Sulfur - Knowledge

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these isotopes ratio (δS) in the samples allows to make suggestions about their chemical history, and with support of other methods, it allows to age-date the samples, estimate temperature of equilibrium between ore and water, determine pH and oxygen fugacity, identify the activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria in the time of formation of the sample, or suggest the main sources of sulfur in ecosystems. However, there are ongoing discussions about what is the real reason of the δS shifts, biological activity or postdeposital alteration.

3468: 3492: 4320: 2786: 4468: 2479: 1518: 3573: 3543: 4343:" was used: sulfur deposits were piled and stacked in brick kilns built on sloping hillsides, with airspaces between them. Then, some sulfur was pulverized, spread over the stacked ore and ignited, causing the free sulfur to melt down the hills. Eventually the surface-borne deposits played out, and miners excavated veins that ultimately dotted the Sicilian landscape with labyrinthine mines. Mining was unmechanized and labor-intensive, with pickmen freeing the ore from the rock, and mine-boys or 5695: 4377: 3558: 5700: 2384: 1578: 13674: 3525: 13595: 6010: 4373:. In this method, superheated water was pumped into a native sulfur deposit to melt the sulfur, and then compressed air returned the 99.5% pure melted product to the surface. Throughout the 20th century this procedure produced elemental sulfur that required no further purification. Due to a limited number of such sulfur deposits and the high cost of working them, this process for mining sulfur has not been employed in a major way anywhere in the world since 2002. 5749: 1626: 1932: 4312: 2802: 4591: 3020: 13623: 13657: 5794: 2211: 3507: 4369:(in which it sometimes occurs in nearly pure form) until the late 20th century. Sulfur is now produced as a side product of other industrial processes such as in oil refining, in which sulfur is undesired. As a mineral, native sulfur under salt domes is thought to be a fossil mineral resource, produced by the action of anaerobic bacteria on sulfate deposits. It was removed from such salt-dome mines mainly by the 13640: 3771: 4917: 5605: 5288:, that, by contrast, "breathe sulfate" instead of oxygen. They use organic compounds or molecular hydrogen as the energy source. They use sulfur as the electron acceptor, and reduce various oxidized sulfur compounds back into sulfide, often into hydrogen sulfide. They can grow on other partially oxidized sulfur compounds (e.g. thiosulfates, thionates, polysulfides, sulfites). 5752: 3192: 5754: 10777: 5753: 5989:

Historically, it was a rather difficult task to find the exact melting point of sulfur. When heated sluggishly, the factual melting point may lie within the range from 114.6 °C (238.3 °F) or even lower, to 120.4 °C (248.7 °F) (factors, that interfere a definite melting point, is a

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in eastern Europe and western Asia. Native sulfur may be produced by geological processes alone. Fossil-based sulfur deposits from salt domes were once the basis for commercial production in the United States, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Ukraine. Currently, commercial production is still carried out in

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On the planet Earth the sulfur isotopic composition was determined by the Sun. Though it is assumed that the distribution of different sulfur isotopes should be more or less equal, it has been found that proportions of two most abundant sulfur isotopes S and S varies in different samples. Assaying of

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and its dipole moment is 0 D. Octasulfur is a soft, bright-yellow solid that is odorless. It melts at 115.21 °C (239.38 °F), boils at 444.6 °C (832.3 °F). At 95.2 °C (203.4 °F), below its melting temperature, cyclo-octasulfur begins slow changing from α-octasulfur to the

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Though elemental sulfur is only minimally absorbed through the skin and is of low toxicity to humans, inhalation of sulfur dust or contact with eyes or skin may cause irritation. Excessive ingestion of sulfur can cause a burning sensation or diarrhea, and cases of life-threatening metabolic acidosis

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In 2010, the United States produced more sulfuric acid than any other inorganic industrial chemical. The principal use for the acid is the extraction of phosphate ores for the production of fertilizer manufacturing. Other applications of sulfuric acid include oil refining, wastewater processing, and

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formation of legumes, and immunity and defense systems. Sulfur deficiency has become widespread in many countries in Europe. Because atmospheric inputs of sulfur continue to decrease, the deficit in the sulfur input/output is likely to increase unless sulfur fertilizers are used. Atmospheric inputs

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The preponderance of S is explained by its production in the so-called alpha-process (one of the main classes of nuclear fusion reactions) in exploding stars. Other stable sulfur isotopes are produced in the bypass processes related with Ar, and their composition depends on a type of a stellar

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to write "I am not prepared just now to say to what extent I believe in a physical hell in the next world, but a sulfur mine in Sicily is about the nearest thing to hell that I expect to see in this life." Sulfur is still mined from surface deposits in poorer nations with volcanoes, such as

2260:. At higher temperatures, the viscosity decreases as depolymerization occurs. Molten sulfur assumes a dark red color above 200 °C (392 °F). The density of sulfur is about 2 g/cm, depending on the allotrope; all of the stable allotropes are excellent electrical insulators. 4095:

on salt in 1824, demand for sulfur from Sicily surged upward. The increasing British control and exploitation of the mining, refining, and transportation of the sulfur, coupled with the failure of this lucrative export to transform Sicily's backward and impoverished economy, led to the

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between two sulfur atoms of two cysteine residues (so called disulfide bridges) at different places of a chain (tertiary protein structure) as well as between two cysteine residues in two separated protein subunits (quaternary protein structure). Both structures easily may be seen in

2887:; such volcanic deposits are currently mined in Indonesia, Chile, and Japan. These deposits are polycrystalline, with the largest documented single crystal measuring 22 cm × 16 cm × 11 cm (8.7 in × 6.3 in × 4.3 in). Historically, 5930:(PEL) of 20 ppm) because of its disagreeable odor. However, its presence in ambient air at concentration over 100–150 ppm quickly deadens the sense of smell, and a victim may breathe increasing quantities without noticing until severe symptoms cause death. Dissolved 2433:

of sulfur are 2252 kJ/mol, 4556 kJ/mol and 8495.8 kJ/mol, respectively. A composition of products of sulfur's reactions with oxidants (and its oxidation state) depends on that whether releasing out of a reaction energy overcomes these thresholds. Applying

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ecosystems, sulfate is derived mostly from the atmosphere; weathering of ore minerals and evaporites contribute some sulfur. Sulfur with a distinctive isotopic composition has been used to identify pollution sources, and enriched sulfur has been added as a tracer in

4327:, East Java, Indonesia. This image shows the dangerous and rugged conditions the miners face, including toxic smoke and high drops, as well as their lack of protective equipment. The pipes over which they are standing are for condensing sulfur vapors. 4055:

activity; in the past it was used against acne vulgaris, rosacea, seborrheic dermatitis, dandruff, pityriasis versicolor, scabies, and warts. This 1881 advertisement baselessly claims efficacy against rheumatism, gout, baldness, and graying of

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Metalloproteins—in which the active site is a transition metal ion (or metal-sulfide cluster) often coordinated by sulfur atoms of cysteine residues—are essential components of enzymes involved in electron transfer processes. Examples include

4130:. Molten sulfur is sometimes still used for setting steel bolts into drilled concrete holes where high shock resistance is desired for floor-mounted equipment attachment points. Pure powdered sulfur was used as a medicinal tonic and laxative. 3736:

Sulfur–sulfur bonds are a structural component used to stiffen rubber, similar to the disulfide bridges that rigidify proteins (see biological below). In the most common type of industrial "curing" or hardening and strengthening of natural

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Fujimori, Toshihiko; Morelos-Gómez, Aarón; Zhu, Zhen; Muramatsu, Hiroyuki; Futamura, Ryusuke; Urita, Koki; Terrones, Mauricio; Hayashi, Takuya; Endo, Morinobu; Young Hong, Sang; Chul Choi, Young; Tománek, David; Kaneko, Katsumi (2013).

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have biological origin. These studies indicate that this native sulfur have been obtained through biological activity, but what is responsible for that (sulfur-oxidizing bacteria or sulfate-reducing bacteria) is still unknown for sure.

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A figure of sulfur's melting point in 115.21°C had been determined by two laboratories of the US Department of Energy (Jefferson Lab and Los Alamos National Lab). Greenwood and Earnshaw say that at fast heating for microcrystalline

5646:(sulfur donor would be methionine in this case). Dietary deficiency rarely happens in common conditions. Artificial methionine deficiency is attempted to apply in cancer treatment, but the method is still potentially dangerous. 6081:

Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022).

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are similarly highly acidic and corrosive in the presence of water. Concentrated sulfuric acid is a strong dehydrating agent that can strip available water molecules and water components from sugar and organic tissue.

5137:. A 70 kg (150 lb) human body contains about 140 grams (4.9 oz) of sulfur. The main dietary source of sulfur for humans is sulfur-containing amino-acids, which can be found in plant and animal proteins. 5173:

S) as an energy source, forming intracellular sulfur droplets. Winogradsky referred to this form of metabolism as inorgoxidation (oxidation of inorganic compounds). Another contributor, who continued to study it was

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ring is virtually unchanged by this phase change, which affects the intermolecular interactions. Cooling of molten sulfur gives freezing point in 119.6 °C (247.3 °F), as it predominantly consists of the

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de Ronde, C. E. J.; Chadwick, W. W. Jr.; Ditchburn, R. G.; Embley, R. W.; Tunnicliffe, V.; Baker, E. T.; Walker, S. L.; Ferrini, V. L.; Merle, S. M. (2015). "Molten Sulfur Lakes of Intraoceanic Arc Volcanoes".

2738:. This fact may be used for proving the presence of recent (not more than 1 year) atmospheric sediments in various things. This isotope may be obtained artificially by different ways. In practice, the reaction 3446:

are known, most are prepared by high temperature reactions of the elements. Geoscientists also study the isotopes of metal sulfides in rocks and sediment to study environmental conditions in the Earth's past.

5708: 5501:, contain sulfur, and serve as cofactors to several enzymes. In intracellular chemistry, sulfur operates as a carrier of reducing hydrogen and its electrons for cellular repair of oxidation. Reduced 2551:

at room temperature and gradually reverts to the crystalline molecular allotrope, which is no longer elastic. This process happens within a matter of hours to days, but can be rapidly catalyzed.

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may vary sulfur's oxidation state and a composition of reaction products. While reaction between sulfur and oxygen at normal conditions gives sulfur dioxide (oxidation state +4), formation of

5592:, converting atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia that can be used by microorganisms and plants to make proteins, DNA, RNA, alkaloids, and the other organic nitrogen compounds necessary for life. 5649: 4928:. "Dusting sulfur", elemental sulfur in powdered form, is a common fungicide for grapes, strawberry, many vegetables and several other crops. It has a good efficacy against a wide range of 2727:

lakes thought to be dominated by atmospheric sources of sulfate have been found to have measurably different S values than lakes believed to be dominated by watershed sources of sulfate.

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molecules. Between its melting and boiling temperatures, octasulfur changes its allotrope again, turning from β-octasulfur to γ-sulfur, again accompanied by a lower density but increased

5443:. In general disulfide bonds are necessary in proteins functioning outside cellular space, and they do not change proteins' conformation (geometry), but serve as its stabilizers. Within 4876:

and convert elemental sulfur to soluble derivatives, which can then be used by microorganisms and plants. Sulfur improves the efficiency of other essential plant nutrients, particularly

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The world production of sulfur in 2011 amounted to 69 million tonnes (Mt), with more than 15 countries contributing more than 1 Mt each. Countries producing more than 5 Mt are

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Many important cellular enzymes use prosthetic groups ending with -SH moieties to handle reactions involving acyl-containing biochemicals: two common examples from basic metabolism are

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carrying baskets of ore to the surface, often through a mile or more of tunnels. Once the ore was at the surface, it was reduced and extracted in smelting ovens. The conditions in

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units of the polymer. This process, patented in 1843, made rubber a major industrial product, especially in automobile tires. Because of the heat and sulfur, the process was named

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of sulfur and a large number of allotropes.) Melting point may be presented as a temperature interval, depending on the allotrope composition of a sample at a moment of melting.

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have not only created a prototypical battery that lasted 4000 recharge cycles, but also found the first monoclinic gamma sulfur that remained stable below 95 degrees Celsius.

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were first reported as early as 1804 by C. F. Bucholz, but the cause of the color and the structure of the polycations involved was only determined in the late 1960s.

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gave a monopoly of the sulfur industry to a French firm, violating an earlier 1816 trade agreement with Britain. A peaceful solution was eventually negotiated by France.

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Binz, Regina L.; Sadhukhan, Ratan; Miousse, Isabelle R.; Garg, Sarita; Koturbash, Igor; Zhou, Daohong; Hauer-Jensen, Martin; Pathak, Rupak (27 February 2021).

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Mass, Jennifer L; Anderson, Mark J (2003). "Pennsylvania German sulfur-inlaid furniture: characterization, reproduction, and ageing phenomena of the inlays".

5277:. Also sulfur-oxidizing bacteria can go into symbiosis with larger organisms, enabling the later to use hydrogen sulfide as food to be oxidized. Example: the 13293: 12378: 6317: 4183:

in the erroneous belief that the Latin word came from Greek. This spelling was later reinterpreted as representing an /f/ sound and resulted in the spelling

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Inostroza, Manuel; Fernandez, Bárbara; Aguilera, Felipe; Layana, Susana; Walter, Thomas R.; Zimmer, Martin; Rodríguez-Díaz, Augusto; Oelze, Marcus (2023).

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The book of signs : which contains all manner of symbols used from the earliest times to the Middle Ages by primitive peoples and early Christians

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Tebbe, Fred N.; Wasserman, E.; Peet, William G.; Vatvars, Arturs; Hayman, Alan C. (1982). "Composition of Elemental Sulfur in Solution: Equilibrium of

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spelling is now the standard form for this and related words in British as well as US contexts, and is increasingly used in general contexts as well."

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under colder conditions. Biosulfur (biologically produced elemental sulfur with hydrophilic characteristics) can also be used for these applications.

13220: 11033: 7686: 4826:) or if the requirements in sulfur for some types of crops are high. This explains that sulfur is increasingly recognized and used as a component of 4280: 2852:(FeS), but there are exceptions, with carbonaceous chondrites containing free sulfur, sulfates and other sulfur compounds. The distinctive colors of 1781: 12589: 3602: 2013: 8900: 5777: 8879: 5418:, and is provided by intra- and inter-molecular bonds. The process has several stages. While at premier stages a polypeptide chain folds due to 3082:

are produced when sulfur is reacted with oxidizing agents in a strongly acidic solution. The colored solutions produced by dissolving sulfur in

10981: 10432:"The effects of dietary methionine restriction on the function and metabolic reprogramming in the liver and brain – implications for longevity" 8977:

Blake-Kalff, M. M. A. (2000). "Diagnosing sulfur deficiency in field-grown oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)".

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to prevent acid rain formation. This extracted and refined sulfur represents a large portion of sulfur production. In coal-fired power plants,

2974:(barium sulfate). On Earth, just as upon Jupiter's moon Io, elemental sulfur occurs naturally in volcanic emissions, including emissions from 9296: 2070:, which means "burning stone". Today, almost all elemental sulfur is produced as a byproduct of removing sulfur-containing contaminants from 1966: 78: 1481: 8568:

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry: Inorganic Chemistry Division, Commission on Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (1990).

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Hydrogen sulfide gas and the hydrosulfide anion are extremely toxic to mammals, due to their inhibition of the oxygen-carrying capacity of

5814:. In water, this gas produces sulfurous acid and sulfites; sulfites are antioxidants that inhibit growth of aerobic bacteria and a useful 3542: 6267: 3587: 12336: 5770: 3467: 2038:

Sulfur is the tenth most abundant element by mass in the universe and the fifth most common on Earth. Though sometimes found in pure,

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were the dominant source for more than a century. By the late 18th century, about 2,000 tonnes per year of sulfur were imported into

2430: 8707: 4035:. The mechanism of action is unknown—though elemental sulfur does oxidize slowly to sulfurous acid, which is (through the action of 3438:

Sulfur reacts with many metals. Electropositive metals give polysulfide salts. Copper, zinc, and silver are attacked by sulfur; see

4811: 1957: 1740: 8618: 5109:. Until now, carbonate electrolytes have caused failures in such batteries after a single cycle. In February 2022, researchers at 4422:

The resulting hydrogen sulfide from this process, and also as it occurs in natural gas, is converted into elemental sulfur by the

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Organosulfur compounds are responsible for some of the unpleasant odors of decaying organic matter. They are widely known as the

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Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 5: Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 6, Military Technology: Missiles and Sieges

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diseases as well as black spot. In organic production, sulfur is the most important fungicide. It is the only fungicide used in

2830: 3969:), wrote extensively about the use of sulfur in alchemical operations with mercury, from the eighth century AD onwards. In the 3873:

were interested in sulfur's flammability and its reactivity with certain metals, yet its earliest practical uses were found in

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are attributed to various forms of molten, solid, and gaseous sulfur. In July 2024, elemental sulfur was confirmed to exist on

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Sulfur reacts with nearly all other elements with the exception of the noble gases, even with the notoriously unreactive metal

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values of co-genetic minerals. The differences between minerals can be used to estimate the temperature of equilibration. The

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As a solid, sulfur is a characteristic lemon yellow; when burned, sulfur melts into a blood-red liquid and emits a blue flame.

11026: 10941: 10371: 10052: 9957: 9803: 9183: 9143: 9111: 8855: 8821: 8665: 8462: 8298: 8271: 8110: 7946: 7886: 7554: 7461: 7411: 7288: 7072:"Mechanisms of sulfur incorporation and isotope fractionation during early diagenesis in sediments of the gulf of California" 6954: 6820: 6787: 6754: 6562:"Physical and chemical characteristics of active sulfur flows observed at Lastarria volcano (northern Chile) in January 2019" 6453: 6426: 6129: 10430:

Mladenović, Dušan; Radosavljević, Tatjana; Hrnčić, Dragan; Rasic-Markovic, Aleksandra; Stanojlović, Olivera (26 July 2019).

3572: 2895:. Lakes of molten sulfur up to about 200 m (660 ft) in diameter have been found on the sea floor, associated with 10313:

Giles, Niroshini M; Watts, Aaron B; Giles, Gregory I; Fry, Fiona H; Littlechild, Jennifer A; Jacob, Claus (1 August 2003).

7351: 9876:"The life sulfuric: microbial ecology of sulfur cycling in marine sediments: Microbial sulfur cycling in marine sediments" 3721:

in small concentrations is the characteristic scent of grapefruit, but has a generic thiol odor at larger concentrations.

3691:, a volatile colorless liquid that is structurally similar to carbon dioxide. It is used as a reagent to make the polymer 13759: 13611: 7703: 4888:

coating and are easier to disperse over the land in a spray of diluted slurry, resulting in a faster uptake by plants.

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Zhao, F.; Hawkesford, M. J.; McGrath, S. P. (1999). "Sulphur Assimilation and Effects on Yield and Quality of Wheat".

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Ceccotti, S. P. (1996). "Plant nutrient sulphur-a review of nutrient balance, environmental impact and fertilizers".

