Hydrogen - Knowledge

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Apothecaries, (those being usually not free enough from rust) but such as I had a while before caus'd to be purposely fil'd off from a piece of good steel. This metalline powder being moistn'd in the viol with a little of the menstruum, was afterwards drench'd with more; whereupon the mixture grew very hot, and belch'd up copious and stinking fumes; which whether they consisted altogether of the volatile sulfur of the Mars , or of metalline steams participating of a sulfureous nature, and join'd with the saline exhalations of the menstruum, is not necessary to be here discuss'd. But whencesoever this stinking smoak proceeded, so inflammable it was, that upon the approach of a lighted candle to it, it would readily enough take fire, and burn with a blewish and somewhat greenish flame at the mouth of the viol for a good while together; and that, though with little light, yet with more strength than one would easily suspect.

4038: 2918: 2100: 2506: 3967: 2086: 2085: 2090: 2089: 2084: 4372: 2091: 4187: 4486: 2088: 2264: 12346: 4958: 5355: 1444: 7117: 6257: 6170: 2934: 12996: 42: 2926: 12905: 6253: 1775: 1500: 12945: 12917: 12979: 2494: 12837: 12962: 4749: 2087: 6256: 2648:. By some definitions, "organic" compounds are only required to contain carbon. However, most of them also contain hydrogen, and because it is the carbon-hydrogen bond that gives this class of compounds most of its particular chemical characteristics, carbon-hydrogen bonds are required in some definitions of the word "organic" in chemistry. Millions of 6258: 6044:

can use the small amount of hydrogen in the atmosphere as a source of energy when other sources are lacking, using a hydrogenase with small channels that exclude oxygen and so permits the reaction to occur even though the hydrogen concentration is very low and the oxygen concentration is as in normal

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Tracts written by the Honourable Robert Boyle containing new experiments, touching the relation betwixt flame and air, and about explosions, an hydrostatical discourse occasion'd by some objections of Dr. Henry More against some explications of new experiments made by the author of these tracts: To

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Elemental hydrogen is widely discussed in the context of energy as an energy carrier with potential to help to decarbonize economies and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. This therefore requires hydrogen to be produced cleanly in quantities to be supplied in sectors and applications where cheaper

5139:, but the rate of hydrogen evolution depends on the metal, the pH, and the presence of alloying agents. Most often, hydrogen evolution is induced by acids. The alkali and alkaline earth metals, aluminium, zinc, manganese, and iron react readily with aqueous acids. This reaction is the basis of the 5027:

This route has a lower carbon footprint than commercial hydrogen production processes. Developing a commercial methane pyrolysis process could expedite the expanded use of hydrogen in industrial and transportation applications. Methane pyrolysis is accomplished by passing methane through a molten

4226:; the first of which had its maiden flight in 1900. Regularly scheduled flights started in 1910 and by the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, they had carried 35,000 passengers without a serious incident. Hydrogen-lifted airships were used as observation platforms and bombers during the war. 5596:

could make large-scale production of hydrogen from electricity more cost-competitive. There is potential for hydrogen produced this way to play a significant role in decarbonizing energy systems where there are challenges and limitations to replacing fossil fuels with direct use of electricity.

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to enhance the visibility of data displays, such as for painting the hands and dial-markers of watches. The watch glass prevents the small amount of radiation from escaping the case. Small amounts of tritium are produced naturally by cosmic rays striking atmospheric gases; tritium has also been

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Having provided a saline spirit , which by an uncommon way of preparation was made exceeding sharp and piercing, we put into a vial, capable of containing three or four ounces of water, a convenient quantity of filings of steel, which were not such as are commonly sold in shops to Chymists and

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states, with properties quite distinct from those of molecular hydrogen. As a plasma, hydrogen's electron and proton are not bound together, resulting in very high electrical conductivity and high emissivity (producing the light from the Sun and other stars). The charged particles are highly

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Gurov, Y. B.; Aleshkin, D. V.; Behr, M. N.; Lapushkin, S. V.; Morokhov, P. V.; Pechkurov, V. A.; Poroshin, N. O.; Sandukovsky, V. G.; Tel'kushev, M. V.; Chernyshev, B. A.; Tschurenkova, T. D. (2004). "Spectroscopy of superheavy hydrogen isotopes in stopped-pion absorption by nuclei".

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which is annex't, an hydrostatical letter, dilucidating an experiment about a way of weighing water in water, new experiments, of the positive or relative levity of bodies under water, of the air's spring on bodies under water, about the differing pressure of heavy solids and fluids

4331:, Ohio, owned by the Dayton Power & Light Co. This was justified by the high thermal conductivity and very low viscosity of hydrogen gas, thus lower drag than air. This is the most common coolant used for generators 60 MW and larger; smaller generators are usually 4430:

gas below room temperature and begins to increasingly resemble that of a monatomic gas at cryogenic temperatures. According to quantum theory, this behavior arises from the spacing of the (quantized) rotational energy levels, which are particularly wide-spaced in

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because of its low mass. These widely spaced levels inhibit equal partition of heat energy into rotational motion in hydrogen at low temperatures. Diatomic gases composed of heavier atoms do not have such widely spaced levels and do not exhibit the same effect.

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ratio (it often takes days or weeks at a given temperature to reach the equilibrium ratio, for which the data is usually given). Hydrogen detonation parameters, such as critical detonation pressure and temperature, strongly depend on the container geometry.

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of minute leaks. Applications can be found in the automotive, chemical, power generation, aerospace, and telecommunications industries. Hydrogen is an authorized food additive (E 949) that allows food package leak testing, as well as having anti-oxidizing

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Unique among the elements, distinct names are assigned to its isotopes in common use. During the early study of radioactivity, heavy radioisotopes were given their own names, but these are mostly no longer used. The symbols D and T (instead of

2447:, having higher energy than the para form by 1.455 kJ/mol, and it converts to the para form over the course of several minutes when cooled to low temperature. The thermal properties of the forms differ because they differ in their allowed 2758:

Although hydrides can be formed with almost all main-group elements, the number and combination of possible compounds varies widely; for example, more than 100 binary borane hydrides are known, but only one binary aluminium hydride. Binary

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made from atomic hydrogen, boron or carbon that is frozen into solid molecular hydrogen particles suspended in liquid helium. Upon warming, the mixture vaporizes to allow the atomic species to recombine, heating the mixture to high

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Bondi, D. K.; Connor, J. N. L.; Manz, J.; Römelt, J. (20 October 1983). "Exact quantum and vibrationally adiabatic quantum, semiclassical and quasiclassical study of the collinear reactions Cl + MuCl, Cl + HCl, Cl + DCl".

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to produce electricity or via combustion to generate heat. When hydrogen is consumed in fuel cells, the only emission at the point of use is water vapor. Combustion of hydrogen can lead to the thermal formation of harmful

2841:, cannot exist in solution or in ionic crystals because of its strong attraction to other atoms or molecules with electrons. Except at the high temperatures associated with plasmas, such protons cannot be removed from the 6473:

Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022).

5613:. Hydrogen used to decarbonise transportation is likely to find its largest applications in shipping, aviation and, to a lesser extent, heavy goods vehicles, through the use of hydrogen-derived synthetic fuels such as 12827: 12817: 10674: 4008:

The word "sulfureous" may be somewhat confusing, especially since Boyle did a similar experiment with iron and sulfuric acid. However, in all likelihood, "sulfureous" should here be understood to mean "combustible".

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Korsheninnikov, A.; Nikolskii, E.; Kuzmin, E.; Ozawa, A.; Morimoto, K.; Tokanai, F.; Kanungo, R.; Tanihata, I.; et al. (2003). "Experimental Evidence for the Existence of H and for a Specific Structure of He".

2443:. The equilibrium ratio of ortho- to para-hydrogen depends on temperature. At room temperature or warmer, equilibrium hydrogen gas contains about 25% of the para form and 75% of the ortho form. The ortho form is an 2300:

of the atom, in which the electron "orbits" the proton, like how Earth orbits the Sun. However, the electron and proton are held together by electrostatic attraction, while planets and celestial objects are held by

6325:, leading to cracks and explosions. Hydrogen gas leaking into external air may spontaneously ignite. Moreover, hydrogen fire, while being extremely hot, is almost invisible, and thus can lead to accidental burns. 5600:

Hydrogen fuel can produce the intense heat required for industrial production of steel, cement, glass, and chemicals, thus contributing to the decarbonisation of industry alongside other technologies, such as

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Disadvantages of hydrogen as an energy carrier include high costs of storage and distribution due to hydrogen's explosivity, its large volume compared to other fuels, and its tendency to make pipes brittle.

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Combustion of hydrogen with the oxygen in the air. When the bottom cap is removed, allowing air to enter at the bottom, the hydrogen in the container rises out of top and burns as it mixes with the air.

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and >90% by number of atoms. Most of the mass of the universe, however, is not in the form of chemical-element type matter, but rather is postulated to occur as yet-undetected forms of mass such as

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quantity of hydrogen at the anode. For hydrides other than group 1 and 2 metals, the term is quite misleading, considering the low electronegativity of hydrogen. An exception in group 2 hydrides is

11399: 3242:, due to the mass difference between the antimuon and the proton, and IUPAC nomenclature incorporates such hypothetical compounds as muonium chloride (MuCl) and sodium muonide (NaMu), analogous to 10327:

Gong, Ming; Zhou, Wu; Tsai, Mon-Che; Zhou, Jigang; Guan, Mingyun; Lin, Meng-Chang; Zhang, Bo; Hu, Yongfeng; Wang, Di-Yan; Yang, Jiang; Pennycook, Stephen J.; Hwang, Bing-Joe; Dai, Hongjie (2014).

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process is currently more expensive than creating hydrogen from methane without CCS and the efficiency of energy conversion is inherently low. Hydrogen can be produced when there is a surplus of

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Oda, Y.; Nakamura, H.; Yamazaki, T.; Nagayama, K.; Yoshida, M.; Kanaya, S.; Ikehara, M. (1992). "1H NMR studies of deuterated ribonuclease HI selectively labeled with protonated amino acids".

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through an incandescent iron tube heated in a fire. Anaerobic oxidation of iron by the protons of water at high temperature can be schematically represented by the set of following reactions:

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reproduced Cavendish's finding that water is produced when hydrogen is burned. Lavoisier produced hydrogen for his experiments on mass conservation by reacting a flux of steam with metallic

3051:, and has endured since then. Deuterium is not radioactive, and is not a significant toxicity hazard. Water enriched in molecules that include deuterium instead of normal hydrogen is called 5551:(CCS) could remove a large fraction of these emissions, the overall carbon footprint of hydrogen from natural gas is difficult to assess as of 2021, in part because of emissions (including 4256:

on 6 May 1937. The incident was broadcast live on radio and filmed. Ignition of leaking hydrogen is widely assumed to be the cause, but later investigations pointed to the ignition of the

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Hydrogen is commonly used in power stations as a coolant in generators due to a number of favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules. These include low

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other than methane can be used to produce synthesis gas with varying product ratios. One of the many complications to this highly optimized technology is the formation of coke or carbon:

8565: 5445:, consumes a few percent of the energy budget in the entire industry. The resulting ammonia is used to supply most of the protein consumed by humans. Hydrogenation is used to convert 2183:

was a notorious example of hydrogen combustion and the cause is still debated. The visible flames in the photographs were the result of carbon compounds in the airship skin burning.

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To avoid the implication of the naked "solvated proton" in solution, acidic aqueous solutions are sometimes considered to contain a less unlikely fictitious species, termed the "

2343:. In the quantum mechanical treatment, the electron in a ground state hydrogen atom has no angular momentum—illustrating how the "planetary orbit" differs from electron motion. 11633: 12826: 12816: 10504: 5539:. The overall lifecycle emissions of hydrogen depend on how it is produced. Nearly all the world's current supply of hydrogen is created from fossil fuels. The main method is 10385: 10666: 11182: 11221: 11065: 9392: 8275:

Okumura, A. M.; Yeh, L. I.; Myers, J. D.; Lee, Y. T. (1990). "Infrared spectra of the solvated hydronium ion: vibrational predissociation spectroscopy of mass-selected H

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for steelmaking. However, it is likely to play a larger role in providing industrial feedstock for cleaner production of ammonia and organic chemicals. For example, in

2026:, in 1766–81, identified hydrogen gas as a distinct substance and discovered its property of producing water when burned; hence its name means "water-former" in Greek. 10705: 8322:

Perdoncin, G.; Scorrano, G. (1977). "Protonation Equilibria in Water at Several Temperatures of Alcohols, Ethers, Acetone, Dimethyl Sulfide, and Dimethyl Sulfoxide".

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Lubitz, Wolfgang; Reijerse, Eduard; Van Gastel, Maurice (2007). "[NiFe] and [FeFe] Hydrogenases Studied by Advanced Magnetic Resonance Techniques".

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Even interpreting the hydrogen data (including safety data) is confounded by a number of phenomena. Many physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on the

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One of the first quantum effects to be explicitly noticed (but not understood at the time) was a Maxwell observation involving hydrogen, half a century before full

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of atoms and molecules, and will remain attached to them. However, the term 'proton' is sometimes used loosely and metaphorically to refer to positively charged or

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for electricity generation and as a heat source. When used in fuel cells, hydrogen's only emission at point of use is water vapor, though combustion can produce

8598: 5573:, then stored and used to generate heat or to re-generate electricity. Hydrogen created through electrolysis using renewable energy is commonly referred to as " 5098:

have been evaluated for their commercial potential to produce hydrogen and oxygen from water and heat without using electricity. A number of labs (including in

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is also powered by nickel-hydrogen batteries, which were finally replaced in May 2009, more than 19 years after launch and 13 years beyond their design life.

9588: 9491: 8822: 5786: 12439: 2868:). However, even in this case, such solvated hydrogen cations are more realistically conceived as being organized into clusters that form species closer to 12228: 6459: 11380: 9615: 7872: 6267: 1641: 11806: 7943: 12006: 6562: 2601:, hydrogen can participate in a form of medium-strength noncovalent bonding with another electronegative element with a lone pair, a phenomenon called 12513: 12155: 11779:

Durgutlu, A. (2003). "Experimental investigation of the effect of hydrogen in argon as a shielding gas on TIG welding of austenitic stainless steel".

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Electricity can be used to split water molecules, producing sustainable hydrogen, provided the electricity was generated sustainably. However, this

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Further research continues in several laboratories, including at Karlsruhe Liquid-metal Laboratory and at University of California – Santa Barbara.

4760:(SMR), the reaction of water and methane. Thus, at high temperature (1000–1400 K, 700–1100°C or 1300–2000°F), steam (water vapor) reacts with 12488: 11484: 2577:

is not very reactive under standard conditions, it does form compounds with most elements. Hydrogen can form compounds with elements that are more

6921: 6321:) associated with very cold liquids. Hydrogen dissolves in many metals and in addition to leaking out, may have adverse effects on them, such as 6281: 7041: 4740:, but three dominate commercially: steam reforming often coupled to water-gas shift, partial oxidation of hydrocarbons, and water electrolysis. 2313:

by Bohr, the electron in the Bohr model can only occupy certain allowed distances from the proton, and therefore only certain allowed energies.

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Kirchheim, R.; Mutschele, T.; Kieninger, W.; Gleiter, H.; Birringer, R.; Koble, T. (1988). "Hydrogen in amorphous and nanocrystalline metals".

4029:" and further finding in 1781 that the gas produces water when burned. He is usually given credit for the discovery of hydrogen as an element. 12383: 10792: 6875: 2249:

or air combust readily when heated to at least 500°C by a spark or flame, they do not react at room temperature in the absence of a catalyst.

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of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press (In Press). pp. 91–92.

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Takeshita, T.; Wallace, W. E.; Craig, R. S. (1974). "Hydrogen solubility in 1:5 compounds between yttrium or thorium and nickel or cobalt".

7833: 7492: 14336: 8829:, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, Chemical Nomenclature and Structure Representation Division, IUPAC. Accessed on line 3 October 2007. 8682: 8659: 5079: 10766: 9877:

Storrie-Lombardi, L. J.; Wolfe, A. M. (2000). "Surveys for z > 3 Damped Lyman-alpha Absorption Systems: the Evolution of Neutral Gas".

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and its component two protons and two electrons. Creation of hydrogen gas occurs in the transfer of reducing equivalents, produced during

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that is critical to the stability of many biological molecules. Hydrogen also forms compounds with less electronegative elements, such as

12099: 10282:"Co-production of synthetic fuels and district heat from biomass residues, carbon dioxide and electricity: Performance and cost analysis" 7294: 7212: 11933: 11548:

Le Comber, P. G.; Jones, D. I.; Spear, W. E. (1977). "Hall effect and impurity conduction in substitutionally doped amorphous silicon".

7977: 5547:, the main component of natural gas. Producing one tonne of hydrogen through this process emits 6.6–9.3 tonnes of carbon dioxide. While 4210:

in 1783. Hydrogen provided the lift for the first reliable form of air-travel following the 1852 invention of the first hydrogen-lifted

2712:, a term that is used fairly loosely. The term "hydride" suggests that the H atom has acquired a negative or anionic character, denoted 11248:"Industrial decarbonization via hydrogen: A critical and systematic review of developments, socio-technical systems and policy options" 11088: 6825: 1800: 8218:

Hibbs, D. E.; Jones, C.; Smithies, N. A. (1999). "A remarkably stable indium trihydride complex: synthesis and characterisation of ".

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reserves in the United States promised increased safety, but the U.S. government refused to sell the gas for this purpose. Therefore,

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Robert Boyle, Tracts written by the Honourable Robert Boyle containing new experiments, touching the relation betwixt flame and air...

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Anderson, P. M.; Coyne, J. W. (2002). "A lightweight, high reliability, single battery power system for interplanetary spacecraft".

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Holte, A. E.; Houck, M. A.; Collie, N. L. (2004). "Potential Role of Parasitism in the Evolution of Mutualism in Astigmatid Mites".

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Milenko, Yu. Ya.; Sibileva, R. M.; Strzhemechny, M. A. (1997). "Natural ortho-para conversion rate in liquid and gaseous hydrogen".

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Inputs and outputs of steam reforming (SMR) and water gas shift (WGS) reaction of natural gas, a process used in hydrogen production

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more rapidly than heavier gases. However, hydrogen is the third most abundant element on the Earth's surface, mostly in the form of

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is one of the most abundant ions in the universe, and it plays a notable role in the chemistry of the interstellar medium. Neutral

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Olefin production units may produce substantial quantities of byproduct hydrogen particularly from cracking light feedstocks like

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with most nonmetals, contributing to the formation of compounds like water and various organic substances. Its role is crucial in

12581: 8166: 8007: 7375: 2448: 11163: 9790: 9133: 12866: 11209: 11055: 10643: 8793: 7670: 6122: 5977: 4386:, together with the spectrum of light produced from it or absorbed by it, has been central to the development of the theory of 9855: 2589:; in these compounds hydrogen takes on a partial positive charge. When bonded to a more electronegative element, particularly 13026: 12781: 12758: 12737: 12716: 12695: 12620: 12093: 11866: 11393: 11176: 10954: 10920: 10211: 10181: 10086: 9646: 9533: 9330: 9242: 9090: 8869: 8259: 7441: 7399: 7288: 7206: 6886: 6734: 6678: 6630: 6600: 6575: 6545: 9386: 9218: 7462: 6216: 2473:

and produces enough heat to evaporate most of the liquid if not converted first to parahydrogen during the cooling process.

