Oxygen - Knowledge

7156: 4590: 5417: 3910: 5795: 2546: 5571: 5630: 4448: 2645: 4333: 6040: 6738: 3190: 2322: 2731: 5134: 2426: 4482:, oxygen-16, evaporate at a slightly faster rate than water molecules containing the 12% heavier oxygen-18, and this disparity increases at lower temperatures. During periods of lower global temperatures, snow and rain from that evaporated water tends to be higher in oxygen-16, and the seawater left behind tends to be higher in oxygen-18. Marine organisms then incorporate more oxygen-18 into their skeletons and shells than they would in a warmer climate. Paleoclimatologists also directly measure this ratio in the water molecules of 1504: 45: 7020: 7374: 7683: 6238: 7575: 7081: 1839: 2836: 7615: 2793:, filling of orbitals, and the resulting cancellation of contributions from the 2s electrons, after sequential filling of the low σ and σ orbitals; σ overlap of the two atomic 2p orbitals that lie along the O–O molecular axis and π overlap of two pairs of atomic 2p orbitals perpendicular to the O–O molecular axis, and then cancellation of contributions from the remaining two 2p electrons after their partial filling of the π orbitals. 2313:, such as wood or coal, were thought to be made mostly of phlogiston; non-combustible substances that corrode, such as iron, contained very little. Air did not play a role in phlogiston theory, nor were any initial quantitative experiments conducted to test the idea; instead, it was based on observations of what happens when something burns, that most common objects appear to become lighter and seem to lose something in the process. 7666: 7649: 12772: 6341: 11764: 5501:. Simultaneously, nitrogen gas is released from the other nitrogen-saturated zeolite bed, by reducing the chamber operating pressure and diverting part of the oxygen gas from the producer bed through it, in the reverse direction of flow. After a set cycle time the operation of the two beds is interchanged, thereby allowing for a continuous supply of gaseous oxygen to be pumped through a pipeline. This is known as 1560: 7632: 7587: 11760: 7084: 2351:(1604) described a substance contained in air, referring to it as 'cibus vitae' (food of life,) and according to Polish historian Roman Bugaj, this substance is identical with oxygen. Sendivogius, during his experiments performed between 1598 and 1604, properly recognized that the substance is equivalent to the gaseous byproduct released by the 7086: 2452:

and air were heated in a closed container. He noted that air rushed in when he opened the container, which indicated that part of the trapped air had been consumed. He also noted that the tin had increased in weight and that increase was the same as the weight of the air that rushed back in. This and

2363:

of oxygen and the proper association of the substance to that part of air which is required for life, provides sufficient evidence for the discovery of oxygen by Sendivogius. This discovery of Sendivogius was however frequently denied by the generations of scientists and chemists which succeeded him.

2237:. In one experiment, he found that placing either a mouse or a lit candle in a closed container over water caused the water to rise and replace one-fourteenth of the air's volume before extinguishing the subjects. From this, he surmised that nitroaereus is consumed in both respiration and combustion. 2244:

increased in weight when heated, and inferred that the nitroaereus must have combined with it. He also thought that the lungs separate nitroaereus from air and pass it into the blood and that animal heat and muscle movement result from the reaction of nitroaereus with certain substances in the body.

5593:

of liquefied oxygen is equivalent to 840 liters of gaseous oxygen at atmospheric pressure and 20 °C (68 °F). Such tankers are used to refill bulk liquid-oxygen storage containers, which stand outside hospitals and other institutions that need large volumes of pure oxygen gas. Liquid

2416:

later claimed to have discovered the new substance independently. Priestley visited Lavoisier in October 1774 and told him about his experiment and how he liberated the new gas. Scheele had also dispatched a letter to Lavoisier on September 30, 1774, which described his discovery of the previously

4641:

in marine environments provide about 70% of the free oxygen produced on Earth, and the rest is produced by terrestrial plants. Other estimates of the oceanic contribution to atmospheric oxygen are higher, while some estimates are lower, suggesting oceans produce ~45% of Earth's atmospheric oxygen

5785:

as soon as possible helps to redissolve the bubbles back into the blood so that these excess gasses can be exhaled naturally through the lungs. Normobaric oxygen administration at the highest available concentration is frequently used as first aid for any diving injury that may involve inert gas

2939: 5772:

that cause gas gangrene, so increasing its partial pressure helps kill them. Decompression sickness occurs in divers who decompress too quickly after a dive, resulting in bubbles of inert gas, mostly nitrogen and helium, forming in the blood. Increasing the pressure of

2628:

announced his own method of liquefying molecular oxygen. Only a few drops of the liquid were produced in each case and no meaningful analysis could be conducted. Oxygen was liquefied in a stable state for the first time on March 29, 1883, by Polish scientists from

2738:

filling of the orbitals with the 12 electrons, 6 from each O atom, beginning from the lowest-energy orbitals, and resulting in covalent double-bond character from filled orbitals (and cancellation of the contributions of the pairs of σ and σ and π and π orbital

5541:

or oxygen candles that are used as part of the life-support equipment on submarines, and are still part of standard equipment on commercial airliners in case of depressurization emergencies. Another air separation method is forcing air to dissolve through

2059:, which uses the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water and carbon dioxide. Oxygen is too chemically reactive to remain a free element in air without being continuously replenished by the photosynthetic action of living organisms. Another form ( 10149:

From The Chemistry and Fertility of Sea Waters by H.W. Harvey, 1955, citing C.J.J. Fox, "On the coefficients of absorption of atmospheric gases in sea water", Publ. Circ. Cons. Explor. Mer, no. 41, 1907. Harvey notes that according to later articles in

2403:, but I fancied that my breast felt peculiarly light and easy for some time afterwards." Priestley published his findings in 1775 in a paper titled "An Account of Further Discoveries in Air", which was included in the second volume of his book titled 2301:

by 1731, phlogiston theory stated that all combustible materials were made of two parts. One part, called phlogiston, was given off when the substance containing it was burned, while the dephlogisticated part was thought to be its true form, or

2522:

entered the English language despite opposition by English scientists and the fact that the Englishman Priestley had first isolated the gas and written about it. This is partly due to a poem praising the gas titled "Oxygen" in the popular book

2566:

presumed that all elements were monatomic and that the atoms in compounds would normally have the simplest atomic ratios with respect to one another. For example, Dalton assumed that water's formula was HO, leading to the conclusion that the

2210:, Philo observed that inverting a vessel over a burning candle and surrounding the vessel's neck with water resulted in some water rising into the neck. Philo incorrectly surmised that parts of the air in the vessel were converted into the 7340:

partial pressure greater than 160 kPa (about 1.6 atm) may lead to convulsions (normally fatal for divers). Acute oxygen toxicity (causing seizures, its most feared effect for divers) can occur by breathing an air mixture with 21%

2832:, and so their filling weakens the bond order from three to two. Because of its unpaired electrons, triplet oxygen reacts only slowly with most organic molecules, which have paired electron spins; this prevents spontaneous combustion. 2440:

and gave the first correct explanation of how combustion works. He used these and similar experiments, all started in 1774, to discredit the phlogiston theory and to prove that the substance discovered by Priestley and Scheele was a

5598:, which convert the cryogenic liquid into gas before it enters the building. Oxygen is also stored and shipped in smaller cylinders containing the compressed gas; a form that is useful in certain portable medical applications and 5329:

Variations in atmospheric oxygen concentration have shaped past climates. When oxygen declined, atmospheric density dropped, which in turn increased surface evaporation, causing precipitation increases and warmer temperatures.

2394:

focused sunlight on mercuric oxide contained in a glass tube, which liberated a gas he named "dephlogisticated air". He noted that candles burned brighter in the gas and that a mouse was more active and lived longer while

7973:

Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (May 4, 2022).

7087: 9066:

Wentworth, Paul; McDunn, J. E.; Wentworth, A. D.; Takeuchi, C.; Nieva, J.; Jones, T.; Bautista, C.; Ruedi, J. M.; Gutierrez, A.; Janda, K. D.; Babior, B. M.; Eschenmoser, A.; Lerner, R. A. (December 13, 2002).

7136:

standard rates compressed oxygen gas as nonhazardous to health, nonflammable and nonreactive, but an oxidizer. Refrigerated liquid oxygen (LOX) is given a health hazard rating of 3 (for increased risk of

12761: 5520:

into molecular oxygen and hydrogen. DC electricity must be used: if AC is used, the gases in each limb consist of hydrogen and oxygen in the explosive ratio 2:1. A similar method is the electrocatalytic

2122:, in 1774. Priority is often given for Priestley because his work was published first. Priestley, however, called oxygen "dephlogisticated air", and did not recognize it as a chemical element. The name 5671:. Treatment not only increases oxygen levels in the patient's blood, but has the secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs, easing work load on the heart. 3273:

contains about 4.95 mL per liter. At 5 °C the solubility increases to 9.0 mL (50% more than at 25 °C) per liter for freshwater and 7.2 mL (45% more) per liter for sea water.

10936: 3390:

in the ultraviolet produces atomic oxygen that is important in the chemistry of the middle atmosphere. Excited-state singlet molecular oxygen is responsible for red chemiluminescence in solution.

7000: 10605: 12760: 8844:

Jack Barrett, 2002, "Atomic Structure and Periodicity", (Basic concepts in chemistry, Vol. 9 of Tutorial chemistry texts), Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, p. 153,

6442: 5838:, which surround their occupant's body with the breathing gas. These devices use nearly pure oxygen at about one-third normal pressure, resulting in a normal blood partial pressure of 7085: 6211:

to produce a very hot flame. In this process, metal up to 60 cm (24 in) thick is first heated with a small oxy-acetylene flame and then quickly cut by a large stream of

5883:

usually operate at normal atmospheric pressure. Breathing air is scrubbed of carbon dioxide by chemical extraction and oxygen is replaced to maintain a constant partial pressure.

2908:

than is normal (triplet) molecular oxygen. In nature, singlet oxygen is commonly formed from water during photosynthesis, using the energy of sunlight. It is also produced in the

3177:. A metallic phase was discovered in 1990 when solid oxygen is subjected to a pressure of above 96 GPa and it was shown in 1998 that at very low temperatures, this phase becomes 10530: 2656:

was able to produce enough liquid oxygen for study. The first commercially viable process for producing liquid oxygen was independently developed in 1895 by German engineer

11444: 11614: 8963: 6329:

to oxygen in a water molecule but also have an additional attraction (about 23.3 kJ/mol per hydrogen atom) to an adjacent oxygen atom in a separate molecule. These

12762: 2734:

Orbital diagram, after Barrett (2002), showing the participating atomic orbitals from each oxygen atom, the molecular orbitals that result from their overlap, and the

8363: 7715:

towards atoms of the same element, and part was due to apparent exceptions to Avogadro's law that were not explained until later in terms of dissociating molecules.

4528:

has shown that the Sun has a higher proportion of oxygen-16 than does the Earth. The measurement implies that an unknown process depleted oxygen-16 from the Sun's

3215:

more readily in water than nitrogen, and in freshwater more readily than in seawater. Water in equilibrium with air contains approximately 1 molecule of dissolved

15241: 10494: 14653: 3991:

isotopes have half-lives that are less than 27 seconds and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 83 milliseconds. The most common

2405: 8909: 2457:, which was published in 1777. In that work, he proved that air is a mixture of two gases; 'vital air', which is essential to combustion and respiration, and 8602: 4995:

of higher organisms create peroxide, superoxide, and singlet oxygen to destroy invading microbes. Reactive oxygen species also play an important role in the

12306: 11686: 7959: 3383: 11832:

Webb JT; Olson RM; Krutz RW; Dixon G; Barnicott PT (1989). "Human tolerance to 100% oxygen at 9.5 psia during five daily simulated 8-hour EVA exposures".

10652:

Crowe, S. A.; Døssing, L. N.; Beukes, N. J.; Bau, M.; Kruger, S. J.; Frei, R.; Canfield, D. E. (2013). "Atmospheric oxygenation three billion years ago".

2616:

in order to liquefy carbon dioxide, which in turn was evaporated to cool oxygen gas enough to liquefy it. He sent a telegram on December 22, 1877, to the

15525: 14526: 10892: 7095: 4547:

scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status from a

14815: 11087: 9232: 5589:, cryogenics and chemical compounds. For reasons of economy, oxygen is often transported in bulk as a liquid in specially insulated tankers, since one 7141:

from condensed vapors, and for hazards common to cryogenic liquids such as frostbite), and all other ratings are the same as the compressed gas form.

15062: 12882: 12114: 9518:

Lide, David R. (2003). "Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Melting, boiling, and critical temperatures of the elements".

3239:(1:2), compared with an atmospheric ratio of approximately 1:4. The solubility of oxygen in water is temperature-dependent, and about twice as much ( 1695: 7413:

are brought into close proximity; an ignition event, such as heat or a spark, is needed to trigger combustion. Oxygen is the oxidant, not the fuel.

5911:

at pressures up to 2.8 bar, where acute oxygen toxicity can be managed without the risk of drowning. Deeper diving requires significant dilution of

7782:

in algae and plants while they simply are one of many membrane structures in cyanobacteria. In fact, chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from

5786:

bubble formation in the tissues. There is epidemiological support for its use from a statistical study of cases recorded in a long term database.

9789: 9471: 9124:

Hirayama, Osamu; Nakamura, Kyoko; Hamada, Syoko; Kobayasi, Yoko (1994). "Singlet oxygen quenching ability of naturally occurring carotenoids".

11789:

Morgenthaler GW; Fester DA; Cooley CG (1994). "As assessment of habitat pressure, oxygen fraction, and EVA suit design for space operations".

10602: 8878: 2886:

that, in laboratory demonstrations, a bridge of liquid oxygen may be supported against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet.

12123: 1873: 11738: 10705: 10590:

from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Used in Interactive Case Study Companion to Pathologic basis of disease.

2796:

This combination of cancellations and σ and π overlaps results in dioxygen's double-bond character and reactivity, and a triplet electronic

2714:

In academic laboratories, oxygen can be prepared by heating together potassium chlorate mixed with a small proportion of manganese dioxide.

2601:

By the late 19th century scientists realized that air could be liquefied and its components isolated by compressing and cooling it. Using a

1467: 9168: 4329:

surrounding those planets is produced solely by the action of ultraviolet radiation on oxygen-containing molecules such as carbon dioxide.

2417:

unknown substance, but Lavoisier never acknowledged receiving it (a copy of the letter was found in Scheele's belongings after his death).

10000: 9974: 9948: 14185: 11176:

Wordsworth, Robin; Pierrehumbert, Raymond (April 1, 2014). "Abiotic oxygen-dominated atmospheres on terrestrial habitable zone planets".

9670: 8146: 6914:) are used as feeder materials in the synthesis of many different substances. Other important organic compounds that contain oxygen are: 2804:

with two unpaired electrons, as is found in dioxygen orbitals (see the filled π* orbitals in the diagram) that are of equal energy—i.e.,

10329: 9308: 8205: 14392: 6009:

effect is a more likely explanation. Available studies support a performance boost from oxygen enriched mixtures only if it is inhaled

4395:) has important implications for ocean life, as polar oceans support a much higher density of life due to their higher oxygen content. 4273:, air, sea and land. Oxygen is the third most abundant chemical element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium. About 0.9% of the 2360: 162: 8768: 7936:

No single ignition source of the fire was conclusively identified, although some evidence points to an arc from an electrical spark.

7109: 10520: 9859: 9578: 9274: 7741:

Oxygen's paramagnetism can be used analytically in paramagnetic oxygen gas analysers that determine the purity of gaseous oxygen. (

7711:

These results were mostly ignored until 1860. Part of this rejection was due to the belief that atoms of one element would have no

1864: 1649: 9814: 2773:

to each other. The bond can be variously described based on level of theory, but is reasonably and simply described as a covalent

11976: 11448: 11413: 2512:(producer, literally begetter), because he mistakenly believed that oxygen was a constituent of all acids. Chemists (such as Sir 8438: 5326:

levels reached a maximum of 35% by volume, which may have contributed to the large size of insects and amphibians at this time.

11618: 8967: 8857: 5966:

to drop. Pulling on the masks "to start the flow of oxygen" as cabin safety instructions dictate, forces iron filings into the

5034:

1.8 to 2.4 grams of oxygen per minute. This amounts to more than 6 billion tonnes of oxygen inhaled by humanity per year.

4376:, and combustion remove it from the atmosphere. In the present equilibrium, production and consumption occur at the same rate. 4360:

describes the movement of oxygen within and between its three main reservoirs on Earth: the atmosphere, the biosphere, and the

12385: 12332: 10556: 7743: 4289:. It is also the major component of the world's oceans (88.8% by mass). Oxygen gas is the second most common component of the 12875: 12729: 12702: 12639: 12503: 12259: 12219: 12098: 10762: 10731: 10633: 10470: 10379: 10323: 10134: 10033: 9664: 9533: 9502: 9216: 9050: 8661: 8585: 8336: 8235: 8140: 8113: 8088: 8067: 8018: 2399:

it. After breathing the gas himself, Priestley wrote: "The feeling of it to my lungs was not sensibly different from that of

8412: 10583: 9919: 5235:

The presence of large amounts of dissolved and free oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere may have driven most of the extant

4489: 8356: 7807:(OEC) or water-splitting complex found associated with the lumenal side of thylakoid membranes. Manganese is an important 6005:, sometimes go off-field between plays to don oxygen masks to boost performance. The pharmacological effect is doubted; a 12420: 7853:

The reason is that increasing the proportion of oxygen in the breathing gas at low pressure acts to augment the inspired

7603: 6676: 11920: 11875: 11641: 11569: 11524: 11471: 11417: 11361: 5375: 12044: 2516:

in 1812) eventually determined that Lavoisier was wrong in this regard, but by then the name was too well established.

1931: 154: 12018: 10073: 135: 10486: 10294: 10039: 9765: 9730: 9393:

Desgreniers, S.; Vohra, Y. K.; Ruoff, A. L. (1990). "Optical response of very high density solid oxygen to 132 GPa".

8043: 3068:

of the upper atmosphere functions as a protective radiation shield for the planet. Near the Earth's surface, it is a

2744: 1943: 1186: 12616:

Report of Apollo 204 Review Board NASA Historical Reference Collection, NASA History Office, NASA HQ, Washington, DC

12188: 8964:"Demonstration of a bridge of liquid oxygen supported against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet" 7672: 6333:

between water molecules hold them approximately 15% closer than what would be expected in a simple liquid with just

6265:

of oxygen is −2 in almost all known compounds of oxygen. The oxidation state −1 is found in a few compounds such as

12868: 12140:

Maksyutenko, P.; Rizzo, T. R.; Boyarkin, O. V. (2006). "A direct measurement of the dissociation energy of water".

8901: 7828:(1.8 grams/min/person)×(60 min/h)×(24 h/day)×(365 days/year)×(6.6 billion people)/1,000,000 g/t=6.24 billion tonnes 7242:-rich air, but this practice was discontinued after some babies were blinded by the oxygen content being too high. 6942:

are ethers in which the oxygen atom is part of a ring of three atoms. The element is similarly found in almost all

6581:). The Earth's mantle, of much larger mass than the crust, is largely composed of silicates of magnesium and iron. 5232:

from the oceans 3–2.7 billion years ago, reaching 10% of its present level around 1.7 billion years ago.

4579: 2859:. That is, they impart magnetic character to oxygen when it is in the presence of a magnetic field, because of the 1688: 9330:

Lundegaard, Lars F.; Weck, Gunnar; McMahon, Malcolm I.; Desgreniers, Serge; et al. (2006). "Observation of an

8612: 4293:, taking up 20.8% of its volume and 23.1% of its mass (some 10 tonnes). Earth is unusual among the planets of the 2717:

Oxygen levels in the atmosphere are trending slightly downward globally, possibly because of fossil-fuel burning.

2668:

the component gases by boiling them off one at a time and capturing them separately. Later, in 1901, oxyacetylene

14178: 12299: 11717: 8746: 8241: 5958:

automatically supplied to the passengers in case of cabin depressurization. Sudden cabin pressure loss activates

5698:

Treatments are flexible enough to be used in hospitals, the patient's home, or increasingly by portable devices.

2130:, who first recognized oxygen as a chemical element and correctly characterized the role it plays in combustion. 1270: 6973:. Organic compounds important in industry and commerce that are made by direct oxidation of a precursor include 4368:, which is responsible for modern Earth's atmosphere. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere, while 2598:. It was invented in 1852 and commercialized in 1884, but was displaced by newer methods in early 20th century. 15466: 14385: 9553: 8849: 6766:

Among the most important classes of organic compounds that contain oxygen are (where "R" is an organic group):

6726: 5989:. Oxygen bars are establishments found in the United States since the late 1990s that offer higher than normal 5908: 5212:

evolved, probably about 3.5 billion years ago. Free oxygen first appeared in significant quantities during the

4452: 2602: 11274: 7273:

partial pressure in the breathing gas is, in general, about 30 kPa (1.4 times normal), and the resulting

6407: 5887:

divers breathe air or gas mixtures with an oxygen fraction suited to the operating depth. Pure or nearly pure

5224:

were created by anoxyenic or micro-aerophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria which dominated the deeper areas of the

4551:

platform. This approach exploits the fact that in those bands it is possible to discriminate the vegetation's

4286: 11958: 11905: 11671: 11599: 11554: 11509: 11399: 7537: 11083: 9236: 12809: 10316:

Plants: the potentials for extracting protein, medicines, and other useful chemicals (workshop proceedings)

9996: 9970: 9944: 7503: 7042: 5850:. This trade-off of higher oxygen concentration for lower pressure is needed to maintain suit flexibility. 5599: 5128: 5004: 4423:

content in eutrophic water bodies. Scientists assess this aspect of water quality by measuring the water's

2146: 1978: 1857: 12630:

Inviting Disaster: Lessons from the edge of Technology: An inside look at catastrophes and why they happen

7448:

systems requires special training to ensure that ignition sources are minimized. The fire that killed the

7191: (kPa), equal to about 50% oxygen composition at standard pressure or 2.5 times the normal sea-level 4563:

and the physical structure of vegetation; but it has been proposed as a possible method of monitoring the

2563: 15535: 15515: 15510: 7187:

and other health problems. Oxygen toxicity usually begins to occur at partial pressures more than 50 kilo

6389: 5357: 5119:, respectively. Partial pressure is the pressure that oxygen would have if it alone occupied the volume. 4777:. The reaction for aerobic respiration is essentially the reverse of photosynthesis and is simplified as 4548: 2707:. Goddard successfully flew a small liquid-fueled rocket 56 m at 97 km/h on March 16, 1926, in 8820: 3321:(−182.95 °C, −297.31 °F) and freezes at 54.36 K (−218.79 °C, −361.82 °F). Both 2278:

all produced oxygen in experiments in the 17th and the 18th century but none of them recognized it as a

15505: 14171: 12844: 12777: 11313:"Performance of oxygen delivery devices when the breathing pattern of respiratory failure is simulated" 9042: 7565: 4471: 3088: 2617: 1146: 8606: 7621: 5439:

are extracted from air for industrial uses annually by two primary methods. The most common method is

15540: 14378: 12835: 12816: 12796: 7729: 7542: 5959: 5737: 5717: 5702:

were once commonly used in oxygen supplementation, but have since been replaced mostly by the use of

5688: 5538: 5502: 5184:

starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4–5)

4774: 4424: 3913:

Late in a massive star's life, O concentrates in the O-shell, O in the H-shell and O in the He-shell.

3028:

and is a very reactive allotrope of oxygen that is damaging to lung tissue. Ozone is produced in the

10277: 9754:

Incropera 1 Dewitt 2 Bergman 3 Lavigne 4, Frank P. 1 David P. 2 Theodore L. 3 Adrienne S. 4 (2007).

9467: 7975: 5489:

molecular sieves, which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90% to 93%

5333:

At the current rate of photosynthesis it would take about 2,000 years to regenerate the entire

2051:

of animal shells, teeth, and bone. Most of the mass of living organisms is oxygen as a component of

1951: 1748: 15530: 8288: 5880: 5684: 5664: 5570: 3973: 3387: 3344:

color caused by absorption in the red (in contrast with the blue color of the sky, which is due to

3061: 2219: 2211: 1298: 12118: 9261:

Cacace, Fulvio; de Petris, Giulia; Troiani, Anna (2001). "Experimental Detection of Tetraoxygen".

8874: 8286:

Best, Nicholas W. (2015). "Lavoisier's 'Reflections on Phlogiston' I: Against Phlogiston Theory".

7874:

Also, since oxygen has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen, the charge difference makes it a

7019: 2479:

in English, although it has kept the earlier name in French and several other European languages.

2055:, the major constituent of lifeforms. Oxygen is continuously replenished in Earth's atmosphere by 11734: 11111:"Extreme water loss and abiotic O2 buildup on planets throughout the habitable zones of M dwarfs" 10702: 7808: 7804: 7508: 7309: 7285:

partial pressure in the astronaut's arterial blood is only marginally more than normal sea-level

6573:). The rest of the Earth's crust is also made of oxygen compounds, in particular various complex 6377: 5857: 5510: 5440: 5411: 5244: 5024: 4996: 4947: 4020: 3361: 2630: 2572: 2409:. Because he published his findings first, Priestley is usually given priority in the discovery. 1850: 1599: 1126: 20: 12694: 12686: 9172: 8679:"Louis Paul Cailletet: The liquefaction of oxygen and the emergence of low-temperature research" 5794: 3371:

Liquid oxygen is a highly reactive substance and must be segregated from combustible materials.

