Chlorine - Knowledge

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a result of the increasing molecular weight of the halogens down the group, the density and heats of fusion and vaporisation of chlorine are again intermediate between those of bromine and fluorine, although all their heats of vaporisation are fairly low (leading to high volatility) thanks to their diatomic molecular structure. The halogens darken in colour as the group is descended: thus, while fluorine is a pale yellow gas, chlorine is distinctly yellow-green. This trend occurs because the wavelengths of visible light absorbed by the halogens increase down the group. Specifically, the colour of a halogen, such as chlorine, results from the

3386: 5552: 4928:) are the most stable oxo-compounds of chlorine, in keeping with the fact that chlorine compounds are most stable when the chlorine atom is in its lowest (−1) or highest (+7) possible oxidation states. Perchloric acid and aqueous perchlorates are vigorous and sometimes violent oxidising agents when heated, in stark contrast to their mostly inactive nature at room temperature due to the high activation energies for these reactions for kinetic reasons. Perchlorates are made by electrolytically oxidising sodium chlorate, and perchloric acid is made by reacting anhydrous 5124: 2276: 3477:. Chlorides can be made by reaction of an element or its oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate with hydrochloric acid, and then dehydrated by mildly high temperatures combined with either low pressure or anhydrous hydrogen chloride gas. These methods work best when the chloride product is stable to hydrolysis; otherwise, the possibilities include high-temperature oxidative chlorination of the element with chlorine or hydrogen chloride, high-temperature chlorination of a metal oxide or other halide by chlorine, a volatile metal chloride, 5968:

theory of disease, Semmelweis theorized that "cadaveric particles" were transmitting decay from fresh medical cadavers to living patients, and he used the well-known "Labarraque's solutions" as the only known method to remove the smell of decay and tissue decomposition (which he found that soap did not). The solutions proved to be far more effective antiseptics than soap (Semmelweis was also aware of their greater efficacy, but not the reason), and this resulted in Semmelweis's celebrated success in stopping the transmission of

1531: 2562: 4118: 6346: 15547: 2581: 60: 6356: 5282: 7384:("In fact, oxygenated muriatic acid is not decomposed by charcoal, and it might be supposed, from this fact and those that are communicated in this Memoir, that this gas is a simple body. The phenomena that it presents can be explained well enough on this hypothesis; we shall not seek to defend it, however, as it appears to us that they are still better explained by regarding oxygenated muriatic acid as a compound body.") For a full English translation of this section, see: 6351: 15672: 5083: 5076: 15535: 5502: 6838: 5104: 1587: 6471: 5950: 2491:("chlorinated lime"), then solid calcium hypochlorite (bleaching powder). These compounds produced low levels of elemental chlorine and could be more efficiently transported than sodium hypochlorite, which remained as dilute solutions because when purified to eliminate water, it became a dangerously powerful and unstable oxidizer. Near the end of the nineteenth century, E. S. Smith patented a method of sodium hypochlorite production involving electrolysis of 1887: 6016: 5097: 5090: 2988: 15587: 15638: 15655: 6589: 15689: 15621: 6717:(Take equal parts of saltpeter , vitriol , and alum: dry each and combine simultaneously; distill off the water . That is nothing else than pure volatile salt . Take four ounces of this , add one ounce of Armenian salt , in a strong glass alembic sealed by cement ( from wax, rosin, and powdered glass) poured very hot; soon, even in the cold, gas is stimulated, and the vessel, however strong, bursts into fragments.) From 4881:) but this is still very slow even at 100 °C despite the very favourable equilibrium constant of 10. The rates of reaction for the chlorine oxyanions increases as the oxidation state of chlorine decreases. The strengths of the chlorine oxyacids increase very quickly as the oxidation state of chlorine increases due to the increasing delocalisation of charge over more and more oxygen atoms in their conjugate bases. 6715:"Accipe salis petrae, vitrioli, & alumnis partes aequas: exsiccato singula, & connexis simul, distilla aquam. Quae nil aliud est, quam merum sal volatile. Hujus accipe uncias quatuor, salis armeniaci unciam junge, in forti vitro, alembico, per caementum (ex cera, colophonia, & vitri pulverre) calidissime affusum, firmato; mox, etiam in frigore, Gas excitatur, & vas, utut forte, dissilit cum fragore." 15604: 4181:. It is a yellow paramagnetic gas (deep-red as a solid or liquid), as expected from its having an odd number of electrons: it is stable towards dimerisation due to the delocalisation of the unpaired electron. It explodes above −40 °C as a liquid and under pressure as a gas and therefore must be made at low concentrations for wood-pulp bleaching and water treatment. It is usually prepared by reducing a 5383:. The chlorine produced is available in cylinders from sizes ranging from 450 g to 70 kg, as well as drums (865 kg), tank wagons (15 tonnes on roads; 27–90 tonnes by rail), and barges (600–1200 tonnes). Due to the difficulty in transporting elemental chlorine, production is typically located near where it is consumed. As examples, vinyl chloride producers such as 15559: 6004: 2573: 5991:, the method of wound irrigation with chlorinated solutions allowed antiseptic treatment of a wide variety of open wounds, long before the modern antibiotic era. A modified version of this solution continues to be employed in wound irrigation in modern times, where it remains effective against bacteria that are resistant to multiple antibiotics (see 4102: 6476: 2947:. As another difference, chlorine has a significant chemistry in positive oxidation states while fluorine does not. Chlorination often leads to higher oxidation states than bromination or iodination but lower oxidation states than fluorination. Chlorine tends to react with compounds including M–M, M–H, or M–C bonds to form M–Cl bonds. 4893:) is a strong acid that is quite stable in cold water up to 30% concentration, but on warming gives chlorine and chlorine dioxide. Evaporation under reduced pressure allows it to be concentrated further to about 40%, but then it decomposes to perchloric acid, chlorine, oxygen, water, and chlorine dioxide. Its most important salt is 4965:. In addition, all the above chemical regularities are valid for "normal" or close to normal conditions, while at ultra-high pressures (for example, in the cores of large planets), chlorine can exhibit an oxidation state of -3, forming a Na3Cl compound with sodium, which does not fit into traditional concepts of chemistry. 6111:, sometimes referred to as "trichlor". These compounds are stable while solid and may be used in powdered, granular, or tablet form. When added in small amounts to pool water or industrial water systems, the chlorine atoms hydrolyze from the rest of the molecule, forming hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which acts as a general 3856:) is a volatile colourless molecular liquid which melts at −76.3 °C and boils at 11.8 °C. It may be formed by directly fluorinating gaseous chlorine or chlorine monofluoride at 200–300 °C. One of the most reactive chemical compounds known, the list of elements it sets on fire is diverse, containing 10197: 6531:(immediately dangerous to life and health) concentration is 10 ppm. Breathing lower concentrations can aggravate the respiratory system and exposure to the gas can irritate the eyes. When chlorine is inhaled at concentrations greater than 30 ppm, it reacts with water within the lungs, producing 5936:

of Paris. These "putrid miasmas" were thought by many to cause the spread of "contagion" and "infection" – both words used before the germ theory of infection. Chloride of lime was used for destroying odors and "putrid matter". One source claims chloride of lime was used by Dr. John Snow to disinfect

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molecules. The Cl–Cl distance is 198 pm (close to the gaseous Cl–Cl distance of 199 pm) and the Cl···Cl distance between molecules is 332 pm within a layer and 382 pm between layers (compare the van der Waals radius of chlorine, 180 pm). This structure means that chlorine is

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of attraction, and their strength increases together with the number of electrons among all homonuclear diatomic halogen molecules. Thus, the melting and boiling points of chlorine are intermediate between those of fluorine and bromine: chlorine melts at −101.0 °C and boils at −34.0 °C. As

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which pose dangers when they are released into the environment. For example, DDT, which was widely used to control insects in the mid 20th century, also accumulates in food chains, and causes reproductive problems (e.g., eggshell thinning) in certain bird species. Due to the ready homolytic fission

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Most of the chlorine oxoacids may be produced by exploiting these disproportionation reactions. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is highly reactive and quite unstable; its salts are mostly used for their bleaching and sterilising abilities. They are very strong oxidising agents, transferring an oxygen atom

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gas at 350 °C and 250 atm, and on a small scale by reacting metal chlorides with fluorine gas at 100–300 °C. It melts at −103 °C and boils at −13.1 °C. It is a very strong fluorinating agent, although it is still not as effective as chlorine trifluoride. Only a few specific

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are known. The Table below presents typical oxidation states for chlorine element as given in the secondary schools or colleges. Anyhow in university chemistry courses it should be pointed out that there are more complex chemical compounds, the structure of which can only be explained using modern

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used chlorine-water (chlorine dissolved in pure water, which was cheaper than chlorinated lime solutions) to disinfect the hands of Austrian doctors, which Semmelweis noticed still carried the stench of decomposition from the dissection rooms to the patient examination rooms. Long before the germ

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of existing wounds, including septic wounds. In his 1828 work, Labarraque recommended that doctors breathe chlorine, wash their hands in chlorinated lime, and even sprinkle chlorinated lime about the patients' beds in cases of "contagious infection". In 1828, the contagion of infections was well

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at −10 °C and then distilling the product at −35 °C and 1 mmHg. It is a shock-sensitive, colourless oily liquid. It is the least reactive of the chlorine oxides, being the only one to not set organic materials on fire at room temperature. It may be dissolved in water to regenerate

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shells and chlorine tanks. The attacks killed two people from the explosives and sickened more than 350. Most of the deaths were caused by the force of the explosions rather than the effects of chlorine since the toxic gas is readily dispersed and diluted in the atmosphere by the blast. In some

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and its reactants. Its properties are mostly intermediate between those of chlorine and fluorine. It will react with many metals and nonmetals from room temperature and above, fluorinating them and liberating chlorine. It will also act as a chlorofluorinating agent, adding chlorine and fluorine

3772:(ClF) is extremely thermally stable, and is sold commercially in 500-gram steel lecture bottles. It is a colourless gas that melts at −155.6 °C and boils at −100.1 °C. It may be produced by the reaction of its elements at 225 °C, though it must then be separated and purified from 7577:(The first of them , i.e., the electronegative , are divided into three classes: 1) The first includes substances which, united with electropositive , immediately produce salts, and which I therefore name "salt-formers" (salt-producing substances). These are chlorine, iodine, and fluorine *).) 9382: 5618:

Quantitatively, of all elemental chlorine produced, about 63% is used in the manufacture of organic compounds, and 18% in the manufacture of inorganic chlorine compounds. About 15,000 chlorine compounds are used commercially. The remaining 19% of chlorine produced is used for bleaches and

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to the larger electronegative chlorine atom; however, weak hydrogen bonding is present in solid crystalline hydrogen chloride at low temperatures, similar to the hydrogen fluoride structure, before disorder begins to prevail as the temperature is raised. Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid

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F, more stable but still moisture-sensitive and highly reactive). Dichlorine hexoxide is a dark-red liquid that freezes to form a solid which turns yellow at −180 °C: it is usually made by reaction of chlorine dioxide with oxygen. Despite attempts to rationalise it as the dimer of

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Chlorine is detectable with measuring devices in concentrations as low as 0.2 parts per million (ppm), and by smell at 3 ppm. Coughing and vomiting may occur at 30 ppm and lung damage at 60 ppm. About 1000 ppm can be fatal after a few deep breaths of the gas. The

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water from the cholera-contaminated well that was feeding the Broad Street pump in 1854 London, though three other reputable sources that describe that famous cholera epidemic do not mention the incident. One reference makes it clear that chloride of lime was used to disinfect the

5248:, are produced in the high temperature environment of forest fires, and dioxins have been found in the preserved ashes of lightning-ignited fires that predate synthetic dioxins. In addition, a variety of simple chlorinated hydrocarbons including dichloromethane, chloroform, and 6762:(3): 165–73; see p. 168: "Early in the seventeenth century Johannes Baptiste van Helmont (1579–1644) mentioned that when sal marin (sodium chloride) or sal ammoniacus and aqua chrysulca (nitric acid) were mixed together, a flatus incoercible (non-condensable gas) was evolved." 3595:

Most metal chlorides with the metal in low oxidation states (+1 to +3) are ionic. Nonmetals tend to form covalent molecular chlorides, as do metals in high oxidation states from +3 and above. Both ionic and covalent chlorides are known for metals in oxidation state +3 (e.g.

5472:, preventing the chlorine forming at the anode from re-mixing with the sodium hydroxide and the hydrogen formed at the cathode. The salt solution (brine) is continuously fed to the anode compartment and flows through the diaphragm to the cathode compartment, where the 9842: 4936:

with concentrated hydrochloric acid, filtering away the chloride precipitated and distilling the filtrate to concentrate it. Anhydrous perchloric acid is a colourless mobile liquid that is sensitive to shock that explodes on contact with most organic compounds, sets

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Richardson, Susan D.; Plewa, Michael J.; Wagner, Elizabeth D.; Schoeny, Rita; DeMarini, David M. (2007). "Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water: A review and roadmap for research".

4897:, mostly used to make chlorine dioxide to bleach paper pulp. The decomposition of chlorate to chloride and oxygen is a common way to produce oxygen in the laboratory on a small scale. Chloride and chlorate may comproportionate to form chlorine as follows: 5138:. Formally, compounds with this functional group may be considered organic derivatives of the chloride anion. Due to the difference of electronegativity between chlorine (3.16) and carbon (2.55), the carbon in a C–Cl bond is electron-deficient and thus 2412:

tried the same experiment again, and concluded that the substance was an element, and not a compound. He announced his results to the Royal Society on 15 November that year. At that time, he named this new element "chlorine", from the Greek word χλωρος

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Chlorine is a toxic gas that attacks the respiratory system, eyes, and skin. Because it is denser than air, it tends to accumulate at the bottom of poorly ventilated spaces. Chlorine gas is a strong oxidizer, which may react with flammable materials.

6736:(Truly Armenian salt and nitric acid, each of which can be distilled by itself, and submitted to heat; but if, on the other hand, they be combined and become warm, they cannot but be changed immediately into carbon dioxide or an incondensable gas.) 5574:

Sodium chloride is the most common chlorine compound, and is the main source of chlorine for the demand by the chemical industry. About 15000 chlorine-containing compounds are commercially traded, including such diverse compounds as chlorinated

7862: 4354:, it reacts more as though it were chloryl perchlorate, , which has been confirmed to be the correct structure of the solid. It hydrolyses in water to give a mixture of chloric and perchloric acids: the analogous reaction with anhydrous 2974:

O) = +1.229 V, which is less than +1.395 V, it would be expected that chlorine should be able to oxidise water to oxygen and hydrochloric acid. However, the kinetics of this reaction are unfavorable, and there is also a bubble

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between fluorine and bromine (F: 3.98, Cl: 3.16, Br: 2.96, I: 2.66), and is less reactive than fluorine and more reactive than bromine. It is also a weaker oxidising agent than fluorine, but a stronger one than bromine. Conversely, the

6734:"Sal armeniacus enim, & aqua chrysulca, quae singula per se distillari, possunt, & pati calorem: sin autem jungantur, & intepescant, non possunt non, quin statim in Gas sylvestre, sive incoercibilem flatum transmutentur." 3408:

Nearly all elements in the periodic table form binary chlorides. The exceptions are decidedly in the minority and stem in each case from one of three causes: extreme inertness and reluctance to participate in chemical reactions (the

7193:. After this mixture had been standing in the cold for one hour, the acid had assumed a dark brown colour. One part of this solution was poured into a glass, which was placed over the fire. The solution gave off an odour like warm 6596:

defect in the joint and slowly grew until the part failed. The fracture surface shows iron and calcium salts that were deposited in the leaking joint from the water supply before failure and are the indirect result of the chlorine

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Chlorine is intermediate in reactivity between fluorine and bromine, and is one of the most reactive elements. Chlorine is a weaker oxidising agent than fluorine but a stronger one than bromine or iodine. This can be seen from the

9699: 6074:, a chemical compound produced by the reaction of free dissolved chlorine with amines in organic substances including those in urine and sweat. As a disinfectant in water, chlorine is more than three times as effective against 4284:

is also produced when photolysing the solid at −78 °C: it is a dark brown solid that explodes below 0 °C. The ClO radical leads to the depletion of atmospheric ozone and is thus environmentally important as follows:

4093:. All five behave similarly to the chlorine fluorides, both structurally and chemically, and may act as Lewis acids or bases by gaining or losing fluoride ions respectively or as very strong oxidising and fluorinating agents. 9832: 9964: 2697:

Chlorine has two stable isotopes, Cl and Cl. These are its only two natural isotopes occurring in quantity, with Cl making up 76% of natural chlorine and Cl making up the remaining 24%. Both are synthesised in stars in the

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is an unstable mixture that continually gives off fumes containing free chlorine gas, this chlorine gas appears to have been ignored until c. 1630, when its nature as a separate gaseous substance was recognised by the

7458:"After consulting some of the most eminent chemical philosophers in this country, it has been judged most proper to suggest a name founded upon one of its obvious and characteristic properties – its colour, and to call it 6217:

bombings, over a hundred civilians were hospitalized due to breathing difficulties. The Iraqi authorities tightened security for elemental chlorine, which is essential for providing safe drinking water to the population.

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Some types of organochlorides, though not all, have significant toxicity to plants or animals, including humans. Dioxins, produced when organic matter is burned in the presence of chlorine, and some insecticides, such as

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Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04).

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as well, giving di- or tetrachloro compounds. However, due to the expense and reactivity of chlorine, organochlorine compounds are more commonly produced by using hydrogen chloride, or with chlorinating agents such as

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The reaction requires a catalyst. As introduced by Deacon, early catalysts were based on copper. Commercial processes, such as the Mitsui MT-Chlorine Process, have switched to chromium and ruthenium-based catalysts.

4857:) but this reaction is quite slow at temperatures below 70 °C in spite of the very favourable equilibrium constant of 10. The chlorate ions may themselves disproportionate to form chloride and perchlorate (4 8515:

Zhang, Weiwei; Oganov, Artem R.; Goncharov, Alexander F.; Zhu, Qiang; Boulfelfel, Salah Eddine; Lyakhov, Andriy O.; Stavrou, Elissaios; Somayazulu, Maddury; Prakapenka, Vitali B.; Konôpková, Zuzana (2013-12-20).

6477: 7521:(One should say instead, with proper morphology, "halogen" (this word is not strange since already in mineralogy via Werner's "halite" species) from αλς "salt" and the old γενειν (Doric γενεν) "to beget".) 5297:, that have been evaporated from water bodies. All of these pale in comparison to the reserves of chloride ions in seawater: smaller amounts at higher concentrations occur in some inland seas and underground 6601:

Chlorine is widely used for purifying water, especially potable water supplies and water used in swimming pools. Several catastrophic collapses of swimming pool ceilings have occurred from chlorine-induced

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to most inorganic species. Chlorous acid (HOClO) is even more unstable and cannot be isolated or concentrated without decomposition: it is known from the decomposition of aqueous chlorine dioxide. However,

6364: 2217:, the gaseous products were discarded, and hydrogen chloride may have been produced many times before it was discovered that it can be put to chemical use. One of the first such uses was the synthesis of 6146:. As described by the soldiers, it had the distinctive smell of a mixture of pepper and pineapple. It also tasted metallic and stung the back of the throat and chest. Chlorine reacts with water in the 3975:, copper, and steel containers are usually used due to their great resistance to attack by chlorine trifluoride, stemming from the formation of an unreactive layer of metal fluoride. Its reaction with 15627: 2137:, chlorine is necessary to all known species of life. Other types of chlorine compounds are rare in living organisms, and artificially produced chlorinated organics range from inert to toxic. In the 5176:

and often results in a mixture of various isomers with different degrees of chlorination, though this may be permissible if the products are easily separated. Aryl chlorides may be prepared by the

4260:≈ 6–10) separate out at low temperatures. However, in the presence of light, these solutions rapidly photodecompose to form a mixture of chloric and hydrochloric acids. Photolysis of individual ClO 5289:

Chlorine is too reactive to occur as the free element in nature but is very abundant in the form of its chloride salts. It is the 20th most abundant element in Earth's crust and makes up 126

6744: 6326: 6251:

concluded that the Syrian government used chlorine as a chemical weapon in three separate attacks. Later investigations from the OPCW's Investigation and Identification Team concluded that the

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Much later, during World War I in 1916, a standardized and diluted modification of Labarraque's solution containing hypochlorite (0.5%) and boric acid as an acidic stabilizer was developed by

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Many organochlorine compounds have been isolated from natural sources ranging from bacteria to humans. Chlorinated organic compounds are found in nearly every class of biomolecules including

3509:, which can also be achieved by reducing a higher chloride using hydrogen or a metal as a reducing agent. This may also be achieved by thermal decomposition or disproportionation as follows: 2612:. Like all halogens, it is thus one electron short of a full octet, and is hence a strong oxidising agent, reacting with many elements in order to complete its outer shell. Corresponding to 5316:, but the need rarely arises due to its ready availability. In industry, elemental chlorine is usually produced by the electrolysis of sodium chloride dissolved in water. This method, the 9904: 5457:

The Castner–Kellner process was the first method used at the end of the nineteenth century to produce chlorine on an industrial scale. Mercury (that is toxic) was used as an electrode to

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and after one quarter's hour duration, it was as clear and colourless as water, and the smell had disappeared.) For an English translation of the relevant passages of this article, see:

2943:, approximately +0.3 V). However, this trend is not shown in the bond energies because fluorine is singular due to its small size, low polarisability, and inability to show 2503:, first introduced on an industrial scale in 1892, and now the source of most elemental chlorine and sodium hydroxide. In 1884 Chemischen Fabrik Griesheim of Germany developed another 6070:

in proteins in human hair and skin. Contrary to popular belief, the distinctive "chlorine aroma" associated with swimming pools is not the result of elemental chlorine itself, but of

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effect to consider, so that electrolysis of aqueous chloride solutions evolves chlorine gas and not oxygen gas, a fact that is very useful for the industrial production of chlorine.

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When used at specified levels for water disinfection, the reaction of chlorine with water is not a major concern for human health. Other materials present in the water may generate

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in the stomach and in cellular pump functions. The main dietary source is table salt, or sodium chloride. Overly low or high concentrations of chloride in the blood are examples of

2608:, and are largely intermediate between those of the first two. Chlorine has the electron configuration 3s3p, with the seven electrons in the third and outermost shell acting as its 9954: 9056: 4385:

perchloric acid or in aqueous alkalis to regenerate perchlorates. However, it thermally decomposes explosively by breaking one of the central Cl–O bonds, producing the radicals ClO

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in the periodic table and its properties are mostly intermediate between them. Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature. It is an extremely reactive element and a strong

4784:). As can be seen from the redox potentials given in the adjacent table, chlorine is much more stable towards disproportionation in acidic solutions than in alkaline solutions: 13143: 9396: 6568:

In the home, accidents occur when hypochlorite bleach solutions come into contact with certain acidic drain-cleaners to produce chlorine gas. Hypochlorite bleach (a popular

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Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard, "On the nature and the properties of muriatic acid and of oxygenated muriatic acid" (Lemoyne College, Syracuse, New York)

13822: 5932:(chlorinated lime). Labarraque's discovery helped to remove the terrible stench of decay from hospitals and dissecting rooms, and by doing so, effectively deodorised the 2094:

for many processes in the chemical industry. Chlorine is used in the manufacture of a wide range of consumer products, about two-thirds of them organic chemicals such as

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The Early History of Chlorine : Papers by Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1774), C. L. Berthollet (1785), Guyton de Morveau (1787), J. L. Gay-Lussac and L. J. Thenard (1809)

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Unlike hydrogen fluoride, anhydrous liquid hydrogen chloride is difficult to work with as a solvent, because its boiling point is low, it has a small liquid range, its

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halogen (after fluorine) and 20th most abundant element in Earth's crust. These crystal deposits are nevertheless dwarfed by the huge reserves of chloride in seawater.

10526: 10385: 7970: 7363: 6725: 6707: 5896:

Labarraque's chlorinated lime and soda solutions have been advocated since 1828 to prevent infection (called "contagious infection", presumed to be transmitted by "

2102:, and other end products which do not contain the element. As a common disinfectant, elemental chlorine and chlorine-generating compounds are used more directly in 11134: 9870: 10488: 9987: 8202:

M. Sheppard and M. Herod (2012). "Variation in background concentrations and specific activities of 36Cl, 129I and U/Th-series radionuclides in surface waters".

7948: 2710:, although the spin magnitude being greater than 1/2 results in non-spherical nuclear charge distribution and thus resonance broadening as a result of a nonzero 3131:

with boiling point 108.58 °C at 20.22 g HCl per 100 g solution; thus hydrochloric acid cannot be concentrated beyond this point by distillation.