15275: 11890: 10697: 10413:"Optimization-based technoeconomic analysis of molten-media methane pyrolysis for reducing industrial sector CO2 emissions" 9557: 7546: 5527:

of energy rather than an energy resource, because there is no naturally occurring source of hydrogen in useful quantities.

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This reaction is favored at low pressures, Nonetheless, conducted at high pressures (2.0 MPa, 20 atm or 600

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at 1420 MHz that is detected in order to probe primordial hydrogen. The large amount of neutral hydrogen found in the

2381: 6071:(ppm) but can be 50 ppm when people with intestinal disorders consume molecules they cannot absorb during diagnostic 4408:, which followed shortly after the quantum mechanical treatment of the hydrogen atom had been developed in the mid-1920s. 2921:

The three naturally-occurring isotopes of hydrogen: hydrogen-1 (protium), hydrogen-2 (deuterium), and hydrogen-3 (tritium)

2175:; such leaks can be very dangerous. Hydrogen flames in other conditions are blue, resembling blue natural gas flames. The 12933: 11313: 11252: 7780: 6794: 6343: 12985: 8720: 8847: 7914: 6762: 6520: 2164: 1881: 1634: 7805:

Svadlenak, R. E.; Scott, A. B. (1957). "The Conversion of Ortho- to Parahydrogen on Iron Oxide-Zinc Oxide Catalysts".

6960: 100: 11247: 11035: 10139:"1934 Patent: "The manufacture of hydrogen from methane hydrocarbons by the action of steam at elevated temperature"" 10121: 9485: 9052: 8853: 8591: 8557: 7412: 7084:"Optimising air quality co-benefits in a hydrogen economy: a case for hydrogen-specific standards for NO x emissions" 4037: 3956: 2139:

Hydrogen gas forms explosive mixtures with air in concentrations from 4–74% and with chlorine at 5–95%. The hydrogen

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structure. Furthermore, study of the corresponding simplicity of the hydrogen molecule and the corresponding cation

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A depiction of a hydrogen atom with size of central proton shown, and the atomic diameter shown as about twice the

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Jannette, A. G.; Hojnicki, J. S.; McKissock, D. B.; Fincannon, J.; Kerslake, T. W.; Rodriguez, C. D. (July 2002).

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as the universe cooled and plasma had cooled enough for electrons to remain bound to protons. Hydrogen, typically

12645: 12446: 10698:"Researchers develop potentially low-cost, low-emissions technology that can convert methane without forming CO2" 8191:

Downs, A. J.; Pulham, C. R. (1994). "The hydrides of aluminium, gallium, indium, and thallium: a re-evaluation".

8119: 5489: 3238:, muonium is too unstable for observable chemistry. Nevertheless, muonium compounds are important test cases for 1613: 1220: 12275: 11744:

Peacock, P. W.; Robertson, J. (2003). "Behavior of hydrogen in high dielectric constant oxide gate insulators".

11010: 5192:, are slow to react with water because they form passivated oxide coatings of oxides. An alloy of aluminium and 11309:"Using hydrogen and ammonia for renewable energy storage: A geographically comprehensive techno-economic study" 10258: 9611: 7577: 7345: 7190: 4320: 2159:

light and with high oxygen mix are nearly invisible to the naked eye, as illustrated by the faint plume of the

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Hardy, W. N. (2003). "From H2 to cryogenic H masers to HiTc superconductors: An unlikely but rewarding path".

10971: 7864: 5609:, hydrogen could function as a clean energy carrier and also as a low-carbon catalyst, replacing coal-derived 5397:, i.e., the cleavage of bonds by hydrogen. Illustrative is the separation of sulfur from liquid fossil fuels: 3055:. Deuterium and its compounds are used as a non-radioactive label in chemical experiments and in solvents for 2728:

in 1916 for group 1 and 2 salt-like hydrides, was demonstrated by Moers in 1920 by the electrolysis of molten

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is produced by hydrogenation of carbon dioxide. It is similarly the source of hydrogen in the manufacture of

4661: 4025:"inflammable air". He speculated that "inflammable air" was in fact identical to the hypothetical substance " 2099: 11999: 10069:

Helm, H.; et al. (2003), "Coupling of Bound States to Continuum States in Neutral Triatomic Hydrogen",

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Hydrogen is sometimes produced and consumed in the same industrial process, without being separated. In the

15206: 12876: 12520: 12122: 11119: 11019: 10793:"Development of Solar-Powered Thermochemical Production of Hydrogen from Water, DOE Hydrogen Program, 2007" 8349:

Carrington, A.; McNab, I. R. (1989). "The infrared predissociation spectrum of triatomic hydrogen cation (H

6758: 6696:"Name game: The naming history of the chemical elements—part 1—from antiquity till the end of 18th century" 6206: 6114:. Efforts have been undertaken to genetically modify cyanobacterial hydrogenases to efficiently synthesize 3021: 10894: 7600: 4347:

was used for the first time in 1977 aboard the U.S. Navy's Navigation technology satellite-2 (NTS-2). The

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of this isotope consists of only a single proton, it is given the descriptive but rarely used formal name

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Parmuzina, A.V.; Kravchenko, O.V. (2008). "Activation of aluminium metal to evolve hydrogen from water".

10170: 8513: 7045: 6031: 5989: 4348: 4344: 4273: 4272:. Hydrogen is still used, in preference to non-flammable but more expensive helium, as a lifting gas for 3047:

in the nucleus. Nearly all deuterium in the universe is thought to have been produced at the time of the

12475: 11473: 4311:, which consists of deuterium in the place of regular hydrogen, was discovered by Urey's group in 1932. 15240: 12895: 12300:

Kruse, O.; Rupprecht, J.; Bader, K.; Thomas-Hall, S.; Schenk, P. M.; Finazzi, G.; Hankamer, B. (2005).

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is produced in labs, often as a by-product of other reactions. Many metals react with water to produce

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are known, and they are usually formed by complicated pathways that seldom involve elemental hydrogen.

2516:, so one unit corresponds to a 10× change. The left edge corresponds to 10 Pa, or about one atmosphere. 1080: 6983: 6789: 4676:) is found in the interstellar medium, where it is generated by ionization of molecular hydrogen from 4136: 2022:

Hydrogen gas was first produced artificially in the early 16th century by reacting acids with metals.

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occurs in human breath due to the metabolic activity of hydrogenase-containing microorganisms in the

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Eisenmann, Alexander; Amann, Anton; Said, Michael; Datta, Bettina; Ledochowski, Maximilian (2008).

11480: 10799: 10729:"BASF researchers working on fundamentally new, low-carbon production processes, Methane Pyrolysis" 10168:

Press, Roman J.; Santhanam, K. S. V.; Miri, Massoud J.; Bailey, Alla V.; Takacs, Gerald A. (2008).

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V. W. Hughes; et al. (1960). "Formation of Muonium and Observation of its Larmor Precession".

7198: 6329: 5924: 5622: 4852: 4191: 3966: 2352: 2202: 2140: 1996: 1480: 1251: 12669: 12372: 10073:, Department of Molecular and Optical Physics, University of Freiburg, Germany, pp. 275–288, 9347: 6848: 5523:

alternatives are limited. These include heavy industry and long-distance transport. Hydrogen is a

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gas even in the presence of oxygen. Efforts have also been undertaken with genetically modified

6081:, in which water is decomposed into its component protons, electrons, and oxygen, occurs in the 6034:, to water. The natural cycle of hydrogen production and consumption by organisms is called the 5902:

Isotopic labeling: Deuterium compounds have applications in chemistry and biology in studies of

4998:-based catalysts in strongly alkaline solution. Platinum is a better catalyst but is expensive. 4148: 2317: 2008: 14977: 12301: 10759: 10559:"Catalytic molten metals for the direct conversion of methane to hydrogen and separable carbon" 10329:"Nanoscale nickel oxide/Nickel heterostructures for active hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis" 9825: 9267:"Three Papers, Containing Experiments on Factitious Air, by the Hon. Henry Cavendish, F. R. S." 8983: 8085:

Kirchheim, R. (1988). "Hydrogen solubility and diffusivity in defective and amorphous metals".

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and fuel cell technology. For light-duty vehicles including cars, hydrogen is far behind other

5556: 4924:

Although less important commercially, coal can serve as a prelude to the shift reaction above:

4707: 4553: 4416: 4360: 4219: 3110: 2807: 2680: 2133: 2066: 1087: 1072: 1047: 69: 12842:

These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 28 October 2006

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or oxygen. The thermodynamic basis of this low reactivity is the very strong H–H bond, with a

1115: 15270: 15109: 14714: 11922: 10947:

Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production

9452:

Validation of international space station electrical performance model via on-orbit telemetry

7969: 6817: 6419:

However, most of the universe's mass is not in the form of baryons or chemical elements. See

6366: 6192: 6162: 5593: 5091: 5083: 4965: 4814:(PSA) purification systems work better at higher pressures. The product mixture is known as " 3231:, can also be considered a light radioisotope of hydrogen. Because muons decay with lifetime 3123: 2332: 2316:

A more accurate description of the hydrogen atom comes from a quantum analysis that uses the

2042: 11246:

Griffiths, Steve; Sovacool, Benjamin K.; Kim, Jinsoo; Bazilian, Morgan; et al. (2021).

11096: 9322: 9201: 8116:"Making society independent of fossil fuels – Danish researchers reveal new technology" 6561:

Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds".

14806: 13062: 12854: 12243: 12193: 12137: 12044: 11829: 11753: 11710: 11667: 11599: 11557: 11261: 10833: 10570: 10340: 10293: 10009: 9946: 9896: 9671: 9423: 9414:

Stockel, J.F; j.d. Dunlop; Betz, F (1980). "NTS-2 Nickel-Hydrogen Battery Performance 31".

9277: 8944: 8908: 8477: 8434: 8390: 7701: 7616: 7329: 7251: 7149: 6995: 6072: 5920: 5693: 5602: 5507: 5386: 4851:. Additional hydrogen can be recovered from the steam by using carbon monoxide through the 4356: 4167: 4144: 4053: 3119: 2912: 2775: 1627: 1517: 1432: 11620: 8115: 7121: 7116: 4186: 4021:

was the first to recognize hydrogen gas as a discrete substance, by naming the gas from a

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and contains one proton and two neutrons in its nucleus. It is radioactive, decaying into

2335:

of the electron around the proton. The most complex formulas include the small effects of

8: 14884: 14848: 14739: 14651: 14394: 14384: 12032: 11092: 10232: 9990: 9821: 8624: 8468:

Urey, H. C.; Brickwedde, F. G.; Murphy, G. M. (1933). "Names for the Hydrogen Isotopes".

7747: 6882: 6354: 5737: 5164: 5140: 5118:) are developing thermochemical methods to produce hydrogen from solar energy and water. 5095: 5087: 4731: 4605: 4485: 4382:

Because of its simple atomic structure, consisting only of a proton and an electron, the

4022: 3126:

devices. Tritium has also been used in chemical and biological labeling experiments as a

2767: 2420: 2386: 2340: 2176: 2030: 1960: 1917: 1836: 1571: 1268: 12373:"IV.E.6 Hydrogen from Water in a Novel Recombinant Oxygen-Tolerant Cyanobacteria System" 12247: 12197: 12141: 12048: 11833: 11757: 11714: 11671: 11603: 11561: 11265: 11208:

Bonheure, Mike; Vandewalle, Laurien A.; Marin, Guy B.; Van Geem, Kevin M. (March 2021).

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Committee on Alternatives and Strategies for Future Hydrogen Production and Use (2004).

7153: 7120: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the 6999: 2011:

can be directly solved, has significantly contributed to the foundational principles of

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molecules or anions. Hydrogen's unique position as the only neutral atom for which the

1741: 1467: 1243: 1230: 12679: 12585: 12205: 11976: 11959: 11841: 11327: 11308: 8379: 7999: 7367: 4684:. The ion is relatively stable in outer space due to the low temperature and density. 3157:) are sometimes used for deuterium and tritium, but the symbol P was already used for 15235: 15062: 15044: 14924: 14750: 14568: 14563: 14549: 14461: 14456: 14389: 13913: 12777: 12754: 12733: 12727: 12712: 12706: 12691: 12616: 12330: 12259: 12213: 12089: 11981: 11862: 11683: 11625: 11534: 11522: 11502: 11389: 11332: 11277: 11172: 11129: 11031: 10950: 10876: 10639: 10600: 10588: 10436: 10370: 10358: 10309: 10207: 10177: 10117: 10082: 9972: 9916: 9794: 9728: 9714: 9642: 9543: 9529: 9481: 9367: 9326: 9238: 9186: 9137: 9096: 9086: 9058: 9048: 8960: 8865: 8766: 8530: 8493: 8450: 8410: 8255: 8100: 8071: 7721: 7632: 7437: 7408: 7284: 7202: 7165: 7140: 7109: 7011: 6856: 6730: 6674: 6626: 6596: 6571: 6541: 6516: 6491: 6383: 6068: 6067:. The concentration in the breath of fasting people at rest is typically less than 5 5936: 5885: 5832: 5684: 5675: 5642: 5462: 5259: 5232: 4650: 4594: 4504: 4497: 4477:. Antihydrogen is the only type of antimatter atom to have been produced as of 2015. 4412: 4352: 4296: 4247: 4143:, an internal combustion engine powered by a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen in 1806. 4049: 4041: 4026: 3243: 3239: 3071: 2679:

disks, but the gas's high solubility is a metallurgical problem, contributing to the

2637: 2542: 2513: 2310: 2225: 2221: 2012: 2004: 1905: 1844: 1779: 1674: 1665: 1617: 1474: 1399: 1389: 711: 13002: 12271: 11730: 11503:"Hydrogen technology is unlikely to play a major role in sustainable road transport" 10615: 10281: 9775: 9740: 9315: 9229:. The Critical Background to Modern Science, 1800–1905. Cambridge University Press. 9219:"Why did oxygen supplant phlogiston? Research programmes in the Chemical Revolution" 9012: 8797: 8778: 8542: 7662: 7316:

Schefer, E. W.; Kulatilaka, W. D.; Patterson, B. D.; Settersten, T. B. (June 2009).

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Chapter 21.4.1 - This occurred when the age of the Universe was about 370,000 years.

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and coolant for nuclear reactors. Deuterium is also a potential fuel for commercial

1163:) 20.271 K (−252.879 °C, −423.182 °F) 15195: 14899: 14820: 14696: 14613: 14496: 14421: 14416: 14405: 13977: 13682: 13511: 13340: 13259: 13178: 13151: 13114: 13109: 13104: 12909: 12554: 12342: 12320: 12251: 12201: 12145: 12052: 11971: 11837: 11788: 11761: 11718: 11675: 11615: 11607: 11565: 11514: 11322: 11269: 11023: 10868: 10845: 10841: 10627: 10578: 10475: 10424: 10348: 10305: 10301: 10109: 10074: 9962: 9954: 9904: 9847: 9763: 9718: 9710: 9679: 9521: 9471: 9463: 9431: 9359: 9285: 9230: 9172: 9000: 8952: 8916: 8857: 8758: 8690: 8522: 8485: 8442: 8398: 8362: 8331: 8304: 8223: 8200: 8158: 8096: 8067: 8040: 7814: 7709: 7624: 7337: 7259: 7157: 7095: 7007: 7003: 6865: 6707: 6483: 6393: 6348: 5719: 5646: 5354: 5349: 5075: 4642: 4634:

Under ordinary conditions on Earth, elemental hydrogen exists as the diatomic gas,

4581: 4507: 3067: 2779: 2725: 2660: 2633: 2547: 2482: 2306: 2205:

of 435.7 kJ/mol. The kinetic basis of the low reactivity is the nonpolar nature of

2016: 1988: 1909: 1848: 1821: 1752: 1563: 1492: 1065: 11009:(2022). Shukla, P.R.; Skea, J.; Slade, R.; Al Khourdajie, A.; et al. (eds.). 8446: 7161: 6508: 6436:

286 kJ/mol: energy per mole of the combustible material (molecular hydrogen).

3012:

is the most common hydrogen isotope, with an abundance of >99.98%. Because the

2675:. These properties may be useful when hydrogen is purified by passage through hot 2613:, where it takes on a partial negative charge. These compounds are often known as 15091: 14992: 14834: 14578: 14573: 14486: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13069: 11856: 11792: 10078: 8826: 7901: 7458: 7263: 6899: 6377: 6360: 6310: 6228: 6134: 6078: 6060: 5948: 5912: 5755: 5746: 5671: 5446: 5340:

There is a well in Mali and deposits in several other countries, such as France.

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is strongly affected by the presence of metal catalysts. Thus, while mixtures of

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IECEC '02. 2002 37th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 2002

8489: 7628: 7542: 6984:"Review and evaluation of hydrogen production methods for better sustainability" 4359:

are equipped with nickel-hydrogen batteries. In the dark part of its orbit, the

2917: 2143:, the temperature of spontaneous ignition in air, is 500 °C (932 °F). 15153: 15073: 15002: 14666: 14446: 13042: 12883: 12871: 11929: 11518: 11273: 10760:"Development of solar-powered thermochemical production of hydrogen from water" 9958: 9467: 6870: 6711: 6302: 6086: 6035: 5896: 5867: 5650: 5618: 5578: 5574: 5473: 5453:

to saturated (trans) fats and oils. The major application is the production of

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because the atoms seldom collide and combine. They are the source of the 21-cm

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burning hydrogen with oxygen, produces a nearly invisible flame at full thrust.

1992: 1956: 1936: 1913: 1714: 1557: 1484: 1285: 1110: 116: 11569: 10631: 9767: 9525: 9391:. New York, N.Y., National Electrical Manufacturers Association. p. 102. 9363: 8956: 8762: 7773: 6912:

Laursen, S.; Chang, J.; Medlin, W.; Gürmen, N.; Fogler, H. S. (27 July 2004).

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promoted the idea of rigid airships lifted by hydrogen that later were called

15229: 15167: 15016: 14935: 14725: 14637: 14623: 14603: 14535: 14501: 14466: 14356: 14136: 12968: 12921: 12664: 11526: 11336: 11281: 11133: 10313: 9384: 9371: 9234: 8964: 8920: 8724: 8162: 7015: 6495: 6220: 6100: 6096: 5993: 5956: 5952: 5916: 5881: 5804: 5667: 5614: 5503: 5450: 5442: 5424: 5390: 5300: 5115: 4881: 4815: 4706:

can exist only in an excited form and is unstable. By contrast, the positive

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in 1919. Regular passenger service resumed in the 1920s and the discovery of

4231: 4215: 4195: 4128:

undergo a similar reaction with water leading to the production of hydrogen.