2004:, which extracts energy by the reaction of oxygen with molecules derived from food and produces 15438: 15424: 12721: 10272: 10269:

Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2003. IGARSS '03. Proceedings. 2003 IEEE International

7301: 6791: 5904: 5745: 5272: 4747: 2801: 2789:

of two. More specifically, the double bond is the result of sequential, low-to-high energy, or

2576: 1904: 1153: 1138: 1114: 104: 12830: 12669: 10754: 10748: 10311: 9654: 8130: 2920:

in photosynthetic organisms (and possibly animals) play a major role in absorbing energy from

2583:

had arrived at the correct interpretation of water's composition, based on what is now called

2233:(1641–1679) refined this work by showing that fire requires only a part of air that he called 1185: 15452: 15368: 14852: 12090: 11952: 11899: 11665: 11593: 11548: 11503: 11393: 10126: 9810: 9300: 8577: 7204: 7028: 7012: 6704: 5517: 5367: 5221: 5201: 4560: 4379:

Free oxygen also occurs in solution in the world's water bodies. The increased solubility of

4290: 3964:, making it a common isotope in the hydrogen burning zones of stars. Most O is produced when 3341: 2708: 2579:

showed that water is formed of two volumes of hydrogen and one volume of oxygen; and by 1811

2352: 2092: 1974: 11362:"Measurement of oxygen concentration in delivery systems used for hyperbaric oxygen therapy" 9519: 9208: 2634: 15410: 15354: 15299: 15287: 15201: 15106: 15074: 14771: 14742: 14718: 14444: 12911: 12792: 12330: 12149: 11798: 11242: 11195: 11132: 11030: 10904: 10849: 10840:

Butterfield, N. J. (2009). "Oxygen, animals and oceanic ventilation: An alternative view".

10794: 10661: 10219: 9656:

Aeronomy of the Middle Atmosphere: Chemistry and Physics of the Stratosphere and Mesosphere

9619: 9433: 9351: 9080: 8199: 6278: 6192: 6179:

Most of the remaining 20% of commercially produced oxygen is used in medical applications,

5252: 4751: 4525: 4369: 4357: 3987:

of 122.24 seconds and O with a half-life of 70.606 seconds. All of the remaining

3953: 2994: 2958: 2933: 2625: 2368: 2218:

built on Philo's work by observing that a portion of air is consumed during combustion and

2107: 2060: 2001: 1915: 1658: 1576: 1540: 1492: 82: 7452:

crew in a launch pad test spread so rapidly because the capsule was pressurized with pure

7257:

in space applications, such as in some modern space suits, or in early spacecraft such as

2571:

of oxygen was 8 times that of hydrogen, instead of the modern value of about 16. In 1805,

2349:

De Lapide Philosophorum Tractatus duodecim e naturae fonte et manuali experientia depromti

2106:

before 1604, but it is commonly believed that the element was discovered independently by

8: 15520: 15396: 15379: 15233: 15213: 15188: 15159: 14951: 14876: 14835: 14791: 14730: 14706: 14685: 14578: 14566: 14412: 10603:

The Medical Education Division of the Brookside Associates--> ABG (Arterial Blood Gas)

9692:

Kearns, David R. (1971). "Physical and chemical properties of singlet molecular oxygen".

8801: 8772: 7526: 6767: 6334: 6290: 6126: 5931: 5713: 5634: 5020: 4529: 3345: 2942: 2805: 2400: 2310: 2162: 2103: 1654: 1634: 1428: 1312: 12153: 11802: 11246: 11199: 11136: 11034: 10908: 10853: 10798: 10665: 10223: 9842: 9623: 9585: 9437: 9355: 9084: 8966:. University of Wisconsin-Madison Chemistry Department Demonstration lab. Archived from 7927:

fraction in breathing gas or from high breathing gas pressure, or a combination of both.

7353:

at 66 m (217 ft) or more of depth; the same thing can occur by breathing 100%

2448:

In one experiment, Lavoisier observed that there was no overall increase in weight when

15225: 15176: 15114: 15021: 14938: 14926: 14905: 14803: 14554: 14514: 12594: 12569: 12545: 12520: 12471: 12446: 12331:

Dharmeshkumar N Patel; Ashish Goel; SB Agarwal; Praveenkumar Garg; et al. (2003).

11709: 11342: 11211: 11185: 11153: 11122: 11110: 11046: 11020: 10984: 10959: 10928: 10873: 10685: 10525: 10438: 10411: 10245: 9885: 9783: 9635: 9449: 9375: 9149: 9106: 9069:"Evidence for Antibody-Catalyzed Ozone Formation in Bacterial Killing and Inflammation" 9035: 8949: 8703: 8678: 8325: 8305: 7325: 7261:, causes no damage due to the low total pressures used. In the case of spacesuits, the 6855: 6376:, are oxidized in the presence of air and become coated with a thin film of oxide that 5769: 5420: 5236: 5108: 4938: 4735: 4513: 4024: 3904: 3081: 2778: 2525: 2282:. This may have been in part due to the prevalence of the philosophy of combustion and 2203: 2048: 2017: 1765: 1681: 1527: 1290: 1280: 12714: 11996: 11207: 7048: 2730: 2012:

breathing brings oxygen into the lungs where gas exchange takes place, carbon dioxide

15386: 15311: 15275: 15193: 15098: 15086: 15007: 14999: 14987: 14943: 14864: 14827: 14783: 14759: 14694: 14665: 14534: 14468: 14436: 14194: 13762: 12725: 12698: 12673: 12660: 12635: 12628: 12599: 12550: 12499: 12476: 12255: 12215: 12165: 12094: 11988: 11932: 11849: 11814: 11810: 11701: 11483: 11373: 11346: 11334: 11329: 11312: 11158: 11050: 11008: 10989: 10932: 10920: 10865: 10861: 10822: 10817: 10782: 10758: 10727: 10677: 10629: 10466: 10443: 10375: 10368: 10319: 10290: 10237: 10130: 10029: 9771: 9761: 9736: 9726: 9660: 9529: 9498: 9453: 9367: 9278: 9212: 9141: 9098: 9046: 9012: 8845: 8657: 8581: 8434: 8404: 8332: 8309: 8231: 8136: 8109: 8084: 8063: 8039: 8014: 7991: 7725: 7712: 7531: 7258: 6950: 6851: 6827: 6578: 6566: 6357: 6294: 6282: 6002: 5860: 5547: 5000: 4967: 4016: 3996: 3988: 3934: 3374:

The spectroscopy of molecular oxygen is associated with the atmospheric processes of

3254: 3178: 3174: 3142: 2924:

and converting it to the unexcited ground state before it can cause harm to tissues.

2748: 2692: 2584: 2549: 2429: 2413: 2390:

In the meantime, on August 1, 1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman

2356: 2298: 2271: 2258: 2245:

Accounts of these and other experiments and ideas were published in 1668 in his work

2215: 2178: 2174: 2154: 2127: 1955: 1927: 1912: 1728: 1719: 1671: 1534: 1449: 1439: 1432: 1424: 775: 168: 11215: 10877: 9856:

Proceedings of the NASA Cosmochemistry Program and the Lunar and Planetary Institute

9639: 9201: 9110: 7203:

partial pressure of about 21 kPa. This is not a problem except for patients on

4766:

remaining (after production of the water molecule) is released into the atmosphere.

2644: 2383:

to support combustion. He wrote an account of this discovery in a manuscript titled

1227:) 90.188 K (−182.962 °C, −297.332 °F) 15340: 15258: 15147: 15050: 15038: 15012: 14917: 14847: 14754: 14677: 14645: 14632: 14456: 14401: 14197: 13826: 13531: 13360: 13189: 13108: 13027: 13000: 12963: 12958: 12953: 12589: 12581: 12540: 12532: 12466: 12458: 12389: 12347: 12157: 12082: 11841: 11806: 11713: 11324: 11250: 11203: 11148: 11140: 11038: 10979: 10971: 10912: 10857: 10812: 10802: 10689: 10669: 10552: 10433: 10423: 10282: 10227: 10118: 9900: 9701: 9627: 9441: 9402: 9379: 9359: 9270: 9153: 9133: 9088: 9002: 8698: 8690: 8569: 8529: 8362:. Societas Rosicruciana in Civitatibus Foederatis, Nebraska College. pp. 3–4. 8297: 7983: 7747: 7579: 7180: 6958: 6931: 6468: 6393: 6385: 6326: 6232: 6013: 5884: 5721: 5407: 5379: 5268: 5220:

in the oceans when oxygenic photosynthesis was getting more common, it appears the

5213: 5104: 4731: 4459: 4278: 4039: 3029: 2905: 2790: 2735: 2442: 2391: 2367:

It is also commonly claimed that oxygen was first discovered by Swedish pharmacist

2325: 2279: 2115: 2024: 1982: 1885: 1626: 1552: 1131: 11064: 10890: 10726:(7th ed.). San Francisco: Pearson – Benjamin Cummings. pp. 522–23. 10249: 5228:, while oxygen-producing cyanobacteria covered the shallows. Free oxygen began to 4559:, which is much weaker. The measurement is technically difficult owing to the low 15500: 15479: 15345: 15328: 15171: 15126: 15033: 14969: 14893: 14615: 14602: 14546: 14509: 14480: 14424: 14313: 12948: 12943: 12938: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12127: 10709: 10609: 10587: 9421: 9030: 8861: 8853: 8392: 7591: 7227: 7176: 7150: 6835: 6783: 6534: 6502: 6479: 6269:. Compounds containing oxygen in other oxidation states are very uncommon: −1/2 ( 6262: 6188: 6157: 6060: 5967: 5924: 5761: 5391: 5112: 4589: 4536: 4396: 4282: 3941: 3365: 3146: 3077: 2904:

in which all the electron spins are paired. It is much more reactive with common

2867: 2863: 2661: 2638: 2580: 2380: 2379:

in 1771–72. Scheele called the gas "fire air" because it was then the only known

2028: 1919: 1889: 1843: 1478: 1409: 50: 12804: 10580: 10286: 8795: 7915:

times the total pressure, elevated partial pressures can occur either from high

7689: 6160:; the primary feeder material used to manufacture a host of products, including 4508:, but were long unable to obtain reference values for the isotope ratios in the 14888: 14607: 14492: 12891: 11921:"First aid normobaric oxygen for the treatment of recreational diving injuries" 11919:

Longphre, J. M.; Denoble, P. J.; Moon, R. E.; Vann, R. D.; et al. (2007).

11687:"First aid normobaric oxygen for the treatment of recreational diving injuries" 11042: 9904: 7875: 7116: 7056: 7052: 6978: 6974: 6923: 6471: 6452: 6397: 6153: 5672: 5646: 5595: 5582: 5403: 4863: 4719: 4630: 4544: 4408: 4365: 4032: 4028: 3999:

to yield nitrogen, and the most common mode for the isotopes heavier than O is

3107:) was discovered in 2001, and was assumed to exist in one of the six phases of 3073: 2986: 2921: 2889: 2860: 2825: 2782: 2657: 2613: 2534: 2530: 2387:, which he sent to his publisher in 1775. That document was published in 1777. 2372: 2199: 2158: 2056: 2005: 1908: 1796: 1620: 1544: 1326: 1180: 180: 12412: 10623: 8301: 7155: 6136:

Another 25% of commercially produced oxygen is used by the chemical industry.

5216:

era (between 3.0 and 2.3 billion years ago). Even if there was much dissolved

3189: 2835: 2214:

and thus were able to escape through pores in the glass. Many centuries later

15494: 15266: 15138: 14640: 14627: 14163: 13985: 12462: 11421: 10807: 8408: 8194: 7995: 7783: 7552: 7482: 7433: 7393:

at higher than normal pressure and a spark led to a fire and the loss of the

7188: 6847: 6839: 6361: 6330: 5831: 5707: 5611: 5485:

is passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical

5387: 5311: 5310:

levels have fluctuated between 15% and 30% by volume. Towards the end of the

5116: 4992: 4770: 4638: 4492:

have measured the relative quantities of oxygen isotopes in samples from the

4447: 4373: 4352:

The unusually high concentration of oxygen gas on Earth is the result of the

4047: 3945: 3909: 3322: 3258: 3202: 3124: 3069: 2913: 2856: 2770: 2696: 2621: 2492: 1947: 1897: 1753: 1591: 1510: 1248: 1218: 1200: 1096: 945: 12840: 12048: 10916: 9851: 9775: 9740: 9725:(9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. pp. 600–606. 9093: 9068: 8209:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 938–39. 7769:

Figures given are for values up to 80 km (50 mi) above the surface

5348:

It is estimated that oxygen on Earth will last for about one billion years.

5291:, including all complex multicellular organisms such as plants and animals. 2590:

The first commercial method of producing oxygen was chemical, the so-called

2020:

transports the oxygen to the cells, where cellular respiration takes place.

15319: 15253: 14504: 14323: 14293: 14039: 13868: 13573: 12973: 12906: 12603: 12585: 12554: 12536: 12169: 12022: 11992: 11936: 11818: 11705: 11487: 11338: 11162: 10924: 10869: 10826: 10681: 10447: 10428: 10241: 10077: 9371: 9282: 9102: 9016: 8694: 8534: 8517: 7786:

that were once symbiotic partners with the progenitors of plants and algae.

7547: 7305: 6954: 6919: 6024: 5970:

inside the canister. A steady stream of oxygen gas is then produced by the

5853: 5741: 5629: 5455: 5371: 5363: 4618: 4564: 4556: 4353: 4294: 3983:

have been characterized, ranging from O to O. The most stable are O with a

3980: 3326: 3206: 3128: 3108: 2839:

Liquid oxygen, temporarily suspended in a magnet owing to its paramagnetism

2809: 2797: 2665: 2606: 2595: 2591: 2513: 2294: 2275: 2263: 2226: 2040: 2036: 1568: 1260: 987: 854: 628: 12480: 11853: 11377: 11144: 10993: 10409: 9275:

10.1002/1521-3773(20011105)40:21<4062::AID-ANIE4062>3.0.CO;2-X

9145: 8038:. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. 7987: 7108: 6093:

is injected through a high-pressure lance into molten iron, which removes

4332: 1503: 14978: 14960: 14093: 14057: 14048: 13958: 13940: 13931: 12968: 12720:(7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company Publishers. pp. 12184: 10516: 10353:

The oxygen cycle in the natural environment and the biogeochemical cycles

9844:

Nucleosynthesis and Galactic Chemical Evolution of the Isotopes of Oxygen

9760:(6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp. 941–950. 9755: 9720: 9007: 8990: 7779: 7638: 7557: 7208: 7115: 6943: 6927: 6863: 6859: 6843: 6184: 6180: 6020: 5963: 5900: 5899:

use in diving at pressures higher than atmospheric is usually limited to

5703: 5699: 5586: 5383: 5225: 4911: 4895: 4634: 4552: 4463: 4361: 3965: 3092: 3065: 3057: 2909: 2829: 2774: 2653: 2609: 2568: 2559: 2344: 2337: 2084: 1029: 1001: 994: 924: 910: 903: 12780:

was created from a revision of this article dated 23 June 2008

11065:"How much longer will the oxygen-rich atmosphere be sustained on Earth?" 10673: 10410:

Danovaro R; Dell'anno A; Pusceddu A; Gambi C; et al. (April 2010).

10263:

Miller, J. R.; Berger, M.; Alonso, L.; Cerovic, Z.; et al. (2003).

9753: 9705: 9406: 9363: 7324:

partial pressure more than 60 kPa can eventually lead to permanent

7094: 6237: 5416: 4470:

of marine organisms to determine the climate millions of years ago (see

44: 14353: 14102: 14030: 14003: 13976: 13636: 13618: 13591: 13422: 13413: 13152: 10975: 9137: 7976:"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)" 7490: 7184: 7101: 6696: 6585: 6451:

Oxygen is present in the atmosphere in trace quantities in the form of

6345: 6286: 6270: 6161: 5982: 5971: 5946:

supplies. Pressurized commercial airplanes have an emergency supply of

5835: 5811: 5765: 5619: 5550:

by either high pressure or an electric current, to produce nearly pure

5506: 5240: 5229: 5027:, about a billion years after the first appearance of these organisms. 4951: 4899: 4867: 4844: 4626: 4521: 4411:

and the decay of these organisms and other biomaterials may reduce the

4000: 3992: 3212: 2917: 2786: 2230: 2195: 1036: 980: 959: 938: 677: 663: 642: 514: 507: 308: 12161: 11685:

Longphre, JM; Denoble, PJ; Moon, RE; Vann, RD; Freiberger, JJ (2007).

11359: 10265:

Progress on the development of an integrated canopy fluorescence model

10023: 9631: 8738: 7477:

Liquid oxygen spills, if allowed to soak into organic matter, such as

7432:

pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous and

6401: 2664:. Both men lowered the temperature of air until it liquefied and then 2648:

An experiment setup for preparation of oxygen in academic laboratories

14343: 14111: 14084: 14075: 13922: 13904: 13895: 13886: 13672: 13582: 13555: 13503: 13449: 13431: 13395: 13375: 13314: 13251: 13195: 13134: 13123: 13042: 12993: 12983: 12978: 11570:"Management of Fournier's Gangrene and the role of Hyperbaric Oxygen" 10262: 9525: 8223: 7796: 7406: 7138: 6935: 6700: 6661: 6570: 6381: 6369: 6196: 6165: 5864: 5680: 5676: 5638: 5288: 5031: 4991:), are reactive by-products of oxygen use in organisms. Parts of the 4907: 4859: 4540: 4505: 4404: 4297:

in having such a high concentration of oxygen gas in its atmosphere:

4270: 4229: 3984: 3961: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3364:

of liquefied air. Liquid oxygen may also be condensed from air using

3060:(UV) radiation. Since ozone absorbs strongly in the UV region of the 2982: 2954: 2673: 2545: 2437: 2396: 2341: 2283: 2267: 2170: 2119: 2088: 2013: 1901: 1816: 1803: 1788: 1760: 1733: 1586: 1484: 1119: 1043: 1022: 1015: 896: 882: 875: 868: 705: 635: 614: 577: 535: 521: 493: 475: 431: 382: 338: 294: 285: 225: 64: 12856:

Scripps Institute: Atmospheric Oxygen has been dropping for 20 years

10232: 10207: 9549: 7655: 4746:

gradient across the thylakoid membrane, which is used to synthesize

4269:

Oxygen is the most abundant chemical element by mass in the Earth's

2425: 14370: 14333: 14252: 14242: 14222: 14212: 14066: 13967: 13850: 13832: 13807: 13798: 13771: 13744: 13708: 13699: 13681: 13609: 13600: 13494: 13366: 13332: 13242: 13233: 13224: 13215: 13170: 13089: 13071: 13006: 12821: 11845: 11612: 11442: 11412: 11270: 11255: 11230: 11025: 9884:

Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).

8357:"Michael Sendivogius, Rosicrucian, and Father of Studies of Oxygen" 7955: 7816: 7449: 7394: 7378: 7133: 7067: 6915: 6819: 6779: 6665: 6574: 6558: 6530: 6373: 6322: 6266: 6137: 6074: 6070: 6056: 6028: 5978: 5748:(the 'bends') are sometimes addressed with this therapy. Increased 5695:

that impairs the body's ability to take up and use gaseous oxygen.

5668: 5575: 5295: 5209: 4903: 4483: 4475: 4467: 4187: 4063: 4004: 3969: 3270: 2912:

by the photolysis of ozone by light of short wavelength and by the

2704: 2700: 2475: 2436:

Lavoisier conducted the first adequate quantitative experiments on

2241: 2166: 2009: 1935: 1420: 1213: (−218.79 °C, −361.82 °F) 1080: 1072: 1008: 931: 840: 826: 810: 803: 782: 761: 733: 726: 712: 656: 649: 570: 468: 445: 375: 368: 361: 354: 322: 262: 248: 200: 11190: 11127: 9445: 8902:"Chapter 8: Oxidation-Phosphorylation, the Chemistry of Di-Oxygen" 8198: 8083:(12th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 5. 5133: 2938: 2785:

of the individual oxygen atoms, the filling of which results in a

2321: 14303: 14262: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14021: 14012: 13994: 13949: 13877: 13859: 13789: 13735: 13717: 13690: 13663: 13645: 13627: 13537: 13467: 13440: 13404: 13386: 13350: 13341: 13323: 13305: 13204: 13143: 13033: 12988: 12860: 11788: 10753:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson – Prentice Hall. pp. 7812: 7486: 7102: 6939: 6823: 6815: 6811: 6741: 6737: 6526: 6494: 6475: 6274: 6169: 6130: 6006: 6001:

exposure for a minimal fee. Professional athletes, especially in

5692: 5543: 5534: 5486: 5205: 4919: 4723: 4517: 4479: 4400: 4208: 3918: 3379: 3111:. It was proven in 2006 that this phase, created by pressurizing 2669: 2376: 2333: 2142: 2138: 2111: 2032: 2016:

out of the blood, and oxygen diffuses into the blood. The body's

1232: 973: 966: 952: 917: 861: 847: 796: 754: 740: 719: 698: 684: 670: 600: 549: 528: 500: 486: 459: 452: 438: 424: 345: 301: 218: 12677: 12300:"NFPA 704 ratings and id numbers for common hazardous materials" 10893:"Long-term climate forcing by atmospheric oxygen concentrations" 9329: 9065: 7436:

will act as a fuel; and therefore the design and manufacture of

7401:

Highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion.

7373: 6039: 4742:. Many steps are involved, but the result is the formation of a 2688:. This method of welding and cutting metal later became common. 19:

This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see

14272: 13913: 13841: 13726: 13654: 13564: 13546: 13512: 13476: 13458: 13287: 13278: 13269: 13161: 13114: 13062: 13017: 10891:

Poulsen, Christopher J.; Tabor, Clay; White, Joseph D. (2015).

10487:"NASA Research Indicates Oxygen on Earth 2.5 Billion Years ago" 8327:

The last sorcerers: The path from alchemy to the periodic table

7972: 7879: 7800: 7464:

but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure, instead of the

7060: 6889: 6775: 6672: 6498: 6173: 6098: 6094: 6081:

consumes 55% of commercially produced oxygen. In this process,

4944:, oxygen was thought to be a requirement for all complex life. 4941: 4915: 4743: 4739: 4667: 4532:

prior to the coalescence of dust grains that formed the Earth.

4250: 4124: 4084: 3957: 3375: 3318: 2883: 2553: 2194:

One of the first known experiments on the relationship between

1997: 1993: 1939: 1210: 1159: 1065: 889: 833: 747: 691: 621: 607: 584: 556: 542: 410: 403: 396: 315: 278: 241: 209: 12855: 11831: 9610:

Krupenie, Paul H. (1972). "The Spectrum of Molecular Oxygen".

9123: 8108:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 311. 8011:

Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements

6019:

Other recreational uses that do not involve breathing include

5107:

in the body of a living vertebrate organism is highest in the

2892:

is a name given to several higher-energy species of molecular

2747:, oxygen is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas with the 1981:

over long periods of time. Oxygen makes up almost half of the

14127: 13816: 13521: 13179: 13053: 11615:"Decompression Sickness or Illness and Arterial Gas Embolism" 11310: 9920:"Scientists Have Observed A Never-Before-Seen Form of Oxygen" 8816: 8601:

DeTurck, Dennis; Gladney, Larry; Pietrovito, Anthony (1997).

7597: 7429: 7211:

in medical applications is typically composed of only 30–50%

6831: 6795: 6787: 6771: 6365: 6340: 6305: 6241: 6078: 5986: 5615: 5590: 4493: 4314: 3266: 3262: 3025: 2497: 2463: 2290:, which was then the favored explanation of those processes. 2229:

proved that air is necessary for combustion. English chemist

2150: 2134: 2064: 2052: 1989: 1923: 817: 591: 329: 234: 78: 11567: 9652: 9550:"Overview of Cryogenic Air Separation and Liquefier Systems" 7428:

will allow combustion to proceed rapidly and energetically.

5907:

at relatively shallow depths (~6 meters depth, or less), or

4738:

of photosynthetic organisms and requires the energy of four

3145:. This cluster has the potential to be a much more powerful 2866:

of the unpaired electrons in the molecule, and the negative

2672:

was demonstrated for the first time by burning a mixture of

2453:

other experiments on combustion were documented in his book

1942:, it is the third-most abundant element in the universe. At 13780: 13753: 13296: 13260: 13098: 12712:

Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray F.; Eichhorn, Susan E. (2005).

11723:

on October 1, 2018 – via Rubicon Research Repository.

11580:(3): 177–86. Archived from the original on February 3, 2011 11535:(2): 125–44. Archived from the original on February 3, 2011 11231:"The Far-Ultraviolet Oxygen Airglow of Europa and Ganymede" 10490: 10412:"The first metazoa living in permanently anoxic conditions" 7478: 7410: 7402: 6953:

compounds at or below room temperature in a process called

6692: 6562: 6349: 6063: 5374:. That said it might not be a definite biosignature, being 5217: 5086: 4501: 4497: 4298: 4166: 4145: 3949: 2505: 2303: 2096: 789: 768: 417: 389: 269: 10787:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA

7732:

that has a spatial distribution about an atom or molecule.

7034: 6744:

is an important feeder material in the chemical industry.