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or other filters, which makes chlorine gas much less lethal than other chemical weapons. It was pioneered by a German scientist later to be a Nobel laureate,

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In the laboratory, hydrogen chloride gas may be made by drying the acid with concentrated sulfuric acid. Deuterium chloride, DCl, may be produced by reacting

13660: 10320: 6558: 7406:"The Bakerian Lecture. On some of the combinations of oxymuriatic gas and oxygene, and on the chemical relations of these principles, to inflammable bodies" 5479:

is produced and the brine is partially depleted. Diaphragm methods produce dilute and slightly impure alkali, but they are not burdened with the problem of

13169: 10243: 9417: 6789: 9594: 7105: 2629:

between fluorine and bromine, and this leads to many of its atomic properties similarly continuing the trend from iodine to bromine upward, such as first

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cation. This is very unstable and has only been characterised by its electronic band spectrum when produced in a low-pressure discharge tube. The yellow

1739: 7661: 7571:, dela sig i tre klasser: 1) den första innehåller kroppar, som förenade med de electropositiva, omedelbart frambringa salter, hvilka jag derför kallar 7553: 7489: 7174: 15324: 7451: 7435: 7159: 6099:

It is often impractical to store and use poisonous chlorine gas for water treatment, so alternative methods of adding chlorine are used. These include

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undergo photolysis in the upper atmosphere and cause the destruction of the ozone layer. None of them can be made from directly reacting the elements.

10451: 7205: 6741: 2534:, who adapted Berthollet's "Javel water" bleach and other chlorine preparations. Elemental chlorine has since served a continuous function in topical 11188: 9676: 7024: 5367:, although non-chloralkali processes exist. Global 2006 production was estimated to be 65 million short tons. The most visible use of chlorine is in 9284: 9262: 9244: 9223: 7021:

Jâbir ibn Hayyân: Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam. I. Le corpus des écrits jâbiriens. II. Jâbir et la science grecque

5498:. This method also produces very pure sodium (or potassium) hydroxide but has the disadvantage of requiring very pure brine at high concentrations. 4889:

is a stable salt and is useful for bleaching and stripping textiles, as an oxidising agent, and as a source of chlorine dioxide. Chloric acid (HOClO

2425:. This term was later used as a generic term to describe all the elements in the chlorine family (fluorine, bromine, iodine), after a suggestion by 2348:

Common chemical theory at that time held that an acid is a compound that contains oxygen (remnants of this survive in the German and Dutch names of

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Lavie, CJ; Crocker, EF; Key, KJ; Ferguson, TG (October 1986). "Marked hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis with severe compensatory hypoventilation".

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to form hydrogen fluoride, nitrogen, and chlorine gases was used in experimental rocket engine, but has problems largely stemming from its extreme

10588: 9332: 4963: 12696: 6499: 6199: 9896: 12742: 7709: 4244:. It dissolves exothermically in water to form dark-green solutions that very slowly decompose in the dark. Crystalline clathrate hydrates ClO 3170:) due to the very weak hydrogen bonding between hydrogen and chlorine, though its salts with very large and weakly polarising cations such as 1494: 12798: 6550: 3616:

Although dichlorine is a strong oxidising agent with a high first ionisation energy, it may be oxidised under extreme conditions to form the

1921: 10721: 9781: 10772: 10711: 10701: 9035: 4141:

are well-studied in spite of their instability (all of them are endothermic compounds). They are important because they are produced when

12491: 9737: 9060: 8841: 7913: 7291: 6592:

Chlorine "attack" on an acetal resin plumbing joint resulting from a fractured acetal joint in a water supply system which started at an

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Its production is thus intimately linked to the redox reactions of the chlorine oxoacids. It is a strong oxidising agent, reacting with

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enemy. After its first use, both sides in the conflict used chlorine as a chemical weapon, but it was soon replaced by the more deadly

6066:, or solid tablets of chlorinated isocyanurates. The drawback of using chlorine in swimming pools is that the chlorine reacts with the 1912: 3916:. It will also ignite water, along with many substances which in ordinary circumstances would be considered chemically inert such as 13207: 10133:

Cambier, C; Detry, B; Beerens, D; et al. (October 1998). "Effects of hyperchloremia on blood oxygen binding in healthy calves".

3428:); extreme nuclear instability hampering chemical investigation before decay and transmutation (many of the heaviest elements beyond 2064: 8065: 7683: 6642:. Chlorine-iron fires are a risk in chemical process plants, where much of the pipework that carries chlorine gas is made of steel. 10218: 7846: 6303:). Reduction in blood chloride leads to cerebral dehydration; symptoms are most often caused by rapid rehydration which results in 2165:

The most common compound of chlorine, sodium chloride, has been known since ancient times; archaeologists have found evidence that

1696: 10706: 10257: 7886:

Bouvet, Maurice (1950). "Les grands pharmaciens: Labarraque (1777–1850)" [The great pharmacists: Labarraque (1777–1850)].

7741: 4945:

on fire and even oxidises silver and gold. Although it is a weak ligand, weaker than water, a few compounds involving coordinated

12818: 10023: 10006: 8794: 8571: 1623: 9933: 9802: 7230: 3999:

chambers. It can act as a fluoride ion donor or acceptor (Lewis base or acid), although it does not dissociate appreciably into

3200:) may still be isolated. Anhydrous hydrogen chloride is a poor solvent, only able to dissolve small molecular compounds such as 15317: 12721: 12705: 7806: 6167: 4069:, is one of the five known chlorine oxide fluorides. These range from the thermally unstable FClO to the chemically unreactive 2234: 8494: 5817:") not only destroyed the smell of putrefaction of animal tissue decomposition, but also actually retarded the decomposition. 11181: 10668: 10631: 10558: 10520: 9731: 9495: 9326: 9217: 8851: 8824: 8004: 7856: 7785: 7285: 6887: 6248: 6232:

Forces in a vehicle-borne improvised explosive device attack on 23 January 2015 at the Highway 47 Kiske Junction near Mosul.

9469: 5217:). The last is very convenient in the laboratory because all side products are gaseous and do not have to be distilled out. 5192:, is also able to generate alkyl halides from methyl ketones, and related compounds. Chlorine adds to the multiple bonds on 3440:) so that the resultant binary compounds are formally not chlorides but rather oxides or fluorides of chlorine. Even though 9755: 6221: 10377: 10290: 2483:. This process was not very efficient, and alternative production methods were sought. Scottish chemist and industrialist 15575: 14419: 12731: 12689: 10384:. College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences – University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 2009-03-31. 7388: 15661: 9863: 4155:

O) is a brownish-yellow gas (red-brown when solid or liquid) which may be obtained by reacting chlorine gas with yellow

2433:

liquefied chlorine for the first time, and demonstrated that what was then known as "solid chlorine" had a structure of

14035: 12848: 7032: 6154:, destructive to living tissue and potentially lethal. Human respiratory systems can be protected from chlorine gas by 2422: 1732: 10480: 9984: 9383:

The Ghost Map: The Story of London's Most Terrifying Epidemic and How It Changed Science, Cities, and the Modern World

7944: 2671:

molecular orbital. The colour fades at low temperatures, so that solid chlorine at −195 °C is almost colourless.

174: 15744: 15310: 14050: 14040: 13123: 9636: 8888: 6991: 6941: 6916: 6295:(having too much chloride) usually does not produce symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they tend to resemble those of 5811:, a 44-year-old French chemist and pharmacist who had discovered that Berthollet's chlorinated bleaching solutions (" 1198: 117: 10168: 9511: 9013:. Lenntech Water treatment & air purification Holding B.V., Rotterdamseweg 402 M, 2629 HH Delft, The Netherlands 7974: 6485: 4113:) gas above a solution of hydrochloric acid and sodium chlorite in water, also containing dissolved chlorine dioxide 3983:

resulting in ignition without any measurable delay. Today, it is mostly used in nuclear fuel processing, to oxidise

15769: 13878: 13321: 11174: 10765: 9117: 8357: 6104: 6442: 6283:(having too little chloride) rarely occurs in the absence of other abnormalities. It is sometimes associated with 5941:

and filth in the streets surrounding the Broad Street pump – a common practice in mid-nineteenth century England.

2767:

in a ratio of about (7–10) × 10 to 1 with stable chlorine isotopes: it is produced in the atmosphere by

15286: 13509: 12905: 12484: 6129: 1282: 9586: 5494:. Saturated sodium (or potassium) chloride solution is passed through the anode compartment, leaving at a lower 2401:(and carbon dioxide). They did not succeed and published a report in which they considered the possibility that 14767: 14576: 14330: 12682: 10734: 7587:

Snelders, H. A. M. (1971). "J. S. C. Schweigger: His Romanticism and His Crystal Electrical Theory of Matter".

7093: 6031:

called for all drinking water to be disinfected with chlorine. Chlorine is presently an important chemical for

5245: 3833:

F respectively. It will also react exothermically with compounds containing –OH and –NH groups, such as water:

2683:

a very poor conductor of electricity, and indeed its conductivity is so low as to be practically unmeasurable.

1972: 1905: 6992:"The earliest salt production in the world: an early Neolithic exploitation in Poiana Slatinei-Lunca, Romania" 4264:

molecules result in the radicals ClO and ClOO, while at room temperature mostly chlorine, oxygen, and some ClO

2576:

Gaseous chlorine stored inside a 500-mL water bottle. It is not recommended to store chlorine in this manner.

2565:

Chlorine, liquefied under a pressure of 7.4 bar at room temperature, displayed in a quartz ampule embedded in

2538:(wound irrigation solutions and the like) and public sanitation, particularly in swimming and drinking water. 2233:("On Alums and Salts", an eleventh- or twelfth century Arabic text falsely attributed to Abu Bakr al-Razi and 2034:

of a new element. In 1809, chemists suggested that the gas might be a pure element, and this was confirmed by

14762: 14010: 13200: 7631: 7541: 7477: 7171: 13185: 7448: 7405: 7380:(On the nature and properties of muriatic acid and of oxidized muriatic acid), pp. 339–58. From pp. 357–58: 7147: 6902: 6058:

supplies and public swimming pools. In most private swimming pools, chlorine itself is not used, but rather

5564: 5172:

conditions, with UV light. However, the extent of chlorination is difficult to control: the reaction is not

2641:

molecule (X = Cl, Br, I), ionic radius, and X–X bond length. (Fluorine is anomalous due to its small size.)

14362: 13908: 12808: 11094: 10690: 9631:, translated by Eagleson, Mary; Brewer, William, San Diego/Berlin: Academic Press/De Gruyter, p. 411, 8883:, translated by Eagleson, Mary; Brewer, William, San Diego/Berlin: Academic Press/De Gruyter, p. 408, 7202: 6412: 5265: 2932: 2469:, France), by passing chlorine gas through a solution of sodium carbonate. The resulting liquid, known as " 9664: 6355: 5320:

industrialized in 1892, now provides most industrial chlorine gas. Along with chlorine, the method yields

5146:

modifies the physical properties of hydrocarbons in several ways: chlorocarbons are typically denser than

2999:, HCl, a major chemical in industry as well as in the laboratory, both as a gas and dissolved in water as 15764: 15729: 14144: 14088: 14082: 14004: 13979: 13873: 13436: 12953: 10758: 8802: 7181:, Scheele described how chlorine was produced when a mixture of hydrochloric acid and manganese dioxide ( 5440: 5177: 2675: 2546: 2457:

to bleach textiles in 1785. Modern bleaches resulted from further work by Berthollet, who first produced

1567: 14752: 10716: 9303: 5134:

Like the other carbon–halogen bonds, the C–Cl bond is a common functional group that forms part of core

15719: 15525: 15273: 14983: 14451: 14030: 13777: 12788: 12773: 12477: 11066: 10595: 9955:"Ignoring UN, Russia and Assad continue Syrian chemical weapons and bombing attacks labeled war crimes" 7354:[Extracts from memoirs read at the national Institute, from 7 March 1808 to 27 February 1809]. 6562: 6554: 6205: 6108: 5808: 3175: 2707: 2650: 2531: 1158: 2022:. However, the nature of free chlorine gas as a separate substance was only recognised around 1630 by 15759: 15754: 15749: 15734: 15724: 15241: 14649: 14446: 12942: 12752: 9010: 6623: 6603: 6228:. Laboratory analysis of clothing and soil samples confirmed the use of chlorine gas against Kurdish 6195: 6028: 5127:

Suggested mechanism for the chlorination of a carboxylic acid by phosphorus pentachloride to form an

4845:

The hypochlorite ions also disproportionate further to produce chloride and chlorate (3 ClO ⇌ 2 Cl +

3996: 3091:

At room temperature, hydrogen chloride is a colourless gas, like all the hydrogen halides apart from

2711: 2625:

ion is a weaker reducing agent than bromide, but a stronger one than fluoride. It is intermediate in

2566: 1898: 24: 6805: 2939:/X couples (F, +2.866 V; Cl, +1.395 V; Br, +1.087 V; I, +0.615 V; 1792: 14958: 14943: 14551: 14461: 14295: 14108: 13933: 13193: 10844: 8679: 8650: 7717: 7684:"This Month in Physics History September 4, 1821 and August 29, 1831: Faraday and Electromagnetism" 7187:"6) (a) På 1/2 uns fint rifven Brunsten slogs 1 uns ren Spiritus salis. … samt lukten fo̊rsvunnen." 6671: 6543: 5897: 5712: 5619:

disinfection products. The most significant of organic compounds in terms of production volume are

5446:

The diaphragm cell process that utilizes an asbestos diaphragm that separates the cathode and anode

5256:

in the environment is produced naturally by biological decomposition, forest fires, and volcanoes.

5202: 5082: 2743:

The most stable chlorine radioisotope is Cl. The primary decay mode of isotopes lighter than Cl is

2107: 1310: 9431:

Rezayat, C.; Widmann, W. D.; Hardy, M. A. (2006). "Henry Drysdale Dakin: More Than His Solution".

6851:

Ambrose, D; Hall, D.J; Lee, D.A; Lewis, G.B; Mash, C.J (1979). "The vapour pressure of chlorine".

6345: 6092:

itself is being directly added to drinking water for purposes of disinfection, a process known as

3003:. It is often produced by burning hydrogen gas in chlorine gas, or as a byproduct of chlorinating 2390: 14506: 14501: 14076: 13092: 12823: 9777: 9377: 6276: 5992: 5973: 5519: 5118: 5103: 4962:, in which 6 of the 14 chlorine atoms are formally divalent, and oxidation states are fractional 3486: 3471: 2703: 2454: 2386: 2330: 2269: 2023: 1646: 1138: 15678: 9106: 7352:"Extrait des mémoires lus à l'Institut national, depuis le 7 mars 1808 jusqu'au 27 février 1809" 5312:

Small batches of chlorine gas are prepared in the laboratory by combining hydrochloric acid and

4163:(HOCl), of which it is the anhydride. It is thus an effective bleach and is mostly used to make 2426: 14531: 14285: 14113: 13464: 13454: 13301: 13133: 13087: 13057: 13017: 13012: 13007: 12803: 12783: 10922: 10873: 10508: 8757:

Gribble, G. W. (1996). "Naturally occurring organohalogen compounds – A comprehensive survey".

6656: 6143: 5740: 5705: 5487: 5150:

due to the higher atomic weight of chlorine versus hydrogen, and aliphatic organochlorides are

5075: 4043: 4026: 3464: 3127:

O, the system separates completely into two separate liquid phases. Hydrochloric acid forms an

2699: 2542: 2527: 2039: 1165: 1150: 1126: 143: 10747:– the web portal of Eurochlor – the business association of the European chlor-alkali industry 10510: 9721: 8167:

M. Zreda; et al. (1991). "Cosmogenic chlorine-36 production rates in terrestrial rocks".

7920: 7351: 7275: 6722: 6704: 4337:), similar to the thermally unstable chlorine derivatives of other oxoacids: examples include 1197: 15423: 14903: 14430: 14231: 14139: 13164: 13082: 13072: 12813: 12778: 10909: 10865: 10660: 10548: 9723:

Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production

9351:

Vinten-Johansen, Peter, Howard Brody, Nigel Paneth, Stephen Rachman and Michael Rip. (2003).

7777: 7771: 7687: 6378: 6338: 5913: 5691: 5592: 5143: 4241: 4039: 3980: 3769: 3671: 3502: 8180: 6692: 3224:

replacement reactions, and oxidations are well-characterised in hydrogen chloride solution:

3107:= −7) because the hydrogen bonds to chlorine are too weak to inhibit dissociation. The HCl/H 2714:

and resultant quadrupolar relaxation. The other chlorine isotopes are all radioactive, with

15469: 15230: 15058: 14978: 14639: 14566: 14521: 14486: 14466: 14015: 13514: 13384: 13378: 13316: 13225: 12997: 12884: 12793: 11217: 11027: 11002: 10989: 10914: 10857: 10416: 10343: 8723: 8688: 8539: 8176: 8142: 8126: 8080: 7643: 7417: 7324: 7016: 6638:

can combine with chlorine at high temperatures in a strong exothermic reaction, creating a

6350: 6288: 5984: 5933: 5929: 5821: 5788: 5733: 5372: 5249: 5096: 5089: 4361: 4306: 4122: 3988: 3849: 3773: 3478: 3449: 2692: 2593: 2515: 2488: 2292: 2279: 2218: 2027: 2011: 1725: 1702: 1609: 1519: 35: 10027: 8648:

Gordon W. Gribble (1999). "The diversity of naturally occurring organobromine compounds".

6438: 5799:

offered a prize for the discovery of a method, chemical or mechanical, for separating the

2082:. The high oxidising potential of elemental chlorine led to the development of commercial 8: 15475: 15263: 14923: 14691: 14619: 14614: 14546: 14471: 14154: 14103: 13974: 13964: 13734: 13545: 13372: 13346: 13336: 13306: 13067: 12915: 12768: 12674: 11106: 11015: 10977: 10956: 10835: 9837: 8903: 8104: 6666: 6059: 6023:

The first continuous application of chlorination to drinking U.S. water was installed in

5988: 5825: 5726: 5719: 5644: 5560: 5405:

The electrolysis of chloride solutions all proceed according to the following equations:

5400: 5376: 5364: 5358: 5317: 4318: 4148: 4070: 3390: 3385: 3135: 2645: 2504: 2500: 2480: 2458: 2079: 1677: 1324: 31: 15370: 10420: 10347: 8727: 8692: 8543: 8146: 8084: 7647: 7421: 7328: 5551: 2149:. Small quantities of elemental chlorine are generated by oxidation of chloride ions in 15551: 15291: 15149: 15104: 15063: 14963: 14441: 14408: 14335: 14149: 13943: 13311: 13159: 12934: 12910: 11061: 11039: 10881: 10781: 10264: 10110: 10085: 8791: 8529: 8096: 7749: 7612: 7604: 7049: 6958: 6268: 6159: 6032: 5885: 5849: 5769: 5684: 5636: 5628: 5620: 5588: 5368: 5270: 4933: 4929: 4142: 3794: 3601: 2764: 2737: 2719: 2249:, "On the Discovery of Truth", after c. 1300) that by adding ammonium chloride to 2142: 2095: 1937: 1822: 1554: 1302: 1292: 10003: 9925: 9563: 9538: 8517: 6418: 5328:, which is the most valuable product. The process proceeds according to the following 3608:

is very insoluble in water and is thus often used as a qualitative test for chlorine.

15739: 15714: 15481: 15383: 15360: 15109: 14968: 14888: 14536: 14496: 14456: 14310: 14129: 14124: 14070: 14065: 14045: 13999: 13259: 13062: 13047: 12920: 12853: 12500: 12068: 10965: 10943: 10901: 10849: 10806: 10801: 10664: 10627: 10554: 10516: 10432: 10359: 10237: 10150: 10115: 10066: 10062: 9810: 9727: 9632: 9568: 9491: 9448: 9411: 9322: 9213: 8884: 8847: 8820: 8774: 8739: 8700: 8563: 8555: 8486: 8219: 8188: 8100: 8000: 7852: 7781: 7616: 7382:"Le gaz muriatique oxigéné n'est pas, en effect, décomposé … comme un corps composé." 7378:

De la nature et des propriétés de l'acide muriatique et de l'acide muriatique oxigéné

7312: 7281: 7234: 7189:( 6) (a) On one half ounce of finely ground Braunstein was poured one ounce of pure 7038: 7028: 6937: 6912: 6883: 6864: 6821: 6593: 6536: 6532: 6272: 6151: 6047: 5925: 5652: 5648: 5480: 5384: 5329: 5313: 5290: 5185: 5135: 5123: 4761: 4355: 4160: 4156: 4046:

form ionic adducts of the form (M = As, Sb) and water reacts vigorously as follows:

3782: 3747: 3597: 3494: 3482: 3201: 3092: 3000: 2996: 2634: 2630: 2617: 2499:

and chlorine gas, which then mixed to form sodium hypochlorite. This is known as the

2434: 2371: 2342: 2296: 2238: 2229:

and ammonium chloride or with vitriol and sodium chloride was first described in the

2222: 2210: 2198: 2083: 2056:

Because of its great reactivity, all chlorine in the Earth's crust is in the form of

2007: 1991: 1968: 1964: 1891: 1772: 1763: 1561: 1476: 1466: 785: 8154: 7802: 4101: 2275: 15539: 15511: 15499: 15493: 15436: 15387: 15366: 15246: 15073: 14953: 14516: 14491: 14481: 14159: 14025: 13969: 13724: 13706: 13675: 13670: 13665: 13655: 13650: 13645: 13597: 13586: 13446: 13286: 13265: 13254: 13220: 13052: 13002: 12981: 12503: 12132: 11837: 11666: 11495: 11414: 11333: 11306: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11151: 11126: 11074: 10948: 10652: 10424: 10351: 10142: 10105: 10097: 10058: 9833:"Islamic State militants allegedly used chlorine gas against Iraqi security forces" 9558: 9550: 9440: 9314: 9089: 8766: 8731: 8696: 8677:

Kjeld C. Engvild (1986). "Chlorine-Containing Natural Compounds in Higher Plants".

8659: 8630: 8601: 8547: 8478: 8466: 8211: 8184: 8150: 8088: 7895: 7651: 7596: 7425: 7332: 6973: 6860: 6813: 6252: 6135: 6076: 6063: 5964: 5960: 5953: 5921: 5747: 5698: 5672: 5429: 5388: 5325: 5210: 5189: 5173: 5151: 4942: 4338: 4170: 4106: 4066: 3490: 3418: 3077: 2744: 2609: 2511: 2496: 2409: 2265: 2214: 2186: 2182: 2138: 2119: 2035: 1987: 1933: 1851: 1837: 1711: 1669: 1579: 1143: 77: 13627: 13537: 9554: 9539:"Comparison of chlorine, bromine, iodine as disinfectants for swimming pool water" 9093: 8605: 8215: 6751:: "Others were chlorine gas from the reaction of nitric acid and sal ammoniac; … " 5820:

Labarraque's research resulted in the use of chlorides and hypochlorites of lime (

2333:, the deadly effect on insects, the yellow-green colour, and the smell similar to 15563: 15129: 14908: 14624: 14377: 14300: 14280: 14202: 13296: 13276: 12900: 12619: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11229: 11224: 10827: 10738: 10146: 10010: 9991: 9473: 9466: 9444: 9288: 9281: 9266: 9259: 9238: 9207: 9170: 8962: 8798: 8622: 8122: 7455: 7392: 7209: 7178: 6748: 6729: 6711: 6607: 6284: 6240: 6213: 6147: 5668: 5660: 5632: 5302: 5294: 4938: 4894: 4886: 4777: 4381: 4373: 4330: 3778: 3605: 3506: 3008: 2787: 2484: 2430: 2146: 1999: 1960: 1505: 1423: 10717:

Chlorine Production Using Mercury, Environmental Considerations and Alternatives

10685: 10428: 9751: 8976: 4117: 2561: 2345:(then known as "muriatic acid"). He failed to establish chlorine as an element. 2329:

Scheele observed several of the properties of chlorine: the bleaching effect on

1239:) 239.11 K (−34.04 °C, −29.27 °F) 15048: 14988: 14913: 14852: 14586: 14526: 14275: 13716: 13487: 13412: 13326: 13138: 12726: 11197: 11143: 10935: 10282: 9366:

The Strange Case of the Broad Street Pump: John Snow and the Mystery of Cholera

7538:(salt-making substances) for the elements chlorine, iodine, and fluorine. See: 6977: 6661: 6651: 6506: 6430: 6426: 6304: 6292: 6103:

solutions, which gradually release chlorine into the water, and compounds like

6093: 6089: 6071: 6055: 6008: 5969: 5656: 5624: 5584: 5515: 5458: 5380: 4138: 3209: 2613: 2295:, and he is credited with the discovery. Scheele produced chlorine by reacting 1810: 1663: 1571: 1340: 1192: 190: 10509:

Bertolini, Luca; Elsener, Bernhard; Pedeferri, Pietro; Polder, Rob B. (2004).

