:BMC Biology 6612:: 187–198. 5932:Cellosaurus 5905:Cellosaurus 5882:Cellosaurus 5859:Cellosaurus 5833:Cellosaurus 5811:Cellosaurus 5774:Cellosaurus 5747:Cellosaurus 5722:Cellosaurus 5696:Cellosaurus 5665:Cellosaurus 5641:Cellosaurus 5613:Cellosaurus 5587:Cellosaurus 5563:Cellosaurus 5537:Cellosaurus 5511:Cellosaurus 5487:Cellosaurus 5457:Cellosaurus 5427:Cellosaurus 5403:Cellosaurus 5377:Cellosaurus 5343:Cellosaurus 5309:Cellosaurus 5282:Cellosaurus 5261:Schneider 2 5251:Cellosaurus 5231:Cellosaurus 5208:Cellosaurus 5183:Cellosaurus 5156:Cellosaurus 5127:Cellosaurus 5091:Cellosaurus 5065:Cellosaurus 5039:Cellosaurus 5016:Cellosaurus 4989:Cellosaurus 4959:Cellosaurus 4933:Cellosaurus 4910:Cellosaurus 4889:Cellosaurus 4857:Cellosaurus 4824:Cellosaurus 4798:Cellosaurus 4773:Cellosaurus 4749:Cellosaurus 4719:Cellosaurus 4690:Cellosaurus 4672:NCI-H69/LX4 4666:Cellosaurus 4642:Cellosaurus 4618:Cellosaurus 4600:NCI-H69/CPR 4594:Cellosaurus 4570:Cellosaurus 4566:Endothelium 4549:Cellosaurus 4529:Cellosaurus 4495:Cellosaurus 4468:Cellosaurus 4444:Cellosaurus 4418:Cellosaurus 4394:Cellosaurus 4365:Cellosaurus 4338:Cellosaurus 4311:Cellosaurus 4284:Cellosaurus 4259:Cellosaurus 4235:Cellosaurus 4208:Cellosaurus 4186:Cellosaurus 4168:A range of 4151:Cellosaurus 4125:Cellosaurus 4103:Cellosaurus 4076:Cellosaurus 4050:Cellosaurus 4024:Cellosaurus 3999:Cellosaurus 3975:Cellosaurus 3951:Cellosaurus 3927:Cellosaurus 3904:Cellosaurus 3878:Cellosaurus 3852:Cellosaurus 3823:Cellosaurus 3797:Cellosaurus 3771:Cellosaurus 3746:Cellosaurus 3717:Cellosaurus 3690:Cellosaurus 3664:Cellosaurus 3639:Cellosaurus 3612:Cellosaurus 3582:Cellosaurus 3555:Cellosaurus 3531:Cellosaurus 3503:Cellosaurus 3477:Cellosaurus 3453:Cellosaurus 3427:Cellosaurus 3409:EMT6/AR10.0 3403:Cellosaurus 3379:Cellosaurus 3355:Cellosaurus 3331:Cellosaurus 3308:Cellosaurus 3285:Cellosaurus 3253:Cellosaurus 3225:Cellosaurus 3195:Cellosaurus 3167:Cellosaurus 3141:Cellosaurus 3120:Cellosaurus 3089:Cellosaurus 3073:Chlorocebus 3049:Cellosaurus 3025:Cellosaurus 3007:COR-L23/CPR 3001:Cellosaurus 2977:Cellosaurus 2953:Cellosaurus 2931:Cellosaurus 2906:Cellosaurus 2872:Cellosaurus 2849:Cellosaurus 2823:Cellosaurus 2797:Cellosaurus 2771:Cellosaurus 2745:Cellosaurus 2716:Cellosaurus 2693:Cellosaurus 2668:Cellosaurus 2641:Cellosaurus 2614:Cellosaurus 2587:Cellosaurus 2551:Cellosaurus 2547:Endothelium 2524:Cellosaurus 2499:Cellosaurus 2471:Cellosaurus 2446:Cellosaurus 2412:Cellosaurus 2398:Bone marrow 2384:Cellosaurus 2351:Cellosaurus 2323:Cellosaurus 2297:Cellosaurus 2269:Cellosaurus 2245:Cellosaurus 2221:Cellosaurus 2197:Cellosaurus 2171:Cellosaurus 2144:Cellosaurus 2120:Cellosaurus 2096:Cellosaurus 2089:Astrocytoma 2072:Cellosaurus 2047:Cellosaurus 1920:, they are 1872:(embryonic 1840:Chlorocebus 1766:bone cancer 1669:recombinant 1632:baculovirus 1269:Robert Koch 1263:, a German 1186:lymphokines 953:Antibiotics 571:-producing 445:collagenase 437:white cells 338:Nobel Prize 267:1 cm. 129:temperature 83:amino acids 11252:Categories 11186:Epigenetic 11097:Techniques 10959:Terminator 10942:trp operon 10937:lac operon 10932:gal operon 10632:Bioeconomy 10604:Stem cells 10557:Embryology 10480:Filtration 10470:Extraction 10389:Bioreactor 9227:31 January 9152:31 January 8996:: 110264. 