6325:

and the most familiar oxygen compound. Hydrogen atoms are

2095:. However, ozone present at the surface is a byproduct of 1973:. Diatomic oxygen gas currently constitutes 20.95% of the 13485: 12900: 12850: 11311:

Sim MA; Dean P; Kinsella J; Black R; et al. (2008).

11228: 11007:

Ozaki, Kazumi; Reinhard, Christopher T. (March 9, 2021).

9419: 7819:

are also required for the reaction to occur. (Raven 2005)

5923:

with other gases, such as nitrogen or helium, to prevent

5070: 4999:

of plants against pathogen attack. Oxygen is damaging to

4509: 4274: 2449: 2080: 2044: 1958: 1193: 563: 12413:"The Four Most Important Equations In Clinical Practice" 12139: 10463:

Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe

9659:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 220–. 8600: 5736:

around the patient and, when needed, the medical staff.

4894:

is released from another part of hemoglobin through the

3080:

altitudes, sufficient atomic oxygen is present to cause

2973:, the major part of the Earth's atmospheric oxygen (see 1559: 12305:. Riverside County Department of Environmental Health. 11918: 11727: 11684: 11525:"Gas Gangrene – Clostridial Myonecrosis: A Review" 11175: 6300: 5172:

produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3)

4570: 3917:

Naturally occurring oxygen is composed of three stable

12691:

Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements

11876:"Oxygen toxicity: A brief history of oxygen in diving" 11009:"The future lifespan of Earth's oxygenated atmosphere" 10553:"Flow restrictor for measuring respiratory parameters" 9260: 9207:(Revised ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 5314:

period (about 300 million years ago) atmospheric

3956:. O is primarily made by the burning of hydrogen into 2993:

is used by complex forms of life, such as animals, in

2406:

Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air

12693:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 12252:

The Organometallic Chemistry of the Transition Metals

11642:"A brief history of diving and decompression illness" 11360:

Stephenson RN; Mackenzie I; Watt SJ; Ross JA (1996).

10651: 9424:; et al. (1998). "Superconductivity in oxygen". 9392: 7563: 6961:

that contain oxygen are not made by direct action of

6410: 6364:

with almost all other elements to give corresponding

5930:

People who climb mountains or fly in non-pressurized

5537:. Chemical catalysts can be used as well, such as in 3972:

nucleus, making O common in the helium-rich zones of

3393:

Table of thermal and physical properties of oxygen (O

3044:

combines with atomic oxygen made by the splitting of

2725: 2587:

and the diatomic elemental molecules in those gases.

12254:(3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 152. 11886:(3). Archived from the original on December 25, 2010 11678: 11652:(2). Archived from the original on September 5, 2011 10521:"Earth's Oxygen: A Mystery Easy to Take for Granted" 9883: 8393:"Michał Sędziwój – Traktat o Kamieniu Filozoficznym" 7223:

by volume (about 30 kPa at standard pressure).

5789: 4462:

measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the

2828:. The highest-energy, partially filled orbitals are 11081: 10465:. Copernicus Books (Springer Verlag). p. 217. 9653:Guy P. Brasseur; Susan Solomon (January 15, 2006). 9646: 7865:

partial pressure nearer to that found at sea-level.