8325: 8085: 8052: 7984: 7797: 7728: 7494: 7029: 6967: 6240: 6184: 6159: 4510:(7.1). Production has been slowly increasing from 1900 to 2010; the price was unstable in the 1980s and around 2010. 3791: 1183: 13663: 5105:

Due to their high energy density and the availability of sulfur, there is ongoing research in creating rechargeable

4947:. Wettable sulfur is the commercial name for dusting sulfur formulated with additional ingredients to make it water 13749: 11019: 5189:

Sulfur oxidizers can use as energy sources reduced sulfur compounds, including hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur,

4101: 2240: 1774: 4047: 4015:(🜏). In traditional skin treatment, elemental sulfur was used (mainly in creams) to alleviate such conditions as 3557: 13729: 13724: 8883: 3940: 3730: 1273: 9264: 9207:"Stabilization of gamma sulfur at room temperature to enable the use of carbonate electrolyte in Li–S batteries" 4137:, the majority of sulfur today is used to make sulfuric acid for a wide range of uses, particularly fertilizer. 3669:

are thioethers with one and two oxygen atoms attached to the sulfur atom, respectively. The simplest sulfoxide,

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and transported as a phosphate ester. Sulfate is reduced to sulfide via sulfite before it is incorporated into

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Arzneibuch-Kommentar. Wissenschaftliche Erläuterungen zum Europäischen Arzneibuch und zum Deutschen Arzneibuch

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or "plastic" sulfur is produced by rapid cooling of molten sulfur—for example, by pouring it into cold water.

13719: 10660:"Sublimed (Inorganic) Sulfur Ingestion: A Cause of Life-Threatening Metabolic Acidosis With a High Anion Gap" 6028: 4003:, a triangle atop a cross (🜍). (This is sometimes confused with the astronomical crossed-spear symbol ⚴ for 2150: 9319: 7174:"Estimating the effect of elemental sulfur disproportionation on the sulfur-isotope signatures in sediments" 4850:(not soluble in water) and cannot be used directly by plants. Elemental sulfur (ES) is sometimes mixed with 4523:

Elemental sulfur is used mainly as a precursor to other chemicals. Approximately 85% (1989) is converted to

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Pharmacopoeia Commentary. Scientific annotations to the European Pharmacopoeia and the German Pharmacopoeia

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is stable enough to be applied as a drug. Feathers and hair have relative strength, and consisting in them

4787: 3874: 3608: 1950: 10991: 10751: 5926:), though hydrogen sulfide is less likely to cause sudden poisonings from small inhaled amounts (near its 2446:(oxidation state +6) requires temperature 400–600 °C (750–1,100 °F) and presence of a catalyst. 13744: 13714: 10936:. Guest Editors Martha E Sosa Torres and Peter M.H.Kroneck. Berlin/Boston: de Gruyter. pp. xlv+455. 9975:"Physiological functions of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase: Thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase" 8002:

Zhang, Yunming (1986). "The History of Science Society: Ancient Chinese Sulfur Manufacturing Processes".

5991: 5568:(Cu–S). The function of these enzymes is dependent on the fact that the transition metal ion can undergo 5440: 3810:

is implied to "smell of sulfur" (likely due to its association with volcanic activity). According to the

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mine in Poland. Such sources are now of secondary commercial importance, and most are no longer worked.

2707:, the isotopic effect of disproportionation should be less than 16 permil in most sedimentary settings. 13764: 13704: 13585: 10813: 10215:"Biochemistry of methanogenesis: a tribute to Marjory Stephenson:1998 Marjory Stephenson Prize Lecture" 9946:

Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2002).

9134:] (in German) (23rd ed.). Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft. 2004. Monographie 5927: 5896:

of statues and structures. Fuel standards increasingly require that fuel producers extract sulfur from

5694: 5505:, a sulfur-containing tripeptide, is a reducing agent through its sulfhydryl (–SH) moiety derived from 5493:

of proteins, take part in various locations of mammalian physiology. Two of the 13 classical vitamins,

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or hydrophobic interaction, higher disulfide bridges content leads to higher energy needed for protein

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Being abundantly available in native form, sulfur was known in ancient times and is referred to in the

3652: 2809: 2548: 1143: 10879: 10162: 9578: 9106:(in German). Vol. 6B (4th ed.). Berlin–Heidelberg–New York: Springer. 1978. pp. 672–9. 7569:

Shriver, Atkins. Inorganic Chemistry, Fifth Edition. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, 2010; pp 416

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Kozhevnikov, V. F.; Payne, W. B.; Olson, J. K.; McDonald, C. L.; Inglefield, C. E. (15 October 2004).

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odor. Not all organic sulfur compounds smell unpleasant at all concentrations: the sulfur-containing

3370:. Whereas fluorine gives S(IV) and S(VI) compounds, chlorine gives S(II) and S(I) derivatives. Thus, 3244: 2543:

structure with eight atoms per turn. The long coiled polymeric molecules make the brownish substance

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Schwarz, Günter; Mendel, Ralf R. (2006). "Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis and molybdenum enzymes".

9770:"Petrography and mineralogy of the crystalline limestone of Fatha Formation from Mishraq area, Iraq" 6083: 5958:. A strong odor called "smell of sulfur" actually is given off by several sulfur compounds, such as 5414:, need to have specific space geometry. Formation of this geometry is performed in a process called 2699:

of sulfur compounds in the sediment. This view has changed since the 2010s as experiments show that

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are precipitated, isotopic equilibration among solids and liquid may cause small differences in the

2050:. Being abundant in native form, sulfur was known in ancient times, being mentioned for its uses in 1834: 13357: 8383:

Botsch, Walter (2001). "Chemiker, Techniker, Unternehmer: Zum 150. Geburtstag von Hermann Frasch".

5831: 5436: 5364: 4802:) of sulfur for the soils. Under normal circumstances, in most agricultural soils, sulfur is not a 4799: 4756: 3959: 2759: 2138: 2051: 1301: 10559: 10069: 9286: 5125:. It is the eighth most abundant element in the human body by weight, about equal in abundance to 2821:

S is created inside massive stars, at a depth where the temperature exceeds 2.5×10 K, by the

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of S, its compounds are relatively safe as long as they are not ingested or absorbed by the body.

2189:, found in outer skin, hair, and feathers. Sulfur is one of the core chemical elements needed for 13195: 12746: 12577: 9821:"Microbiology of thiobacilli and other sulphur-oxidizing autotrophs, mixotrophs and heterotrophs" 8498: 7173: 6649: 6331: 6043: 5573: 5565: 5384: 5291:

There are studies pointing that many deposits of native sulfur in places that were the bottom of

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Sulfur is the fifth most common element by mass in the Earth. Elemental sulfur can be found near

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Sulfur vat from which railroad cars are loaded, Freeport Sulphur Co., Hoskins Mound, Texas (1943)

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can fractionate to 66 permil. As substrates for disproportionation are limited by the product of

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Thomson, D. W. (April 1995). "Prelude to the Sulphur War of 1840: The Neapolitan Perspective".

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is considered indigestible by most organisms. However, there are fungi and bacteria containing

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of one nucleus of silicon plus one nucleus of helium. As this nuclear reaction is part of the

1182: 13471: 13437: 13131: 13040: 12937: 12904: 12880: 12852: 12707: 12685: 12662: 12533: 12501: 10479: 10400: 10188: 9170:, Topics in Current Chemistry Collections, Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–34, 8928: 8920: 8690: 8506: 8261: 7813: 6418: 5722: 5687: 5270: 4651: 4401: 4229: 4097: 4088: 2892: 2731: 2723:

can be used in systems where there is sufficient variation in the S of ecosystem components.

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Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds".

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can even use the energy contained in sulfur compounds to produce sugars, a process known as

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Sicilian kiln used to obtain sulfur from volcanic rock (diagram from a 1906 chemistry book)

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Jones, Galen E.; Starkey, Robert L.; Feely, Herbert W.; Kulp, J. Laurence (22 June 1956).

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Schreiner, Bernhard (2008). "Der Claus-Prozess. Reich an Jahren und bedeutender denn je".

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Eow, John S. (2002). "Recovery of sulfur from sour acid gas: A review of the technology".

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mites, and other parasites. Precipitated sulfur and colloidal sulfur are used, in form of

3143:, many of which have been obtained in crystalline form. Illustrative is the production of 3007:

of sulfur range from −2 to +6. Sulfur forms stable compounds with all elements except the

8: 13709: 13510: 13325: 13052: 12996: 12840: 12832: 12797: 12787: 12767: 12693: 12641: 12628: 12614: 10675: 6261: 6033: 5893: 5596: 5515:, the route to most of the world's methane, is a multistep biochemical transformation of 5392: 4933: 4476: 4426:. This process entails oxidation of some hydrogen sulfide to sulfur dioxide and then the 4268:

spellings continued in Britain until the 19th century, when the word was standardized as

4192: 3628: 3506: 3383: 3375: 3367: 3335: 3144: 2899:, at depths where the boiling point of water is higher than the melting point of sulfur. 2439: 1725: 1423: 1315: 9836: 9825:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

9731: 9676: 9440:"Sergei Winogradsky: a founder of modern microbiology and the first microbial ecologist" 8750: 8657: 8596: 8536: 7870: 7837: 7597: 7445: 7320: 7211:

Kim, Ik Soo; Kwak, Seung Im; Park, Ul Jae; Bang, Hong Sik; Han, Hyun Soo (1 July 2005).

7126: 7087: 6650:"Hydrolysis of Elemental Sulphur in Water and its Effect on the Corrosion of Mild Steel" 6577: 6522: 6350: 5608:

Easiness of electron flow in a cluster provides catalytic effect of a respective enzyme.

5485:

are other sulfur-containing amino acids that are similar in structure, but not coded by

13564: 13273: 12976: 12807: 12721: 12563: 12390: 10706: 10659: 10560:"Structural analysis of missense mutations causing isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency" 10535: 10500: 10467: 10290: 10255: 9900: 9875: 9751: 9562: 9545: 9521: 9488: 9246: 9233: 9206: 9029: 8994: 8626: 8435: 8365: 8021: 7817: 7614: 7581: 7467: 7332: 7193: 7154: 7021: 6508: 5923: 5206: 5162: 4944: 4682: 4427: 3795: 3741:, elemental sulfur is heated with the rubber to the point that chemical reactions form 3700: 3670: 3616:

Some of the main classes of sulfur-containing organic compounds include the following:

3578: 3403: 2903: 2841: 2755: 2751: 2696: 2641: 2560: 2423: 2394: 2185:, S–S bonds, confer mechanical strength and insolubility of the (among others) protein 2126: 1990: 1884: 1767: 1541: 1293: 1283: 10331: 10314: 9947: 9588: 9047: 8179: 8162: 8139: 7110: 6696:"The synthesis of iridium disulfide and nickel diarsenide having the pyrite structure" 5355:

is more or less understood, the role of sulfur bacteria is just getting investigated.

4982:. A common method of application is dusting the clothing or limbs with sulfur powder. 3774:

Pharmaceutical container for sulfur from the first half of the 20th century. From the

13385: 13333: 13228: 13060: 13024: 13008: 12815: 12792: 12672: 12653: 12489: 12464: 12435: 12366: 11913: 10937: 10726: 10687: 10679: 10583: 10575: 10540: 10522: 10459: 10451: 10412: 10404: 10367: 10344: 10336: 10295: 10277: 10236: 10144: 10136: 10097: 10089: 10048: 10041: 9996: 9991: 9974: 9953: 9905: 9856: 9848: 9799: 9769: 9755: 9743: 9696: 9688: 9602: 9592: 9526: 9508: 9469: 9461: 9456: 9439: 9420: 9412: 9371: 9363: 9250: 9238: 9179: 9139: 9107: 8861: 8851: 8817: 8671: 8661: 8550: 8468: 8458: 8439: 8427: 8423: 8369: 8321: 8294: 8267: 8242: 8211: 8184: 8143: 8106: 8081: 8058: 8048: 8040: 8025: 7980: 7942: 7892: 7882: 7793: 7767: 7724: 7699: 7654: 7619: 7550: 7490: 7471: 7457: 7417: 7407: 7328: 7284: 7197: 7146: 7138: 7095: 7025: 7009: 6963: 6816: 6783: 6750: 6669: 6630: 6591: 6542: 6534: 6449: 6422: 6362: 6236: 6180: 6155: 6125: 6099: 5830:. In organisms without lungs such as insects, sulfite in high concentration prevents 5827: 5589: 5490: 5474: 5406:

Schematic representation of disulfide bridges (in yellow) between two protein helices

5402: 5388: 5238: 5179: 5150: 5110: 5025: 4990: 4869: 4858: 4854:

to amend depleted soils for crops with high requirement in organo-sulfur. Over time,

4767: 4632: 4484: 4065: 4000: 3950: 3888: 3865:. By the 3rd century, the Chinese had discovered that sulfur could be extracted from 3395: 3379: 3371: 3343: 2975: 2896: 2869: 2720: 2461: 2450: 2275: 1814: 1805: 1759: 1548: 1463: 1453: 770: 10471: 10014: 9583:, Advances in Microbial Physiology, vol. 54, Academic Press, pp. 103–200, 9033: 8998: 8804:

Hyndman, A. W.; Liu, J. K.; Denney, D. W. (1982). "Sulfur Recovery from Oil Sands".

7865:. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series A: Chemistry and Biology. p. 183. 7336: 5411: 3927: 13599: 13123: 13115: 12988: 12738: 12733: 12619: 12481: 12345: 11977: 11682: 11511: 11340: 11259: 11178: 11151: 11114: 11109: 11104: 10718: 10671: 10567: 10530: 10512: 10501:"Dietary Methionine Deficiency Enhances Genetic Instability in Murine Immune Cells" 10443: 10396: 10326: 10285: 10267: 10226: 10128: 10081: 9986: 9895: 9887: 9840: 9735: 9680: 9639: 9584: 9557: 9516: 9500: 9451: 9402: 9228: 9218: 9171: 9021: 8986: 8959: 8809: 8786: 8754: 8600: 8540: 8487: 8419: 8392: 8357: 8174: 8135: 8013: 7874: 7841: 7757: 7691: 7663: 7609: 7601: 7542: 7449: 7324: 7185: 7158: 7130: 7091: 7017: 6919: 6892: 6865: 6808: 6775: 6710: 6661: 6622: 6610: 6581: 6526: 6410: 6354: 6091: 6015: 5959: 5919: 5911: 5166: 4862: 4736: 4608: 4397: 4319: 4008: 3806:

that await the unbelieving and unrepentant. It is from this part of the Bible that

3688: 3593: 3399: 3387: 3256: 2998: 2907: 2785: 2403:

Left: Liquid hydrogen sulfide inside a test tube. Right: A bottle of sulfuric acid.

2299: 2271: 2119: 2047: 2043: 2032: 1986: 1895: 1753: 1570: 1231: 1128: 10132: 10085: 9684: 9577:

Frigaard, Niels-Ulrik; Dahl, Christiane (1 January 2008), Poole, Robert K. (ed.),

7546: 7377: 7189: 6380: 6200: 4362:, and worker conditions have not improved much since Booker T. Washington's days. 4331:

Sulfur may be found by itself and historically was usually obtained in this form;

13699: 13466: 13377: 13281: 13265: 13139: 13107: 13099: 12667: 12636: 12518: 12513: 12426: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 10985: 10633: 8847: 8843:

Sulfur concrete for the construction industry: a sustainable development approach

8315: 7273: 6443: 5837: 5802:

have been reported after patients deliberately consumed sulfur as a folk remedy.

5653: 5415: 5278: 5210: 4963: 4896: 4831: 4803: 4671: 4655: 4488: 4340: 4148:. This is due to the requirement to remove sulfur from fuels in order to prevent 4134: 4084: 4012: 3833: 3787: 3710:

in domestic natural gas, garlic odor, and skunk spray, as well as a component of

3696: 3443: 3339: 3328: 3196: 3004: 2822: 2754:

with neutrons. The isotope S is used in various sulfur-containing compounds as a

2629: 2478: 2443: 2098:. Many sulfur compounds are odoriferous, and the smells of odorized natural gas, 1982: 1936: 1492: 1408: 13680: 10904: 10722: 10619: 10231: 10214: 9175: 7667: 5241:. Sulfur-based chemosynthesis may be simplifiedly compared with photosynthesis: 4943:

Standard-formulation dusting sulfur is applied to crops with a sulfur duster or

4467: 13369: 13345: 13253: 13155: 13091: 12698: 12528: 12459: 11042: 10956: 10447: 9716:"On the origin of native sulfur deposits in Gebel El Zeit, Gulf of Suez, Egypt" 9223: 9079: 8813: 8572:. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications. pp. 39, 40, 41, 240, 247. 8361: 8004: 7910: 7212: 7172:

Tsang, Man-Yin; Böttcher, Michael Ernst; Wortmann, Ulrich Georg (August 2023).

6665: 6586: 6561: 5865: 5811: 5569: 5516: 5512: 5447:

cysteine residues of proteins are saved in reduced state (i.e. in -SH form) by

5234: 5230: 5218: 5183: 5175: 5122: 5090: 5078: 4929: 4819: 4791: 4370: 4116: 3915: 3879: 3722: 3309: 2919: 2724: 2453:, it reacts as an oxidant and forms sulfides, where it has oxidation state −2. 2055: 1852: 1612: 1562: 1325: 1177: 175: 8990: 8317:

Sicily and the Unification of Italy: Liberal Policy and Local Power, 1859–1866

7878: 7453: 6358: 5922:, and intoxicates by the same mechanism (inhibition of the respiratory enzyme 5016:

structures and wine barrels, but are now considered too toxic for residences.

2687:. Prior to the 2010s, it was thought that sulfate reduction could fractionate 2122:

gives the characteristic odor to rotting eggs and other biological processes.

13693: 13167: 12447: 12136: 10683: 10658:

Schwartz, Steven M.; Carroll, Hugh M.; Scharschmidt, Linda A. (1 July 1986).

10579: 10526: 10455: 10408: 10340: 10281: 10140: 10093: 9852: 9747: 9692: 9546:"Oxidation of reduced inorganic sulphur compounds by acidophilic thiobacilli" 9512: 9465: 9416: 9367: 9291: 9160: 8865: 8431: 8062: 7896: 7771: 7695: 7217:. 2005 autumn meeting of the KNS, Busan (Korea, Republic of), 27–28 Oct 2005. 7142: 6812: 6673: 6634: 6595: 6538: 6442:

Poling, Bruce E.; Prausnitz, John M.; O'Connell, John P. (27 November 2000).

6366: 6290: 6256: 6103: 5905: 5841: 5815: 5423: 5419: 5202: 5198: 5055: 4807: 4620: 4524: 4499: 4423: 4404:, undesirable impurities in petroleum, may be upgraded by subjecting them to 4376: 4080: 3811: 3794:

commonly referred to burning sulfur as "brimstone", giving rise to the term "

3750: 3726: 3687:

Compounds with carbon–sulfur multiple bonds are uncommon, an exception being

3680: 3167: 2826: 2695:

and fractionation larger than 46 permil recorded in sediments must be due to

2606: 2303: 2194: 2079: 2063: 1997: 1920:

S abundances vary greatly (between 3.96 and 4.77 percent) in natural samples.