8949:(1): 238. 8622:: 100552. 8526:: 852419. 7546:27 January 7268:28 October 7251:Cell Notes 6740:2 February 6710:2 December 5976:Cell Lines 5969:Cell Lines 5682:Epithelium 5658:Epithelial 5606:Epithelium 5504:Epithelial 5120:Epithelial 4742:Fibroblast 4545:Epithelium 4515:Fibroblast 4474:Mono-Mac-6 4425:MIA PaCa-2 4387:Epithelium 4345:MDA-MB-468 4317:MDA-MB-361 4291:MDA-MB-231 4265:MDA-MB-157 4172:cell lines 4121:Epithelial 4096:Epithelial 3738:Myeloblast 3657:Epithelial 3605:Epithelium 3596:derivative 3575:Epithelium 3464:Glioma 261 3274:Epithelial 3263:Dura mater 3217:macrophage 3082:Fibroblast 2949:Epithelium 2892:Epithelium 2699:C3H-10T1/2 2661:Epithelial 2610:Epithelium 2572:Fibroblast 2517:Epithelial 2344:Fibroblast 2166:lymphocyte 2040:Fibroblast 2017:Morphology 1979:incomplete 1942:epithelial 1864:cell lines 1847:cell line) 1845:epithelial 1829:cell lines 1750:MDA-MB-468 1556:See also: 1472:adenovirus 1449:chickenpox 1257:Petri dish 1241:stem cells 1158:stem cells 957:penicillin 923:. Using a 921:cell lines 890:epigenetic 840:Jonas Salk 818:analysis, 750:Parameter 678:Amino acid 653:Component 626:Ham's f-12 580:suspension 502:senescence 490:cell types 483:telomerase 479:expression 322:Jonas Salk 220:developed 206:cell lines 202:laboratory 163:eukaryotes 143:, such as 54:(red) and 34:Petri dish 21:Subculture 11111:(such as 10969:Repressor 10475:Fed Batch 10375:and tools 9562:248756548 9554:2662-8449 9494:1475-925X 9453:219972841 9380:1474-1784 9325:1932-6254 9268:0960-0760 9028:208277016 8894:ACS Omega 8802:(2): 91. 8687:2051-6347 8636:213634060 8479:205225137 8375:206517419 7769:CiteSeerX 7394:(1): 37. 7369:222319735 6857:: 86–98. 6216:23 August 6184:0022-1899 5529:hybridoma 5265:Insect - 4140:Hybridoma 4065:Hybridoma 3697:High Five 3645:Hepa1c1c7 2756:Insect - 2732:astrocyte 2337:Zebrafish 2004:Cell line 1990:July 2011 1953:Zebrafish 1916:(kept as 1874:calvarium 1667:viruses, 1665:wild type 1572:cytokinin 1129:hybridoma 1125:immunised 1107:Hybridoma 1090:bioethics 1068:Cultured 1050:infection 1012:RAW cells 997:Passaging 862:apoptotic 816:isoenzyme 710:cofactors 667:glutamine 656:Function 638:DMEM/F-12 621:RPMI 1640 367:organism 238:embryonic 121:pH buffer 11118:Methods 11052:Concepts 11032:Genetics 10986:Silencer 10964:Enhancer 10920:TATA box 10910:Promoter 10901:Heredity 10837:Overview 10828:Glossary 10752:Category 10707:Virology 10609:Telomere 10256:Branches 10173:Archived 10021:12001993 9992:10508494 9838:11317521 9767:31499611 9724:21983546 9646:24973510 9611:33341248 9512:32050989 9478:(1): 9. 