10316: 9318: 7385: 15708: 15610: 15546: 15442: 15430: 15416: 15344: 15252: 15199: 15194: 15124: 15068: 14933: 14918: 14872: 14697: 14660: 14629: 14476: 14325: 14208: 14134: 14060: 13431: 13356: 13281: 13215: 12964: 12868: 12469: 12291: 10811: 10726: 8559: 8490: 7042: 6825: 6296: 6280: 5906: 5754: 5664: 5495: 5253: 5155: 5139: 5128: 4765: 3743: 3096: 3012: 2976: 2626: 2580: 2154: 2111: 2103: 1944: 1797: 1537: 1260: 1230: 1212: 1108: 955: 15593: 9174: 9107:"Evaluation of Potential Exposures to Railway Hazardous Material Inspectors" 8551: 7899: 1530: 15350: 15204: 15154: 14938: 14928: 14883: 14877: 14847: 14842: 14600: 14511: 14413: 14357: 14320: 14269: 14248: 14197: 14164: 14093: 14055: 13994: 13959: 13857: 13479: 13459: 13331: 13230: 13077: 13037: 13032: 13027: 13022: 12863: 12629: 12599: 12345: 12174: 11879: 11279: 11212: 10819: 10436: 10363: 10355: 10280: 10119: 9452: 8743: 8567: 8223: 7656: 7430: 6995: 6615: 6100: 6036: 5901: 5833: 5804: 5491: 5450: 5281: 5169: 4999: 4769: 4178: 4164: 3695: 3213: 3189: 2944: 2799: 2550: 2523: 2519: 2242: 2194: 2087: 2075: 1995: 1982:

Chlorine played an important role in the experiments conducted by medieval

1717: 1272: 997: 864: 638: 10624:

Chemical Process Safety: Learning from Case Histories, 3rd Revised edition

10154: 10070: 9572: 8778: 8714:

Gribble, G. W. (1994). "The Natural production of chlorinated compounds".

6936:. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. 6817: 6498: 4033:) is made on a large scale by direct fluorination of chlorine with excess 15356: 15214: 15189: 15144: 15007: 14973: 14837: 14832: 14797: 14792: 14787: 14782: 14777: 14757: 14676: 14665: 14655: 14367: 14098: 13989: 13984: 13918: 13617: 13602: 13574: 13556: 13528: 13420: 13241: 13107: 12975: 12858: 12399: 12363: 12354: 12264: 12246: 12237: 11274: 11053: 8620:

Gordon W. Gribble (1998). "Naturally Occurring Organohalogen Compounds".

6577: 6505: 6244: 6183: 6163: 6139: 6024: 5813: 5014: 4393:

which immediately decompose to the elements through intermediate oxides.

3921: 3755: 3699: 3197: 3193: 3081: 3004: 2783: 2760: 2476: 2250: 2123: 2003: 1864: 1817: 1638: 1039: 1011: 1004: 934: 920: 913: 8770: 8735: 8482: 7714:

School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland

6622:. Both materials were used in hot and cold water domestic plumbing, and 6484: 5949: 5795:), and it was an odiferous and unhealthy process. In or about 1820, the 5615:

which are the precursors for producing the pure form of those elements.

5522:

is recovered as chlorine. The process relies on oxidation using oxygen:

4329:). Chlorine perchlorate may also be considered a chlorine derivative of 4167:. It explodes on heating or sparking or in the presence of ammonia gas. 2421:", meaning "salt producer", was originally used for chlorine in 1811 by 15374: 15164: 15159: 15139: 15134: 15119: 15114: 15027: 15022: 14998: 14822: 14807: 14802: 14747: 14742: 14424: 14305: 14264: 14258: 14242: 14225: 14219: 14186: 14178: 14119: 13913: 13685: 13591: 13580: 13402: 13396: 12659: 12408: 12336: 12309: 12282: 11942: 11924: 11897: 11728: 11719: 11458: 9260:

On the disinfecting properties of Labarraque's preparations of chlorine

9240:

On the disinfecting properties of Labarraque's preparations of chlorine

8092: 7336: 6806:"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)" 6619: 6491: 6209: 6067: 6015: 5987:(who gave full credit to Labarraque's prior work in this area). Called 5877: 5800: 5640: 5501: 5473: 5241: 5229: 5181: 4345:, vigorously reactive and explosive), and chlorine fluorosulfate (ClOSO 4237: 3947:

do not escape fluorination. An impermeable fluoride layer is formed by

3897: 3865: 3781:

to form carbonyl chlorofluoride, COFCl. It will react analogously with

3217: 3155: 2776: 2768: 2752: 2535: 2334: 2303: 2255: 2150: 2127: 2017: 1046: 990: 969: 948: 687: 673: 652: 524: 517: 318: 10101: 9165:

Hoefer, Jean Chrétien Ferdinand (ed.). "Labarraque, Antoine-Germain".

8634: 7608: 5269:

of the C–Cl bond to create chlorine radicals in the upper atmosphere,

3995:, as well as in the semiconductor industry, where it is used to clean 2596:

in group 17 of the periodic table. Its properties are thus similar to

15393: 15259: 15209: 15184: 15174: 15099: 14827: 14817: 14812: 14732: 14712: 14686: 14671: 14609: 14556: 14315: 14253: 14236: 14214: 14191: 13928: 13769: 13562: 13426: 13365: 13291: 13128: 13097: 13042: 12649: 12417: 12390: 12381: 12228: 12210: 12201: 12192: 11978: 11888: 11861: 11809: 11755: 11737: 11701: 11681: 11620: 11557: 11501: 11440: 11429: 11348: 11299: 11289: 11284: 10750: 10727:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health – Chlorine Page

10004:"Syrian air force behind 2018 chlorine attack on Saraqeb, OPCW finds" 9536: 8663: 8467:"A new magic cluster electron count and metal-metal multiple bonding" 7748:(9th Edition (1875) and 10th Edition (1902) ed.). Archived from 6785: 6229: 6171: 5881: 5869: 5857: 5608: 5600: 5596: 5568: 5233: 3992: 3976: 3956: 3952: 3937: 3925: 3885: 3861: 3683: 3410: 3128: 3015:

to produce hydrochloric acid, also known as the "salt-cake" process:

2987: 2791: 2715: 2654: 2166: 2115: 2048: 2006:), producing various chemical substances containing chlorine such as 1857: 1777: 1633: 1511: 1053: 1032: 1025: 906: 892: 885: 878: 715: 645: 624: 587: 545: 531: 503: 485: 441: 392: 348: 304: 295: 235: 59: 10731: 9627:

Holleman, Arnold Frederik; Wiberg, Egon (2001), Wiberg, Nils (ed.),

8879:

Holleman, Arnold Frederik; Wiberg, Egon (2001), Wiberg, Nils (ed.),

7480:[Postscript of the editor concerning the new nomenclature]. 6583: 3777:

across a multiple bond or by oxidation: for example, it will attack

2213:. However, it appears that in these early experiments with chloride 15451: 15333: 15268: 15169: 15078: 15043: 14948: 14862: 14772: 14722: 14605: 14594: 14571: 14561: 14541: 14436: 14403: 14397: 13787: 13759: 13754: 13749: 13390: 13249: 13102: 12959: 12639: 12548: 12528: 12518: 12372: 12273: 12156: 12138: 12113: 12104: 12077: 12050: 12014: 12005: 11987: 11915: 11906: 11800: 11672: 11638: 11548: 11539: 11530: 11521: 11395: 11377: 11312: 10789: 9959: 7600: 7315:(1932). "The discovery of the elements. XVII. The halogen family". 6957:

Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).

6588: 6457: 6384: 6264: 6179: 6155: 6051: 5865: 5853: 5845: 5841: 5604: 5556: 5465: 5321: 5306: 5293:

of it, through the large deposits of chloride minerals, especially

5221: 5009: 5004: 4994: 4958:

quantum chemical methods, for example, cluster technetium chloride

4182: 4034: 3929: 3917: 3901: 3881: 3873: 3857: 3441: 3437: 2940: 2622: 2597: 2291:

The element was first studied in detail in 1774 by Swedish chemist

2206: 2099: 2060: 2030:

wrote a description of chlorine gas in 1774, supposing it to be an

1952: 1843: 1065: 1018: 941: 850: 836: 820: 813: 792: 771: 743: 736: 722: 666: 659: 580: 478: 455: 385: 378: 371: 364: 272: 258: 210: 17: 10314: 8534: 6174:, which developed methods for discharging chlorine gas against an 6170:

in Berlin, in collaboration with the German chemical conglomerate

6107:(dihydrate or anhydrous), sometimes referred to as "dichlor", and 4159:. It is very soluble in water, in which it is in equilibrium with 3459:

usually leads to a higher oxidation state than bromination with Br

2674:

Like solid bromine and iodine, solid chlorine crystallises in the

2541:

Chlorine gas was first used as a weapon on April 22, 1915, at the

2378:

must be a combination of oxygen and the yet undiscovered element,

15460: 15017: 15012: 14727: 14717: 14707: 14702: 14392: 14020: 13938: 13923: 13898: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13852: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13832: 13802: 13797: 13792: 13782: 13690: 13680: 13640: 13635: 13612: 13607: 13341: 13174: 12748:

Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives

12609: 12568: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12327: 12318: 12300: 12255: 12183: 12165: 12095: 12041: 12023: 11996: 11969: 11951: 11933: 11843: 11773: 11746: 11710: 11692: 11656: 11647: 11629: 11611: 11510: 11449: 11339: 11294: 11166: 9897:"Syria Used Chlorine Bombs Systematically in Aleppo, Report Says" 9608: 9282:

The Foul and the Fragrant: Odor and the French Social Imagination

7478:"Nachschreiben des Herausgebers, die neue Nomenclatur betreffend" 6697:(in Latin). Frankfurt-am-Main, (Germany): Johann Just Erythropel. 6611: 6573: 6569: 6492: 6112: 6081: 6003: 5977: 5959:

Perhaps the most famous application of Labarraque's chlorine and

5837: 5612: 5576: 5273:

have been phased out due to the harm they do to the ozone layer.

5237: 5225: 5161: 4317:

and decomposes at room temperature to form chlorine, oxygen, and

3984: 3909: 3905: 3889: 3869: 3806: 3751: 3429: 3171: 2991:

Structure of solid deuterium chloride, with D···Cl hydrogen bonds

2803: 2795: 2601: 2589: 2418: 2241:, 1144–1187). Another important development was the discovery by 2202: 2091: 1983: 1956: 1948: 1244: 1225: (−101.5 °C, −150.7 °F) 1131: 1077: 983: 976: 962: 927: 871: 857: 806: 764: 750: 729: 708: 694: 680: 610: 559: 538: 510: 496: 469: 462: 448: 434: 355: 311: 228: 15695: 9143: 9131: 8924: 5428:

In the conventional case where sodium chloride is electrolyzed,

2549:. The effect on the allies was devastating because the existing 23:

This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see

15235: 14898: 14893: 14681: 13827: 13817: 13812: 13807: 13469: 13271: 12578: 12538: 12219: 12147: 12032: 11960: 11870: 11852: 11818: 11782: 11764: 11593: 11584: 11575: 11467: 11420: 11386: 11368: 11323: 10481:"Bleach Mixing Dangers : Washington State Dept. of Health" 10378:"What's in your Water?: Disinfectants Create Toxic By-products" 7575:(Corpora Halogenia). Desse utgöras af chlor, iod och fluor *)." 6903:

Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds

6802: 6446: 6300: 6175: 6085: 6040: 5920:

were used to disinfect the capital. This was not simply modern

5873: 5861: 5784: 5773: 5580: 5476: 5197: 5193: 4233: 3972: 3968: 3948: 3920:, concrete, glass, and sand. When heated, it will even corrode 3893: 3877: 3498: 3433: 3221: 3205: 2779: 2748: 2605: 2553:

were difficult to deploy and had not been broadly distributed.

2349: 2235:

translated into Latin in the second half of the twelfth century

1976: 1586: 1458: 1222: 1084: 899: 843: 757: 701: 631: 617: 594: 566: 552: 420: 413: 406: 325: 288: 265: 251: 219: 9311:

White's Handbook of Chlorination and Alternative Disinfectants

7544:[Annual Report on Progress in Physics and Chemistry]. 6880:

Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements

6703:(Formation of combinations and of mixtures of elements), §37, 6400: 3154:

ions – the latter, in any case, are much less stable than the

2526:

in the 1820s, in France, long before the establishment of the

92: 15569: 15179: 15094: 15053: 14340: 13744: 13739: 13729: 13568: 13551: 13504: 12969: 12433: 12122: 11827: 11485: 11359: 10744: 10512:

Corrosion of steel in concrete: prevention, diagnosis, repair

9399:. americanchemistry. Archived from the original on 2011-04-29 7707: 6626:

caused widespread failures in the US in the 1980s and 1990s.

6236: 5944: 5938: 5469: 5298: 5147: 4380:) and can readily be obtained from it by dehydrating it with 3944: 3940: 3759: 3448:

is bearing a negative charge, the compound is usually called

3414: 2772: 2756: 2722:. Of these, the most commonly used in the laboratory are Cl ( 2492: 2466: 2181:

Around 900, the authors of the Arabic writings attributed to

2170: 2071: 2042: 2031: 1092: 827: 601: 339: 244: 15302: 13823:

Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)

10405: 6422: 2221:(corrosive sublimate), whose production from the heating of 89: 15505: 14350: 14345: 13904:

2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate

12086: 12059: 11602: 11566: 11404: 10793: 10132: 10086:"The pathogenesis of hypochloremia in respiratory acidosis" 9236: 9164: 8120: 7997:

The Riddle of the Rhine: Chemical Strategy in Peace and War

7150:[On braunstein , or magnesia, and its properties]. 6635: 6546:

that are associated with negative effects on human health.

6528: 6392: 6225: 6043:. Even small water supplies are now routinely chlorinated. 5763: 5461:

the sodium product, preventing undesirable side reactions.

5165: 4177:) was the first chlorine oxide to be discovered in 1811 by 3960: 3933: 3913: 3702:. Some cationic and anionic derivatives are known, such as 3432:); and having an electronegativity higher than chlorine's ( 2572: 2226: 2134: 1171: 799: 778: 427: 399: 279: 101: 12704: 9985:"Timeline of investigations into Syria's chemical weapons" 9114:

U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

6557:

for elemental chlorine at 1 ppm, or 3 mg/m. The

5832:

The same chemicals were found to be useful in the routine

3797:

catalyst to produce heptafluoroisopropyl hypochlorite, (CF

3212:

such as tetraalkylammonium halides. It readily protonates

2341:" since it is a gas (then called "airs") and it came from 15410: 14737: 14290: 11791: 11206: 10626:. Oxford: Elsevier Science & Technology. p. 92. 7636:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

7410:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

7356:

Mémoires de Physique et de Chimie de la Société d'Arcueil

6271:

for metabolism. Chlorine is needed for the production of

5909:

was not discovered until more than half a century later.

5261: 3964: 3463:

when multiple oxidation states are available, such as in

2417:, "green-yellow"), in reference to its colour. The name " 2397:

by reacting it with charcoal to release the free element

2057: 1205: 573: 12737:

U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense

8201: 7945:"Weaponry: Use of Chlorine Gas Cylinders in World War I" 6404: 5468:(or polymer-fiber) diaphragm separates a cathode and an 5252:

have been isolated from marine algae. A majority of the

15380: 10084:

Levitin, H; Branscome, W; Epstein, FH (December 1958).

10083: 10048: 8843:

General Nursing and Midwifery Entrance Examination 2021

8518:"Unexpected Stable Stoichiometries of Sodium Chlorides" 8514: 6742:

Helmont, Johannes (Joan) Baptista Van, Encyclopedia.Com

6255:

was responsible for chlorine attacks in 2017 and 2018.

3485:

reacts with chlorine at standard conditions to produce

2706:. Both have nuclear spin 3/2+ and thus may be used for 2185:(Latin: Geber) and the Persian physician and alchemist 1604: = 815.49 pm (at triple point) 10741:– Trade association representing the chlorine industry 10594:. Bayer MaterialScience AG. 2008-04-21. Archived from 10583: 10581: 9011:"Electrolytic Processes for Chlorine and Caustic Soda" 7851:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 220. 7511:

Halit-Geschlecht dieses Wort nicht fremd ist) von αλς

6701:"Complexionum atque mistionum elementalium figmentum." 5876:, cattle-sheds, etc.; and they were beneficial during 5791:

and other products. This was done in "gut factories" (

4313:) is a pale yellow liquid that is less stable than ClO 3632:

cation is more stable and may be produced as follows:

3123:= 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6. Beyond a 1:1 mixture of HCl and H 15523: 10321:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

9869:. Kurdistan Region Security Council. March 14, 2015. 9195:. Vol. 1. Bradbury, Evans & Co. p. 427. 8759:

Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products

7994: 7552:. Stockholm, Sweden: P.A. Norstedt & Söner: 187. 6559:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

5518:, hydrogen chloride recovered from the production of 5435:

Industrially, there are three chloralkali processes:

4402:

Standard reduction potentials for aqueous Cl species

3758:(ClSCN, unlike its oxygen counterpart), and chlorine 3694:

The three fluorides of chlorine form a subset of the

2759:; and Cl may decay by either mode to stable S or Ar. 2253:, a strong solvent capable of dissolving gold (i.e., 118: 104: 95: 83: 13170:

Unethical human experimentation in the United States

10334:

Winder, Chris (2001). "The Toxicology of Chlorine".

8465:

Wheeler, Ralph A.; Hoffmann, Roald. (October 1986).

6956: 6450: 6388: 5371:. 35-40 % of chlorine produced is used to make 3670:

This reaction is conducted in the oxidising solvent

3138:

is low and it does not dissociate appreciably into H

2664:

molecular orbital and the lowest vacant antibonding

86: 10578: 10452:"Why You Should Never Mix Different Drain Cleaners" 9579: 9430: 7501:On p. 251, Schweigger proposed the word "halogen": 6850: 6115:, killing germs, microorganisms, algae, and so on. 5924:, but chlorine gas dissolved in lime-water (dilute 5787:were processed to make musical instrument strings, 5631:. Other particularly important organochlorines are 2644:All four stable halogens experience intermolecular 80: 9795: 9537:Koski T. A.; Stuart L. S.; Ortenzio L. F. (1966). 9488:The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 8805:, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 8121:Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; 7586: 7542:"Årsberättelser om Framstegen i Physik och Chemie" 7148:"Om Brunsten, eller Magnesia, och dess Egenskaper" 6134:Chlorine gas, also known as bertholite, was first 5797:Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale 4396: 4038:stoichiometric reactions have been characterised. 3682:, has also been characterised; it is analogous to 3505:. The second example also involves a reduction in 1986:, which commonly involved the heating of chloride 30:"Cl" and "Cl2" redirect here. For other uses, see 10651: 10281:NOAA Office of Response and Restoration, US GOV. 9614: 9301: 9149: 9137: 8949: 8866: 8647: 8619: 8596:M. Rossberg et al. "Chlorinated Hydrocarbons" in 8452: 8437: 8425: 8398: 8386: 8374: 8344: 8332: 8313: 8301: 8284: 8272: 8260: 8243: 8051: 8034: 7832: 7349: 7261: 7133: 6959:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" 6584:Chlorine-induced cracking in structural materials 2736:= 37.2 min), which may be produced from the 2070:Elemental chlorine is commercially produced from 15706: 10698:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 10242:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 9744: 9591:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 9416:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 9353:Cholera, Chloroform, and the Science of Medicine 8676: 7273: 5505:Membrane cell process for chloralkali production 2806:becomes more important as a way to generate Cl. 2193:865–925, Latin: Rhazes) were experimenting with 2141:, chlorine-containing organic molecules such as 2098:(PVC), many intermediates for the production of 2063:compounds, which includes table salt. It is the 1277:172.22 K, 1.392 kPa 10617: 10615: 9190: 8945: 8943: 8941: 8464: 8448: 8446: 8421: 8419: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8411: 8409: 8407: 8328: 8326: 8324: 8322: 8297: 8295: 8293: 8256: 8254: 8252: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8233: 8066:"Abundance of the Elements in the Solar System" 8047: 8045: 8043: 8030: 8028: 8026: 8024: 8022: 8020: 8018: 8016: 7885: 7828: 7826: 7824: 7503:"Man sage dafür lieber mit richter Wortbildung 7257: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7123: 6473: 6224:had used chlorine gas in the town of Duluiyah, 6200:Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian Civil War 5675:. The major inorganic compounds include HCl, Cl 1628:>10 Ω⋅m (at 20 °C) 12499: 10409:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research 9626: 9514:. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. 9485: 9304:"Ch. 9 Hypochlorination – Sodium Hypochlorite" 9205: 9086:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 8878: 8756: 8713: 8598:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7091: 6754:Wisniak, Jaime (2009) "Carl Wilhelm Scheele," 6396: 6307:. Hyperchloremia can affect oxygen transport. 6011:to disinfect water from microbial contaminants 5972:("puerperal fever") in the maternity wards of 2453:Chlorine gas was first used by French chemist 15318: 13201: 12799:Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System 12732:U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center 12690: 12485: 11182: 10766: 10333: 10077: 9467:"Drinking Water: A Half Century of Progress." 6911:(86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. 6871: 6551:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 6220:On 23 October 2014, it was reported that the 5483:disposal and they are more energy efficient. 2507:which entered commercial production in 1888. 2201:), which when it was distilled together with 1906: 1155: 10612: 10553:. iSmithers Rapra Publishing. pp. 19–. 10126: 10042: 9769: 9719: 9465:Joseph Cotruvo, Victor Kimm, Arden Calvert. 8938: 8860: 8443: 8431: 8404: 8392: 8380: 8368: 8338: 8319: 8307: 8290: 8278: 8266: 8249: 8230: 8040: 8013: 7821: 7248: 7120: 7092:Karpenko, Vladimír; Norris, John A. (2002). 6576:(another popular laundry additive) produces 5884:, outbreaks of epidemic disease, fever, and 5509: 2470: 2353: 1529: 10546: 9049: 9024: 8814: 8131:evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" 7686:. American Physical Society. Archived from 7280:. Courier Dover Publications. p. 158. 7201:(Edinburgh, Scotland: Alembic Club, 1912), 6882:. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. 6690: 5112: 2360: 2015: 43:Chemical element with atomic number 17 (Cl) 15325: 15311: 13208: 13194: 12697: 12683: 12492: 12478: 11189: 11175: 10773: 10759: 10225:. Archived from the original on 2016-04-23 8615: 8613: 8592: 8590: 8588: 7475: 7233:. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Archived from 7152:Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar 7015: 6084:, and more than six times as effective as 5945:Semmelweis and experiments with antisepsis 3991:for its enriching and to separate it from 2809: 2763:occurs in trace quantities in nature as a 2510:Elemental chlorine solutions dissolved in 1913: 1899: 1740: 1733: 1585: 58: 10310: 10308: 10109: 9926:"Syrian forces 'drop chlorine' on Aleppo" 9894: 9562: 9347: 9345: 9186: 9184: 8641: 8533: 7881: 7879: 7655: 7539: 7429: 7025:Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale 6950: 6877: 6434: 6046:Chlorine is usually used (in the form of 5778: 3611: 3380: 2461:in 1789 in his laboratory in the town of 1963:: among the elements, it has the highest 10315:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. 10250: 9656: 9270:(S. Highley, 1828) Accessed Nov 1, 2011. 9243:. Translated by James Scott. p. 8. 9104: 9074: 8471:Journal of the American Chemical Society 8166: 7995:Lefebure, Victor; Wilson, Henry (2004). 7973:. Veteran Affairs Canada. Archived from 7844: 7736: 7734: 7681: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7079: 7067: 7048: 6796: 6614:are also sensitive to attack, including 6587: 6035:(such as in water treatment plants), in 6014: 6002: 5948: 5764:Sanitation, disinfection, and antisepsis 5550: 5500: 5394: 5280: 5122: 4133:, the most stable of the chlorine oxides 4116: 4100: 3481:, or an organic chloride. For instance, 3384: 2986: 2579: 2571: 2560: 2274: 12819:Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility 12289: 10722:National Pollutant Inventory – Chlorine 10712:Production and liquefaction of chlorine 10621: 9292:. Harvard University Press. pp. 121–22. 8990: 8839: 8792:Public Health Statement – Chloromethane 8610: 8585: 8063: 8057: 7629: 7145: 6691:van Helmont, Joannis Baptistae (1682). 5916:of 1832, large quantities of so-called 5852:, and morgues. They were successful in 5563:information including a diamond-shaped 5449:The membrane cell process that uses an 4924:Perchlorates and perchloric acid (HOClO 2405:is an element, but were not convinced. 2053:, "pale green") because of its colour. 15707: 14089:Methylphosphonyl dichloride (dichloro) 14083:Methylphosphonyl difluoride (difluoro) 12706:United States chemical weapons program 12343: 12172: 11877: 10780: 10305: 9876:from the original on December 30, 2023 9830: 9665:"When Chemicals Became Weapons of War" 9662: 9476:EPA Alumni Association. March 1, 2016. 9368:. Los Angeles:University of California 9342: 9273: 9199: 9181: 9160: 9158: 9105:Beaucham, Catherine C. (August 2023). 8846:. Arihant Publications India limited. 8204:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 8114: 7876: 7763: 7172:In section 6 on pp. 93–94 of his paper 6934:CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 6853:The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 6204:Chlorine gas was also used during the 5803:membrane of animal intestines without 5363:Chlorine is primarily produced by the 2751:; that of isotopes heavier than Cl is 2370:), so a number of chemists, including 2169:was used as early as 3000 BC and 15306: 14331:Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS) 13189: 12743:U.S. Army Chemical Materials Activity 12678: 12473: 12397: 12361: 12352: 12262: 12244: 12235: 11170: 10754: 9775: 9003: 8350: 8160: 7968: 7809:from the original on 13 December 2016 7769: 7731: 7515:und dem alten γενειν (dorisch γενεν) 7366:from the original on 30 December 2023 7311: 7305: 7214: 7094:"Vitriol in the History of Chemistry" 6931: 6909:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 6629: 6249:OPCW-UN Joint Investigative Mechanism 6142:by Germany on April 22, 1915, in the 5905:known, even though the agency of the 5627:, intermediates in the production of 3689: 1871: 1868: 1826: 1821: 1809: 1806: 15576: 12406: 12334: 12307: 12280: 11940: 11922: 11895: 11726: 11717: 10327: 10293:from the original on 15 October 2015 9778:"Iraq gas attack makes hundreds ill" 9679:from the original on March 30, 2016. 9237:Labarraque, Antoine Germain (1828). 8716:Environmental Science and Technology 7800: 7530:In 1826, Berzelius coined the terms 7403: 6906: 6580:, another toxic group of chemicals. 6287:. It can be associated with chronic 6235:Another country in the middle east, 6222:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 6027:, New Jersey, in 1908. By 1918, the 5998: 5391:have integrated chloralkali assets. 3746:of chlorine are also known, such as 3095:, since hydrogen cannot form strong 2982: 2176: 14420:Dimethyl(trifluoromethylthio)arsine 12415: 12388: 12379: 12226: 12208: 12199: 12190: 11976: 11886: 11859: 11807: 11753: 11735: 11699: 11679: 11618: 11555: 11456: 11438: 11427: 11346: 10449: 10024:"Blood (Serum) Chloride Level Test" 9803:"'Chlorine bomb' hits Iraq village" 9663:Everts, Sarah (February 23, 2015). 9479: 9313:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. p. 452. 9155: 9088:, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co., 8169:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 7507:(da schon in der Mineralogie durch 7277:The development of modern chemistry 6786:"Standard Atomic Weights: Chlorine" 5486:Membrane cell electrolysis employs 5464:In diaphragm cell electrolysis, an 3971:, which may be removed by heating. 2790:activation of Cl and spallation of 2637:, enthalpy of dissociation of the X 2366:, both translating into English as 1382: 13: 14036:Dimethylamidophosphoric dichloride 12849:Edgewood Arsenal human experiments 12370: 12271: 12154: 12136: 12111: 12102: 12075: 12048: 12003: 11985: 11913: 11904: 11798: 11670: 11636: 11546: 11528: 11519: 11499: 11474: 11196: 9864:"Lab report on chlorine gas usage" 9689: 9518:from the original on 13 March 2022 9512:"Chloramines & Pool Operation" 9209:Science and technology in medicine 9098: 8358:"In Situ Cleaning of CVD Chambers" 7971:"On the Western Front, Ypres 1915" 7776:. Shire Publications Ltd. p. 6469: 6258: 6118: 5453:membrane in place of the diaphragm 4096: 3216:containing lone-pairs or π bonds. 2995:The simplest chlorine compound is 2423:Johann Salomo Christoph Schweigger 2403:dephlogisticated muriatic acid air 2395:dephlogisticated muriatic acid air 2376:dephlogisticated muriatic acid air 2339:dephlogisticated muriatic acid air 2122:agent, chlorine was first used in 1484:1st: 1251.2 kJ/mol 1287:416.9 K, 7.991 MPa 14: 15781: 15404:Additional chemicals (E1100–1599) 14051:Ethylphosphonoselenoic dichloride 14041:Dimethylamidophosphoric dicyanide 12325: 12316: 12298: 12253: 12163: 12093: 12066: 12039: 12021: 12012: 11994: 11967: 11949: 11931: 11841: 11771: 11744: 11708: 11654: 11645: 11627: 11609: 11537: 11508: 11447: 11393: 11375: 11337: 11310: 10679: 9702:from the original on 15 June 2024 9169:. Vol. 28. pp. 323–24. 8819:. Blackwell Science. p. 68. 8815:Connell, D.; et al. (1999). 6565:of 0.5 ppm over 15 minutes. 6208:in 2007, with insurgents packing 5443:that utilizes a mercury electrode 5168:alkanes may be chlorinated under 2798:. In the subsurface environment, 2530:. This practice was pioneered by 15687: 15670: 15653: 15636: 15619: 15602: 15585: 15557: 15545: 15533: 13879:Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate 13322:2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin 12217: 12181: 12145: 12030: 11958: 11868: 11850: 11780: 11762: 11690: 11591: 11582: 11573: 11418: 11321: 10567:from the original on 10 May 2013 10540: 10502: 10473: 10443: 10399: 10370: 10274: 10211: 10186: 10161: 10063:10.1097/00007611-198610000-00025 10016: 9997: 9978: 9947: 9918: 9888: 9856: 9824: 9740:from the original on 2015-12-31. 9713: 9683: 9644: 9620: 9530: 9504: 9338:from the original on 2022-10-09. 9247:from the original on 2015-12-31. 9226:from the original on 2015-12-31. 7888:Revue d'Histoire de la Pharmacie 7708:O'Connor J. J.; Robertson E. F. 6841:, Gas Encyclopaedia, Air Liquide 6354: 6349: 6344: 6105:sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione 5102: 5095: 5088: 5081: 5074: 4358:does not proceed to completion. 2038:in 1810, who named it after the 1886: 1885: 1490:3rd: 3822 kJ/mol 1487:2nd: 2298 kJ/mol 1350: 76: 15287:List of chemical warfare agents 13510:Dibutylchloromethyltin chloride 12120: 11825: 11816: 11483: 11465: 11384: 11366: 10644: 10529:from the original on 2023-12-30 10491:from the original on 2016-04-14 10462:from the original on 2016-04-25 10388:from the original on 2014-09-03 10200:from the original on 2021-04-27 10175:from the original on 2020-05-10 9967:from the original on 2017-04-25 9936:from the original on 2017-05-13 9907:from the original on 2017-05-15 9845:from the original on 2021-12-19 9784:from the original on 2007-03-17 9758:from the original on 2007-08-21 9669:Chemical & Engineering News 9597:from the original on 2015-02-15 9459: 9424: 9389: 9371: 9358: 9295: 9251: 9230: 9167:Nouvelle biographie universelle 9118:Health Hazard Evaluation Report 8969: 8955: 8917: 8896: 8872: 8840:Experts, Arihant (2020-11-01). 8833: 8808: 8785: 8750: 8707: 8670: 8574:from the original on 2023-09-07 8508: 8497:from the original on 2023-03-10 8458: 8195: 8155:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 7988: 7962: 7951:from the original on 2008-07-02 7937: 7906: 7865:from the original on 2023-12-30 7838: 7794: 7701: 7675: 7664:from the original on 2020-04-23 7623: 7580: 7556:from the original on 2020-04-23 7524: 7492:from the original on 2020-04-23 7469: 7438:from the original on 2020-04-23 7397: 7343: 7294:from the original on 2023-12-30 7267: 7162:from the original on 2020-04-23 7139: 7108:from the original on 2021-12-18 7085: 7073: 7061: 7009: 6756:Revista CENIC Ciencias Químicas 6694:Opera omnia [All Works] 6684: 6130:Chemical weapons in World War I 5891: 5546: 4397:Chlorine oxoacids and oxyanions 3817:; and with the sulfur oxides SO 3111:O system has many hydrates HCl· 3007:. Another approach is to treat 2815:Halogen bond energies (kJ/mol) 2786:, Cl is generated primarily by 2118:to most living organisms. As a 1947:17. The second-lightest of the 12084: 12057: 11600: 11564: 11402: 11357: 10547:Lewis, P.R. (1 January 2000). 9895:Gladstone, Rick (2017-02-13). 9831:Morris, Loveday (2014-10-23). 9587:"Disinfection with chloramine" 9000:, 1970 ed., Dover publications 7947:. historynet.com. 2006-06-12. 7803:"Bleach (Sodium Hypochlorite)" 7146:Scheele, Carl Wilhelm (1774). 6984: 6925: 6896: 6844: 6832: 6778: 6189: 6123: 5559:carrying chlorine, displaying 4760:Chlorine forms four oxoacids: 3455:Chlorination of metals with Cl 2584:Solid chlorine at −150 °C 2259:) could be produced. Although 1672: (gas, at 0 °C) 1471:Pauling scale: 3.16 1: 15332: 11789: 10589:"Chlorine: Product Datasheet" 10171:. Sigma-Aldrich. 2021-07-29. 9615:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 9555:10.1128/AEM.14.2.276-279.1966 9355:. New York:Oxford University. 9212:. Springer. pp. 181–82. 9150:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 9138:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 9094:10.1002/14356007.a06_399.pub2 8950:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 8867:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 8817:Introduction to Ecotoxicology 8606:10.1002/14356007.a06_233.pub2 8453:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 8438:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 8426:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 8399:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 8387:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 8375:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 8345:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 8333:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 8314:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 8302:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 8285:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 8273:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 8261:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 8244:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 8216:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.10.015 8052:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 8035:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 7833:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 7482:Journal für Chemie und Physik 7317:Journal of Chemical Education 7262:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 7134:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 6771: 6007:Chlorinated water is used in 5432:and chlorine are coproducts. 5352: 5276: 5266:persistent organic pollutants 5244:. Organochlorides, including 4077:), the other three being FClO 2933:standard electrode potentials 2718:too short to occur in nature 2556: 2487:first produced a solution of 2448: 2190: 2110:. Elemental chlorine at high 1647:Molar magnetic susceptibility 14363:Trimethylolpropane phosphite 13909:Neopentylene fluorophosphate 12906:Operation Davy Jones' Locker 12809:Pine Bluff Chemical Activity 10691:The Periodic Table of Videos 10263:. 1997-10-23. Archived from 10147:10.1152/jappl.1998.85.4.1267 9809:. 2007-05-17. Archived from 9752:"Weapons of War: Poison Gas" 9490:(81st ed.). CRC press. 9445:10.1016/j.cursur.2006.04.009 9059:. Euro Chlor. Archived from 9034:. Euro Chlor. Archived from 9032:"The diaphragm cell process" 8701:10.1016/0031-9422(86)80002-4 8189:10.1016/0012-821X(91)90123-Y 7350:Gay-Lussac; Thenard (1809). 6865:10.1016/0021-9614(79)90139-3 5963:solutions was in 1847, when 3698:compounds, all of which are 2678:, in a layered lattice of Cl 2286: 2209:of various metals) produced 2114:is extremely dangerous, and 2049: 7: 14145:3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol 14005:N,N-Diisopropylaminoethanol 13874:Diisopropyl fluorophosphate 12954:Methylphosphonyl difluoride 10429:10.1016/j.mrrev.2007.09.001 9776:Mahdi, Basim (2007-03-17). 9386:. New York :Riverhead Books 9057:"The membrane cell process" 8803:Centers for Disease Control 8600:2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. 8362:Semiconductor International 7848:History of Industrial Gases 7476:Schweigger, J.S.C. (1811). 6878:Arblaster, John W. (2018). 6645: 6062:, formed from chlorine and 5868:(both on land and at sea), 5178:Friedel-Crafts halogenation 2686: 2676:orthorhombic crystal system 2479:"), was a weak solution of 2374:, suggested that Scheele's 2157:response against bacteria. 2014:(corrosive sublimate), and 1599: = 455.83 pm 1594: = 630.80 pm 1335:33.949 J/(mol·K) 10: 15786: 14984:Hexamethylene diisocyanate 14452:Phenylcarbylamine chloride 13778:Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride 12789:Edgewood Chemical Activity 12774:Anniston Chemical Activity 11688: 11517: 11436: 11355: 11319: 11221: 10694:(University of Nottingham) 10515:. Wiley-VCH. p. 148. 9726:. MIT Press. p. 226. 9364:Hemphill, Sandra. (2007). 9302:Lewis, Kenneth A. (2010). 8064:Cameron, A. G. W. (1973). 7567:"De förre af dessa, d. ä. 6810:Pure and Applied Chemistry 6563:recommended exposure limit 6555:permissible exposure limit 6549:In the United States, the 6310: 6247:and rockets. In 2016, the 6206:Iraq War in Anbar Province 6193: 6127: 6109:trichloro-s-triazinetrione 5809:Antoine-Germain Labarraque 5783:In France (as elsewhere), 5767: 5398: 5356: 5116: 4240:, phosphorus halides, and 3344:+ HCl (ligand replacement) 2782:. In the top meter of the 2708:nuclear magnetic resonance 2690: 2532:Antoine-Germain Labarraque 2518:) were first used as anti- 2173:as early as 6000 BC. 2160: 2043: 1259:when liquid (at 493: 361: 301: 241: 216: 29: 22: 15: 15340: 15282: 15242:Fluoroethyl fluoroacetate 15223: 15087: 15036: 14997: 14861: 14638: 14585: 14447:Perchloromethyl mercaptan 14376: 14177: 13952: 13866: 13858:4-686-293-01 (Agent 1-10) 13768: 13715: 13699: 13626: 13536: 13527: 13497: 13478: 13445: 13411: 13364: 13355: 13240: 13152: 13116: 12990: 12943:3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate 12933: 12893: 12877: 12841: 12832: 12761: 12753:Chemical mortar battalion 12712: 12591: 12510: 12431: 12131: 11836: 11665: 11494: 11413: 11332: 11305: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11216: 11211: 11204: 11119: 11051: 10934: 10900: 10788: 10657:Chemistry of the Elements 10655:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). 10013:BBC News. April 12, 2021. 9994:. Reuters. April 9, 2018. 9652:The Canadian Encyclopedia 9319:10.1002/9780470561331.ch9 8927:. Vinyl Council Australia 7805:. University of Bristol. 7540:Berzelius, Jacob (1826). 7274:Ihde, Aaron John (1984). 6907:Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). 6624:stress corrosion cracking 6604:stress corrosion cracking 6325: 6320: 6239:, has used chlorine as a 6196:Chlorine bombings in Iraq 6029:US Department of Treasury 5510:Non-chloralkali processes 4971:Chlorine oxidation state 3997:chemical vapor deposition 3750:(ClCN, linear), chlorine 3674:. The trichloride anion, 3208:, or salts with very low 2729:= 3.0×10 y) and Cl ( 2712:nuclear quadrupole moment 2704:silicon-burning processes 1884: 1880: 1863: 1816: 1803: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1724: 1709: 1695: 1690: 1676: 1662: 1645: 1632: 1622: 1608: 1578: 1560: 1550: 1545: 1528: 1518: 1504: 1475: 1465: 1422: 1417: 1339: 1323: 1319:) 20.41 kJ/mol 1309: 1291: 1281: 1271: 1257: 1243: 1229: 1211: 1191: 1186: 1178: 1164: 1149: 1137: 1125: 1106: 1083: 196: 188: 184: 158: 142: 138: 130: 71: 66: 57: 25:Chlorine (disambiguation) 15745:Hazardous air pollutants 15400:Miscellaneous (E900–999) 14959:Chloroacetophenone oxime 14944:Bromomethyl ethyl ketone 14552:Trifluoroacetyl chloride 14462:Tetrachlorodinitroethane 14109:Phosphorus pentachloride 13934:Methanesulfonyl fluoride 12727:U.S. Army Chemical Corps 10622:Sanders, Roy E. (2004). 9191:Knight, Charles (1867). 8906:. The Chlorine Institute 8651:Chemical Society Reviews 8123:Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik 7999:. Kessinger Publishing. 