5505:. Oxygen gas is increasingly obtained by these non- 4645:A simplified overall formula for photosynthesis is 4277:'s mass is oxygen. Oxygen constitutes 49.2% of the 12713: 12659: 12627: 10621: 10367: 9200: 9034: 8800:. MIT Libraries. Oxford, Clarendon press. p. 8324: 8104:Pocock, Gillian; Richards, Christopher D. (2006). 7744:"Company literature of Oxygen analyzers (triplet)" 6436: 5382:with processes and conditions (such as a peculiar 5275:than anaerobic organisms. Cellular respiration of 4486:samples as old as hundreds of thousands of years. 4407:may stimulate growth of algae by a process called 3261:) of air, freshwater can dissolve about 6.04 2508:, literally 'sharp', from the taste of acids) and 2198:and air was conducted by the 2nd century BCE 16:Chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8 12081: 11977:"Oxygen Bars: Is a Breath of Fresh Air Worth It?" 11880:South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal 11646:South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal 11522: 10312:"Marine Plants: A Unique and Unexplored Resource" 10117: 9886:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" 9493:Evans, David Hudson; Claiborne, James B. (2005). 9342:molecular lattice in the phase of solid oxygen". 8634:Roscoe, Henry Enfield; Schorlemmer, Carl (1883). 8633: 8568: 7474:normal pressure that would be used in a mission. 5045:Partial pressures of oxygen in the human body (PO 4584: 4364:. The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is 1265:54.361 K, 0.1463 kPa 15492: 12668:. New York: Reinhold Book Corporation. pp. 11784: 11782: 11490:. Archived from the original on February 3, 2011 10833: 10374:. Prentice Hall/Pearson Education. p. 958. 10076:. Los Alamos National Laboratory. Archived from 9852:Workgroup on Oxygen in the Earliest Solar System 8683:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 7844:Derived from mmHg values using 0.133322 kPa/mmHg 7312:. Prolonged breathing of an air mixture with an 6352:, form when oxygen combines with other elements. 4922:). A liter of blood can dissolve 200 cm of 4882:, changing color from bluish red to bright red ( 4439:needed to restore it to a normal concentration. 4285:and is the most abundant element by mass in the 11380:. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011 11229:Hall, D.T.; Feldman, P.D.; et al. (1998). 9612:Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 8988: 8558:(6th ed.). London: Longmans, Green and Co. 7493:unpredictably on subsequent mechanical impact. 7368: 7083: 5351: 2309:Highly combustible materials that leave little 14193: 12498:. England: SPA in conjunction with K. Donald. 11987:(6). U.S. Food and Drug Administration: 9–11. 11970: 11968: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9799: 9492: 9194: 9192: 9190: 8840: 8838: 8676: 8103: 8081:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 7882:of each molecule cause a net attraction force. 6946:that are important to (or generated by) life. 6129:, so the temperature increases to 1,700 ° 3898: 3009:are covered in the remainder of this article. 14386: 14179: 12876: 11939:. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008 11779: 11469: 11463: 11304: 11006: 10721: 8991:"Singlet oxygen production in photosynthesis" 8893: 8814: 8106:Human physiology : the basis of medicine 8002: 7409:hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and 6703:. An exotic and unusual reaction occurs with 5760:concentration in the lungs helps to displace 5122: 3246:) dissolves at 0 °C than at 20 °C ( 1858: 1143: 12567: 12518: 12444: 12045:"George Goble's extended home page (mirror)" 11825: 11761:"Oxygen First Aid for Scuba Diving Injuries" 11735:"Emergency Oxygen for Scuba Diving Injuries" 11353: 10776: 10774: 10647: 10645: 10598: 10596: 10576: 10574: 10509: 10460: 10403: 10154:, the values appear to be about 3% too high. 9836: 9834: 9832: 9603: 9059: 8611:. University of Pennsylvania. Archived from 4539:peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760 3968:(made abundant from CNO burning) captures a 3249: 3242: 2293:Established in 1667 by the German alchemist 2133:Common uses of oxygen include production of 1502: 12684: 12388:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from 12210:Smart, Lesley E.; Moore, Elaine A. (2005). 11965: 11753: 11418:"Indications for hyperbaric oxygen therapy" 11108: 10839: 10366:Brown, Theodore L.; LeMay, Burslen (2003). 10193: 10178: 10105: 10060: 9796: 9788:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 9573: 9571: 9187: 8935: 8933: 8931: 8929: 8927: 8835: 8720: 8553: 8503: 8273: 8058:Atkins, P.; Jones, L.; Laverman, L. (2016). 8013:. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. 5909:medical treatment in recompression chambers 4281:by mass as part of oxide compounds such as 4042:estimated spectroscopically (not to scale) 2469:"lifeless"), which did not support either. 2420: 2328:is usually given priority in the discovery. 15526:Chemical substances for emergency medicine 14393: 14379: 14186: 14172: 12883: 12869: 12831:Roald Hoffmann article on "The Story of O" 12711: 12658:Cook, Gerhard A.; Lauer, Carol M. (1968). 12634:. New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc. 12233: 12231: 12209: 11294: 11292: 10783:"Atmospheric oxygen over Phanerozoic time" 10722:Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B. (2005). 10397: 10365: 9877: 9685: 9579:"Liquid Oxygen Material Safety Data Sheet" 9294: 9292: 8989:Krieger-Liszkay, Anja (October 13, 2004). 8518:"An Account of Further Discoveries in Air" 8350: 8348: 5298:period 540 million years ago, atmospheric 5200:Free oxygen gas was almost nonexistent in 4625:In nature, free oxygen is produced by the 4512:, believed to be the same as those of the 3933:, with O being the most abundant (99.762% 3277:Oxygen gas dissolved in water at sea-level 1865: 1851: 1696: 1689: 1558: 43: 12666:The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements 12657: 12593: 12544: 12470: 12371: 12286: 12274: 12237: 12069: 12021:. Peak Performance Online. Archived from 11912: 11869: 11867: 11865: 11863: 11613:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society. 11568:Zamboni WA; Riseman JA; Kucan JO (1990). 11443:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society. 11328: 11298: 11254: 11222: 11189: 11152: 11126: 11024: 10983: 10816: 10806: 10771: 10642: 10593: 10571: 10461:Ward, Peter D.; Brownlee, Donald (2000). 10437: 10427: 10276: 10231: 10189: 10187: 10174: 10172: 10170: 10168: 10166: 10164: 10162: 10160: 10101: 10099: 10097: 10095: 9989: 9963: 9937: 9829: 9092: 9006: 8716: 8714: 8702: 8647: 8645: 8549: 8547: 8545: 8533: 8515: 8499: 8497: 8495: 8493: 8491: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8476: 8472: 8470: 8468: 8466: 8464: 8462: 8460: 8458: 8456: 8269: 8267: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8259: 8189: 8187: 8185: 8176: 8008: 7878:. The interactions between the different 6984: 6437:{\displaystyle {\ce {Fe}}_{1-x}{\ce {O}}} 5663:from the air is the essential purpose of 2699:that burned liquid fuel; the engine used 1926:with most elements as well as with other 28:Chemical element with atomic number 8 (O) 12788:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 12771: 12561: 12512: 12249: 12214:(3rd ed.). CRC Press. p. 214. 11271:"Non-Cryogenic Air Separation Processes" 10715: 10703:Iron in primeval seas rusted by bacteria 10393: 10391: 10021: 10015: 9609: 9568: 9198: 9171:. University of Waterloo. Archived from 9037:Pollution: Causes, Effects & Control 9029: 9023: 8924: 8651: 8386: 8384: 8331:. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press. 8193: 8172: 8170: 8168: 8166: 8164: 8052: 7966: 7372: 7154: 6736: 6339: 6236: 6038: 5793: 5628: 5578:compressed-gas cylinders with regulators 5569: 5516:Oxygen gas can also be produced through 5427:One hundred million tonnes of 5415: 5397: 5132: 4862:through membranes in the lungs and into 4593:Photosynthesis splits water to liberate 4588: 4446: 4392: 4331: 3908: 3188: 2937: 2834: 2729: 2643: 2624:. Just two days later, French physicist 2544: 2424: 2371:. He had produced oxygen gas by heating 2320: 13983: 12619: 12487: 12440: 12438: 12365: 12280: 12268: 12228: 12182: 12063: 11414:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society 11289: 11082:Paul Scott Anderson (January 3, 2019). 10746: 10740: 10309: 9911: 9497:(3rd ed.). CRC Press. p. 88. 9289: 9263:Angewandte Chemie International Edition 8793: 8733: 8731: 8729: 8654:Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists 8345: 8128: 7903:'s partial pressure is the fraction of 7840: 7838: 7836: 7834: 6691:. This class of compounds includes the 6474:is composed in large part of oxides of 6257:) is the most familiar oxygen compound. 5981:, has a history of recreational use in 5687:), some disorders that cause increased 5667:, so oxygen supplementation is used in 5023:about 2.5 billion years ago during the 4535:Oxygen presents two spectrophotometric 2957:of elemental oxygen on Earth is called 15493: 14037: 13866: 13571: 12625: 12493: 12423:from the original on September 5, 2018 12212:Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction 11975:Bren, Linda (November–December 2002). 11860: 10780: 10515: 10350: 10184: 10157: 10092: 10054: 9865:from the original on December 29, 2010 9841:Meyer, B. S. (September 19–21, 2005). 9757:Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer 9718: 9691: 9524:(84th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: 8939: 8899: 8711: 8642: 8542: 8482: 8453: 8322: 8316: 8256: 8218: 8216: 8182: 8097: 8036:CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 6949:Oxygen reacts spontaneously with many 6368:. The surface of most metals, such as 5716:(high-pressure) medicine uses special 5473:The other primary method of producing 5148:build-up in Earth's atmosphere: 1) no 3184: 2812:state. Hence, the ground state of the 1932:most abundant element in Earth's crust 1581:26.58×10 W/(m⋅K) 14374: 14167: 14091: 14055: 14046: 13956: 13938: 13929: 12864: 12651: 12292: 12191:from the original on October 10, 2007 11873: 11639: 11090:from the original on January 22, 2021 10388: 9917: 9840: 9673:from the original on February 2, 2017 9556:from the original on October 21, 2018 9521:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 9311:from the original on October 21, 2013 9256: 9254: 8441:from the original on January 28, 2017 8390: 8381: 8161: 8033: 7230:were placed in incubators containing 6396:would show. For example, the mineral 5386:) which allow free oxygen, like with 4524:in space and returned by the crashed 2695:became the first person to develop a 2620:in Paris announcing his discovery of 1823: 1820: 1810: 1807: 1795: 1792: 1769: 1764: 1567: = 678.28 pm (at 14400: 14100: 14028: 14001: 13974: 13634: 13616: 13589: 13420: 13411: 12435: 12383: 11974: 11277:from the original on October 3, 2018 11084:"Oxygen and life: a cautionary tale" 10957: 10205: 10066: 9517: 9420:Shimizu, K.; Suhara, K.; Ikumo, M.; 9299:Ball, Phillip (September 16, 2001). 9298: 8942:ASTM Technical Professional training 8912:from the original on October 5, 2018 8726: 8554:Parks, G. D.; Mellor, J. W. (1939). 8415:from the original on October 1, 2021 8285: 8149:from the original on October 1, 2021 8078: 7831: 7604: 6810:). There are many important organic 6732: 6392:, with slightly less metal than the 6301:Oxides and other inorganic compounds 6156:, which, in turn, is converted into 5867:also rely on artificially delivered 5196:sinks filled and the gas accumulates 2605:method, Swiss chemist and physicist 2252: 2189: 1275:154.581 K, 5.043 MPa 14109: 14082: 14073: 13920: 13902: 13893: 13884: 13670: 13580: 13553: 13501: 13447: 13429: 13393: 13373: 13312: 13249: 13150: 13132: 13121: 13040: 12340:Indian Academy of Clinical Medicine 12183:Chaplin, Martin (January 4, 2008). 11741:from the original on April 20, 2020 11109:Luger R, Barnes R (February 2015). 10497:from the original on March 13, 2008 10332:from the original on March 25, 2015 10310:Fenical, William (September 1983). 9918:Starr, Michelle (August 30, 2023). 9552:. Universal Industrial Gases, Inc. 8556:Mellor's Modern Inorganic Chemistry 8354: 8244:from the original on April 17, 2020 8213: 6677:transition metal dioxygen complexes 5509:technologies (see also the related 5037: 4571:Biological production and role of O 4567:from satellites on a global scale. 4478:molecules that contain the lighter 4055:Mass fraction in parts per million 3348:of blue light). High-purity liquid 2594:involving a reversible reaction of 2184: 1368: 13: 14064: 13965: 13848: 13830: 13805: 13796: 13769: 13742: 13697: 13679: 13607: 13598: 13492: 13364: 13330: 13240: 13222: 13213: 13193: 13168: 12890: 12758: 12570:"Oxygen Poisoning in Man: Part II" 12410: 12312:from the original on July 11, 2019 11767:from the original on June 10, 2020 11694:Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine 10939:from the original on July 13, 2017 9817:from the original on July 12, 2012 9584:. Matheson Tri Gas. Archived from 9474:from the original on April 4, 2019 9251: 8877:. Science Kids. February 6, 2015. 8823:from the original on July 25, 2017 8749:from the original on April 3, 2019 7795:Water oxidation is catalyzed by a 7079: 5003:, which were the dominant form of 3995:of the isotopes lighter than O is 3340:are clear substances with a light 2726:Properties and molecular structure 2720: 2703:for fuel and liquid oxygen as the 2432:discredited the phlogiston theory. 1463:3rd: 5300.5 kJ/mol 1460:2nd: 3388.3 kJ/mol 1457:1st: 1313.9 kJ/mol 14: 15552: 14019: 14010: 13992: 13947: 13857: 13787: 13760: 13733: 13715: 13706: 13688: 13661: 13643: 13625: 13535: 13465: 13438: 13402: 13348: 13339: 13321: 13303: 13231: 13202: 13141: 13087: 13069: 13031: 13004: 12739: 12521:"Oxygen Poisoning in Man: Part I" 10964:The Journal of General Physiology 10533:from the original on May 16, 2020 10271:. Vol. 1. pp. 601–603. 10208:"The Solar System's first breath" 10042:from the original on May 13, 2011 10003:from the original on June 7, 2022 9977:from the original on June 7, 2022 9951:from the original on June 9, 2022 9166: 8638:. D. Appleton and Co. p. 38. 8608:The Interactive Textbook of PFP96 7956:"Standard Atomic Weights: Oxygen" 7300:Oxygen toxicity to the lungs and 6717:, which oxidizes oxygen to give O 6168:polymers (the precursors of many 5790:Life support and recreational use 5768:. Oxygen gas is poisonous to the 2777:that results from the filling of 2745:standard temperature and pressure 2487:Lavoisier renamed 'vital air' to 1944:standard temperature and pressure 13911: 13875: 13839: 13724: 13652: 13562: 13544: 13474: 13456: 13384: 13285: 13276: 13267: 13112: 13015: 12826:) Properties, Uses, Applications 12770: 12610: 12404: 12377: 12324: 12243: 12203: 12176: 12133: 12108: 12075: 12037: 12011: 11633: 11606: 11561: 11516: 11436: 11406: 11330:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2008.05536.x 11263: 11169: 11102: 11075: 11057: 11000: 10951: 10884: 10862:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2009.00188.x 10559:from the original on May 8, 2020 10318:. DianePublishing. p. 147. 8881:from the original on May 7, 2020 8369:from the original on May 8, 2020 8135:. Ayer Publishing. p. 171. 7930: 7885: 7868: 7847: 7778:Thylakoid membranes are part of 7681: 7664: 7647: 7630: 7613: 7585: 7573: 7159:Main symptoms of oxygen toxicity 7018: 6814:that contain oxygen, including: 4773:in the generation of ATP during 4580:Dioxygen in biological reactions 4336:Cold water holds more dissolved 4038:Ten most common elements in the 2691:In 1923, the American scientist 2540: 2249:in the tract "De respiratione". 2083:radiation and the high-altitude 2079:), strongly absorbs ultraviolet 1838: 1837: 1336: 13814: 13519: 13510: 13177: 13159: 13078: 13060: 12664:. In Clifford A. Hampel (ed.). 11763:. Divers Alert Network Europe. 10960:"The Natural History of Oxygen" 10696: 10615: 10545: 10479: 10454: 10359: 10344: 10303: 10256: 10199: 10143: 10111: 9858:. Gatlinburg, Tennessee. 9022. 9747: 9712: 9542: 9511: 9486: 9460: 9413: 9386: 9323: 9225: 9160: 9117: 8982: 8956: 8867: 8808: 8787: 8761: 8677:Papanelopoulou, Faidra (2013). 8670: 8627: 8603:"Do We Take Atoms for Granted?" 8594: 8562: 8509: 8427: 8279: 7822: 7789: 7772: 7763: 7735: 7718: 7705: 7365:at only 6 m (20 ft). 6675:for transition metals, forming 5879:. Submarines, submersibles and 5605: 5251:) about 2.4 billion years ago. 4633:. According to some estimates, 4617:into sugar in what is called a 4530:disk of protoplanetary material 3317:Oxygen condenses at 90.20 2974: 2882:molecules. Liquid oxygen is so 2225:In the late 17th century, 1629: (gas, at 27 °C) 13778: 13751: 13294: 13258: 13096: 13051: 10712:, ScienceDaily, April 23, 2013 10370:Chemistry: The Central Science 9813:. EnvironmentalChemistry.com. 8995:Journal of Experimental Botany 8946:Fire Hazards in Oxygen Systems 8940:Werley, Barry L., ed. (1991). 8122: 8072: 8027: 7948: 6727:dioxygenyl hexafluoroplatinate 5585:methods include high-pressure 5423:used in electrolysis of water. 5421:Hofmann electrolysis apparatus 5001:obligately anaerobic organisms 4585:Photosynthesis and respiration 3418:Thermal conductivity (W/m °C) 2985:and a bond energy of 498 2981:has a bond length of 121 2916:as a source of active oxygen. 2347:(Michał Sędziwój) in his work 2297:, and modified by the chemist 2047:, as do the major constituent 2031:contain oxygen atoms, such as 1615: cm/mol (293 K) 1444:Pauling scale: 3.44 1: 13483: 12836:WebElements.com – Oxygen 10612:Retrieved on December 6, 2009 10206:Hand, Eric (March 13, 2008). 8817:"Atmospheric Oxygen Research" 8794:Flecker, Oriel Joyce (1924). 8745:. The Gale Group, Inc. 2002. 7942: 7728:that models an electron as a 7724:An orbital is a concept from 7538:Limiting oxygen concentration 7489:can cause these materials to 7207:, since gas supplied through 6034: 5376:possibly produced abiotically 4399:with plant nutrients such as 4010: 3173:and may therefore be used in 2945:representation of dioxygen (O 2927: 2808:—is a configuration termed a 2552:and a liquid oxygen-gasoline 1600:Molar magnetic susceptibility 1321:) 29.378 J/(mol·K) 12817:Oxidizing Agents > Oxygen 12810:The Periodic Table of Videos 11811:10.1016/0094-5765(94)90146-5 11523:Hart GB; Strauss MB (1990). 10581:Normal Reference Range Table 9811:"Oxygen Nuclides / Isotopes" 7523:depletion in aquatic ecology 7504:Geological history of oxygen 7369:Combustion and other hazards 6390:non-stoichiometric compounds 6380:the metal and slows further 6226: 5934:sometimes have supplemental 5600:oxy-fuel welding and cutting 5352:Extraterrestrial free oxygen 5129:Geological history of oxygen 3421:Thermal diffusivity (m^2/s) 3415:Kinematic viscosity (m^2/s) 2482: 2455:Sur la combustion en général 2316: 2147:brazing, welding and cutting 7: 11472:"Carbon monoxide poisoning" 11208:10.1088/2041-8205/785/2/L20 11053:– via www.nature.com. 10622:Charles Henrickson (2005). 10287:10.1109/IGARSS.2003.1293855 9470:. The Engineering Toolbox. 9169:"Bond Lengths and Energies" 9041:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: 8908:. Saint John's University. 8009:Arblaster, John W. (2018). 7496: 7144: 6043:Most commercially produced 6027:'s five-second ignition of 5358:Extraterrestrial atmosphere 5345:in the present atmosphere. 5294:Since the beginning of the 5019:began to accumulate in the 4442: 4391:at lower temperatures (see 4254: 4233: 4212: 4191: 4170: 4149: 4128: 4107: 4088: 4067: 3899:Isotopes and stellar origin 3412:Dynamic viscosity (kg/m s) 3397:) at atmospheric pressure: 3360:is usually obtained by the 2824:molecule is referred to as 2762:, referred to as dioxygen. 1954:, a colorless and odorless 1946:, two atoms of the element 95:liquid and solid: pale blue 10: 15557: 13382: 13211: 13130: 13049: 13013: 12915: 12813:(University of Nottingham) 11043:10.1038/s41561-021-00693-5 10781:Berner, Robert A. (1999). 10586:December 25, 2011, at the 10355:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 9301:"New form of oxygen found" 9043:Royal Society of Chemistry 8864:accessed January 31, 2015. 8656:. CRC Press. p. 707. 8522:Philosophical Transactions 8516:Priestley, Joseph (1775). 7980:Pure and Applied Chemistry 7746:. Servomex. Archived from 7148: 6230: 6101:as the respective oxides, 5960:chemical oxygen generators 5644: 5624: 5609: 5565: 5539:chemical oxygen generators 5533:evolution from oxides and 5401: 5355: 5126: 5123:Build-up in the atmosphere 5115:, peripheral tissues, and 5111:, and decreases along any 4577: 4472:oxygen isotope ratio cycle 4257: 4236: 4215: 4194: 4173: 4152: 4131: 4110: 4091: 4070: 4014: 3902: 3200: 3072:formed as a by-product of 2931: 2618:French Academy of Sciences 2498: 2464: 2256: 2114:, in 1773 or earlier, and 1247:when liquid (at 1120:group 16 (chalcogens) 483: 351: 291: 231: 206: 18: 14408: 14285: 14204: 14125: 13825: 13530: 13359: 13188: 13107: 13026: 12999: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12910: 12905: 12898: 12626:Chiles, James R. (2001). 12087:Chemistry of the Elements 12085:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). 11957:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 11904:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 11670:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 11598:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 11553:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 11508:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 11398:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 11235:The Astrophysical Journal 11178:The Astrophysical Journal 10351:Walker, J. C. G. (1980). 10123:Chemistry of the Elements 10121:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). 9468:"Air solubility in water" 9199:Stwertka, Albert (1998). 8574:Chemistry of the Elements 8572:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). 8355:Marples, Frater James A. 8302:10.1007/s10698-015-9220-5 6999: 6994: 6588:silicates in the form of 6181:metal cutting and welding 5962:above each seat, causing 5738:Carbon monoxide poisoning 5689:pulmonary artery pressure 5594:oxygen is passed through 5503:pressure swing adsorption 5394:thin oxygen atmospheres. 4775:oxidative phosphorylation 4629:of water during oxygenic 4425:biochemical oxygen demand 4054: 3409:Specific heat (kJ/kg °C) 3265: (mL) of oxygen per 3227:for every 2 molecules of 2652:In 1891 Scottish chemist 2414:Antoine Laurent Lavoisier 1900:8. It is a member of the 1836: 1832: 1815: 1802: 1787: 1759: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1680: 1667: 1648: 1643: 1633: 1619: 1598: 1585: 1575: 1551: 1533: 1523: 1518: 1501: 1491: 1477: 1448: 1438: 1408: 1403: 1325: 1311: 1297: 1279: 1269: 1259: 1245: 1231: 1217: 1199: 1179: 1174: 1166: 1152: 1137: 1125: 1113: 1094: 1071: 186: 178: 174: 160: 153: 149: 145: 119: 103: 99: 89: 63: 58: 42: 12494:Donald, Kenneth (1992). 12463:10.1136/bmj.317.7164.996 12346:(3): 234. Archived from 12185:"Water Hydrogen Bonding" 11737:. Divers Alert Network. 10808:10.1073/pnas.96.20.10955 10608:August 12, 2017, at the 9905:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae 9719:Holman, Jack P. (2002). 9495:The Physiology of Fishes 8323:Morris, Richard (2003). 8289:Foundations of Chemistry 8129:Jastrow, Joseph (1936). 8062:, 7th edition. Freeman. 7699: 7043:Precautionary statements 6448:is usually around 0.05. 5881:atmospheric diving suits 5685:congestive heart failure 5683:, some heart disorders ( 3952:but some is made in the 3382:. The absorption in the 3279:(milliliters per liter) 3193:Liquid oxygen boiling (O 2421:Lavoisier's contribution 2385:Treatise on Air and Fire 1307:) 6.82 kJ/mol 11834:Aviat Space Environ Med 10917:10.1126/science.1260670 10750:Biological Science, 2nd 10747:Freeman, Scott (2005). 10708:March 11, 2020, at the 9233:"Atomic oxygen erosion" 9094:10.1126/science.1077642 8652:Daintith, John (1994). 8636:A Treatise on Chemistry 8206:Encyclopædia Britannica 7805:oxygen evolving complex 7509:Hypoxia (environmental) 7310:surface-supplied diving 7304:can also occur in deep 5764:from the heme group of 5511:vacuum swing adsorption 5443:of liquefied air, with 5441:fractional distillation 5412:Fractional distillation 5245:Great Oxygenation Event 5030:An adult human at rest 5025:Great Oxygenation Event 4997:hypersensitive response 4948:Reactive oxygen species 4937:Until the discovery of 4514:primordial solar nebula 4021:Category:Oxide minerals 3362:fractional distillation 3253:). At 25 °C and 1 3082:corrosion of spacecraft 2769:, two oxygen atoms are 2631:Jagiellonian University 2573:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac 2359:. In Bugaj's view, the 2102:Oxygen was isolated by 2008:as a waste product. In 1985:in the form of oxides. 21:Oxygen (disambiguation) 12766: 12746:Listen to this article 12586:10.1136/bmj.1.4507.712 12537:10.1136/bmj.1.4506.667 11470:Piantadosi CA (2004). 10958:Dole, Malcolm (1965). 10493:. September 27, 2007. 10429:10.1186/1741-7007-8-30 10025:Alchemy of the Heavens 10022:Croswell, Ken (1996). 8771:. NASA. Archived from 8695:10.1098/rsnr.2013.0047 8535:10.1098/rstl.1775.0039 8230:. Thomson Gale. 2005. 