2887:

Although exotic on Earth, one of the most common ions in the universe is the

2853:" without any implication that any single protons exist freely as a species. 2733: 2602: 2509: 2444: 2414: 2377: 2258: 2050: 1952: 1939:, the formation of hydrogen's protons occurred in the first second after the 1832: 1699: 1450: 1198: 1184: 1151: 1130: 1029: 881: 12951: 12150: 10583: 10558: 9935:"Structural basis for bacterial energy extraction from atmospheric hydrogen" 9476: 9100: 9062: 9004: 8861: 7918: 6944: 5055:

The carbon may be sold as a manufacturing feedstock or fuel, or landfilled.

2849:

hydrogen attached to other species in this fashion, and as such is denoted "

2505: 2296:

The energy levels of hydrogen can be calculated fairly accurately using the

1443: 15181: 15127: 14963: 14949: 14792: 14778: 14676: 14506: 14476: 14426: 14370: 14190: 14019: 13724: 13124: 13057: 12334: 12325: 12263: 11958:

Reinsch, J.; Katz, A.; Wean, J.; Aprahamian, G.; MacFarland, J. T. (1980).

11687: 11629: 11060: 10880: 10667:"KITT/IASS – Producing CO2 Free Hydrogen From Natural Gas For Energy Usage" 10592: 10480: 10463: 10362: 9976: 9732: 9290: 9266: 9177: 9160: 8770: 8510: 8497: 8454: 7636: 7169: 5566: 5543:, in which hydrogen is produced from a chemical reaction between steam and 5375: 5329: 5001: 4991: 4442: 4328: 4304: 4171: 3982: 3974: 3970: 2933: 2813: 2645: 2478: 2462: 2283: 2279: 2276: 1897: 1210: 1053: 923: 790: 564: 11985: 11027: 8534: 7601:"The theory and practice of hyperpolarization in magnetic resonance using 6595:. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. 6487: 6369: – Technologies that relating to the production & use of hydrogen 6280: 4556:

in case of stars with very low to approximately 1 mass of the Sun and the

4229:

The first non-stop transatlantic crossing was made by the British airship

2925: 2485:

compounds, are used during hydrogen cooling to avoid this loss of liquid.

1943:; neutral hydrogen atoms only formed about 370,000 years later during the 41: 14686: 14583: 14436: 14244: 14208: 14199: 14109: 14091: 14082: 13119: 12750:

The Hype about Hydrogen, Fact and Fiction in the Race to Save the Climate

12123:"The overwhelming role of soils in the global atmospheric hydrogen cycle" 11056:"In-depth Q&A: Does the world need hydrogen to solve climate change?" 10104:

Baade, William F.; Parekh, Uday N.; Raman, Venkat S. (2001). "Hydrogen".

10017: 9891: 9085:(6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp. 941–950. 9080: 9042: 8204: 6895: 6424: 6420: 6111: 6013: 5973: 5859: 5848: 5658: 5610: 5606: 5552: 5311: 5303: 4823: 4796:

Steam reforming is also used for the industrial preparation of ammonia.

4654: 4523: 4519: 4493: 4332: 4308: 4288: 4265: 4163: 3234: 3217: 3052: 2881: 2649: 2625: 2287: 2156: 2152: 2046: 2038: 1948: 1870: 1532: 1381: 965: 937: 930: 860: 846: 839: 12000:"NASA/TM—2002-211915: Solid Hydrogen Experiments for Atomic Propellants" 8843: 8366: 8335: 8308: 8044: 7894: 7818: 7280:

A Comprehensive Guide to the Hazardous Properties of Chemical Substances

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of many metals, complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks.

14764: 14593: 14253: 14181: 14154: 14127: 13787: 13769: 13742: 13573: 13564: 13303: 12566: 11701:

Kilic, C.; Zunger, Alex (2002). "n-type doping of oxides by hydrogen".

11658:

Janotti, A.; Van De Walle, C. G. (2007). "Hydrogen multicentre bonds".

11120:"Hydrogen Is One Answer to Climate Change. Getting It Is the Hard Part" 10428: 10353: 10328: 9079:; Dewitt, David P.; Bergman, Theodore L.; Lavigne, Adrienne S. (2007). 8526: 7713: 7663:"Die Entdeckung des para-Wasserstoffs (The discovery of para-hydrogen)" 7194:

The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs

7100: 7083: 6476:"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)" 6298: 6273: 6064: 5863: 5654: 4856: 4677: 4586: 4470: 4466: 4253: 3158: 3127: 3102: 2668: 2629: 2470: 2451:, resulting in different thermal properties such as the heat capacity. 2297: 2268: 972: 916: 895: 874: 613: 599: 578: 450: 443: 244: 12056: 11765: 11722: 11210:"Dream or Reality? Electrification of the Chemical Process Industries" 10872: 10464:"State of the Art of Hydrogen Production via Pyrolysis of Natural Gas" 9299: 8681:

Kendall, C.; Caldwell, E. (1998). C. Kendall; J. J. McDonnell (eds.).

8402: 6048:

Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the human body by numbers of

4961:

Inputs and outputs of the electrolysis of water production of hydrogen

2996:) have been synthesized in the laboratory but not observed in nature. 2763:

hydride has not yet been identified, although larger complexes exist.

14314: 14262: 14235: 14226: 14073: 14055: 14046: 14037: 13823: 13733: 13706: 13654: 13600: 13582: 13546: 13526: 13465: 13402: 13346: 13285: 13274: 13193: 13144: 13134: 13129: 12680:

The Hyperfine Splitting in Hydrogen - The Feynman Lectures on Physics

12182:"Soil bacteria enzyme generates electricity from hydrogen in the air" 11861:. New York, N.Y.: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. pp. 47–56. 11679: 8227: 7744:

NASA Glenn Research Center Glenn Safety Manual, Document GRC-MQSA.001

7404: 6455: 6399: 6318: 5997: 5877: 5828: 5531: 5499: 5454: 5248: 5189: 5021: 4557: 4530: 4284: 4257: 4152: 4125: 4052:

identified the element that came to be known as hydrogen when he and

3106: 3040: 2857: 2795: 2791: 2676: 2610: 2497:

Hydrogen gas is colorless and transparent, here contained in a glass

2058: 1980: 1869:

or simply hydrogen. It is colorless, odorless, non-toxic, and highly

1721: 1679: 1527: 1424: 979: 958: 951: 832: 818: 811: 804: 641: 571: 550: 513: 471: 457: 429: 411: 367: 318: 274: 230: 221: 161: 12558: 10895:"Natural Hydrogen: A Potential Clean Energy Source Beneath Our Feet" 10254: 9435: 9348:"Hydrides and delayed hydrogen cracking in zirconium and its alloys" 8146: 7569: 7317: 7315: 6914:"An extremely brief introduction to computational quantum chemistry" 6363: – Procedures for safe production, handling and use of hydrogen 5196:, however, does react with water. At high pH, aluminium can produce 2041:; a smaller portion comes from energy-intensive methods such as the 14671: 14217: 14118: 14001: 13983: 13958: 13949: 13922: 13895: 13859: 13850: 13832: 13760: 13751: 13645: 13517: 13483: 13393: 13384: 13375: 13366: 13321: 13240: 13222: 12121:

Rhee, T. S.; Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M.; Röckmann, T. (19 May 2006).

11351:"Hydrogen industry must clean itself up before expanding into new…" 10975: 9908: 8114:

Christensen, C. H.; Nørskov, J. K.; Johannessen, T. (9 July 2005).

7574:) Properties, Uses, Applications: Hydrogen Gas and Liquid Hydrogen" 6956: 6297:

Hydrogen poses a number of hazards to human safety, from potential

6239: 6028: 5649:

that helps stabilizing material properties. It is also a potential

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on a molar basis) because of its light weight, which enables it to

4624: 4474: 4427: 4223: 3228: 3098: 3048: 2826:

is often called a proton. This species is central to discussion of

2641: 2598: 2590: 2493: 2474: 2217: 2213: 2198: 1963:, which mainly involve proton exchange among soluble molecules. In 1940: 1925: 1885: 1758: 1146: (−259.16 °C, −434.49 °F) 944: 867: 776: 762: 746: 739: 718: 697: 669: 662: 648: 592: 585: 506: 404: 381: 311: 304: 297: 290: 258: 198: 184: 10569:(6365). American Association for Advancement of Science: 917–921. 9448: 8423: 8057: 5434:

to various substrates, is done on a large scale. Hydrogenation of

4375:

Hydrogen emission spectrum lines in the four visible lines of the

2671:

in metals is influenced by local distortions or impurities in the

14299: 14294: 14289: 14284: 14172: 14163: 14145: 14100: 14028: 14010: 13940: 13886: 13868: 13841: 13814: 13796: 13778: 13688: 13618: 13591: 13555: 13537: 13501: 13492: 13474: 13456: 13355: 13294: 13184: 13139: 13011: 12916: 6314: 5944: 5889: 5852: 5808: 5582: 5559: 5544: 5495: 5193: 5103: 4946: 4761: 4681: 4489: 4324: 4292: 4211: 4203: 3220: 3094: 3044: 2721: 2709: 2692: 2614: 2582: 2498: 2302: 1972: 1929: 1736: 1168: 1001: 909: 902: 888: 853: 797: 783: 732: 690: 676: 655: 634: 620: 606: 536: 485: 464: 436: 422: 395: 388: 374: 360: 281: 237: 154: 9754:

Kellerbauer, Alban (29 January 2015). "Why Antimatter Matters".

8558:"Breakthrough in Nuclear Fusion Offers Hope for Power of Future" 5163:

is slower. Because iron is widely used structural material, its

4585:

influenced by magnetic and electric fields. For example, in the

2884:

are found when water is in acidic solution with other solvents.

2263: 16:

This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see

14064: 13992: 13877: 13805: 13715: 13697: 13663: 13627: 13609: 13438: 13429: 13420: 13312: 13265: 13231: 13213: 13168: 12685: 11207: 7242:–air lean mixtures in a vented multi-compartment environment". 6509:

Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils; Holleman, Arnold Frederick (2001).

6472: 6306: 6232: 6009: 6005: 5777: 5768: 5107: 5099: 5033: 5029: 4995: 4942: 4641:. Hydrogen gas is very rare in Earth's atmosphere (around 0.53 4620: 4598: 4511: 4236: 2846: 2783: 2760: 2755:

anion carries hydridic centers firmly attached to the Al(III).

2621: 2594: 2586: 2376:

form, the spins of the two nuclei are parallel, forming a spin

2290: 1976: 1921: 1877: 1874: 1143: 1013: 825: 769: 683: 627: 557: 543: 520: 492: 478: 346: 339: 332: 251: 214: 191: 177: 145: 12299: 9388:

A chronological history of electrical development from 600 B.C

7893:

IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, Electronic version,

6538:

Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements

5955:, as an isotopic label in the biosciences, and as a source of 5858:

Leak detection: Pure or mixed with nitrogen (sometimes called

5641:

Hydrogen is employed to saturate broken ("dangling") bonds of

4748: 4044:, who identified the element that came to be known as hydrogen 2632:

that, due to their association with living things, are called

14278: 13967: 13672: 13330: 13204: 12927: 11376: 11159: 10525: 9075: 9047:(9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. pp. 600–606. 8113: 6017: 5928: 5358:

Some projected uses in the medium term, but analysts disagree

5296: 5111: 5005: 4680:. This ion has also been observed in the upper atmosphere of 2834:, acids are proton donors, while bases are proton acceptors. 2787: 2606: 1968: 1901: 1889: 753: 527: 265: 170: 12229:"Implementation and interpretation of hydrogen breath tests" 11923:"Report from the Commission on Dietary Food Additive Intake" 11245: 10497:"The reaction that would give us clean fossil fuels forever" 9662:

Berman, R.; Cooke, A. H.; Hill, R. W. (1956). "Cryogenics".

8592:"Tritium radioluminescent devices, Health and Safety Manual" 5847:

is only 7% the density of air, it was once widely used as a

1967:, hydrogen can take the form of either a negatively charged 1499: 13931: 13904: 13447: 13411: 13249: 12483: 11006: 10616:"Dry reforming of methane catalyzed by molten metal alloys" 10071:

Dissociative Recombination of Molecular Ions with Electrons

9203:

The gases of the atmosphere: The history of their discovery

7691: 7518:. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (mirror). Archived from 6821: 6049: 6001: 5932: 5307: 5292: 5224:

Some metal-containing compounds react with acids to evolve

5059: 4800: 4577: 4549: 4515: 4391: 4387: 4057: 3990: 3986: 3224: 2827: 725: 704: 353: 325: 205: 12120: 11899:. Montreal, Canada: Sensistor Technologies. Archived from 10047: 9932: 7138:

Rogers, H. C. (1999). "Hydrogen Embrittlement of Metals".

4843:

Therefore, steam reforming typically employs an excess of

4818:" because it is often used directly for the production of 2212:

and its weak polarizability. It spontaneously reacts with

2171:. The detection of a burning hydrogen leak, may require a 13636: 13051: 12607:

Walker, James L.; Waltrip, John S.; Zanker, Adam (1988).

11957: 10921:"What's New On The Rungs Of Liebreich's Hydrogen Ladder?" 9697:

Charlton, Mike; Van Der Werf, Dirk Peter (1 March 2015).

8796:. Elementymology & Elements Multidict. Archived from 8147:"Investigations on the Salt Character of Lithium Hydride" 7234:

Carcassi, M. N.; Fineschi, F. (2005). "Deflagrations of H

6952: 5536: 5477: 4968:

is a conceptually simple method of producing hydrogen.

4576:

Throughout the universe, hydrogen is mostly found in the

4565: 2941:

Hydrogen has three naturally occurring isotopes, denoted

2716:; and is used when hydrogen forms a compound with a more 2521: 1893: 1840: 1123: 499: 11422:

Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector

10858: 10167: 9933:

Rhys Grinter; Kropp, A.; Venugopal; et al. (2023).

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was already done and commercial hydrogen airship travel

12690:(17th ed.). Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory. 2010. 12611:. In John J. McKetta; William Aaron Cunningham (eds.). 12226: 7516:"The Atomic Nucleus and Bohr's Early Model of the Atom" 7430:

Handbook of Isotopes in the Cosmos: Hydrogen to Gallium

6943:

Presenter: Professor Jim Al-Khalili (21 January 2010).

6396: – Molecular hydrogen naturally occurring on Earth 6388:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

5562:) created in the production of the natural gas itself. 3258:

Table of thermal and physical properties of hydrogen (H

3109:

of 12.32 years. It is radioactive enough to be used in

1512: = 618.31 pm (at triple point) 12732:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 12609:"Lactic acid to magnesium supply-demand relationships" 10046:. Universities of Illinois and Chicago. Archived from 9610:

Hendrix, Susan (25 November 2008). Lori Tyahla (ed.).

9413: 9385:

National Electrical Manufacturers Association (1946).

7779:. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. pp. 6–9. 5291:

This process occurs during the anaerobic corrosion of

4903:

production include partial oxidation of hydrocarbons:

3020:. It is the only stable isotope with no neutrons; see 2697: 12893: 10231:. The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation. Archived from 10041: 9876: 8984:"Names for muonium and hydrogen atoms and their ions" 8933: 8028: 7128: 6673:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 183–191. 6198: 4604:

Hydrogen is found in the neutral atomic state in the

4480: 2822:

which is usually composed of one proton. That is why

2812:

Oxidation of hydrogen removes its electron and gives

2512:

of hydrogen. The temperature and pressure scales are

2423: 2389: 2129:(572 kJ/2 mol = 286 kJ/mol = 141.865 MJ/kg) 10969: 10938: 10765:. Solar Thermochemical Hydrogen Generation Project. 9696: 9612:"Extending Hubble's mission life with new batteries" 8467: 5070:

More than 200 thermochemical cycles can be used for

4891: 2197:

is unreactive compared to diatomic elements such as

12772:

The Periodic System, Its Story and Its Significance

12606: 12476:"Safety Standard for Hydrogen and Hydrogen Systems" 11657: 11547: 11448:"Steel decarbonisation gathers speed | Argus Media" 10823: 8977: 8597:. International Atomic Energy Agency. p. 2.4. 6357: – Industrial production of molecular hydrogen 6103:in which protons and electrons are reduced to form 6089:organisms. Some such organisms, including the alga 5625:, especially compared with the rate of adoption of 4252:airship, which was destroyed in a midair fire over 3993:, which results in the production of hydrogen gas. 12769: 11241: 11239: 11054:Evans, Simon; Gabbatiss, Josh (30 November 2020). 10169: 9314: 9222: 8274: 8247: 8217: 8151:Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie 6982:Dincer, Ibrahim; Acar, Canan (14 September 2015). 6351: – Using hydrogen to decarbonize more sectors 5247:) can be oxidized by the protons of water to form 5143:, which once was used as a laboratory gas source: 4529:Hydrogen is found in great abundance in stars and 3253: 2435: 2401: 1191:0.07 g/cm (solid: 0.0763 g/cm) 11012:Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change 10673:. Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies. 8683:"Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Isotope Geochemistry" 8321: 5629:, and may not play a significant role in future. 5032:. Methane is converted to hydrogen gas and solid 4314: 3167:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 3039:, the other stable hydrogen isotope, is known as 2565: 2282:of the electron in a hydrogen atom is −13.6 1215:13.8033 K, 7.041 kPa 15227: 12867:Basic Hydrogen Calculations of Quantum Mechanics 11743: 11474:"Hydrogen's Decarbonization Impact for Industry" 11445: 11307:Palys, Matthew J.; Daoutidis, Prodromos (2020). 10974:. Los Alamos National Laboratory. Archived from 10326: 10103: 9345: 8748: 7233: 5530:Hydrogen can be deployed as an energy source in 4147:invented the hydrogen gas blowpipe in 1819. The 2413:form the spins are antiparallel and form a spin 12746: 12615:. Vol. 28. New York: Dekker. p. 186. 11382:World Energy Transitions Outlook: 1.5°C Pathway 11236: 10106:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 9995:"Basic Research Needs for the Hydrogen Economy" 9989: 9816:Haubold, H.; Mathai, A. M. (15 November 2007). 9661: 8680: 8348: 7667:Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie 6255: 5393:. Many of these reactions can be classified as 4264:. But the damage to hydrogen's reputation as a 3161:and thus was not available for protium. In its 3118:. It is used in nuclear fusion, as a tracer in 2065:. Hydrogen's interaction with metals may cause 12613:Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design 12519:. Praxair, Inc. September 2004. Archived from 12088:. Taylor & Francis Ltd. pp. 202–203. 11472:Blank, Thomas; Molly, Patrick (January 2020). 11306: 11201: 11053: 11049: 11047: 8417: 7938: 7936: 7917:. Sandia National Laboratories. Archived from 7804: 7655: 6881:from the original on 29 June 2021 – via 6625:. 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It consists of an 4404:brought understanding of the nature of the 2663:and is soluble in both nanocrystalline and 14337: 14323: 13034: 13020: 12469: 12467: 11471: 10990: 10226: 10197: 10195: 10193: 8585: 8583: 8342: 8078: 8051: 7064: 6981: 6918:Molecular Modeling in Chemical Engineering 6616: 6614: 6612: 6402: – Thermal decomposition of materials 6386: – Thermal decomposition of materials 6301:and fires when mixed with air to being an 5895:Nuclear fusion fuel: Deuterium is used in 5797: 4888:, hydrogen is generated from natural gas. 4548:. Hydrogen plays a vital role in powering 4338: 4181: 2778:. This function is particularly common in 1801: 1787: 1642: 1635: 1498: 40: 12324: 12149: 11975: 11892:Hydrogen as Tracer Gas for Leak Detection 11619: 11326: 11117: 10970:Chemistry Operations (15 December 2003). 10582: 10479: 10461: 10352: 10257:. Universal Industrial Gases, Inc. 2007. 10255:"Hydrogen Properties, Uses, Applications" 10042:McCall Group; Oka Group (22 April 2005). 9966: 9890: 9722: 9475: 9289: 9264: 9176: 8846:. In A. D. McNaught, A. Wilkinson (ed.). 8590:Traub, R. J.; Jensen, J. A. (June 1995). 8315: 8084: 8022: 7798: 7592: 7456: 7099: 6905: 6869: 6846: 6693: 6535: 6128: 5636: 5362: 5156:In the absence of acid, the evolution of 4366: 2640:and their study in the context of living 2368:, i.e. compounds that differ only in the 2252: 25:Chemical element with atomic number 1 (H) 12836: 12407: 12085:Hydrogen as a Fuel: Learning from Nature 12030: 11854: 11778: 11218:American Institute of Chemical Engineers 11165:Hydrogen: A renewable energy perspective 11086: 11080: 10826:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 10410: 10068: 9923: 9747: 9312: 9216: 8744: 8742: 8627:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 8324:Journal of the American Chemical Society 8234: 7912: 7807:Journal of the American Chemical Society 6988:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 6724: 6718: 6623:Van Nostrand's Encyclopedia of Chemistry 6466: 6016:. These enzymes catalyze the reversible 5353: 5080:cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle 5012:also produces hydrogen as a co-product. 4956: 4747: 4484: 4370: 4279: 4185: 4036: 3965: 2932: 2924: 2916: 2696: 2504: 2492: 2262: 2098: 2081: 14134: 12884:High temperature hydrogen phase diagram 12600: 12464: 12370: 11809:. Specialty Welds. 2007. Archived from 11490:from the original on 22 September 2020. 10918: 10279: 10190: 10161: 10062: 9818:"Solar Thermonuclear Energy Generation" 9636: 9609: 9585:"Hubble servicing mission 4 essentials" 9161:"Hydrogen - Some Historical Highlights" 8580: 8268: 7862: 7599:Green, Richard A.; et al. 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It can be further transformed into 4722:) is a rare molecule in the universe. 3973:, who discovered the reaction between 1835:1. It is the lightest element and, at 14318: 14242: 14206: 14197: 14107: 14089: 14080: 13015: 12776:. New York: Oxford University Press. 12545:"'Bugs' and hydrogen embrittlement". 12389:from the original on 29 December 2016 12371:Smith, Hamilton O.; Xu, Qing (2005). 11939:from the original on 16 February 2008 11888: 11823: 11500: 11375: 11158: 10695: 10556: 10206:(5th ed.). Thomson Brooks/Cole. 9165:Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology 9113: 8971: 8838: 8739: 8622: 8604:from the original on 6 September 2015 8555: 8373: 8246:Miessler, G. L.; Tarr, D. A. 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Maxwell observed that the 4287:was discovered in December 1931 by 2937:Deuterium discharge (spectrum) tube 2794:complexes, as well as in clustered 2655:Hydrogen is highly soluble in many 2620:Hydrogen forms many compounds with 2045:. Its main industrial uses include 1327: 13: 14215: 14116: 13999: 13981: 13956: 13947: 13920: 13893: 13848: 13830: 13758: 13749: 13643: 13515: 13481: 13391: 13373: 13364: 13344: 13319: 13041: 12639: 12474:Brown, W. J.; et al. 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This process requires an 3957:Timeline of hydrogen technologies 2974:. Other, highly unstable nuclei ( 2774:that link two metal centers in a 1987:), exhibits specific behavior in 14062: 14026: 13990: 13875: 13803: 13713: 13695: 13625: 13607: 13535: 13436: 13427: 13418: 13263: 13166: 12994: 12977: 12960: 12943: 12915: 12903: 12835: 12823: 12813: 12582:"Union Oil Amine Absorber Tower" 12573: 12538: 12506: 12432: 12401: 12364: 12293: 12220: 12173: 12075: 12024: 12012:from the original on 9 July 2021 11992: 11951: 11915: 11882: 11817: 11799: 11772: 11737: 11694: 11651: 11576: 11541: 11494: 11465: 11439: 11409: 11369: 11343: 11300: 11152: 11111: 10963: 10912: 10887: 10852: 10817: 10784: 10751: 10726: 10720: 10689: 10658: 10607: 10550: 10519: 10488: 10455: 10404: 10377: 10320: 10273: 10247: 10220: 10130: 10035: 9870: 9715:10.3184/003685015X14234978376369 9520:. 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University of Michigan. 6871:10.1103/PhysRevD.98.030001 6712:10.1007/s10698-022-09448-5 6480:Pure and Applied Chemistry 6330:parahydrogen/orthohydrogen 6132: 5971: 5947:(hydrogen-3), produced in 5929:Space Shuttle main engines 5549:carbon capture and storage 5519:and more energy-efficient 5487: 5483: 5441:to produce ammonia by the 5347: 5024:of natural gas (methane). 4822:and many other compounds. 4729: 4614:damped Lyman-alpha systems 4494:region of ionized hydrogen 4202:The first hydrogen-filled 3954: 3945: 2910: 2805: 2690: 2558: 2350: 2256: 1197:when liquid (at 1183:when liquid (at 419: 287: 227: 167: 142: 15: 14352: 14276: 13976: 13681: 13510: 13339: 13258: 13177: 13150: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13061: 13056: 13049: 12705:Newton, David E. (1994). 12665:Resources in your library 11807:"Atomic Hydrogen Welding" 11570:10.1080/14786437708232943 10632:10.1038/s41929-019-0416-2 9768:10.1017/S1062798714000532 9526:10.1109/AERO.2002.1035418 9364:10.1179/imtr.1983.28.1.92 9313:Stwertka, Albert (1996). 8957:10.1080/00268978300102491 6725:Stwertka, Albert (1996). 6149: 6144: 6092:Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 5925:liquid-propellant rockets 5840:Buoyant lifting: Because 5627:battery electric vehicles 5623:alternative fuel vehicles 4896:Other methods for CO and 4812:pressure swing adsorption 4571: 4413:quantum mechanical theory 3981:In 1671, Irish scientist 2745:lithium aluminium hydride 2743:, which is polymeric. In 2488: 2449:rotational quantum states 2329:path integral formulation 2161:Space Shuttle Main Engine 2104:Space Shuttle Main Engine 1772: 1768: 1735: 1720: 1705: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1626: 1609: 1594: 1589: 1570: 1556: 1539: 1526: 1522:0.1805 W/(m⋅K) 1516: 1491: 1473: 1463: 1458: 1441: 1431: 1417: 1398: 1388: 1363: 1358: 1284: 1267: 1263:) 0.904 kJ/mol 1250: 1229: 1219: 1209: 1195: 1181: 1167: 1150: 1129: 1109: 1104: 1096: 1086: 1071: 1059: 1046: 1027: 1007: 122: 114: 110: 84: 68: 64: 56: 51: 39: 18:Hydrogen (disambiguation) 12889:Wavefunction of hydrogen 12747:Romm, Joseph J. (2004). 12726:Rigden, John S. (2002). 12031:Bergeron, K. D. (2004). 11481:Rocky Mountain Institute 9235:10.1017/CBO9780511760013 9206:. Macmillan. p. 19. 9041:Holman, Jack P. (2002). 8921:10.1103/PhysRevLett.5.63 8721:"The Tritium Laboratory" 8383:Physics of Atomic Nuclei 8193:Chemical Society Reviews 8163:10.1002/zaac.19201130116 7915:"Metal-Hydrogen Systems" 7735:Hritz, J. (March 2006). 7199:National Academies Press 6700:Foundations of Chemistry 6671:Nature's Building Blocks 6407: 6207:Precautionary statements 5996:, usually via reactions 5880:(hydrogen-2) is used in 5335: 5212:O + 2 OH → 2 [Al(OH) 4853:water gas shift reaction 4803:) because high-pressure 4660:A molecular form called 4295:was prepared in 1934 by 3274:Specific heat (kJ/kg K) 2372:of their nuclei. In the 2353:Spin isomers of hydrogen 2203:bond dissociation energy 2146: 2141:autoignition temperature 2057:, with emerging uses in 1884:chemical element in the 12553:(3): 41. 20 July 1985. 12151:10.5194/acp-6-1611-2006 11855:Almqvist, Ebbe (2003). 11746:Applied Physics Letters 11703:Applied Physics Letters 11592:Physical Review Letters 11020:Sixth Assessment Report 10614:Clarke, Palmer (2020). 10584:10.1126/science.aao5023 10280:Hannula, Ilkka (2015). 10227:Funderburg, E. (2008). 9317:A Guide to the Elements 9221:. In Howson, C. (ed.). 9005:10.1351/pac200173020377 8900:Physical Review Letters 8862:10.1351/goldbook.M04069 8825:9 February 2016 at the 8763:10.1023/A:1010655610575 8427:Physical Review Letters 8220:Chemical Communications 7869:Kimball's Biology Pages 7737:"CH. 6 – Hydrogen" 7428:Clayton, D. D. (2003). 6790:Encyclopædia Britannica 6727:A Guide to the Elements 6041:Mycobacterium smegmatis 5813:atomic hydrogen welding 5798:Niche and evolving uses 5541:steam methane reforming 4758:steam methane reforming 4345:nickel–hydrogen battery 4339:Nickel–hydrogen battery 4182:Hydrogen-lifted airship 4170:and his invention, the 4155:were invented in 1823. 4137:François Isaac de Rivaz 1971:, where it is known as 1566: (gas, 27 °C) 1205:0.07099 g/cm 12798:Listen to this article 12514:"Liquid Hydrogen MSDS" 12380:FY2005 Progress Report 12326:10.1074/jbc.M503840200 11781:Materials & Design 11550:Philosophical Magazine 11428:. pp. 15, 75–76. 10481:10.1002/cben.202000014 10202:Oxtoby, D. W. (2002). 10137:Freyermuth, George H. 9558:"Mars Global Surveyor" 9291:10.1098/rstl.1766.0019 9178:10.2478/cdem-2020-0001 9159:Szydło, Z. A. (2020). 7746:. NASA. Archived from 7048:. 2007. Archived from 6591:Weast, Robert (1984). 6323:hydrogen embrittlement 6262: 6129:Safety and precautions 5961:radioluminescent paint 5637:Semiconductor industry 5594:hydrogen electrolyzers 5363:Petrochemical industry 5359: 4962: 4753: 4708:hydrogen molecular ion 4554:proton-proton reaction 4500: 4417:specific heat capacity 4379: 4367:Role in quantum theory 4361:Hubble Space Telescope 4220:Ferdinand von Zeppelin 4199: 4162:for the first time by 4045: 4006: 3978: 2938: 2930: 2922: 2705: 2517: 2502: 2437: 2403: 2272: 2253:Electron energy levels 2134:Enthalpy of combustion 2107: 2096: 1983:just a proton (symbol 1447: 1088:Electron configuration 70:Standard atomic weight 12768:Scerri, Eric (2007). 12708:The Chemical Elements 12687:Chart of the Nuclides 12584:. TWI. Archived from 11028:10.1017/9781009157926 10945:Smil, Vaclav (2004). 10388:. BBC. Archived from 10386:"Chemicals from salt" 10333:Nature Communications 10286:Biomass and Bioenergy 10044:"H3+ Resource Center" 9879:Astrophysical Journal 9217:Musgrave, A. (1976). 7900:19 March 2008 at the 6951:. 25:40 minutes in. 6669:Emsley, John (2001). 6488:10.1515/pac-2019-0603 6367:Hydrogen technologies 6261: 6073:hydrogen breath tests 5972:Further information: 5921:cryogenic propellants 5603:electric arc furnaces 5357: 5188:Many metals, such as 5092:copper-chlorine cycle 5084:zinc zinc-oxide cycle 4966:Electrolysis of water 4960: 4751: 4647:escape the atmosphere 4488: 4374: 4280:Deuterium and tritium 4189: 4040: 3995: 3969: 3124:self-powered lighting 3122:, and in specialized 3116:nuclear weapons tests 2936: 2928: 2920: 2806:Further information: 2700: 2628:, and even more with 2508: 2496: 2438: 2404: 2266: 2102: 2094: 2043:electrolysis of water 1446: 15256:Nuclear fusion fuels 12859:More spoken articles 11483:. pp. 2, 7, 8. 8650:Nave, C. R. (2006). 8205:10.1039/CS9942300175 7322:Combustion and Flame 7277:Patnaik, P. (2007). 6849:"Big-Bang Cosmology" 6244:(fire diamond) 6123:alga in a bioreactor 5990:anaerobic metabolism 5968:Biological reactions 5876:Neutron moderation: 5831:research, including 5508:thermal conductivity 5387:hydrodesulfurization 5367:Large quantities of 4544:are associated with 4357:Mars Global Surveyor 4168:regenerative cooling 4145:Edward Daniel Clarke 4124:Many metals such as 3120:isotope geochemistry 2913:Isotopes of hydrogen 2776:coordination complex 2421: 2387: 2382:total molecular spin 2318:Schrödinger equation 2309:postulated in early 2136:: −286 kJ/mol. 2049:processing, such as 2009:Schrödinger equation 1628:Isotopes of hydrogen 1518:Thermal conductivity 1433:Van der Waals radius 1252:Heat of vaporization 12588:on 20 November 2008 12248:2008JBR.....2d6002E 12198:2023NewSc.257...13W 12142:2006ACP.....6.1611R 12049:2004BuAtS..60a..15B 11834:2003PhyC..388....1H 11758:2003ApPhL..83.2025P 11715:2002ApPhL..81...73K 11672:2007NatMa...6...44J 11604:2000PhRvL..85.1012V 11562:1977PMag...35.1173C 11388:. pp. 12, 22. 11266:2021ERSS...8002208G 11093:Stanford University 10838:2008IJHE...33.3073P 10575:2017Sci...358..917U 10345:2014NatCo...5.4695G 10298:2015BmBe...74...26H 10023:on 13 February 2008 10014:2004APS..MAR.m1001D 9951:2023Natur.615..541G 9901:2000ApJ...543..552S 9828:on 11 December 2011 9822:Columbia University 9676:1956ARPC....7....1B 9428:1980JSpRo..17...31S 9282:1766RSPT...56..141C 9200:Ramsay, W. (1896). 9132:Winter, M. (2007). 9077:Incropera, Frank P. 8949:1983MolPh..50..467B 8913:1960PhRvL...5...63H 8727:on 28 February 2008 8482:1933Sci....78..602U 8439:2003PhRvL..90h2501K 8395:2005PAN....68..491G 8367:10.1021/ar00162a004 8336:10.1021/ja00463a035 8309:10.1021/j100372a014 8250:Inorganic Chemistry 8045:10.1021/ic50139a050 8032:Inorganic Chemistry 7970:"Organic Chemistry" 7921:on 24 February 2008 7844:on 20 February 2008 7819:10.1021/ja01577a013 7753:on 16 February 2008 7706:1997JLTP..107...77M 7621:2012PNMRS..67....1G 7334:2009CoFl..156.1234S 7256:2005Ene....30.1439C 7154:1968Sci...159.1057R 7148:(3819): 1057–1064. 7052:on 18 February 2008 7000:2015IJHE...4011094D 6994:(34): 11094–11111. 6883:Particle Data Group 6765:on 13 February 2009 6512:Inorganic chemistry 6355:Hydrogen production 6141: 6038:. Bacteria such as 5378:. Key consumers of 5165:anaerobic corrosion 5096:hybrid sulfur cycle 5088:sulfur-iodine cycle 4732:Hydrogen production 4606:interstellar medium 4023:metal-acid reaction 3989:filings and dilute 3191:to be used, though 2768:inorganic chemistry 2732:(LiH), producing a 2585:(F, Cl, Br, I), or 2436:{\displaystyle S=0} 2402:{\displaystyle S=1} 2341:vacuum polarization 2333:probability density 2286:, equivalent to an 2177:destruction of the 2031:hydrogen production 1961:acid-base reactions 1945:recombination epoch 1918:isotope of hydrogen 1857:, sometimes called 1837:standard conditions 1400:Ionization energies 1287:Vapor pressure 1269:Molar heat capacity 1105:Physical properties 1097:Electrons per shell 36: 15286:Least dense things 15281:E-number additives 15261:Airship technology 15251:Diatomic nonmetals 15246:Reactive nonmetals 14346:Hydrogen compounds 12440:"MyChem: Chemical" 12281:on 29 January 2021 11507:Nature Electronics 11452:www.argusmedia.com 11125:The New York Times 10696:Fernandez, Sonia. 