9445:32567628 9396:35904402 9388:16518374 9333:24493315 9284:19646957 9276:22265957 9203:16439551 9128:19472329 9079:34830082 9020:31761183 8975:33823809 8924:30320273 8875:22161651 8826:20130583 8777:22776290 8736:24831787 8593:20948552 8552:22007147 8499:26 March 8471:21654799 8426:28568350 8418:19074349 8367:19179533 8324:15744840 8289:21773886 8281:18266108 8238:17932231 8203:18086923 8154:20733059 8105:20886123 8065:PLOS ONE 8046:19931152 7997:16169468 7956:16923388 7915:21179449 7875:PLOS ONE 7856:20647425 7791:16293750 7738:28627731 7694:27190588 7645:14643607 7608:30 April 7526:28388410 7477:30613774 7420:31039782 7361:33046912 7323:23223511 7218:12001993 7183:10508494 7142:16504380 7107:13255156 7099:17303729 7061:19002894 7012:11732505 6971:10516762 6949:Leukemia 6930:25722392 6881:26254240 6832:24692228 6783:19324349 6677:21723873 6628:26186893 6522:19867420 6451:16652925 6393:16588100 6324:19 April 6293:10339716 6285:16522146 6242:19 April 6192:30073371 6125:19 April 6104:19 April 6085:22991459 5972:List of 5965:List of 5940:See also 5896:Lymphoma 5851:Melanoma 5793:(kidney) 5689:Archived 5629:Monocyte 5222:Pancreas 5173:Leukemia 5145:lymphoma 5080:Prostate 5054:Prostate 4916:P3X63Ag8 4903:Prostate 4850:Archived 4842:Melanoma 4697:Neuro-2a 4522:Archived 4450:MOR/0.2R 4434:Prostate 4329:Melanoma 4179:Archived 4170:melanoma 3844:leukemia 3654:Hepatoma 3589:HEK 293T 3445:Melanoma 3385:EMT6/AR1 3282:11317521 3242:Androgen 3213:Monocyte 2899:Archived 2684:Myoblast 2580:Archived 2439:Archived 2429:Melanoma 2377:Archived 2251:A2780cis 2227:A2780ADR 2160:lymphoma 2010:Organism 1799:leukemia 1456:pandemic 1429:Vaccines 1424:Vaccines 1414:in vitro 1356:in vitro 1300:Fibrosis 1174:hormones 1154:vaccines 1096:held in 929:in vitro 866:necrotic 702:isotonic 688:Vitamins 443:such as 427:isolated 393:in vitro 388:in vitro 375:) or an 369:in vitro 314:vaccines 310:virology 257:vaccinia 183:microbes 103:hormones 95:minerals 91:vitamins 11191:Genetic 11138:Pigment 11127:Protein 11088:Wet lab 11084:Dry lab 11064:Mitosis 10896:Genetic 10887:Element 10877:protein 10818:History 10764:Commons 10647:Biology 10540:Cloning 10318:Protein 10313:Plasmid 10221:History 10072:6353093 10063:1139336 9874:9548074 9826:In Vivo 9811:6182244 9803:8436435 9759:2435412 9685:9427291 9602:7990030 9503:7017614 9341:1991776 9194:1367171 9119:2997742 9070:8618305 8966:8025518 8915:6173554 8866:3306496 8804:Bibcode 8727:4026212 8601:6925183 8543:3189631 8493:"drug " 8398:Bibcode 8390:Science 8347:Bibcode 8339:Science 8194:2140013 8145:2928007 8096:2944843 8073:Bibcode 8037:2788004 7906:3001487 7883:Bibcode 7847:2929271 7826:Bibcode 7818:Science 7799:9036803 7761:Bibcode 7753:Science 7685:4867479 7589:9785764 7517:5421364 7468:6314821 7447:Bibcode 7411:6489231 7079:Science 7052:3449683 6908:Bibcode 6900:Science 6872:4699268 6823:4230958 6668:3164875 6513:2125263 6384:1076796 6353:Bibcode 6076:3478631 