8034:Weast, Robert (1984). 7398: 7302:central nervous system 7205:mechanical ventilators 7160: 7090: 6985:Safety and precautions 6763: 6679:, which feature metal– 6671:Oxygen also acts as a 6438: 6353: 6258: 6097:impurities and excess 6067: 6023:applications, such as 5815: 5746:decompression sickness 5642: 5579: 5424: 5366:and in the search for 5222:banded iron formations 5204:before photosynthetic 5197: 4748:adenosine triphosphate 4627:light-driven splitting 4622: 4456: 4349: 3974:evolved, massive stars 3914: 3198: 3024:) is usually known as 2950: 2840: 2802:electron configuration 2740: 2649: 2577:Alexander von Humboldt 2556: 2433: 2329: 2212:classical element fire 2126:was coined in 1777 by 2099:and thus a pollutant. 2023:Many major classes of 1507: 1154:Electron configuration 105:Standard atomic weight 12765: 12685:Emsley, John (2001). 12568:Donald K. W. (1947). 12519:Donald K. W. (1947). 12445:Wilmshurst P (1998). 12372:Cook & Lauer 1968 12353:on September 22, 2015 12287:Cook & Lauer 1968 12275:Cook & Lauer 1968 12250:Crabtree, R. (2001). 12238:Cook & Lauer 1968 12126:July 9, 2018, at the 12091:Butterworth-Heinemann 12083:Greenwood, Norman N. 12070:Cook & Lauer 1968 12025:on September 28, 2007 11981:FDA Consumer Magazine 11424:on September 12, 2008 11299:Cook & Lauer 1968 11145:10.1089/ast.2014.1231 10127:Butterworth-Heinemann 10119:Greenwood, Norman N. 9203:Guide to the Elements 8860:May 30, 2020, at the 8743:How Products are Made 8578:Butterworth-Heinemann 8570:Greenwood, Norman N. 8477:Cook & Lauer 1968 8391:Bugaj, Roman (1971). 8177:Cook & Lauer 1968 7988:10.1515/pac-2019-0603 7803:complex known as the 7381:Command Module. Pure 7376: 7158: 7089: 6740: 6439: 6384:. Many oxides of the 6343: 6240: 6042: 5797: 5632: 5573: 5518:electrolysis of water 5470:is left as a liquid. 5419: 5398:Industrial production 5368:extraterrestrial life 5271:to produce much more 5136: 5062:Arterial blood oxygen 4898:). Other animals use 4722:+ water + sunlight → 4592: 4561:signal-to-noise ratio 4520:wafer exposed to the 4451:500 million years of 4450: 4335: 3912: 3192: 2941: 2843:In the triplet form, 2838: 2733: 2709:Auburn, Massachusetts 2660:and British engineer 2647: 2548: 2428: 2353:thermal decomposition 2324: 2202:writer on mechanics, 2093:ultraviolet radiation 1506: 1255:1.141 g/cm 12797:More spoken articles 12496:Oxygen and the Diver 12392:on December 13, 2007 12051:on February 11, 2009 11925:Undersea Hyperb. Med 9591:on February 27, 2008 9175:on December 14, 2007 8970:on December 17, 2007 8952:Subcommittee G-4.05. 8397:Biblioteka Problemów 8132:Story of Human Error 7377:The interior of the 7072:(fire diamond) 6408: 6335:van der Waals forces 6193:oxyacetylene welding 6191:. Oxygen is used in 6183:, as an oxidizer in 6125:. The reactions are 5253:Cellular respiration 4752:photophosphorylation 4490:Planetary geologists 4358:biogeochemical cycle 4317:have much less. The 3954:neon burning process 3388:Schumann–Runge bands 2995:cellular respiration 2934:Allotropes of oxygen 2870:between neighboring 2626:Louis Paul Cailletet 2369:Carl Wilhelm Scheele 2240:Mayow observed that 2235:spiritus nitroaereus 2163:life support systems 2149:of steels and other 2108:Carl Wilhelm Scheele 2002:cellular respiration 1979:changed considerably 1659:Carl Wilhelm Scheele 1577:Thermal conductivity 1493:Van der Waals radius 1299:Heat of vaporization 83:Allotropes of oxygen 12447:"Diving and oxygen" 12384:Wade, Mark (2007). 12154:2006JChPh.125r1101M 11999:on October 18, 2007 11803:1994AcAau..32...39M 11476:Undersea Hyperb Med 11366:Undersea Hyperb Med 11247:1998ApJ...499..475H 11200:2014ApJ...785L..20W 11137:2015AsBio..15..119L 11035:2021NatGe..14..138O 10909:2015Sci...348.1238P 10854:2009Gbio....7....1B 10799:1999PNAS...9610955B 10674:10.1038/nature12426 10666:2013Natur.501..535C 10519:(October 3, 2013). 10224:2008Natur.452..259H 10080:on October 26, 2007 9706:10.1021/cr60272a004 9624:1972JPCRD...1..423K 9438:1998Natur.393..767S 9407:10.1021/j100366a020 9364:10.1038/nature05174 9356:2006Natur.443..201L 9085:2002Sci...298.2195W 9079:(5601): 2195–2219. 8906:Biochemistry Online 8900:Jakubowski, Henry. 8815:Scripps Institute. 8775:on November 8, 2007 8615:on January 17, 2008 8200:"Mayow, John" 8079:Hall, John (2011). 8060:Chemical Principles 7527:Ocean deoxygenation 6991: 6794:(R-CO-O-CO-R); and 6291:dioxygen difluoride 5932:fixed-wing aircraft 5635:oxygen concentrator 5546:membranes based on 5370:oxygen is a strong 5237:anaerobic organisms 5050: 4736:thylakoid membranes 4460:Paleoclimatologists 4427:, or the amount of 4393:Physical properties 4043: 3948:process in massive 3346:Rayleigh scattering 3280: 3255:standard atmosphere 3185:Physical properties 2997:. Other aspects of 2943:Space-filling model 2607:Raoul Pierre Pictet 2412:The French chemist 2345:Michael Sendivogius 2104:Michael Sendivogius 2049:inorganic compounds 1922:that readily forms 1655:Michael Sendivogius 1450:Ionization energies 1328:Vapor pressure 1313:Molar heat capacity 1175:Physical properties 1167:Electrons per shell 39: 15536:E-number additives 15516:Reactive nonmetals 15511:Diatomic nonmetals 12767: 12652:General references 12411:Martin, Lawrence. 11874:Acott, C. (1999). 11640:Acott, C. (1999). 10976:10.1085/jgp.49.1.5 10526:The New York Times 9138:10.1007/BF02537155 9008:10.1093/jxb/erh237 8950:ASTM International 8797:A school chemistry 8228:World of Chemistry 7730:wave-like particle 7534:, a lack of oxygen 7399: 7326:pulmonary fibrosis 7297:partial pressure. 7161: 7091: 6989: 6764: 6434: 6354: 6259: 6068: 5977:Oxygen, as a mild 5830:as a low-pressure 5818:An application of 5816: 5798:Low-pressure pure 5770:anaerobic bacteria 5643: 5580: 5425: 5249:oxygen catastrophe 5202:Earth's atmosphere 5198: 5109:respiratory system 5057:Alveolar pulmonary 5044: 4769:Oxygen is used in 4623: 4526:Genesis spacecraft 4457: 4350: 4291:Earth's atmosphere 4037: 4025:Stellar population 3944:at the end of the 3915: 3905:Isotopes of oxygen 3384:Herzberg continuum 3276: 3199: 3074:automobile exhaust 2951: 2841: 2779:molecular orbitals 2741: 2650: 2635:Zygmunt Wróblewski 2557: 2526:The Botanic Garden 2434: 2375:(HgO) and various 2330: 2204:Philo of Byzantium 2087:helps protect the 2018:circulatory system 1977:, though this has 1975:Earth's atmosphere 1682:Isotopes of oxygen 1662: (1604, 1771) 1524:Natural occurrence 1514: 1508: 1078: 1061: 31: 15506:Chemical elements 15488: 15487: 14366: 14365: 14198:chemical elements 14161: 14160: 14154: 14153: 14120: 14119: 12763: 12731:978-0-7167-1007-3 12716:Biology of Plants 12704:978-0-19-850340-8 12641:978-0-06-662082-4 12505:978-1-85421-176-7 12419:. David McAuley. 12333:"Oxygen Toxicity" 12261:978-0-471-18423-2 12221:978-0-7487-7516-3 12162:10.1063/1.2387163 12130:pp. 73, 320. 12100:978-0-08-037941-8 11791:Acta Astronautica 11574:J. Hyperbaric Med 11529:J. Hyperbaric Med 11445:"Carbon Monoxide" 11273:. UIG Inc. 2003. 11013:Nature Geoscience 10903:(6240): 1238–41. 10764:978-0-13-140941-5 10733:978-0-8053-7171-0 10635:978-0-7645-7419-1 10489:(Press release). 10472:978-0-387-98701-9 10381:978-0-13-048450-5 10325:978-1-4289-2397-3 10136:978-0-08-037941-8 10035:978-0-385-47214-2 9893:Chinese Physics C 9666:978-1-4020-3824-2 9632:10.1063/1.3253101 9535:978-0-8493-0595-5 9504:978-0-8493-2022-4 9218:978-0-19-508083-4 9052:978-0-85186-283-5 8663:978-0-7503-0287-6 8587:978-0-08-037941-8 8338:978-0-309-08905-0 8237:978-0-669-32727-4 8142:978-0-8369-0568-7 8115:978-0-19-856878-0 8090:978-1-4160-4574-8 8068:978-1-4641-8395-9 8020:978-1-62708-155-9 7726:quantum mechanics 7713:chemical affinity 7532:Hypoxia (medical) 7328:. Exposure to an 7181:partial pressures 7129:Chemical compound 7127: 7126: 7029:Hazard statements 6959:organic compounds 6733:Organic compounds 6579:silicate minerals 6567:calcium carbonate 6432: 6415: 6386:transition metals 6358:electronegativity 6327:covalently bonded 6321:) is an oxide of 6295:oxygen difluoride 6283:hypofluorous acid 6003:American football 5861:underwater divers 5675:is used to treat 5548:zirconium dioxide 5458:as a vapor while 5269:aerobic organisms 5101: 5100: 5065:Venous blood gas 4968:hydrogen peroxide 4267: 4266: 4017:Silicate minerals 3935:natural abundance 3896: 3895: 3406:Density (kg/m^3) 3315: 3314: 2906:organic molecules 2749:molecular formula 2693:Robert H. Goddard 2564:atomic hypothesis 2550:Robert H. Goddard 2533:, grandfather of 2491:in 1777 from the 2430:Antoine Lavoisier 2357:potassium nitrate 2299:Georg Ernst Stahl 2288:phlogiston theory 2272:Mikhail Lomonosov 2259:Phlogiston theory 2253:Phlogiston theory 2216:Leonardo da Vinci 2190:Early experiments 2155:rocket propellant 2128:Antoine Lavoisier 2025:organic molecules 1961:with the formula 1879: 1878: 1828: 1827: 1672:Antoine Lavoisier 1587:Magnetic ordering 1535:Crystal structure 1509: 1497:152 pm 1440:Electronegativity 1404:Atomic properties 1398: 1397: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1076: 1059: 1051: 1050: 777:Mercury (element) 161:in the 15548: 15541:Oxidizing agents 15476: 15462: 15448: 15434: 15420: 15406: 15392: 15382: 15375: 15364: 14598: 14597: 14596: 14588: 14587: 14402:Oxygen compounds 14395: 14388: 14381: 14372: 14371: 14359: 14349: 14339: 14329: 14319: 14309: 14299: 14278: 14268: 14258: 14248: 14238: 14228: 14218: 14188: 14181: 14174: 14165: 14164: 14130: 14129: 14116: 14114: 14107: 14105: 14098: 14096: 14089: 14087: 14080: 14078: 14071: 14069: 14062: 14060: 14053: 14051: 14044: 14042: 14035: 14033: 14026: 14024: 14017: 14015: 14008: 14006: 13999: 13997: 13990: 13988: 13981: 13979: 13972: 13970: 13963: 13961: 13954: 13952: 13945: 13943: 13936: 13934: 13927: 13925: 13918: 13916: 13909: 13907: 13900: 13898: 13891: 13889: 13882: 13880: 13873: 13871: 13864: 13862: 13855: 13853: 13846: 13844: 13837: 13835: 13821: 13819: 13812: 13810: 13803: 13801: 13794: 13792: 13785: 13783: 13776: 13774: 13767: 13765: 13758: 13756: 13749: 13747: 13740: 13738: 13731: 13729: 13722: 13720: 13713: 13711: 13704: 13702: 13695: 13693: 13686: 13684: 13677: 13675: 13668: 13666: 13659: 13657: 13650: 13648: 13641: 13639: 13632: 13630: 13623: 13621: 13614: 13612: 13605: 13603: 13596: 13594: 13587: 13585: 13578: 13576: 13569: 13567: 13560: 13558: 13551: 13549: 13542: 13540: 13526: 13524: 13517: 13515: 13508: 13506: 13499: 13497: 13490: 13488: 13481: 13479: 13472: 13470: 13463: 13461: 13454: 13452: 13445: 13443: 13436: 13434: 13427: 13425: 13418: 13416: 13409: 13407: 13400: 13398: 13391: 13389: 13380: 13378: 13371: 13369: 13355: 13353: 13346: 13344: 13337: 13335: 13328: 13326: 13319: 13317: 13310: 13308: 13301: 13299: 13292: 13290: 13283: 13281: 13274: 13272: 13265: 13263: 13256: 13254: 13247: 13245: 13238: 13236: 13229: 13227: 13220: 13218: 13209: 13207: 13200: 13198: 13184: 13182: 13175: 13173: 13166: 13164: 13157: 13155: 13148: 13146: 13139: 13137: 13128: 13126: 13119: 13117: 13103: 13101: 13094: 13092: 13085: 13083: 13076: 13074: 13067: 13065: 13058: 13056: 13047: 13045: 13038: 13036: 13022: 13020: 13011: 13009: 12901: 12885: 12878: 12871: 12862: 12861: 12787: 12785: 12774: 12773: 12764: 12754: 12752: 12747: 12735: 12719: 12708: 12681: 12663: 12646: 12645: 12633: 12623: 12617: 12614: 12608: 12607: 12597: 12580:(4507): 712–17. 12565: 12559: 12558: 12548: 12531:(4506): 667–72. 12516: 12510: 12509: 12491: 12485: 12484: 12474: 12457:(7164): 996–99. 12442: 12433: 12432: 12430: 12428: 12408: 12402: 12401: 12399: 12397: 12381: 12375: 12369: 12363: 12362: 12360: 12358: 12352: 12337: 12328: 12322: 12321: 12319: 12317: 12311: 12304: 12296: 12290: 12284: 12278: 12272: 12266: 12265: 12247: 12241: 12235: 12226: 12225: 12207: 12201: 12200: 12198: 12196: 12180: 12174: 12173: 12137: 12131: 12112: 12106: 12104: 12089:(2nd ed.). 12079: 12073: 12067: 12061: 12060: 12058: 12056: 12047:. Archived from 12041: 12035: 12034: 12032: 12030: 12019:"Ergogenic Aids" 12015: 12009: 12008: 12006: 12004: 11995:. Archived from 11972: 11963: 11962: 11956: 11948: 11946: 11944: 11916: 11910: 11909: 11903: 11895: 11893: 11891: 11871: 11858: 11857: 11829: 11823: 11822: 11786: 11777: 11776: 11774: 11772: 11757: 11751: 11750: 11748: 11746: 11731: 11725: 11724: 11722: 11716:. Archived from 11691: 11682: 11676: 11675: 11669: 11661: 11659: 11657: 11637: 11631: 11630: 11628: 11626: 11617:. Archived from 11610: 11604: 11603: 11597: 11589: 11587: 11585: 11565: 11559: 11558: 11552: 11544: 11542: 11540: 11520: 11514: 11513: 11507: 11499: 11497: 11495: 11467: 11461: 11460: 11458: 11456: 11451:on July 25, 2008 11447:. Archived from 11440: 11434: 11433: 11431: 11429: 11420:. Archived from 11410: 11404: 11403: 11397: 11389: 11387: 11385: 11357: 11351: 11350: 11332: 11308: 11302: 11296: 11287: 11286: 11284: 11282: 11267: 11261: 11260: 11258: 11226: 11220: 11219: 11193: 11173: 11167: 11166: 11156: 11130: 11106: 11100: 11099: 11097: 11095: 11079: 11073: 11072: 11061: 11055: 11054: 11028: 11004: 10998: 10997: 10987: 10955: 10949: 10948: 10946: 10944: 10888: 10882: 10881: 10837: 10831: 10830: 10820: 10810: 10793:(20): 10955–57. 10778: 10769: 10768: 10744: 10738: 10737: 10719: 10713: 10700: 10694: 10693: 10660:(7468): 535–38. 10649: 10640: 10639: 10628:. Cliffs Notes. 10619: 10613: 10600: 10591: 10578: 10569: 10568: 10566: 10564: 10549: 10543: 10542: 10540: 10538: 10513: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10502: 10483: 10477: 10476: 10458: 10452: 10451: 10441: 10431: 10407: 10401: 10395: 10386: 10385: 10373: 10363: 10357: 10356: 10348: 10342: 10341: 10339: 10337: 10307: 10301: 10300: 10280: 10260: 10254: 10253: 10235: 10203: 10197: 10191: 10182: 10176: 10155: 10147: 10141: 10140: 10125:(2nd ed.). 10115: 10109: 10103: 10090: 10089: 10087: 10085: 10070: 10064: 10058: 10052: 10051: 10049: 10047: 10019: 10013: 10012: 10010: 10008: 9993: 9987: 9986: 9984: 9982: 9967: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9956: 9941: 9935: 9934: 9932: 9930: 9915: 9909: 9908: 9890: 9881: 9875: 9874: 9872: 9870: 9864: 9849: 9838: 9827: 9826: 9824: 9822: 9807: 9794: 9793: 9787: 9779: 9751: 9745: 9744: 9716: 9710: 9709: 9694:Chemical Reviews 9689: 9683: 9682: 9680: 9678: 9650: 9644: 9643: 9607: 9601: 9600: 9598: 9596: 9590: 9583: 9575: 9566: 9565: 9563: 9561: 9546: 9540: 9539: 9515: 9509: 9508: 9490: 9484: 9483: 9481: 9479: 9464: 9458: 9457: 9432:(6687): 767–69. 9417: 9411: 9410: 9390: 9384: 9383: 9350:(7108): 201–04. 9341: 9340: 9339: 9327: 9321: 9320: 9318: 9316: 9296: 9287: 9286: 9258: 9249: 9248: 9246: 9244: 9239:on June 13, 2007 9235:. Archived from 9229: 9223: 9222: 9206: 9196: 9185: 9184: 9182: 9180: 9164: 9158: 9157: 9121: 9115: 9114: 9096: 9063: 9057: 9056: 9040: 9031:Harrison, Roy M. 9027: 9021: 9020: 9010: 9001:(411): 337–346. 8986: 8980: 8979: 8977: 8975: 8960: 8954: 8953: 8948:. Philadelphia: 8937: 8922: 8921: 8919: 8917: 8897: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8886: 8871: 8865: 8842: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8828: 8812: 8806: 8805: 8791: 8785: 8784: 8782: 8780: 8765: 8759: 8758: 8756: 8754: 8735: 8724: 8718: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8674: 8668: 8667: 8649: 8640: 8639: 8631: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8620: 8598: 8592: 8591: 8576:(2nd ed.). 8566: 8560: 8559: 8551: 8540: 8539: 8537: 8513: 8507: 8501: 8480: 8474: 8451: 8450: 8448: 8446: 8431: 8425: 8424: 8422: 8420: 8388: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8368: 8361: 8352: 8343: 8342: 8330: 8320: 8314: 8313: 8283: 8277: 8271: 8254: 8253: 8251: 8249: 8220: 8211: 8210: 8202: 8191: 8180: 8174: 8159: 8158: 8156: 8154: 8126: 8120: 8119: 8101: 8095: 8094: 8076: 8070: 8056: 8050: 8049: 8031: 8025: 8024: 8006: 8000: 7999: 7970: 7964: 7963: 7952: 7937: 7934: 7928: 7926: 7925: 7924: 7914: 7913: 7912: 7902: 7901: 7900: 7889: 7883: 7872: 7866: 7864: 7863: 7862: 7851: 7845: 7842: 7829: 7826: 7820: 7793: 7787: 7776: 7770: 7767: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7755: 7750:on March 8, 2008 7739: 7733: 7722: 7716: 7709: 7694: 7693:from Wikiversity 7686: 7685: 7684: 7677: 7669: 7668: 7667: 7660: 7652: 7651: 7650: 7643: 7635: 7634: 7633: 7626: 7618: 7617: 7616: 7606: 7590: 7589: 7588: 7578: 7577: 7576: 7569: 7543:Oxygen compounds 7522: 7521: 7520: 7473: 7472: 7468: 7463: 7462: 7461: 7447: 7446: 7445: 7427: 7426: 7425: 7392: 7391: 7390: 7364: 7363: 7362: 7352: 7351: 7350: 7339: 7338: 7337: 7323: 7322: 7321: 7296: 7295: 7294: 7284: 7283: 7282: 7272: 7271: 7270: 7256: 7255: 7254: 7241: 7240: 7239: 7228:premature babies 7222: 7221: 7220: 7202: 7201: 7200: 7174: 7173: 7172: 7118: 7111: 7104: 7097: 7082: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7036: 7022: 6992: 6988: 6972: 6971: 6970: 6932:acetic anhydride 6913: 6911: 6910: 6902: 6901: 6887: 6885: 6884: 6876: 6875: 6809: 6808: 6807: 6784:carboxylic acids 6760: 6754: 6748: 6715: 6714: 6713: 6690: 6689: 6688: 6659: 6658: 6657: 6649: 6648: 6640: 6639: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6619: 6618: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6598: 6597: 6556: 6555: 6554: 6546: 6545: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6514: 6513: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6466: 6465: 6464: 6443: 6441: 6440: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6427: 6416: 6413: 6404:) is written as 6394:chemical formula 6344:Oxides, such as 6320: 6318: 6317: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6233:Oxygen compounds 6222: 6221: 6220: 6210: 6209: 6208: 6151: 6150: 6149: 6140:is reacted with 6124: 6123: 6122: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6054: 6053: 6052: 6014:aerobic exercise 6000: 5999: 5998: 5957: 5956: 5955: 5945: 5944: 5943: 5922: 5921: 5920: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5885:Ambient pressure 5878: 5877: 5876: 5858:surface-supplied 5849: 5848: 5847: 5829: 5828: 5827: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5735: 5734: 5733: 5722:partial pressure 5720:to increase the 5662: 5661: 5660: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5500: 5499: 5498: 5484: 5483: 5482: 5469: 5468: 5467: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5408:Oxygen evolution 5380:celestial bodies 5362:In the field of 5344: 5343: 5342: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5286: 5285: 5284: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5214:Paleoproterozoic 5195: 5194: 5193: 5183: 5182: 5181: 5171: 5170: 5169: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5147: 5146: 5145: 5105:partial pressure 5103:The free oxygen 5051: 5043: 5038:Living organisms 5018: 5017: 5016: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4980: 4979: 4965: 4964: 4963: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4881: 4880: 4879: 4858: 4857: 4856: 4838: 4836: 4835: 4821: 4820: 4819: 4809: 4808: 4807: 4799: 4798: 4790: 4789: 4765: 4764: 4763: 4732:oxygen evolution 4711: 4710: 4709: 4699: 4698: 4697: 4689: 4688: 4680: 4679: 4665: 4663: 4662: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4537:absorption bands 4516:. Analysis of a 4438: 4437: 4436: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4347: 4346: 4345: 4328: 4327: 4326: 4312: 4311: 4310: 4260: 4239: 4218: 4197: 4176: 4155: 4134: 4113: 4094: 4073: 4044: 4040:Milky Way Galaxy 4036: 3403:Temperature (K) 3400: 3399: 3359: 3358: 3357: 3339: 3338: 3337: 3281: 3275: 3252: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3236: 3226: 3225: 3224: 3172: 3171: 3170: 3160: 3159: 3158: 3141: 3140: 3139: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3106: 3105: 3104: 3055: 3054: 3053: 3043: 3042: 3041: 3030:upper atmosphere 3023: 3022: 3021: 3008: 3007: 3006: 2972: 2971: 2970: 2903: 2902: 2901: 2881: 2880: 2879: 2864:magnetic moments 2854: 2853: 2852: 2823: 2822: 2821: 2781:formed from the 2771:chemically bound 2761: 2760: 2759: 2687: 2686: 2685: 2501: 2500: 2467: 2466: 2443:chemical element 2392:Joseph Priestley 2326:Joseph Priestley 2280:chemical element 2185:History of study 2116:Joseph Priestley 2078: 2077: 2076: 2029:living organisms 2000:need oxygen for 1972: 1971: 1970: 1930:. Oxygen is the 1886:chemical element 1867: 1860: 1853: 1844:Category: Oxygen 1841: 1840: 1780: 1777: 1772: 1745: 1713: 1712: 1703: 1698: 1691: 1676: 1663: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1562: 1553:Lattice constant 1519:Other properties 1418: 1410:Oxidation states 1376: 1372: 1344: 1340: 1333: 1332: 1252: 1238: 1190: 1189: 1145: 1106: 1105: 1046: 1039: 1032: 1025: 1018: 1011: 1004: 997: 990: 983: 976: 969: 962: 955: 948: 941: 934: 927: 920: 913: 906: 899: 892: 885: 878: 871: 864: 857: 850: 843: 836: 829: 820: 813: 806: 799: 792: 785: 778: 771: 764: 757: 750: 743: 736: 729: 722: 715: 708: 701: 694: 687: 680: 673: 666: 659: 652: 645: 638: 631: 624: 617: 610: 603: 594: 587: 580: 573: 566: 559: 552: 545: 538: 531: 524: 517: 510: 503: 496: 489: 478: 471: 462: 455: 448: 441: 434: 427: 420: 413: 406: 399: 392: 385: 378: 371: 364: 357: 348: 341: 332: 325: 318: 311: 304: 297: 288: 281: 272: 265: 258: 251: 244: 237: 228: 221: 212: 203: 197: 196: 192: 191: 188: 187: 133: 131: 115: 81:) and more (see 47: 40: 38: 30: 15556: 15555: 15551: 15550: 15549: 15547: 15546: 15545: 15531:Breathing gases 15491: 15490: 15489: 15484: 15474: 15470: 15465: 15460: 15456: 15451: 15446: 15442: 15437: 15432: 15428: 15423: 15418: 15414: 15409: 15404: 15400: 15395: 15390: 15385: 15378: 15372: 15367: 15362: 15358: 15353: 15349: 15336: 15332: 15323: 15315: 15307: 15303: 15295: 15291: 15283: 15279: 15270: 15262: 15249: 15245: 15237: 15229: 15221: 15217: 15209: 15205: 15197: 15184: 15180: 15167: 15163: 15155: 15151: 15142: 15134: 15130: 15122: 15118: 15110: 15102: 15094: 15090: 15082: 15078: 15070: 15066: 15058: 15054: 15046: 15042: 15029: 15025: 15016: 15003: 14995: 14991: 14982: 14973: 14964: 14955: 14947: 14934: 14930: 14921: 14913: 14909: 14901: 14897: 14884: 14880: 14872: 14868: 14860: 14856: 14843: 14839: 14831: 14823: 14819: 14811: 14807: 14799: 14795: 14787: 14779: 14775: 14767: 14763: 14750: 14746: 14738: 14734: 14726: 14722: 14714: 14710: 14702: 14698: 14689: 14681: 14673: 14669: 14661: 14657: 14649: 14636: 14623: 14619: 14611: 14595: 14592: 14591: 14590: 14586: 14583: 14582: 14581: 14579: 14574: 14570: 14562: 14558: 14550: 14542: 14538: 14530: 14522: 14518: 14500: 14496: 14488: 14484: 14476: 14472: 14464: 14460: 14452: 14448: 14440: 14432: 14428: 14420: 14416: 14404: 14399: 14367: 14362: 14357: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14281: 14276: 14271: 14266: 14261: 14256: 14251: 14246: 14241: 14236: 14231: 14226: 14221: 14216: 14211: 14200: 14192: 14162: 14157: 14156: 14155: 14121: 14112: 14110: 14103: 14101: 14094: 14092: 14085: 14083: 14076: 14074: 14067: 14065: 14058: 14056: 14049: 14047: 14040: 14038: 14031: 14029: 14022: 14020: 14013: 14011: 14004: 14002: 13995: 13993: 13986: 13984: 13977: 13975: 13968: 13966: 13959: 13957: 13950: 13948: 13941: 13939: 13932: 13930: 13923: 13921: 13914: 13912: 13905: 13903: 13896: 13894: 13887: 13885: 13878: 13876: 13869: 13867: 13860: 13858: 13851: 13849: 13842: 13840: 13833: 13831: 13817: 13815: 13808: 13806: 13799: 13797: 13790: 13788: 13781: 13779: 13772: 13770: 13763: 13761: 13754: 13752: 13745: 13743: 13736: 13734: 13727: 13725: 13718: 13716: 13709: 13707: 13700: 13698: 13691: 13689: 13682: 13680: 13673: 13671: 13664: 13662: 13655: 13653: 13646: 13644: 13637: 13635: 13628: 13626: 13619: 13617: 13610: 13608: 13601: 13599: 13592: 13590: 13583: 13581: 13574: 13572: 13565: 13563: 13556: 13554: 13547: 13545: 13538: 13536: 13522: 13520: 13513: 13511: 13504: 13502: 13495: 13493: 13486: 13484: 13477: 13475: 13468: 13466: 13459: 13457: 13450: 13448: 13441: 13439: 13432: 13430: 13423: 13421: 13414: 13412: 13405: 13403: 13396: 13394: 13387: 13385: 13376: 13374: 13367: 13365: 13351: 13349: 13342: 13340: 13333: 13331: 13324: 13322: 13315: 13313: 13306: 13304: 13297: 13295: 13288: 13286: 13279: 13277: 13270: 13268: 13261: 13259: 13252: 13250: 13243: 13241: 13234: 13232: 13225: 13223: 13216: 13214: 13205: 13203: 13196: 13194: 13180: 13178: 13171: 13169: 13162: 13160: 13153: 13151: 13144: 13142: 13135: 13133: 13124: 13122: 13115: 13113: 13099: 13097: 13090: 13088: 13081: 13079: 13072: 13070: 13063: 13061: 13054: 13052: 13043: 13041: 13034: 13032: 13018: 13016: 13007: 13005: 12894: 12889: 12825: 12801: 12800: 12789: 12783: 12781: 12778:This audio file 12775: 12768: 12759: 12756: 12750: 12749: 12745: 12742: 12732: 12705: 12654: 12649: 12642: 12624: 12620: 12615: 12611: 12566: 12562: 12517: 12513: 12506: 12492: 12488: 12443: 12436: 12426: 12424: 12409: 12405: 12395: 12393: 12382: 12378: 12370: 12366: 12356: 12354: 12350: 12335: 12329: 12325: 12315: 12313: 12309: 12302: 12298: 12297: 12293: 12285: 12281: 12273: 12269: 12262: 12248: 12244: 12236: 12229: 12222: 12208: 12204: 12194: 12192: 12181: 12177: 12138: 12134: 12128:Wayback Machine 12113: 12109: 12101: 12080: 12076: 12068: 12064: 12054: 12052: 12043: 12042: 12038: 12028: 12026: 12017: 12016: 12012: 12002: 12000: 11973: 11966: 11950: 11949: 11942: 11940: 11917: 11913: 11897: 11896: 11889: 11887: 11872: 11861: 11830: 11826: 11787: 11780: 11770: 11768: 11759: 11758: 11754: 11744: 11742: 11733: 11732: 11728: 11720: 11689: 11683: 11679: 11663: 11662: 11655: 11653: 11638: 11634: 11624: 11622: 11621:on July 5, 2008 11611: 11607: 11591: 11590: 11583: 11581: 11566: 11562: 11546: 11545: 11538: 11536: 11521: 11517: 11501: 11500: 11493: 11491: 11468: 11464: 11454: 11452: 11441: 11437: 11427: 11425: 11411: 11407: 11391: 11390: 11383: 11381: 11358: 11354: 11309: 11305: 11297: 11290: 11280: 11278: 11269: 11268: 11264: 11227: 11223: 11174: 11170: 11107: 11103: 11093: 11091: 11080: 11076: 11063: 11062: 11058: 11005: 11001: 10956: 10952: 10942: 10940: 10889: 10885: 10838: 10834: 10779: 10772: 10765: 10745: 10741: 10734: 10720: 10716: 10710:Wayback Machine 10701: 10697: 10650: 10643: 10636: 10620: 10616: 10610:Wayback Machine 10601: 10594: 10588:Wayback Machine 10579: 10572: 10562: 10560: 10551: 10550: 10546: 10536: 10534: 10514: 10510: 10500: 10498: 10485: 10484: 10480: 10473: 10459: 10455: 10408: 10404: 10396: 10389: 10382: 10364: 10360: 10349: 10345: 10335: 10333: 10326: 10308: 10304: 10297: 10278:10.1.1.473.9500 10261: 10257: 10233:10.1038/452259a 10204: 10200: 10192: 10185: 10177: 10158: 10148: 10144: 10137: 10129:. p. 602. 