7054:The Origins of Chemistry 6978:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae 6677: 6672:Reductive dechlorination 6572:additive) combined with 6544:disinfection by-products 6413:Precautionary statements 6277:electrolyte disturbances 6168:Kaiser Wilhelm Institute 5520:organochlorine compounds 5285:Liquid chlorine analysis 5203:phosphorus pentachloride 5113:Organochlorine compounds 3413:, with the exception of 2616:, it is intermediate in 2282:, discoverer of chlorine 2231:De aluminibus et salibus 2145:have been implicated in 2133:In the form of chloride 1132:group 17 (halogens) 16:Not to be confused with 15770:Swimming pool equipment 15238:(variants and mixtures) 14507:Trichloronitrosomethane 14502:Trifluoronitrosomethane 14077:Methyldichlorophosphine 13093:XM736 8-inch projectile 12824:Umatilla Chemical Depot 11120:Chlorine(I) derivatives 10707:Electrolytic production 10550:Polymer Product Failure 9754:. First World War.com. 9486:Hammond, C. R. (2000). 9257:Scott, James (trans.). 9206:Gédéon, Andras (2006). 8925:"About Vinyl: Chlorine" 8552:10.1126/science.1244989 8181:1991E&PSL.105...94Z 7900:10.3406/pharm.1950.8662 7845:Almqvist, Ebbe (2003). 7746:Encyclopædia Britannica 7546:Arsb. Vetensk. Framsteg 7447:Davy named chlorine on 5993:Century Pharmaceuticals 5974:Vienna General Hospital 5807:. The prize was won by 5441:Castner–Kellner process 5180:, using chlorine and a 5119:Organochlorine compound 3487:zirconium tetrachloride 3417:in the highly unstable 2810:Chemistry and compounds 2588:Chlorine is the second 2387:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac 2270:Jan Baptist van Helmont 2247:De inventione veritatis 2078:, predominantly in the 2024:Jan Baptist van Helmont 15037:Cornea-clouding agents 14532:Phosphorus trichloride 14114:Phosphorus trichloride 13848:Miotine (AR-28/T-1843) 13302:Phosphorus trifluoride 13088:M687 155 mm projectile 13058:M360 105 mm projectile 13018:M121 155 mm projectile 13013:M110 155 mm projectile 13008:M104 155 mm projectile 12804:Newport Chemical Depot 12784:Deseret Chemical Depot 12722:2nd Chemical Battalion 12715:centers and institutes 10356:10.1006/enrs.2000.4110 10336:Environmental Research 10219:"Facts About Chlorine" 9692:"Gas in The Great War" 9279:Corbin, Alain (1988). 8904:"Chlorine Manufacture" 7969:Staff (29 July 2004). 7657:10.1098/rstl.1823.0016 7431:10.1098/rstl.1811.0001 7404:Davy, Humphry (1811). 6932:Weast, Robert (1984). 6657:Chlorine gas poisoning 6610:suspension rods. Some 6598: 6480: 6144:Second Battle of Ypres 6054:and other microbes in 6020: 6012: 5956: 5914:Paris cholera outbreak 5779:Combating putrefaction 5571: 5506: 5286: 5154:because chloride is a 5131: 4372:) is the anhydride of 4134: 4114: 4044:antimony pentafluoride 4027:Chlorine pentafluoride 3612:Polychlorine compounds 3405: 3381:Other binary chlorides 2992: 2585: 2577: 2569: 2543:Second Battle of Ypres 2528:germ theory of disease 2471: 2361: 2354: 2283: 2268:chemist and physician 2016: 1967:and the third-highest 1624:Electrical resistivity 1534: 1267:1.5625 g/cm 1166:Electron configuration 144:Standard atomic weight 14431:Disulfur decafluoride 14232:Chlorophenylsilatrane 14140:2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 13165:Dugway sheep incident 13083:M60 105 mm projectile 13073:M44 generator cluster 12814:Pueblo Chemical Depot 12779:Blue Grass Army Depot 12762:Industrial facilities 10661:Butterworth-Heinemann 10653:Greenwood, Norman N. 10601:on September 15, 2012 9720:Smil, Vaclav (2000). 9084:(2006) "Chlorine" in 8073:Space Science Reviews 7770:Aspin, Chris (1981). 6818:10.1515/pac-2019-0603 6591: 6479: 6150:of the lungs to form 6018: 6006: 5952: 5836:and deodorization of 5593:aluminium trichloride 5554: 5504: 5395:Chloralkali processes 5284: 5188:, using chlorine and 5126: 4242:potassium borohydride 4120: 4104: 4040:Arsenic pentafluoride 3841:O + 2 ClF ⟶ 2 HF + Cl 3770:Chlorine monofluoride 3672:arsenic pentafluoride 3600:is mostly ionic, but 3503:uranium tetrachloride 3388: 2990: 2775:by interactions with 2740:of natural chlorine. 2583: 2575: 2564: 2391:Louis-Jacques Thénard 2278: 1951:, it appears between 1618:10 W/(m⋅K) 1533: 134:pale yellow-green gas 15470:Potassium persulfate 15231:Methyl fluoroacetate 15059:Methyl cyanoacrylate 14979:Allyl isothiocyanate 14567:Uranium hexafluoride 14522:Dinitrogen tetroxide 14467:Chlorine trifluoride 13515:Selenium oxychloride 13385:Phenyldichloroarsine 13379:Methyldichloroarsine 13317:Nickel tetracarbonyl 13117:Protective equipment 12998:BLU-80/B Bigeye bomb 12885:Operation Ranch Hand 12794:Hawthorne Army Depot 9593:. Atlanta, Georgia. 9543:Applied Microbiology 9080:Schmittinger, Peter 8965:. Westlake Chemical. 7914:"Chlorine – History" 7682:Chodos, Alan (ed.). 7630:Faraday, M. (1823). 7466:gas.* *From χλωρος." 7056:. London: Oldbourne. 7047:vol. II, pp. 41–42; 6462:(fire diamond) 6289:respiratory acidosis 6019:Liquid pool chlorine 5985:Henry Drysdale Dakin 5930:calcium hypochlorite 5822:calcium hypochlorite 5373:poly(vinyl chloride) 5250:carbon tetrachloride 4362:Dichlorine heptoxide 4307:Chlorine perchlorate 4123:dichlorine heptoxide 3989:uranium hexafluoride 3850:Chlorine trifluoride 3774:chlorine trifluoride 3479:carbon tetrachloride 3450:nitrogen trichloride 2693:Isotopes of chlorine 2646:van der Waals forces 2516:calcium hypochlorite 2489:calcium hypochlorite 2427:Jöns Jakob Berzelius 2293:Carl Wilhelm Scheele 2280:Carl Wilhelm Scheele 2219:mercury(II) chloride 2065:second-most abundant 2028:Carl Wilhelm Scheele 2012:mercury(II) chloride 1726:Isotopes of chlorine 1703:Carl Wilhelm Scheele 1610:Thermal conductivity 1520:Van der Waals radius 1342:Vapour pressure 1311:Heat of vaporisation 36:CL2 (disambiguation) 15476:Ammonium persulfate 14924:Bromobenzyl cyanide 14692:Dimethylheptylpyran 14620:Diphenylcyanoarsine 14615:Diphenylchlorarsine 14547:Methyl vinyl ketone 14472:Perchloryl fluoride 14336:Bicyclic phosphates 14155:Trimethyl phosphite 14104:Phosphoryl chloride 13373:Ethyldichloroarsine 13347:Chloral cyanohydrin 13337:Acetone cyanohydrin 13307:Methyl cyanoformate 13068:M43 BZ cluster bomb 12916:Operation Steel Box 12769:Anniston Army Depot 10421:2007MRRMR.636..178R 10348:2001ER.....85..105W 9838:The Washington Post 9629:Inorganic Chemistry 8881:Inorganic Chemistry 8771:10.1021/np50088a001 8736:10.1021/es00056a712 8728:1994EnST...28..310G 8693:1986PChem..25..781E 8544:2013Sci...342.1502Z 8528:(6165): 1502–1505. 8483:10.1021/ja00281a025 8147:2003NuPhA.729....3A 8085:1973SSRv...15..121C 7926:on 21 February 2007 7773:The Cotton Industry 7648:1823RSPT..113..160F 7632:"On fluid chlorine" 7534:(salt-formers) and 7422:1811RSPT..101....1D 7329:1932JChEd...9.1915W 7082:, pp. 160–163. 7050:Multhauf, Robert P. 6667:Polymer degradation 6553:(OSHA) has set the 6317: 6060:sodium hypochlorite 5850:anatomical theatres 5826:sodium hypochlorite 5645:vinylidene chloride 5599:, the chlorides of 5561:hazardous materials 5401:Chloralkali process 5377:ethylene dichloride 5365:chloralkali process 5359:Chlorine production 5318:chloralkali process 5301:wells, such as the 5271:chlorofluorocarbons 4912:+ 5 Cl + 6 H ⟶ 3 Cl 4403: 4319:dichlorine hexoxide 4299:ClO• + O• ⟶ Cl• + O 4149:Dichlorine monoxide 4143:chlorofluorocarbons 4071:perchloryl fluoride 3391:nickel(II) chloride 3136:dielectric constant 2816: 2651:electron transition 2505:chloralkali process 2501:chloralkali process 2481:sodium hypochlorite 2459:sodium hypochlorite 2393:tried to decompose 2143:chlorofluorocarbons 2080:chloralkali process 1699:and first isolation 1477:Ionisation energies 1325:Molar heat capacity 1187:Physical properties 1179:Electrons per shell 54: 32:CL (disambiguation) 15765:Reactive nonmetals 15730:Diatomic nonmetals 15361:acidity regulators 15292:CB military symbol 15150:Enterotoxin type B 15105:Cyclopiazonic acid 15064:N-Methylmorpholine 14964:Ethyl bromoacetate 14442:Ethyl bromoacetate 14409:Perfluoroisobutene 14150:Triethyl phosphite 13421:Levinstein mustard 13312:Iron pentacarbonyl 13160:CB military symbol 12911:Operation Geranium 12713:Units, formations, 10902:Chlorine fluorides 10782:Chlorine compounds 10737:2012-08-27 at the 10732:Chlorine Institute 10009:2021-12-18 at the 9990:2021-12-18 at the 9901:The New York Times 9650:"Battle of Ypres" 9472:2020-07-31 at the 9287:2015-12-31 at the 9265:2015-12-31 at the 8979:. Formosa Plastics 8952:, pp. 796–800 8797:2007-09-27 at the 8455:, pp. 856–870 8440:, pp. 883–885 8428:, pp. 844–850 8401:, pp. 875–880 8389:, pp. 832–835 8377:, pp. 828–831 8347:, pp. 835–842 8335:, pp. 824–828 8316:, pp. 842–844 8304:, pp. 821–844 8287:, pp. 818–819 8275:, pp. 812–816 8263:, pp. 809–812 8246:, pp. 853–856 8093:10.1007/BF00172440 8054:, pp. 804–809 8037:, pp. 800–804 7977:on 6 December 2008 7569:de electronegativa 7454:2021-12-18 at the 7391:2008-07-25 at the 7337:10.1021/ed009p1915 7313:Weeks, Mary Elvira 7208:2021-12-18 at the 7177:2021-12-18 at the 7158:: 89–116, 177–94. 7070:, p. 142, note 79. 6747:2021-12-18 at the 6728:2023-12-30 at the 6710:2023-12-30 at the 6640:chlorine-iron fire 6630:Chlorine-iron fire 6599: 6481: 6315: 6269:essential nutrient 6160:activated charcoal 6033:water purification 6021: 6013: 5957: 5770:Water chlorination 5637:methylene chloride 5621:1,2-dichloroethane 5589:polyvinyl chloride 5572: 5507: 5488:permeable membrane 5369:water disinfection 5287: 5132: 4934:barium perchlorate 4930:sodium perchlorate 4401: 4135: 4115: 3809:RCN to produce RCF 3795:potassium fluoride 3754:(ClNCO), chlorine 3690:Chlorine fluorides 3602:aluminium chloride 3497:when heated under 3406: 3240:+ PhH (solvolysis) 3011:with concentrated 2993: 2814: 2765:cosmogenic nuclide 2738:neutron activation 2586: 2578: 2570: 2514:water (sodium and 2429:in 1826. In 1823, 2284: 2096:polyvinyl chloride 1892:Category: Chlorine 1551:Natural occurrence 1541: 1535: 1090: 1073: 122:-een, -⁠eyen 46: 15720:Chemical elements 15521: 15520: 15482:Potassium bromate 15463: 15454: 15394:Flavour enhancers 15388:anticaking agents 15300: 15299: 15110:Histrionicotoxins 15088:Biological toxins 14969:Ethyl iodoacetate 14537:Methyl isocyanate 14497:Selenoyl fluoride 14487:Mercuric chloride 14457:Tetranitromethane 14311:Sulfuryl fluoride 14296:HN3 hydrochloride 14291:HN2 hydrochloride 14286:HN1 hydrochloride 14173: 14172: 14130:Phenacyl chloride 14125:Pinacolyl alcohol 14071:Isopropyl alcohol 14066:4-Hydroxycoumarin 14000:1,8-Dibromooctane 13523: 13522: 13447:Nitrogen mustards 13260:Cyanogen chloride 13183: 13182: 13063:M426 8-inch shell 13048:M23 chemical mine 12929: 12928: 12921:Operation Red Hat 12854:Operation Top Hat 12672: 12671: 12504:chemical elements 12467: 12466: 12460: 12459: 12426: 12425: 11164: 11163: 11090: 10670:978-0-08-037941-8 10633:978-0-7506-7749-3 10560:978-1-85957-192-7 10522:978-3-527-30800-2 10169:"Chlorine 295132" 10102:10.1172/JCI103758 9733:978-0-262-69313-4 9696:KU Medical Center 9497:978-0-8493-0481-1 9328:978-0-470-56133-1 9219:978-0-387-27874-2 9193:Arts and sciences 8998:General Chemistry 8853:978-93-252-9132-4 8826:978-0-632-03852-7 8635:10.1021/ar9701777 8477:(21): 6605–6610. 8135:Nuclear Physics A 8130: 8006:978-1-4179-3546-8 7858:978-0-306-47277-0 7787:978-0-85263-545-2 7710:"Michael Faraday" 7536:Corpora Halogenia 7287:978-0-486-64235-2 7264:, pp. 792–93 7136:, pp. 789–92 6998:on April 30, 2011 6966:Chinese Physics C 6889:978-1-62708-155-9 6594:injection molding 6561:has designated a 6537:hypochlorous acid 6533:hydrochloric acid 6519:Chemical compound 6517: 6516: 6379:Hazard statements 6299:(having too much 6273:hydrochloric acid 6152:hydrochloric acid 6048:hypochlorous acid 5999:Public sanitation 5926:calcium hydroxide 5900:"), and to treat 5824:) and of sodium ( 5789:Goldbeater's skin 5785:animal intestines 5673:trichlorobenzenes 5653:perchloroethylene 5649:trichloroethylene 5385:Westlake Chemical 5330:chemical equation 5314:manganese dioxide 5291:parts per million 5186:haloform reaction 5152:alkylating agents 5136:organic chemistry 5110: 5109: 4841: 4840: 4837:= 7.5 × 10 mol l 4812:= 4.2 × 10 mol l 4762:hypochlorous acid 4758: 4757: 4356:hydrogen fluoride 4161:hypochlorous acid 4157:mercury(II) oxide 3783:hexafluoroacetone 3748:cyanogen chloride 3598:scandium chloride 3495:hexachloropropene 3483:zirconium dioxide 3202:nitrosyl chloride 3093:hydrogen fluoride 3001:hydrochloric acid 2997:hydrogen chloride 2983:Hydrogen chloride 2928: 2927: 2635:electron affinity 2631:ionisation energy 2618:electronegativity 2610:valence electrons 2455:Claude Berthollet 2372:Claude Berthollet 2343:hydrochloric acid 2239:Gerard of Cremona 2211:hydrogen chloride 2199:ammonium chloride 2177:Early discoveries 2008:hydrogen chloride 1992:ammonium chloride 1969:electronegativity 1965:electron affinity 1927: 1926: 1876: 1875: 1710:Recognized as an 1686:: 7782-50-5 1634:Magnetic ordering 1580:Lattice constants 1562:Crystal structure 1536: 1524:175 pm 1467:Electronegativity 1457:(a strongly 1418:Atomic properties 1412: 1411: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1088: 1071: 1061: 1060: 787:Mercury (element) 15777: 15760:Pulmonary agents 15755:Oxidizing agents 15750:Industrial gases 15735:Gases with color 15725:Chemical hazards 15700: 15692: 15691: 15690: 15683: 15682:from Wikiversity 15675: 15674: 15673: 15666: 15658: 15657: 15656: 15649: 15641: 15640: 15639: 15632: 15624: 15623: 15622: 15615: 15607: 15606: 15605: 15598: 15590: 15589: 15588: 15578: 15562: 15561: 15560: 15550: 15549: 15538: 15537: 15536: 15529: 15512:Benzoyl peroxide 15500:Azodicarbonamide 15494:Chlorine dioxide 15461: 15452: 15424:Improving agents 15417:Synthetic glazes 15327: 15320: 15313: 15304: 15303: 15274:White phosphorus 15251:post-combustion 15247:Depleted uranium 15074:Osmium tetroxide 14954:Phenacyl bromide 14517:Nitrogen dioxide 14492:Selenium dioxide 14482:Cadmium chloride 13939:Dimefox (TL-792) 13534: 13533: 13362: 13361: 13287:Hydrogen sulfide 13266:Hydrogen cyanide 13255:Cyanogen bromide 13221:chemical warfare 13210: 13203: 13196: 13187: 13186: 13053:M34 cluster bomb 13003:M1 chemical mine 12839: 12838: 12699: 12692: 12685: 12676: 12675: 12665: 12655: 12645: 12635: 12625: 12615: 12605: 12584: 12574: 12564: 12554: 12544: 12534: 12524: 12494: 12487: 12480: 12471: 12470: 12436: 12435: 12422: 12420: 12413: 12411: 12404: 12402: 12395: 12393: 12386: 12384: 12377: 12375: 12368: 12366: 12359: 12357: 12350: 12348: 12341: 12339: 12332: 12330: 12323: 12321: 12314: 12312: 12305: 12303: 12296: 12294: 12287: 12285: 12278: 12276: 12269: 12267: 12260: 12258: 12251: 12249: 12242: 12240: 12233: 12231: 12224: 12222: 12215: 12213: 12206: 12204: 12197: 12195: 12188: 12186: 12179: 12177: 12170: 12168: 12161: 12159: 12152: 12150: 12143: 12141: 12127: 12125: 12118: 12116: 12109: 12107: 12100: 12098: 12091: 12089: 12082: 12080: 12073: 12071: 12064: 12062: 12055: 12053: 12046: 12044: 12037: 12035: 12028: 12026: 12019: 12017: 12010: 12008: 12001: 11999: 11992: 11990: 11983: 11981: 11974: 11972: 11965: 11963: 11956: 11954: 11947: 11945: 11938: 11936: 11929: 11927: 11920: 11918: 11911: 11909: 11902: 11900: 11893: 11891: 11884: 11882: 11875: 11873: 11866: 11864: 11857: 11855: 11848: 11846: 11832: 11830: 11823: 11821: 11814: 11812: 11805: 11803: 11796: 11794: 11787: 11785: 11778: 11776: 11769: 11767: 11760: 11758: 11751: 11749: 11742: 11740: 11733: 11731: 11724: 11722: 11715: 11713: 11706: 11704: 11697: 11695: 11686: 11684: 11677: 11675: 11661: 11659: 11652: 11650: 11643: 11641: 11634: 11632: 11625: 11623: 11616: 11614: 11607: 11605: 11598: 11596: 11589: 11587: 11580: 11578: 11571: 11569: 11562: 11560: 11553: 11551: 11544: 11542: 11535: 11533: 11526: 11524: 11515: 11513: 11506: 11504: 11490: 11488: 11481: 11479: 11472: 11470: 11463: 11461: 11454: 11452: 11445: 11443: 11434: 11432: 11425: 11423: 11409: 11407: 11400: 11398: 11391: 11389: 11382: 11380: 11373: 11371: 11364: 11362: 11353: 11351: 11344: 11342: 11328: 11326: 11317: 11315: 11207: 11191: 11184: 11177: 11168: 11167: 11088: 10892: 10775: 10768: 10761: 10752: 10751: 10674: 10659:(2nd ed.). 10638: 10637: 10619: 10610: 10609: 10607: 10606: 10600: 10593: 10585: 10576: 10575: 10573: 10572: 10544: 10538: 10537: 10535: 10534: 10506: 10500: 10499: 10497: 10496: 10477: 10471: 10470: 10468: 10467: 10447: 10441: 10440: 10415:(1–3): 178–242. 10403: 10397: 10396: 10394: 10393: 10374: 10368: 10367: 10331: 10325: 10324: 10312: 10303: 10302: 10300: 10298: 10278: 10272: 10271: 10269: 10262: 10254: 10248: 10247: 10241: 10233: 10231: 10230: 10215: 10209: 10208: 10206: 10205: 10190: 10184: 10183: 10181: 10180: 10165: 10159: 10158: 10135:J. Appl. Physiol 10130: 10124: 10123: 10113: 10081: 10075: 10074: 10046: 10040: 10039: 10037: 10035: 10030:on 31 March 2009 10026:. Archived from 10020: 10014: 10001: 9995: 9982: 9976: 9975: 9973: 9972: 9951: 9945: 9944: 9942: 9941: 9922: 9916: 9915: 9913: 9912: 9892: 9886: 9885: 9883: 9881: 9875: 9868: 9860: 9854: 9853: 9851: 9850: 9828: 9822: 9821: 9819: 9818: 9799: 9793: 9792: 9790: 9789: 9773: 9767: 9766: 9764: 9763: 9748: 9742: 9741: 9717: 9711: 9710: 9708: 9707: 9687: 9681: 9680: 9660: 9654: 9648: 9642: 9641: 9624: 9618: 9612: 9606: 9605: 9603: 9602: 9583: 9577: 9576: 9566: 9534: 9528: 9527: 9525: 9523: 9508: 9502: 9501: 9483: 9477: 9463: 9457: 9456: 9428: 9422: 9421: 9415: 9407: 9405: 9404: 9397:"Chlorine Story" 9393: 9387: 9375: 9369: 9362: 9356: 9349: 9340: 9339: 9337: 9308: 9299: 9293: 9277: 9271: 9255: 9249: 9248: 9234: 9228: 9227: 9203: 9197: 9196: 9188: 9179: 9178: 9162: 9153: 9147: 9141: 9135: 9129: 9128: 9126: 9125: 9111: 9102: 9096: 9078: 9072: 9071: 9069: 9068: 9053: 9047: 9046: 9044: 9043: 9028: 9022: 9021: 9019: 9018: 9007: 9001: 8996:Pauling, Linus, 8994: 8988: 8987: 8985: 8984: 8973: 8967: 8966: 8959: 8953: 8947: 8936: 8935: 8933: 8932: 8921: 8915: 8914: 8912: 8911: 8900: 8894: 8893: 8876: 8870: 8864: 8858: 8857: 8837: 8831: 8830: 8812: 8806: 8789: 8783: 8782: 8754: 8748: 8747: 8722:(7): 310A–319A. 8711: 8705: 8704: 8674: 8668: 8667: 8664:10.1039/a900201d 8645: 8639: 8638: 8617: 8608: 8594: 8583: 8582: 8580: 8579: 8537: 8512: 8506: 8505: 8503: 8502: 8462: 8456: 8450: 8441: 8435: 8429: 8423: 8402: 8396: 8390: 8384: 8378: 8372: 8366: 8365: 8354: 8348: 8342: 8336: 8330: 8317: 8311: 8305: 8299: 8288: 8282: 8276: 8270: 8264: 8258: 8247: 8241: 8228: 8227: 8199: 8193: 8192: 8164: 8158: 8157: 8128: 8118: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8103:. Archived from 8070: 8061: 8055: 8049: 8038: 8032: 8011: 8010: 7992: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7982: 7966: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7956: 7941: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7931: 7925: 7919:. Archived from 7918: 7910: 7904: 7903: 7883: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7870: 7842: 7836: 7830: 7819: 7818: 7816: 7814: 7798: 7792: 7791: 7767: 7761: 7760: 7758: 7757: 7738: 7729: 7728: 7726: 7725: 7716:. Archived from 7705: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7695: 7690:on June 15, 2010 7679: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7669: 7659: 7627: 7621: 7620: 7584: 7578: 7564: 7562: 7561: 7528: 7522: 7500: 7498: 7497: 7473: 7467: 7446: 7444: 7443: 7433: 7401: 7395: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7347: 7341: 7340: 7309: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7299: 7271: 7265: 7259: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7242: 7227: 7212: 7170: 7168: 7167: 7143: 7137: 7131: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7113: 7104:(12): 997–1005. 7089: 7083: 7077: 7071: 7065: 7059: 7057: 7046: 7013: 7007: 7006: 7004: 7003: 6994:. Archived from 6988: 6982: 6981: 6963: 6954: 6948: 6947: 6929: 6923: 6922: 6900: 6894: 6893: 6875: 6869: 6868: 6848: 6842: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6800: 6794: 6793: 6782: 6765: 6698: 6688: 6508: 6501: 6494: 6487: 6472: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6318: 6314: 6253:Syrian Air Force 6136:used as a weapon 6088:. Increasingly, 6077:Escherichia coli 6064:sodium hydroxide 5989:Dakin's solution 5965:Ignaz Semmelweis 5954:Ignaz Semmelweis 5922:calcium chloride 5918:chloride of lime 5669:dichlorobenzenes 5565:U.S. DOT placard 5430:sodium hydroxide 5420:Anode: 2 Cl → Cl 5389:Formosa Plastics 5326:sodium hydroxide 5305:in Utah and the 5211:thionyl chloride 5190:sodium hydroxide 5106: 5099: 5092: 5085: 5078: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5053: 5052: 5051: 5040: 5039: 5038: 4968: 4967: 4956: 4955: 4954: 4943:thionyl chloride 4911: 4910: 4909: 4880: 4879: 4878: 4868: 4867: 4866: 4856: 4855: 4854: 4789: 4788: 4751: 4750: 4749: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4723: 4722: 4721: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4693: 4692: 4691: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4579: 4578: 4577: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4432: 4424: 4417: 4409: 4404: 4400: 4339:chlorine nitrate 4276:are produced. Cl 4219: 4217: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4200:+ Cl + 2 H ⟶ ClO 4199: 4198: 4197: 4171:Chlorine dioxide 4107:chlorine dioxide 4067:chloryl fluoride 4022: 4021: 4020: 4010: 4009: 4008: 3737: 3736: 3735: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3713: 3712: 3711: 3681: 3666: 3655: 3654: 3653: 3650: 3645: 3631: 3623: 3587: 3586: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3560: 3559: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3532: 3530: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3491:uranium trioxide 3375: 3374: 3373: 3365: 3364: 3343: 3342: 3341: 3333: 3332: 3325: 3324: 3310: 3309: 3308: 3300: 3299: 3292: 3291: 3280:OCl (solvolysis) 3275: 3274: 3273: 3265: 3264: 3257: 3256: 3210:lattice energies 3186: 3185: 3184: 3169: 3168: 3167: 3153: 3152: 3151: 3078:benzoyl chloride 3063: 3062: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3054:540–600 °C 3039: 3038: 3037: 3034: 3031: 2965: 2963: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2817: 2813: 2745:electron capture 2655:highest occupied 2512:chemically basic 2497:sodium hydroxide 2474: 2435:chlorine hydrate 2410:Sir Humphry Davy 2364: 2357: 2337:. He called it " 2302:(as the mineral 2192: 2187:Abu Bakr al-Razi 2183:Jabir ibn Hayyan 2139:upper atmosphere 2124:World War I 2120:chemical warfare 2052: 2046: 2045: 2036:Sir Humphry Davy 2021: 1934:chemical element 1915: 1908: 1901: 1889: 1888: 1854: 1840: 1833: 1831: 1789: 1757: 1756: 1747: 1742: 1735: 1657: 1655: 1617: 1589: 1546:Other properties 1456: 1450: 1444: 1438: 1432: 1424:Oxidation states 1390: 1386: 1358: 1354: 1347: 1346: 1264: 1250: 1202: 1201: 1157: 1118: 1117: 1056: 1049: 1042: 1035: 1028: 1021: 1014: 1007: 1000: 993: 986: 979: 972: 965: 958: 951: 944: 937: 930: 923: 916: 909: 902: 895: 888: 881: 874: 867: 860: 853: 846: 839: 830: 823: 816: 809: 802: 795: 788: 781: 774: 767: 760: 753: 746: 739: 732: 725: 718: 711: 704: 697: 690: 683: 676: 669: 662: 655: 648: 641: 634: 627: 620: 613: 604: 597: 590: 583: 576: 569: 562: 555: 548: 541: 534: 527: 520: 513: 506: 499: 488: 481: 472: 465: 458: 451: 444: 437: 430: 423: 416: 409: 402: 395: 388: 381: 374: 367: 358: 351: 342: 335: 328: 321: 314: 307: 298: 291: 282: 275: 268: 261: 254: 247: 238: 231: 222: 213: 207: 206: 202: 201: 198: 197: 189:Chlorine in the 172: 170: 154: 126: 121: 113: 111: 110: 107: 106: 103: 98: 97: 94: 91: 88: 85: 82: 62: 55: 53: 45: 15785: 15784: 15780: 15779: 15778: 15776: 15775: 15774: 15705: 15704: 15703: 15693: 15688: 15686: 15676: 15671: 15669: 15659: 15654: 15652: 15648:from