10665:Gusev, Alexander. 10468:ChemBioEng Reviews 10429:10.1039/D0SE00427H 10392:on 26 October 2007 10354:10.1038/ncomms5695 10050:on 11 October 2007 9462:. pp. 45–50. 9114:Boyle, R. (1672). 8800:on 23 January 2010 8562:The New York Times 8527:10.1007/BF01875525 8145:Moers, K. (1920). 7832:Clark, J. (2002). 7714:10.1007/BF02396837 7522:on 17 October 2008 7457:NAAP Labs (2009). 7101:10.1039/D1EA00037C 6373:Hydrogen transport 6309:-free form. Also, 6263: 6139: 5919:together serve as 5906:on reaction rates. 5502:, and the highest 5472:is also used as a 5427:, the addition of 5360: 5122:Laboratory methods 4963: 4953:Water electrolysis 4886:ammonia production 4754: 4698:triatomic hydrogen 4651:chemical compounds 4595:Birkeland currents 4501: 4380: 4262:static electricity 4260:fabric coating by 4200: 4046: 3979: 3240:quantum simulation 2939: 2931: 2923: 2808:Acid–base reaction 2706: 2561:Hydrogen compounds 2518: 2503: 2433: 2399: 2337:special relativity 2273: 2108: 2097: 2055:ammonia production 1916:. The most common 1880:, hydrogen is the 1867:molecular hydrogen 1845:diatomic molecules 1780:Category: Hydrogen 1464:Natural occurrence 1454: 1448: 1011: 997: 28: 15241:Chemical elements 15221: 15220: 14312: 14311: 14305: 14304: 14271: 14270: 12828: 12818: 12783:978-0-19-530573-9 12760:978-1-55963-703-9 12739:978-0-531-12501-4 12718:978-0-531-12501-4 12697:978-0-9843653-0-2 12646:Library resources 12622:978-0-8247-2478-8 12452:on 1 October 2018 12095:978-0-415-24242-4 12057:10.2968/060001004 11903:on 8 January 2009 11868:978-0-306-47277-0 11766:10.1063/1.1609245 11752:(10): 2025–2027. 11723:10.1063/1.1482783 11395:978-92-9260-334-2 11178:978-92-9260-151-5 10956:978-0-262-69313-4 10873:10.1021/cr050186q 10867:(10): 4331–4365. 10832:(12): 3073–3076. 10495:Cartwright, Jon. 10384:Lees, A. (2007). 10213:978-0-03-035373-4 10183:978-0-471-77985-8 10088:978-1-4613-4915-0 9945:(7952): 541–547. 9648:978-1-4298-0723-4 9564:on 10 August 2009 9535:978-0-7803-7231-3 9332:978-0-19-508083-4 9244:978-0-521-21110-9 9092:978-0-471-45728-2 8937:Molecular Physics 8871:978-0-86542-684-9 8476:(2035): 602–603. 8403:10.1134/1.1891200 8330:(21): 6983–6986. 8261:978-0-13-035471-6 7813:(20): 5385–5388. 7443:978-0-521-82381-4 7290:978-0-471-71458-3 7208:978-0-309-09163-3 6857:Physical Review D 6736:978-0-19-508083-4 6680:978-0-19-850341-5 6632:978-0-471-61525-5 6602:978-0-8493-0464-4 6577:978-0-8493-0486-6 6547:978-1-62708-155-9 6384:Methane pyrolysis 6294:Chemical compound 6292: 6291: 6193:Hazard statements 6069:parts per million 6020:reaction between 5937:rocket propellant 5862:), hydrogen is a 5833:superconductivity 5643:amorphous silicon 5463:hydrochloric acid 5260:Schikorr reaction 5233:ferrous hydroxide 5148:Zn + 2 H → Zn + H 5051:(ΔH° = 74 kJ/mol) 5016:Methane pyrolysis 4498:Triangulum Galaxy 4297:Ernest Rutherford 4166:in 1898 by using 4149:Döbereiner's lamp 4050:Antoine Lavoisier 4042:Antoine Lavoisier 4033:Antoine Lavoisier 3951:Discovery and use 3943: 3942: 3271:Density (kg/m^3) 3244:hydrogen chloride 3072:neutron moderator 2802:Protons and acids 2780:group 13 elements 2661:transition metals 2638:organic chemistry 2634:organic compounds 2543:Metallic hydrogen 2331:to calculate the 2311:quantum mechanics 2226:hydrogen fluoride 2222:hydrogen chloride 2092: 2013:quantum mechanics 1989:aqueous solutions 1979:, H. The cation, 1906:organic compounds 1815: 1814: 1764: 1763: 1618:Antoine Lavoisier 1528:Magnetic ordering 1493:Lattice constants 1475:Crystal structure 1449: 1437:120 pm 1390:Electronegativity 1359:Atomic properties 1353: 1352: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1009: 995: 987: 986: 713:Mercury (element) 15293: 15213: 15202: 15191: 15177: 15163: 15149: 15138: 15123: 15105: 15087: 15069: 15058: 15040: 15026: 15012: 14988: 14973: 14959: 14945: 14931: 14920: 14906: 14895: 14880: 14862: 14844: 14830: 14816: 14802: 14788: 14774: 14760: 14746: 14735: 14721: 14710: 14692: 14682: 14662: 14647: 14633: 14619: 14609: 14599: 14589: 14559: 14545: 14531: 14516: 14492: 14482: 14472: 14452: 14442: 14432: 14412: 14401: 14380: 14366: 14339: 14332: 14325: 14316: 14315: 14281: 14280: 14267: 14265: 14258: 14256: 14249: 14247: 14240: 14238: 14231: 14229: 14222: 14220: 14213: 14211: 14204: 14202: 14195: 14193: 14186: 14184: 14177: 14175: 14168: 14166: 14159: 14157: 14150: 14148: 14141: 14139: 14132: 14130: 14123: 14121: 14114: 14112: 14105: 14103: 14096: 14094: 14087: 14085: 14078: 14076: 14069: 14067: 14060: 14058: 14051: 14049: 14042: 14040: 14033: 14031: 14024: 14022: 14015: 14013: 14006: 14004: 13997: 13995: 13988: 13986: 13972: 13970: 13963: 13961: 13954: 13952: 13945: 13943: 13936: 13934: 13927: 13925: 13918: 13916: 13909: 13907: 13900: 13898: 13891: 13889: 13882: 13880: 13873: 13871: 13864: 13862: 13855: 13853: 13846: 13844: 13837: 13835: 13828: 13826: 13819: 13817: 13810: 13808: 13801: 13799: 13792: 13790: 13783: 13781: 13774: 13772: 13765: 13763: 13756: 13754: 13747: 13745: 13738: 13736: 13729: 13727: 13720: 13718: 13711: 13709: 13702: 13700: 13693: 13691: 13677: 13675: 13668: 13666: 13659: 13657: 13650: 13648: 13641: 13639: 13632: 13630: 13623: 13621: 13614: 13612: 13605: 13603: 13596: 13594: 13587: 13585: 13578: 13576: 13569: 13567: 13560: 13558: 13551: 13549: 13542: 13540: 13531: 13529: 13522: 13520: 13506: 13504: 13497: 13495: 13488: 13486: 13479: 13477: 13470: 13468: 13461: 13459: 13452: 13450: 13443: 13441: 13434: 13432: 13425: 13423: 13416: 13414: 13407: 13405: 13398: 13396: 13389: 13387: 13380: 13378: 13371: 13369: 13360: 13358: 13351: 13349: 13335: 13333: 13326: 13324: 13317: 13315: 13308: 13306: 13299: 13297: 13290: 13288: 13279: 13277: 13270: 13268: 13254: 13252: 13245: 13243: 13236: 13234: 13227: 13225: 13218: 13216: 13209: 13207: 13198: 13196: 13189: 13187: 13173: 13171: 13162: 13160: 13052: 13036: 13029: 13022: 13013: 13012: 13007: 13006:from Wikiversity 12999: 12998: 12997: 12990: 12982: 12981: 12980: 12973: 12965: 12964: 12963: 12956: 12948: 12947: 12946: 12936: 12920: 12919: 12908: 12907: 12906: 12899: 12849: 12847: 12839: 12838: 12830: 12829: 12820: 12819: 12807: 12805: 12799: 12787: 12775: 12764: 12753:. Island Press. 12743: 12722: 12701: 12634: 12633: 12631: 12629: 12604: 12598: 12597: 12595: 12593: 12577: 12571: 12570: 12542: 12536: 12535: 12533: 12531: 12525: 12518: 12510: 12504: 12503: 12501: 12499: 12493: 12480: 12471: 12462: 12461: 12459: 12457: 12451: 12445:. Archived from 12444: 12436: 12430: 12429: 12427: 12425: 12416:. The Register. 12405: 12399: 12398: 12396: 12394: 12388: 12377: 12368: 12362: 12361: 12359: 12357: 12351: 12328: 12310: 12297: 12291: 12290: 12288: 12286: 12280: 12274:. Archived from 12233: 12224: 12218: 12217: 12177: 12171: 12170: 12168: 12166: 12160: 12153: 12136:(6): 1611–1625. 12127: 12118: 12112: 12111: 12109: 12107: 12079: 12073: 12072: 12070: 12068: 12028: 12022: 12021: 12019: 12017: 12011: 12004: 11996: 11990: 11989: 11979: 11955: 11949: 11948: 11946: 11944: 11938: 11927: 11919: 11913: 11912: 11910: 11908: 11886: 11880: 11879: 11877: 11875: 11852: 11846: 11845: 11828:. 388–389: 1–6. 11821: 11815: 11814: 11813:on 16 July 2011. 11803: 11797: 11796: 11776: 11770: 11769: 11741: 11735: 11734: 11698: 11692: 11691: 11680:10.1038/nmat1795 11660:Nature Materials 11655: 11649: 11648: 11646: 11644: 11638: 11623: 11598:(5): 1012–1015. 11589: 11580: 11574: 11573: 11556:(5): 1173–1187. 11545: 11539: 11538: 11498: 11492: 11491: 11489: 11478: 11469: 11463: 11462: 11460: 11458: 11443: 11437: 11436: 11434: 11427: 11413: 11407: 11406: 11404: 11387: 11373: 11367: 11366: 11364: 11362: 11357:. 31 August 2021 11347: 11341: 11340: 11330: 11304: 11298: 11297: 11295: 11293: 11243: 11234: 11233: 11231: 11229: 11205: 11199: 11197: 11195: 11193: 11187: 11170: 11156: 11150: 11149: 11147: 11145: 11115: 11109: 11108: 11106: 11104: 11099:on 14 March 2008 11095:. Archived from 11084: 11078: 11077: 11075: 11073: 11051: 11042: 11041: 11017: 11003: 10988: 10987: 10985: 10983: 10967: 10961: 10960: 10942: 10936: 10935: 10933: 10931: 10916: 10910: 10909: 10907: 10905: 10891: 10885: 10884: 10861:Chemical Reviews 10856: 10850: 10849: 10821: 10815: 10814: 10812: 10810: 10804: 10798:. Archived from 10797: 10788: 10782: 10781: 10779: 10777: 10771: 10764: 10755: 10749: 10748: 10746: 10744: 10724: 10718: 10717: 10715: 10713: 10693: 10687: 10686: 10684: 10682: 10662: 10656: 10655: 10653: 10651: 10620:Nature Catalysis 10611: 10605: 10604: 10586: 10554: 10548: 10547: 10545: 10543: 10523: 10517: 10516: 10514: 10512: 10492: 10486: 10485: 10483: 10459: 10453: 10452: 10450: 10448: 10408: 10402: 10401: 10399: 10397: 10381: 10375: 10374: 10356: 10324: 10318: 10317: 10277: 10271: 10270: 10268: 10266: 10251: 10245: 10244: 10242: 10240: 10224: 10218: 10217: 10199: 10188: 10187: 10175: 10165: 10159: 10158: 10156: 10154: 10134: 10128: 10127: 10101: 10092: 10091: 10066: 10060: 10059: 10057: 10055: 10039: 10033: 10032: 10030: 10028: 10022: 10016:. Archived from 9999: 9987: 9981: 9980: 9970: 9930: 9921: 9920: 9894: 9892:astro-ph/0006044 9874: 9868: 9867: 9865: 9863: 9844: 9838: 9837: 9835: 9833: 9824:. Archived from 9813: 9807: 9806: 9804: 9802: 9797:on 10 April 2008 9786: 9780: 9779: 9751: 9745: 9744: 9726: 9703:Science Progress 9694: 9688: 9687: 9659: 9653: 9652: 9634: 9628: 9627: 9625: 9623: 9607: 9601: 9600: 9598: 9596: 9580: 9574: 9573: 9571: 9569: 9554: 9548: 9547: 9513: 9507: 9506: 9504: 9502: 9496: 9479: 9477:2060/20020070612 9457: 9446: 9440: 9439: 9411: 9405: 9404: 9402: 9400: 9382: 9376: 9375: 9343: 9337: 9336: 9320: 9310: 9304: 9303: 9293: 9262: 9256: 9255: 9253: 9251: 9228: 9214: 9208: 9207: 9197: 9191: 9190: 9180: 9156: 9150: 9149: 9147: 9145: 9140:on 10 April 2008 9129: 9123: 9122: 9111: 9105: 9104: 9073: 9067: 9066: 9038: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9027: 9021: 8988: 8978:W. H. Koppenol; 8975: 8969: 8968: 8931: 8925: 8924: 8894: 8888: 8887: 8885: 8883: 8852:(2nd ed.). 8836: 8830: 8816: 8810: 8809: 8807: 8805: 8789: 8783: 8782: 8746: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8732: 8717: 8711: 8710: 8708: 8706: 8701:on 14 March 2008 8697:. Archived from 8678: 8672: 8671: 8669: 8667: 8647: 8641: 8640: 8638: 8636: 8620: 8614: 8613: 8611: 8609: 8603: 8596: 8587: 8578: 8577: 8575: 8573: 8553: 8547: 8546: 8508: 8502: 8501: 8465: 8459: 8458: 8421: 8415: 8414: 8377: 8371: 8370: 8346: 8340: 8339: 8319: 8313: 8312: 8303:(9): 3416–3427. 8272: 8266: 8265: 8253: 8243: 8232: 8231: 8228:10.1039/a809279f 8215: 8209: 8208: 8188: 8182: 8181: 8179: 8177: 8171: 8157:(191): 179–228. 8142: 8136: 8135: 8133: 8131: 8111: 8105: 8104: 8082: 8076: 8075: 8066:(1–2): 457–462. 8055: 8049: 8048: 8039:(9): 2282–2283. 8026: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8015: 7996: 7990: 7989: 7987: 7985: 7966: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7955: 7940: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7926: 7910: 7904: 7891: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7880: 7860: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7849: 7840:. Archived from 7829: 7823: 7822: 7802: 7796: 7795: 7793: 7791: 7785: 7778: 7769: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7758: 7752: 7741: 7732: 7726: 7725: 7689: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7678: 7659: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7648: 7596: 7590: 7589: 7587: 7585: 7565: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7554: 7543:"Wave Mechanics" 7538: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7527: 7511: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7500: 7481: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7470: 7454: 7448: 7447: 7425: 7419: 7418: 7394: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7364: 7358: 7357: 7355: 7353: 7328:(6): 1234–1241. 7313: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7302: 7274: 7268: 7267: 7250:(8): 1439–1451. 7231: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7188: 7182: 7181: 7135: 7126: 7119: 7113: 7103: 7079: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7057: 7038: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7027: 6979: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6968: 6940: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6909: 6903: 6893: 6880: 6873: 6853: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6813: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6781: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6761:. Archived from 6755:O=CHem Directory 6747: 6741: 6740: 6722: 6716: 6715: 6691: 6685: 6684: 6666: 6637: 6636: 6618: 6607: 6606: 6588: 6582: 6581: 6569: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6533: 6527: 6526: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6470: 6464: 6463: 6452: 6437: 6434: 6428: 6417: 6394:Natural hydrogen 6389: 6349:Hydrogen economy 6283: 6276: 6269: 6254: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6200: 6172: 6142: 6138: 6120: 6109: 6058: 6026: 5987: 5949:nuclear reactors 5851:in balloons and 5846: 5826: 5811:methods such as 5792: 5783: 5774: 5765: 5752: 5743: 5734: 5725: 5716: 5703: 5690: 5681: 5664: 5647:amorphous carbon 5471: 5447:unsaturated fats 5440: 5433: 5415: 5384: 5373: 5350:Hydrogen economy 5327: 5306:and in reducing 5287: 5257: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5230: 5220: 5202: 5184: 5162: 5152: 5141:Kipp's apparatus 5138: 5131: 5076:iron oxide cycle 5050: 5045:(g) → C(s) + 2 H 4986: 4937: 4920: 4902: 4876: 4850: 4839: 4809: 4792: 4774: 4721: 4720: 4719: 4716: 4705: 4695: 4694: 4693: 4690: 4675: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4640: 4631: = 4. 4543: 4535:Molecular clouds 4508:chemical element 4464: 4463: 4462: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4437: 4425: 4402: 4401: 4400: 4397: 4274:weather balloons 4246:was used in the 4245: 4206:was invented by 4139:built the first 4120: 4097: 4074: 4004: 3977:and dilute acids 3268:Temperature (K) 3265: 3264: 3237: 3212: 3210: 3209: 3201: 3199: 3198: 3190: 3188: 3187: 3179: 3177: 3176: 3165:guidelines, the 3156: 3154: 3153: 3145: 3143: 3142: 3091: 3089: 3088: 3068:NMR spectroscopy 3065: 3063: 3062: 3037: 3035: 3034: 3010: 3008: 3007: 2995: 2993: 2992: 2984: 2982: 2981: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2962: 2960: 2959: 2951: 2949: 2948: 2898: 2897: 2896: 2893: 2879: 2867: 2852: 2840: 2825: 2816: 2782:, especially in 2772:bridging ligands 2754: 2742: 2726:Gilbert N. Lewis 2715: 2665:amorphous metals 2603:hydrogen bonding 2576: 2483:activated carbon 2460: 2442: 2440: 2439: 2434: 2408: 2406: 2405: 2400: 2363: 2307:angular momentum 2248: 2241: 2234: 2211: 2196: 2167:, which uses an 2128: 2093: 2017:chemical bonding 1955:, readily forms 1953:extreme pressure 1892:, including the 1856: 1822:chemical element 1803: 1796: 1789: 1777: 1776: 1755: 1748: 1728: 1711: 1691: 1659: 1658: 1649: 1644: 1637: 1622: 1605: 1584: 1576:12385-13-6 1551: 1549: 1502: 1459:Other properties 1379: 1373: 1365:Oxidation states 1335: 1331: 1303: 1299: 1292: 1291: 1279: 1262: 1241: 1202: 1188: 1177:0.08988 g/L 1174: 1162: 1141: 1120: 1119: 1079: 1039: 1038: 982: 975: 968: 961: 954: 947: 940: 933: 926: 919: 912: 905: 898: 891: 884: 877: 870: 863: 856: 849: 842: 835: 828: 821: 814: 807: 800: 793: 786: 779: 772: 765: 756: 749: 742: 735: 728: 721: 714: 707: 700: 693: 686: 679: 672: 665: 658: 651: 644: 637: 630: 623: 616: 609: 602: 595: 588: 581: 574: 567: 560: 553: 546: 539: 530: 523: 516: 509: 502: 495: 488: 481: 474: 467: 460: 453: 446: 439: 432: 425: 414: 407: 398: 391: 384: 377: 370: 363: 356: 349: 342: 335: 328: 321: 314: 307: 300: 293: 284: 277: 268: 261: 254: 247: 240: 233: 224: 217: 208: 201: 194: 187: 180: 173: 164: 157: 148: 139: 133: 132: 128: 127: 124: 123: 115:Hydrogen in the 98: 96: 80: 44: 37: 35: 27: 15301: 15300: 15296: 15295: 15294: 15292: 15291: 15290: 15266:Reducing agents 15226: 15225: 15222: 15217: 15211: 15207: 15200: 15196: 15190: 15186: 15182: 15176: 15172: 15168: 15162: 15158: 15154: 15147: 15143: 15136: 15132: 15128: 15122: 15118: 15114: 15110: 15104: 15100: 15096: 15092: 15086: 15082: 15078: 15074: 15067: 15063: 15057: 15053: 15049: 15045: 15039: 15035: 15031: 15025: 15021: 15017: 15011: 15007: 15003: 14986: 14982: 14978: 14972: 14968: 14964: 14958: 14954: 14950: 14944: 14940: 14936: 14929: 14925: 14919: 14915: 14911: 14904: 14900: 14893: 14889: 14885: 14879: 14875: 14871: 14867: 14861: 14857: 14853: 14849: 14843: 14839: 14835: 14829: 14825: 14821: 14815: 14811: 14807: 14801: 14797: 14793: 14787: 14783: 14779: 14773: 14769: 14765: 14759: 14755: 14751: 14744: 14740: 14734: 14730: 14726: 14719: 14715: 14709: 14705: 14701: 14697: 14691: 14687: 14681: 14677: 14661: 14657: 14646: 14642: 14638: 14632: 14628: 14624: 14618: 14614: 14608: 14604: 14598: 14594: 14588: 14584: 14558: 14554: 14550: 14544: 14540: 14536: 14530: 14526: 14522: 14518: 14515: 14511: 14507: 14491: 14487: 14481: 14477: 14471: 14467: 14451: 14447: 14441: 14437: 14431: 14427: 14410: 14406: 14399: 14395: 14379: 14375: 14371: 14365: 14361: 14357: 14348: 14343: 14313: 14308: 14307: 14306: 14272: 14263: 14261: 14254: 14252: 14245: 14243: 14236: 14234: 14227: 14225: 14218: 14216: 14209: 14207: 14200: 14198: 14191: 14189: 14182: 14180: 14173: 14171: 14164: 14162: 14155: 14153: 14146: 14144: 14137: 14135: 14128: 14126: 14119: 14117: 14110: 14108: 14101: 14099: 14092: 14090: 14083: 14081: 14074: 14072: 14065: 14063: 14056: 14054: 14047: 14045: 14038: 14036: 14029: 14027: 14020: 14018: 14011: 14009: 14002: 14000: 13993: 13991: 13984: 13982: 13968: 13966: 13959: 13957: 13950: 13948: 13941: 13939: 13932: 13930: 13923: 13921: 13914: 13912: 13905: 13903: 13896: 13894: 13887: 13885: 13878: 13876: 13869: 13867: 13860: 13858: 13851: 13849: 13842: 13840: 13833: 13831: 13824: 13822: 13815: 13813: 13806: 13804: 13797: 13795: 13788: 13786: 13779: 13777: 13770: 13768: 13761: 13759: 13752: 13750: 13743: 13741: 13734: 13732: 13725: 13723: 13716: 13714: 13707: 13705: 13698: 13696: 13689: 13687: 13673: 13671: 13664: 13662: 13655: 13653: 13646: 13644: 13637: 13635: 13628: 13626: 13619: 13617: 13610: 13608: 13601: 13599: 13592: 13590: 13583: 13581: 13574: 13572: 13565: 13563: 13556: 13554: 13547: 13545: 13538: 13536: 13527: 13525: 13518: 13516: 13502: 13500: 13493: 13491: 13484: 13482: 13475: 13473: 13466: 13464: 13457: 13455: 13448: 13446: 13439: 13437: 13430: 13428: 13421: 13419: 13412: 13410: 13403: 13401: 13394: 13392: 13385: 13383: 13376: 13374: 13367: 13365: 13356: 13354: 13347: 13345: 13331: 13329: 13322: 13320: 13313: 13311: 13304: 13302: 13295: 13293: 13286: 13284: 13275: 13273: 13266: 13264: 13250: 13248: 13241: 13239: 13232: 13230: 13223: 13221: 13214: 13212: 13205: 13203: 13194: 13192: 13185: 13183: 13169: 13167: 13158: 13156: 13045: 13040: 13010: 13000: 12995: 12993: 12983: 12978: 12976: 12966: 12961: 12959: 12955:from Wiktionary 12949: 12944: 12942: 12939: 12935:sister projects 12932:at Knowledge's 12926: 12914: 12904: 12902: 12894: 12863: 12862: 12851: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12833: 12824: 12814: 12809: 12803: 12802: 12801:(2 parts, 12800: 12797: 12794: 12784: 12761: 12740: 12719: 12698: 12684: 12676: 12675: 12674: 12654: 12653: 12649: 12642: 12640:Further reading 12637: 12627: 12625: 12623: 12605: 12601: 12591: 12589: 12578: 12574: 12559:10.2307/3970088 12544: 12543: 12539: 12529: 12527: 12523: 12516: 12512: 12511: 12507: 12497: 12495: 12491: 12487:. NSS 1740.16. 