1839: 1524: 1261: 1215: 1197: 1093: 940: 10905:"Hydrogen Sulfide – Hazards | Occupational Safety and Health Administration" 10431: 9891: 9351: 8675: 8472: 8230: 7762: 7745: 7421: 7134: 6496: 6307: 12555: 12190: 12019: 11724: 11124: 11057: 10996: 10861:"Hydrogen Sulfide Toxicity: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology" 10587: 10544: 10463: 10429: 10416: 10348: 10299: 10101: 10000: 9909: 9844: 9820: 9700: 9606: 9530: 9473: 9424: 9375: 9242: 8963: 8790: 8554: 8246: 8215: 7623: 7304: 7150: 6546: 5963: 5935: 5857: 5561: 5478: 5383:. Some of the sulfur is comprised in certain metabolites—many of which are 5292: 5146: 5059: 4732: 4127: 3970: 3884: 3656: 3185: 3023: 2267:

more or less between 20 °C (68 °F) and 50 °C (122 °F).

2115: 1705: 1220:

717.8 K (444.6 °C, 832.3 °F)

982: 849: 623: 10691: 10240: 10148: 9860: 9644: 9627: 8188: 8147: 6179:. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. 6095: 5776: 4487:

for concrete, the resulting product having some desirable properties (see

3203:

This reaction highlights a distinctive property of sulfur: its ability to

2959: 2935: 2383: 1517: 13646: 13458: 12244: 12208: 12199: 12109: 12091: 12082: 11119: 10992:

Crystalline, liquid and polymerization of sulfur on Vulcano Island, Italy

10730: 10517: 9798:(in German). Heidelberg: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag. pp. 321–333. 9661:"Biological Origin of Native Sulfur in Salt Domes of Texas and Louisiana" 8758: 8604: 5897: 5819: 5581: 5519:. This conversion requires several organosulfur cofactors. These include 5502: 5448: 5432: 5194: 5140: 5043: 4986: 4967: 4948: 4900: 4847: 4786:

are often a sufficient natural source of sulfur for plants and bacteria.

4783: 4728: 4725: 4678: 4639: 4624: 4393: 4145: 4068:

used sulfur in combustion experiments, writing of some of these in 1777.

4052: 3427: 3423: 3212: 3208: 3126: 2986: 2739: 2509:

analysis of "elemental sulfur" reveals an equilibrium mixture of mainly S

2497:, several other rings are known. Removing one atom from the crown gives S 2227: 2190: 2174: 2091: 2071: 1901: 1675: 1024: 996: 989: 919: 905: 898: 13629: 10272: 9504: 7250: 7111:"Large Sulfur Isotope Fractionation Does Not Require Disproportionation" 6923: 6896: 6869: 6714: 6626: 6513: 5888:

and freshwater bodies, sometimes resulting in substantial damage to the

5762: 5580:, which serve as electron shuttles in cells. In bacteria, the important 5082: 4891:

The plants requirement for sulfur equals or exceeds the requirement for

4479:, stockpiles of elemental sulfur from this process now exist throughout 3703:

is stable only as an extremely dilute gas, found between solar systems.

12253: 12181: 12154: 12127: 11787: 11769: 11742: 11573: 11564: 11303: 9739: 9407: 9390: 9324: 9025: 7605: 7510: 7229:"Sulfur-35 (35 S) safety information and specific handling precautions" 6271:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 571. 6084:"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)" 5823: 5769: 5631: 5577: 5520: 5470: 5463: 5372: 5352: 5214: 5094: 5086: 5031: 5006: 4937: 4892: 4885: 4881: 4827: 4705: 4697: 4643: 4612: 4339:, in ancient times, it was found on the surface of the Earth, and the " 4172: 3819: 3711: 3548: 3497: 3482: 3439: 3274: 3270: 3229:= 2, 3, and 4. Ultimately, reduction of sulfur produces sulfide salts: 3204: 3199:(CNT, a). Zig-zag (b) and straight (c) S chains inside double-wall CNTs 2951: 2876: 2814: 2766: 2618: 2295: 2219: 2218:

Sulfur forms several polyatomic molecules. The best-known allotrope is

2146: 2134: 2107: 2103: 2083: 2021: 2017: 1069: 1031: 975: 954: 933: 672: 658: 637: 509: 502: 303: 9628:"Microbial Symbiosis: Patterns of Diversity in the Marine Environment" 8545: 8520: 6530: 4311: 13526: 13083: 12716: 12358: 12262: 12235: 12226: 12073: 12055: 12046: 12037: 11823: 11733: 11706: 11654: 11600: 11582: 11546: 11526: 11465: 11402: 11346: 11285: 11274: 11193: 11144: 11134: 11129: 10571: 9715: 8397:

10.1002/1521-3781(200110)35:5<324::AID-CIUZ324>3.0.CO;2-9

8126:

Lin, A. N.; Reimer, R. J.; Carter, D. M. (1988). "Sulfur revisited".

6959: 6023: 5877: 5853: 5642:

is conditionally essential and may be synthesized from non-essential

5444: 5422:, at later stages folding is provided (apart from hydrogen bonds) by 5157: 5126: 4993:

with elemental sulfur in water) is used as a dip for pets to destroy

4971: 4952: 4925: 4905: 4880:

and phosphorus. Biologically produced sulfur particles are naturally

4851: 4717: 4686: 4647: 4590: 4366: 4359: 4149: 4141: 4123: 4108: 4076: 4024: 3846:. He mentions its use for fumigation, medicine, and bleaching cloth. 3803: 3754: 3742: 3674: 3662: 3648: 3638: 3624: 3172: 3027: 3019: 3008: 2982: 2923: 2915: 2861: 2837: 2801: 2793:

are due to elemental sulfur and sulfur compounds deposited by active

2790: 2716: 2602: 2532: 2490: 2435: 2253: 2182: 2095: 2075: 1819: 1670: 1498: 1116: 1038: 1017: 1010: 891: 877: 870: 863: 700: 630: 609: 572: 530: 516: 488: 470: 426: 377: 333: 289: 280: 220: 116: 99: 11001: 8650:

Kent and Riegel's Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology

8202:

Gupta, A. K.; Nicol, K. (2004). "The use of sulfur in dermatology".

7641:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). New York: Academic Press. p. 421. 4396:, and related fossil resources, from which it is obtained mainly as 4276:

was the form chosen in the United States, whereas Canada uses both.

4107:

In 1867, elemental sulfur was discovered in underground deposits in

13497: 12314: 12217: 12118: 12001: 11983: 11958: 11949: 11922: 11895: 11859: 11850: 11832: 11760: 11751: 11645: 11517: 11483: 11393: 11384: 11375: 11366: 11321: 11240: 11222: 11157: 8017: 7846: 7821: 6779: 6063: 5901: 5793: 5735: 5639: 5585: 5506: 5498: 5455: 5368: 5311: 5222: 5134: 5054:, creams, powders, soaps, and bath additives, for the treatment of 5038:) is used in pharmaceutical skin preparations for the treatment of 5013: 4994: 4709: 4701: 4020: 4004: 3904: 3862: 3746: 3707: 3632: 3512: 3478: 3378:, and higher chlorosulfanes arise from the chlorination of sulfur. 3359: 2955: 2943: 2880: 2849: 2735: 2664: 2649: 2547:, and in bulk this form has the feel of crude rubber. This form is 2166: 2142: 1665:

2×10 Ω⋅m (at 20 °C) (amorphous)

1077: 1062: 1003: 926: 835: 821: 805: 798: 777: 756: 728: 721: 707: 651: 644: 565: 463: 440: 370: 363: 356: 349: 317: 257: 243: 195: 9159:

Scott, Kevin A.; Njardarson, Jon T. (2019), Jiang, Xuefeng (ed.),

8692:

The Man Farthest Down: A Record of Observation and Study in Europe

6936: 6497:"Physical properties of sulfur near the polymerization transition" 2918:. Significant deposits in salt domes occur along the coast of the 2078:. The greatest commercial use of the element is the production of 13245: 13212: 12414: 12353: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12172: 12163: 12145: 12100: 12028: 12010: 11940: 11886: 11868: 11841: 11814: 11796: 11778: 11688: 11618: 11591: 11555: 11537: 11501: 11492: 11474: 11456: 11355: 11294: 11184: 11139: 11011: 10932:

Sigel, Astrid; Freisinger, Eva; Sigel, Roland K.O., eds. (2020).

10256:"Zinc-binding cysteines: diverse functions and structural motifs" 7863:

Detection of Biological Agents for the Prevention of Bioterrorism

7746:"Microbial Life Deep Under the Seafloor—A Story of Not Giving Up" 7578: 7352:"NASA's Curiosity rover makes its 'most unexpected' find on Mars" 5931: 5797:

Effect of acid rain on a forest, Jizera Mountains, Czech Republic

5548: 5482: 5459: 5428: 5396: 5380: 5376: 5307: 5226: 5190: 5047: 4916: 4877: 4815: 4775: 4771: 4628: 4480: 4381: 4036: 4016: 3996: 3870: 3828: 3715: 3666: 3563: 3419: 3415: 3278: 2967: 2872:

ran over and crushed a rock revealing sulfur crystals inside it.

2857: 2853: 2794: 2743: 2684: 2680: 2660: 2566: 2457: 2283: 2279: 2257: 2210: 2186: 2158: 2154: 2028: 1225: 1210: (115.21 °C, 239.38 °F) 968: 961: 947: 912: 856: 842: 791: 749: 735: 714: 693: 679: 665: 595: 544: 523: 495: 481: 454: 447: 433: 419: 340: 296: 213: 10880:"Hydrogen Sulfide or Hydrogen Cyanide: Which is More Dangerous?" 9922: 9543: 6807:. Topics in Current Chemistry. Vol. 102. pp. 149–176. 6559: 6260: 5980:

the melting point in 115.1 °C (239.2 °F) is specified.

5069:

Many drugs contain sulfur. Early examples include antibacterial

4250: 3949:

Indian alchemists, practitioners of the "science of chemicals" (

3297:

The two principal sulfur oxides are obtained by burning sulfur:

2637: 2633: 53:

This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see

12968: 12606: 12064: 11992: 11877: 11805: 11715: 11697: 11663: 11627: 11609: 11438: 11429: 11420: 11265: 11231: 11213: 11168: 9874:

Wasmund, Kenneth; Mußmann, Marc; Loy, Alexander (August 2017).

9714:

Philip, G.; Wali, A. M. A.; Aref, M. A. M. (1 September 1994).

8455:

Industrial minerals & rocks: commodities, markets, and uses

7434: 6080: 5643: 5494: 5182:

oxidize hydrogen sulfide for their nutrition, as discovered by

5130: 5051: 4956: 4865: 4835: 4748: 4507: 4503: 4345: 4336: 4332: 4092: 4072: 4061: 4028: 3993: 3866: 3823: 3799: 3738: 3530: 2971: 2963: 2947: 2939: 2911: 2888: 2747: 2711: 2692: 2162: 2111: 1577: 1445: 1207: 1050: 884: 828: 742: 686: 616: 602: 579: 551: 537: 405: 398: 391: 273: 250: 236: 204: 7008:

Paytan, Adina; Yao, Weiqi; Faul, Kristina; Gray, E.T. (2020).

6122:

Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements

5818:

in small amounts. At high concentrations these acids harm the

5435:

of a covalent disulfide bridge is higher than the energy of a

4685:

were widely used as "fixing agents". Sulfur is a component of

3259:. When dissolved in water, hydrogen sulfide is mildly acidic: 13605: 13179: 13078: 12278: 11967: 11672: 11330: 11204: 7582:"Conducting linear chains of sulphur inside carbon nanotubes" 6774:. Topics in Current Chemistry. Vol. 230. pp. 1–80. 6494: 5955: 5915: 5363:

In all forms of life, most of the sulfur is contained in two

5300: 5081:. Sulfur is a part of many bacterial defense molecules. Most 4998: 4873: 4855: 4744: 4721: 4667: 4635: 4616: 4495: 4217: 4206: 4196: 4112: 4051:

Today sulfur is known to have antifungal, antibacterial, and

4007:.) The variation known as brimstone has a symbol combining a 3843: 3815: 3783: 3770: 3692: 3655:(DMSP) is one such compound, important in the marine organic 3651:

ions have three groups attached to a cationic sulfur center.

3642: 3620: 3282: 3083: 2668: 2614: 2540: 2099: 2087: 1625: 1190: 812: 586: 324: 229: 10934:

Transition Metals and Sulfur: A Strong Relationship for Life

9489:"On the Growth and Respiration of Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria" 7251:"Stellar Evolution, Nuclear Astrophysics, and Nucleogenesis" 6441: 5351:

While the plants' role in transferring sulfur to animals by

4814:). However, in some circumstances, soils can be depleted in 11931: 11904: 11447: 11411: 11249: 10972: 10657: 9161:"Analysis of US FDA-Approved Drugs Containing Sulfur Atoms" 8570:

Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, (Recommendations 1990)

5885: 5864:) that reacts with atmospheric water and oxygen to produce 5849: 5303: 5039: 4979: 4975: 4823: 4779: 4740: 4324: 4032: 3861:) was known in China since the 6th century BC and found in 3807: 2865: 2609:

isotopes of sulfur have half-lives less than 3 hours.

1156: 784: 763: 412: 384: 264: 9544:

Pronk JT; Meulenberg R; Hazeu W; Bos P; Kuenen JG (1990).

9391:"Nutritional essentiality of sulfur in health and disease" 6332:"Refinement of the structure of orthorhombic sulfur, α-S8" 6291:"Sulphur surplus: Up to our necks in a diabolical element" 5904:

are sometimes purified. More modern power plants that use

5652:

is a rare, fatal genetic disease preventing production of

5604: 5554: 5269:

There are bacteria combining these two ways of nutrition:

11636: 11051: 10315:"Metal and Redox Modulation of Cysteine Protein Function" 9923:

Gutiérrez-Preciado, A.; Romero, H.; Peimbert, M. (2010).

8915: 8913: 8263:

Antoine Lavoisier: Science, Administration and Revolution

8105:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. passim. 8103:

The Alchemical Body — Siddha Traditions in Medieval India

7812: 7679: 7677: 6835: 6611:"Notes on the Sublimation of Sulfur between 25° and 50°C" 5486: 5379:

that contain these amino acids, as well as in respective

4335:

has also been a source of sulfur. In volcanic regions in

4299:

note that "in chemistry and other technical uses ... the

4256:. By the 15th century, both full Latin spelling variants 3943:

elements, and brimstone, an older/archaic name for sulfur

3623:

or mercaptans (so called because they capture mercury as

3243:

The interconversion of these species is exploited in the

2883:

regions in many parts of the world, especially along the

2613:

explosion. For example, proportionally more S comes from

558: 10498: 10254:

Pace, Nicholas J.; Weerapana, Eranthie (17 April 2014).

9352:"Sulfur in human nutrition and applications in medicine" 7822:"Isotopic abundances in interstellar carbon monosulfide" 7404:

Sulfur: history, technology, applications & industry

5572:. Other examples include many zinc proteins, as well as 4240:. In the 14th century, the erroneously Hellenized Latin 3191: 2934:

Common naturally occurring sulfur compounds include the

2836:

Sulfur, usually as sulfide, is present in many types of

2829:

that produces elements in abundance, sulfur is the 10th

13770:

Chemical elements with primitive orthorhombic structure

9973:

Arnér, Elias S. J.; Holmgren, Arne (25 December 2001).

9945: 8840:

Mohamed, Abdel-Mohsen Onsy; El-Gamal, Maisa M. (2010).

8808:. ACS Symposium Series. Vol. 183. pp. 69–82. 6648:

Maldonado-Zagal, S. B.; Boden, P. J. (1 January 1982).

5881: 4627:

chains crosslink organic polymers. Large quantities of

2848:

may contain as much as 6.6%. It is normally present as

2645: 2464:). Some of those reactions need elevated temperatures. 2066:. Historically and in literature sulfur is also called 8910: 8047:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 120. 7674: 7214:

Production of Sulfur-35 by the Cation Exchange Process

6742: 5141:

Transferring sulfur between inorganic and biomolecules

4959:

and other mold-related problems with plants and soil.

4830:. The most important form of sulfur for fertilizer is 4215:), is the source of the international chemical prefix 4140:

In recent times, the main source of sulfur has become

3984: 3971: 3964: 3195:

Two parallel sulfur chains grown inside a single-wall

13583: 9658: 9120: 8949: 7967:. www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved on 16 August 2012. 7171: 7109:

Sim, Min Sub; Bosak, Tanja; Ono, Shuhei (July 2011).

4924:

Elemental sulfur is one of the oldest fungicides and

4904:

of sulfur decrease because of actions taken to limit

4221:. The Modern Standard Greek word for sulfur is θείο, 3850: 3842:, saying that its best-known source is the island of 10931: 10558:

Karakas, Erkan; Kisker, Caroline (18 October 2005).

9819:

Kuenen, J. G.; Beudeker, R. F. (13 September 1982).