6053:Bibcode 5493:SK-N-SH 5464:SK-OV-3 5434:SK-BR-3 5384:SH-SY5Y 4924:Myeloma 4805:NTERA-2 4726:NIH-3T3 4576:NCI-H69 4372:MDCK II 4241:MCF-10A 4008:Kyoto-1 3842:T cell 3813:Myeloma 3753:HT-1080 3594:HEK 293 3562:HEK 293 3291:E14Tg2a 3114:8436435 3095:COV-434 2959:COR-L23 2886:Hamster 2600:HEK 293 2565:Hamster 2505:BEAS-2B 2409:2435412 2365:Hamster 2007:Meaning 1947:Xenopus 1940:kidney 1843:kidney 1805:U-87 MG 1796:myeloid 1794:(acute 1780:myeloma 1772:SH-SY5Y 1445:rubella 1437:measles 1361:in vivo 1253:polymer 1202:somatic 1188:), and 1170:enzymes 1074:Hoechst 1004:trypsin 886:Genetic 663:glucose 596:in vivo 481:of the 453:pronase 449:trypsin 441:enzymes 432:ex vivo 398:in vivo 264:corneal 241:chicken 212:History 58:(green) 52:keratin 48:stained 11151:-omics 11140:& 10949:Intron 10927:Operon 10692:Mining 10625:fields 10284:Allele 10089:about 10070: 10060: 10029:991019 10027: 10019: 9990: 9872: 9836: 9809: 9801: 9765: 9757: 9722: 9683: 9644: 9609: 9599: 9560: 9552: 9510: 9500: 9492: 9451: 9443: 9394: 9386: 9378: 9339: 9331: 9323: 9282: 9274: 9266: 9201: 9191: 9126: 9116: 9077: 9067: 9026: 9018: 8973: 8963: 8922: 8912: 8873: 8863: 8824: 8775: 8734: 8724: 8685: 8634: 8599: 8591: 8550: 8540: 8477: 8469: 8441:Nature 8424: 8416: 8373: 8365: 8322: 8287: 8279: 8246:201357 8244: 8236: 8201: 8191: 8152: 8142: 8103: 8093: 8044: 8034: 7995: 7954: 7913: 7903: 7854: 7844: 7797: 7789: 7771: 7736: 7692: 7682: 7643: 7587: 7524: 7514: 7475: 7465: 7418: 7408: 7367: 7359: 7321: 7226:991019 7224: 7216: 7181: 7140: 7105: 7097: 7059: 7049: 7010: 6969: 6928: 6879: 6869: 6830: 6820: 6781: 6675: 6665: 6626: 6576:22 May 6545: 6520: 6510: 6470: 6449: 6442:439112 6439: 6391: 6381: 6373: 6291: 6283: 6211:TEDMED 6190: 6182: 6147:9 June 6083: 6073: 6022: 5967:NCI-60 5856:ESTDAB 5553:Breast 5447:Breast 5289:SaOS-2 5214:RIN-5F 5198:Kidney 5117:Kidney 4940:PANC-1 4880:Kidney 4847:ESTDAB 4830:NW-145 4755:NALM-1 4739:Embryo 4706:Nerve/ 4535:MTD-1A 4384:Kidney 4225:Breast 4118:Kidney 4109:MA-104 3933:KCL-22 3830:Jurkat 3671:Hep G2 3473:Glioma 3280: 3112: 3079:Kidney 2912:CML T1 2830:Calu-3 2811:Tongue 2803:Cal-27 2778:Caco-2 2737:Glioma 2730:Brain 2648:BxPC-3 2594:BOSC23 2568:Kidney 2558:BHK-21 2541:Brain/ 2531:bEnd.3 2407: 2401:Stroma 2078:1321N1 2037:Embryo 2027:3T3-L1 2021:Links 1827:Animal 1762:SaOS-2 1447:, and 1121:spleen 1078:nuclei 955:(e.g. 910:CRISPR 806:(STR) 732:buffer 537:prions 342:kidney 332:, and 236:of an 175:fungal 167:animal 79:medium 10823:Index 10716:Lists 10594:Omics 10025:S2CID 9807:S2CID 9763:S2CID 9558:S2CID 9449:S2CID 9392:S2CID 9337:S2CID 9280:S2CID 9146:Wired 9024:S2CID 8632:S2CID 8597:S2CID 8475:S2CID 8422:S2CID 8371:S2CID 8285:S2CID 8242:S2CID 7795:S2CID 7569:. 3. 