10116: 10112: 10104: 10093: 10083: 10081: 10072: 10071: 10067: 10059: 10055: 10045: 10043: 10036: 10020: 10016: 10006: 10004: 9995: 9994: 9990: 9980: 9978: 9969: 9968: 9964: 9954: 9952: 9943: 9942: 9938: 9928: 9926: 9916: 9912: 9888: 9882: 9878: 9868: 9866: 9862: 9847: 9839: 9830: 9820: 9818: 9809: 9808: 9797: 9781: 9780: 9768: 9752: 9748: 9733: 9717: 9713: 9690: 9686: 9676: 9674: 9667: 9651: 9647: 9608: 9604: 9594: 9592: 9588: 9581: 9577: 9576: 9569: 9559: 9557: 9548: 9547: 9543: 9536: 9516: 9512: 9505: 9491: 9487: 9477: 9475: 9466: 9465: 9461: 9418: 9414: 9391: 9387: 9338: 9335: 9334: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9324: 9314: 9312: 9297: 9290: 9269:(21): 4062–65. 9259: 9252: 9242: 9240: 9231: 9230: 9226: 9219: 9197: 9188: 9178: 9176: 9165: 9161: 9122: 9118: 9064: 9060: 9053: 9028: 9024: 8987: 8983: 8973: 8971: 8962: 8961: 8957: 8938: 8925: 8915: 8913: 8898: 8894: 8884: 8882: 8873: 8872: 8868: 8862:Wayback Machine 8843: 8836: 8826: 8824: 8813: 8809: 8792: 8788: 8778: 8776: 8767: 8766: 8762: 8752: 8750: 8737: 8736: 8727: 8719: 8712: 8675: 8671: 8664: 8650: 8643: 8632: 8628: 8618: 8616: 8599: 8595: 8588: 8580:. p. 793. 8567: 8563: 8552: 8543: 8514: 8510: 8502: 8483: 8475: 8454: 8444: 8442: 8433: 8432: 8428: 8418: 8416: 8389: 8382: 8372: 8370: 8366: 8359: 8353: 8346: 8339: 8321: 8317: 8284: 8280: 8272: 8257: 8247: 8245: 8238: 8222: 8221: 8214: 8192: 8183: 8175: 8162: 8152: 8150: 8143: 8127: 8123: 8116: 8102: 8098: 8091: 8077: 8073: 8057: 8053: 8046: 8032: 8028: 8021: 8007: 8003: 7971: 7967: 7954: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7931: 7923: 7920: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7911: 7908: 7907: 7906: 7904: 7899: 7896: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7890: 7886: 7873: 7869: 7861: 7858: 7857: 7856: 7854: 7852: 7848: 7843: 7832: 7827: 7823: 7794: 7790: 7777: 7773: 7768: 7764: 7753: 7751: 7742: 7740: 7736: 7723: 7719: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7697: 7687: 7682: 7680: 7670: 7665: 7663: 7653: 7648: 7646: 7636: 7631: 7629: 7625:from Wiktionary 7619: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7605:sister projects 7602:at Knowledge's 7596: 7586: 7584: 7574: 7572: 7564: 7562: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7499: 7470: 7466: 7465: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7455: 7453: 7444: 7441: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7371: 7361: 7358: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7344: 7342: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7293: 7290: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7245:Breathing pure 7238: 7235: 7234: 7233: 7231: 7219: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7199: 7196: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7153: 7151:Oxygen toxicity 7147: 7130: 7123: 7122: 7121: 7120: 7113: 7106: 7099: 7092: 7088: 7080: 7045: 7031: 7015: 6987: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6878: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6792:acid anhydrides 6762: 6758: 6756: 6752: 6750: 6746: 6735: 6724: 6720: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6631: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6621: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6600: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6548: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6535:iron(III) oxide 6521: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6503:aluminium oxide 6489: 6486: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6469:Earth's crustal 6463: 6460: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6429: 6417: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6360:, oxygen forms 6316: 6313: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6303: 6263:oxidation state 6252: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6235: 6229: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6189:water treatment 6158:ethylene glycol 6148: 6145: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6037: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5968:sodium chlorate 5954: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5925:oxygen toxicity 5919: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5792: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5762:carbon monoxide 5756: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5718:oxygen chambers 5659: 5656: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5641:patient's house 5627: 5622: 5608: 5596:heat exchangers 5568: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5414: 5400: 5360: 5354: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5113:arterial system 5058: 5048: 5040: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5007:on Earth until 4987: 4984: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4930: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4864:red blood cells 4855: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4587: 4582: 4576: 4574: 4445: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4313:by volume) and 4309: 4306: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4283:silicon dioxide 4263: 4258: 4242: 4237: 4221: 4216: 4200: 4195: 4179: 4174: 4158: 4153: 4137: 4132: 4116: 4111: 4097: 4092: 4076: 4071: 4035: 4013: 3907: 3901: 3424:Prandtl Number 3396: 3366:liquid nitrogen 3356: 3353: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3336: 3333: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3278: 3247: 3240: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3223: 3220: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3209: 3196: 3187: 3179:superconducting 3169: 3166: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3138: 3135: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3127:, is in fact a 3119: 3116: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3078:low earth orbit 3052: 3049: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3020: 3017: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3005: 3002: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2992: 2980: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2948: 2936: 2930: 2900: 2897: 2896: 2895: 2893: 2878: 2875: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2868:exchange energy 2851: 2848: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2820: 2817: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2783:atomic orbitals 2758: 2755: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2728: 2723: 2721:Characteristics 2684: 2681: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2676:and compressed 2662:William Hampson 2639:Karol Olszewski 2581:Amedeo Avogadro 2543: 2510:-γενής (-genēs) 2485: 2423: 2319: 2261: 2255: 2192: 2187: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2070: 2068: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1962: 1920:oxidizing agent 1871: 1846: 1778: 1775: 1770: 1743: 1736: 1729:abundance 1702: 1684: 1674: 1661: 1657: 1639:7782-44-7 1610: 1606: 1604: 1563: 1479:Covalent radius 1473: 1414: 1399: 1374: 1342: 1320: 1306: 1288: 1246: 1236: 1226: 1208: 1183: 1099: 1095: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1044: 1037: 1030: 1023: 1016: 1009: 1002: 995: 988: 981: 974: 967: 960: 953: 946: 939: 932: 925: 918: 911: 904: 897: 890: 883: 876: 869: 862: 855: 848: 841: 834: 827: 818: 811: 804: 797: 790: 783: 776: 769: 762: 755: 748: 741: 734: 727: 720: 713: 706: 699: 692: 685: 678: 671: 664: 657: 650: 643: 636: 629: 622: 615: 608: 601: 592: 585: 578: 571: 564: 557: 550: 543: 536: 529: 522: 515: 508: 501: 494: 487: 476: 469: 460: 453: 446: 439: 432: 425: 418: 411: 404: 397: 390: 383: 376: 369: 362: 355: 346: 339: 330: 323: 316: 309: 302: 295: 286: 279: 270: 263: 256: 249: 242: 235: 226: 219: 210: 201: 141: 129: 127: 113: 107: 94: 76: 72: 54: 53:glowing purple. 36: 32: 29: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 15554: 15544: 15543: 15538: 15533: 15528: 15523: 15518: 15513: 15508: 15503: 15486: 15485: 15483: 15482: 15477: 15472: 15468: 15463: 15458: 15454: 15449: 15444: 15440: 15435: 15430: 15426: 15421: 15416: 15412: 15407: 15402: 15398: 15393: 15388: 15383: 15376: 15370: 15365: 15360: 15356: 15351: 15347: 15343: 15338: 15334: 15330: 15326: 15321: 15317: 15313: 15309: 15305: 15301: 15297: 15293: 15289: 15285: 15281: 15277: 15273: 15268: 15264: 15260: 15256: 15251: 15247: 15243: 15239: 15235: 15231: 15227: 15223: 15219: 15215: 15211: 15207: 15203: 15199: 15195: 15191: 15186: 15182: 15178: 15174: 15169: 15165: 15161: 15157: 15153: 15149: 15145: 15140: 15136: 15132: 15128: 15124: 15120: 15116: 15112: 15108: 15104: 15100: 15096: 15092: 15088: 15084: 15080: 15076: 15072: 15068: 15064: 15060: 15056: 15052: 15048: 15044: 15040: 15036: 15031: 15027: 15023: 15019: 15014: 15010: 15005: 15001: 14997: 14993: 14989: 14985: 14980: 14976: 14971: 14967: 14962: 14958: 14953: 14949: 14945: 14941: 14936: 14932: 14928: 14924: 14919: 14915: 14911: 14907: 14903: 14899: 14895: 14891: 14886: 14882: 14878: 14874: 14870: 14866: 14862: 14858: 14854: 14850: 14845: 14841: 14837: 14833: 14829: 14825: 14821: 14817: 14813: 14809: 14805: 14801: 14797: 14793: 14789: 14785: 14781: 14777: 14773: 14769: 14765: 14761: 14757: 14752: 14748: 14744: 14740: 14736: 14732: 14728: 14724: 14720: 14716: 14712: 14708: 14704: 14700: 14696: 14692: 14687: 14683: 14679: 14675: 14671: 14667: 14663: 14659: 14655: 14651: 14647: 14643: 14638: 14634: 14630: 14625: 14621: 14617: 14613: 14609: 14605: 14600: 14593: 14584: 14576: 14572: 14568: 14564: 14560: 14556: 14552: 14548: 14544: 14540: 14536: 14532: 14528: 14524: 14520: 14516: 14512: 14507: 14502: 14498: 14494: 14490: 14486: 14482: 14478: 14474: 14470: 14466: 14462: 14458: 14454: 14450: 14446: 14442: 14438: 14434: 14430: 14426: 14422: 14418: 14414: 14409: 14406: 14405: 14398: 14397: 14390: 14383: 14375: 14364: 14363: 14361: 14360: 14355: 14350: 14345: 14340: 14335: 14330: 14325: 14320: 14315: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14295: 14289: 14287: 14283: 14282: 14280: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14208: 14206: 14202: 14201: 14191: 14190: 14183: 14176: 14168: 14159: 14158: 14152: 14151: 14146: 14141: 14136: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14122: 14118: 14117: 14108: 14099: 14090: 14081: 14072: 14063: 14054: 14045: 14036: 14027: 14018: 14009: 14000: 13991: 13982: 13973: 13964: 13955: 13946: 13937: 13928: 13919: 13910: 13901: 13892: 13883: 13874: 13865: 13856: 13847: 13838: 13829: 13823: 13822: 13813: 13804: 13795: 13786: 13777: 13768: 13759: 13750: 13741: 13732: 13723: 13714: 13705: 13696: 13687: 13678: 13669: 13660: 13651: 13642: 13633: 13624: 13615: 13606: 13597: 13588: 13579: 13570: 13561: 13552: 13543: 13534: 13528: 13527: 13518: 13509: 13500: 13491: 13482: 13473: 13464: 13455: 13446: 13437: 13428: 13419: 13410: 13401: 13392: 13383: 13381: 13372: 13363: 13357: 13356: 13347: 13338: 13329: 13320: 13311: 13302: 13293: 13284: 13275: 13266: 13257: 13248: 13239: 13230: 13221: 13212: 13210: 13201: 13192: 13186: 13185: 13176: 13167: 13158: 13149: 13140: 13131: 13129: 13120: 13111: 13105: 13104: 13095: 13086: 13077: 13068: 13059: 13050: 13048: 13039: 13030: 13024: 13023: 13014: 13012: 13003: 12997: 12996: 12991: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12951: 12946: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12896: 12895: 12892:Periodic table 12888: 12887: 12880: 12873: 12865: 12859: 12858: 12853: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12819: 12814: 12790: 12776: 12769: 12757: 12744: 12743: 12741: 12740:External links 12738: 12737: 12736: 12730: 12709: 12703: 12682: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12647: 12640: 12618: 12609: 12560: 12511: 12504: 12486: 12434: 12403: 12376: 12364: 12323: 12291: 12279: 12267: 12260: 12242: 12227: 12220: 12202: 12175: 12148:(18): 181101. 12132: 12107: 12099: 12074: 12062: 12036: 12010: 11964: 11911: 11859: 11846:10.4271/881071 11824: 11778: 11752: 11726: 11677: 11632: 11605: 11560: 11515: 11462: 11435: 11405: 11352: 11303: 11288: 11262: 11256:10.1086/305604 11221: 11168: 11101: 11074: 11056: 11019:(3): 138–142. 10999: 10950: 10883: 10832: 10770: 10763: 10739: 10732: 10714: 10695: 10641: 10634: 10614: 10592: 10570: 10544: 10508: 10478: 10471: 10453: 10402: 10387: 10380: 10358: 10343: 10324: 10302: 10295: 10255: 10198: 10183: 10156: 10142: 10135: 10110: 10091: 10065: 10053: 10034: 10014: 9988: 9962: 9936: 9910: 9876: 9828: 9795: 9766: 9746: 9731: 9711: 9700:(4): 395–427. 9684: 9665: 9645: 9618:(2): 423–534. 9602: 9567: 9541: 9534: 9510: 9503: 9485: 9459: 9422:Eremets, M. I. 9412: 9401:(3): 1117–22. 9385: 9336: 9322: 9288: 9250: 9224: 9217: 9186: 9167:Chieh, Chung. 9159: 9132:(2): 149–150. 9116: 9058: 9051: 9022: 8981: 8955: 8923: 8892: 8875:"Oxygen Facts" 8866: 8834: 8807: 8786: 8769:"Goddard-1926" 8760: 8725: 8710: 8669: 8662: 8641: 8626: 8593: 8586: 8561: 8541: 8508: 8481: 8452: 8426: 8380: 8344: 8337: 8315: 8278: 8255: 8236: 8212: 8197:, ed. (1911). 8195:Chisholm, Hugh 8181: 8160: 8141: 8121: 8114: 8096: 8089: 8071: 8051: 8044: 8026: 8019: 8001: 7965: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7938: 7929: 7921: 7909: 7897: 7884: 7876:polar molecule 7867: 7859: 7846: 7830: 7821: 7788: 7771: 7762: 7734: 7717: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7695: 7678: 7676:from Wikibooks 7661: 7659:from Wikiquote 7644: 7627: 7598: 7595: 7594: 7582: 7561: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7529: 7524: 7517: 7506: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7483:petrochemicals 7458: 7442: 7422: 7387: 7370: 7367: 7359: 7347: 7334: 7318: 7291: 7279: 7267: 7251: 7236: 7217: 7197: 7169: 7149:Main article: 7146: 7143: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7114: 7107: 7100: 7093: 7078: 7077: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7064: 7063: 7046: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7024: 7023: 7016: 7011: 7008: 7007: 6997: 6996: 6986: 6983: 6979:peracetic acid 6975:ethylene oxide 6967: 6957:. Most of the 6924:glutaraldehyde 6907: 6898: 6881: 6872: 6804: 6761: Hydrogen 6757: 6751: 6745: 6734: 6731: 6722: 6718: 6710: 6685: 6654: 6645: 6636: 6624: 6615: 6603: 6594: 6551: 6542: 6519: 6510: 6501:), aluminium ( 6493:, as found in 6487: 6461: 6453:carbon dioxide 6426: 6423: 6420: 6362:chemical bonds 6331:hydrogen bonds 6314: 6302: 6299: 6250: 6231:Main article: 6228: 6225: 6217: 6205: 6154:ethylene oxide 6146: 6119: 6107: 6087: 6049: 6036: 6033: 5995: 5952: 5940: 5917: 5893: 5873: 5844: 5824: 5804: 5791: 5788: 5779: 5754: 5730: 5708:nasal cannulas 5673:Oxygen therapy 5657: 5647:Oxygen therapy 5645:Main article: 5626: 5623: 5607: 5604: 5583:Oxygen storage 5567: 5564: 5556: 5527: 5495: 5479: 5464: 5449: 5433: 5404:Air separation 5399: 5396: 5356:Main article: 5353: 5350: 5339: 5320: 5304: 5287:occurs in all 5281: 5261: 5190: 5178: 5166: 5154: 5142: 5127:Main article: 5124: 5121: 5099: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5055: 5046: 5039: 5036: 5013: 4985: 4976: 4960: 4928: 4888: 4876: 4853: 4841: 4840: 4832: 4823: 4816: 4804: 4795: 4786: 4760: 4734:occurs in the 4728: 4727: 4720:carbon dioxide 4713: 4712: 4706: 4694: 4685: 4676: 4659: 4650: 4631:photosynthesis 4611: 4599: 4586: 4583: 4578:Main article: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4545:remote sensing 4453:climate change 4444: 4441: 4433: 4417: 4409:eutrophication 4397:Water polluted 4385: 4366:photosynthesis 4342: 4323: 4307: 4265: 4264: 4261: 4256: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4243: 4240: 4235: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4219: 4214: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4201: 4198: 4193: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4180: 4177: 4172: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4159: 4156: 4151: 4148: 4143: 4139: 4138: 4135: 4130: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4117: 4114: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4098: 4095: 4090: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4077: 4074: 4069: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4033:Astrochemistry 4029:Cosmochemistry 4012: 4009: 3903:Main article: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3868: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3842: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3790: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3764: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3738: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3660: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3608: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3582: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3530: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3504: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3478: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3426: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3394: 3368:as a coolant. 3354: 3334: 3313: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3302: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3233: 3221: 3194: 3186: 3183: 3167: 3155: 3136: 3117: 3101: 3050: 3038: 3018: 3003: 2990: 2978: 2967: 2946: 2932:Main article: 2929: 2926: 2922:singlet oxygen 2898: 2890:Singlet oxygen 2876: 2855:molecules are 2849: 2826:triplet oxygen 2818: 2756: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2682: 2658:Carl von Linde 2614:sulfur dioxide 2585:Avogadro's law 2542: 2539: 2535:Charles Darwin 2531:Erasmus Darwin 2484: 2481: 2422: 2419: 2373:mercuric oxide 2318: 2315: 2257:Main article: 2254: 2251: 2206:. In his work 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2159:oxygen therapy 2073: 2057:photosynthesis 2006:carbon dioxide 1967: 1909:periodic table 1877: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1862: 1855: 1847: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1794: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1773: 1771:122.266 s 1768: 1763: 1757: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1731: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1716:Main isotopes 1709: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1693: 1685: 1678: 1677: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1623: 1621:Speed of sound 1617: 1616: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1589: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1573: 1572: 1557: 1555: 1549: 1548: 1539: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1511:Spectral lines 1499: 1498: 1495: 1489: 1488: 1481: 1475: 1474: 1472: 1471: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1454: 1452: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1436: 1435: 1412: 1406: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1331: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1315: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1301: 1295: 1294: 1286: 1283: 1281:Heat of fusion 1277: 1276: 1273: 1271:Critical point 1267: 1266: 1263: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1243: 1242: 1241:1.429 g/L 1239: 1229: 1228: 1224: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1206: 1203: 1197: 1196: 1191: 1177: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1163: 1156: 1150: 1149: 1141: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1123: 1122: 1117: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1069: 1068: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1041: 1034: 1027: 1020: 1013: 1006: 999: 992: 985: 978: 971: 964: 957: 950: 943: 936: 929: 922: 915: 908: 901: 894: 887: 880: 873: 866: 859: 852: 845: 838: 831: 823: 822: 815: 808: 801: 794: 787: 780: 773: 766: 759: 752: 745: 738: 731: 724: 717: 710: 703: 696: 689: 682: 675: 668: 661: 654: 647: 640: 633: 626: 619: 612: 605: 597: 596: 589: 582: 575: 568: 561: 554: 547: 540: 533: 526: 519: 512: 505: 498: 491: 484: 482: 480: 473: 465: 464: 457: 450: 443: 436: 429: 422: 415: 408: 401: 394: 387: 380: 373: 366: 359: 352: 350: 343: 335: 334: 327: 320: 313: 306: 299: 292: 290: 283: 275: 274: 267: 260: 253: 246: 239: 232: 230: 223: 215: 214: 207: 205: 195: 184: 183: 181:periodic table 179:Oxygen in the 176: 175: 172: 171: 165: 158: 157: 151: 150: 147: 146: 143: 142: 140: 139: 125: 122: 120: 117: 116: 111: 101: 100: 97: 96: 93:gas: colorless 91: 87: 86: 74: 70: 67: 61: 60: 56: 55: 51:discharge tube 49:Oxygen-filled 48: 34: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15553: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15522: 15519: 15517: 15514: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15498: 15496: 15481: 15478: 15475: 15464: 15461: 15450: 15447: 15436: 15433: 15422: 15419: 15408: 15405: 15394: 15391: 15384: 15381: 15377: 15374: 15366: 15363: 15352: 15350: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15327: 15325: 15318: 15316: 15310: 15308: 15298: 15296: 15286: 15284: 15274: 15272: 15265: 15263: 15257: 15255: 15252: 15250: 15240: 15238: 15232: 15230: 15224: 15222: 15212: 15210: 15200: 15198: 15192: 15190: 15187: 15185: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15158: 15156: 15146: 15144: 15137: 15135: 15125: 15123: 15113: 15111: 15105: 15103: 15097: 15095: 15085: 15083: 15073: 15071: 15061: 15059: 15049: 15047: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15020: 15018: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15004: 14998: 14996: 14986: 14984: 14977: 14975: 14968: 14966: 14959: 14957: 14950: 14948: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14935: 14925: 14923: 14916: 14914: 14904: 14902: 14892: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14875: 14873: 14863: 14861: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14834: 14832: 14826: 14824: 14814: 14812: 14802: 14800: 14790: 14788: 14782: 14780: 14770: 14768: 14758: 14756: 14753: 14751: 14741: 14739: 14729: 14727: 14717: 14715: 14705: 14703: 14693: 14691: 14684: 14682: 14676: 14674: 14664: 14662: 14652: 14650: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14614: 14612: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14577: 14575: 14565: 14563: 14553: 14551: 14545: 14543: 14533: 14531: 14525: 14523: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14491: 14489: 14479: 14477: 14467: 14465: 14455: 14453: 14443: 14441: 14435: 14433: 14423: 14421: 14411: 14410: 14407: 14403: 14396: 14391: 14389: 14384: 14382: 14377: 14376: 14373: 14369: 14358: 14351: 14348: 14341: 14338: 14331: 14328: 14321: 14318: 14311: 14308: 14301: 14298: 14291: 14290: 14288: 14284: 14277: 14270: 14267: 14260: 14257: 14250: 14247: 14240: 14237: 14230: 14227: 14220: 14217: 14210: 14209: 14207: 14203: 14199: 14196: 14189: 14184: 14182: 14177: 14175: 14170: 14169: 14166: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14131: 14124: 14115: 14106: 14097: 14088: 14079: 14070: 14061: 14052: 14043: 14034: 14025: 14016: 14007: 13998: 13989: 13980: 13971: 13962: 13953: 13944: 13935: 13926: 13917: 13908: 13899: 13890: 13881: 13872: 13863: 13854: 13845: 13836: 13828: 13824: 13820: 13811: 13802: 13793: 13784: 13775: 13766: 13757: 13748: 13739: 13730: 13721: 13712: 13703: 13694: 13685: 13676: 13667: 13658: 13649: 13640: 13631: 13622: 13613: 13604: 13595: 13586: 13577: 13568: 13559: 13550: 13541: 13533: 13529: 13525: 13516: 13507: 13498: 13489: 13480: 13471: 13462: 13453: 13444: 13435: 13426: 13417: 13408: 13399: 13390: 13379: 13370: 13362: 13358: 13354: 13345: 13336: 13327: 13318: 13309: 13300: 13291: 13282: 13273: 13264: 13255: 13246: 13237: 13228: 13219: 13208: 13199: 13191: 13187: 13183: 13174: 13165: 13156: 13147: 13138: 13127: 13118: 13110: 13106: 13102: 13093: 13084: 13075: 13066: 13057: 13046: 13037: 13029: 13025: 13021: 13010: 13002: 12998: 12995: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12975: 12970: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12950: 12945: 12940: 12935: 12930: 12925: 12920: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12902: 12897: 12893: 12886: 12881: 12879: 12874: 12872: 12867: 12866: 12863: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12848: 12847: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12812: 12811: 12806: 12803: 12802: 12798: 12794: 12779: 12733: 12727: 12723: 12718: 12717: 12710: 12706: 12700: 12696: 12692: 12688: 12683: 12679: 12675: 12671: 12667: 12662: 12656: 12655: 12643: 12637: 12632: 12631: 12622: 12613: 12605: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12587: 12583: 12579: 12575: 12571: 12564: 12556: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12538: 12534: 12530: 12526: 12522: 12515: 12507: 12501: 12497: 12490: 12482: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12464: 12460: 12456: 12452: 12448: 12441: 12439: 12422: 12418: 12414: 12407: 12391: 12387: 12386:"Space Suits" 12380: 12373: 12368: 12349: 12345: 12341: 12334: 12327: 12308: 12301: 12295: 12288: 12283: 12276: 12271: 12263: 12257: 12253: 12246: 12239: 12234: 12232: 12223: 12217: 12213: 12206: 12190: 12186: 12179: 12171: 12167: 12163: 12159: 12155: 12151: 12147: 12143: 12142:J. Chem. Phys 12136: 12129: 12125: 12122: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12102: 12096: 12092: 12088: 12084: 12078: 12071: 12066: 12050: 12046: 12040: 12024: 12020: 12014: 11998: 11994: 11990: 11986: 11982: 11978: 11971: 11969: 11960: 11954: 11943:September 21, 11938: 11934: 11930: 11926: 11922: 11915: 11907: 11901: 11890:September 21, 11885: 11881: 11877: 11870: 11868: 11866: 11864: 11855: 11851: 11847: 11843: 11840:(5): 415–21. 