Wikisource 15642: 15637: 15635: 15625: 15620: 15618: 15608: 15603: 15601: 15597:from Wiktionary 15591: 15586: 15584: 15581: 15577:sister projects 15574:at Knowledge's 15568: 15558: 15556: 15544: 15534: 15532: 15524: 15522: 15517: 15448: 15431:Packaging gases 15407: 15336: 15331: 15301: 15296: 15278: 15219: 15130:Botulinum toxin 15083: 15032: 14993: 14909:Benzyl chloride 14864: 14857: 14641: 14634: 14625:Cacodyl cyanide 14587:Vomiting agents 14581: 14379: 14372: 14281:Dimethylmercury 14203:Botulinum toxin 14169: 13948: 13862: 13764: 13717:Novichok agents 13711: 13695: 13622: 13519: 13493: 13474: 13441: 13413:Sulfur mustards 13407: 13351: 13297:Carbon monoxide 13277:Cacodyl cyanide 13236: 13235: 13219:Agents used in 13214: 13184: 13179: 13148: 13112: 12986: 12925: 12901:Operation CHASE 12889: 12873: 12834: 12828: 12757: 12714: 12708: 12703: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12506: 12498: 12468: 12463: 12462: 12461: 12427: 12418: 12416: 12409: 12407: 12400: 12398: 12391: 12389: 12382: 12380: 12373: 12371: 12364: 12362: 12355: 12353: 12346: 12344: 12337: 12335: 12328: 12326: 12319: 12317: 12310: 12308: 12301: 12299: 12292: 12290: 12283: 12281: 12274: 12272: 12265: 12263: 12256: 12254: 12247: 12245: 12238: 12236: 12229: 12227: 12220: 12218: 12211: 12209: 12202: 12200: 12193: 12191: 12184: 12182: 12175: 12173: 12166: 12164: 12157: 12155: 12148: 12146: 12139: 12137: 12123: 12121: 12114: 12112: 12105: 12103: 12096: 12094: 12087: 12085: 12078: 12076: 12069: 12067: 12060: 12058: 12051: 12049: 12042: 12040: 12033: 12031: 12024: 12022: 12015: 12013: 12006: 12004: 11997: 11995: 11988: 11986: 11979: 11977: 11970: 11968: 11961: 11959: 11952: 11950: 11943: 11941: 11934: 11932: 11925: 11923: 11916: 11914: 11907: 11905: 11898: 11896: 11889: 11887: 11880: 11878: 11871: 11869: 11862: 11860: 11853: 11851: 11844: 11842: 11828: 11826: 11819: 11817: 11810: 11808: 11801: 11799: 11792: 11790: 11783: 11781: 11774: 11772: 11765: 11763: 11756: 11754: 11747: 11745: 11738: 11736: 11729: 11727: 11720: 11718: 11711: 11709: 11702: 11700: 11693: 11691: 11682: 11680: 11673: 11671: 11657: 11655: 11648: 11646: 11639: 11637: 11630: 11628: 11621: 11619: 11612: 11610: 11603: 11601: 11594: 11592: 11585: 11583: 11576: 11574: 11567: 11565: 11558: 11556: 11549: 11547: 11540: 11538: 11531: 11529: 11522: 11520: 11511: 11509: 11502: 11500: 11486: 11484: 11477: 11475: 11468: 11466: 11459: 11457: 11450: 11448: 11441: 11439: 11430: 11428: 11421: 11419: 11405: 11403: 11396: 11394: 11387: 11385: 11378: 11376: 11369: 11367: 11360: 11358: 11349: 11347: 11340: 11338: 11324: 11322: 11313: 11311: 11200: 11195: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11147: 11138: 11130: 11115: 11110: 11102: 11098: 11087: 11078: 11070: 11047: 11043: 11035: 11031: 11023: 11019: 11010: 11006: 10997: 10993: 10985: 10981: 10973: 10969: 10960: 10952: 10936:Chlorine oxides 10930: 10926: 10918: 10896: 10890: 10886: 10882: 10877: 10869: 10861: 10853: 10839: 10831: 10823: 10815: 10784: 10779: 10745:Chlorine Online 10739:Wayback Machine 10682: 10677: 10671: 10647: 10642: 10641: 10634: 10620: 10613: 10604: 10602: 10598: 10591: 10587: 10586: 10579: 10570: 10568: 10561: 10545: 10541: 10532: 10530: 10523: 10507: 10503: 10494: 10492: 10479: 10478: 10474: 10465: 10463: 10450:Berezow, Alex. 10448: 10444: 10404: 10400: 10391: 10389: 10376: 10375: 10371: 10332: 10328: 10313: 10306: 10296: 10294: 10279: 10275: 10267: 10260: 10258:"Chlorine MSDS" 10256: 10255: 10251: 10235: 10234: 10228: 10226: 10217: 10216: 10212: 10203: 10201: 10194:"Msds – 295132" 10192: 10191: 10187: 10178: 10176: 10167: 10166: 10162: 10131: 10127: 10096:(12): 1667–75. 10090:J. Clin. Invest 10082: 10078: 10057:(10): 1296–99. 10047: 10043: 10033: 10031: 10022: 10021: 10017: 10011:Wayback Machine 10002: 9998: 9992:Wayback Machine 9983: 9979: 9970: 9968: 9953: 9952: 9948: 9939: 9937: 9924: 9923: 9919: 9910: 9908: 9893: 9889: 9879: 9877: 9873: 9866: 9862: 9861: 9857: 9848: 9846: 9829: 9825: 9816: 9814: 9801: 9800: 9796: 9787: 9785: 9774: 9770: 9761: 9759: 9750: 9749: 9745: 9734: 9718: 9714: 9705: 9703: 9690:Patton, James. 9688: 9684: 9661: 9657: 9649: 9645: 9639: 9625: 9621: 9613: 9609: 9600: 9598: 9585: 9584: 9580: 9535: 9531: 9521: 9519: 9510: 9509: 9505: 9498: 9484: 9480: 9474:Wayback Machine 9464: 9460: 9433:Current Surgery 9429: 9425: 9409: 9408: 9402: 9400: 9395: 9394: 9390: 9378:Johnson, Steven 9376: 9372: 9363: 9359: 9350: 9343: 9335: 9329: 9306: 9300: 9296: 9289:Wayback Machine 9278: 9274: 9267:Wayback Machine 9256: 9252: 9235: 9231: 9220: 9204: 9200: 9189: 9182: 9163: 9156: 9148: 9144: 9136: 9132: 9123: 9121: 9109: 9103: 9099: 9079: 9075: 9066: 9064: 9055: 9054: 9050: 9041: 9039: 9030: 9029: 9025: 9016: 9014: 9009: 9008: 9004: 8995: 8991: 8982: 8980: 8975: 8974: 8970: 8961: 8960: 8956: 8948: 8939: 8930: 8928: 8923: 8922: 8918: 8909: 8907: 8902: 8901: 8897: 8891: 8877: 8873: 8865: 8861: 8854: 8838: 8834: 8827: 8813: 8809: 8799:Wayback Machine 8790: 8786: 8755: 8751: 8712: 8708: 8675: 8671: 8646: 8642: 8623:Acc. Chem. Res. 8618: 8611: 8595: 8586: 8577: 8575: 8513: 8509: 8500: 8498: 8463: 8459: 8451: 8444: 8436: 8432: 8424: 8405: 8397: 8393: 8385: 8381: 8373: 8369: 8356: 8355: 8351: 8343: 8339: 8331: 8320: 8312: 8308: 8300: 8291: 8283: 8279: 8271: 8267: 8259: 8250: 8242: 8231: 8200: 8196: 8175:(1–3): 94–109. 8165: 8161: 8119: 8115: 8107: 8068: 8062: 8058: 8050: 8041: 8033: 8014: 8007: 7993: 7989: 7980: 7978: 7967: 7963: 7954: 7952: 7943: 7942: 7938: 7929: 7927: 7923: 7916: 7912: 7911: 7907: 7894:(128): 97–107. 7884: 7877: 7868: 7866: 7859: 7843: 7839: 7831: 7822: 7812: 7810: 7799: 7795: 7788: 7768: 7764: 7755: 7753: 7740: 7739: 7732: 7723: 7721: 7706: 7702: 7693: 7691: 7680: 7676: 7667: 7665: 7628: 7624: 7585: 7581: 7559: 7557: 7529: 7525: 7495: 7493: 7474: 7470: 7456:Wayback Machine 7441: 7439: 7402: 7398: 7393:Wayback Machine 7369: 7367: 7348: 7344: 7310: 7306: 7297: 7295: 7288: 7272: 7268: 7260: 7249: 7240: 7238: 7229: 7228: 7215: 7210:Wayback Machine 7179:Wayback Machine 7165: 7163: 7144: 7140: 7132: 7121: 7111: 7109: 7090: 7086: 7078: 7074: 7066: 7062: 7035: 7014: 7010: 7001: 6999: 6990: 6989: 6985: 6961: 6955: 6951: 6944: 6930: 6926: 6919: 6901: 6897: 6890: 6876: 6872: 6849: 6845: 6837: 6833: 6801: 6797: 6784: 6783: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6768: 6749:Wayback Machine 6737: 6730:Wayback Machine 6712:Wayback Machine 6689: 6685: 6680: 6648: 6632: 6608:stainless steel 6586: 6520: 6513: 6512: 6511: 6510: 6503: 6496: 6489: 6482: 6478: 6470: 6415: 6381: 6367: 6341: 6313: 6285:hypoventilation 6261: 6259:Biological role 6243:delivered from 6241:chemical weapon 6202: 6194:Main articles: 6192: 6132: 6126: 6121: 6119:Use as a weapon 6001: 5947: 5894: 5781: 5776: 5768:Main articles: 5766: 5758: 5751: 5744: 5737: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5702: 5695: 5688: 5682: 5678: 5661:epichlorohydrin 5633:methyl chloride 5549: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5512: 5423: 5416: 5412: 5403: 5397: 5361: 5355: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5303:Great Salt Lake 5295:sodium chloride 5279: 5216: 5208: 5121: 5115: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5032: 5030: 4961: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4939:hydrogen iodide 4927: 4919: 4915: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4895:sodium chlorate 4892: 4887:sodium chlorite 4877: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4836: 4827: 4820: 4811: 4803:⇌ HOCl + H + Cl 4799: 4795: 4783: 4778:perchloric acid 4775: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4665: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4600: 4583: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4555: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4527: 4523: 4512: 4503: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4452: 4442: 4433: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4407: 4399: 4392: 4388: 4382:phosphoric acid 4379: 4374:perchloric acid 4371: 4367: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4336: 4331:perchloric acid 4328: 4324: 4316: 4312: 4302: 4296: 4292: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4255: 4247: 4227: 4223: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4196: 4193: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4176: 4154: 4139:chlorine oxides 4132: 4128: 4112: 4099: 4097:Chlorine oxides 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4032: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4007: 4004: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3936:, and even the 3896:, and powdered 3855: 3844: 3840: 3832: 3828: 3825:to produce ClSO 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3804: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3779:carbon monoxide 3765: 3741: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3692: 3679: 3675: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3614: 3606:Silver chloride 3591: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3574: 3568: 3564: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3548: 3547: 3540: 3536: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3507:oxidation state 3475: 3468: 3462: 3458: 3447: 3427: 3422: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3383: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3329: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3296: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3261: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3239: 3235: 3232:SnCl + HCl ⟶ Ph 3231: 3183: 3180: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3126: 3118: 3110: 3106: 3087: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3052: 3051: 3050: 3043: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3009:sodium chloride 2985: 2973: 2969: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2938: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2812: 2788:thermal neutron 2755:to isotopes of 2747:to isotopes of 2735: 2728: 2695: 2689: 2681: 2669: 2662: 2640: 2614:periodic trends 2559: 2485:Charles Tennant 2451: 2444: 2440: 2431:Michael Faraday 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2300: 2289: 2179: 2163: 2147:ozone depletion 2000:sodium chloride 1971:on the revised 1961:oxidising agent 1919: 1894: 1850: 1836: 1829: 1827: 1787: 1780: 1773:abundance 1746: 1728: 1685: 1653: 1651: 1615: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1506:Covalent radius 1500: 1452: 1446: 1440: 1434: 1428: 1413: 1388: 1356: 1334: 1332: 1318: 1300: 1258: 1248: 1238: 1220: 1195: 1111: 1107: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1068: 1062: 1054: 1047: 1040: 1033: 1026: 1019: 1012: 1005: 998: 991: 984: 977: 970: 963: 956: 949: 942: 935: 928: 921: 914: 907: 900: 893: 886: 879: 872: 865: 858: 851: 844: 837: 828: 821: 814: 807: 800: 793: 786: 779: 772: 765: 758: 751: 744: 737: 730: 723: 716: 709: 702: 695: 688: 681: 674: 667: 660: 653: 646: 639: 632: 625: 618: 611: 602: 595: 588: 581: 574: 567: 560: 553: 546: 539: 532: 525: 518: 511: 504: 497: 486: 479: 470: 463: 456: 449: 442: 435: 428: 421: 414: 407: 400: 393: 386: 379: 372: 365: 356: 349: 340: 333: 326: 319: 312: 305: 296: 289: 280: 273: 266: 259: 252: 245: 236: 229: 220: 211: 180: 168: 166: 152: 146: 119: 115: 100: 79: 75: 51: 48:Chlorine, 47: 44: 39: 28: 21: 12: 11: 5: 15783: 15773: 15772: 15767: 15762: 15757: 15752: 15747: 15742: 15737: 15732: 15727: 15722: 15717: 15702: 15701: 15684: 15667: 15665:from Wikibooks 15650: 15633: 15616: 15599: 15570: 15567: 15566: 15554: 15542: 15519: 15518: 15516: 15515: 15509: 15503: 15497: 15491: 15485: 15479: 15473: 15467: 15458: 15447: 15446: 15443:Foaming agents 15440: 15434: 15428: 15420: 15414: 15406: 15405: 15402: 15397: 15391: 15378: 15364: 15354: 15348: 15341: 15338: 15337: 15330: 15329: 15322: 15315: 15307: 15298: 15297: 15295: 15294: 15289: 15283: 15280: 15279: 15277: 15276: 15271: 15266: 15257: 15256: 15255: 15253:uranium oxides 15244: 15239: 15233: 15227: 15225: 15221: 15220: 15218: 15217: 15212: 15207: 15202: 15197: 15192: 15187: 15182: 15177: 15172: 15167: 15162: 15157: 15152: 15147: 15142: 15137: 15132: 15127: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15107: 15102: 15097: 15091: 15089: 15085: 15084: 15082: 15081: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15046: 15040: 15038: 15034: 15033: 15031: 15030: 15025: 15020: 15015: 15010: 15004: 15002: 14995: 14994: 14992: 14991: 14989:Crotonaldehyde 14986: 14981: 14976: 14971: 14966: 14961: 14956: 14951: 14946: 14941: 14936: 14931: 14926: 14921: 14916: 14914:Benzyl bromide 14911: 14906: 14901: 14896: 14891: 14886: 14881: 14875: 14869: 14867: 14859: 14858: 14856: 14855: 14853:Chlorpromazine 14850: 14845: 14840: 14835: 14830: 14825: 14820: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14780: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14745: 14740: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14705: 14700: 14695: 14689: 14684: 14679: 14674: 14669: 14663: 14658: 14653: 14646: 14644: 14640:Incapacitating 14636: 14635: 14633: 14632: 14627: 14622: 14617: 14612: 14603: 14598: 14591: 14589: 14583: 14582: 14580: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14534: 14529: 14527:Sulfur dioxide 14524: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14504: 14499: 14494: 14489: 14484: 14479: 14474: 14469: 14464: 14459: 14454: 14449: 14444: 14439: 14434: 14428: 14422: 14417: 14411: 14406: 14401: 14395: 14390: 14384: 14382: 14380:choking agents 14374: 14373: 14371: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14355: 14354: 14353: 14348: 14343: 14333: 14328: 14323: 14318: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14298: 14293: 14288: 14283: 14278: 14276:Tetraethyllead 14273: 14267: 14262: 14256: 14251: 14246: 14240: 14234: 14229: 14223: 14217: 14212: 14206: 14200: 14195: 14189: 14183: 14181: 14175: 14174: 14171: 14170: 14168: 14167: 14162: 14157: 14152: 14147: 14142: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14117: 14111: 14106: 14101: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14080: 14074: 14068: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14043: 14038: 14033: 14028: 14023: 14018: 14013: 14008: 14002: 13997: 13992: 13987: 13982: 13980:A.P.C. complex 13977: 13972: 13967: 13962: 13956: 13954: 13950: 13949: 13947: 13946: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13926: 13921: 13916: 13911: 13906: 13901: 13896: 13891: 13886: 13881: 13876: 13870: 13868: 13864: 13863: 13861: 13860: 13855: 13850: 13845: 13840: 13835: 13830: 13825: 13820: 13815: 13810: 13805: 13800: 13795: 13790: 13785: 13780: 13774: 13772: 13766: 13765: 13763: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13742: 13737: 13732: 13727: 13721: 13719: 13713: 13712: 13710: 13709: 13703: 13701: 13697: 13696: 13694: 13693: 13691:V-sub x (GD-7) 13688: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13632: 13630: 13624: 13623: 13621: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13589: 13584: 13578: 13572: 13566: 13560: 13554: 13549: 13542: 13540: 13531: 13525: 13524: 13521: 13520: 13518: 13517: 13512: 13507: 13501: 13499: 13495: 13494: 13492: 13491: 13488:Phosgene oxime 13484: 13482: 13476: 13475: 13473: 13472: 13467: 13462: 13457: 13451: 13449: 13443: 13442: 13440: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13417: 13415: 13409: 13408: 13406: 13400: 13394: 13388: 13382: 13376: 13370: 13368: 13359: 13357:Blister agents 13353: 13352: 13350: 13349: 13344: 13339: 13334: 13329: 13327:Glycolonitrile 13324: 13319: 13314: 13309: 13304: 13299: 13294: 13289: 13284: 13279: 13274: 13269: 13263: 13257: 13252: 13246: 13244: 13238: 13237: 13234: 13233: 13228: 13226:incapacitation 13223: 13216: 13213: 13212: 13205: 13198: 13190: 13181: 13180: 13178: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13156: 13154: 13153:Related topics 13150: 13149: 13147: 13146: 13141: 13139:People sniffer 13136: 13131: 13126: 13120: 13118: 13114: 13113: 13111: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12994: 12992: 12988: 12987: 12985: 12984: 12979: 12973: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12951: 12946: 12939: 12937: 12931: 12930: 12927: 12926: 12924: 12923: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12897: 12895: 12891: 12890: 12888: 12887: 12881: 12879: 12875: 12874: 12872: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12845: 12843: 12836: 12830: 12829: 12827: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12765: 12763: 12759: 12758: 12756: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12718: 12716: 12710: 12709: 12702: 12701: 12694: 12687: 12679: 12670: 12669: 12667: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12595: 12593: 12589: 12588: 12586: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12535: 12530: 12525: 12520: 12514: 12512: 12508: 12507: 12497: 12496: 12489: 12482: 12474: 12465: 12464: 12458: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12428: 12424: 12423: 12414: 12405: 12396: 12387: 12378: 12369: 12360: 12351: 12342: 12333: 12324: 12315: 12306: 12297: 12288: 12279: 12270: 12261: 12252: 12243: 12234: 12225: 12216: 12207: 12198: 12189: 12180: 12171: 12162: 12153: 12144: 12135: 12129: 12128: 12119: 12110: 12101: 12092: 12083: 12074: 12065: 12056: 12047: 12038: 12029: 12020: 12011: 12002: 11993: 11984: 11975: 11966: 11957: 11948: 11939: 11930: 11921: 11912: 11903: 11894: 11885: 11876: 11867: 11858: 11849: 11840: 11834: 11833: 11824: 11815: 11806: 11797: 11788: 11779: 11770: 11761: 11752: 11743: 11734: 11725: 11716: 11707: 11698: 11689: 11687: 11678: 11669: 11663: 11662: 11653: 11644: 11635: 11626: 11617: 11608: 11599: 11590: 11581: 11572: 11563: 11554: 11545: 11536: 11527: 11518: 11516: 11507: 11498: 11492: 11491: 11482: 11473: 11464: 11455: 11446: 11437: 11435: 11426: 11417: 11411: 11410: 11401: 11392: 11383: 11374: 11365: 11356: 11354: 11345: 11336: 11330: 11329: 11320: 11318: 11309: 11303: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11202: 11201: 11198:Periodic table 11194: 11193: 11186: 11179: 11171: 11162: 11161: 11159: 11158: 11153: 11149: 11145: 11141: 11136: 11132: 11128: 11123: 11121: 11117: 11116: 11114: 11113: 11108: 11104: 11100: 11096: 11092: 11085: 11081: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11064: 11058: 11056: 11049: 11048: 11046: 11045: 11041: 11037: 11033: 11029: 11025: 11021: 11017: 11013: 11008: 11004: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10987: 10983: 10979: 10975: 10971: 10967: 10963: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10946: 10940: 10938: 10932: 10931: 10929: 10928: 10924: 10920: 10916: 10912: 10906: 10904: 10898: 10897: 10895: 10894: 10888: 10884: 10879: 10875: 10871: 10867: 10863: 10859: 10855: 10851: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10809: 10804: 10798: 10796: 10786: 10785: 10778: 10777: 10770: 10763: 10755: 10749: 10748: 10742: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10695: 10681: 10680:External links 10678: 10676: 10675: 10669: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10640: 10639: 10632: 10611: 10577: 10559: 10539: 10521: 10501: 10485:www.doh.wa.gov 10472: 10442: 10398: 10369: 10326: 10304: 10273: 10270:on 2007-09-26. 10249: 10223:www.bt.cdc.gov 10210: 10185: 10160: 10141:(4): 1267–72. 10125: 10076: 10041: 10015: 9996: 9977: 9963:. 2017-03-06. 9946: 9932:. 2016-09-07. 9917: 9887: 9855: 9823: 9794: 9768: 9743: 9732: 9712: 9682: 9655: 9643: 9637: 9619: 9617:, p. 860. 9607: 9578: 9529: 9503: 9496: 9478: 9458: 9423: 9388: 9370: 9357: 9341: 9327: 9294: 9272: 9250: 9229: 9218: 9198: 9180: 9154: 9152:, p. 793. 9142: 9140:, p. 798. 9130: 9097: 9073: 9048: 9023: 9002: 8989: 8977:"Chlor-Alkali" 8968: 8954: 8937: 8916: 8895: 8889: 8871: 8859: 8852: 8832: 8825: 8807: 8784: 8749: 8706: 8687:(4): 7891–91. 8680:Phytochemistry 8669: 8640: 8609: 8584: 8507: 8457: 8442: 8430: 8403: 8391: 8379: 8367: 8364:. 1 June 1999. 8349: 8337: 8318: 8306: 8289: 8277: 8265: 8248: 8229: 8194: 8159: 8113: 8110:on 2011-10-21. 8056: 8039: 8012: 8005: 7987: 7961: 7936: 7905: 7875: 7857: 7837: 7820: 7793: 7786: 7762: 7730: 7700: 7674: 7622: 7601:10.1086/350763 7579: 7548:(in Swedish). 7523: 7468: 7396: 7342: 7304: 7286: 7266: 7247: 7213: 7191:spiritus salis 7185:) was heated: 7154:(in Swedish). 7138: 7119: 7098:Chemické listy 7084: 7072: 7060: 7034:978-3487091150 7033: 7008: 6983: 6949: 6942: 6924: 6917: 6895: 6888: 6870: 6843: 6831: 6795: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6763: 6752: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6662:Industrial gas 6659: 6654: 6652:Chlorine cycle 6647: 6644: 6631: 6628: 6585: 6582: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6504: 6497: 6490: 6483: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6454: 6453: 6416: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6382: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6342: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6323: 6322: 6312: 6309: 6305:cerebral edema 6293:Hyperchloremia 6260: 6257: 6191: 6188: 6128:Main article: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6094:chloramination 6090:monochloramine 6056:drinking water 6009:swimming pools 6000: 5997: 5970:childbed fever 5946: 5943: 5893: 5890: 5780: 5777: 5765: 5762: 5756: 5749: 5742: 5735: 5728: 5721: 5714: 5707: 5700: 5693: 5686: 5680: 5679:O, HOCl, NaClO 5676: 5657:allyl chloride 5625:vinyl chloride 5585:vinyl chloride 5548: 5545: 5540: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5516:Deacon process 5511: 5508: 5455: 5454: 5447: 5444: 5426: 5425: 5421: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5399:Main article: 5396: 5393: 5381:vinyl chloride 5357:Main article: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5278: 5275: 5214: 5206: 5184:catalyst. The 5174:regioselective 5117:Main article: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5100: 5093: 5086: 5079: 5072: 5068: 5067: 5061: 5054: 5048: 5041: 5035: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4988: 4987: 4984: 4981: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4959: 4951: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4890: 4875: 4863: 4851: 4843: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4781: 4773: 4756: 4755: 4752: 4746: 4734: 4727: 4724: 4718: 4706: 4698: 4697: 4694: 4688: 4676: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4656: 4648: 4647: 4644: 4637: 4630: 4627: 4623: 4622: 4619: 4612: 4605: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4574: 4566: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4546: 4538: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4480: 4472: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4454: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4435: 4425: 4420: 4410: 4398: 4395: 4390: 4386: 4377: 4369: 4365: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4334: 4326: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4290: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4253: 4245: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4201: 4194: 4174: 4152: 4130: 4126: 4110: 4098: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4063: 4062: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4030: 4017: 4005: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3763: 3739: 3732: 3720: 3708: 3691: 3688: 3677: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3642: 3638: 3627: 3619: 3613: 3610: 3593: 3592: 3589: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3562: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3514: 3473: 3466: 3460: 3456: 3445: 3425: 3420: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3377: 3370: 3361: 3352: 3348: 3345: 3338: 3330: 3321: 3312: 3305: 3297: 3288: 3281: 3277: 3270: 3262: 3253: 3247:COH + 3 HCl ⟶ 3244: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3181: 3164: 3148: 3139: 3124: 3116: 3108: 3104: 3097:hydrogen bonds 3085: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3048: 3045: 3041: 3024: 3020: 2984: 2981: 2971: 2967: 2950:Given that E°( 2936: 2926: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2906: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2866: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2811: 2808: 2733: 2726: 2700:oxygen-burning 2691:Main article: 2688: 2685: 2679: 2667: 2660: 2638: 2558: 2555: 2450: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2368:acid substance 2327: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2298: 2288: 2285: 2178: 2175: 2162: 2159: 2153:as part of an 2104:swimming pools 1979:and fluorine. 