7365:S2CID 7262:(PDF) 7247:(PDF) 7222:S2CID 7103:S2CID 6990:Blood 6375:86579 6371:JSTOR 6289:S2CID 6188:JSTOR 5929:ECACC 5916:Human 5902:ECACC 5893:Mouse 5888:YAC-1 5879:ECACC 5870:Human 5865:WT-49 5844:Human 5824:Human 5808:ECACC 5787:verda 5771:ECACC 5761:Human 5744:ECACC 5735:Human 5719:ECACC 5709:Human 5686:ECACC 5676:Human 5662:ECACC 5652:Human 5638:ECACC 5626:Human 5620:THP-1 5610:ECACC 5600:Human 5584:ECACC 5574:Human 5560:ECACC 5550:Human 5544:T-47D 5522:Human 5501:Brain 5498:Human 5484:ECACC 5477:Ovary 5474:Human 5444:Human 5414:Human 5400:ECACC 5390:Human 5374:ECACC 5368:Ovary 5340:ECACC 5334:Ovary 5306:ECACC 5296:Human 5242:Mouse 5237:RMA-S 5228:ECACC 5219:Mouse 5195:Mouse 5189:RenCa 5180:ECACC 5163:RBL-1 5153:ECACC 5140:Human 5124:ECACC 5098:Pt K2 5088:ECACC 5076:Human 5062:ECACC 5050:Human 5045:PNT1A 5027:Human 5013:ECACC 5003:Human 4986:ECACC 4946:Human 4930:ECACC 4921:Mouse 4900:Human 4886:ECACC 4835:Human 4821:ECACC 4811:Human 4786:Human 4780:NK-92 4760:Human 4746:ECACC 4736:Mouse 4716:ECACC 4703:Mouse 4687:ECACC 4677:Human 4663:ECACC 4653:Human 4639:ECACC 4629:Human 4615:ECACC 4605:Human 4591:ECACC 4581:Human 4561:Mouse 4555:MyEnd 4540:Mouse 4519:ECACC 4509:Human 4502:MRC-5 4479:Human 4465:ECACC 4455:Human 4431:Human 4415:ECACC 4405:Human 4391:ECACC 4352:Human 4335:ECACC 4323:Human 4308:ECACC 4298:Human 4281:ECACC 4271:Human 4247:Human 4232:ECACC 4222:Human 4215:MCF-7 4201:Colon 4198:Mouse 4192:MC-38 4176:ECACC 4162:Human 4136:Mouse 4131:MA2.1 4100:ECACC 4090:Human 4083:LNCaP 4061:Mouse 4047:ECACC 4037:Mouse 4031:L1210 4011:Human 4005:KYO-1 3996:ECACC 3986:Human 3981:Ku812 3972:ECACC 3962:Human 3938:Human 3917:Human 3911:KBM-7 3901:ECACC 3891:Human 3875:ECACC 3865:Human 3849:ECACC 3836:Human 3820:ECACC 3810:Mouse 3804:J558L 3794:ECACC 3784:Human 3778:HT-29 3768:ECACC 3759:Human 3743:ECACC 3734:Blood 3731:Human 3724:HL-60 3711:Ovary 3687:ECACC 3680:Liver 3677:Human 3661:ECACC 3651:Mouse 3636:ECACC 3626:Human 3609:ECACC 3599:Human 3579:ECACC 3569:Human 3552:ECACC 3545:Colon 3542:Human 3516:Human 3510:HaCaT 3490:Human 3484:H1299 3470:Brain 3467:Mouse 3460:GL261 3450:ECACC 3438:Human 3424:ECACC 3414:Mouse 3400:ECACC 3390:Mouse 3366:Human 3342:Human 3328:ECACC 3319:Mouse 3305:ECACC 3296:Mouse 3268:Human 3259:DuCaP 3238:Human 3232:DU145 3222:ECACC 3183:Brain 3180:Human 3134:Colon 3131:Mouse 3117:ECACC 3103:Ovary 3100:Human 3086:ECACC 3056:COS-7 3046:ECACC 3036:Human 3022:ECACC 3012:Human 2998:ECACC 2988:Human 2974:ECACC 2964:Human 2937:CMT12 2918:Human 2896:ECACC 2889:Ovary 2869:ECACC 2860:Mouse 2836:Human 2808:Human 2794:ECACC 2787:Colon 2784:Human 2768:ECACC 2751:C6/36 2742:ECACC 2713:ECACC 2704:Mouse 2690:ECACC 2681:Mouse 2675:C2C12 2665:ECACC 2655:Human 2628:Human 2621:BT-20 2604:Human 2577:ECACC 2538:Mouse 2521:ECACC 2511:Human 2484:Human 2478:BCP-1 2436:ECACC 2425:Mouse 2395:Mouse 2374:ECACC 2358:AHL-1 2320:ECACC 2310:Human 2294:ECACC 2282:Human 2266:ECACC 2259:Ovary 2256:Human 2242:ECACC 2235:Ovary 2232:Human 2218:ECACC 2211:Ovary 2208:Human 2203:A2780 2182:Human 2155:Mouse 2141:ECACC 2134:Brain 2131:Human 2117:ECACC 2110:Brain 2093:ECACC 2086:Brain 