8293:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 107–8. 6941:

Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights

6647: 6005: 5728: 5012:

Sulfur candles of almost pure sulfur were burned to

4471:

Production and price (US market) of elemental sulfur

3334:

Many other sulfur oxides are observed including the

2169:) are organosulfur compounds crucial for life. Many 7511:"Sulphur: Mineral information, data and localities" 7485:Klein, Cornelis; Hurlbut, Cornelius S. Jr. (1985). 6803:Steudel, R. (1982). "Homocyclic sulfur molecules". 5954:But impure samples have an odor similar to that of 5161:(a bacterium living in a sulfur rich environment), 4602: 10705:Blum, J. Eric; Coe, Fredric L. (13 January 2010). 10312: 10040: 9487:Waksman, S. A.; Starkey, R. L. (20 January 1923). 8486: 8457:(7th ed.). Colorado: Littleton. p. 935. 8229:Gupta, Aditya K; Nicol, Karyn (July–August 2004). 8160: 7272: 6883:Meyer, Beat (1964). "Solid Allotropes of Sulfur". 5358: 4234: 3883:of 1044 AD described various formulas for Chinese 2086:, and other chemical processes. Sulfur is used in 9873: 9580:Sulfur Metabolism in Phototrophic Sulfur Bacteria 9320:"Elemental Composition of the Human Body by Mass" 9078:Every, Richard L.; et al. (20 August 1968). 9077: 8485: 8222: 7307:; Williams, David A. (2005). "Io after Galileo". 7007: 6409: 6230: 5178:. Primitive bacteria that live around deep ocean 4936:farmed apple production against the main disease 4920:Sulfur candle originally sold for home fumigation 4287:in 1990 as did the Nomenclature Committee of the 4060:Sulfur appears in a column of fixed (non-acidic) 3802:, in which listeners are reminded of the fate of 2410:The reaction involves adsorption of protons onto 13691: 10752:"Sulfur Dioxide | Toxicological Profile | ATSDR" 9388: 9382: 8803: 8094: 7979:, John F. Healy, Oxford University Press, 1999, 7820:; Wannier, P. G.; Linke, R. A. (15 March 1976). 6736: 6115: 6113: 4766:responsible of lacrymal irritation (onions), or 4483:, Canada. Another way of storing sulfur is as a 2539:studies show that the amorphous form may have a 2482:The structure of the cyclooctasulfur molecule, S 1595: = 2.4481 nm (at 20 °C) 9158: 8839: 8835: 8833: 8583:McNaught, Alan (1991). "Journal style update". 8125: 7652:Hasek, W. R. (1961). "1,1,1-Trifluoroheptane". 7537:Nehb, Wolfgang; Vydra, Karel (2006). "Sulfur". 7210: 7069: 6330:Rettig, S. J.; Trotter, J. (15 December 1987). 6288: 6235:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. 5805: 5751: 5454:This property manifests in following examples. 5121:Sulfur is an essential component of all living 4951:. It has similar applications and is used as a 4191:, which appears in Latin toward the end of the 3818:to treat granular eyelids. Sulfur was used for 2652:of the ore-bearing fluid during ore formation. 11007:Nutrient Stewardship and The Sulphur Institute 10835:"4.1: Fossil Fuels and Products of Combustion" 10484:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 9818: 9713: 9486: 8167:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 8161:Maibach, H. I.; Surber, C.; Orkin, M. (1990). 8128:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 8001: 7997: 7995: 7993: 7744:Tsang, Man-Yin; Inagaki, Fumio (29 May 2020). 7687:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7539:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 6984:"Searching for the Origins of Presolar Grains" 5229:use hydrogen sulfide in place of water as the 3978: 3014: 2758:for many biological studies, for example, the 2521:. Larger rings have been prepared, including S 12330: 11027: 10557: 10386: 10253: 9972: 9389:Ingenbleek, Yves; Kimura, Hideo (July 2013). 9343: 9040: 7684:Lauss, H.-D.; Steffens, W. "Sulfur Halides". 7303: 6769: 6329: 6154:(86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. 6110: 5908:extract the sulfur before they burn the gas. 5656:, needed to metabolize sulfites to sulfates. 4666:O) is mined on the scale of 100 million 3856: 1951: 1140: 10047:(3rd ed.). New York: Worth Publishing. 9925:"An Evolutionary Perspective on Amino Acids" 9576: 8898: 8830: 8619:"sulphur – definition of sulphur in English" 8409: 8038: 7743: 7718: 7484: 7070:Goldhaber, M.B.; Kaplan, I.R. (April 1980). 6405: 6403: 6401: 5840:(made by catalysis from sulfur dioxide) and 5584:enzymes contain an Fe–Mo–S cluster and is a 5237:that produces sugars and uses oxygen as the 4619:. One of the uses of elemental sulfur is in 4607:Sulfur reacts directly with methane to give 2981:The main industrial source of sulfur is now 2270:Sulfur is insoluble in water but soluble in 1516: 10707:"Metabolic Acidosis after Sulfur Ingestion" 10505:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 10361: 9317: 9104:Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis 9080:"Method for Preparation of Wettable Sulfur" 8976: 8313: 7990: 7639:Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry 7279:. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 7108: 6687: 6144: 6124:. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. 5348:→ cysteine (thiol) → methionine (thioether) 4242: 4185: 4177: 4165: 4152:, and has resulted in a surplus of sulfur. 4039:) a mild reducing and antibacterial agent. 3792:English translations of the Christian Bible 3673:, is a common solvent; a common sulfone is 3551:, an antibiotic ("R" is the variable group) 2129:for all life, almost always in the form of 15: 12337: 12323: 11034: 11020: 10988:, Introduction to Chemistry for Ages 13–17 10756:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 9949:Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition 8772: 8770: 8768: 8732: 8730: 8728: 8688: 8647: 8266:. Cambridge University Press. p. 66. 8228: 8201: 7783: 7781: 7349: 6302: 6300: 4911: 4834:, commonly found in nature as the mineral 4392:Today, sulfur is produced from petroleum, 4195:. The true Ancient Greek word for sulfur, 3977:tradition, sulfur is called "the smelly" ( 3166:Some of these dianions dissociate to give 2644:and sulfides can be used to determine the 1958: 1944: 1782: 1775: 1645:β = 95.905° (at 20 °C) 1624: 1576: 77: 62:Chemical element with atomic number 16 (S) 16: 10534: 10516: 10330: 10289: 10271: 10230: 10038: 9990: 9899: 9643: 9625: 9561: 9520: 9455: 9406: 9232: 9222: 8776: 8705: 8544: 8403: 8178: 7977:Pliny the Elder on science and technology 7845: 7790:An Introduction to Organosulfur Chemistry 7761: 7723:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7683: 7613: 7536: 7489:(20th ed.). Wiley. pp. 265–66. 7428: 6772:Solid Sulfur Allotropes Sulfur Allotropes 6585: 6512: 6398: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6119: 4731:protecting many living organisms against 4155: 3211:of these polysulfide anions produces the 3207:(bind to itself by formation of chains). 2817:, a volcano in East Java, Indonesia, 2009 10401:10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105437 10114: 9011: 8582: 8290:Lavoisier: Chemist, Biologist, Economist 7375: 6910:Meyer, Beat (1976). "Elemental sulfur". 6858:Journal of the American Chemical Society 6255: 6074: 5792: 5603: 5588:that performs the important function of 5401: 5233:in chemosynthesis, a process similar to 4915: 4589: 4475:Owing to the high sulfur content of the 4466: 4375: 4318: 4310: 4119:was developed to extract this resource. 4046: 3814:, a sulfur ointment was used in ancient 3769: 3695:and many organosulfur compounds. Unlike 3255:Treatment of sulfur with hydrogen gives 3190: 3018: 2808: 2800: 2784: 2776: 2493:, more than any other element. Besides S 2477: 2209: 2042:form, sulfur on Earth usually occurs as 24:This is an accepted version of this page 12134: 10877: 10704: 9437: 9349: 8894: 8892: 8765: 8725: 8652:. Vol. 1. Springer. p. 1171. 8347: 8286: 8259: 7935:Rapp, George Robert (4 February 2009). 7787: 7778: 7532: 7530: 7528: 7526: 7524: 7248: 6802: 6297: 6231:Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). 5938:salts are toxic by the same mechanism. 5555:Metalloproteins and inorganic cofactors 4962:Elemental sulfur powder is used as an " 4264:became common in English. The parallel 3753:, after the Roman god of the forge and 3398:. Bromine also oxidizes sulfur to form 2027:. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow, 14: 13692: 12188: 12017: 11722: 10867:. 30 March 2017 – via eMedicine. 10212: 10067: 9787: 9257: 8382: 8376: 7860: 7636: 7401: 7236:Yale Environmental Health & Safety 6951: 6693: 6615:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry 6608: 6445:The Properties of Gases and Liquids 5E 6215: 6177:CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 5810:When sulfur burns in air, it produces 5375:), thus the element is present in all 5046:agent and also kills bacteria, fungi, 4798:) is also a common artificial source ( 4380:Sulfur recovered from hydrocarbons in 3631:; treatment of thiols with base gives 3500:, an amino acid containing a thioether 2789:Most of the yellow and orange hues of 2671:conditions in the oceans in the past. 2289: 2205: 12318: 12242: 12206: 12197: 12107: 12089: 12080: 11015: 10801: 10043:Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry 10032: 9793: 9318:Helmenstine, Anne (3 February 2019). 9096: 9060:from the original on 13 December 2011 8706:McElvaney, Kevin (25 February 2015). 8452: 8100: 7719:Vaughan, D. J.; Craig, J. R. (1978). 7651: 7270: 6955:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 6909: 6882: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6174: 6148:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 6138: 5621:Sulfation § Sulfation in biology 5077:. A more recent example is mucolytic 4126:makers used molten sulfur to produce 2772: 2449:In reactions with elements of lesser 1913: 1910: 1888: 1883: 1875: 1872: 1864: 1861: 1851: 1848: 13612: 12344: 12251: 12179: 12152: 12125: 11785: 11767: 11740: 11571: 11562: 10676:10.1001/archinte.1986.00360190229034 10620:"Chemical Datasheet. SULFUR, MOLTEN" 10364:Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry 10362:Lippard, S. J.; Berg, J. M. (1994). 9299:from the original on 3 November 2021 8889: 8797: 8507:participating institution membership 8075: 7934: 7911:"Sulfur in the Bible (14 instances)" 7521: 6770:Steudel, Ralf; Eckert, Bodo (2003). 5466:, and are able to destruct keratin. 4681:was widespread, sodium and ammonium 4365:Elemental sulfur was extracted from 3939:Alchemical signs for sulfur, or the 3450: 2891:was a major source of sulfur in the 2844:contain on average 2.1% sulfur, and 2501:, which is of a deeper yellow than S 12260: 12233: 12224: 12071: 12053: 12044: 12035: 11821: 11731: 11704: 11652: 11598: 11580: 11544: 11524: 11463: 11400: 11301: 11283: 11272: 11191: 10186: 9204: 8736: 8479: 7792:. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. 7721:Mineral Chemistry of Metal Sulfides 7350:Strickland, Ashley (20 July 2024). 6945: 6694:Munson, Ronald A. (February 1968). 5650:Isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency 5213:to oxidize sulfur to sulfate. Some 5042:and other conditions. It acts as a 4818:, e.g. if this later is leached by 4739:also contains organic sulfur. Some 3836:discusses sulfur in book 35 of his 3462:Illustrative organosulfur compounds 2970:(potassium aluminium sulfate), and 2831:most common element in the universe 1655:0.205 W/(m⋅K) (amorphous) 1367: 48: 12215: 12116: 11999: 11981: 11956: 11947: 11920: 11893: 11848: 11830: 11758: 11749: 11643: 11515: 11481: 11391: 11373: 11364: 11344: 11319: 11041: 10926: 10117:"Physiological actions of taurine" 10115:Huxtable, R. J. (1 January 1992). 10039:Nelson, D. L.; Cox, M. M. (2000). 9880:Environmental Microbiology Reports 9563:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb04103.x 9350:Parcell, Stephen (February 2002). 9331:from the original on 13 April 2021 8906:. United States Geological Survey. 8850:: J. Ross. pp. 104–105, 109. 8648:Riegel, Emil; Kent, James (2007). 8412:Measurement Science and Technology 8231:"The Use of Sulfur in Dermatology" 7022:10.1016/B978-0-12-824360-2.00009-7 6275: 5747: 5314:and other organosulfur compounds. 5205:). They depend on enzymes such as 5116: 5019: 3849:A natural form of sulfur known as 3386:are derivatives of sulfuric acid; 3125:Reduction of sulfur gives various 2813:A man carrying sulfur blocks from 2274:and, to a lesser extent, in other 2200: 49: 13781: 12170: 12161: 12143: 12098: 12008: 11938: 11911: 11884: 11866: 11857: 11839: 11812: 11794: 11776: 11686: 11616: 11589: 11553: 11499: 11490: 11472: 11454: 11382: 11353: 11292: 11238: 11220: 11182: 11155: 10997:Sulfur and its use as a pesticide 10950: 10878:Summers, Vincent (8 April 2017). 9493:The Journal of General Physiology 9136:Schwefel zum äußerlichen Gebrauch 6958:(92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: 6749:. Academic Press. pp. 513–. 6743:Egon Wiberg; Nils Wiberg (2001). 6609:Tucker, Roy P. (1 January 1929). 6064:"Standard Atomic Weights: Sulfur" 5876:). These acids are components of 5387:—and sulfated polysaccharides of 3433: 3184:gives the blue color of the rock 1471:1st: 999.6 kJ/mol 13672: 13655: 13638: 13621: 13593: 12062: 12026: 11990: 11875: 11803: 11713: 11695: 11625: 11607: 11535: 11436: 11427: 11418: 11263: 11166: 10897: 10871: 10853: 10827: 10795: 10770: 10744: 10698: 10651: 10626: 10612: 10594: 10551: 10492: 10423: 10380: 10355: 10306: 10247: 10206: 10180: 10155: 10108: 10061: 10007: 9992:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01701.x 9979:European Journal of Biochemistry 9966: 9939: 9916: 9867: 9812: 9762: 9707: 9652: 9619: 9570: 9537: 9480: 9457:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00299.x 9431: 9311: 9279: 9198: 9152: 8080:. New York: Dover Publications. 7406:. Toronto: ChemTec. p. 43. 6952:Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). 6381:"Sulfur | S (Element) - PubChem" 6339:Acta Crystallographica Section C 6289:Laurence Knight (19 July 2014). 6008: 5698: 5693: 4603:Other important sulfur chemistry 4594:Sulfuric acid production in 2000 4518: 4291:in 1992, restoring the spelling 4079:, France, for the production of 3926: 3914: 3601: 3586: 3571: 3556: 3541: 3523: 3505: 3490: 3466: 3409: 3250: 2902:Native sulfur is synthesized by 2393: 2382: 2294:Under normal conditions, sulfur 2193:functioning and is an elemental 1931: 1930: 1477:3rd: 3357 kJ/mol 1474:2nd: 2252 kJ/mol 1335: 1278:1314 K, 20.7 MPa 11965: 11670: 11661: 11328: 11310: 11229: 11211: 10975:Physical Measurement Laboratory 10711:New England Journal of Medicine 9205:Pai, Rahul (10 February 2022). 9071: 9005: 8970: 8943: 8901:"Mineral Yearbook 2010: Sulfur" 8884:United States Geological Survey 8882:. Mineral Commodity Summaries. 8872: 8699: 8695:. Doubleday, Page. p. 214. 8682: 8641: 8611: 8576: 8561: 8513: 8446: 8341: 8307: 8280: 8253: 8235:Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 8204:Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 8195: 8154: 8119: 8069: 8032: 7970: 7955: 7928: 7903: 7854: 7806: 7737: 7712: 7645: 7630: 7572: 7563: 7503: 7478: 7395: 7369: 7343: 7297: 7264: 7242: 7221: 7204: 7165: 7102: 7063: 7038: 7001: 6976: 6930: 6903: 6876: 6829: 6796: 6763: 6641: 6602: 6553: 6501:The Journal of Chemical Physics 6488: 6462: 6435: 6373: 6323: 5983: 5969: 5948: 5477:. Cysteine-related metabolites 5359:Protein and organic metabolites 4611:, which is used to manufacture 4513: 4408:, which cleaves the C–S bonds: 4248:was restored in Middle English 4163:is derived from the Latin word 4042: 3566:, a chemical compound in garlic 3353: 2730:The radioactive S is formed in 2675:in marine sediment fractionate 2569:, four of which are stable: S ( 2173:also contain sulfur, including 11929: 11902: 11445: 11409: 11247: 11202: 10389:Annual Review of Plant Biology 9626:Cavanaugh, Colleen M. (1994). 9438:Dworkin, Martin (March 2012). 8689:Washington, Booker T. (1912). 7440:. Springer. pp. 261–288. 7309:Reports on Progress in Physics 6249: 6193: 6168: 6056: 6039:Sulfur isotope biogeochemistry 5659: 1700: cm/mol (298 K) 1458:Pauling scale: 2.58 13: 1: 11634: 10802:Baker, Colin (1 March 2007). 10664:Archives of Internal Medicine 10332:10.1016/S1074-5521(03)00174-1 10133:10.1152/physrev.1992.72.1.101 10086:10.1146/annurev.nutr.19.1.217 9952:. New York: Garland Science. 9685:10.1126/science.123.3208.1124 9589:10.1016/S0065-2911(08)00002-7 8921:"FAQ – The Sulphur Institute" 8287:Poirier, Jean-Pierre (1998). 8180:10.1016/S0190-9622(08)81225-X 8140:10.1016/S0190-9622(88)70079-1 7547:10.1002/14356007.a25_507.pub2 7190:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2023.121533 7010:"Sulfur Isotope Stratigraphy" 6049: 6029:Stratospheric sulfur aerosols 5625: 5547:, the immediate precursor to 5155:In the 1880s, while studying 4692: 4384:, stockpiled for shipment in 4323:Traditional sulfur mining at 4306: 4064:in a chemical table of 1718. 3292: 2467: 2429:The second, fourth and sixth 1684:Molar magnetic susceptibility 10962:The Periodic Table of Videos 10804:"The dehydration of sucrose" 10436:Reviews in the Neurosciences 10366:. University Science Books. 9265:"Sulphur and the Human Body" 8806:Sulfur: New Sources and Uses 8101:White, David Gordon (1996). 7096:10.1016/0304-4203(80)90063-8 6448:. McGraw Hill Professional. 5860:generates sulfur dioxide (SO 5806:Toxicity of sulfur compounds 5129:, and slightly greater than 5100: 4897:essential nutrient for plant 4091:Britain, with the repeal of 3875:traditional Chinese medicine 3765: 3683:are used in many detergents. 3627:) are the sulfur analogs of 3609:Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid 3581:, a representative disulfide 3362:to give the highly reactive 2992: 2958:(antimony sulfide); and the 2805:Sulfur extraction, East Java 2719:studies. Differences in the 2426:into the reaction products. 7: 10778:"Sulfur General Fact Sheet" 10723:10.1056/nejm197710202971606 10634:"Sulfur General Fact Sheet" 10450:(inactive 27 August 2024). 