11839: 11835: 11828: 11820: 11816: 11812: 11808: 11804: 11800: 11796: 11792: 11785: 11783: 11766: 11762: 11756: 11740: 11736: 11730: 11719: 11715: 11711: 11707: 11703: 11699: 11695: 11688: 11681: 11673: 11667: 11656:September 22, 11651: 11647: 11643: 11636: 11625:September 22, 11620: 11616: 11609: 11601: 11595: 11584:September 22, 11579: 11575: 11571: 11564: 11556: 11550: 11539:September 22, 11534: 11530: 11526: 11519: 11511: 11505: 11494:September 22, 11489: 11485: 11482:(1): 167–77. 11481: 11477: 11473: 11466: 11455:September 22, 11450: 11446: 11439: 11428:September 22, 11423: 11419: 11415: 11409: 11401: 11395: 11384:September 22, 11379: 11375: 11372:(3): 185–88. 11371: 11367: 11363: 11356: 11348: 11344: 11340: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11323:(9): 938–40. 11322: 11318: 11314: 11307: 11300: 11295: 11293: 11276: 11272: 11266: 11257: 11252: 11248: 11244: 11241:(1): 475–81. 11240: 11236: 11232: 11225: 11217: 11213: 11209: 11205: 11201: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11183: 11179: 11172: 11164: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11146: 11142: 11138: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11121:(2): 119–43. 11120: 11116: 11112: 11105: 11089: 11085: 11078: 11070: 11066: 11060: 11052: 11048: 11044: 11040: 11036: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11018: 11014: 11010: 11003: 10995: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10977: 10973: 10969: 10965: 10961: 10954: 10938: 10934: 10930: 10926: 10922: 10918: 10914: 10910: 10906: 10902: 10898: 10894: 10887: 10879: 10875: 10871: 10867: 10863: 10859: 10855: 10851: 10847: 10843: 10836: 10828: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10800: 10796: 10792: 10788: 10784: 10777: 10775: 10766: 10760: 10756: 10752: 10751: 10743: 10735: 10729: 10725: 10718: 10711: 10707: 10704: 10699: 10691: 10687: 10683: 10679: 10675: 10671: 10667: 10663: 10659: 10655: 10648: 10646: 10637: 10631: 10627: 10626: 10618: 10611: 10607: 10604: 10599: 10597: 10589: 10585: 10582: 10577: 10575: 10558: 10554: 10548: 10532: 10528: 10527: 10522: 10518: 10512: 10496: 10492: 10488: 10482: 10474: 10468: 10464: 10457: 10449: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10421: 10417: 10413: 10406: 10399: 10394: 10392: 10383: 10377: 10372: 10371: 10362: 10354: 10347: 10331: 10327: 10321: 10317: 10313: 10306: 10298: 10296:0-7803-7929-2 10292: 10288: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10270: 10266: 10259: 10251: 10247: 10243: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10225: 10221: 10218:(7185): 259. 10217: 10213: 10209: 10202: 10195: 10190: 10188: 10180: 10175: 10173: 10171: 10169: 10167: 10165: 10163: 10161: 10153: 10146: 10138: 10132: 10128: 10124: 10120: 10114: 10107: 10102: 10100: 10098: 10096: 10079: 10075: 10069: 10062: 10057: 10041: 10037: 10031: 10027: 10026: 10018: 10002: 9998: 9992: 9976: 9972: 9966: 9950: 9946: 9940: 9925: 9921: 9914: 9906: 9902: 9899:(3): 030001. 9898: 9894: 9887: 9880: 9861: 9857: 9853: 9846: 9845: 9837: 9835: 9833: 9816: 9812: 9806: 9804: 9802: 9800: 9791: 9785: 9777: 9773: 9769: 9767:9780471457282 9763: 9759: 9758: 9750: 9742: 9738: 9734: 9732:9780072406559 9728: 9724: 9723: 9722:Heat transfer 9715: 9707: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9688: 9672: 9668: 9662: 9658: 9657: 9649: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9606: 9587: 9580: 9574: 9572: 9555: 9551: 9545: 9537: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9522: 9514: 9506: 9500: 9496: 9489: 9473: 9469: 9463: 9455: 9451: 9447: 9446:10.1038/31656 9443: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9423: 9416: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9395:J. Phys. Chem 9389: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9361: 9357: 9353: 9349: 9345: 9326: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9295: 9293: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9272: 9268: 9264: 9257: 9255: 9238: 9234: 9228: 9220: 9214: 9210: 9205: 9204: 9195: 9193: 9191: 9174: 9170: 9163: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9120: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9086: 9082: 9078: 9074: 9070: 9062: 9054: 9048: 9044: 9039: 9038: 9032: 9026: 9018: 9014: 9009: 9004: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8985: 8969: 8965: 8959: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8936: 8934: 8932: 8930: 8928: 8911: 8907: 8903: 8896: 8880: 8876: 8870: 8863: 8859: 8855: 8851: 8847: 8841: 8839: 8822: 8818: 8811: 8803: 8799: 8798: 8790: 8774: 8770: 8764: 8748: 8744: 8740: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8722: 8717: 8715: 8705: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8689:(4): 355–73. 8688: 8684: 8680: 8673: 8665: 8659: 8655: 8648: 8646: 8637: 8630: 8614: 8610: 8609: 8604: 8597: 8589: 8583: 8579: 8575: 8571: 8565: 8557: 8550: 8548: 8546: 8536: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8512: 8505: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8494: 8492: 8490: 8488: 8486: 8478: 8473: 8471: 8469: 8467: 8465: 8463: 8461: 8459: 8457: 8440: 8436: 8430: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8399:(in Polish). 8398: 8394: 8387: 8385: 8365: 8358: 8351: 8349: 8340: 8334: 8329: 8328: 8319: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8296:(2): 137–51. 8295: 8291: 8290: 8282: 8275: 8270: 8268: 8266: 8264: 8262: 8260: 8243: 8239: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8219: 8217: 8208: 8207: 8201: 8196: 8190: 8188: 8186: 8178: 8173: 8171: 8169: 8167: 8165: 8148: 8144: 8138: 8134: 8133: 8125: 8117: 8111: 8107: 8100: 8092: 8086: 8082: 8075: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8055: 8047: 8045:0-8493-0464-4 8041: 8037: 8030: 8022: 8016: 8012: 8005: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7969: 7961: 7957: 7951: 7947: 7933: 7888: 7881: 7877: 7871: 7850: 7841: 7839: 7837: 7835: 7825: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7792: 7785: 7784:cyanobacteria 7781: 7775: 7766: 7749: 7745: 7738: 7731: 7727: 7721: 7714: 7708: 7704: 7692: 7691: 7679: 7675: 7674: 7662: 7658: 7657: 7645: 7641: 7640: 7628: 7624: 7623: 7611: 7610: 7607: 7601: 7593: 7583: 7581: 7571: 7570: 7567: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7553:Oxygen sensor 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7501: 7494: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7475: 7451: 7435: 7434:liquid oxygen 7431: 7416:Concentrated 7414: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7396: 7380: 7375: 7366: 7327: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7298: 7260: 7243: 7229: 7226:At one time, 7224: 7210: 7206: 7190: 7186: 7183:, leading to 7182: 7178: 7157: 7152: 7142: 7140: 7135: 7119: 7112: 7105: 7098: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7066: 7065: 7047: 7044: 7040: 7039: 7033: 7030: 7026: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7014: 7010: 7009: 7005: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6982: 6980: 6976: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6947: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6891: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6848:ethyl acetate 6845: 6841: 6840:diethyl ether 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6743: 6739: 6730: 6728: 6716: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6678: 6674: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6587: 6582: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6470: 6454: 6449: 6447: 6424: 6421: 6418: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6351: 6347: 6342: 6338: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6307: 6298: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6243: 6239: 6234: 6224: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6139: 6134: 6132: 6128: 6100: 6096: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6065: 6062: 6058: 6041: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6008: 6004: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5933: 5928: 5926: 5910: 5906: 5905:decompression 5902: 5886: 5882: 5866: 5862: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5837: 5834:is in modern 5833: 5832:breathing gas 5813: 5796: 5787: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5648: 5640: 5636: 5631: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5612:Breathing gas 5603: 5601: 5597: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5577: 5572: 5563: 5549: 5545: 5540: 5536: 5519: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5488: 5471: 5457: 5442: 5422: 5418: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5359: 5349: 5346: 5331: 5327: 5313: 5312:Carboniferous 5297: 5292: 5290: 5274: 5270: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5233: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5160:produced; 2) 5135: 5130: 5120: 5118: 5117:venous system 5114: 5110: 5106: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5064: 5061: 5059:gas pressures 5056: 5053: 5052: 5042: 5035: 5033: 5028: 5026: 5022: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4993:immune system 4969: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4935: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4846: 4839:+ 2880 kJ/mol 4780: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4772: 4767: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4725: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4716: 4669: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4639:cyanobacteria 4636: 4632: 4628: 4620: 4591: 4581: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4454: 4449: 4440: 4426: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4377: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4334: 4330: 4316: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4287:Earth's crust 4284: 4280: 4279:Earth's crust 4276: 4272: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4203: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3981:radioisotopes 3977: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3946:helium fusion 3943: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3911: 3906: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3398: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3347: 3343: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3282: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3214: 3208: 3204: 3203:Liquid oxygen 3191: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3148: 3144: 3130: 3126: 3110: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3031: 3027: 3010: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2976: 2960: 2956: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2914:immune system 2911: 2907: 2891: 2887: 2885: 2869: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2837: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2750: 2746: 2737: 2732: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2697:rocket engine 2694: 2689: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2646: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2622:liquid oxygen 2619: 2615: 2611: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2541:Later history 2538: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2521: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2494: 2490: 2480: 2478: 2477: 2473:later became 2472: 2468: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2444: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2418: 2415: 2410: 2408: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2327: 2323: 2314: 2312: 2307: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2250: 2248: 2247:Tractatus duo 2243: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2066: 2063:) of oxygen, 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2041:carbohydrates 2038: 2037:nucleic acids 2034: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1984: 1983:Earth's crust 1980: 1976: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1898:atomic number 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1875: 1872: | 1868: 1863: 1861: 1856: 1854: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1835: 1831: 1818: 1814: 1805: 1801: 1798: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1774: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1754:product 1752: 1750: 1747: 1740: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1724: 1721: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1699: 1694: 1692: 1687: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1673: 1670: 1668:Named by 1666: 1660: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1371: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1339: 1335: 1334: 1330: 1329: 1324: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1289:) 0.444 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1244: 1240: 1237:(at STP) 1234: 1230: 1222: 1220: 1219:Boiling point 1216: 1212: 1209:) 54.36 1204: 1202: 1201:Melting point 1198: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1148: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1133: 1132:period 2 1130: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1097:Atomic number 1093: 1082: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1054: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1000: 998: 993: 991: 986: 984: 979: 977: 972: 970: 965: 963: 958: 956: 951: 949: 947:Rutherfordium 944: 942: 937: 935: 930: 928: 923: 921: 916: 914: 909: 907: 902: 900: 895: 893: 888: 886: 881: 879: 874: 872: 867: 865: 860: 858: 853: 851: 846: 844: 839: 837: 832: 830: 825: 824: 821: 816: 814: 809: 807: 802: 800: 795: 793: 788: 786: 781: 779: 774: 772: 767: 765: 760: 758: 753: 751: 746: 744: 739: 737: 732: 730: 725: 723: 718: 716: 711: 709: 704: 702: 697: 695: 690: 688: 683: 681: 676: 674: 669: 667: 662: 660: 655: 653: 648: 646: 641: 639: 634: 632: 627: 625: 620: 618: 613: 611: 606: 604: 599: 598: 595: 590: 588: 583: 581: 576: 574: 569: 567: 562: 560: 555: 553: 548: 546: 541: 539: 534: 532: 527: 525: 520: 518: 513: 511: 506: 504: 499: 497: 492: 490: 485: 481: 479: 474: 472: 467: 466: 463: 458: 456: 451: 449: 444: 442: 437: 435: 430: 428: 423: 421: 416: 414: 409: 407: 402: 400: 395: 393: 388: 386: 381: 379: 374: 372: 367: 365: 360: 358: 353: 349: 344: 342: 337: 336: 333: 328: 326: 321: 319: 314: 312: 307: 305: 300: 298: 293: 289: 284: 282: 277: 276: 273: 268: 266: 261: 259: 254: 252: 247: 245: 240: 238: 233: 229: 224: 222: 217: 216: 213: 208: 204: 199: 198: 194: 193: 190: 189: 185: 182: 177: 173: 170: 166: 164: 163:Earth's crust 159: 156: 152: 148: 144: 137: 126: 124: 123: 121: 118: 110: 106: 102: 98: 92: 88: 84: 80: 68: 66: 62: 57: 52: 46: 41: 33:Oxygen, 26: 22: 14368: 14232: 13080: 12845: 12808: 12715: 12690: 12665: 12629: 12621: 12612: 12577: 12573: 12563: 12528: 12524: 12514: 12495: 12489: 12454: 12450: 12425:. Retrieved 12416: 12406: 12396:December 16, 12394:. Retrieved 12390:the original 12379: 12367: 12355:. Retrieved 12348:the original 12343: 12339: 12326: 12314:. Retrieved 12294: 12282: 12270: 12251: 12245: 12211: 12205: 12193:. Retrieved 12178: 12145: 12141: 12135: 12119: 12110: 12086: 12077: 12065: 12053:. Retrieved 12049:the original 12039: 12027:. Retrieved 12023:the original 12013: 12003:December 23, 12001:. Retrieved 11997:the original 11984: 11980: 11953:cite journal 11941:. Retrieved 11931:(1): 43–49. 11928: 11924: 11914: 11900:cite journal 11888:. Retrieved 11883: 11879: 11837: 11833: 11827: 11797:(1): 39–49. 11794: 11790: 11769:. Retrieved 11755: 11743:. Retrieved 11729: 11718:the original 11700:(1): 43–49. 11697: 11693: 11680: 11666:cite journal 11654:. Retrieved 11649: 11645: 11635: 11623:. Retrieved 11619:the original 11608: 11594:cite journal 11582:. Retrieved 11577: 11573: 11563: 11549:cite journal 11537:. Retrieved 11532: 11528: 11518: 11504:cite journal 11492:. Retrieved 11479: 11475: 11465: 11453:. Retrieved 11449:the original 11438: 11426:. Retrieved 11422:the original 11408: 11394:cite journal 11382:. Retrieved 11369: 11365: 11355: 11320: 11316: 11306: 11281:December 16, 11279:. Retrieved 11265: 11238: 11234: 11224: 11181: 11177: 11171: 11118: 11115:Astrobiology 11114: 11104: 11094:December 29, 11092:. Retrieved 11077: 11068: 11059: 11016: 11012: 11002: 10967: 10963: 10953: 10941:. Retrieved 10900: 10896: 10886: 10845: 10841: 10835: 10790: 10786: 10749: 10742: 10723: 10717: 10698: 10657: 10653: 10624: 10617: 10561:. Retrieved 10547: 10535:. Retrieved 10524: 10517:Zimmer, Carl 10511: 10499:. Retrieved 10481: 10462: 10456: 10419: 10415: 10405: 10369: 10361: 10352: 10346: 10334:. Retrieved 10315: 10305: 10268: 10264: 10258: 10215: 10211: 10201: 10151: 10145: 10122: 10113: 10084:December 16, 10082:. Retrieved 10078:the original 10068: 10056: 10044:. Retrieved 10024: 10017: 10005:. Retrieved 9991: 9979:. Retrieved 9965: 9953:. Retrieved 9939: 9927:. Retrieved 9924:ScienceAlert 9923: 9913: 9896: 9892: 9879: 9867:. Retrieved 9855: 9843: 9821:December 17, 9819:. Retrieved 9756: 9749: 9721: 9714: 9697: 9693: 9687: 9675:. Retrieved 9655: 9648: 9615: 9611: 9605: 9595:December 15, 9593:. Retrieved 9586:the original 9560:December 15, 9558:. Retrieved 9544: 9520: 9513: 9494: 9488: 9478:December 21, 9476:. Retrieved 9462: 9429: 9425: 9415: 9398: 9394: 9388: 9347: 9343: 9325: 9313:. Retrieved 9304: 9266: 9262: 9241:. Retrieved 9237:the original 9227: 9202: 9179:December 16, 9177:. Retrieved 9173:the original 9162: 9129: 9125: 9119: 9076: 9072: 9061: 9036: 9025: 8998: 8994: 8984: 8974:December 15, 8972:. Retrieved 8968:the original 8958: 8945: 8941: 8914:. Retrieved 8905: 8895: 8885:November 14, 8883:. Retrieved 8869: 8854:Google Books 8825:. Retrieved 8810: 8796: 8789: 8779:November 18, 8777:. Retrieved 8773:the original 8763: 8753:December 16, 8751:. Retrieved 8742: 8686: 8682: 8672: 8653: 8635: 8629: 8617:. Retrieved 8613:the original 8607: 8596: 8573: 8564: 8555: 8525: 8521: 8511: 8445:December 12, 8443:. Retrieved 8429: 8417:. Retrieved 8400: 8396: 8371:. Retrieved 8326: 8318: 8293: 8287: 8281: 8248:December 16, 8246:. Retrieved 8227: 8224:"John Mayow" 8204: 8151:. Retrieved 8131: 8124: 8105: 8099: 8080: 8074: 8059: 8054: 8035: 8029: 8010: 8004: 7979: 7968: 7950: 7932: 7887: 7870: 7849: 7824: 7799:-containing 7791: 7780:chloroplasts 7774: 7765: 7754:December 15, 7752:. Retrieved 7748:the original 7737: 7720: 7707: 7688: 7671: 7654: 7642:from Commons 7637: 7620: 7599: 7548:Oxygen plant 7476: 7415: 7400: 7306:scuba diving 7299: 7244: 7225: 7209:oxygen masks 7179:at elevated 7163:Oxygen gas ( 7162: 7131: 7068: 7001: 6955:autoxidation 6948: 6944:biomolecules 6920:formaldehyde 6765: 6755: Carbon 6749: Oxygen 6670: 6660:are used as 6583: 6450: 6445: 6355: 6304: 6260: 6178: 6135: 6069: 6025:George Goble 6018: 6010: 5976: 5964:oxygen masks 5929: 5852: 5817: 5742:gas gangrene 5712: 5704:oxygen masks 5700:Oxygen tents 5697: 5650: 5606:Applications 5587:oxygen tanks 5581: 5515: 5472: 5426: 5372:biosignature 5364:astrobiology 5361: 5347: 5332: 5328: 5293: 5248: 5234: 5199: 5102: 5041: 5029: 4946: 4936: 4842: 4771:mitochondria 4768: 4729: 4714: 4644: 4624: 4619:Calvin cycle 4565:carbon cycle 4557:fluorescence 4534: 4488: 4458: 4378: 4354:oxygen cycle 4351: 4295:Solar System 4268: 3978: 3939: 3916: 3392: 3373: 3370: 3316: 3257:(101.3 3210: 3207:solid oxygen 3149:than either 3129:rhombohedral 3109:solid oxygen 3086: 3011: 2952: 2888: 2857:paramagnetic 2842: 2810:spin triplet 2798:ground state 2795: 2766: 2764: 2742: 2716: 2713: 2690: 2651: 2600: 2596:barium oxide 2592:Brin process 2589: 2562:'s original 2558: 2524: 2519: 2518: 2514:Humphry Davy 2509: 2496: 2488: 2486: 2474: 2470: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2447: 2435: 2411: 2404: 2389: 2384: 2366: 2348: 2331: 2308: 2295:J. J. Becher 2292: 2287: 2276:Pierre Bayen 2264:Robert Hooke 2262: 2246: 2239: 2234: 2227:Robert Boyle 2224: 2207: 2193: 2132: 2123: 2101: 2022: 1987: 1934:, and after 1893: 1881: 1880: 1738: 1675: (1777) 1592:paramagnetic 1564: 1415: 1369: 1337: 1327: 1261:Triple point 1101: 989:Darmstadtium 856:Protactinium 630:Praseodymium 255: 108: 25: 12846:In Our Time 11317:Anaesthesia 11069:EurekAlert! 10970:(1): 5–27. 10416:BMC Biology 10194:Emsley 2001 10179:Emsley 2001 10106:Emsley 2001 10061:Emsley 2001 10046:December 2, 9997:"NUDAT 15O" 9971:"NUDAT 14O" 9945:"NUDAT 13O" 9869:January 22, 9305:Nature News 8916:January 28, 8721:Emsley 2001 8619:January 28, 8504:Emsley 2001 8437:. RSC.org. 8274:Emsley 2001 7622:Definitions 7558:Dark oxygen 7185:convulsions 6928:citric acid 6866:. Acetone ( 6864:formic acid 6860:acetic acid 6828:isopropanol 6790:(R-COO-R); 6356:Due to its 6293:), and +2 ( 6271:superoxides 6185:rocket fuel 6061:decarburize 6055:is used to 6021:pyrotechnic 5983:oxygen bars 5901:rebreathers 5836:space suits 5812:space suits 5810:is used in 5665:respiration 5574:Oxygen and 5384:hydrosphere 5243:during the 5226:photic zone 4912:hemerythrin 4896:Bohr effect 4845:vertebrates 4730:Photolytic 4642:each year. 4635:green algae 4553:reflectance 4370:respiration 4362:lithosphere 4301:(with 0.1% 3989:radioactive 3960:during the 3942:synthesized 3294:Freshwater 3289:25 °C 3263:milliliters 3175:rocket fuel 3123:to 20 3093:tetraoxygen 3066:ozone layer 3058:ultraviolet 3012:Trioxygen ( 2953:The common 2918:Carotenoids 2910:troposphere 2830:antibonding 2775:double bond 2654:James Dewar 2569:atomic mass 2560:John Dalton 2338:philosopher 2286:called the 2220:respiration 2175:spaceflight 2085:ozone layer 1911:, a highly 1362:100 k 1162:] 2s 2p 1031:Livermorium 1003:Copernicium 996:Roentgenium 926:Mendelevium 912:Einsteinium 905:Californium 15521:Chalcogens 15495:Categories 12793:Audio help 12784:2008-06-23 12316:August 22, 12195:January 6, 12029:January 4, 11771:October 1, 11745:October 1, 11184:(2): L20. 11026:2103.02694 10848:(1): 1–7. 10842:Geobiology 10537:October 3, 10398:Raven 2005 10336:August 23, 10028:. Anchor. 9929:August 30, 9315:January 9, 8850:0854046577 8827:October 8, 8528:: 384–94. 8419:August 23, 8153:August 23, 7943:References 7656:Quotations 7013:Pictograms 6786:(R-COOH); 6782:(R-CO-H); 6778:(R-CO-R); 6697:hemoglobin 6662:detergents 6378:passivates 6346:iron oxide 6287:dioxygenyl 6195:, burning 6162:antifreeze 6152:to create 6127:exothermic 6035:Industrial 5974:reaction. 5972:exothermic 5865:submarines 5766:hemoglobin 5714:Hyperbaric 5691:, and any 5651:Uptake of 5620:Combustion 5610:See also: 5456:distilling 5402:See also: 5392:Ganymede's 5289:eukaryotes 5241:extinction 5021:atmosphere 5005:early life 4952:superoxide 4950:, such as 4908:arthropods 4900:hemocyanin 4868:Hemoglobin 4750:(ATP) via 4726:+ dioxygen 4715:or simply 4605:and fixes 4522:solar wind 4506:meteorites 4405:phosphates 4015:See also: 4011:Occurrence 4001:beta decay 3993:decay mode 3940:Most O is 3857:1.661E-04 3286:5 °C 3241:14.6 3201:See also: 3089:metastable 2975:Occurrence 2949:) molecule 2928:Allotropes 2806:degenerate 2787:bond order 2610:evaporated 2529:(1791) by 2401:common air 2231:John Mayow 2208:Pneumatica 2196:combustion 2171:submarines 1874:references 1635:CAS Number 1528:primordial 1483:66±2 1359:10 k 1038:Tennessine 982:Meitnerium 961:Seaborgium 940:Lawrencium 679:Dysprosium 665:Gadolinium 644:Promethium 516:Technetium 509:Molybdenum 310:Phosphorus 90:Appearance 65:Allotropes 12822:Oxygen (O 12417:GlobalRPh 12357:April 26, 12120:Red Book. 12055:March 14, 11347:205248111 11191:1403.2713 11128:1411.7412 11051:232083548 10933:206562386 10625:Chemistry 10563:August 4, 10501:March 13, 10422:(1): 30. 10273:CiteSeerX 9784:cite book 9526:CRC Press 9454:205001394 9243:August 8, 8409:0137-5032 8403:: 83–84. 8310:170422925 8179:, p. 499. 