2083:Human 2060:Mouse 2044:ECACC 2034:Mouse 1889:GH3 ( 1870:MC3T3 1862:Mouse 1819:NCI60 1792:THP-1 1786:T-47D 1740:MCF-7 1734:LNCaP 1724:KBM-7 1704:H295R 1694:DU145 1604:siRNA 1568:auxin 1441:mumps 1433:polio 451:, or 260:virus 253:lymph 145:broth 71:cells 10954:Exon 10445:CSTR 10414:HPLC 10308:Gene 10289:Cell 10068:PMID 10017:PMID 9988:PMID 9870:PMID 9834:PMID 9799:PMID 9755:PMID 9739:Cell 9720:PMID 9681:PMID 9642:PMID 9607:PMID 9550:ISSN 9508:PMID 9490:ISSN 9441:PMID 9384:PMID 9376:ISSN 9329:PMID 9321:ISSN 9272:PMID 9264:ISSN 9229:2010 9199:PMID 9154:2010 9124:PMID 9075:PMID 9016:PMID 8971:PMID 8920:PMID 8871:PMID 8822:PMID 8773:PMID 8732:PMID 8683:ISSN 8589:PMID 8548:PMID 8524:2011 8501:2013 8467:PMID 8414:PMID 8363:PMID 8320:PMID 8277:PMID 8234:PMID 8199:PMID 8150:PMID 8101:PMID 8042:PMID 8016:Cell 7993:PMID 7952:PMID 7934:Cell 7911:PMID 7852:PMID 7787:PMID 7734:PMID 7690:PMID 7641:PMID 7610:2013 7585:PMID 7548:2012 7522:PMID 7496:Cell 7473:PMID 7416:PMID 7357:PMID 7319:PMID 7270:2008 7214:PMID 7179:PMID 7138:PMID 7095:PMID 7057:PMID 7008:PMID 6967:PMID 6926:PMID 6877:PMID 6828:PMID 6779:PMID 6742:2010 6712:2014 6673:PMID 6624:PMID 6578:2017 6543:ISBN 6518:PMID 6468:ISBN 6447:PMID 6389:PMID 6326:2006 6281:PMID 6244:2006 6218:2021 6180:ISSN 6149:2014 6127:2006 6106:2006 6081:PMID 6020:ISBN 5847:Skin 5839:WM39 5818:VG-1 5791:reno 5781:Vero 5754:VCaP 5729:U937 5671:U373 5647:U2OS 5594:T98G 5534:ATCC 5508:ATCC 5454:DSMZ 5424:ATCC 5409:SiHa 5316:Sf21 5299:Bone 5279:ATCC 5205:ATCC 5134:Raji 5071:PNT2 5036:DSMZ 5022:Peer 4996:PC-3 4966:PC12 4956:ATCC 4949:Duct 4838:Skin 4795:ATCC 4770:ATCC 4680:Lung 4656:Lung 4632:Lung 4608:Lung 4584:Lung 4492:DSMZ 4458:Lung 4441:ATCC 4408:Bone 4400:MG63 4362:ATCC 4256:ATCC 4165:Skin 4148:ATCC 4073:ATCC 4056:L243 4021:DSMZ 3948:DSMZ 3885:K562 3619:HeLa 3537:HCA2 3519:Skin 3500:ATCC 3493:Lung 3376:DSMZ 3361:EM-3 3352:DSMZ 3337:EM-2 3278:PMID 3250:ATCC 3201:DH82 3192:ATCC 3174:DAOY 3164:ATCC 3126:CT26 3110:PMID 3039:Lung 3015:Lung 2991:Lung 2967:Lung 2928:DSMZ 2855:CGR8 2846:ATCC 2839:Lung 2820:ATCC 2638:ATCC 2514:Lung 2496:ATCC 2488:PBMC 2468:ATCC 2405:PMID 2368:Lung 2348:ATCC 2313:Lung 2304:A549 2276:A431 2194:ATCC 2177:A253 2126:A172 2069:ATCC 1938:MDCK 1897:PC12 1835:Vero 1714:HeLa 1618:Sf21 1616:and 1570:and 1453:H5N1 1431:for 1408:and 1387:The 1243:and 1208:and 1070:HeLa 1042:RNAi 1026:and 1008:EDTA 967:and 959:and 914:RNAi 912:and 888:and 831:HeLa 776:95% 765:CO2 641:GMEM 631:IMDM 616:DMEM 486:gene 200:The 189:and 181:(of 149:agar 50:for 10867:RNA 10857:DNA 10485:PFR 10419:NMR 10298:RNA 10294:DNA 10058:PMC 10050:doi 10009:doi 9978:doi 9951:doi 9924:doi 9901:doi 9862:doi 9791:doi 9747:doi 9712:doi 9673:doi 9669:110 9634:doi 9630:326 9597:PMC 9589:doi 9540:doi 9498:PMC 9480:doi 9431:hdl 9423:doi 9368:doi 9311:doi 9256:doi 9252:131 9189:PMC 9181:doi 9114:PMC 9106:doi 9102:103 9065:PMC 9055:doi 9006:hdl 8998:doi 8994:107 8961:PMC 