10232:10.1099/00221287-144-9-2377 9794:Heldt, Hans-Walter (1996). 9356:Alternative Medicine Review 9287:"What is the body made of?" 9176:10.1007/978-3-030-25598-5_1 8708:"The Men Who Mine Volcanos" 8320:. Oxford University Press. 7668:10.1002/0471264180.os041.28 6120:Arblaster, John W. (2018). 6001: 5410:Proteins, to execute their 5085:antibiotics, including the 4654:) are sulfate derivatives. 3985: 3972: 3965: 3851: 3826:; this is mentioned in the 3776:Museo del Objeto del Objeto 3015:Electron transfer reactions 2554: 2489:Sulfur forms over 30 solid 2298:very slowly to mainly form 1643: = 1.0787 nm 1638: = 1.0851 nm 1633: = 1.0923 nm 1590: = 1.2861 nm 1585: = 1.0460 nm 10: 13786: 13760:Minerals in space group 70 11533: 11362: 11281: 11200: 11164: 11066: 10965:(University of Nottingham) 10814:Royal Society of Chemistry 10448:10.1515/revneuro-2018-0073 10074:Annual Review of Nutrition 10068:Selhub, J. (1 July 1999). 9224:10.1038/s42004-022-00626-2 8814:10.1021/bk-1982-0183.ch005 8424:10.1088/0957-0233/14/9/311 8362:10.1177/026569149502500201 8350:European History Quarterly 7329:10.1088/0034-4885/68/2/R02 7249:Cameron, A. G. W. (1957). 6856:at Ambient Temperatures". 6666:10.1179/000705982798274336 6587:10.3389/feart.2023.1197363 6566:Frontiers in Earth Science 6088:Pure and Applied Chemistry 5928:permissible exposure limit 5618: 5614: 5595:Sulfur is also present in 5489:, and are not part of the 5144: 5023: 4289:Royal Society of Chemistry 4207: 4197: 4122:In the late 18th century, 3760: 3653:Dimethylsulfoniopropionate 3641:are the sulfur analogs of 3596:, a component of crude oil 3454: 3350:containing peroxo groups. 2996: 2558: 2471: 2278:organic solvents, such as 2197:for all living organisms. 2161:, etc.) and two vitamins ( 2082:for sulfate and phosphate 2020:with the chemical formula 2018:cyclic octatomic molecules 1320:22.75 J/(mol·K) 1260:when liquid (at 1117:group 16 (chalcogens) 478: 346: 286: 226: 201: 94:Sulphur (British spelling) 52: 13488: 13457: 13244: 13211: 13076: 12966: 12352: 12276: 11976: 11681: 11510: 11339: 11258: 11177: 11150: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11061: 11056: 11049: 10070:"Homocysteine metabolism" 9720:Carbonates and Evaporites 9550:FEMS Microbiology Letters 9444:FEMS Microbiology Reviews 8952:Journal of Cereal Science 8531:(5): 333. 4 August 2009. 8494:Oxford English Dictionary 7941:. Springer. p. 242. 7879:10.1007/978-90-481-9815-3 7750:Frontiers for Young Minds 7454:10.1007/978-3-642-36833-2 6654:British Corrosion Journal 6415:Chemistry of the Elements 6413:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). 6359:10.1107/S0108270187088152 6233:Chemistry of the Elements 5674: 5669: 5576:. Most pervasive are the 5365:proteinogenic amino acids 5286:sulfate-reducing bacteria 4353:were horrific, prompting 3979: 3954: 3857: 3394:) is a common reagent in 3346:, disulfur dioxides, and 3277:in a manner analogous to 3026:owes its blue color to a 2701:sulfate-reducing bacteria 2673:Sulfate-reducing bacteria 1929: 1925: 1907: 1880: 1869: 1858: 1845: 1804: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1766: 1751: 1739: 1734: 1724: 1714: 1704: 1682: 1669: 1659: 1649: 1619: 1599: 1569: 1547: 1537: 1532: 1515: 1505: 1491: 1462: 1452: 1407: 1402: 1324: 1314: 1300: 1282: 1272: 1258: 1224: 1214: 1196: 1176: 1171: 1163: 1149: 1134: 1122: 1110: 1091: 1068: 181: 173: 169: 143: 127: 123: 111: 98: 90: 85: 76: 10984:23 February 2010 at the 10193:thiamine.dnr.cornell.edu 10163:"The Function of Biotin" 9211:Communications Chemistry 8878:Apodaca, Lori E. (2012) 8260:Donovan, Arthur (1996). 7965:, book 22, lines 480–495 7696:10.1002/14356007.a25_623 7637:Brauer, G., ed. (1963). 7376:Rickwood, P. C. (1981). 6813:10.1007/3-540-11345-2_10 6385:pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 5941: 5107:lithium–sulfur batteries 4846:O). Elemental sulfur is 4115:. The highly successful 3887:, which is a mixture of 3731:used in World War I 3485:containing a thiol group 2760:Hershey-Chase experiment 2601:). Other than S, with a 2256:due to the formation of 2243:. The structure of the S 1248:): 1.96 g/cm 31:latest accepted revision 13750:Native element minerals 10319:Chemistry & Biology 10189:"Thiamine Biochemistry" 9892:10.1111/1758-2229.12538 8991:10.1023/A:1026503812267 8499:Oxford University Press 8453:Kogel, Jessica (2006). 7915:bible.knowing-jesus.com 7861:Banoub, Joseph (2011). 7788:Cremlyn, R. J. (1996). 7763:10.3389/frym.2020.00070 7690:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 7402:Kutney, Gerald (2007). 7135:10.1126/science.1205103 6470:"7.5: Changes of State" 6314:. BBC. 11 October 2014. 6268:Encyclopædia Britannica 6203:. Georgiagulfsulfur.com 6044:Ultra-low sulfur diesel 5566:nitrous oxide reductase 5165:found that it oxidized 4912:Fungicide and pesticide 4751:also produce different 4251: 4235: 4133:With the advent of the 2868:by surprise, after the 2846:carbonaceous chondrites 2750:is used by irradiating 2655:Scientists measure the 1310:): 45 kJ/mol 1254:): 1.92 g/cm 55:Sulfur (disambiguation) 13730:Anti-acne preparations 13725:Agricultural chemicals 10969:Atomic Data for Sulfur 10839:Engineering LibreTexts 10809:Education in Chemistry 10213:Thauer, R. K. (1998). 9845:10.1098/rstb.1982.0093 9267:. The Sulfur Institute 9054:NASA Earth Observatory 8964:10.1006/jcrs.1998.0241 8791:10.1002/ciuz.200800461 8779:Chemie in unserer Zeit 8739:Environmental Progress 8385:Chemie in unserer Zeit 7378:"The largest crystals" 6805:Inorganic Ring Systems 6175:Weast, Robert (1984). 5798: 5758: 5609: 5407: 5299:Sulfur is absorbed by 5275:purple sulfur bacteria 5064:seborrhoeic dermatitis 4985:A diluted solution of 4921: 4788:Atmospheric deposition 4753:organosulfur compounds 4595: 4472: 4402:Organosulfur compounds 4389: 4328: 4316: 4243: 4186: 4178: 4166: 4156:Spelling and etymology 4057: 3779: 3733:as a disabling agent. 3457:Organosulfur compounds 3200: 3043: 2818: 2806: 2798: 2782: 2517:and small amounts of S 2486: 2440:supply of outer energy 2422:clusters, followed by 2215: 2131:organosulfur compounds 1661:Electrical resistivity 1521: 1151:Electron configuration 129:Standard atomic weight 13755:Orthorhombic minerals 11002:The Sulphur Institute 10121:Physiological Reviews 8929:The Sulphur Institute 8076:Koch, Rudolf (1955). 7826:Astrophysical Journal 7586:Nature Communications 7385:American Mineralogist 7050:astrobiology.nasa.gov 6419:Butterworth-Heinemann 6411:Greenwood, Norman N. 6096:10.1515/pac-2019-0603 5914:is about one-half as 5796: 5757: 5607: 5405: 5271:green sulfur bacteria 5030:Sulfur (specifically 4919: 4670:each year for use in 4652:sodium lauryl sulfate 4593: 4470: 4379: 4351:Sicilian sulfur mines 4322: 4314: 4283:adopted the spelling 4272:. On the other hand, 4098:Sulfur Crisis of 1840 4050: 3999:gave sulfur a unique 3773: 3366:and the highly inert 3245:sodium–sulfur battery 3194: 3022: 2893:Industrial Revolution 2812: 2804: 2788: 2780: 2732:cosmic ray spallation 2640:and δS of coexisting 2537:X-ray crystallography 2481: 2213: 1520: 1268:1.819 g/cm 13720:Polyatomic nonmetals 10979:Sulfur phase diagram 10518:10.3390/ijms22052378 8925:sulphurinstitute.org 8759:10.1002/ep.670210312 8605:10.1039/AN9911601094 8314:Riall, Lucy (1998). 7541:. Wiley-VCH Verlag. 7487:Manual of Mineralogy 7016:. pp. 259–278. 6474:Chemistry LibreTexts 6421:. pp. 645–665. 5740:(fire diamond) 5636:essential amino acid 5574:iron–sulfur clusters 5393:chondroitin sulfates 4945:from a dusting plane 4778:, commonly found in 4599:mineral extraction. 4406:hydrodesulfurization 4355:Booker T. Washington 3719:grapefruit mercaptan 3611:(PFOS), a surfactant 3364:sulfur tetrafluoride 3046:Sulfur polycations, 2954:(zinc sulfide), and 2885:Pacific Ring of Fire 2765:Because of the weak 2565:Sulfur has 23 known 2474:Allotropes of sulfur 2179:iron–sulfur proteins 2016:, sulfur atoms form 1651:Thermal conductivity 1507:Van der Waals radius 1302:Heat of vaporization 106:Allotropes of sulfur 13740:Industrial minerals 10564:Dalton Transactions 10273:10.3390/biom4020419 9837:1982RSPTB.298..473K 9732:1994CarEv...9..223P 9677:1956Sci...123.1124J 9671:(3208): 1124–1125. 9645:10.1093/icb/34.1.79 9505:10.1085/jgp.5.3.285 9014:Fertilizer Research 8751:2002EnvPr..21..143E 8658:2007karh.book...... 8629:on 20 November 2016 8623:Oxford Dictionaries 8597:1991Ana...116.1094M 8537:2009NatCh...1Q.333. 8497:(Online ed.). 7871:2011dbap.book.....B 7838:1976ApJ...204L.135W 7598:2013NatCo...4.2162F 7446:2015vola.book.....R 7321:2005RPPh...68..303L 7305:Lopes, Rosaly M. C. 7127:2011Sci...333...74S 7088:1980MarCh...9...95G 7046:"NASA Astrobiology" 7014:Geologic Time Scale 6924:10.1021/cr60301a003 6897:10.1021/cr60230a004 6870:10.1021/ja00382a050 6746:Inorganic Chemistry 6715:10.1021/ic50060a047 6703:Inorganic Chemistry 6627:10.1021/ie50229a014 6578:2023FrEaS..1197363I 6523:2004JChPh.121.7379K 6351:1987AcCrC..43.2260R 6034:Sulfur assimilation 5894:chemical weathering 5666: 5597:molybdenum cofactor 5412:biological function 4989:(made by combining 4724:respectively). The 4477:Athabasca Oil Sands 4297:Oxford Dictionaries 4071:Sulfur deposits in 3384:chlorosulfuric acid 3376:disulfur dichloride 3368:sulfur hexafluoride 3358:Sulfur reacts with 3145:sodium tetrasulfide 2966:(calcium sulfate), 2946:(mercury sulfide), 2897:submarine volcanoes 2842:Ordinary chondrites 2734:of the atmospheric 2431:ionization energies 2290:Chemical properties 2206:Physical properties 2133:or metal sulfides. 1464:Ionization energies 1327:Vapor pressure 1316:Molar heat capacity 1172:Physical properties 1164:Electrons per shell 73: 21:Page version status 13745:Inorganic polymers 13715:Reactive nonmetals 10841:. 28 February 2021 10187:Edwards, Katie A. 9740:10.1007/BF03175232 9632:American Zoologist 9408:10.1111/nure.12050 9026:10.1007/BF00747690 8163:"Sulfur revisited" 7606:10.1038/ncomms3162 7271:Mason, B. (1962). 5992:polymerlike nature 5924:cytochrome oxidase 5799: 5759: 5664: 5610: 5408: 5293:the ancient oceans 5163:Sergei Winogradsky 4966:" (i.e., "green") 4922: 4689:("black powder"). 4677:When silver-based 4596: 4473: 4428:comproportionation 4390: 4388:, British Columbia 4329: 4317: 4058: 3796:fire-and-brimstone 3780: 3701:carbon monosulfide 3671:dimethyl sulfoxide 3579:Diphenyl disulfide 3404:disulfur dibromide 3336:sulfur-rich oxides 3285:(see below, under 3201: 3044: 2976:hydrothermal vents 2904:anaerobic bacteria 2819: 2807: 2799: 2783: 2773:Natural occurrence 2756:radioactive tracer 2752:potassium chloride 2721:natural abundances 2697:disproportionation 2642:carbonate minerals 2628:For example, when 2561:Isotopes of sulfur 2487: 2424:disproportionation 2216: 1768:Isotopes of sulfur 1710:7.7 GPa 1538:Natural occurrence 1528: 1522: 1242:): 2.07 g/cm 1075: 1058: 65: 27: 13765:Pyrotechnic fuels 13705:Chemical elements 13581: 13580: 13490:Organic compounds 13453: 13452: 12312: 12311: 12305: 12304: 12271: 12270: 10943:978-3-11-058889-7 10566:(21): 3459–3463. 10373:978-0-935702-73-6 10167:www.chem.uwec.edu 10054:978-1-57259-153-0 9985:(20): 6102–6109. 9959:978-0-8153-3218-3 9831:(1093): 473–497. 9805:978-3-8274-0103-8 9796:Pflanzenbiochemie 9395:Nutrition Reviews 9185:978-3-030-25598-5 9145:978-3-8047-2575-1 9113:978-3-540-07738-1 9052:, United States: 8899:Apodaca, Lori E. 8857:978-1-60427-005-1 8823:978-0-8412-0713-4 8667:978-0-387-27842-1 8546:10.1038/nchem.301 8521:"So long sulphur" 8505:(Subscription or 8464:978-0-87335-233-8 8300:978-0-8122-1649-3 8273:978-0-521-56672-8 8112:978-0-226-89499-7 8039:Needham, Joseph; 7948:978-3-540-78593-4 7938:Archaeomineralogy 7888:978-90-481-9815-3 7655:Organic Syntheses 7556:978-3-527-30673-2 7463:978-3-642-36832-5 7413:978-1-895198-37-9 7290:978-0-908678-84-6 6864:(18): 4971–4972. 6822:978-3-540-11345-4 6789:978-3-540-40191-9 6756:978-0-12-352651-9 6531:10.1063/1.1794031 6507:(15): 7379–7386. 6455:978-0-07-149999-6 6428:978-0-08-037941-8 6345:(12): 2260–2262. 6262:"Brimstone" 6131:978-1-62708-155-9 5790:Chemical compound 5788: 5787: 5723:Hazard statements 5590:nitrogen fixation 5491:primary structure 5475:alpha-lipoic acid 5389:connective tissue 5239:electron acceptor 5151:Sulfur metabolism 5111:Drexel University 5026:Sulfur (pharmacy) 4995:ringworm (fungus) 4991:calcium hydroxide 4804:limiting nutrient 4768:diallyl disulfide 4674:and fertilizers. 4623:of rubber, where 4128:decorative inlays 4102:King Ferdinand II 4066:Antoine Lavoisier 4001:alchemical symbol 3963: 3889:potassium nitrate 3804:eternal damnation 3451:Organic compounds 3396:organic synthesis 3380:Sulfuryl chloride 3372:sulfur dichloride 3344:disulfur monoxide 3129:with the formula 2705:sulfate reduction 2462:iridium disulfide 2451:electronegativity 2149:, and many other 2127:essential element 2014:normal conditions 1972: 1971: 1918: 1917: 1760:Antoine Lavoisier 1752:Recognized as an 1671:Magnetic ordering 1620:Lattice constants 1600:Crystal structure 1571:Lattice constants 1549:Crystal structure 1523: 1511:180 pm 1454:Electronegativity 1444:(a strongly 1403:Atomic properties 1397: 1396: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1073: 1056: 1046: 1045: 772:Mercury (element) 39:13 September 2024 18: 13777: 13735:Dietary minerals 13685: 13684:from Wikiversity 13677: 13676: 13675: 13668: 13660: 13659: 13658: 13651: 13643: 13642: 13641: 13634: 13626: 13625: 13624: 13614: 13598: 13597: 13596: 13589: 13209: 13208: 12958: 12956: 12955: 12947: 12946: 12933: 12931: 12930: 12922: 12921: 12346:Sulfur compounds 12339: 12332: 12325: 12316: 12315: 12281: 12280: 12267: 12265: 12258: 12256: 12249: 12247: 12240: 12238: 12231: 12229: 12222: 12220: 12213: 12211: 12204: 12202: 12195: 12193: 12186: 12184: 12177: 12175: 12168: 12166: 12159: 12157: 12150: 12148: 12141: 12139: 12132: 12130: 12123: 12121: 12114: 12112: 12105: 12103: 12096: 12094: 12087: 12085: 12078: 12076: 12069: 12067: 12060: 12058: 12051: 12049: 12042: 12040: 12033: 12031: 12024: 12022: 12015: 12013: 12006: 12004: 11997: 11995: 11988: 11986: 11972: 11970: 11963: 11961: 11954: 11952: 11945: 11943: 11936: 11934: 11927: 11925: 11918: 11916: 11909: 11907: 11900: 11898: 11891: 11889: 11882: 11880: 11873: 11871: 11864: 11862: 11855: 11853: 11846: 11844: 11837: 11835: 11828: 11826: 11819: 11817: 11810: 11808: 11801: 11799: 11792: 11790: 11783: 11781: 11774: 11772: 11765: 11763: 11756: 11754: 11747: 11745: 11738: 11736: 11729: 11727: 11720: 11718: 11711: 11709: 11702: 11700: 11693: 11691: 11677: 11675: 11668: 11666: 11659: 11657: 11650: 11648: 11641: 11639: 11632: 11630: 11623: 11621: 11614: 11612: 11605: 11603: 11596: 11594: 11587: 11585: 11578: 11576: 11569: 11567: 11560: 11558: 11551: 11549: 11542: 11540: 11531: 11529: 11522: 11520: 11506: 11504: 11497: 11495: 11488: 11486: 11479: 11477: 11470: 11468: 11461: 11459: 11452: 11450: 11443: 11441: 11434: 11432: 11425: 11423: 11416: 11414: 11407: 11405: 11398: 11396: 11389: 11387: 11380: 11378: 11371: 11369: 11360: 11358: 11351: 11349: 11335: 11333: 11326: 11324: 11317: 11315: 11308: 11306: 11299: 11297: 11290: 11288: 11279: 11277: 11270: 11268: 11254: 11252: 11245: 11243: 11236: 11234: 11227: 11225: 11218: 11216: 11209: 11207: 11198: 11196: 11189: 11187: 11173: 11171: 11162: 11160: 11052: 11036: 11029: 11022: 11013: 11012: 10947: 10920: 10919: 10917: 10915: 10901: 10895: 10894: 10892: 10890: 10875: 10869: 10868: 10857: 10851: 10850: 10848: 10846: 10831: 10825: 10824: 10822: 10820: 10799: 10793: 10792: 10790: 10788: 10774: 10768: 10767: 10765: 10763: 10748: 10742: 10741: 10739: 10737: 10702: 10696: 10695: 10670:(7): 1437–1438. 10655: 10649: 10648: 10646: 10644: 10630: 10624: 10623: 10616: 10610: 10609: 10598: 10592: 10591: 10572:10.1039/B505789M 10555: 10549: 10548: 10538: 10520: 10496: 10490: 10489: 10483: 10475: 10427: 10421: 10420: 10384: 10378: 10377: 10359: 10353: 10352: 10334: 10310: 10304: 10303: 10293: 10275: 10251: 10245: 10244: 10234: 10225:(9): 2377–2406. 10210: 10204: 10203: 10201: 10199: 10184: 10178: 10177: 10175: 10173: 10159: 10153: 10152: 10112: 10106: 10105: 10065: 10059: 10058: 10046: 10036: 10030: 10029: 10027: 10025: 10011: 10005: 10004: 9994: 9970: 9964: 9963: 9943: 9937: 9936: 9929:Nature Education 9920: 9914: 9913: 9903: 9871: 9865: 9864: 9816: 9810: 9809: 9791: 9785: 9784: 9782: 9780: 9766: 9760: 9759: 9711: 9705: 9704: 9656: 9650: 9649: 9647: 9623: 9617: 9616: 9615: 9613: 9574: 9568: 9567: 9565: 9556:(2–3): 293–306. 9541: 9535: 9534: 9524: 9484: 9478: 9477: 9459: 9435: 9429: 9428: 9410: 9386: 9380: 9379: 9347: 9341: 9340: 9338: 9336: 9315: 9309: 9308: 9306: 9304: 9283: 9277: 9276: 9274: 9272: 9261: 9255: 9254: 9236: 9226: 9202: 9196: 9195: 9194: 9192: 9168:Sulfur Chemistry 9165: 9156: 9150: 9149: 9124: 9118: 9117: 9100: 9094: 9093: 9091: 9089: 9084: 9075: 9069: 9068: 9067: 9065: 9044: 9038: 9037: 9020:(1–3): 117–125. 9009: 9003: 9002: 8974: 8968: 8967: 8947: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8936: 8917: 8908: 8907: 8905: 8896: 8887: 8876: 8870: 8869: 8837: 8828: 8827: 8801: 8795: 8794: 8774: 8763: 8762: 8734: 8723: 8722: 8720: 8718: 8703: 8697: 8696: 8686: 8680: 8679: 8645: 8639: 8638: 8636: 8634: 8625:. Archived from 8615: 8609: 8608: 8580: 8574: 8573: 8565: 8559: 8558: 8548: 8525:Nature Chemistry 8517: 8511: 8510: 8502: 8490: 8483: 8477: 8476: 8450: 8444: 8443: 8407: 8401: 8400: 8380: 8374: 8373: 8345: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8334: 8311: 8305: 8304: 8284: 8278: 8277: 8257: 8251: 8250: 8226: 8220: 8219: 8199: 8193: 8192: 8182: 8158: 8152: 8151: 8123: 8117: 8116: 8098: 8092: 8091: 8073: 8067: 8066: 8036: 8030: 8029: 7999: 7988: 7974: 7968: 7959: 7953: 7952: 7932: 7926: 7925: 7923: 7921: 7907: 7901: 7900: 7858: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7810: 7804: 7803: 7785: 7776: 7775: 7765: 7741: 7735: 7734: 7716: 7710: 7709: 7681: 7672: 7670: 7649: 7643: 7642: 7634: 7628: 7627: 7617: 7576: 7570: 7567: 7561: 7560: 7534: 7519: 7518: 7507: 7501: 7500: 7482: 7476: 7475: 7432: 7426: 7425: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7382: 7373: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7347: 7341: 7340: 7301: 7295: 7294: 7278: 7268: 7262: 7261: 7255: 7246: 7240: 7239: 7233: 7225: 7219: 7218: 7208: 7202: 7201: 7178:Chemical Geology 7169: 7163: 7162: 7106: 7100: 7099: 7076:Marine Chemistry 7067: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7042: 7036: 7035: 7005: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6994: 6980: 6974: 6973: 6962:. p. 1.14. 