1975:, behind only 1925: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1910: 1903: 1895: 1882: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1847: 1846: 1841: 1834: 1825: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1775: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1760:Main isotopes 1753: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1737: 1729: 1722: 1721: 1715: 1707: 1706: 1700: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1674: 1673: 1666: 1664:Speed of sound 1660: 1659: 1649: 1643: 1642: 1636: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1620: 1619: 1612: 1606: 1605: 1584: 1582: 1576: 1575: 1566: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1538:Spectral lines 1526: 1525: 1522: 1516: 1515: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1499: 1498: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1479: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1463: 1462: 1426: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1410: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1345: 1337: 1336: 1330: 1327: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1307: 1306: 1298: 1295: 1293:Heat of fusion 1289: 1288: 1285: 1283:Critical point 1279: 1278: 1275: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1241: 1240: 1236: 1233: 1227: 1226: 1218: 1215: 1209: 1208: 1203: 1189: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1168: 1162: 1161: 1153: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1081: 1080: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1051: 1044: 1037: 1030: 1023: 1016: 1009: 1002: 995: 988: 981: 974: 967: 960: 953: 946: 939: 932: 925: 918: 911: 904: 897: 890: 883: 876: 869: 862: 855: 848: 841: 833: 832: 825: 818: 811: 804: 797: 790: 783: 776: 769: 762: 755: 748: 741: 734: 727: 720: 713: 706: 699: 692: 685: 678: 671: 664: 657: 650: 643: 636: 629: 622: 615: 607: 606: 599: 592: 585: 578: 571: 564: 557: 550: 543: 536: 529: 522: 515: 508: 501: 494: 492: 490: 483: 475: 474: 467: 460: 453: 446: 439: 432: 425: 418: 411: 404: 397: 390: 383: 376: 369: 362: 360: 353: 345: 344: 337: 330: 323: 316: 309: 302: 300: 293: 285: 284: 277: 270: 263: 256: 249: 242: 240: 233: 225: 224: 217: 215: 205: 194: 193: 191:periodic table 186: 185: 182: 181: 179: 178: 164: 161: 159: 156: 155: 150: 140: 139: 136: 135: 132: 128: 127: 73: 69: 68: 64: 63: 49: 42: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15782: 15771: 15768: 15766: 15763: 15761: 15758: 15756: 15753: 15751: 15748: 15746: 15743: 15741: 15738: 15736: 15733: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15723: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15713: 15712: 15710: 15699:from Wikidata 15698: 15697: 15685: 15681: 15680: 15668: 15664: 15663: 15651: 15647: 15646: 15634: 15631:from Wikinews 15630: 15629: 15617: 15613: 15612: 15600: 15596: 15595: 15583: 15582: 15579: 15573: 15565: 15555: 15553: 15548: 15543: 15541: 15531: 15530: 15527: 15513: 15510: 15507: 15504: 15501: 15498: 15495: 15492: 15489: 15486: 15483: 15480: 15477: 15474: 15471: 15468: 15465: 15459: 15456: 15450: 15449: 15444: 15441: 15438: 15435: 15432: 15429: 15427: 15425: 15421: 15418: 15415: 15412: 15409: 15408: 15403: 15401: 15398: 15395: 15392: 15389: 15385: 15382: 15379: 15376: 15372: 15368: 15365: 15362: 15358: 15355: 15352: 15351:Preservatives 15349: 15346: 15343: 15342: 15339: 15335: 15328: 15323: 15321: 15316: 15314: 15309: 15308: 15305: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15284: 15281: 15275: 15272: 15270: 15267: 15265: 15264:its compounds 15261: 15258: 15254: 15250: 15249: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15237: 15234: 15232: 15229: 15228: 15226: 15222: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15200:Tetanospasmin 15198: 15196: 15195:T-2 mycotoxin 15193: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15183: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15158: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15125:Batrachotoxin 15123: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15092: 15090: 15086: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15069:Allyl alcohol 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15045: 15042: 15041: 15039: 15035: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15005: 15003: 15000: 14996: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14982: 14980: 14977: 14975: 14972: 14970: 14967: 14965: 14962: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14952: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14935: 14934:Chloroacetone 14932: 14930: 14927: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14919:Benzyl iodide 14917: 14915: 14912: 14910: 14907: 14905: 14902: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14892: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14882: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14873:Xylyl bromide 14871: 14870: 14868: 14866: 14860: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14826: 14824: 14821: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14661:Butyrophenone 14659: 14657: 14654: 14651: 14648: 14647: 14645: 14643: 14637: 14631: 14630:o-Dianisidine 14628: 14626: 14623: 14621: 14618: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14596: 14593: 14592: 14590: 14588: 14584: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14495: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14477:Cadmium oxide 14475: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14432: 14429: 14426: 14423: 14421: 14418: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14402: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14385: 14383: 14381: 14375: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14339: 14338: 14337: 14334: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14326:Batrachotoxin 14324: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14277: 14274: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14252: 14250: 14247: 14244: 14241: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14227: 14224: 14221: 14218: 14216: 14213: 14210: 14209:Tetanospasmin 14207: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14184: 14182: 14180: 14176: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14153: 14151: 14148: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14118: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14084: 14081: 14078: 14075: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13973: 13971: 13968: 13966: 13963: 13961: 13958: 13957: 13955: 13951: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13905: 13902: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13871: 13869: 13865: 13859: 13856: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13809: 13806: 13804: 13801: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13775: 13773: 13771: 13767: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13722: 13720: 13718: 13714: 13708: 13705: 13704: 13702: 13698: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13633: 13631: 13629: 13625: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13593: 13590: 13588: 13585: 13582: 13579: 13576: 13573: 13570: 13567: 13564: 13561: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13547: 13544: 13543: 13541: 13539: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13526: 13516: 13513: 13511: 13508: 13506: 13503: 13502: 13500: 13496: 13489: 13486: 13485: 13483: 13481: 13480:Nettle agents 13477: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13452: 13450: 13448: 13444: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13422: 13419: 13418: 13416: 13414: 13410: 13404: 13401: 13398: 13395: 13392: 13389: 13386: 13383: 13380: 13377: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13367: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13354: 13348: 13345: 13343: 13340: 13338: 13335: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13323: 13320: 13318: 13315: 13313: 13310: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13300: 13298: 13295: 13293: 13290: 13288: 13285: 13283: 13282:Cacodyl oxide 13280: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13267: 13264: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13247: 13245: 13243: 13239: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13218: 13217: 13211: 13206: 13204: 13199: 13197: 13192: 13191: 13188: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13157: 13155: 13151: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13121: 13119: 13115: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12995: 12993: 12989: 12983: 12980: 12977: 12974: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12944: 12941: 12940: 12938: 12936: 12932: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12902: 12899: 12898: 12896: 12892: 12886: 12883: 12882: 12880: 12876: 12870: 12869:Operation LAC 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12846: 12844: 12840: 12837: 12831: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12766: 12764: 12760: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12719: 12717: 12711: 12707: 12700: 12695: 12693: 12688: 12686: 12681: 12680: 12677: 12664: 12657: 12654: 12647: 12644: 12637: 12634: 12627: 12624: 12617: 12614: 12607: 12604: 12597: 12596: 12594: 12590: 12583: 12576: 12573: 12566: 12563: 12556: 12553: 12546: 12543: 12536: 12533: 12526: 12523: 12516: 12515: 12513: 12509: 12505: 12502: 12495: 12490: 12488: 12483: 12481: 12476: 12475: 12472: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12437: 12430: 12421: 12412: 12403: 12394: 12385: 12376: 12367: 12358: 12349: 12340: 12331: 12322: 12313: 12304: 12295: 12286: 12277: 12268: 12259: 12250: 12241: 12232: 12223: 12214: 12205: 12196: 12187: 12178: 12169: 12160: 12151: 12142: 12134: 12130: 12126: 12117: 12108: 12099: 12090: 12081: 12072: 12063: 12054: 12045: 12036: 12027: 12018: 12009: 12000: 11991: 11982: 11973: 11964: 11955: 11946: 11937: 11928: 11919: 11910: 11901: 11892: 11883: 11874: 11865: 11856: 11847: 11839: 11835: 11831: 11822: 11813: 11804: 11795: 11786: 11777: 11768: 11759: 11750: 11741: 11732: 11723: 11714: 11705: 11696: 11685: 11676: 11668: 11664: 11660: 11651: 11642: 11633: 11624: 11615: 11606: 11597: 11588: 11579: 11570: 11561: 11552: 11543: 11534: 11525: 11514: 11505: 11497: 11493: 11489: 11480: 11471: 11462: 11453: 11444: 11433: 11424: 11416: 11412: 11408: 11399: 11390: 11381: 11372: 11363: 11352: 11343: 11335: 11331: 11327: 11316: 11308: 11304: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11208: 11203: 11199: 11192: 11187: 11185: 11180: 11178: 11173: 11172: 11169: 11157: 11150: 11148: 11142: 11140: 11133: 11131: 11125: 11124: 11122: 11118: 11112: 11105: 11103: 11093: 11091: 11082: 11080: 11073: 11071: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11059: 11057: 11055: 11050: 11044: 11038: 11036: 11026: 11024: 11014: 11012: 11011: 11000: 10998: 10988: 10986: 10976: 10974: 10964: 10962: 10955: 10953: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10941: 10939: 10937: 10933: 10927: 10921: 10919: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10907: 10905: 10903: 10899: 10893: 10880: 10878: 10872: 10870: 10864: 10862: 10856: 10854: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10834: 10832: 10826: 10824: 10818: 10816: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10799: 10797: 10795: 10791: 10787: 10783: 10776: 10771: 10769: 10764: 10762: 10757: 10756: 10753: 10746: 10743: 10740: 10736: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10699: 10696: 10693: 10692: 10687: 10684: 10683: 10672: 10666: 10662: 10658: 10654: 10650: 10649: 10635: 10629: 10625: 10618: 10616: 10597: 10590: 10584: 10582: 10566: 10562: 10556: 10552: 10551: 10543: 10528: 10524: 10518: 10514: 10513: 10505: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10476: 10461: 10457: 10453: 10446: 10438: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10418: 10414: 10410: 10402: 10387: 10383: 10379: 10373: 10365: 10361: 10357: 10353: 10349: 10345: 10342:(2): 105–14. 10341: 10337: 10330: 10322: 10318: 10311: 10309: 10292: 10288: 10284: 10277: 10266: 10259: 10253: 10245: 10239: 10224: 10220: 10214: 10199: 10195: 10189: 10174: 10170: 10164: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10144: 10140: 10136: 10129: 10121: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10103: 10099: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10080: 10072: 10068: 10064: 10060: 10056: 10052: 10051:South. Med. J 10045: 10029: 10025: 10019: 10012: 10008: 10005: 10000: 9993: 9989: 9986: 9981: 9966: 9962: 9961: 9956: 9950: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9921: 9906: 9902: 9898: 9891: 9872: 9865: 9859: 9844: 9840: 9839: 9834: 9827: 9813:on 2007-05-26 9812: 9808: 9804: 9798: 9783: 9779: 9772: 9757: 9753: 9747: 9739: 9735: 9729: 9725: 9724: 9716: 9701: 9697: 9693: 9686: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9659: 9653: 9647: 9640: 9638:0-12-352651-5 9634: 9630: 9623: 9616: 9611: 9596: 9592: 9588: 9582: 9574: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9556: 9552: 9549:(2): 276–79. 9548: 9544: 9540: 9533: 9517: 9513: 9507: 9499: 9493: 9489: 9482: 9475: 9471: 9468: 9462: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9442: 9439:(3): 194–96. 9438: 9434: 9427: 9419: 9413: 9398: 9392: 9385: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9367: 9361: 9354: 9348: 9346: 9334: 9330: 9324: 9320: 9316: 9312: 9305: 9298: 9291: 9290: 9286: 9283: 9276: 9269: 9268: 9264: 9261: 9254: 9246: 9242: 9241: 9233: 9225: 9221: 9215: 9211: 9210: 9202: 9194: 9187: 9185: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9161: 9159: 9151: 9146: 9139: 9134: 9119: 9115: 9108: 9101: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9077: 9063:on 2011-11-11 9062: 9058: 9052: 9038:on 2011-11-11 9037: 9033: 9027: 9012: 9006: 8999: 8993: 8978: 8972: 8964: 8958: 8951: 8946: 8944: 8942: 8926: 8920: 8905: 8899: 8892: 8890:0-12-352651-5 8886: 8882: 8875: 8869:, p. 795 8868: 8863: 8855: 8849: 8845: 8844: 8836: 8828: 8822: 8818: 8811: 8804: 8800: 8796: 8793: 8788: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8765:(10): 1–423. 8764: 8760: 8753: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8710: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8681: 8673: 8665: 8661: 8658:(5): 335–46. 8657: 8653: 8652: 8644: 8636: 8632: 8629:(3): 141–52. 8628: 8625: 8624: 8616: 8614: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8593: 8591: 8589: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8511: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8461: 8454: 8449: 8447: 8439: 8434: 8427: 8422: 8420: 8418: 8416: 8414: 8412: 8410: 8408: 8400: 8395: 8388: 8383: 8376: 8371: 8363: 8359: 8353: 8346: 8341: 8334: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8323: 8315: 8310: 8303: 8298: 8296: 8294: 8286: 8281: 8274: 8269: 8262: 8257: 8255: 8253: 8245: 8240: 8238: 8236: 8234: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8198: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8163: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8124: 8117: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8079:(1): 121–46. 8078: 8074: 8067: 8060: 8053: 8048: 8046: 8044: 8036: 8031: 8029: 8027: 8025: 8023: 8021: 8019: 8017: 8008: 8002: 7998: 7991: 7976: 7972: 7965: 7950: 7946: 7940: 7922: 7915: 7909: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7890:(in French). 7889: 7882: 7880: 7864: 7860: 7854: 7850: 7849: 7841: 7835:, p. 798 7834: 7829: 7827: 7825: 7808: 7804: 7797: 7789: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7774: 7766: 7752:on 2012-05-24 7751: 7747: 7743: 7737: 7735: 7720:on 2010-02-20 7719: 7715: 7711: 7704: 7689: 7685: 7678: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7626: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7595:(3): 328–38. 7594: 7590: 7583: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7565:From p. 187: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7537: 7533: 7527: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7491: 7488:(2): 249–55. 7487: 7484:(in German). 7483: 7479: 7472: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7450: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7400: 7394: 7390: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7346: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7308: 7293: 7289: 7283: 7279: 7278: 7270: 7263: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7237:on 2010-01-23 7236: 7232: 7231:"17 Chlorine" 7226: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7211: 7207: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7173: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7142: 7135: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7088: 7081: 7080:Multhauf 1966 7076: 7069: 7068:Multhauf 1966 7064: 7055: 7051: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7019:(1942–1943). 7018: 7012: 6997: 6993: 6987: 6979: 6975: 6972:(3): 030001. 6971: 6967: 6960: 6953: 6945: 6943:0-8493-0464-4 6939: 6935: 6928: 6920: 6918:0-8493-0486-5 6914: 6910: 6904: 6899: 6891: 6885: 6881: 6874: 6866: 6862: 6859:: 1089–1094. 6858: 6854: 6847: 6840: 6835: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6799: 6791: 6787: 6781: 6777: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6750: 6746: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6724: 6720: 6719:"De Flatibus" 6716: 6713: 6709: 6706: 6702: 6696: 6695: 6687: 6683: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6643: 6641: 6637: 6627: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6595: 6590: 6581: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6566: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6547: 6545: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6524: 6509: 6502: 6495: 6488: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6456: 6455: 6417: 6414: 6410: 6409: 6383: 6380: 6376: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6366: 6362: 6361: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6343: 6340: 6336: 6335: 6331: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6308: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6297:hypernatremia 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6281:Hypochloremia 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6256: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6233: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6218: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6197: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6131: 6116: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6097: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6078: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6044: 6042: 6038: 6037:disinfectants 6034: 6030: 6026: 6017: 6010: 6005: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5966: 5962: 5961:chemical base 5955: 5951: 5942: 5940: 5935: 5934:Latin Quarter 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5910: 5908: 5903: 5899: 5889: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5818: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5775: 5771: 5761: 5759: 5752: 5745: 5738: 5731: 5724: 5717: 5710: 5703: 5696: 5689: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5665:chlorobenzene 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5616: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5553: 5544: 5525: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5503: 5499: 5497: 5496:concentration 5493: 5492:ion exchanger 5489: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5462: 5460: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5419: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5402: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5360: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5283: 5274: 5272: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5255: 5254:chloromethane 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5218: 5212: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5157: 5156:leaving group 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5140:electrophilic 5137: 5130: 5129:acyl chloride 5125: 5120: 5105: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5087: 5084: 5080: 5077: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5055: 5042: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4985: 4982: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4900: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4888: 4882: 4833: 4830: 4823: 4816: 4815: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4791: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4785: 4779: 4771: 4767: 4766:chlorous acid 4763: 4753: 4728: 4725: 4700: 4699: 4695: 4670: 4667: 4650: 4649: 4645: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4606: 4603: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4540: 4539: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4508: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4445: 4438: 4437: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4405: 4394: 4383: 4375: 4363: 4359: 4357: 4340: 4332: 4320: 4308: 4298: 4288: 4287: 4286: 4259: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4188: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4180: 4172: 4168: 4166: 4165:hypochlorites 4162: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4124: 4121:Structure of 4119: 4108: 4103: 4094: 4072: 4068: 4065:The product, 4058:⟶ 4 HF + FClO 4049: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4028: 4024: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3981:hypergolicity 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3851: 3836: 3835: 3834: 3808: 3796: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3744:pseudohalides 3701: 3697: 3687: 3685: 3673: 3635: 3634: 3633: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3570: 3543: 3512: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3469: 3453: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3423: 3416: 3412: 3392: 3387: 3346: 3282: 3242: 3227: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3214:electrophiles 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3173: 3157: 3137: 3132: 3130: 3122: 3114: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3083: 3079: 3046: 