12478: 12472: 12465: 12455: 12453: 12449: 12442: 12438: 12437: 12433: 12423: 12421: 12406: 12402: 12392: 12390: 12386: 12375: 12369: 12365: 12355: 12353: 12349: 12319:(40): 34170–7. 12308: 12305: 12298: 12294: 12284: 12282: 12278: 12231: 12225: 12221: 12178: 12174: 12164: 12162: 12158: 12125: 12119: 12115: 12105: 12103: 12096: 12080: 12076: 12066: 12064: 12029: 12025: 12015: 12013: 12009: 12002: 11998: 11997: 11993: 11970:(19): 9093–97. 11956: 11952: 11942: 11940: 11936: 11925: 11921: 11920: 11916: 11906: 11904: 11897:16th WCNDT 2004 11887: 11883: 11873: 11871: 11869: 11853: 11849: 11822: 11818: 11805: 11804: 11800: 11777: 11773: 11742: 11738: 11699: 11695: 11656: 11652: 11642: 11640: 11636: 11587: 11581: 11577: 11546: 11542: 11499: 11495: 11487: 11476: 11470: 11466: 11456: 11454: 11444: 11440: 11432: 11425: 11414: 11410: 11402: 11396: 11385: 11374: 11370: 11360: 11358: 11349: 11348: 11344: 11305: 11301: 11291: 11289: 11244: 11237: 11227: 11225: 11206: 11202: 11191: 11189: 11185: 11179: 11168: 11157: 11153: 11143: 11141: 11116: 11112: 11102: 11100: 11085: 11081: 11071: 11069: 11052: 11045: 11038: 11015: 11004: 10991: 10981: 10979: 10978:on 4 March 2011 10968: 10964: 10957: 10943: 10939: 10929: 10927: 10917: 10913: 10903: 10901: 10893: 10892: 10888: 10857: 10853: 10822: 10818: 10808: 10806: 10802: 10795: 10789: 10785: 10775: 10773: 10769: 10762: 10756: 10752: 10742: 10740: 10725: 10721: 10711: 10709: 10694: 10690: 10680: 10678: 10663: 10659: 10649: 10647: 10612: 10608: 10555: 10551: 10541: 10539: 10524: 10520: 10510: 10508: 10493: 10489: 10460: 10456: 10446: 10444: 10409: 10405: 10395: 10393: 10382: 10378: 10325: 10321: 10278: 10274: 10264: 10262: 10253: 10252: 10248: 10238: 10236: 10225: 10221: 10214: 10200: 10191: 10184: 10166: 10162: 10152: 10150: 10135: 10131: 10124: 10102: 10095: 10089: 10067: 10063: 10053: 10051: 10040: 10036: 10026: 10024: 10020: 9997: 9991:Dresselhaus, M. 9988: 9984: 9931: 9924: 9875: 9871: 9861: 9859: 9846: 9845: 9841: 9831: 9829: 9814: 9810: 9800: 9798: 9787: 9783: 9756:European Review 9752: 9748: 9695: 9691: 9660: 9656: 9649: 9635: 9631: 9621: 9619: 9608: 9604: 9594: 9592: 9581: 9577: 9567: 9565: 9556: 9555: 9551: 9536: 9514: 9510: 9500: 9498: 9494: 9488: 9455: 9447: 9443: 9436:10.2514/3.57704 9412: 9408: 9398: 9396: 9383: 9379: 9344: 9340: 9333: 9311: 9307: 9263: 9259: 9249: 9247: 9245: 9215: 9211: 9198: 9194: 9157: 9153: 9143: 9141: 9130: 9126: 9112: 9108: 9093: 9074: 9070: 9055: 9039: 9035: 9025: 9023: 9019: 8986: 8976: 8972: 8932: 8928: 8895: 8891: 8881: 8879: 8872: 8837: 8833: 8827:Wayback Machine 8817: 8813: 8803: 8801: 8790: 8786: 8747: 8740: 8730: 8728: 8719: 8718: 8714: 8704: 8702: 8679: 8675: 8665: 8663: 8648: 8644: 8634: 8632: 8621: 8617: 8607: 8605: 8601: 8594: 8588: 8581: 8571: 8569: 8554: 8550: 8509: 8505: 8466: 8462: 8422: 8418: 8378: 8374: 8352: 8347: 8343: 8320: 8316: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8273: 8269: 8262: 8244: 8235: 8216: 8212: 8189: 8185: 8175: 8173: 8169: 8143: 8139: 8129: 8127: 8112: 8108: 8083: 8079: 8056: 8052: 8027: 8023: 8013: 8011: 7998: 7997: 7993: 7983: 7981: 7968: 7967: 7963: 7953: 7951: 7950:on 11 June 2012 7942: 7941: 7934: 7924: 7922: 7911: 7907: 7902:Wayback Machine 7892: 7888: 7878: 7876: 7861: 7857: 7847: 7845: 7830: 7826: 7803: 7799: 7789: 7787: 7783: 7776: 7770: 7766: 7756: 7754: 7750: 7739: 7733: 7729: 7690: 7686: 7676: 7674: 7661: 7660: 7656: 7646: 7644: 7597: 7593: 7583: 7581: 7573: 7566: 7562: 7552: 7550: 7539: 7535: 7525: 7523: 7512: 7508: 7498: 7496: 7491:. 20 May 2015. 7483: 7482: 7478: 7468: 7466: 7459:"Energy Levels" 7455: 7451: 7444: 7426: 7422: 7415: 7395: 7391: 7381: 7379: 7366: 7365: 7361: 7351: 7349: 7314: 7310: 7300: 7298: 7291: 7275: 7271: 7241: 7237: 7232: 7228: 7218: 7216: 7209: 7201:. p. 240. 7189: 7185: 7136: 7129: 7080: 7065: 7055: 7053: 7040: 7039: 7035: 7025: 7023: 6980: 6976: 6966: 6964: 6942: 6941: 6937: 6927: 6925: 6910: 6906: 6900:John A. Peacock 6878: 6851: 6845: 6841: 6831: 6829: 6814: 6810: 6800: 6798: 6783: 6782: 6778: 6768: 6766: 6749: 6748: 6744: 6737: 6723: 6719: 6692: 6688: 6681: 6667: 6640: 6633: 6620: 6619: 6610: 6603: 6589: 6585: 6578: 6567: 6559: 6555: 6548: 6534: 6530: 6523: 6507: 6503: 6471: 6467: 6454: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6431: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6405: 6387: 6378:Liquid hydrogen 6361:Hydrogen safety 6339: 6311:liquid hydrogen 6295: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6278: 6271: 6264: 6260: 6252: 6209: 6195: 6181: 6165: 6137: 6135:Hydrogen safety 6131: 6119: 6115: 6108: 6104: 6083:light reactions 6079:Water splitting 6061:large intestine 6057: 6053: 6025: 6021: 5986: 5982: 5980: 5970: 5913:Liquid hydrogen 5904:isotope effects 5845: 5841: 5825: 5821: 5800: 5791: 5787: 5782: 5778: 5773: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5751: 5747: 5742: 5738: 5733: 5729: 5724: 5720: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5689: 5685: 5680: 5676: 5663: 5659: 5639: 5579:synthetic fuels 5537:nitrogen oxides 5516: 5492: 5486: 5480:to the metals. 5470: 5466: 5439: 5435: 5432: 5428: 5422: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5383: 5379: 5372: 5368: 5365: 5352: 5346: 5338: 5326: 5322: 5320: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5256: 5252: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5229: 5225: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5197: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5161: 5157: 5151: 5147: 5137: 5133: 5130: 5126: 5124: 5072:water splitting 5068: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5018: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4955: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4897: 4894: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4808: 4804: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4769: 4766:carbon monoxide 4746: 4744:Steam reforming 4739: 4734: 4728: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4704: 4700: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4639: 4635: 4593:giving rise to 4574: 4542: 4538: 4483: 4461: 4459: 4458: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4448: 4447: 4446: 4436: 4432: 4424: 4420: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4369: 4341: 4317: 4282: 4244: 4240: 4218:. German count 4208:Jacques Charles 4184: 4178:the next year. 4141:de Rivaz engine 4134: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4035: 4019:Henry Cavendish 4015: 4013:Henry Cavendish 4005: 4002: 3964: 3959: 3953: 3948: 3289:Prandtl Number 3261: 3256: 3232: 3213:are preferred. 3208: 3206: 3205: 3204: 3203: 3197: 3195: 3194: 3193: 3192: 3186: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3181: 3175: 3173: 3172: 3171: 3170: 3152: 3150: 3149: 3148: 3147: 3141: 3139: 3138: 3137: 3136: 3087: 3085: 3084: 3083: 3082: 3061: 3059: 3058: 3057: 3056: 3033: 3031: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3006: 3004: 3003: 3002: 3001: 2991: 2989: 2988: 2987: 2986: 2980: 2978: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2969: 2967: 2966: 2965: 2964: 2958: 2956: 2955: 2954: 2953: 2947: 2945: 2944: 2943: 2942: 2915: 2909: 2894: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2850: 2843:electron clouds 2838: 2837:A bare proton, 2823: 2814: 2810: 2804: 2752: 2748: 2741: 2737: 2730:lithium hydride 2724:, suggested by 2718:electropositive 2713: 2695: 2689: 2673:crystal lattice 2579:electronegative 2575: 2571: 2568: 2563: 2557: 2528:Liquid hydrogen 2491: 2467:liquid hydrogen 2465:and storage of 2459: 2455: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2388: 2385: 2384: 2362: 2358: 2355: 2349: 2261: 2255: 2247: 2243: 2240: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2210: 2206: 2195: 2191: 2189: 2153:hydrogen-oxygen 2149: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2082: 2080: 2075: 2063:nitrogen oxides 2035:steam reforming 2033:occurs through 2024:Henry Cavendish 2003:by surrounding 2001:electric charge 1993:ionic compounds 1965:ionic compounds 1914:molecular forms 1912:, and in other 1855: 1851: 1807: 1782: 1751: 1746: 1726: 1709: 1689: 1682: 1675:abundance 1648: 1630: 1620: 1616: 1603: 1601:Henry Cavendish 1583: 1579: 1577: 1547: 1545: 1508: 1503: 1419:Covalent radius 1413: 1375: 1369: 1354: 1333: 1301: 1278: 1274: 1261: 1257: 1240: 1236: 1196: 1182: 1172: 1161: 1157: 1140: 1136: 1113: 1032: 1028: 1000: 998: 994: 992: 988: 980: 973: 966: 959: 952: 945: 938: 931: 924: 917: 910: 903: 896: 889: 882: 875: 868: 861: 854: 847: 840: 833: 826: 819: 812: 805: 798: 791: 784: 777: 770: 763: 754: 747: 740: 733: 726: 719: 712: 705: 698: 691: 684: 677: 670: 663: 656: 649: 642: 635: 628: 621: 614: 607: 600: 593: 586: 579: 572: 565: 558: 551: 544: 537: 528: 521: 514: 507: 500: 493: 486: 479: 472: 465: 458: 451: 444: 437: 430: 423: 412: 405: 396: 389: 382: 375: 368: 361: 354: 347: 340: 333: 326: 319: 312: 305: 298: 291: 282: 275: 266: 259: 252: 245: 238: 231: 222: 215: 206: 199: 192: 185: 178: 171: 162: 155: 146: 137: 106: 94: 92: 78: 72: 47: 33: 30:Hydrogen, 29: 26: 21: 12: 11: 5: 15299: 15289: 15288: 15283: 15278: 15273: 15268: 15263: 15258: 15253: 15248: 15243: 15238: 15219: 15218: 15216: 15215: 15209: 15204: 15198: 15193: 15188: 15184: 15179: 15174: 15170: 15165: 15160: 15156: 15151: 15145: 15140: 15134: 15130: 15125: 15120: 15116: 15112: 15107: 15102: 15098: 15094: 15089: 15084: 15080: 15076: 15071: 15065: 15060: 15055: 15051: 15047: 15042: 15037: 15033: 15028: 15023: 15019: 15014: 15009: 15005: 15000: 14995: 14990: 14984: 14980: 14975: 14970: 14966: 14961: 14956: 14952: 14947: 14942: 14938: 14933: 14927: 14922: 14917: 14913: 14908: 14902: 14897: 14891: 14887: 14882: 14877: 14873: 14869: 14864: 14859: 14855: 14851: 14846: 14841: 14837: 14832: 14827: 14823: 14818: 14813: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14767: 14762: 14757: 14753: 14748: 14742: 14737: 14732: 14728: 14723: 14717: 14712: 14707: 14703: 14699: 14694: 14689: 14684: 14679: 14674: 14669: 14664: 14659: 14654: 14649: 14644: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14626: 14621: 14616: 14611: 14606: 14601: 14596: 14591: 14586: 14581: 14576: 14571: 14566: 14561: 14556: 14552: 14547: 14542: 14538: 14533: 14528: 14524: 14520: 14513: 14509: 14504: 14499: 14494: 14489: 14484: 14479: 14474: 14469: 14464: 14459: 14454: 14449: 14444: 14439: 14434: 14429: 14424: 14419: 14414: 14408: 14403: 14397: 14392: 14387: 14382: 14377: 14373: 14368: 14363: 14359: 14353: 14350: 14349: 14342: 14341: 14334: 14327: 14319: 14310: 14309: 14303: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14287: 14279: 14277: 14274: 14273: 14269: 14268: 14259: 14250: 14241: 14232: 14223: 14214: 14205: 14196: 14187: 14178: 14169: 14160: 14151: 14142: 14133: 14124: 14115: 14106: 14097: 14088: 14079: 14070: 14061: 14052: 14043: 14034: 14025: 14016: 14007: 13998: 13989: 13980: 13974: 13973: 13964: 13955: 13946: 13937: 13928: 13919: 13910: 13901: 13892: 13883: 13874: 13865: 13856: 13847: 13838: 13829: 13820: 13811: 13802: 13793: 13784: 13775: 13766: 13757: 13748: 13739: 13730: 13721: 13712: 13703: 13694: 13685: 13679: 13678: 13669: 13660: 13651: 13642: 13633: 13624: 13615: 13606: 13597: 13588: 13579: 13570: 13561: 13552: 13543: 13534: 13532: 13523: 13514: 13508: 13507: 13498: 13489: 13480: 13471: 13462: 13453: 13444: 13435: 13426: 13417: 13408: 13399: 13390: 13381: 13372: 13363: 13361: 13352: 13343: 13337: 13336: 13327: 13318: 13309: 13300: 13291: 13282: 13280: 13271: 13262: 13256: 13255: 13246: 13237: 13228: 13219: 13210: 13201: 13199: 13190: 13181: 13175: 13174: 13165: 13163: 13154: 13148: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13112: 13107: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13047: 13046: 13043:Periodic table 13039: 13038: 13031: 13024: 13016: 13009: 13008: 12991: 12989:from Wikibooks 12974: 12957: 12928: 12925: 12924: 12912: 12892: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12869: 12852: 12841: 12834: 12832: 12831: 12821: 12810: 12796: 12795: 12793: 12792:External links 12790: 12789: 12788: 12782: 12765: 12759: 12744: 12738: 12723: 12717: 12702: 12696: 12682: 12673: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12656: 12655: 12644: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12635: 12621: 12599: 12572: 12537: 12526:on 27 May 2008 12505: 12463: 12431: 12400: 12363: 12303: 12292: 12219: 12172: 12113: 12094: 12074: 12023: 11991: 11950: 11930:European Union 11914: 11881: 11867: 11847: 11816: 11798: 11771: 11736: 11693: 11650: 11575: 11540: 11493: 11464: 11438: 11408: 11394: 11368: 11342: 11299: 11235: 11200: 11177: 11151: 11110: 11079: 11043: 11036: 10989: 10962: 10955: 10937: 10911: 10886: 10851: 10816: 10805:on 27 May 2010 10783: 10750: 10719: 10688: 10657: 10606: 10549: 10518: 10487: 10454: 10403: 10376: 10319: 10272: 10246: 10219: 10212: 10189: 10182: 10160: 10129: 10122: 10093: 10087: 10061: 10034: 9982: 9922: 9909:10.1086/317138 9885:(2): 552–576. 9869: 9839: 9808: 9781: 9746: 9689: 9654: 9647: 9629: 9602: 9575: 9549: 9534: 9508: 9486: 9441: 9406: 9377: 9338: 9331: 9305: 9257: 9243: 9209: 9192: 9151: 9124: 9106: 9091: 9068: 9053: 9033: 8999:(2): 377–380. 8970: 8943:(3): 467–488. 8926: 8889: 8870: 8831: 8811: 8784: 8738: 8712: 8673: 8642: 8615: 8579: 8548: 8503: 8460: 8416: 8372: 8361:(6): 218–222. 8350: 8341: 8314: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8267: 8260: 8233: 8222:(2): 185–186. 8210: 8199:(3): 175–184. 8183: 8137: 8106: 8095:(4): 262–325. 8077: 8050: 8021: 8004:Dictionary.com 8000:"Biochemistry" 7991: 7974:Dictionary.com 7961: 7932: 7905: 7886: 7855: 7824: 7797: 7764: 7727: 7700:(1–2): 77–92. 7684: 7654: 7591: 7571: 7568:Staff (2003). 7560: 7533: 7506: 7476: 7449: 7442: 7420: 7413: 7389: 7359: 7308: 7289: 7269: 7239: 7235: 7226: 7207: 7183: 7127: 7094:(5): 201–207. 7063: 7033: 6974: 6935: 6904: 6896:Keith A. Olive 6839: 6808: 6776: 6742: 6735: 6717: 6686: 6679: 6638: 6631: 6608: 6601: 6583: 6576: 6553: 6546: 6528: 6522:978-0123526519 6521: 6501: 6465: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6429: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6403: 6397: 6391: 6390:(for hydrogen) 6381: 6375: 6370: 6364: 6358: 6352: 6346: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6293: 6290: 6289: 6279: 6272: 6265: 6250: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6236: 6235: 6210: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6166: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6147: 6146: 6133:Main article: 6130: 6127: 6117: 6106: 6101:dark reactions 6087:photosynthetic 6055: 6036:hydrogen cycle 6023: 5994:microorganisms 5984: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5964: 5957:beta radiation 5953:hydrogen bombs 5943:Tritium uses: 5941: 5908: 5907: 5900: 5897:nuclear fusion 5893: 5873: 5872: 5856: 5843: 5837: 5836: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5799: 5796: 5789: 5780: 5771: 5762: 5758: 5749: 5740: 5731: 5722: 5713: 5709: 5700: 5696: 5687: 5678: 5661: 5651:electron donor 5638: 5635: 5592:Innovation in 5575:green hydrogen 5526: 5515: 5514:Energy carrier 5512: 5510:of all gases. 