6949: 6943: 6934: 6928: 6927: 6912:Chemical Reviews 6907: 6901: 6900: 6885:Chemical Reviews 6880: 6874: 6873: 6847: 6846: 6845: 6833: 6827: 6826: 6800: 6794: 6793: 6767: 6761: 6760: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6724:on 12 April 2019 6723: 6717:. Archived from 6700: 6691: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6589: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6516: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6476:. 3 October 2013 6466: 6460: 6459: 6439: 6433: 6432: 6417:(2nd ed.). 6407: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6377: 6371: 6370: 6336: 6327: 6321: 6315: 6304: 6295: 6294: 6286: 6273: 6272: 6264: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6228: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6201:"Sulfur History" 6197: 6191: 6190: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6153: 6142: 6136: 6135: 6117: 6108: 6107: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6060: 6018: 6016:Chemistry portal 6013: 6012: 6011: 5995: 5987: 5981: 5973: 5967: 5960:hydrogen sulfide 5952: 5920:hydrogen cyanide 5912:Hydrogen sulfide 5856:by industry and 5779: 5772: 5765: 5750: 5730: 5702: 5697: 5667: 5663: 5546: 5545: 5544: 5541: 5347: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5334: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5322: 5207:sulfur oxygenase 5167:hydrogen sulfide 5097:contain sulfur. 4737:oxidative stress 4702:living organisms 4638:and to preserve 4609:carbon disulfide 4587: 4576: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4541: 4398:hydrogen sulfide 4341:Sicilian process 4254: 4246: 4238: 4228:In 12th-century 4210: 4209: 4200: 4199: 4193:Classical period 4189: 4181: 4169: 4009:two-barred cross 3988: 3982: 3981: 3975: 3968: 3958: 3956: 3930: 3918: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3822:in preclassical 3745:bridges between 3689:carbon disulfide 3605: 3594:Dibenzothiophene 3590: 3575: 3560: 3545: 3527: 3509: 3494: 3470: 3442:. Although many 3430:, respectively. 3414:Sulfur oxidizes 3400:sulfur dibromide 3388:thionyl chloride 3257:hydrogen sulfide 3183: 3181: 3180: 3177: 3163: 3142: 3141: 3140: 3121: 3120: 3119: 3116: 3109: 3108: 3107: 3104: 3097: 3096: 3095: 3092: 3081: 3080: 3079: 3076: 3069: 3068: 3067: 3064: 3057: 3056: 3055: 3052: 3041: 3040: 3039: 3005:oxidation states 2999:Sulfur compounds 2960:sulfate minerals 2950:(lead sulfide), 2942:(iron sulfide), 2936:sulfide minerals 2908:sulfate minerals 2679:as they take in 2630:sulfide minerals 2605:of 87 days, the 2600: 2598: 2592: 2590: 2584: 2582: 2576: 2574: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2397: 2386: 2375: 2374: 2373: 2365: 2364: 2354: 2352: 2351: 2341: 2339: 2338: 2328: 2327: 2326: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2300:hydrogen sulfide 2272:carbon disulfide 2120:Hydrogen sulfide 2048:sulfate minerals 2033:room temperature 1987:chemical element 1960: 1953: 1946: 1937:Category: Sulfur 1934: 1933: 1898: 1891: 1831: 1799: 1798: 1789: 1784: 1777: 1747: 1699: 1697: 1628: 1607:): 1580: 1557:): 1533:Other properties 1443: 1437: 1431: 1417: 1409:Oxidation states 1375: 1371: 1343: 1339: 1332: 1331: 1265: 1235: 1187: 1186: 1142: 1103: 1102: 1041: 1034: 1027: 1020: 1013: 1006: 999: 992: 985: 978: 971: 964: 957: 950: 943: 936: 929: 922: 915: 908: 901: 894: 887: 880: 873: 866: 859: 852: 845: 838: 831: 824: 815: 808: 801: 794: 787: 780: 773: 766: 759: 752: 745: 738: 731: 724: 717: 710: 703: 696: 689: 682: 675: 668: 661: 654: 647: 640: 633: 626: 619: 612: 605: 598: 589: 582: 575: 568: 561: 554: 547: 540: 533: 526: 519: 512: 505: 498: 491: 484: 473: 466: 457: 450: 443: 436: 429: 422: 415: 408: 401: 394: 387: 380: 373: 366: 359: 352: 343: 336: 327: 320: 313: 306: 299: 292: 283: 276: 267: 260: 253: 246: 239: 232: 223: 216: 207: 198: 192: 191: 187: 186: 183: 182: 157: 155: 139: 91:Alternative name 81: 74: 72: 64: 13785: 13784: 13780: 13779: 13778: 13776: 13775: 13774: 13690: 13689: 13688: 13678: 13673: 13671: 13661: 13656: 13654: 13644: 13639: 13637: 13633:from Wiktionary 13627: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13613:sister projects 13610:at Knowledge's 13604: 13594: 13592: 13584: 13582: 13577: 13572: 13568: 13559: 13551: 13547: 13543: 13534: 13530: 13522: 13518: 13514: 13505: 13501: 13484: 13480: 13449: 13445: 13441: 13433: 13429: 13425: 13417: 13413: 13409: 13401: 13397: 13389: 13381: 13373: 13365: 13361: 13353: 13349: 13341: 13337: 13329: 13321: 13317: 13313: 13305: 13301: 13297: 13289: 13285: 13277: 13269: 13261: 13257: 13240: 13236: 13232: 13224: 13207: 13203: 13199: 13191: 13187: 13183: 13175: 13171: 13163: 13159: 13151: 13147: 13143: 13135: 13127: 13119: 13111: 13103: 13095: 13081: 13072: 13068: 13064: 13056: 13048: 13044: 13036: 13028: 13020: 13012: 13004: 13000: 12992: 12984: 12980: 12962: 12954: 12951: 12950: 12949: 12945: 12942: 12941: 12940: 12938: 12929: 12926: 12925: 12924: 12920: 12917: 12916: 12915: 12913: 12908: 12900: 12896: 12888: 12884: 12876: 12872: 12868: 12860: 12856: 12848: 12844: 12836: 12828: 12819: 12811: 12783: 12779: 12771: 12758: 12750: 12742: 12729: 12725: 12711: 12702: 12689: 12681: 12657: 12649: 12645: 12632: 12623: 12610: 12597: 12593: 12585: 12581: 12572: 12559: 12541: 12537: 12509: 12505: 12497: 12493: 12485: 12477: 12473: 12455: 12451: 12443: 12439: 12430: 12422: 12418: 12410: 12406: 12398: 12394: 12386: 12382: 12374: 12370: 12357: 12348: 12343: 12313: 12308: 12307: 12306: 12272: 12263: 12261: 12254: 12252: 12245: 12243: 12236: 12234: 12227: 12225: 12218: 12216: 12209: 12207: 12200: 12198: 12191: 12189: 12182: 12180: 12173: 12171: 12164: 12162: 12155: 12153: 12146: 12144: 12137: 12135: 12128: 12126: 12119: 12117: 12110: 12108: 12101: 12099: 12092: 12090: 12083: 12081: 12074: 12072: 12065: 12063: 12056: 12054: 12047: 12045: 12038: 12036: 12029: 12027: 12020: 12018: 12011: 12009: 12002: 12000: 11993: 11991: 11984: 11982: 11968: 11966: 11959: 11957: 11950: 11948: 11941: 11939: 11932: 11930: 11923: 11921: 11914: 11912: 11905: 11903: 11896: 11894: 11887: 11885: 11878: 11876: 11869: 11867: 11860: 11858: 11851: 11849: 11842: 11840: 11833: 11831: 11824: 11822: 11815: 11813: 11806: 11804: 11797: 11795: 11788: 11786: 11779: 11777: 11770: 11768: 11761: 11759: 11752: 11750: 11743: 11741: 11734: 11732: 11725: 11723: 11716: 11714: 11707: 11705: 11698: 11696: 11689: 11687: 11673: 11671: 11664: 11662: 11655: 11653: 11646: 11644: 11637: 11635: 11628: 11626: 11619: 11617: 11610: 11608: 11601: 11599: 11592: 11590: 11583: 11581: 11574: 11572: 11565: 11563: 11556: 11554: 11547: 11545: 11538: 11536: 11527: 11525: 11518: 11516: 11502: 11500: 11493: 11491: 11484: 11482: 11475: 11473: 11466: 11464: 11457: 11455: 11448: 11446: 11439: 11437: 11430: 11428: 11421: 11419: 11412: 11410: 11403: 11401: 11394: 11392: 11385: 11383: 11376: 11374: 11367: 11365: 11356: 11354: 11347: 11345: 11331: 11329: 11322: 11320: 11313: 11311: 11304: 11302: 11295: 11293: 11286: 11284: 11275: 11273: 11266: 11264: 11250: 11248: 11241: 11239: 11232: 11230: 11223: 11221: 11214: 11212: 11205: 11203: 11194: 11192: 11185: 11183: 11169: 11167: 11158: 11156: 11045: 11040: 10986:Wayback Machine 10953: 10944: 10929: 10927:Further reading 10924: 10923: 10913: 10911: 10903: 10902: 10898: 10888: 10886: 10876: 10872: 10859: 10858: 10854: 10844: 10842: 10833: 10832: 10828: 10818: 10816: 10800: 10796: 10786: 10784: 10776: 10775: 10771: 10761: 10759: 10758:. 26 March 2014 10750: 10749: 10745: 10735: 10733: 10717:(16): 869–870. 10703: 10699: 10656: 10652: 10642: 10640: 10632: 10631: 10627: 10618: 10617: 10613: 10600: 10599: 10595: 10556: 10552: 10497: 10493: 10477: 10476: 10428: 10424: 10385: 10381: 10374: 10360: 10356: 10311: 10307: 10252: 10248: 10211: 10207: 10197: 10195: 10185: 10181: 10171: 10169: 10161: 10160: 10156: 10113: 10109: 10066: 10062: 10055: 10037: 10033: 10023: 10021: 10013: 10012: 10008: 9971: 9967: 9960: 9944: 9940: 9921: 9917: 9872: 9868: 9817: 9813: 9806: 9792: 9788: 9778: 9776: 9768: 9767: 9763: 9712: 9708: 9657: 9653: 9624: 9620: 9611: 9609: 9599: 9575: 9571: 9542: 9538: 9485: 9481: 9436: 9432: 9387: 9383: 9348: 9344: 9334: 9332: 9316: 9312: 9302: 9300: 9285: 9284: 9280: 9270: 9268: 9263: 9262: 9258: 9203: 9199: 9190: 9188: 9186: 9163: 9157: 9153: 9146: 9126: 9125: 9121: 9114: 9102: 9101: 9097: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9076: 9072: 9063: 9061: 9046: 9045: 9041: 9010: 9006: 8985:(1/2): 95–107. 8975: 8971: 8948: 8944: 8934: 8932: 8919: 8918: 8911: 8903: 8897: 8890: 8877: 8873: 8858: 8848:Fort Lauderdale 8838: 8831: 8824: 8802: 8798: 8775: 8766: 8735: 8726: 8716: 8714: 8704: 8700: 8687: 8683: 8668: 8646: 8642: 8632: 8630: 8617: 8616: 8612: 8581: 8577: 8566: 8562: 8519: 8518: 8514: 8504: 8484: 8480: 8465: 8451: 8447: 8408: 8404: 8381: 8377: 8346: 8342: 8332: 8330: 8328: 8312: 8308: 8301: 8285: 8281: 8274: 8258: 8254: 8227: 8223: 8200: 8196: 8159: 8155: 8124: 8120: 8113: 8099: 8095: 8088: 8074: 8070: 8055: 8037: 8033: 8000: 7991: 7975: 7971: 7960: 7956: 7949: 7933: 7929: 7919: 7917: 7909: 7908: 7904: 7889: 7859: 7855: 7811: 7807: 7800: 7786: 7779: 7742: 7738: 7731: 7717: 7713: 7706: 7682: 7675: 7650: 7646: 7635: 7631: 7577: 7573: 7568: 7564: 7557: 7535: 7522: 7509: 7508: 7504: 7497: 7483: 7479: 7464: 7433: 7429: 7414: 7400: 7396: 7380: 7374: 7370: 7360: 7358: 7348: 7344: 7302: 7298: 7291: 7269: 7265: 7253: 7247: 7243: 7231: 7227: 7226: 7222: 7209: 7205: 7170: 7166: 7121:(6038): 74–77. 7107: 7103: 7068: 7064: 7054: 7052: 7044: 7043: 7039: 7032: 7006: 7002: 6992: 6990: 6982: 6981: 6977: 6970: 6950: 6946: 6935: 6931: 6908: 6904: 6881: 6877: 6855: 6851: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6830: 6823: 6801: 6797: 6790: 6768: 6764: 6757: 6741: 6737: 6727: 6725: 6721: 6698: 6692: 6688: 6678: 6676: 6646: 6642: 6607: 6603: 6558: 6554: 6514:physics/0405012 6493: 6489: 6479: 6477: 6468: 6467: 6463: 6456: 6440: 6436: 6429: 6408: 6399: 6389: 6387: 6379: 6378: 6374: 6334: 6328: 6324: 6306: 6305: 6298: 6287: 6276: 6254: 6250: 6243: 6229: 6216: 6206: 6204: 6199: 6198: 6194: 6187: 6173: 6169: 6162: 6151: 6143: 6139: 6132: 6118: 6111: 6079: 6075: 6062: 6061: 6057: 6052: 6014: 6009: 6007: 6004: 5999: 5998: 5988: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5970: 5953: 5949: 5944: 5880:, lowering the 5875: 5871: 5863: 5848:The burning of 5838:Sulfur trioxide 5808: 5791: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5774: 5767: 5760: 5756: 5748: 5725: 5711: 5690: 5662: 5654:sulfite oxidase 5628: 5623: 5617: 5570:redox reactions 5557: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5437:coordinate bond 5416:protein folding 5361: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5279:giant tube worm 5267: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5211:sulfite oxidase 5172: 5153: 5143: 5119: 5117:Biological role 5103: 5037: 5028: 5022: 5020:Pharmaceuticals 4914: 4861:processes with 4845: 4841: 4832:calcium sulfate 4812:Liebig's barrel 4806:for plants and 4800:coal combustion 4797: 4700:synthesized by 4695: 4672:Portland cement 4665: 4661: 4656:Calcium sulfate 4605: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4554: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4521: 4516: 4489:sulfur concrete 4465: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4386:North Vancouver 4309: 4158: 4135:contact process 4089:industrializing 4085:Leblanc process 4083:for use in the 4045: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3936: 3935: 3934: 3931: 3923: 3922: 3919: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3839:Natural History 3834:Pliny the Elder 3768: 3763: 3697:carbon monoxide 3612: 3606: 3597: 3591: 3582: 3576: 3567: 3561: 3552: 3546: 3537: 3536: 3528: 3519: 3518: 3510: 3501: 3495: 3486: 3471: 3459: 3453: 3436: 3412: 3393: 3356: 3340:sulfur monoxide 3332: 3329:sulfur trioxide 3326: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3307: 3303: 3295: 3267: 3265: 3253: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3224: 3218: 3197:carbon nanotube 3178: 3175: 3174: 3171: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3139: 3134: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3093: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3065: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3030:radical anion ( 3017: 3001: 2995: 2870:Curiosity rover 2775: 2689:sulfur isotopes 2677:sulfur isotopes 2657:sulfur isotopes 2596: 2594: 2588: 2586: 2580: 2578: 2572: 2570: 2563: 2557: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2485: 2476: 2470: 2444:sulfur trioxide 2418: 2415: 2414: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2406: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2389: 2388: 2387: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2337: 2334: 2333: 2332: 2330: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2309: 2292: 2251: 2246: 2237: 2233: 2225: 2208: 2203: 2201:Characteristics 2025: 1983:British English 1964: 1939: 1921: 1894: 1889: 1829: 1822: 1815:abundance 1788: 1770: 1746:before 2000 BCE 1745: 1730:7704-34-9 1695: 1693: 1691: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1606: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1556: 1493:Covalent radius 1487: 1439: 1433: 1427: 1413: 1398: 1373: 1341: 1309: 1291: 1259: 1253: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1229: 1206:): 388.36 1205: 1180: 1096: 1092: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1053: 1047: 1039: 1032: 1025: 1018: 1011: 1004: 997: 990: 983: 976: 969: 962: 955: 948: 941: 934: 927: 920: 913: 906: 899: 892: 885: 878: 871: 864: 857: 850: 843: 836: 829: 822: 813: 806: 799: 792: 785: 778: 771: 764: 757: 750: 743: 736: 729: 722: 715: 708: 701: 694: 687: 680: 673: 666: 659: 652: 645: 638: 631: 624: 617: 610: 603: 596: 587: 580: 573: 566: 559: 552: 545: 538: 531: 524: 517: 510: 503: 496: 489: 482: 471: 464: 455: 448: 441: 434: 427: 420: 413: 406: 399: 392: 385: 378: 371: 364: 357: 350: 341: 334: 325: 318: 311: 304: 297: 290: 281: 274: 265: 258: 251: 244: 237: 230: 221: 214: 205: 196: 165: 153: 151: 137: 131: 70: 66: 63: 58: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 13783: 13773: 13772: 13767: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13742: 13737: 13732: 13727: 13722: 13717: 13712: 13707: 13702: 13687: 13686: 13669: 13667:from Wikibooks 13652: 13635: 13606: 13603: 13602: 13579: 13578: 13576: 13575: 13570: 13566: 13562: 13557: 13553: 13549: 13545: 13541: 13537: 13532: 13528: 13524: 13520: 13516: 13512: 13508: 13503: 13499: 13494: 13492: 13486: 13485: 13483: 13482: 13478: 13474: 13469: 13463: 13461: 13455: 13454: 13451: 13450: 13448: 13447: 13443: 13439: 13435: 13431: 13427: 13423: 13419: 13415: 13411: 13407: 13403: 13399: 13395: 13391: 13387: 13383: 13379: 13375: 13371: 13367: 13363: 13359: 13355: 13351: 13347: 13343: 13339: 13335: 13331: 13327: 13323: 13319: 13315: 13311: 13307: 13303: 13299: 13295: 13291: 13287: 13283: 13279: 13275: 13271: 13267: 13263: 13259: 13255: 13250: 13248: 13242: 13241: 13239: 13238: 13234: 13230: 13226: 13222: 13217: 13215: 13206: 13205: 13201: 13197: 13193: 13189: 13185: 13181: 13177: 13173: 13169: 13165: 13161: 13157: 13153: 13149: 13145: 13141: 13137: 13133: 13129: 13125: 13121: 13117: 13113: 13109: 13105: 13101: 13097: 13093: 13088: 13086: 13074: 13073: 13071: 13070: 13066: 13062: 13058: 13054: 13050: 13046: 13042: 13038: 13034: 13030: 13026: 13022: 13018: 13014: 13010: 13006: 13002: 12998: 12994: 12990: 12986: 12982: 12978: 12973: 12971: 12964: 12963: 12961: 12960: 12952: 12943: 12935: 12927: 12918: 12910: 12906: 12902: 12898: 12894: 12890: 12886: 12882: 12878: 12874: 12870: 12866: 12862: 12858: 12854: 12850: 12846: 12842: 12838: 12834: 12830: 12826: 12822: 12817: 12813: 12809: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12781: 12777: 12773: 12769: 12765: 12760: 12756: 12752: 12748: 12744: 12740: 12736: 12731: 12727: 12723: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12705: 12700: 12696: 12691: 12687: 12683: 12679: 12675: 12670: 12665: 12660: 12655: 12651: 12647: 12643: 12639: 12634: 12630: 12626: 12621: 12617: 12612: 12608: 12604: 12599: 12595: 12591: 12587: 12583: 12579: 12575: 12570: 12566: 12561: 12557: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12539: 12535: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12507: 12503: 12499: 12495: 12491: 12487: 12483: 12479: 12475: 12471: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12453: 12449: 12445: 12441: 12437: 12433: 12428: 12424: 12420: 12416: 12412: 12408: 12404: 12400: 12396: 12392: 12388: 12384: 12380: 12376: 12372: 12368: 12363: 12361: 12350: 12349: 12342: 12341: 12334: 12327: 12319: 12310: 12309: 12303: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12273: 12269: 12268: 12259: 12250: 12241: 12232: 12223: 12214: 12205: 12196: 12187: 12178: 12169: 12160: 12151: 12142: 12133: 12124: 12115: 12106: 12097: 12088: 12079: 12070: 12061: 12052: 12043: 12034: 12025: 12016: 12007: 11998: 11989: 11980: 11974: 11973: 11964: 11955: 11946: 11937: 11928: 11919: 11910: 11901: 11892: 11883: 11874: 11865: 11856: 11847: 11838: 11829: 11820: 11811: 11802: 11793: 11784: 11775: 11766: 11757: 11748: 11739: 11730: 11721: 11712: 11703: 11694: 11685: 11679: 11678: 11669: 11660: 11651: 11642: 11633: 11624: 11615: 11606: 11597: 11588: 11579: 11570: 11561: 11552: 11543: 11534: 11532: 11523: 11514: 11508: 11507: 11498: 11489: 11480: 11471: 11462: 11453: 11444: 11435: 11426: 11417: 11408: 11399: 11390: 11381: 11372: 11363: 11361: 11352: 11343: 11337: 11336: 11327: 11318: 11309: 11300: 11291: 11282: 11280: 11271: 11262: 11256: 11255: 11246: 11237: 11228: 11219: 11210: 11201: 11199: 11190: 11181: 11175: 11174: 11165: 11163: 11154: 11148: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11047: 11046: 11043:Periodic table 11039: 11038: 11031: 11024: 11016: 11010: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10976: 10966: 10952: 10951:External links 10949: 10942: 10928: 10925: 10922: 10921: 10896: 10884:Quirky Science 10870: 10852: 10826: 10794: 10769: 10743: 10697: 10650: 10625: 10611: 10602:"Sulfur 84683" 10593: 10550: 10491: 10442:(6): 581–593. 