3018: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3013:sulfuric acid 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2989: 2980: 2978: 2977:overpotential 2948: 2946: 2942: 2934: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2732: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2684: 2677: 2672: 2670: 2663: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2627:atomic radius 2624: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2582: 2574: 2568: 2567:acrylic glass 2563: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2524:disinfectants 2521: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2465:(now part of 2464: 2460: 2456: 2446: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2363: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2309: 2308: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2294: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2188: 2184: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2158: 2156: 2155:immune system 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2112:concentration 2109: 2106:to keep them 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2088:disinfectants 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2054: 2051: 2041: 2040:Ancient Greek 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2019: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1973:Pauling scale 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1945:atomic number 1942: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1923: 1920: | 1916: 1911: 1909: 1904: 1902: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1883: 1879: 1866: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1812: 1802: 1799: 1798:product 1796: 1794: 1791: 1784: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1743: 1738: 1736: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1449: 1443: 1437: 1431: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1385: 1380: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1344: 1343: 1338: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1301:) 6.406 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1256: 1252: 1249:(at STP) 1246: 1242: 1234: 1232: 1231:Boiling point 1228: 1224: 1221:) 171.6 1216: 1214: 1213:Melting point 1210: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1144:period 3 1142: 1140: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1109:Atomic number 1105: 1094: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1067: 1064: 1057: 1052: 1050: 1045: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1024: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1003: 1001: 996: 994: 989: 987: 982: 980: 975: 973: 968: 966: 961: 959: 957:Rutherfordium 954: 952: 947: 945: 940: 938: 933: 931: 926: 924: 919: 917: 912: 910: 905: 903: 898: 896: 891: 889: 884: 882: 877: 875: 870: 868: 863: 861: 856: 854: 849: 847: 842: 840: 835: 834: 831: 826: 824: 819: 817: 812: 810: 805: 803: 798: 796: 791: 789: 784: 782: 777: 775: 770: 768: 763: 761: 756: 754: 749: 747: 742: 740: 735: 733: 728: 726: 721: 719: 714: 712: 707: 705: 700: 698: 693: 691: 686: 684: 679: 677: 672: 670: 665: 663: 658: 656: 651: 649: 644: 642: 637: 635: 630: 628: 623: 621: 616: 614: 609: 608: 605: 600: 598: 593: 591: 586: 584: 579: 577: 572: 570: 565: 563: 558: 556: 551: 549: 544: 542: 537: 535: 530: 528: 523: 521: 516: 514: 509: 507: 502: 500: 495: 491: 489: 484: 482: 477: 476: 473: 468: 466: 461: 459: 454: 452: 447: 445: 440: 438: 433: 431: 426: 424: 419: 417: 412: 410: 405: 403: 398: 396: 391: 389: 384: 382: 377: 375: 370: 368: 363: 359: 354: 352: 347: 346: 343: 338: 336: 331: 329: 324: 322: 317: 315: 310: 308: 303: 299: 294: 292: 287: 286: 283: 278: 276: 271: 269: 264: 262: 257: 255: 250: 248: 243: 239: 234: 232: 227: 226: 223: 218: 214: 209: 208: 204: 203: 200: 199: 195: 192: 187: 183: 176: 165: 163: 162: 160: 157: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 124: 123: 109: 74: 72:Pronunciation 70: 65: 61: 56: 41: 37: 33: 26: 19: 15694: 15677: 15660: 15643: 15626: 15614:from Commons 15609: 15592: 15571: 15487: 15422: 15399: 15357:Antioxidants 15205:Tetrodotoxin 15155:Grayanotoxin 14939:Bromoacetone 14929:Thiophosgene 14884:Mace (spray) 14878:Pepper spray 14863:Lachrymatory 14848:Fluphenazine 14843:Procarbazine 14753:Sleeping gas 14601:Chloropicrin 14512:Nitric oxide 14414:Chloropicrin 14387: 14358:Cloflubicyne 14321:Oxotremorine 14270:Antillatoxin 14249:Tetrodotoxin 14198:Bungarotoxin 14094:Nitromethane 14056:Formaldoxime 13995:Cyclohexanol 13960:Acetonitrile 13707:GV (EA-5365) 13529:Nerve agents 13332:Lactonitrile 13242:Blood agents 13231:riot control 13038:M139 bomblet 13033:M138 bomblet 13028:M134 bomblet 13023:M125 bomblet 12948: 12864:Project SHAD 12835:and projects 12558: 11476: 11083: 11054:oxyfluorides 11001: 10689: 10656: 10645:Bibliography 10623: 10603:. Retrieved 10596:the original 10569:. Retrieved 10549: 10542: 10531:. Retrieved 10511: 10504: 10493:. Retrieved 10484: 10475: 10464:. Retrieved 10455: 10445: 10412: 10408: 10401: 10390:. Retrieved 10381: 10372: 10339: 10335: 10329: 10295:. Retrieved 10286: 10276: 10265:the original 10252: 10227:. Retrieved 10222: 10213: 10202:. Retrieved 10188: 10177:. Retrieved 10163: 10138: 10134: 10128: 10093: 10089: 10079: 10054: 10050: 10044: 10032:. Retrieved 10028:the original 10018: 9999: 9980: 9969:. Retrieved 9958: 9949: 9938:. Retrieved 9929: 9920: 9909:. Retrieved 9900: 9890: 9878:. Retrieved 9858: 9847:. Retrieved 9836: 9826: 9815:. Retrieved 9811:the original 9806: 9797: 9786:. Retrieved 9771: 9760:. Retrieved 9746: 9722: 9715: 9704:. Retrieved 9695: 9685: 9672: 9668: 9658: 9651: 9646: 9628: 9622: 9610: 9599:. Retrieved 9590: 9581: 9546: 9542: 9532: 9520:. Retrieved 9506: 9487: 9481: 9461: 9436: 9432: 9426: 9401:. 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Retrieved 6996:the original 6986: 6969: 6965: 6952: 6933: 6927: 6908: 6898: 6879: 6873: 6856: 6852: 6846: 6834: 6809: 6798: 6780: 6759: 6755: 6733: 6721:(On gases), 6718: 6714: 6700: 6693: 6686: 6639: 6634:The element 6633: 6616:acetal resin 6600: 6567: 6548: 6541: 6525: 6521: 6458: 6370: 6327: 6267:anion is an 6262: 6245:barrel bombs 6234: 6219: 6203: 6133: 6101:hypochlorite 6098: 6075: 6045: 6022: 5982: 5958: 5917: 5911: 5902:putrefaction 5895: 5892:Disinfection 5834:disinfection 5830:boyauderies. 5829: 5819: 5814:Eau de Javel 5812: 5805:putrefaction 5792: 5782: 5617: 5573: 5547:Applications 5541: 5513: 5485: 5463: 5456: 5451:ion exchange 5434: 5427: 5409:Cathode: 2 H 5404: 5362: 5336:2 NaCl + 2 H 5311: 5288: 5258: 5219: 5170:free-radical 5160: 5144:Chlorination 5133: 5000:hypochlorite 4923: 4883: 4844: 4831: 4806: 4770:chloric acid 4759: 4428: 4413: 4360: 4305: 4257: 4249: 4231: 4185:as follows: 4179:Humphry Davy 4169: 4147: 4136: 4064: 4025: 3922:noble metals 3848: 3805:CFOCl; with 3768: 3696:interhalogen 3693: 3669: 3615: 3594: 3578:160 °C 3493:reacts with 3454: 3407: 3133: 3120: 3112: 3101: 3090: 3075: 3047:NaCl + NaHSO 3030:150 °C 3005:hydrocarbons 2994: 2949: 2945:hypervalence 2929: 2800:muon capture 2742: 2730: 2723: 2720:primordially 2696: 2673: 2665: 2658: 2657:antibonding 2653:between the 2643: 2587: 2540: 2520:putrefaction 2509: 2472:Eau de Javel 2452: 2414: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2367: 2359: 2347: 2338: 2328: 2306:) with HCl: 2290: 2260: 2254: 2246: 2243:pseudo-Geber 2230: 2225:either with 2195:sal ammoniac 2180: 2164: 2132: 2076:electrolysis 2069: 2055: 1996:sal ammoniac 1981: 1940: 1929: 1928: 1782: 1718:Humphry Davy 1705: (1774) 1658: cm/mol 1601: 1596: 1591: 1568:orthorhombic 1453: 1447: 1441: 1435: 1429: 1383: 1351: 1341: 1273:Triple point 1253:3.2 g/L 1113: 999:Darmstadtium 866:Protactinium 640:Praseodymium 332: 147: 40: 15594:Definitions 15552:Environment 15375:emulsifiers 15371:stabilisers 15215:Veratridine 15190:Shiga toxin 15145:Domoic acid 15008:Thioacetone 14974:Iodoacetone 14838:Pentazocine 14833:Sevoflurane 14798:CAR-302,668 14793:CAR-302,282 14788:CAR-302,196 14783:CAR-301,060 14778:CAR-226,086 14758:Carfentanil 14656:Apomorphine 14577:Green Cross 14368:Domoic acid 14179:Neurotoxins 14099:OPA mixture 13990:Chlorosoman 13985:Chlorosarin 13919:Phospholine 13618:Crotylsarin 13603:Fluorotabun 13575:Chlorosoman 13557:Chlorosarin 13144:M1135 NBCRV 13108:Weteye bomb 12976:Mustard gas 12878:Operational 12859:Project 112 11089:(predicted) 7813:13 December 7742:"Bleaching" 7573:Saltbildare 7532:Saltbildare 7370:24 February 7362:: 295–358. 7058:pp. 141–42. 7017:Kraus, Paul 6578:chloramines 6365:Signal word 6210:truck bombs 6190:Middle east 6184:mustard gas 6164:Fritz Haber 6140:World War I 6124:World War I 6068:amino acids 6025:Jersey City 5912:During the 5888:in cattle. 5878:exhumations 5870:magnaneries 5866:infirmaries 5844:, markets, 5793:boyauderies 5413:O + 2 e → H 5309:in Israel. 5242:fatty acids 5230:amino acids 5015:perchlorate 3938:noble gases 3829:F and ClOSO 3793:CO, with a 3756:thiocyanate 3700:diamagnetic 3641:+ ClF + AsF 3411:noble gases 3376:(oxidation) 3082:heavy water 2784:lithosphere 2547:German Army 2522:agents and 2495:to produce 2477:Javel water 2310:4 HCl + MnO 2251:nitric acid 2151:neutrophils 2004:common salt 1639:diamagnetic 1540:of chlorine 1510:102±4 1376:100 k 1174:] 3s 3p 1041:Livermorium 1013:Copernicium 1006:Roentgenium 936:Mendelevium 922:Einsteinium 915:Californium 15709:Categories 15445:(E990–999) 15439:(E950–969) 15437:Sweeteners 15433:(E930–949) 15426:(E920–929) 15419:(E910–919) 15413:(E900–909) 15396:(E600–699) 15390:(E500–599) 15384:regulators 15377:(E400–499) 15367:Thickeners 15363:(E300–399) 15353:(E200–299) 15347:(E100–199) 15165:Maitotoxin 15160:Guanitoxin 15140:Ciguatoxin 15135:Brevetoxin 15120:Anatoxin-a 15115:Aflatoxins 15028:Putrescine 15023:Cadaverine 14999:Malodorant 14823:Isoflurane 14808:Desflurane 14803:Benperidol 14748:Psilocybin 14743:PAVA spray 14425:Diphosgene 14378:Pulmonary/ 14306:Picrotoxin 14265:Strychnine 14259:Brevetoxin 14243:Maitotoxin 14226:Guanitoxin 14220:Ciguatoxin 14187:Anatoxin-a 14120:Pinacolone 13953:Precursors 13914:Selenophos 13770:Carbamates 13686:Chinese VX 13592:Cyclosarin 13581:Ethylsarin 13552:Sarin (GB) 13403:Lewisite 3 13397:Lewisite 2 13366:Arsenicals 13078:M55 rocket 12833:Operations 12739:(USAMRICD) 10605:2013-12-17 10571:2011-04-30 10533:2020-05-06 10495:2016-04-12 10466:2016-04-12 10392:2009-03-31 10283:"Chlorine" 10229:2016-04-12 10204:2018-10-03 10179:2021-12-22 9971:2017-05-11 9940:2017-05-10 9911:2017-05-10 9849:2021-06-08 9817:2007-05-17 9788:2007-03-17 9762:2007-08-12 9706:2024-06-21 9601:2019-01-20 9403:2008-07-10 9380:. (2006). 9124:2024-05-04 9067:2007-08-15 9042:2007-08-15 9017:2007-03-17 8983:2024-05-11 8963:"Chlorine" 8931:2024-05-11 8910:2024-05-11 8578:2023-11-08 8501:2023-11-08 7981:2008-04-08 7955:2008-07-10 7930:2008-07-10 7869:2020-10-09 7801:Paul May. 7756:2012-05-02 7724:2010-05-08 7694:2010-05-08 7668:2018-02-19 7642:: 160–64. 7560:2018-02-19 7496:2018-02-19 7442:2018-02-19 7298:2020-05-06 7241:2008-09-12 7195:aqua regia 7166:2018-02-19 7112:2021-02-09 7002:2008-07-10 6772:References 6738:See also: 6620:polybutene 6535:(HCl) and 6339:Pictograms 6176:entrenched 6072:chloramine 6050:) to kill 5928:) to form 5801:peritoneal 5641:chloroform 5567:showing a 5555:A railway 5459:amalgamate 5353:Production 5277:Occurrence 5234:flavonoids 5182:Lewis acid 5071:Structure 4423:E°(couple) 4408:E°(couple) 4293:⟶ ClO• + O 4238:phosphorus 4085:ClO, and F 3898:molybdenum 3866:phosphorus 3218:Solvolysis 3156:bifluoride 2777:cosmic ray 2769:spallation 2753:beta decay 2716:half-lives 2592:, being a 2557:Properties 2536:antisepsis 2449:Later uses 2399:muriaticum 2380:muriaticum 2355:sauerstoff 2335:aqua regia 2304:pyrolusite 2266:Brabantian 2261:aqua regia 2256:aqua regia 2205:(hydrated 2128:poison gas 2018:aqua regia 1984:alchemists 1922:references 1678:CAS Number 1555:primordial 1373:10 k 1048:Tennessine 992:Meitnerium 971:Seaborgium 950:Lawrencium 689:Dysprosium 675:Gadolinium 654:Promethium 526:Technetium 519:Molybdenum 320:Phosphorus 153:°(Cl) 131:Appearance 15679:Resources 15662:Textbooks 15540:Chemistry 15506:Carbamide 15455:-cysteine 15334:E numbers 15260:Plutonium 15210:Volkensin 15185:Saxitoxin 15175:Palytoxin 15100:Aconitine 14828:Halothane 14818:Bufotenin 14813:Enflurane 14733:Kolokol-1 14713:Pethidine 14687:Etoxadrol 14672:Etorphine 14668:(CS-4640) 14652:(CS-4030) 14610:glycerine 14557:Salcomine 14316:Tremorine 14254:Aconitine 14237:Palytoxin 14215:Ryanodine 14192:Saxitoxin 13929:Ro 3-0422 13700:GV agents 13563:Thiosarin 13292:Phosphine 13098:MC-1 bomb 13043:M2 mortar 12991:Munitions 11052:Chlorine 10790:Chlorides 10382:ACES News 10297:25 August 9880:March 24, 9175:24229911M 8560:0036-8075 8535:1211.3644 8491:0002-7863 8210:: 27–34. 8141:: 3–128, 8101:120201972 7617:170337569 7203:pp. 5–10. 7043:468740510 7023:. Cairo: 6826:1365-3075 6330:labelling 6316:Chlorine 6230:Peshmerga 6172:IG Farben 6156:gas masks 6039:, and in 5980:in 1847. 5882:embalming 5854:hospitals 5846:abattoirs 5828:) in the 5609:zirconium 5601:magnesium 5597:catalysis 5569:UN number 5526:4 HCl + O 5222:alkaloids 4869:⇌ Cl + 3 4824:⇌ OCl + H 4768:(HOClO), 3993:plutonium 3977:hydrazine 3957:aluminium 3953:magnesium 3926:palladium 3886:tellurium 3862:potassium 3684:triiodide 3661:][AsF 3604:is not). 3588:AuCl + Cl 3389:Hydrated 3129:azeotrope 2551:gas masks 2408:In 1810, 2385:In 1809, 2287:Isolation 2167:rock salt 2116:poisonous 1936:; it has 1832:10 y 1778:half-life 1697:Discovery 1370:1 k 1055:Oganesson 1034:Moscovium 1027:Flerovium 908:Berkelium 894:Americium 887:Plutonium 880:Neptunium 717:Ytterbium 647:Neodymium 626:Lanthanum 589:Tellurium 547:Palladium 533:Ruthenium 505:Zirconium 487:Strontium 443:Germanium 394:Manganese 350:Potassium 306:Aluminium 297:Magnesium 237:Beryllium 15740:Halogens 15715:Chlorine 15572:Chlorine 15564:Medicine 15488:Chlorine 15464:-cystine 15269:Polonium 15170:Modeccin 15079:Acrolein 15044:Lewisite 14949:Acrolein 14773:CS-27349 14723:Ibogaine 14606:Litharge 14595:Adamsite 14572:Diborane 14562:Fluomine 14542:Ethenone 14437:Acrolein 14404:Fluorine 14398:Phosgene 14388:Chlorine 13788:EA-3887A 13760:C01-A042 13755:C01-A039 13750:C01-A035 13628:V-agents 13538:G-agents 13423:(EA-229) 13391:Lewisite 13250:Cyanogen 13103:M47 bomb 12960:Phosgene 12949:Chlorine 12894:Disposal 12842:Research 12501:Diatomic 10735:Archived 10702:Chlorine 10686:Chlorine 10565:Archived 10527:Archived 10489:Archived 10460:Archived 10437:17980649 10386:Archived 10364:11161660 10323:(NIOSH). 10291:Archived 10287:noaa.gov 10238:cite web 10198:Archived 10173:Archived 10120:13611033 10034:30 April 10007:Archived 9988:Archived 9965:Archived 9960:Fox News 9934:Archived 9930:BBC News 9905:Archived 9871:Archived 9843:Archived 9807:BBC News 9782:Archived 9756:Archived 9738:Archived 9700:Archived 9677:Archived 9595:Archived 9522:13 March 9516:Archived 9470:Archived 9453:16757372 9412:cite web 9333:Archived 9285:Archived 9263:Archived 9245:Archived 9224:Archived 8795:Archived 8744:22662801 8572:Archived 8568:24357316 8495:Archived 8224:22304997 8125:(2003), 7949:Archived 7863:Archived 7807:Archived 7662:Archived 7554:Archived 7509:Werner's 7490:Archived 7460:Chlorine 7452:Archived 7436:Archived 7416:: 1–35. 7389:Archived 7364:Archived 7292:Archived 7206:Archived 7183:Brunsten 7175:Archived 7160:Archived 7117:p. 1002. 7106:Archived 7052:(1966). 6839:Chlorine 6745:Archived 6726:Archived 6708:Archived 6646:See also 6612:polymers 6539:(HOCl). 6459:NFPA 704 6321:Hazards 6265:chloride 6180:phosgene 6052:bacteria 5886:blackleg 5858:lazarets 5838:latrines 5605:titanium 5557:tank car 5466:asbestos 5375:through 5348:+ 2 NaOH 5324:gas and 5322:hydrogen 5307:Dead Sea 5238:steroids 5226:terpenes 5021:Formula 5010:chlorate 5005:chlorite 4995:chloride 4764:(HOCl), 4592: 4564: 4536: 4495: 4431:(OH) = 1 4183:chlorate 4035:fluorine 3930:platinum 3918:asbestos 3902:tungsten 3882:selenium 3874:antimony 3858:hydrogen 3807:nitriles 3742:F. Some 3738:, and Cl 3501:to give 3442:nitrogen 3438:fluorine 3424:and XeCl 3355:+ HCl ⟶ 3019:NaCl + H 2935:of the X 2687:Isotopes 2623:chloride 2598:fluorine 2594:nonmetal 2362:zuurstof 2245:(in the 2207:sulfates 2130:weapon. 2108:sanitary 2100:plastics 2090:, and a 2084:bleaches 2061:chloride 1953:fluorine 1949:halogens 1930:Chlorine 1381:at 1196:at 1089:chlorine 1020:Nihonium 943:Nobelium 852:Actinium 838:Francium 822:Astatine 815:Polonium 794:Thallium 773:Platinum 745:Tungsten 738:Tantalum 724:Lutetium 668:Europium 661:Samarium 582:Antimony 480:Rubidium 457:Selenium 387:Chromium 380:Vanadium 373:Titanium 366:Scandium 334:Chlorine 274:Fluorine 260:Nitrogen 212:Hydrogen 175:abridged 67:Chlorine 18:chloride 15526:Portals 15508:(E927b) 15345:Colours 15018:Skatole 15013:Allicin 14728:EA-3834 14718:EA-3580 14708:EA-3443 14703:EA-3167 14698:EA-2148 14682:CS-4297 14677:EA-2092 14666:EA-4941 14393:Bromine 14031:EA-1224 14011:EA-1250 13924:R-16661 13899:EA-2613 13894:EA-2098 13889:EA-2054 13884:EA-2012 13853:3152 CT 13843:TL-1317 13838:TL-1299 13833:TL-1238 13803:EA-4056 13798:EA-3990 13793:EA-3966 13783:EA-3887 13681:EA-1763 13641:EA-3148 13636:EA-2192 13613:EA-4352 13608:EA-1356 13342:Stibine 13175:MKULTRA 13129:M93 Fox 12455:p-block 12450:d-block 12445:f-block 12440:s-block 10417:Bibcode 10344:Bibcode 10317:"#0115" 10155:9760315 10111:1062852 10071:3764530 9780:. CNN. 9573:4959984 8779:8795309 8724:Bibcode 8689:Bibcode 8540:Bibcode 8522:Science 8177:Bibcode 8143:Bibcode 8081:Bibcode 7644:Bibcode 7505:Halogen 7464:Chloric 7418:Bibcode 7376:See: § 7325:Bibcode 6792:. 2009. 6705:p. 105: 6597:attack. 6574:ammonia 6570:laundry 6311:Hazards 6166:of the 6113:biocide 6082:bromine 5978:Austria 5907:microbe 5898:miasmas 5874:stables 5862:prisons 5613:hafnium 5591:(PVC), 5581:ethanes 5577:methane 5514:In the 5481:mercury 5474:caustic 5246:dioxins 5198:alkynes 5194:alkenes 5162:Alkanes 4776:), and 4754:+0.374 4696:+0.295 4646:+0.488 4629: 4626: 4621:+0.681 4589: 4561: 4533: 4515:+0.421 4500:HOCl/Cl 4492: 4470:+0.890 4461:HOCl/Cl 4456:+1.358 4434:(base) 4416:(H) = 1 4389:and ClO 4309:(ClOClO 4289:Cl• + O 4218:⁠ 4206:⁠ 4105:Yellow 4054:O + ClF 3985:uranium 3910:iridium 3906:rhodium 3890:bromine 3870:arsenic 3752:cyanate 3676:[Cl 3657:[Cl 3626:[Cl 3618:[Cl 3584: 3557: 3551:at "bp" 3531:⁠ 3519:⁠ 3430:bismuth 3142:Cl and 3060: 3036: 2964:⁠ 2952:⁠ 2780:protons 2602:bromine 2590:halogen 2545:by the 2419:halogen 2415:chlōros 2223:mercury 2203:vitriol 2161:History 2092:reagent 2050:khlōrós 1957:bromine 1872:stable 1712:element 1691:History 1570: ( 1497:) 1245:Density 1182:2, 8, 7 1159:p-block 985:Hassium 978:Bohrium 964:Dubnium 929:Fermium 873:Uranium 859:Thorium 808:Bismuth 766:Iridium 752:Rhenium 731:Hafnium 710:Thulium 696:Holmium 682:Terbium 612:Caesium 561:Cadmium 540:Rhodium 512:Niobium 498:Yttrium 471:Krypton 464:Bromine 450:Arsenic 436:Gallium 357:Calcium 313:Silicon 230:Lithium 173: ( 114: 15514:(E928) 15502:(E927) 15496:(E926) 15490:(E925) 15484:(E924) 15478:(E923) 15472:(E922) 15466:(E921) 15457:(E920) 15386:& 15373:& 15359:& 15236:Napalm 15001:agents 14865:agents 14768:JB-336 14763:JB-318 14738:LSD-25 14694:(DMHP) 14642:agents 14301:A-8564 14261:(PbTX) 14211:(TeNT) 13828:TL-599 13818:T-1194 13813:T-1152 13808:T-1123 13577:(ClGD) 13559:(ClGB) 13470:TL-301 13272:Arsine 12935:Agents 12511:Common 10667: 10630: 10557: 10519: 10456:Forbes 10435: 10362: 10153: 10118: 10108: 10069: 9730: 9635: 9571: 9564:546668 9561: 9494: 9451: 9325: 9216: 9173: 9082:et al. 8887: 8850: 8823: 8777: 8742: 8566: 8558: 8489: 8222: 8127:"The N 8099: 8003: 7855: 7784: 7615: 7609:229946 7607: 7517:zeugen 7449:p. 32: 7284: 7041: 7031: 6940: 6915: 6886: 6824: 6723:p. 408 6371:Danger 6301:sodium 6214:mortar 6148:mucosa 6086:iodine 6041:bleach 5842:sewers 5774:Bleach 5753:, and 5671:, and 5611:, and 5530:→ 2 Cl 5490:as an 5477:alkali 5417:+ 2 OH 5340:O → Cl 5264:, are 5240:, and 4828:O + Cl 4821:+ 2 OH 4780:(HOClO 4772:(HOClO 4726:+1.201 4668:+1.181 4604:+1.701 4586:+1.277 4558:+1.468 4530:+1.659 4509:ClO/Cl 4506:+1.630 4489:+1.459 4467:ClO/Cl 4464:+1.484 4446:+1.358 4419:(acid) 4341:(ClONO 4333:(HOClO 4268:and Cl 4234:sulfur 4023:ions. 3973:Nickel 3969:silver 3967:, and 3949:sodium 3932:, and 3912:, and 3894:iodine 3878:sulfur 3821:and SO 3649:−78 °C 3537:⟶ EuCl 3499:reflux 3489:, and 3444:in NCl 3434:oxygen 3393:, NiCl 3222:ligand 3206:phenol 3158:ions ( 3119:O for 2749:sulfur 2606:iodine 2604:, and 2350:oxygen 2331:litmus 2322:O + Cl 2314:→ MnCl 2044:χλωρός 1998:) and 1977:oxygen 1938:symbol 1890: 1811:stable 1720:(1808) 1641: 1514: 1461:oxide) 1459:acidic 1451:, +6, 1445:, +4, 1439:, +2, 1387: 1355: 1305: 1303:kJ/mol 1247: 1156: 1139:Period 1085:sulfur 901:Curium 845:Radium 759:Osmium 703:Erbium 633:Cerium 619:Barium 596:Iodine 568:Indium 554:Silver 422:Copper 415:Nickel 408:Cobalt 327:Sulfur 290:Sodium 267:Oxygen 253:Carbon 221:Helium 112: 15645:Texts 15611:Media 15411:Waxes 15224:Other 15180:Ricin 15095:Abrin 15054:KB-16 14341:IPTBO 14272:(ATX) 14245:(MTX) 14239:(PTX) 14228:(GTX) 14222:(CTX) 14205:(BTX) 14061:Nital 13867:Other 13745:A-262 13740:A-242 13735:A-234 13730:A-232 13725:A-208 13569:Soman 13565:(SGB) 13546:Tabun 13505:KB-16 13498:Other 12970:Sarin 12592:Other 10845:BaClF 10794:acids 10599:(PDF) 10592:(PDF) 10268:(PDF) 10261:(PDF) 9874:(PDF) 9867:(PDF) 9675:(8). 9336:(PDF) 9307:(PDF) 9110:(PDF) 8530:arXiv 8129:UBASE 8108:(PDF) 8097:S2CID 8069:(PDF) 7924:(PDF) 7917:(PDF) 7613:S2CID 7605:JSTOR 7462:, or 6962:(PDF) 6905:, in 6790:CIAAW 6699:From 6678:Notes 6237:Syria 6212:with 6158:with 5939:offal 5534:+ 2 H 5470:anode 5424:+ 2 e 5299:brine 5213:(SOCl 5209:) or 5148:water 4991:Name 4916:+ 3 H 4662:/HClO 4601:/HOCl 4376:(HClO 4073:(FClO 3945:radon 3941:xenon 3785:, (CF 3760:azide 3541:+ HCl 3415:xenon 3311:+ BCl 3188:(R = 3080:with 3072:+ HCl 3044:+ HCl 3040:NaHSO 2757:argon 2493:brine 2467:Paris 2463:Javel 2318:+ 2 H 2215:salts 2171:brine 2126:as a 2072:brine 2058:ionic 2032:oxide 1990:like 1988:salts 1932:is a 1823:trace 1764:Decay 1652:−40.5 1433:, 0, 1193:Phase 1170:[ 1151:Block 1127:Group 1093:argon 829:Radon 603:Xenon 341:Argon 246:Boron 167:35.45 15696:Data 15628:News 15262:and 14880:(OC) 14597:(DM) 14427:(DP) 14416:(PS) 14400:(CG) 14351:TBPS 14346:TBPO 14194:(TZ) 14116:(TH) 14085:(DF) 14079:(SW) 14073:(TB) 14046:DMHP 14026:DEHP 14016:DIHP 14007:(KB) 13944:MSPI 13594:(GF) 13583:(GE) 13571:(GD) 13548:(GA) 13490:(CX) 13437:CEES 13405:(L3) 13399:(L2) 13387:(PD) 13381:(MD) 13375:(ED) 13268:(AC) 13262:(CK) 13134:MOPP 13124:CAIS 12978:(HD) 12972:(GB) 12956:(DF) 12945:(BZ) 11135:ClSO 11127:ClNO 11084:ClOF 11067:ClOF 11062:ClOF 10874:TiCl 10866:SiCl 10828:HClO 10820:HClO 10812:HClO 10807:HClO 10792:and 10665:ISBN 10628:ISBN 10555:ISBN 10517:ISBN 10433:PMID 10360:PMID 10299:2015 10244:link 10151:PMID 10116:PMID 10067:PMID 10036:2010 9882:2015 9728:ISBN 9633:ISBN 9569:PMID 9524:2022 9492:ISBN 9449:PMID 9418:link 9323:ISBN 9214:ISBN 8885:ISBN 8848:ISBN 8821:ISBN 8775:PMID 8740:PMID 8564:PMID 8556:ISSN 8487:ISSN 8220:PMID 8001:ISBN 7853:ISBN 7815:2016 7782:ISBN 7589:Isis 7513:Salz 7372:2018 7282:ISBN 7039:OCLC 7029:ISBN 6938:ISBN 6913:ISBN 6884:ISBN 6822:ISSN 6636:iron 6618:and 6529:IDLH 6451:P410 6447:P403 6443:P340 6439:P312 6435:P304 6431:P261 6427:P244 6423:P233 6419:P220 6405:H400 6401:H335 6397:H330 6393:H319 6389:H315 6385:H270 6263:The 6226:Iraq 6198:and 6182:and 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