Boron - Knowledge

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these B-containing cells are irradiated with low-energy thermal neutrons, they undergo nuclear capture reactions, releasing high linear energy transfer (LET) particles such as α-particles and lithium-7 nuclei within a limited path length. These high-LET particles can destroy the adjacent tumor cells without causing significant harm to nearby normal cells. Boron acts as a selective agent due to its ability to absorb thermal neutrons and produce short-range physical effects primarily affecting the targeted tissue region. This binary approach allows for precise tumor cell killing while sparing healthy tissues. The effective delivery of boron involves administering boron compounds or carriers capable of accumulating selectively in tumor cells compared to surrounding tissue. BSH and BPA have been used clinically, but research continues to identify more optimal carriers. Accelerator-based neutron sources have also been developed recently as an alternative to reactor-based sources, leading to improved efficiency and enhanced clinical outcomes in BNCT. By employing the properties of boron isotopes and targeted irradiation techniques, BNCT offers a potential approach to treating malignant brain tumors by selectively killing cancer cells while minimizing the damage caused by traditional radiation therapies.

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isotope and low-energy thermal or high-energy epithermal neutrons to generate α particles and lithium nuclei that selectively destroy DNA in tumor cells. The primary challenge lies in developing efficient boron agents with higher content and specific targeting properties tailored for BNCT. Integration of tumor-targeting strategies with BNCT could potentially establish it as a practical personalized treatment option for different types of cancers. Ongoing research explores new boron compounds, optimization strategies, theranostic agents, and radiobiological advances to overcome limitations and cost-effectively improve patient outcomes.

2702: 2627: 5360: 1451: 2969: 5181: 2494: 3200: 5525: 5463: 3848: 5264: 1493: 1766: 5491: 4646:. These antibiotics have shown inhibitory effects on certain bacteria, fungi, and protozoa growth. Boron is also being studied for its potential medicinal applications, including its incorporation into biologically active molecules for therapies like boron neutron capture therapy for brain tumors. Some boron-containing biomolecules may act as signaling molecules interacting with cell surfaces, suggesting a role in cellular communication. 3817:, commonly woven into a mat. The glass fibers used in the material are made of various types of glass depending upon the fiberglass use. These glasses all contain silica or silicate, with varying amounts of oxides of calcium, magnesium, and sometimes boron. The boron is present as borosilicate, borax, or boron oxide, and is added to increase the strength of the glass, or as a fluxing agent to decrease the melting temperature of 3407: 5327:(dose at which there is 50% mortality) for animals is about 6 g per kg of body weight. Substances with an LD50 above 2 g/kg are considered nontoxic. An intake of 4 g/day of boric acid was reported without incident, but more than this is considered toxic in more than a few doses. Intakes of more than 0.5 grams per day for 50 days cause minor digestive and other problems suggestive of toxicity. 5508: 42: 3399: 3921: 2041: 9010: 3211:. In the latter ("boron neutron capture therapy" or BNCT), a compound containing B is incorporated into a pharmaceutical which is selectively taken up by a malignant tumor and tissues near it. The patient is then treated with a beam of low energy neutrons at a relatively low neutron radiation dose. The neutrons, however, trigger energetic and short-range secondary 2204: 2845:

boron and negatively charged nitrogen atoms in each plane lie adjacent to the oppositely charged atom in the next plane. Consequently, graphite and h-BN have very different properties, although both are lubricants, as these planes slip past each other easily. However, h-BN is a relatively poor electrical and thermal conductor in the planar directions.

4448: 5269: 3089:, B (80.1%) and B (19.9%). The mass difference results in a wide range of δB values, which are defined as a fractional difference between the B and B and traditionally expressed in parts per thousand, in natural waters ranging from −16 to +59. There are 13 known isotopes of boron; the shortest-lived isotope is B which decays through 4412:. As examples, computer HDDs (hard disk drives), CD (compact disk) and DVD (digital versatile disk) players rely on neodymium magnet motors to deliver intense rotary power in a remarkably compact package. In mobile phones 'Neo' magnets provide the magnetic field which allows tiny speakers to deliver appreciable audio power. 2687:, shown at left. The formal negative charge of the tetrahedral borate center is balanced by metal cations in the minerals, such as the sodium (Na) in borax. The tourmaline group of borate-silicates is also a very important boron-bearing mineral group, and a number of borosilicates are also known to exist naturally. 4671:). Boron appears as an active element in the organic pharmaceutical bortezomib, a new class of drug called the proteasome inhibitor, for treating myeloma and one form of lymphoma (it is currently in experimental trials against other types of lymphoma). The boron atom in bortezomib binds the catalytic site of the 12142: 5356:). The boranes are also highly flammable and require special care when handling, some combinations of boranes and other compounds are highly explosive. Sodium borohydride presents a fire hazard owing to its reducing nature and the liberation of hydrogen on contact with acid. Boron halides are corrosive. 3697:

glassware production. A rapid increase in the manufacture of reinforcement-grade boron-containing fiberglass in Asia, has offset the development of boron-free reinforcement-grade fiberglass in Europe and the US. The recent rises in energy prices may lead to greater use of insulation-grade fiberglass,