8951:doi 8910:PMC 8902:doi 8861:PMC 8853:doi 8849:109 8812:doi 8763:doi 8759:164 8722:PMC 8714:doi 8673:hdl 8663:doi 8624:doi 8579:doi 8538:PMC 8528:doi 8457:hdl 8449:doi 8445:474 8406:doi 8394:322 8355:doi 8343:323 8312:doi 8269:doi 8226:doi 8222:293 8189:PMC 8181:doi 8177:179 8140:PMC 8132:doi 8128:190 8091:PMC 8081:doi 8032:PMC 8024:doi 8020:139 7983:doi 7942:doi 7938:126 7901:PMC 7891:doi 7842:PMC 7834:doi 7822:329 7779:doi 7757:310 7724:doi 7680:PMC 7672:doi 7633:doi 7575:doi 7512:PMC 7504:doi 7500:169 7463:PMC 7455:doi 7406:PMC 7396:doi 7349:doi 7309:doi 7206:doi 7169:doi 7130:doi 7126:245 7087:doi 7083:315 7047:PMC 7039:doi 6998:doi 6957:doi 6916:doi 6904:347 6867:PMC 6859:doi 6855:305 6818:PMC 6810:doi 6769:doi 6663:PMC 6655:doi 6614:doi 6508:PMC 6500:doi 6437:PMC 6429:doi 6379:PMC 6361:doi 6271:doi 6172:doi 6071:PMC 6061:doi 6049:109 6012:doi 5911:YAR 5703:U87 5569:T84 5350:Sf9 5170:Rat 4972:Rat 4731:NIH 4487:AML 4381:Dog 4017:CML 3968:AML 3957:KG1 3944:CML 3528:CLS 3433:FM3 3314:EL4 3206:Dog 3152:Dog 3147:D17 2943:Dog 2879:CHO 2727:Rat 2457:Rat 2452:B35 2419:B16 2390:ALC 2341:Fin 2330:AB9 2150:A20 2107:Rat 2054:4T1 1985:. 1956:AB9 1935:Dog 1882:Rat 1756:PC3 1614:Sf9 1052:or 947:or 768:5% 700:An 611:MEM 582:or 558:TSE 554:BSE 508:). 147:or 97:), 65:or 56:DNA 11254:: 11153:") 11136:, 11086:/ 10066:. 10056:. 10046:27 10044:. 10040:. 10023:. 10015:. 10003:. 9986:. 9974:83 9972:. 9968:. 9947:33 9945:. 9941:. 9922:. 9918:. 9899:. 9895:. 9868:. 9858:59 9856:. 9830:15 9828:. 9805:. 9797:. 9787:53 9785:. 9761:. 9753:. 9743:48 9741:. 9718:. 9708:30 9706:. 9702:. 9679:. 9667:. 9663:. 9640:. 9628:. 9605:. 9595:. 9585:42 9583:. 9579:. 9556:. 9548:. 9534:. 9530:. 9506:. 9496:. 9488:. 9476:19 9474:. 9470:. 9447:. 9439:. 9429:. 9417:. 9413:. 9390:. 9382:. 9374:. 9362:. 9358:. 9335:. 9327:. 9319:. 9305:. 9301:. 9278:. 9270:. 9262:. 9250:. 9246:. 9219:. 9197:. 9187:. 9177:80 9175:. 9171:. 9144:. 9122:. 9112:. 9100:. 9096:. 9073:. 9063:. 9051:22 9049:. 9045:. 9022:. 9014:. 9004:. 8992:. 8969:. 8959:. 8947:22 8945:. 8941:. 8918:. 8908:. 8896:. 8892:. 8869:. 8859:. 8847:. 8843:. 8820:. 8810:. 8798:. 8794:. 8771:. 8757:. 8753:. 8730:. 8720:. 8710:12 8708:. 8704:. 8681:. 8671:. 8657:. 8653:. 8630:. 8620:19 8618:. 8595:. 8587:. 8573:. 8569:. 8546:. 8536:. 8522:. 8518:. 8473:. 8465:. 8455:. 8443:. 8420:. 8412:. 8404:. 8392:. 8369:. 8361:. 8353:. 8341:. 8318:. 8308:89 8306:. 8283:. 8275:. 8265:36 8263:. 8240:. 8232:. 8220:. 8197:. 8187:. 8175:. 8171:. 8148:. 8138:. 8126:. 8122:. 8099:. 8089:. 8079:. 8067:. 8063:. 8040:. 8030:. 8018:. 8014:. 7991:. 7977:. 7973:. 7950:. 7936:. 7932:. 7909:. 7899:. 7889:. 7877:. 7873:. 7850:. 7840:. 7832:. 7820:. 7816:. 7793:. 7785:. 7777:. 7767:. 7755:. 7732:. 7720:45 7718:. 7714:. 7702:^ 7688:. 7678:. 7666:. 7662:. 7639:. 7629:25 7627:. 7583:. 7571:47 7565:. 7520:. 7510:. 7498:. 7494:. 7471:. 7461:. 7453:. 7441:. 7437:. 7414:. 7404:. 7392:17 7390:. 