5488:Main article: 5485: 5482: 5474:reducing agent 5468: 5437: 5430: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5395:hydrogenolysis 5381: 5370: 5364: 5361: 5345: 5342: 5337: 5334: 5324: 5319: 5316: 5289: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5254: 5241: 5227: 5222: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5199: 5186: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5159: 5154: 5153: 5149: 5135: 5128: 5123: 5120: 5067: 5066:Thermochemical 5064: 5053: 5052: 5046: 5042: 5017: 5014: 4988: 4987: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4954: 4951: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4899: 4893: 4890: 4878: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4846: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4806: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4771: 4745: 4742: 4737: 4730:Main article: 4727: 4724: 4702: 4637: 4573: 4570: 4562:nuclear fusion 4546:star formation 4540: 4482: 4479: 4460: 4450: 4434: 4422: 4368: 4365: 4340: 4337: 4316: 4313: 4281: 4278: 4242: 4183: 4180: 4176:solid hydrogen 4174:. He produced 4133: 4130: 4122: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4034: 4031: 4014: 4011: 4000: 3963: 3960: 3955:Main article: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3915: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3889: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3863: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3837: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3811: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3759: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3733: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3655: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3629: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3603: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3551: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3525: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3499: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3447: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3421: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3395: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3369: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3259: 3255: 3252: 3250:respectively. 3248:sodium hydride 3207: 3196: 3185: 3174: 3151: 3140: 3132: 3131: 3111:luminous paint 3086: 3079: 3076:nuclear fusion 3060: 3032: 3025: 3005: 2990: 2979: 2968: 2957: 2946: 2911:Main article: 2908: 2905: 2899:ion, known as 2875: 2871: 2863: 2803: 2800: 2790:hydrides) and 2750: 2739: 2734:stoichiometric 2703:sodium hydride 2691:Main article: 2688: 2685: 2573: 2567: 2564: 2559:Main article: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2551: 2545: 2540: 2538:Solid hydrogen 2535: 2533:Slush hydrogen 2530: 2525: 2490: 2487: 2457: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2364:exists as two 2360: 2351:Main article: 2348: 2345: 2322:Dirac equation 2257:Main article: 2254: 2251: 2245: 2238: 2231: 2208: 2193: 2188: 2185: 2173:flame detector 2148: 2145: 2131: 2130: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 1957:covalent bonds 1937:early universe 1853: 1813: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1798: 1791: 1783: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1677: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1663: 1662:Main isotopes 1655: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1639: 1631: 1624: 1623: 1611: 1607: 1606: 1598: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1586: 1581: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1560: 1558:Speed of sound 1554: 1553: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1530: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1514: 1513: 1497: 1495: 1489: 1488: 1479: 1477: 1471: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1451:Spectral lines 1439: 1438: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1421: 1415: 1414: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1402: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1386: 1385: 1367: 1361: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1290: 1282: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1265: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1248: 1247: 1238: 1233: 1231:Heat of fusion 1227: 1226: 1223: 1221:Critical point 1217: 1216: 1213: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1165: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1148: 1147: 1138: 1133: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1107: 1106: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1084: 1083: 1075: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1057: 1056: 1050: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1005: 1004: 989: 985: 984: 977: 970: 963: 956: 949: 942: 935: 928: 921: 914: 907: 900: 893: 886: 879: 872: 865: 858: 851: 844: 837: 830: 823: 816: 809: 802: 795: 788: 781: 774: 767: 759: 758: 751: 744: 737: 730: 723: 716: 709: 702: 695: 688: 681: 674: 667: 660: 653: 646: 639: 632: 625: 618: 611: 604: 597: 590: 583: 576: 569: 562: 555: 548: 541: 533: 532: 525: 518: 511: 504: 497: 490: 483: 476: 469: 462: 455: 448: 441: 434: 427: 420: 418: 416: 409: 401: 400: 393: 386: 379: 372: 365: 358: 351: 344: 337: 330: 323: 316: 309: 302: 295: 288: 286: 279: 271: 270: 263: 256: 249: 242: 235: 228: 226: 219: 211: 210: 203: 196: 189: 182: 175: 168: 166: 159: 151: 150: 143: 141: 131: 120: 119: 117:periodic table 112: 111: 108: 107: 105: 104: 90: 87: 85: 82: 81: 76: 66: 65: 62: 61: 58: 54: 53: 49: 48: 45: 31: 24: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15298: 15287: 15284: 15282: 15279: 15277: 15274: 15272: 15269: 15267: 15264: 15262: 15259: 15257: 15254: 15252: 15249: 15247: 15244: 15242: 15239: 15237: 15234: 15233: 15231: 15224: 15214: 15205: 15203: 15194: 15192: 15180: 15178: 15166: 15164: 15152: 15150: 15141: 15139: 15126: 15124: 15108: 15106: 15090: 15088: 15072: 15070: 15061: 15059: 15043: 15041: 15029: 15027: 15015: 15013: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14976: 14974: 14962: 14960: 14948: 14946: 14934: 14932: 14923: 14921: 14909: 14907: 14898: 14896: 14883: 14881: 14865: 14863: 14847: 14845: 14833: 14831: 14819: 14817: 14805: 14803: 14791: 14789: 14777: 14775: 14763: 14761: 14749: 14747: 14738: 14736: 14724: 14722: 14713: 14711: 14695: 14693: 14685: 14683: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14668: 14665: 14663: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14636: 14634: 14622: 14620: 14612: 14610: 14602: 14600: 14592: 14590: 14582: 14580: 14577: 14575: 14572: 14570: 14567: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14548: 14546: 14534: 14532: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14495: 14493: 14485: 14483: 14475: 14473: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14445: 14443: 14435: 14433: 14425: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14404: 14402: 14393: 14391: 14388: 14386: 14383: 14381: 14369: 14367: 14355: 14354: 14351: 14347: 14340: 14335: 14333: 14328: 14326: 14321: 14320: 14317: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14282: 14275: 14266: 14257: 14248: 14239: 14230: 14221: 14212: 14203: 14194: 14185: 14176: 14167: 14158: 14149: 14140: 14131: 14122: 14113: 14104: 14095: 14086: 14077: 14068: 14059: 14050: 14041: 14032: 14023: 14014: 14005: 13996: 13987: 13979: 13975: 13971: 13962: 13953: 13944: 13935: 13926: 13917: 13908: 13899: 13890: 13881: 13872: 13863: 13854: 13845: 13836: 13827: 13818: 13809: 13800: 13791: 13782: 13773: 13764: 13755: 13746: 13737: 13728: 13719: 13710: 13701: 13692: 13684: 13680: 13676: 13667: 13658: 13649: 13640: 13631: 13622: 13613: 13604: 13595: 13586: 13577: 13568: 13559: 13550: 13541: 13530: 13521: 13513: 13509: 13505: 13496: 13487: 13478: 13469: 13460: 13451: 13442: 13433: 13424: 13415: 13406: 13397: 13388: 13379: 13370: 13359: 13350: 13342: 13338: 13334: 13325: 13316: 13307: 13298: 13289: 13278: 13269: 13261: 13257: 13253: 13244: 13235: 13226: 13217: 13208: 13197: 13188: 13180: 13176: 13172: 13161: 13153: 13149: 13146: 13141: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13096: 13091: 13086: 13081: 13076: 13071: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13053: 13048: 13044: 13037: 13032: 13030: 13025: 13023: 13018: 13017: 13014: 13005: 13004: 12992: 12988: 12987: 12975: 12971: 12970: 12958: 12954: 12953: 12941: 12940: 12937: 12931: 12923: 12918: 12913: 12911: 12901: 12900: 12897: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12879: 12878: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12864: 12860: 12856: 12822: 12812: 12811: 12785: 12779: 12774: 12773: 12766: 12762: 12756: 12752: 12751: 12745: 12741: 12735: 12731: 12730: 12724: 12720: 12714: 12710: 12709: 12703: 12699: 12693: 12689: 12688: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12677: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12624: 12618: 12614: 12610: 12603: 12587: 12583: 12576: 12568: 12564: 12560: 12556: 12552: 12548: 12541: 12522: 12515: 12509: 12490: 12486: 12485: 12477: 12470: 12468: 12448: 12441: 12435: 12419: 12415: 12411: 12404: 12385: 12381: 12374: 12367: 12348: 12344: 12340: 12336: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12318: 12314: 12307: 12296: 12277: 12273: 12269: 12265: 12261: 12257: 12253: 12249: 12245: 12242:(4): 046002. 12241: 12237: 12230: 12223: 12215: 12211: 12207: 12203: 12199: 12195: 12191: 12187: 12186:New Scientist 12183: 12176: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12143: 12139: 12135: 12131: 12124: 12117: 12101: 12097: 12091: 12087: 12086: 12078: 12062: 12058: 12054: 12050: 12046: 12042: 12038: 12034: 12027: 12008: 12001: 11995: 11987: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11969: 11965: 11964:J. Biol. Chem 11961: 11954: 11935: 11931: 11924: 11918: 11902: 11898: 11894: 11893: 11885: 11870: 11864: 11860: 11859: 11851: 11843: 11839: 11835: 11831: 11827: 11820: 11812: 11808: 11802: 11794: 11790: 11786: 11782: 11775: 11767: 11763: 11759: 11755: 11751: 11747: 11740: 11732: 11728: 11724: 11720: 11716: 11712: 11708: 11704: 11697: 11689: 11685: 11681: 11677: 11673: 11669: 11665: 11661: 11654: 11635: 11631: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11613: 11609: 11605: 11601: 11597: 11593: 11586: 11579: 11571: 11567: 11563: 11559: 11555: 11551: 11544: 11536: 11532: 11528: 11524: 11520: 11516: 11512: 11508: 11504: 11497: 11486: 11482: 11475: 11468: 11453: 11449: 11442: 11431: 11424: 11423: 11418: 11412: 11401: 11397: 11391: 11384: 11383: 11378: 11372: 11356: 11352: 11346: 11338: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11320: 11316: 11315: 11310: 11303: 11287: 11283: 11279: 11275: 11271: 11267: 11263: 11259: 11255: 11254: 11249: 11242: 11240: 11223: 11219: 11215: 11211: 11204: 11184: 11180: 11174: 11171:. p. 9. 11167: 11166: 11161: 11155: 11139: 11135: 11131: 11127: 11126: 11121: 11114: 11098: 11094: 11090: 11083: 11067: 11063: 11062: 11057: 11050: 11048: 11039: 11037:9781009157926 11033: 11029: 11025: 11021: 11014: 11013: 11008: 11002: 11000: 10998: 10996: 10994: 10977: 10973: 10966: 10958: 10952: 10948: 10941: 10926: 10925:CleanTechnica 10922: 10915: 10900: 10896: 10890: 10882: 10878: 10874: 10870: 10866: 10862: 10855: 10847: 10843: 10839: 10835: 10831: 10827: 10820: 10801: 10794: 10787: 10768: 10761: 10754: 10738: 10734: 10730: 10723: 10707: 10703: 10699: 10692: 10676: 10672: 10668: 10661: 10645: 10641: 10637: 10633: 10629: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10610: 10602: 10598: 10594: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10576: 10572: 10568: 10564: 10560: 10553: 10537: 10533: 10529: 10522: 10506: 10502: 10501:New Scientist 10498: 10491: 10482: 10477: 10473: 10469: 10465: 10458: 10442: 10438: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10418: 10414: 10407: 10391: 10387: 10380: 10372: 10368: 10364: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10346: 10342: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10323: 10315: 10311: 10307: 10303: 10299: 10295: 10291: 10287: 10283: 10276: 10260: 10256: 10250: 10235:on 9 May 2001 10234: 10230: 10223: 10215: 10209: 10205: 10198: 10196: 10194: 10185: 10179: 10174: 10173: 10164: 10148: 10144: 10140: 10133: 10125: 10123:9780471484943 10119: 10115: 10111: 10107: 10100: 10098: 10090: 10084: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10065: 10049: 10045: 10038: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10007: 10003: 9996: 9992: 9986: 9978: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9960: 9956: 9952: 9948: 9944: 9940: 9936: 9929: 9927: 9918: 9914: 9910: 9906: 9902: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9873: 9857: 9853: 9852:mysite.du.edu 9849: 9843: 9827: 9823: 9819: 9812: 9796: 9792: 9785: 9777: 9773: 9769: 9765: 9761: 9757: 9750: 9742: 9738: 9734: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9700: 9693: 9685: 9681: 9677: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9658: 9650: 9644: 9640: 9633: 9617: 9613: 9606: 9590: 9586: 9579: 9563: 9559: 9553: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9512: 9493: 9489: 9487:0-7803-7296-4 9483: 9478: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9454: 9453: 9445: 9437: 9433: 9429: 9425: 9421: 9417: 9410: 9394: 9390: 9389: 9381: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9361: 9358:(1): 92–121. 9357: 9353: 9349: 9342: 9334: 9328: 9324: 9319: 9318: 9309: 9301: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9283: 9279: 9275: 9271: 9268: 9261: 9246: 9240: 9236: 9232: 9227: 9226: 9220: 9213: 9205: 9204: 9196: 9188: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9171:(1–2): 5–34. 9170: 9166: 9162: 9155: 9139: 9135: 9128: 9120: 9119: 9110: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9088: 9084: 9083: 9078: 9072: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9054:0-07-240655-0 9050: 9046: 9045: 9044:Heat transfer 9037: 9018: 9014: 9010: 9006: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8993: 8985: 8981: 8974: 8966: 8962: 8958: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8930: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8901: 8893: 8877: 8873: 8867: 8863: 8859: 8855: 8851: 8850: 8845: 8841: 8835: 8828: 8824: 8821: 8815: 8799: 8795: 8788: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8757:(2): 97–107. 8756: 8752: 8745: 8743: 8726: 8722: 8716: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8684: 8677: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8646: 8630: 8626: 8619: 8600: 8593: 8586: 8584: 8567: 8563: 8559: 8552: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8521:(2): 137–47. 8520: 8516: 8515: 8507: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8464: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8433:(8): 082501. 8432: 8428: 8420: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8389:(3): 491–97. 8388: 8384: 8376: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8345: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8318: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8271: 8263: 8257: 8252: 8251: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8214: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8187: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8141: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8110: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8089: 8081: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8054: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8033: 8025: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7995: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7965: 7949: 7945: 7939: 7937: 7920: 7916: 7909: 7903: 7899: 7896: 7895:Hydrogen Bond 7890: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7859: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7828: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7801: 7782: 7775: 7768: 7749: 7745: 7738: 7731: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7688: 7672: 7669:(in German). 