10422: 10395:(1): 623–647. 10379: 10372: 10354: 10325:(8): 677–693. 10305: 10266:(2): 419–434. 10246: 10205: 10179: 10154: 10127:(1): 101–163. 10107: 10080:(1): 217–246. 10060: 10053: 10031: 10006: 9965: 9958: 9938: 9915: 9886:(4): 323–344. 9866: 9811: 9804: 9786: 9761: 9726:(2): 223–232. 9706: 9651: 9618: 9597: 9569: 9536: 9499:(3): 285–310. 9479: 9450:(2): 364–379. 9430: 9401:(7): 413–432. 9381: 9342: 9310: 9278: 9256: 9197: 9184: 9151: 9144: 9119: 9112: 9095: 9070: 9039: 9004: 8979:Plant and Soil 8969: 8942: 8909: 8888: 8871: 8856: 8829: 8822: 8796: 8785:(6): 378–392. 8764: 8745:(3): 143–162. 8724: 8698: 8681: 8666: 8640: 8610: 8575: 8560: 8512: 8478: 8463: 8445: 8402: 8391:(5): 324–331. 8375: 8356:(2): 163–180. 8340: 8326: 8306: 8299: 8279: 8272: 8252: 8241:(4): 427–431. 8221: 8194: 8173:(1): 154–156. 8153: 8134:(3): 553–558. 8118: 8111: 8093: 8086: 8068: 8053: 8031: 8018:10.1086/354207 7989: 7987:, pp. 247–249. 7969: 7954: 7947: 7927: 7902: 7887: 7853: 7847:10.1086/182072 7818:Penzias, A. A. 7805: 7798: 7777: 7736: 7729: 7711: 7705:978-3527306732 7704: 7673: 7644: 7629: 7571: 7562: 7555: 7520: 7515:www.mindat.org 7502: 7495: 7477: 7462: 7438:Volcanic Lakes 7427: 7412: 7394: 7368: 7342: 7315:(2): 303–340. 7296: 7289: 7263: 7241: 7220: 7203: 7164: 7101: 7062: 7037: 7030: 7000: 6975: 6968: 6944: 6929: 6918:(3): 367–388. 6902: 6891:(4): 429–451. 6875: 6853: 6849: 6842: 6828: 6821: 6795: 6788: 6780:10.1007/b12110 6762: 6755: 6735: 6709:(2): 389–390. 6686: 6660:(3): 116–120. 6640: 6601: 6552: 6487: 6461: 6454: 6434: 6427: 6397: 6372: 6322: 6296: 6274: 6259:, ed. (1911). 6257:Chisholm, Hugh 6248: 6241: 6214: 6192: 6185: 6167: 6160: 6137: 6130: 6109: 6073: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6020: 6019: 6003: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5982: 5977: 5968: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5873: 5869: 5866:sulfurous acid 5861: 5812:sulfur dioxide 5807: 5804: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5746: 5745: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5691: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5672: 5671: 5661: 5658: 5627: 5624: 5619:Main article: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5556: 5553: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5517:carbon dioxide 5513:Methanogenesis 5424:covalent bonds 5420:hydrogen bonds 5360: 5357: 5343: 5316: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5254: 5249: 5245: 5243: 5235:photosynthesis 5231:electron donor 5219:chemosynthesis 5197:, and various 5184:Robert Ballard 5180:volcanic vents 5176:Selman Waksman 5170: 5142: 5139: 5118: 5115: 5102: 5099: 5091:cephalosporins 5079:acetylcysteine 5035: 5024:Main article: 5021: 5018: 4930:powdery mildew 4913: 4910: 4843: 4839: 4820:meteoric water 4808:microorganisms 4795: 4792:sulfur dioxide 4760:-propanethial- 4694: 4691: 4663: 4659: 4658:, gypsum (CaSO 4604: 4601: 4584: 4580: 4572: 4565: 4549: 4537: 4532: 4528: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4432: 4416: 4412: 4410: 4371:Frasch process 4308: 4305: 4205:(from earlier 4157: 4154: 4117:Frasch process 4044: 4041: 3938: 3937: 3932: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3910: 3909: 3907:, and sulfur. 3897: 3880:Wujing Zongyao 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3723:Sulfur mustard 3685: 3684: 3681:Sulfonic acids 3678: 3660: 3646: 3636: 3614: 3613: 3607: 3600: 3598: 3592: 3585: 3583: 3577: 3570: 3568: 3562: 3555: 3553: 3547: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3522: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3504: 3502: 3496: 3489: 3487: 3472: 3465: 3463: 3455:Main article: 3452: 3449: 3444:metal sulfides 3435: 3434:Metal sulfides 3432: 3411: 3408: 3391: 3355: 3352: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3314: 3310:sulfur dioxide 3305: 3301: 3299: 3294: 3291: 3263: 3261: 3252: 3249: 3237: 3233: 3231: 3220: 3216: 3168:radical anions 3160: 3156: 3152: 3149: 3135: 3110:is yellow and 3098:is deep blue, 3036: 3016: 3013: 2997:Main article: 2994: 2991: 2920:Gulf of Mexico 2774: 2771: 2725:Rocky Mountain 2559:Main article: 2556: 2553: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2483: 2472:Main article: 2469: 2466: 2416: 2402: 2401: 2392: 2391: 2390: 2381: 2380: 2379: 2378: 2377: 2370: 2361: 2348: 2335: 2323: 2308: 2291: 2288: 2249: 2244: 2235: 2231: 2223: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2056:ancient Greece 2023: 1977:(also spelled 1970: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1955: 1948: 1940: 1927: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1899: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1850: 1847: 1843: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1817: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1803: 1802:Main isotopes 1795: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1779: 1771: 1764: 1763: 1757: 1749: 1748: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1731: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1689: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1673: 1667: 1666: 1663: 1657: 1656: 1653: 1647: 1646: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1575: 1573: 1567: 1566: 1554: 1551: 1545: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1525:Spectral lines 1513: 1512: 1509: 1503: 1502: 1495: 1489: 1488: 1486: 1485: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1468: 1466: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1450: 1449: 1411: 1405: 1404: 1400: 1399: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1330: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1312: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1298: 1297: 1292:): 1.727 1289: 1286: 1284:Heat of fusion 1280: 1279: 1276: 1274:Critical point 1270: 1269: 1266: 1256: 1255: 1251: 1245: 1239: 1236: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1212: 1211: 1203: 1200: 1194: 1193: 1188: 1174: 1173: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1153: 1147: 1146: 1138: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1066: 1065: 1048: 1044: 1043: 1036: 1029: 1022: 1015: 1008: 1001: 994: 987: 980: 973: 966: 959: 952: 945: 938: 931: 924: 917: 910: 903: 896: 889: 882: 875: 868: 861: 854: 847: 840: 833: 826: 818: 817: 810: 803: 796: 789: 782: 775: 768: 761: 754: 747: 740: 733: 726: 719: 712: 705: 698: 691: 684: 677: 670: 663: 656: 649: 642: 635: 628: 621: 614: 607: 600: 592: 591: 584: 577: 570: 563: 556: 549: 542: 535: 528: 521: 514: 507: 500: 493: 486: 479: 477: 475: 468: 460: 459: 452: 445: 438: 431: 424: 417: 410: 403: 396: 389: 382: 375: 368: 361: 354: 347: 345: 338: 330: 329: 322: 315: 308: 301: 294: 287: 285: 278: 270: 269: 262: 255: 248: 241: 234: 227: 225: 218: 210: 209: 202: 200: 190: 179: 178: 176:periodic table 174:Sulfur in the 171: 170: 167: 166: 164: 163: 149: 146: 144: 141: 140: 135: 125: 124: 121: 120: 113: 109: 108: 102: 96: 95: 92: 88: 87: 83: 82: 68: 61: 28: 22: 19: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13782: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13718: 13716: 13713: 13711: 13708: 13706: 13703: 13701: 13698: 13697: 13695: 13683: 13682: 13670: 13666: 13665: 13653: 13649: 13648: 13636: 13632: 13631: 13619: 13618: 13615: 13609: 13601: 13591: 13590: 13587: 13574: 13563: 13561: 13554: 13552: 13538: 13536: 13525: 13523: 13509: 13507: 13496: 13495: 13493: 13491: 13487: 13481: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13464: 13462: 13460: 13456: 13446: 13436: 13434: 13420: 13418: 13404: 13402: 13392: 13390: 13384: 13382: 13376: 13374: 13368: 13366: 13356: 13354: 13344: 13342: 13332: 13330: 13324: 13322: 13308: 13306: 13292: 13290: 13280: 13278: 13272: 13270: 13264: 13262: 13252: 13251: 13249: 13247: 13243: 13237: 13227: 13225: 13219: 13218: 13216: 13214: 13210: 13204: 13194: 13192: 13178: 13176: 13166: 13164: 13154: 13152: 13138: 13136: 13130: 13128: 13122: 13120: 13114: 13112: 13106: 13104: 13098: 13096: 13090: 13089: 13087: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13069: 13059: 13057: 13051: 13049: 13039: 13037: 13031: 13029: 13023: 13021: 13015: 13013: 13007: 13005: 12995: 12993: 12987: 12985: 12975: 12974: 12972: 12970: 12965: 12959: 12936: 12934: 12911: 12909: 12903: 12901: 12891: 12889: 12879: 12877: 12863: 12861: 12851: 12849: 12839: 12837: 12831: 12829: 12823: 12821: 12814: 12812: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12774: 12772: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12753: 12751: 12745: 12743: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12706: 12704: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12684: 12682: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12661: 12659: 12652: 12650: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12627: 12625: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12605: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12588: 12586: 12576: 12574: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12500: 12498: 12488: 12486: 12480: 12478: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12446: 12444: 12434: 12432: 12425: 12423: 12413: 12411: 12401: 12399: 12389: 12387: 12377: 12375: 12365: 12364: 12362: 12360: 12355: 12351: 12347: 12340: 12335: 12333: 12328: 12326: 12321: 12320: 12317: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12282: 12275: 12266: 12257: 12248: 12239: 12230: 12221: 12212: 12203: 12194: 12185: 12176: 12167: 12158: 12149: 12140: 12131: 12122: 12113: 12104: 12095: 12086: 12077: 12068: 12059: 12050: 12041: 12032: 12023: 12014: 12005: 11996: 11987: 11979: 11975: 11971: 11962: 11953: 11944: 11935: 11926: 11917: 11908: 11899: 11890: 11881: 11872: 11863: 11854: 11845: 11836: 11827: 11818: 11809: 11800: 11791: 11782: 11773: 11764: 11755: 11746: 11737: 11728: 11719: 11710: 11701: 11692: 11684: 11680: 11676: 11667: 11658: 11649: 11640: 11631: 11622: 11613: 11604: 11595: 11586: 11577: 11568: 11559: 11550: 11541: 11530: 11521: 11513: 11509: 11505: 11496: 11487: 11478: 11469: 11460: 11451: 11442: 11433: 11424: 11415: 11406: 11397: 11388: 11379: 11370: 11359: 11350: 11342: 11338: 11334: 11325: 11316: 11307: 11298: 11289: 11278: 11269: 11261: 11257: 11253: 11244: 11235: 11226: 11217: 11208: 11197: 11188: 11180: 11176: 11172: 11161: 11153: 11149: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11053: 11048: 11044: 11037: 11032: 11030: 11025: 11023: 11018: 11017: 11014: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10987: 10983: 10980: 10977: 10974: 10970: 10967: 10964: 10963: 10958: 10955: 10954: 10948: 10945: 10939: 10935: 10910: 10906: 10900: 10885: 10881: 10874: 10866: 10862: 10856: 10840: 10836: 10830: 10815: 10811: 10810: 10805: 10798: 10783: 10782:npic.orst.edu 10779: 10773: 10757: 10753: 10747: 10732: 10728: 10724: 10720: 10716: 10712: 10708: 10701: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10677: 10673: 10669: 10665: 10661: 10654: 10639: 10638:npic.orst.edu 10635: 10629: 10621: 10615: 10607: 10603: 10597: 10589: 10585: 10581: 10577: 10573: 10569: 10565: 10561: 10554: 10546: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10528: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10495: 10487: 10481: 10473: 10469: 10465: 10461: 10457: 10453: 10449: 10445: 10441: 10437: 10433: 10426: 10418: 10414: 10410: 10406: 10402: 10398: 10394: 10390: 10383: 10375: 10369: 10365: 10358: 10350: 10346: 10342: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10324: 10320: 10316: 10309: 10301: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10283: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10265: 10261: 10257: 10250: 10242: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10224: 10220: 10216: 10209: 10194: 10190: 10183: 10168: 10164: 10158: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10126: 10122: 10118: 10111: 10103: 10099: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10064: 10056: 10050: 10045: 10044: 10035: 10020: 10016: 10010: 10002: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9984: 9980: 9976: 9969: 9961: 9955: 9951: 9950: 9942: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9919: 9911: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9893: 9889: 9885: 9881: 9877: 9870: 9862: 9858: 9854: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9834: 9830: 9826: 9822: 9815: 9807: 9801: 9797: 9790: 9775: 9771: 9765: 9757: 9753: 9749: 9745: 9741: 9737: 9733: 9729: 9725: 9721: 9717: 9710: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9662: 9655: 9646: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9622: 9608: 9604: 9600: 9598:9780123743237 9594: 9590: 9586: 9582: 9581: 9573: 9564: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9540: 9532: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9514: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9498: 9494: 9490: 9483: 9475: 9471: 9467: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9441: 9434: 9426: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9385: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9361: 9357: 9353: 9346: 9330: 9327: 9326: 9321: 9314: 9298: 9294: 9293: 9292:New Scientist 9288: 9282: 9266: 9260: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9216: 9212: 9208: 9201: 9187: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9162: 9155: 9147: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9123: 9115: 9109: 9105: 9099: 9081: 9074: 9059: 9056:, acid rain, 9055: 9051: 9050: 9043: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9023: 9019: 9015: 9008: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8973: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8946: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8916: 8914: 8902: 8895: 8893: 8885: 8881: 8875: 8867: 8863: 8859: 8853: 8849: 8845: 8844: 8836: 8834: 8825: 8819: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8800: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8773: 8771: 8769: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8740: 8733: 8731: 8729: 8713: 8709: 8702: 8694: 8693: 8685: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8644: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8614: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8579: 8571: 8564: 8556: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8516: 8508: 8500: 8496: 8495: 8489: 8482: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8460: 8456: 8449: 8441: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8413: 8406: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8387:(in German). 8386: 8379: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8344: 8329: 8327:9780191542619 8323: 8319: 8318: 8310: 8302: 8296: 8292: 8291: 8283: 8275: 8269: 8265: 8264: 8256: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8225: 8217: 8213: 8210:(4): 427–31. 8209: 8205: 8198: 8190: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8157: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8122: 8114: 8108: 8104: 8097: 8089: 8087:0-486-20162-7 8083: 8079: 8072: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8054:9780521327275 8050: 8046: 8042: 8035: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8006: 7998: 7996: 7994: 7986: 7985:0-19-814687-6 7982: 7978: 7973: 7966: 7964: 7958: 7950: 7944: 7940: 7939: 7931: 7916: 7912: 7906: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7857: 7848: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7832:: L135–L137. 7831: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7814:Wilson, R. W. 7809: 7801: 7799:0-471-95512-4 7795: 7791: 7784: 7782: 7773: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7740: 7732: 7730:0-521-21489-0 7726: 7722: 7715: 7707: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7688: 7680: 7678: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7656: 7648: 7640: 7633: 7625: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7575: 7566: 7558: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7533: 7531: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7516: 7512: 7506: 7498: 7496:0-471-80580-7 7492: 7488: 7481: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7431: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7409: 7405: 7398: 7390: 7386: 7379: 7372: 7357: 7353: 7346: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7300: 7292: 7286: 7282: 7277: 7276: 7267: 7259: 7252: 7245: 7237: 7230: 7224: 7216: 7215: 7207: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7168: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7105: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7082:(2): 95–143. 