7996:1365-3075 7797:manganese 7690:Resources 7673:Textbooks 7580:Chemistry 7407:explosion 7175:) can be 7139:hyperoxia 7057:P370+P376 7004:labelling 6936:acetamide 6780:aldehydes 6774:(R-O-R); 6701:myoglobin 6695:proteins 6666:adhesives 6575:silicates 6571:limestone 6533:), iron ( 6422:− 6382:corrosion 6370:aluminium 6285:), +1/2 ( 6279:elemental 6273:), −1/3 ( 6267:peroxides 6227:Compounds 6197:acetylene 6187:, and in 6166:polyester 5681:pneumonia 5677:emphysema 5639:emphysema 5507:cryogenic 4939:anaerobic 4906:and some 4555:from its 4549:satellite 4468:skeletons 4271:biosphere 4230:Magnesium 4003:to yield 3985:half-life 3962:CNO cycle 3889:2.62E-04 3883:1.99E-04 3880:5.88E-05 3863:2.29E-04 3854:5.33E-05 3837:1.96E-04 3831:1.45E-04 3828:5.06E-05 3811:1.69E-04 3805:1.24E-04 3802:4.77E-05 3785:1.41E-04 3779:1.05E-04 3776:4.47E-05 3759:1.16E-04 3753:8.63E-05 3750:4.15E-05 3733:9.31E-05 3727:6.93E-05 3724:3.81E-05 3707:7.35E-05 3701:5.36E-05 3698:3.44E-05 3681:6.38E-05 3675:4.63E-05 3672:3.24E-05 3655:5.51E-05 3649:3.94E-05 3646:3.03E-05 3629:4.44E-05 3623:3.29E-05 3620:2.81E-05 3603:3.64E-05 3597:2.68E-05 3594:2.58E-05 3577:2.90E-05 3571:2.12E-05 3568:2.34E-05 3551:2.27E-05 3545:1.61E-05 3542:2.07E-05 3525:1.60E-05 3519:1.16E-05 3516:1.79E-05 3499:1.04E-05 3493:7.64E-06 3490:1.48E-05 3473:5.80E-06 3467:4.44E-06 3464:1.15E-05 3447:2.44E-06 3441:1.94E-06 3438:7.64E-06 3305:Seawater 3248:7.6 3213:dissolves 3091:molecule 3070:pollutant 2955:allotrope 2674:acetylene 2666:distilled 2483:Etymology 2438:oxidation 2397:breathing 2361:isolation 2342:physician 2334:alchemist 2317:Discovery 2284:corrosion 2268:Ole Borch 2120:Wiltshire 2089:biosphere 2061:allotrope 2010:tetrapods 1928:compounds 1918:, and an 1902:chalcogen 1888:; it has 1734:half-life 1650:Discovery 1513:of oxygen 1356:1 k 1045:Oganesson 1024:Moscovium 1017:Flerovium 898:Berkelium 884:Americium 877:Plutonium 870:Neptunium 707:Ytterbium 637:Neodymium 616:Lanthanum 579:Tellurium 537:Palladium 523:Ruthenium 495:Zirconium 477:Strontium 433:Germanium 384:Manganese 340:Potassium 296:Aluminium 287:Magnesium 227:Beryllium 155:Abundance 114:°(O) 14195:Diatomic 12795: · 12687:"Oxygen" 12678:68-29938 12661:"Oxygen" 12604:20248096 12574:Br Med J 12555:20248086 12525:Br Med J 12427:June 19, 12421:Archived 12374:, p. 511 12307:Archived 12289:, p. 506 12240:, p. 507 12189:Archived 12170:17115729 12124:Archived 12072:, p. 508 11993:12523293 11937:17393938 11819:11541018 11765:Archived 11739:Archived 11706:17393938 11488:15233173 11339:18540928 11301:, p. 510 11275:Archived 11216:17414970 11163:25629240 11088:Archived 10943:June 12, 10937:Archived 10925:26068848 10878:31074331 10870:19200141 10827:10500106 10755:214, 586 10706:Archived 10682:24067713 10606:Archived 10584:Archived 10557:Archived 10531:Archived 10495:Archived 10448:20370908 10400:, 115–27 10330:Archived 10242:18354437 10196:, p. 304 10181:, p. 301 10108:, p. 298 10074:"Oxygen" 10063:, p. 297 10040:Archived 10001:Archived 9975:Archived 9949:Archived 9860:Archived 9815:Archived 9776:62532755 9741:46959719 9671:Archived 9640:96242703 9554:Archived 9472:Archived 9372:16971946 9309:Archived 9283:12404493 9111:36537588 9103:12434011 9033:(1990). 9017:15310815 8910:Archived 8879:Archived 8858:Archived 8821:Archived 8747:Archived 8739:"Oxygen" 8723:, p. 303 8506:, p. 300 8479:, p. 500 8439:Archived 8435:"Oxygen" 8413:Archived 8364:Archived 8276:, p. 299 8242:Archived 8147:Archived 7817:chloride 7809:cofactor 7592:Medicine 7497:See also 7491:detonate 7450:Apollo 1 7395:Apollo 1 7379:Apollo 1 7145:Toxicity 7134:NFPA 704 7069:NFPA 704 6995:Hazards 6940:Epoxides 6916:glycerol 6820:methanol 6812:solvents 6770:(R-OH); 6768:alcohols 6559:hematite 6531:corundum 6444:, where 6374:titanium 6323:hydrogen 6275:ozonides 6170:plastics 6138:Ethylene 6075:iron ore 6071:Smelting 6031:grills. 6029:barbecue 5979:euphoric 5669:medicine 5576:MAPP gas 5535:oxoacids 5388:Europa's 5296:Cambrian 5267:enables 5210:bacteria 5081:4.0-5.3 4920:lobsters 4904:molluscs 4860:diffuses 4484:ice core 4476:Seawater 4443:Analysis 4401:nitrates 4188:Nitrogen 4089:240,000 4068:739,000 4064:Hydrogen 4005:fluorine 3979:Fifteen 3919:isotopes 3444:0.00925 3342:sky-blue 3271:seawater 3147:oxidizer 3062:spectrum 2959:dioxygen 2884:magnetic 2767:dioxygen 2705:oxidizer 2701:gasoline 2476:nitrogen 2377:nitrates 2242:antimony 2167:aircraft 2143:textiles 2139:plastics 2033:proteins 2014:diffuses 1956:diatomic 1952:dioxygen 1950:to form 1936:hydrogen 1916:nonmetal 1913:reactive 1808:0.0380% 1367:at 1184:at 1081:fluorine 1073:nitrogen 1010:Nihonium 933:Nobelium 842:Actinium 828:Francium 812:Astatine 805:Polonium 784:Thallium 763:Platinum 735:Tungsten 728:Tantalum 714:Lutetium 658:Europium 651:Samarium 572:Antimony 470:Rubidium 447:Selenium 377:Chromium 370:Vanadium 363:Titanium 356:Scandium 324:Chlorine 264:Fluorine 250:Nitrogen 202:Hydrogen 136:abridged 15480:more... 14149:p-block 14144:d-block 14139:f-block 14134:s-block 12849:at the 12782: ( 12753:minutes 12695:297–304 12670:499–512 12595:2053400 12546:2053251 12481:9765173 12472:1114047 12277:, p.505 12150:Bibcode 12105:, p. 28 11854:2730484 11799:Bibcode 11714:3236557 11378:8931286 11243:Bibcode 11196:Bibcode 11154:4323125 11133:Bibcode 11031:Bibcode 10994:5859927 10985:2195461 10905:Bibcode 10897:Science 10850:Bibcode 10795:Bibcode 10724:Biology 10690:4464710 10662:Bibcode 10439:2907586 10220:Bibcode 10007:July 6, 9981:July 6, 9955:July 6, 9677:July 2, 9620:Bibcode 9434:Bibcode 9380:4384225 9352:Bibcode 9154:3965039 9146:8152349 9081:Bibcode 9073:Science 8704:3826198 8373:May 25, 7962:. 2009. 7880:dipoles 7813:calcium 7566:Portals 7487:asphalt 7469:⁄ 7189:pascals 6990:Oxygen 6951:organic 6844:dioxane 6824:ethanol 6816:acetone 6800:R-CO-NR 6776:ketones 6742:Acetone 6586:soluble 6565:), and 6527:bauxite 6495:granite 6476:silicon 6467:). The 6402:wüstite 6289:), +1 ( 6174:fabrics 6059:and/or 6007:placebo 5985:and in 5693:disease 5625:Medical 5566:Storage 5544:ceramic 5487:zeolite 5206:archaea 5032:inhales 4942:metazoa 4916:spiders 4740:photons 4724:glucose 4668:photons 4543:. Some 4518:silicon 4480:isotope 4356:. This 4209:Silicon 4108:10,400 4052:Element 3997:β decay 3886:0.0871 3860:0.0819 3851:1.0408 3848:0.3206 3834:0.0758 3822:0.3498 3796:0.3848 3782:0.0649 3770:0.4275 3756:0.0589 3730:0.0528 3718:0.5498 3704:0.0473 3692:0.6414 3678:0.0441 3666:0.6998 3652:0.0412 3640:0.7698 3626:0.0363 3614:0.8554 3591:1.0408 3574:0.0296 3548:0.0268 3522:0.0226 3496:0.0183 3470:0.0138 3380:airglow 3211:Oxygen 3143:cluster 2739:pairs). 2670:welding 2612:liquid 2603:cascade 2489:oxygène 2332:Polish 2311:residue 2112:Uppsala 1994:animals 1907:in the 1824:stable 1821:0.205% 1811:stable 1644:History 1543: ( 1470:) 1385: 1382: 1379: 1233:Density 1147:p-block 975:Hassium 968:Bohrium 954:Dubnium 919:Fermium 863:Uranium 849:Thorium 798:Bismuth 756:Iridium 742:Rhenium 721:Hafnium 700:Thulium 686:Holmium 672:Terbium 602:Caesium 551:Cadmium 530:Rhodium 502:Niobium 488:Yttrium 461:Krypton 454:Bromine 440:Arsenic 426:Gallium 347:Calcium 303:Silicon 220:Lithium 167:461000 134: ( 15501:Oxygen 14205:Common 12841:Oxygen 12805:Oxygen 12728: 12722:115–27 12701: 12676: 12638: 12602: 12592: 12553: 12543: 12502: 12479: 12469: 12258: 12218: 12168: 12097: 11991: 11935: 11852: 11817: 11712: 11704: 11486: 11376: 11345: 11337: 11214: 11161: 11151: 11049: 10992: 10982: 10931: 10923: 10876: 10868: 10825: 10815: 10761: 10730: 10688: 10680: 10654:Nature 10632: 10469: 10446: 10436: 10378: 10322: 10293: 10275: 10250:789382 10248: 10240: 10212:Nature 10152:Nature 10133: 10032: 9774: 9764: 9739: 9729: 9663: 9638: 9532: 9501: 9452: 9426:Nature 9378: 9370: 9344:Nature 9281: 9215: 9152: 9144: 9126:Lipids 9109: 9101: 9049: 9015: 8852:. See 8848: 8701: 8660: 8584: 8407: 8335: 8308: 8234: 8139: 8112: 8087: 8066: 8042: 8017: 7994: 7891:Since 7811:, and 7801:enzyme 7600:Oxygen 7485:, and 7259:Apollo 6934:, and 6890:phenol 6888:) and 6862:, and 6796:amides 6788:esters 6772:ethers 6759: 6753: 6747: 6673:ligand 6630:, and 6584:Water- 6499:quartz 6480:silica 6366:oxides 6277:), 0 ( 6099:carbon 6095:sulfur 6011:during 5987:sports 5744:, and 5637:in an 5618:, and 5410:, and 5255:using 5230:outgas 5097:30-40 5094:75-100 4966:) and 4870:binds 4822:→ 6 CO 4754:. The 4744:proton 4504:, and 4496:, the 4464:shells 4262: 4251:Sulfur 4241: 4220: 4199: 4178: 4171:1,090 4157: 4150:1,340 4136: 4129:4,600 4125:Carbon 4115: 4105:Oxygen 4096: 4093:240000 4085:Helium 4075: 4072:739000 4031:, and 3958:helium 3929:, and 3892:0.721 3877:1.125 3874:0.296 3866:0.725 3840:0.736 3825:1.103 3814:0.733 3808:0.071 3773:1.074 3762:0.743 3747:1.054 3744:0.481 3736:0.744 3721:1.031 3710:0.729 3695:1.003 3684:0.726 3669:0.988 3658:0.716 3643:0.972 3632:0.741 3617:0.956 3606:0.737 3600:0.033 3588:0.962 3580:0.733 3565:0.929 3554:0.711 3536:1.284 3528:0.723 3513:0.915 3510:1.542 3502:0.737 3487:0.915 3476:0.766 3461:0.921 3458:2.585 3450:0.796 3435:0.962 3432:3.945 3376:aurora 3323:liquid 3269:, and 3064:, the 2987:kJ/mol 2791:Aufbau 2736:aufbau 2711:, US. 2554:rocket 2520:Oxygen 2502:(oxys) 2495:roots 2465:ἄζωτον 2340:, and 2274:, and 2179:diving 2161:, and 2151:metals 2124:oxygen 2043:, and 1996:, and 1990:plants 1940:helium 1924:oxides 1892: 1890:symbol 1882:Oxygen 1842: 1797:stable 1793:99.8% 1594: 1487: 1373: 1341: 1293: 1291:kJ/mol 1235: 1144: 1127:Period 1077:oxygen 891:Curium 835:Radium 749:Osmium 693:Erbium 623:Cerium 609:Barium 586:Iodine 558:Indium 544:Silver 412:Copper 405:Nickel 398:Cobalt 317:Sulfur 280:Sodium 257:Oxygen 243:Carbon 211:Helium 128:15.999 59:Oxygen 14286:Other 12351:(PDF) 12336:(PDF) 12310:(PDF) 12303:(PDF) 12115:IUPAC 11721:(PDF) 11710:S2CID 11690:(PDF) 11343:S2CID 11212:S2CID 11186:arXiv 11123:arXiv 11047:S2CID 11021:arXiv 10929:S2CID 10874:S2CID 10818:34224 10686:S2CID 10246:S2CID 9889:(PDF) 9863:(PDF) 9848:(PDF) 9636:S2CID 9589:(PDF) 9582:(PDF) 9450:S2CID 9376:S2CID 9209:48–49 9150:S2CID 9107:S2CID 8367:(PDF) 8360:(PDF) 8306:S2CID 7960:CIAAW 7700:Notes 7639:Media 7430:Steel 7411:fuels 7397:crew. 7177:toxic 6832:furan 6557:, in 6525:, in 6306:Water 6242:Water 6199:with 6079:steel 6077:into 6057:smelt 5903:, or 5854:Scuba 5616:Redox 5591:liter 5562:gas. 5078:11-13 4954:ion ( 4910:) or 4494:Earth 4455:vs. O 4374:decay 4315:Venus 4112:10400 3950:stars 3871:1300 3845:1200 3819:1100 3799:1.09 3793:1000 3788:0.74 3539:0.92 3484:1.93 3327:solid 3311:4.95 3308:7.20 3300:6.04 3297:9.00 3267:liter 3076:. At 3032:when 3026:ozone 2800:. An 2493:Greek 2471:Azote 2461:(Gk. 2459:azote 2381:agent 2200:Greek 2135:steel 2110:, in 2091:from 2065:ozone 2053:water 1998:fungi 1905:group 1884:is a 1766:trace 1720:Decay 1541:cubic 1181:Phase 1158:[ 1139:Block 1115:Group 819:Radon 593:Xenon 331:Argon 236:Boron 132:0.001 79:ozone 12726:ISBN 12699:ISBN 12674:LCCN 12636:ISBN 12600:PMID 12551:PMID 12500:ISBN 12477:PMID 12429:2013 12398:2007 12359:2009 12318:2017 12256:ISBN 12216:ISBN 12197:2008 12166:PMID 12095:ISBN 12057:2008 12031:2008 12005:2007 11989:PMID 11959:link 11945:2008 11933:PMID 11906:link 11892:2008 11850:PMID 11815:PMID 11773:2018 11747:2018 11702:PMID 11672:link 11658:2008 11627:2008 11600:link 11586:2008 11555:link 11541:2008 11510:link 11496:2008 11484:PMID 11457:2008 11430:2008 11400:link 11386:2008 11374:PMID 11335:PMID 11283:2007 11159:PMID 11096:2020 10990:PMID 10945:2015 10921:PMID 10866:PMID 10823:PMID 10759:ISBN 10728:ISBN 10678:PMID 10630:ISBN 10565:2019 10539:2013 10503:2008 10491:NASA 10467:ISBN 10444:PMID 10376:ISBN 10338:2020 10320:ISBN 10291:ISBN 10238:PMID 10131:ISBN 10086:2007 10048:2011 10030:ISBN 10009:2009 9983:2009 9957:2009 9931:2023 9871:2007 9823:2007 9790:link 9772:OCLC 9762:ISBN 9737:OCLC 9727:ISBN 9679:2015 9661:ISBN 9597:2007 9562:2007 9530:ISBN 9499:ISBN 9480:2007 9368:PMID 9317:2008 9279:PMID 9245:2009 9213:ISBN 9181:2007 9142:PMID 9099:PMID 9047:ISBN 9013:PMID 8976:2007 8918:2008 8887:2015 8846:ISBN 8829:2011 8781:2007 8755:2007 8658:ISBN 8621:2008 8582:ISBN 8447:2016 8421:2020 8405:ISSN 8375:2018 8333:ISBN 8250:2007 8232:ISBN 8155:2020 8137:ISBN 8110:ISBN 8085:ISBN 8064:ISBN 8040:ISBN 8015:ISBN 7992:ISSN 7815:and 7756:2007 7511:for 7479:wood 7405:and 7403:Fire 7308:and 7132:The 7061:P403 7053:P244 7049:P220 7035:H272 6977:and 6856:DMSO 6699:and 6693:heme 6664:and 6577:(in 6569:(in 6563:rust 6561:and 6529:and 6497:and 6472:rock 6388:are 6372:and 6350:rust 6261:The 6172:and 6164:and 6113:and 6064:iron 5863:and 5856:and 5390:and 5218:iron 5208:and 5087:mmHg 5075:14.2 5054:Unit 4918:and 4826:+ 6 4810:+ 6 4700:+ 6 4653:+ 6 4649:6 CO 4637:and 4502:Mars 4498:Moon 4466:and 4299:Mars 4255:440 4234:580 4213:650 4192:960 4175:1090 4167:Iron 4154:1340 4146:Neon 4133:4600 3767:900 3741:800 3715:700 3689:600 3663:550 3637:500 3611:450 3585:400 3562:1.1 3559:350 3533:300 3507:250 3481:200 3455:150 3429:100 3386:and 3378:and 3325:and 3250:mg/L 3243:mg/L 3205:and 3087:The 2977:). O 2861:spin 2637:and 2575:and 2506:acid 2499:ὀξύς 2304:calx 2177:and 2141:and 2097:smog 2045:fats 1988:All 1948:bind 1938:and 1896:and 1866:edit 1859:talk 1852:view 1779:100% 1749:mode 1625:330 1569:t.p. 1545:cP16 1468:more 1353:100 1343:(Pa) 1249:b.p. 1170:2, 6 791:Lead 770:Gold 419:Zinc 391:Iron 271:Neon 15471:PtF 15346:NbO 15341:NbO 15312:NaO 15234:MoO 15226:MoO 15194:MnO 15189:MnO 15172:MgO 15099:IrO 15008:HgO 15000:HfO 14944:GeO 14939:GeO 14889:FeO 14848:CuO 14828:CsO 14784:CrO 14755:CoO 14678:ClO 14646:CeO 14641:CdO 14633:CaO 14628:CaO 14547:BrO 14527:BiO 14510:BeO 14505:BaO 14437:AmO 12851:BBC 12843:on 12807:at 12590:PMC 12582:doi 12541:PMC 12533:doi 12467:PMC 12459:doi 12455:317 12451:BMJ 12158:doi 12146:125 11842:doi 11807:doi 11325:doi 11251:doi 11239:499 11204:doi 11182:785 11149:PMC 11141:doi 11039:doi 10980:PMC 10972:doi 10913:doi 10901:348 10858:doi 10813:PMC 10803:doi 10670:doi 10658:501 10434:PMC 10424:doi 10283:doi 10228:doi 10216:452 9901:doi 9702:doi 9628:doi 9442:doi 9430:393 9403:doi 9360:doi 9348:443 9271:doi 9134:doi 9089:doi 9077:298 9003:doi 8699:PMC 8691:doi 8530:doi 8401:164 8298:doi 7984:doi 7002:GHS 6868:(CH 6852:DMF 6836:THF 6721:PtF 6706:PtF 6620:SiO 6599:SiO 6483:SiO 6398:FeO 6348:or 6297:). 6176:). 6073:of 5724:of 5706:or 5633:An 5513:). 5378:on 5273:ATP 5239:to 5091:107 5071:kPa 4843:In 4510:Sun 4474:). 4403:or 4275:Sun 4259:440 4238:580 4217:650 4196:960 3937:). 3259:kPa 3161:or 3125:GPa 3056:by 2989:. O 2765:As 2743:At 2450:tin 2355:of 2165:in 2118:in 2081:UVB 2027:in 1959:gas 1742:1/2 1627:m/s 1607:449 1394:90 1391:73 1388:61 1375:(K) 1350:10 1194:gas 1187:STP 565:Tin 169:ppm 73:, O 15497:: 15387:OF 15380:OF 15355:Nd 15329:Na 15320:Na 15259:NO 15254:NO 15242:Mo 15214:Mn 15202:Mn 15177:Mg 15160:Lu 15148:Li 15139:Li 15127:La 15107:KO 15087:In 15034:IO 15022:Ho 15013:Hg 14927:Ga 14918:Ga 14906:Fe 14894:Fe 14877:Eu 14865:Er 14853:Dy 14836:Cs 14822:12 14816:Cr 14804:Cr 14792:Cr 14772:Co 14760:Co 14743:Cl 14731:Cl 14719:Cl 14707:Cl 14695:Cl 14686:Cl 14666:Ce 14654:Ce 14608:CO 14603:CO 14580:Br 14567:Br 14555:Br 14535:Bi 14515:Bi 14481:Au 14469:As 14457:As 14445:Am 14425:Al 14413:Ag 14354:Rb 14344:Li 14304:Ar 14294:He 14263:Br 14253:Cl 14113:Og 14104:Ts 14095:Lv 14086:Mc 14077:Fl 14068:Nh 14059:Cn 14050:Rg 14041:Ds 14032:Mt 14023:Hs 14014:Bh 14005:Sg 13996:Db 13987:Rf 13978:Lr 13969:No 13960:Md 13951:Fm 13942:Es 13933:Cf 13924:Bk 13915:Cm 13906:Am 13897:Pu 13888:Np 13870:Pa 13861:Th 13852:Ac 13843:Ra 13834:Fr 13818:Rn 13809:At 13800:Po 13791:Bi 13782:Pb 13773:Tl 13764:Hg 13755:Au 13746:Pt 13737:Ir 13728:Os 13719:Re 13701:Ta 13692:Hf 13683:Lu 13674:Yb 13665:Tm 13656:Er 13647:Ho 13638:Dy 13629:Tb 13620:Gd 13611:Eu 13602:Sm 13593:Pm 13584:Nd 13575:Pr 13566:Ce 13557:La 13548:Ba 13539:Cs 13523:Xe 13505:Te 13496:Sb 13487:Sn 13478:In 13469:Cd 13460:Ag 13451:Pd 13442:Rh 13433:Ru 13424:Tc 13415:Mo 13406:Nb 13397:Zr 13377:Sr 13368:Rb 13352:Kr 13343:Br 13334:Se 13325:As 13316:Ge 13307:Ga 13298:Zn 13289:Cu 13280:Ni 13271:Co 13262:Fe 13253:Mn 13244:Cr 13226:Ti 13217:Sc 13206:Ca 13181:Ar 13172:Cl 13145:Si 13136:Al 13125:Mg 13116:Na 13100:Ne 13044:Be 13035:Li 13019:He 12994:18 12989:17 12984:16 12979:15 12974:14 12969:13 12964:12 12959:11 12954:10 12724:. 12697:. 12689:. 12672:. 12598:. 12588:. 12576:. 12572:. 12549:. 12539:. 12527:. 12523:. 12475:. 12465:. 12453:. 12449:. 12437:^ 12415:. 12342:. 12338:. 12230:^ 12187:. 12164:. 12156:. 12144:. 12117:: 12093:. 11985:36 11983:. 11979:. 11967:^ 11955:}} 11951:{{ 11929:34 11927:. 11923:. 11902:}} 11898:{{ 11884:29 11882:. 11878:. 11862:^ 11848:. 11838:60 11836:. 11813:. 11805:. 11795:32 11793:. 11781:^ 11708:. 11698:34 11696:. 11692:. 11668:}} 11664:{{ 11650:29 11648:. 11644:. 11596:}} 11592:{{ 11576:. 11572:. 11551:}} 11547:{{ 11531:. 11527:. 11506:}} 11502:{{ 11480:31 11478:. 11474:. 11416:. 11396:}} 11392:{{ 11370:23 11368:. 11364:. 11341:. 11333:. 11321:63 11319:. 11315:. 11291:^ 11249:. 11237:. 11233:. 11210:. 11202:. 11194:. 11180:. 11157:. 11147:. 11139:. 11131:. 11119:15 11117:. 11113:. 11086:. 11067:. 11045:. 11037:. 11029:. 11017:14 11015:. 11011:. 10988:. 10978:. 10968:49 10966:. 10962:. 10935:. 10927:. 10919:. 10911:. 10899:. 10895:. 10872:. 10864:. 10856:. 10844:. 10821:. 10811:. 10801:. 10791:96 10789:. 10785:. 10773:^ 10757:. 10684:. 10676:. 10668:. 10656:. 10644:^ 10595:^ 10573:^ 10555:. 10529:. 10523:. 10442:. 10432:. 10418:. 10414:. 10390:^ 10328:. 10314:. 10289:. 10281:. 10267:. 10244:. 10236:. 10226:. 10214:. 10210:. 10186:^ 10159:^ 10094:^ 10038:. 9999:. 9973:. 9947:. 9922:. 9897:45 9895:. 9891:. 9854:. 9850:. 9831:^ 9798:^ 9786:}} 9782:{{ 9770:. 9735:. 9698:71 9696:. 9669:. 9634:. 9626:. 9614:. 9570:^ 9528:. 9448:. 9440:. 9428:. 9399:94 9397:. 9374:. 9366:. 9358:. 9346:. 9307:. 9303:. 9291:^ 9277:. 9267:40 9265:. 9253:^ 9211:. 9189:^ 9148:. 9140:. 9130:29 9128:. 9105:. 9097:. 9087:. 9075:. 9071:. 9045:. 9011:. 8999:56 8997:. 8993:. 8944:. 8926:^ 8904:. 8856:. 8837:^ 8819:. 8802:30 8741:. 8728:^ 8713:^ 8697:. 8687:67 8685:. 8681:. 8644:^ 8605:. 8544:^ 8526:65 8524:. 8520:. 8484:^ 8455:^ 8411:. 8395:. 8383:^ 8347:^ 8304:. 8294:17 8292:. 8258:^ 8240:. 8226:. 8215:^ 8203:. 8184:^ 8163:^ 8145:. 7990:. 7982:. 7978:. 7958:. 7833:^ 7481:, 7117:OX 7059:, 7055:, 7051:, 7006:: 6981:. 6938:. 6930:, 6926:, 6922:, 6918:, 6912:OH 6886:CO 6858:, 6854:, 6850:, 6846:, 6842:, 6838:, 6834:, 6830:, 6826:, 6822:, 6818:, 6729:. 6725:, 6668:. 6641:Si 6632:Na 6611:Na 6609:, 6590:Na 6538:Fe 6506:Al 6457:CO 6414:Fe 6337:. 6281:, 6223:. 6133:. 6115:CO 6103:SO 6016:. 5927:. 5740:, 5710:. 5679:, 5614:, 5602:. 5406:, 5049:) 4934:. 4884:CO 4866:. 4847:, 4796:12 4686:12 4670:→ 4666:+ 4607:CO 4541:nm 4500:, 4372:, 4247:16 4226:12 4205:14 4163:26 4142:10 4027:, 4023:, 4019:, 4007:. 3976:. 3970:He 3925:, 3921:, 3181:. 3084:. 2983:pm 2961:, 2641:. 2633:, 2537:. 2445:. 2336:, 2306:. 2270:, 2266:, 2222:. 2181:. 2173:, 2169:, 2157:, 2153:, 2145:, 2137:, 2039:, 2035:, 1992:, 1783:N 1613:10 1609:.0 1605:+3 1485:pm 1433:+2 1431:, 1429:+1 1427:, 1423:, 1421:−1 1419:, 1416:−2 1347:1 1317:(O 1303:(O 1285:(O 1223:(O 1205:(O 1160:He 1079:→ 1075:← 15473:6 15469:2 15467:O 15459:2 15457:F 15455:6 15453:O 15445:2 15443:F 15441:5 15439:O 15431:2 15429:F 15427:4 15425:O 15417:2 15415:F 15413:3 15411:O 15403:2 15401:F 15399:2 15397:O 15389:2 15373:F 15371:2 15369:O 15361:3 15359:O 15357:2 15348:2 15335:2 15333:O 15331:2 15324:O 15322:2 15314:2 15306:5 15304:O 15302:2 15300:N 15294:4 15292:O 15290:2 15288:N 15282:3 15280:O 15278:2 15276:N 15271:O 15269:2 15267:N 15261:2 15248:3 15246:O 15244:2 15236:3 15228:2 15220:7 15218:O 15216:2 15208:3 15206:O 15204:2 15196:2 15183:3 15181:O 15179:2 15166:3 15164:O 15162:2 15154:2 15152:O 15150:2 15143:O 15141:2 15133:3 15131:O 15129:2 15121:2 15119:O 15117:2 15115:K 15109:2 15101:2 15093:3 15091:O 15089:2 15081:9 15079:O 15077:4 15075:I 15069:6 15067:O 15065:2 15063:I 15057:5 15055:O 15053:2 15051:I 15045:4 15043:O 15041:2 15039:I 15028:3 15026:O 15024:2 15017:O 15015:2 15002:2 14994:2 14992:O 14990:2 14988:H 14983:O 14981:2 14979:H 14974:O 14972:2 14970:H 14965:O 14963:2 14961:H 14956:O 14954:2 14952:H 14946:2 14933:3 14931:O 14929:2 14922:O 14920:2 14912:4 14910:O 14908:3 14900:3 14898:O 14896:2 14883:3 14881:O 14879:2 14871:3 14869:O 14867:2 14859:3 14857:O 14855:2 14842:3 14840:O 14838:2 14830:2 14820:O 14818:5 14810:5 14808:O 14806:2 14798:3 14796:O 14794:2 14786:3 14778:4 14776:O 14774:3 14766:3 14764:O 14762:2 14749:7 14747:O 14745:2 14737:6 14735:O 14733:2 14725:4 14723:O 14721:2 14713:3 14711:O 14709:2 14701:2 14699:O 14697:2 14690:O 14688:2 14680:2 14672:3 14670:O 14668:2 14660:4 14658:O 14656:3 14648:2 14635:2 14622:2 14620:O 14618:3 14616:C 14610:2 14594:8 14589:O 14585:3 14573:5 14571:O 14569:2 14561:3 14559:O 14557:2 14549:2 14541:5 14539:O 14537:2 14529:2 14521:3 14519:O 14517:2 14499:3 14497:O 14495:2 14493:B 14487:3 14485:O 14483:2 14475:5 14473:O 14471:2 14463:3 14461:O 14459:2 14451:3 14449:O 14447:2 14439:2 14431:3 14429:O 14427:2 14419:4 14417:O 14415:4 14394:e 14387:t 14380:v 14356:2 14346:2 14336:2 14334:S 14326:2 14324:P 14316:2 14314:C 14306:2 14296:2 14275:2 14273:I 14265:2 14255:2 14245:2 14243:F 14235:2 14233:O 14225:2 14223:N 14215:2 14213:H 14187:e 14180:t 14173:v 13879:U 13827:7 13710:W 13532:6 13514:I 13388:Y 13361:5 13235:V 13197:K 13190:4 13163:S 13154:P 13109:3 13091:F 13082:O 13073:N 13064:C 13055:B 13028:2 13008:H 13001:1 12949:9 12944:8 12939:7 12934:6 12929:5 12924:4 12919:3 12912:2 12907:1 12884:e 12877:t 12870:v 12824:2 12799:) 12791:( 12786:) 12755:) 12751:3 12748:( 12734:. 12707:. 12680:. 12644:. 12606:. 12584:: 12578:1 12557:. 12535:: 12529:1 12508:. 12483:. 12461:: 12431:. 12400:. 12361:. 12344:4 12320:. 12264:. 12224:. 12199:. 12172:. 12160:: 12152:: 12103:. 12059:. 12033:. 12007:. 11961:) 11947:. 11908:) 11894:. 11856:. 11844:: 11821:. 11809:: 11801:: 11775:. 11749:. 11674:) 11660:. 11629:. 11602:) 11588:. 11578:5 11557:) 11543:. 11533:5 11512:) 11498:. 11459:. 11432:. 11402:) 11388:. 11349:. 11327:: 11285:. 11259:. 11253:: 11245:: 11218:. 11206:: 11198:: 11188:: 11165:. 11143:: 11135:: 11125:: 11098:. 11071:. 11041:: 11033:: 11023:: 10996:. 10974:: 10947:. 10915:: 10907:: 10880:. 10860:: 10852:: 10846:7 10829:. 10805:: 10797:: 10767:. 10736:. 10692:. 10672:: 10664:: 10638:. 10567:. 10541:. 10505:. 10475:. 10450:. 10426:: 10420:8 10384:. 10340:. 10299:. 10285:: 10252:. 10230:: 10222:: 10139:. 10088:. 10050:. 10011:. 9985:. 9959:. 9933:. 9907:. 9903:: 9873:. 9825:. 9792:) 9778:. 9743:. 9708:. 9704:: 9681:. 9642:. 9630:: 9622:: 9616:1 9599:. 9564:. 9538:. 9507:. 9482:. 9456:. 9444:: 9436:: 9409:. 9405:: 9382:. 9362:: 9354:: 9337:8 9332:O 9319:. 9285:. 9273:: 9247:. 9221:. 9183:. 9156:. 9136:: 9113:. 9091:: 9083:: 9055:. 9019:. 9005:: 8978:. 8920:. 8889:. 8831:. 8804:. 8783:. 8757:. 8707:. 8693:: 8666:. 8623:. 8590:. 8538:. 8532:: 8449:. 8423:. 8377:. 8341:. 8312:. 8300:: 8252:. 8157:. 8118:. 8093:. 8048:. 8023:. 7998:. 7986:: 7922:2 7917:O 7910:2 7905:O 7898:2 7893:O 7860:2 7855:O 7760:) 7758:. 7608:: 7568:: 7518:2 7513:O 7471:3 7467:1 7459:2 7454:O 7443:2 7438:O 7423:2 7418:O 7388:2 7383:O 7360:2 7355:O 7348:2 7343:O 7335:2 7330:O 7319:2 7314:O 7292:2 7287:O 7280:2 7275:O 7268:2 7263:O 7252:2 7247:O 7237:2 7232:O 7218:2 7213:O 7198:2 7193:O 7170:2 7165:O 7110:1 7103:0 7096:0 6968:2 6963:O 6908:5 6903:H 6899:6 6894:C 6892:( 6882:2 6877:) 6873:3 6805:2 6798:( 6723:6 6719:2 6711:6 6686:2 6681:O 6655:5 6650:O 6646:2 6637:2 6625:3 6616:2 6604:4 6595:4 6552:3 6547:O 6543:2 6520:3 6515:O 6511:2 6488:2 6478:( 6462:2 6455:( 6446:x 6431:O 6425:x 6419:1 6400:( 6319:O 6315:2 6310:H 6308:( 6255:O 6251:2 6246:H 6244:( 6218:2 6213:O 6206:2 6201:O 6147:2 6142:O 6131:C 6120:2 6108:2 6088:2 6083:O 6066:. 6050:2 6045:O 5996:2 5991:O 5953:2 5948:O 5941:2 5936:O 5918:2 5913:O 5894:2 5889:O 5874:2 5869:O 5845:2 5840:O 5825:2 5820:O 5814:. 5805:2 5800:O 5780:2 5775:O 5755:2 5750:O 5731:2 5726:O 5658:2 5653:O 5557:2 5552:O 5528:2 5523:O 5496:2 5491:O 5480:2 5475:O 5465:2 5460:O 5450:2 5445:N 5434:2 5429:O 5340:2 5335:O 5321:2 5316:O 5305:2 5300:O 5282:2 5277:O 5262:2 5257:O 5247:( 5191:2 5186:O 5179:2 5174:O 5167:2 5162:O 5155:2 5150:O 5143:2 5138:O 5047:2 5014:2 5009:O 4986:2 4981:O 4977:2 4972:H 4970:( 4961:2 4956:O 4929:2 4924:O 4914:( 4902:( 4889:2 4877:2 4872:O 4854:2 4849:O 4837:O 4833:2 4828:H 4824:2 4817:2 4812:O 4805:6 4800:O 4791:H 4787:6 4782:C 4761:2 4756:O 4707:2 4702:O 4695:6 4690:O 4681:H 4677:6 4672:C 4664:O 4660:2 4655:H 4651:2 4621:. 4612:2 4600:2 4595:O 4573:2 4434:2 4429:O 4418:2 4413:O 4386:2 4381:O 4348:. 4343:2 4338:O 4324:2 4319:O 4308:2 4303:O 4184:7 4121:6 4102:8 4081:2 4060:1 4048:Z 3966:N 3931:O 3927:O 3923:O 3395:2 3355:2 3350:O 3335:2 3330:O 3319:K 3234:2 3229:N 3222:2 3217:O 3197:) 3195:2 3168:3 3163:O 3156:2 3151:O 3137:8 3132:O 3118:2 3113:O 3102:4 3097:O 3095:( 3051:2 3046:O 3039:2 3034:O 3019:3 3014:O 3004:2 2999:O 2991:2 2979:2 2968:2 2963:O 2947:2 2899:2 2894:O 2877:2 2872:O 2850:2 2845:O 2819:2 2814:O 2757:2 2752:O 2683:2 2678:O 2504:( 2074:3 2069:O 2067:( 1968:2 1963:O 1894:O 1817:O 1804:O 1789:O 1776:β 1761:O 1744:) 1739:t 1737:( 1697:e 1690:v 1611:× 1571:) 1565:a 1547:) 1466:( 1425:0 1370:T 1338:P 1319:2 1305:2 1287:2 1251:) 1225:2 1211:K 1207:2 1109:8 1104:) 1102:Z 1100:( 1066:S 1063:↓ 1060:O 1057:↑ 1055:– 138:) 130:± 112:r 109:A 85:) 77:( 75:3 71:2 69:O 37:O 35:8 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index