7668: 7664: 7658: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7604: 7595: 7579: 7575: 7564: 7548: 7544: 7537: 7521: 7517: 7510: 7494: 7490: 7489:Wolfram Alpha 7486: 7480: 7464: 7460: 7453: 7445: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7424: 7416: 7414:0-8493-0487-3 7410: 7406: 7402: 7401: 7393: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7363: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7312: 7296: 7292: 7286: 7282: 7281: 7273: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7230: 7214: 7210: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7195: 7187: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7142: 7134: 7132: 7125: 7123: 7118: 7111: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7037: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6978: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6939: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6908: 6901: 6897: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6858: 6850: 6843: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6812: 6796: 6792: 6791: 6786: 6780: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6746: 6738: 6732: 6728: 6721: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6690: 6682: 6676: 6672: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6634: 6628: 6624: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6604: 6598: 6594: 6587: 6579: 6573: 6566: 6565: 6557: 6549: 6543: 6539: 6532: 6524: 6518: 6514: 6513: 6505: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6469: 6461: 6457: 6451: 6447: 6433: 6426: 6422: 6416: 6412: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6392: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6368: 6365: 6362: 6359: 6356: 6353: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6334: 6331: 6326: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6305:in its pure, 6304: 6300: 6284: 6277: 6270: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6238: 6237: 6211: 6208: 6204: 6203: 6197: 6194: 6190: 6189: 6186: 6183: 6180: 6176: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6164: 6160: 6159: 6155: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6136: 6126: 6124: 6113: 6102: 6098: 6097:cyanobacteria 6094: 6093: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6051: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5979: 5975: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5917:liquid oxygen 5914: 5911:Rocket fuel: 5910: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5898: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5874: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5854: 5850: 5839: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5819: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5805:shielding gas 5802: 5801: 5795: 5793: 5784: 5775: 5766: 5753: 5744: 5735: 5726: 5717: 5704: 5691: 5682: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5634: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5595: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5524: 5522: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5504:specific heat 5501: 5497: 5491: 5481: 5479: 5475: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5443:Haber process 5426: 5425:Hydrogenation 5420:Hydrogenation 5400: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5391:hydrocracking 5388: 5377: 5356: 5351: 5341: 5333: 5331: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5265: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5250: 5234: 5206: 5205: 5204: 5195: 5191: 5170: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5119: 5117: 5116:United States 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5063: 5061: 5056: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5031: 5025: 5023: 5013: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4992:electrolyzers 4971: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4959: 4950: 4948: 4944: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4906: 4905: 4904: 4889: 4887: 4883: 4882:Haber process 4862: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4854: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4816:synthesis gas 4813: 4802: 4797: 4778: 4777: 4776: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4750: 4741: 4733: 4723: 4709: 4699: 4683: 4679: 4663: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4610:hydrogen line 4607: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4591:magnetosphere 4588: 4583: 4579: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4512:normal matter 4509: 4506: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4444: 4440: 4429: 4418: 4414: 4409: 4407: 4406:chemical bond 4403: 4389: 4385: 4384:hydrogen atom 4378: 4377:Balmer series 4373: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4336: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4301:Mark Oliphant 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4250: 4238: 4234: 4233: 4227: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4216:Henri Giffard 4213: 4209: 4205: 4197: 4196:New York City 4193: 4188: 4179: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4158:Hydrogen was 4156: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4129: 4127: 4101: 4100: 4078: 4077: 4070:O → FeO + H 4063: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4043: 4039: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4010: 3999: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3958: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3786: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3266: 3263: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3219: 3214: 3168: 3164: 3163:nomenclatural 3160: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3080: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3026: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 2999: 2998: 2997: 2935: 2927: 2919: 2914: 2904: 2902: 2885: 2883: 2859: 2854: 2848: 2844: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2809: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2762: 2756: 2746: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2722:hydride anion 2719: 2711: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2684: 2682: 2681:embrittlement 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2562: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2510:Phase diagram 2507: 2500: 2495: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2445:excited state 2430: 2427: 2424: 2416: 2415:singlet state 2412: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2383: 2379: 2378:triplet state 2375: 2374:orthohydrogen 2371: 2367: 2354: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2278: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2259:Hydrogen atom 2250: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2204: 2200: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2144: 2142: 2137: 2135: 2113: 2112: 2111: 2105: 2101: 2070: 2068: 2067:embrittlement 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2051:hydrocracking 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1951:except under 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1882:most abundant 1879: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1833:atomic number 1830: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1811: 1808: | 1804: 1799: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1771: 1767: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1704: 1701: 1700:product 1698: 1696: 1693: 1686: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1619: 1615: 1612: 1610:Named by 1608: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1445: 1440: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1372: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1337: 1330: 1325: 1324: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1298: 1294: 1293: 1289: 1288: 1283: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1242:) 0.117 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1180: 1176: 1173:(at STP) 1170: 1166: 1155: 1153: 1152:Boiling point 1149: 1145: 1142:) 13.99 1134: 1132: 1131:Melting point 1128: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1066:period 1 1064: 1062: 1058: 1055: 1054:alkali metals 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1030:Atomic number 1026: 1015: 1006: 1003: 990: 983: 978: 976: 971: 969: 964: 962: 957: 955: 950: 948: 943: 941: 936: 934: 929: 927: 922: 920: 915: 913: 908: 906: 901: 899: 894: 892: 887: 885: 883:Rutherfordium 880: 878: 873: 871: 866: 864: 859: 857: 852: 850: 845: 843: 838: 836: 831: 829: 824: 822: 817: 815: 810: 808: 803: 801: 796: 794: 789: 787: 782: 780: 775: 773: 768: 766: 761: 760: 757: 752: 750: 745: 743: 738: 736: 731: 729: 724: 722: 717: 715: 710: 708: 703: 701: 696: 694: 689: 687: 682: 680: 675: 673: 668: 666: 661: 659: 654: 652: 647: 645: 640: 638: 633: 631: 626: 624: 619: 617: 612: 610: 605: 603: 598: 596: 591: 589: 584: 582: 577: 575: 570: 568: 563: 561: 556: 554: 549: 547: 542: 540: 535: 534: 531: 526: 524: 519: 517: 512: 510: 505: 503: 498: 496: 491: 489: 484: 482: 477: 475: 470: 468: 463: 461: 456: 454: 449: 447: 442: 440: 435: 433: 428: 426: 421: 417: 415: 410: 408: 403: 402: 399: 394: 392: 387: 385: 380: 378: 373: 371: 366: 364: 359: 357: 352: 350: 345: 343: 338: 336: 331: 329: 324: 322: 317: 315: 310: 308: 303: 301: 296: 294: 289: 285: 280: 278: 273: 272: 269: 264: 262: 257: 255: 250: 248: 243: 241: 236: 234: 229: 225: 220: 218: 213: 212: 209: 204: 202: 197: 195: 190: 188: 183: 181: 176: 174: 169: 165: 160: 158: 153: 152: 149: 144: 140: 135: 134: 130: 129: 126: 125: 121: 118: 113: 109: 102: 91: 89: 88: 86: 83: 75: 71: 67: 63: 60:Colorless gas 59: 55: 50: 43: 38: 23: 19: 15271:Refrigerants 15223: 15208:H[Co(CO) 13157: 13001: 12984: 12972:from Commons 12967: 12950: 12929: 12875: 12771: 12749: 12728: 12707: 12686: 12660:Online books 12650: 12626:. 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Retrieved 6763:the original 6754: 6751:"Dihydrogen" 6745: 6726: 6720: 6706:(1): 29–51. 6703: 6699: 6689: 6670: 6622: 6621:"Hydrogen". 6592: 6586: 6563: 6556: 6537: 6531: 6511: 6504: 6479: 6468: 6450: 6432: 6415: 6327: 6296: 6240: 6184: 6151: 6090: 6077: 6047: 6039: 6032:fermentation 6014:hydrogenases 6008:-containing 5981: 5940:temperature. 5927:, as in the 5640: 5631: 5599: 5591: 5567:electrolysis 5564: 5529: 5517: 5493: 5423: 5376:fossil fuels 5366: 5344:Applications 5339: 5330:fermentation 5321: 5290: 5223: 5187: 5155: 5125: 5069: 5057: 5054: 5026: 5019: 5002:Electrolysis 5000: 4989: 4964: 4940: 4923: 4916:→ 2 CO + 4 H 4895: 4879: 4842: 4824:Hydrocarbons 4798: 4795: 4788:O → CO + 3 H 4755: 4735: 4659: 4655:hydrocarbons 4633: 4628: 4618:cosmological 4603: 4575: 4552:through the 4528: 4502: 4443:Antihydrogen 4441: 4410: 4381: 4353:Mars Odyssey 4342: 4318: 4305:Paul Harteck 4283: 4248: 4230: 4228: 4201: 4172:vacuum flask 4157: 4135: 4132:19th century 4123: 4047: 4016: 4007: 3996: 3983:Robert Boyle 3980: 3975:iron filings 3971:Robert Boyle 3962:Robert Boyle 3257: 3215: 3133: 3114:released in 3093:is known as 3081: 3027: 3017: 3000: 2940: 2886: 2882:oxonium ions 2855: 2836: 2830:. Under the 2811: 2765: 2757: 2707: 2701:A sample of 2654: 2650:hydrocarbons 2646:biochemistry 2626:hydrocarbons 2619: 2569: 2479:ferric oxide 2463:liquefaction 2453: 2417:having spin 2411:parahydrogen 2410: 2373: 2366:spin isomers 2356: 2347:Spin isomers 2315: 2295: 2280:energy level 2277:ground state 2274: 2190: 2178: 2155:flames emit 2150: 2138: 2132: 2109: 2028: 2021: 1984: 1934: 1898:plasma state 1866: 1863:hydrogen gas 1862: 1858: 1828: 1817: 1816: 1747:12.32 y 1684: 1621: (1787) 1604: (1766) 1509: 1504: 1376: 1370: 1328: 1296: 1286: 1211:Triple point 1034: 925:Darmstadtium 792:Protactinium 566:Praseodymium 136: 73: 22: 12952:Definitions 12285:26 December 12106:3 September 11513:(1): 8–10. 11457:7 September 10791:Perret, R. 10776:21 December 9832:12 February 9789:Gagnon, S. 9501:11 November 9276:: 141–184. 9026:15 November 8882:15 November 8804:20 December 8635:12 February 8572:12 February 7526:20 December 7301:3 September 7238:–air and CH 7219:3 September 6801:25 December 6425:dark energy 6421:dark matter 6299:detonations 6179:Signal word 6112:chloroplast 5974:Biohydrogen 5871:properties. 5860:forming gas 5849:lifting gas 5827:is used in 5607:steelmaking 5318:Biohydrogen 5312:water table 5304:groundwater 5301:oxygen-free 4990:Commercial 4678:cosmic rays 4657:and water. 4524:dark energy 4520:dark matter 4309:Heavy water 4289:Harold Urey 4266:lifting gas 4164:James Dewar 3218:exotic atom 3053:heavy water 2667:. Hydrogen 2630:heteroatoms 2624:called the 2514:logarithmic 2370:spin states 2288:ultraviolet 2157:ultraviolet 2047:fossil fuel 2039:natural gas 1949:nonmetallic 1871:combustible 1578:1333-74-0 ( 1533:diamagnetic 1453:of hydrogen 1321:100 k 967:Livermorium 939:Copernicium 932:Roentgenium 862:Mendelevium 848:Einsteinium 841:Californium 15230:Categories 12855:Audio help 12846:2006-10-28 12592:29 January 12580:Hayes, B. 11943:5 February 11321:: 106785. 11192:17 October 11089:"Hydrogen" 11072:1 December 10982:5 February 10972:"Hydrogen" 10904:27 January 10743:19 October 10712:19 October 10681:30 October 10650:31 October 10542:30 October 10511:30 October 10447:31 October 10153:30 October 10054:5 February 10027:5 February 9848:"Hydrogen" 9801:5 February 9791:"Hydrogen" 9399:9 February 9250:22 October 9144:5 February 8794:"Hydrogen" 7865:"Hydrogen" 7757:5 February 7677:9 November 7584:5 February 7056:5 February 7026:4 February 6967:9 February 6864:(3): 358. 6832:5 February 6785:"Hydrogen" 6443:References 6303:asphyxiant 6163:Pictograms 5899:reactions. 5864:tracer gas 5532:fuel cells 5521:mitigation 5348:See also: 5310:below the 5208:2 Al + 6 H 5176:O → Fe(OH) 5114:, and the 4977:O(l) → 2 H 4933:O → CO + H 4859:catalyst: 4857:iron oxide 4726:Production 4587:solar wind 4492:, a giant 4471:antiproton 4467:antimatter 4333:air-cooled 4319:The first 4258:aluminized 4254:New Jersey 4249:Hindenburg 4192:Hindenburg 4027:phlogiston 3159:phosphorus 3128:radiolabel 3103:beta decay 2796:carboranes 2669:solubility 2657:rare earth 2644:is called 2611:metalloids 2581:, such as 2471:exothermic 2357:Molecular 2298:Bohr model 2269:Bohr model 2179:Hindenburg 2078:Combustion 2073:Properties 2059:fuel cells 1910:dihydrogen 1859:dihydrogen 1810:references 1572:CAS Number 1468:primordial 1423:31±5 1382:amphoteric 1318:10 k 974:Tennessine 918:Meitnerium 897:Seaborgium 876:Lawrencium 615:Dysprosium 601:Gadolinium 580:Promethium 452:Technetium 445:Molybdenum 246:Phosphorus 57:Appearance 14890:[PtCl 13003:Resources 12986:Textbooks 12910:Chemistry 12456:1 October 12356:24 August 12214:257625443 12165:24 August 11535:246465284 11527:2520-1131 11337:0098-1354 11282:2214-6296 11134:0362-4331 10899:Yale E360 10640:210862772 10626:: 83–89. 10601:206663568 10437:225676190 10371:205329127 10314:0961-9534 10292:: 26–46. 9917:120150880 9544:108678345 9422:: 31–34. 9372:0308-4590 9187:231776282 8965:0026-8976 8844:"Muonium" 8625:"Tritium" 8411:122902571 8176:24 August 7838:Chemguide 7722:120832814 7647:28 August 7605:hydrogen" 7405:CRC Press 7122:CC BY 3.0 7110:236732702 7016:0360-3199 6496:1365-3075 6400:Pyrolysis 6319:frostbite 6154:labelling 6140:Hydrogen 5998:catalyzed 5886:moderator 5878:Deuterium 5868:detection 5829:cryogenic 5500:viscosity 5455:margarine 5249:magnetite 5190:aluminium 5022:pyrolysis 5008:to yield 4835:→ C + 2 H 4764:to yield 4558:CNO cycle 4533:planets. 4531:gas giant 4465:) is the 4285:Deuterium 4224:Zeppelins 4160:liquefied 4153:limelight 4126:zirconium 4048:In 1783, 4017:In 1766, 3936:3.98E-03 3930:2.63E-03 3927:3.18E-05 3910:3.73E-03 3904:2.40E-03 3901:3.07E-05 3884:3.44E-03 3878:2.19E-03 3875:2.96E-05 3858:3.13E-03 3852:1.99E-03 3849:2.85E-05 3832:2.82E-03 3826:1.80E-03 3823:2.74E-05 3806:2.53E-03 3800:1.63E-03 3797:2.63E-05 3780:2.23E-03 3774:1.45E-03 3771:2.51E-05 3754:1.96E-03 3748:1.28E-03 3745:2.39E-05 3728:1.70E-03 3722:1.12E-03 3719:2.26E-05 3702:1.46E-03 3696:9.66E-04 3693:2.13E-05 3676:1.23E-03 3670:8.30E-04 3667:2.01E-05 3650:1.02E-03 3644:6.90E-04 3641:1.88E-05 3624:8.56E-04 3618:5.69E-04 3615:1.74E-05 3598:6.90E-04 3592:4.55E-04 3589:1.59E-05 3572:5.31E-04 3566:3.50E-04 3563:1.43E-05 3546:4.52E-04 3540:3.02E-04 3537:1.35E-05 3520:3.82E-04 3514:2.57E-04 3511:1.26E-05 3494:3.16E-04 3488:2.16E-04 3485:1.18E-05 3468:2.57E-04 3462:1.77E-04 3459:1.09E-05 3442:2.03E-04 3436:1.42E-04 3433:9.95E-06 3416:1.55E-04 3410:1.10E-04 3407:8.96E-06 3390:1.13E-04 3384:8.06E-05 3381:7.92E-06 3364:7.72E-05 3358:5.55E-05 3355:6.81E-06 3338:4.75E-05 3332:3.42E-05 3329:5.60E-06 3312:2.46E-05 3309:6.70E-02 3306:1.74E-05 3303:4.21E-06 3233:2.2 3107:half-life 3041:deuterium 2858:hydronium 2792:aluminium 2677:palladium 2642:organisms 2555:Compounds 2475:Catalysts 2409:; in the 2380:having a 2187:Reactants 2123:(g) → 2 H 1997:screening 1995:involves 1928:, and no 1847:with the 1824:; it has 1680:half-life 1596:Discovery 1481:hexagonal 1380:(an 1315:1 k 1008:(none) ← 981:Oganesson 960:Moscovium 953:Flerovium 834:Berkelium 820:Americium 813:Plutonium 806:Neptunium 643:Ytterbium 573:Neodymium 552:Lanthanum 515:Tellurium 473:Palladium 459:Ruthenium 431:Zirconium 413:Strontium 369:Germanium 320:Manganese 276:Potassium 232:Aluminium 223:Magnesium 163:Beryllium 79:°(H) 15236:Hydrogen 14983:[SiF 14407:H[BF 12930:Hydrogen 12872:Hydrogen 12857: · 12651:Hydrogen 12530:16 April 12489:Archived 12424:24 March 12418:Archived 12393:6 August 12384:Archived 12347:Archived 12335:16100118 12272:31706721 12264:21386189 12156:Archived 12100:Archived 12067:13 April 12061:Archived 12007:Archived 11934:Archived 11907:25 March 11731:96415065 11688:17143265 11643:1 August 11634:Archived 11630:10991462 11485:Archived 11430:Archived 11419:(2021). 11400:Archived 11379:(2021). 11286:Archived 11222:Archived 11183:Archived 11162:(2019). 11138:Archived 11103:14 March 11066:Archived 10930:10 March 10881:17845059 10767:Archived 10737:Archived 10735:. BASF. 10706:Archived 10702:Phys-Org 10675:Archived 10644:Archived 10593:29146810 10536:Archived 10532:Phys.Org 10505:Archived 10441:Archived 10396:11 March 10363:25146255 10339:: 4695. 10265:11 March 10259:Archived 10239:11 March 10147:Archived 9977:36890228 9968:10017518 9862:20 April 9856:Archived 9776:58906869 9741:23581065 9733:25942774 9724:10365473 9670:: 1–20. 9616:Archived 9614:. NASA. 9589:Archived 9587:. 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Other 2847:cationic 2749:[AlH 2710:hydrides 2687:Hydrides 2615:hydrides 2599:nitrogen 2591:fluorine 2583:halogens 2550:hydrogen 2524:hydrogen 2220:to form 2218:fluorine 2214:chlorine 2199:halogens 1941:Big Bang 1930:neutrons 1926:electron 1886:universe 1818:Hydrogen 1710:99.9855% 1326:at 1114:at 1010:hydrogen 946:Nihonium 869:Nobelium 778:Actinium 764:Francium 748:Astatine 741:Polonium 720:Thallium 699:Platinum 671:Tungsten 664:Tantalum 650:Lutetium 594:Europium 587:Samarium 508:Antimony 406:Rubidium 383:Selenium 313:Chromium 306:Vanadium 299:Titanium 292:Scandium 260:Chlorine 200:Fluorine 186:Nitrogen 138:Hydrogen 101:abridged 52:Hydrogen 14300:p-block 14295:d-block 14290:f-block 14285:s-block 12896:Portals 12844: ( 12806:minutes 12567:3970088 12498:12 July 12414:Science 12343:5373909 12244:Bibcode 12194:Bibcode 12138:Bibcode 12045:Bibcode 11986:7410413 11830:Bibcode 11754:Bibcode 11711:Bibcode 11668:Bibcode 11600:Bibcode 11558:Bibcode 11361:5 April 11262:Bibcode 11144:14 July 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