7386:. 7363:. 7355:. 7343:. 7331:^ 7317:. 7305:19 7303:. 7299:. 7255:22 7253:. 7249:. 7234:^ 7220:. 7212:. 7200:. 7177:. 7165:83 7163:. 7159:. 7136:. 7124:. 7101:. 7093:. 7081:. 7069:^ 7055:. 7045:. 7035:51 7033:. 7029:. 7006:. 6994:98 6992:. 6988:. 6965:. 6953:13 6951:. 6947:. 6924:. 6914:. 6902:. 6898:. 6875:. 6865:. 6853:. 6849:. 6826:. 6816:. 6806:19 6804:. 6800:. 6777:. 6765:93 6763:. 6759:. 6728:. 6671:. 6661:. 6651:51 6649:. 6645:. 6622:. 6610:86 6608:. 6604:. 6569:. 6557:^ 6516:. 6506:. 6496:13 6494:. 6490:. 6478:^ 6445:. 6435:. 6423:. 6419:. 6387:. 6377:. 6369:. 6359:. 6349:22 6347:. 6343:. 6310:. 6287:. 6279:. 6267:34 6265:. 6261:. 6209:. 6186:. 6178:. 6168:13 6166:. 6079:. 6069:. 6059:. 6047:. 6043:. 6018:. 5998:^ 5517:T2 5323:21 5257:S2 5143:B 5111:- 4874:- 4864:OK 3859:JY 2722:C6 2164:B 2158:B 2102:9L 1679:. 1634:. 1626:, 1574:. 1443:, 1439:, 1435:, 1379:. 1363:. 1327:, 1279:. 1259:. 1239:, 1184:, 1180:, 1048:, 826:. 669:) 575:. 525:pH 492:. 463:. 447:, 400:. 383:. 328:, 305:. 283:. 193:. 173:, 127:, 123:, 112:, 107:CO 101:, 93:, 89:, 85:, 11115:) 10879:) 10875:( 10869:) 10865:( 10859:) 10855:( 10799:e 10792:t 10785:v 10296:/ 10206:e 10199:t 10192:v 10074:. 10052:: 10031:. 10011:: 10005:2 9994:. 9980:: 9959:. 9953:: 9932:. 9926:: 9909:. 9903:: 9876:. 9864:: 9840:. 9813:. 9793:: 9769:. 9749:: 9726:. 9714:: 9687:. 9675:: 9648:. 9636:: 9613:. 9591:: 9564:. 9542:: 9536:2 9514:. 9482:: 9455:. 9433:: 9425:: 9419:8 9398:. 9370:: 9364:5 9343:. 9313:: 9307:9 9286:. 9258:: 9231:. 9205:. 9183:: 9156:. 9130:. 9108:: 9081:. 9057:: 9030:. 9008:: 9000:: 8977:. 8953:: 8926:. 8904:: 8898:3 8877:. 8855:: 8828:. 8814:: 8806:: 8800:5 8779:. 8765:: 8738:. 8716:: 8689:. 8675:: 8665:: 8659:6 8638:. 8626:: 8603:. 8581:: 8575:8 8554:. 8530:: 8503:. 8481:. 8459:: 8451:: 8428:. 8408:: 8400:: 8377:. 8357:: 8349:: 8326:. 8314:: 8291:. 8271:: 8248:. 8228:: 8205:. 8183:: 8156:. 8134:: 8107:. 8083:: 8075:: 8069:5 8048:. 8026:: 7999:. 7985:: 7979:8 7958:. 7944:: 7917:. 7893:: 7885:: 7879:5 7858:. 7836:: 7828:: 7801:. 7781:: 7763:: 7740:. 7726:: 7696:. 7674:: 7668:7 7647:. 7635:: 7612:. 7591:. 7577:: 7550:. 7528:. 7506:: 7479:. 7457:: 7449:: 7443:5 7422:. 7398:: 7371:. 7351:: 7345:2 7325:. 7311:: 7272:. 7228:. 7208:: 7202:2 7185:. 7171:: 7144:. 7132:: 7109:. 7089:: 7063:. 7041:: 7014:. 7000:: 6973:. 6959:: 6932:. 6918:: 6910:: 6883:. 6861:: 6834:. 6812:: 6785:. 6771:: 6744:. 6714:. 6679:. 6657:: 6630:. 6616:: 6580:. 6551:. 6524:. 6502:: 6453:. 6431:: 6425:9 6395:. 6363:: 6355:: 6328:. 6295:. 6273:: 6246:. 6220:. 6194:. 6174:: 6151:. 6129:. 6108:. 6087:. 6063:: 6055:: 6028:. 6014:: 5357:9 3215:/ 3076:) 3070:( 1992:) 1988:( 1903:) 1899:( 1893:) 1876:) 1821:) 1811:) 1807:( 1801:) 1782:) 1774:( 1768:) 1764:( 1746:) 1742:( 1730:) 1726:( 1720:) 1716:( 1710:) 1706:( 1700:) 1696:( 1006:- 882:. 875:. 864:/ 665:/ 556:/ 116:2 114:O 109:2 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.