7081: 7077: 7073: 7066: 7051: 7047: 7041: 7033: 7031:9780128243602 7027: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7004: 6989: 6985: 6979: 6971: 6969:1-4398-5511-0 6965: 6961: 6957: 6956: 6948: 6942: 6938: 6933: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6906: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6879: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6832: 6824: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6799: 6791: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6766: 6758: 6752: 6748: 6747: 6739: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6697: 6690: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6644: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6605: 6597: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6556: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6491: 6475: 6471: 6465: 6457: 6451: 6447: 6446: 6438: 6430: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6386: 6382: 6376: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6333: 6326: 6319: 6313: 6309: 6303: 6301: 6292: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6270: 6269: 6263: 6258: 6252: 6244: 6242:0-7506-3365-4 6238: 6234: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6202: 6196: 6188: 6186:0-8493-0464-4 6182: 6178: 6171: 6163: 6161:0-8493-0486-5 6157: 6150: 6149: 6141: 6133: 6127: 6123: 6116: 6114: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6077: 6069: 6065: 6059: 6055: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6017: 6006: 5993: 5986: 5972: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5951: 5947: 5939: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5907: 5906:synthesis gas 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5867: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5846: 5843: 5842:sulfuric acid 5839: 5835: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5816:food additive 5813: 5803: 5795: 5780: 5773: 5766: 5742: 5739: 5738: 5734: 5733: 5727: 5724: 5720: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5701: 5696: 5692: 5689: 5685: 5684: 5680: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5657: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5622: 5606: 5602: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5552: 5550: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5467: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5452: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5404: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5356: 5354: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5306:from soil as 5305: 5302: 5297: 5294: 5289: 5287: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5242: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5203:tetrathionate 5200: 5199:polythionates 5196: 5192: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5159: 5152: 5148: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5056:acne vulgaris 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5033: 5027: 5017: 5015: 5010: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4970:(actually an 4969: 4965: 4960: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4941: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4918: 4909: 4907: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4889: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4870:soil bacteria 4867: 4864: 4860: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4733:free radicals 4730: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4621:vulcanization 4618: 4614: 4610: 4600: 4592: 4536: 4526: 4525:sulfuric acid 4519:Sulfuric acid 4511: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4500:United States 4497: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4469: 4460:S → 3 S + 2 H 4431: 4429: 4425: 4424:Claus process 4409: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4326: 4321: 4313: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4253: 4247: 4245: 4239: 4237: 4231: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4214: 4204: 4194: 4190: 4188: 4182: 4180: 4174: 4170: 4168: 4162: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4136: 4131: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4081:sulfuric acid 4078: 4074: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4054: 4049: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3995: 3990: 3987: 3976: 3974: 3967: 3961: 3952: 3942: 3929: 3917: 3908: 3906: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3853: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3812:Ebers Papyrus 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3777: 3772: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3751:vulcanization 3748: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3717: 3716:monoterpenoid 3713: 3709: 3704: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3619: 3618: 3617: 3610: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3539: 3532: 3526: 3521: 3514: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3469: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3448: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3410:Pseudohalides 3407: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3348:higher oxides 3345: 3341: 3337: 3330: 3311: 3298: 3290: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3260: 3258: 3251:Hydrogenation 3248: 3246: 3230: 3228: 3223: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3198: 3193: 3189: 3187: 3182: 3169: 3148: 3146: 3138: 3128: 3123: 3085: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3000: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2930: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2827:alpha process 2824: 2816: 2811: 2803: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2779: 2770: 2768: 2767:beta activity 2763: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2667:to study the 2666: 2663:in rocks and 2662: 2658: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2568: 2562: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2508: 2492: 2480: 2475: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2452: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2425: 2396: 2385: 2307: 2305: 2304:sulfuric acid 2301: 2297: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2242: 2229: 2221: 2212: 2198: 2196: 2195:macronutrient 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2139:proteinogenic 2136: 2132: 2128: 2125:Sulfur is an 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2080:sulfuric acid 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2064:ancient Egypt 2061: 2057: 2053: 2052:ancient India 2049: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1998:atomic number 1995: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1968: 1965: | 1961: 1956: 1954: 1949: 1947: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1928: 1924: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1886: 1879: 1868: 1857: 1854: 1844: 1841: 1840:product 1838: 1836: 1833: 1826: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1810: 1807: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1750: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1717: 1716:Mohs hardness 1713: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1483: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1436: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1370: 1365: 1364: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1338: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1257: 1237: 1233: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1217: 1216:Boiling point 1213: 1209: 1201: 1199: 1198:Melting point 1195: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1130: 1129:period 3 1127: 1125: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1094:Atomic number 1090: 1079: 1071: 1067: 1064: 1052: 1049: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1002: 1000: 995: 993: 988: 986: 981: 979: 974: 972: 967: 965: 960: 958: 953: 951: 946: 944: 942:Rutherfordium 939: 937: 932: 930: 925: 923: 918: 916: 911: 909: 904: 902: 897: 895: 890: 888: 883: 881: 876: 874: 869: 867: 862: 860: 855: 853: 848: 846: 841: 839: 834: 832: 827: 825: 820: 819: 816: 811: 809: 804: 802: 797: 795: 790: 788: 783: 781: 776: 774: 769: 767: 762: 760: 755: 753: 748: 746: 741: 739: 734: 732: 727: 725: 720: 718: 713: 711: 706: 704: 699: 697: 692: 690: 685: 683: 678: 676: 671: 669: 664: 662: 657: 655: 650: 648: 643: 641: 636: 634: 629: 627: 622: 620: 615: 613: 608: 606: 601: 599: 594: 593: 590: 585: 583: 578: 576: 571: 569: 564: 562: 557: 555: 550: 548: 543: 541: 536: 534: 529: 527: 522: 520: 515: 513: 508: 506: 501: 499: 494: 492: 487: 485: 480: 476: 474: 469: 467: 462: 461: 458: 453: 451: 446: 444: 439: 437: 432: 430: 425: 423: 418: 416: 411: 409: 404: 402: 397: 395: 390: 388: 383: 381: 376: 374: 369: 367: 362: 360: 355: 353: 348: 344: 339: 337: 332: 331: 328: 323: 321: 316: 314: 309: 307: 302: 300: 295: 293: 288: 284: 279: 277: 272: 271: 268: 263: 261: 256: 254: 249: 247: 242: 240: 235: 233: 228: 224: 219: 217: 212: 211: 208: 203: 199: 194: 193: 189: 188: 185: 184: 180: 177: 172: 168: 161: 150: 148: 147: 145: 142: 134: 130: 126: 122: 119:microcrystals 118: 115:Lemon yellow 114: 110: 107: 103: 101: 97: 93: 89: 84: 80: 75: 67:Sulfur, 60: 56: 51: 40: 36: 32: 25: 20: 13679: 13662: 13650:from Commons 13645: 13628: 13607: 13459:Thiocyanates 11312: 10960: 10933: 10930: 10912:. Retrieved 10909:www.osha.gov 10908: 10899: 10887:. Retrieved 10883: 10873: 10864: 10855: 10843:. Retrieved 10838: 10829: 10817:. Retrieved 10807: 10797: 10785:. Retrieved 10781: 10772: 10760:. Retrieved 10755: 10746: 10734:. Retrieved 10714: 10710: 10700: 10667: 10663: 10653: 10641:. Retrieved 10637: 10628: 10614: 10605: 10596: 10563: 10553: 10508: 10504: 10494: 10480:cite journal 10439: 10435: 10425: 10392: 10388: 10382: 10363: 10357: 10322: 10318: 10308: 10263: 10260:Biomolecules 10259: 10249: 10222: 10219:Microbiology 10218: 10208: 10196:. Retrieved 10192: 10182: 10170:. Retrieved 10166: 10157: 10124: 10120: 10110: 10077: 10073: 10063: 10042: 10034: 10022:. Retrieved 10018: 10009: 9982: 9978: 9968: 9948: 9941: 9932: 9928: 9918: 9883: 9879: 9869: 9828: 9824: 9814: 9795: 9789: 9777:. Retrieved 9774:ResearchGate 9773: 9764: 9723: 9719: 9709: 9668: 9664: 9654: 9635: 9631: 9621: 9610:, retrieved 9579: 9572: 9553: 9549: 9539: 9496: 9492: 9482: 9447: 9443: 9433: 9398: 9394: 9384: 9362:(1): 22–44. 9359: 9355: 9345: 9333:. Retrieved 9323: 9313: 9301:. Retrieved 9290: 9281: 9269:. Retrieved 9259: 9214: 9210: 9200: 9189:, retrieved 9167: 9154: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9122: 9103: 9098: 9086:. Retrieved 9073: 9062:, retrieved 9048: 9042: 9017: 9013: 9007: 8982: 8978: 8972: 8955: 8951: 8945: 8933:. Retrieved 8924: 8874: 8842: 8805: 8799: 8782: 8778: 8742: 8738: 8715:. Retrieved 8712:The Atlantic 8711: 8701: 8691: 8684: 8649: 8643: 8631:. Retrieved 8627:the original 8622: 8613: 8591:(11): 1094. 8588: 8584: 8578: 8569: 8563: 8528: 8524: 8515: 8492: 8481: 8454: 8448: 8415: 8411: 8405: 8388: 8384: 8378: 8353: 8349: 8343: 8331:. Retrieved 8316: 8309: 8289: 8282: 8262: 8255: 8238: 8234: 8224: 8207: 8203: 8197: 8170: 8166: 8156: 8131: 8127: 8121: 8102: 8096: 8077: 8071: 8044: 8041:Yates, Robin 8034: 8009: 8003: 7976: 7972: 7962: 7957: 7937: 7930: 7918:. Retrieved 7914: 7905: 7862: 7856: 7829: 7825: 7808: 7789: 7753: 7749: 7739: 7720: 7714: 7685: 7659: 7653: 7647: 7638: 7632: 7589: 7585: 7574: 7565: 7538: 7514: 7505: 7486: 7480: 7437: 7430: 7403: 7397: 7388: 7384: 7371: 7359:. Retrieved 7355: 7345: 7312: 7308: 7299: 7274: 7266: 7257: 7244: 7235: 7223: 7213: 7206: 7181: 7177: 7167: 7118: 7114: 7104: 7079: 7075: 7065: 7053:. Retrieved 7049: 7040: 7013: 7003: 6991:. Retrieved 6987: 6978: 6953: 6947: 6932: 6915: 6911: 6905: 6888: 6884: 6878: 6861: 6857: 6831: 6804: 6798: 6771: 6765: 6745: 6738: 6726:. Retrieved 6719:the original 6706: 6702: 6689: 6677:. Retrieved 6657: 6653: 6643: 6621:(1): 44–47. 6618: 6614: 6604: 6569: 6565: 6555: 6504: 6500: 6490: 6478:. Retrieved 6473: 6464: 6444: 6437: 6414: 6388:. Retrieved 6384: 6375: 6342: 6338: 6325: 6311: 6266: 6251: 6232: 6205:. Retrieved 6195: 6176: 6170: 6147: 6140: 6121: 6087: 6076: 6058: 5985: 5971: 5964:organosulfur 5950: 5936:hydrosulfide 5910: 5898:fossil fuels 5858:power plants 5847: 5836: 5809: 5800: 5736: 5714: 5676: 5648: 5629: 5594: 5562:plastocyanin 5558: 5511: 5479:homocysteine 5468: 5453: 5449:thioredoxins 5441:denaturation 5409: 5362: 5350: 5298: 5290: 5283: 5268: 5263:→ sugars + O 5252:→ sugars + S 5188: 5156: 5154: 5147:Sulfur cycle 5120: 5104: 5074: 5071:sulfonamides 5068: 5060:acne rosacea 5029: 5011: 5001:, and other 4984: 4961: 4942: 4923: 4890: 4784:groundwaters 4761: 4757: 4714:organosulfur 4696: 4676: 4631:are used to 4606: 4597: 4522: 4514:Applications 4493: 4474: 4430:of the two: 4421: 4391: 4364: 4344: 4330: 4325:Ijen Volcano 4300: 4295:to Britain. 4292: 4284: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4249: 4241: 4233: 4230:Anglo-French 4227: 4222: 4216: 4212: 4202: 4184: 4176: 4171:, which was 4164: 4160: 4159: 4139: 4132: 4121: 4106: 4070: 4059: 4043:Modern times 3991: 3948: 3885:black powder 3878: 3848: 3837: 3827: 3781: 3735: 3705: 3686: 3657:sulfur cycle 3615: 3533:or vitamin B 3515:or vitamin B 3474: 3437: 3413: 3357: 3354:Halogenation 3333: 3296: 3286: 3273:and certain 3268: 3254: 3242: 3226: 3221: 3213:polysulfanes 3202: 3186:lapis lazuli 3165: 3136: 3127:polysulfides 3124: 3045: 3024:Lapis lazuli 3002: 2980: 2933: 2901: 2874: 2835: 2820: 2764: 2729: 2709: 2683:and produce 2654: 2627: 2623: 2611: 2564: 2531: 2513:, but with S 2488: 2455: 2448: 2428: 2408: 2293: 2269: 2262: 2217: 2124: 2116:organosulfur 2092:insecticides 2067: 2037: 1993: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1890:87.37 d 1824: 1706:Bulk modulus 1640: 1635: 1630: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1559:orthorhombic 1440: 1434: 1428: 1414: 1368: 1336: 1326: 1098: 984:Darmstadtium 851:Protactinium 625:Praseodymium 310: 132: 59: 50: 38: 29:This is the 23: 13630:Definitions 10736:2 September 10643:2 September 10511:(5): 2378. 9335:21 November 9064:15 February 8958:(1): 1–17. 8935:27 February 8717:26 February 8633:19 November 8585:The Analyst 8418:(9): 1598. 6316:. Download 6207:12 February 5890:environment 5832:respiration 5826:, or other 5709:Signal word 5660:Precautions 5582:nitrogenase 5578:ferrodoxins 5503:glutathione 5433:bond energy 5353:food chains 5215:lithotrophs 5195:thiosulfate 5095:monobactams 5087:penicillins 5075:sulfa drugs 5073:, known as 5044:keratolytic 4987:lime sulfur 4968:insecticide 4934:organically 4901:root nodule 4895:. It is an 4882:hydrophilic 4863:atmospheric 4848:hydrophobic 4828:fertilizers 4729:glutathione 4726:antioxidant 4698:Amino acids 4683:thiosulfate 4679:photography 4644:surfactants 4640:dried fruit 4625:polysulfide 4498:(9.6), the 4411:R-S-R + 2 H 4394:natural gas 4146:natural gas 4053:keratolytic 3941:combustible 3852:shiliuhuang 3725:, a potent 3428:thiosulfate 3424:thiocyanate 3287:precautions 3275:cytochromes 3209:Protonation 3009:noble gases 2987:natural gas 2877:hot springs 2648:and oxygen 2607:radioactive 2228:point group 2191:biochemical 2175:glutathione 2135:Amino acids 2118:compounds. 2114:are due to 2084:fertilizers 2072:natural gas 2029:crystalline 2010:nonmetallic 2006:multivalent 1676:diamagnetic 1497:105±3 1361:100 k 1230:(near 1159:] 3s 3p 1026:Livermorium 998:Copernicium 991:Roentgenium 921:Mendelevium 907:Einsteinium 900:Californium 13710:Chalcogens 13694:Categories 13084:oxyhalides 12359:disulfides 10845:24 October 10787:20 January 10762:24 October 10015:"Lysozyme" 9325:ThoughtCo. 9303:9 November 8509:required.) 8333:7 February 8012:(3): 487. 7391:: 885–907. 7275:Meteorites 7184:: 121533. 7055:4 February 6993:4 February 6988:Energy.gov 6728:19 January 6050:References 5966:compounds. 5902:flue gases 5688:Pictograms 5632:methionine 5630:In humans 5626:Deficiency 5521:coenzyme M 5471:coenzyme A 5464:keratinase 5373:methionine 5284:There are 5145:See also: 5032:octasulfur 5003:dermatoses 4974:) against 4938:apple scab 4926:pesticides 4906:acid rains 4893:phosphorus 4886:biopolymer 4774:(garlic). 4706:methionine 4693:Fertilizer 4648:detergents 4613:cellophane 4506:(7.1) and 4415:→ 2 RH + H 4367:salt domes 4307:Production 4173:Hellenized 4013:lemniscate 3997:alchemists 3973:rasaśāstra 3966:rasaśāstra 3869:. Chinese 3820:fumigation 3778:collection 3712:bad breath 3663:Sulfoxides 3639:Thioethers 3549:Penicillin 3498:Methionine 3483:amino acid 3440:tarnishing 3293:Combustion 3271:hemoglobin 3266:S ⇌ HS + H 3170:, such as 2962:, such as 2952:sphalerite 2938:, such as 2924:evaporites 2916:salt domes 2906:acting on 2838:meteorites 2815:Kawah Ijen 2717:hydrologic 2619:supernovae 2617:than from 2593:), and S ( 2549:metastable 2491:allotropes 2468:Allotropes 2460:(yielding 2296:hydrolyzes 2230:of cyclo-S 2220:octasulfur 2183:Disulfides 2147:methionine 2108:grapefruit 2104:bad breath 2096:fungicides 2000:16. It is 1967:references 1726:CAS Number 1688:alpha (α-S 1609:monoclinic 1553:alpha (α-S 1542:primordial 1358:10 k 1250:gamma (γ-S 1238:alpha (α-S 1202:alpha (α-S 1070:phosphorus 1033:Tennessine 977:Meitnerium 956:Seaborgium 935:Lawrencium 674:Dysprosium 660:Gadolinium 639:Promethium 511:Technetium 504:Molybdenum 305:Phosphorus 112:Appearance 100:Allotropes 13681:Resources 13664:Textbooks 13600:Chemistry 10914:23 August 10889:23 August 10684:0003-9926 10580:1477-9234 10527:1422-0067 10456:2191-0200 10409:1543-5008 10341:1074-5521 10282:2218-273X 10141:0031-9333 10094:0199-9885 10019:Drugs.com 9853:0962-8436 9756:128827551 9748:1878-5212 9693:0036-8075 9638:: 79–89. 9513:0022-1295 9466:1574-6976 9417:1753-4887 9368:1089-5159 9251:246704531 9217:(1): 17. 8866:531718953 8488:"sulphur" 8440:250882259 8432:0957-0233 8370:145807900 8063:489677531 8026:144187385 7897:697506461 7772:2296-6846 7472:199492543 7198:258600480 7143:0036-8075 6960:CRC Press 6674:0007-0599 6635:0019-7866 6596:2296-6463 6539:0021-9606 6367:0108-2701 6104:1365-3075 6024:Blue lava 5878:acid rain 5854:petroleum 5679:labelling 5564:(Cu) and 5445:cytoplasm 5431:. 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