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increased the capacity of its boron plant from 260,000 tonnes per year in 2003 to 310,000 tonnes per year by May 2005, with plans to grow this to 366,000 tonnes per year in 2006. Chinese boron producers have been unable to meet rapidly growing demand for high quality borates. This has led to imports

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The highly boronated glasses used in fiberglass are E-glass (named for "Electrical" use, but now the most common fiberglass for general use). E-glass is alumino-borosilicate glass with less than 1% w/w alkali oxides, mainly used for glass-reinforced plastics. Other common high-boron glasses include

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contain boron in oxidation state +3. These minerals resemble silicates in some respect, although it is often found not only in a tetrahedral coordination with oxygen, but also in a trigonal planar configuration. Unlike silicates, boron minerals never contain it with coordination number greater than

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atomic pairs. It can be produced by compressing other boron phases to 12–20 GPa and heating to 1500–1800 °C; it remains stable after releasing the temperature and pressure. The β-T phase is produced at similar pressures, but higher temperatures of 1800–2200 °C. The α-T and β-T phases

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Boron is necessary for plant growth, but an excess of boron is toxic to plants, and occurs particularly in acidic soil. It presents as a yellowing from the tip inwards of the oldest leaves and black spots in barley leaves, but it can be confused with other stresses such as magnesium deficiency in

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Not all fiberglasses contain boron, but on a global scale, most of the fiberglass used does contain it. Because of the ubiquitous use of fiberglass in construction and insulation, boron-containing fiberglasses consume over half the global production of boron, and are the single largest commercial

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function, among other functions. A small human trial published in 1987 reported on postmenopausal women first made boron deficient and then repleted with 3 mg/day. Boron supplementation markedly reduced urinary calcium excretion and elevated the serum concentrations of 17 beta-estradiol and

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lead to marginal and tip necrosis in leaves as well as poor overall growth performance. Levels as low as 0.8 ppm produce these same symptoms in plants that are particularly sensitive to boron in the soil. Nearly all plants, even those somewhat tolerant of soil boron, will show at least some

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BNCT has shown promising results in clinical trials for various other malignancies, including glioblastoma, head and neck cancer, cutaneous melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, lung cancer, and extramammary Paget's disease. The treatment involves a nuclear reaction between nonradioactive boron-10

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In neutron capture therapy (BNCT) for malignant brain tumors, boron is researched to be used for selectively targeting and destroying tumor cells. The goal is to deliver higher concentrations of the non-radioactive boron isotope (B) to the tumor cells than to the surrounding normal tissues. When

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boron(III) centre. Cubic boron nitride, among other applications, is used as an abrasive, as it has a hardness comparable with diamond (the two substances are able to produce scratches on each other). In the BN compound analogue of graphite, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), the positively charged

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O. Boron atoms are pink, with bridging oxygens in red, and four hydroxyl hydrogens in white. Note two borons are trigonally bonded sp with no formal charge, while the other two borons are tetrahedrally bonded sp, each carrying a formal charge of −1. The oxidation state of all borons is III. This

3268:, but the moderated neutrons continue to be a radiation hazard unless actively absorbed in the shielding. Among light elements that absorb thermal neutrons, Li and B appear as potential spacecraft structural materials which serve both for mechanical reinforcement and radiation protection. 4196:, results in a spectacular increase in surface resistance and microhardness. Laser alloying has also been successfully used for the same purpose. These borides are an alternative to diamond coated tools, and their (treated) surfaces have similar properties to those of the bulk boride. 4861:

by depositing boron coatings on plasma-facing components and walls to reduce the release of hydrogen and impurities from the surfaces. It is also being used for the dissipation of energy in the fusion plasma boundary to suppress excessive energy bursts and heat fluxes to the walls.

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with consequent growth in the boron consumption. Roskill Consulting Group forecasts that world demand for boron will grow by 3.4% per year to reach 21 million tonnes by 2010. The highest growth in demand is expected to be in Asia where demand could rise by an average 5.7% per year.

5267: 3338:, it produces three alpha particles and 8.7 MeV of energy. Most other fusion reactions involving hydrogen and helium produce penetrating neutron radiation, which weakens reactor structures and induces long-term radioactivity, thereby endangering operating personnel. The 2988:. However, unlike hexagonal boron nitride, which lacks electrons in the plane of the covalent atoms, the delocalized electrons in magnesium diboride allow it to conduct electricity similar to isoelectronic graphite. In 2001, this material was found to be a high-temperature 3178:

Because of its high neutron cross-section, boron-10 is often used to control fission in nuclear reactors as a neutron-capturing substance. Several industrial-scale enrichment processes have been developed; however, only the fractionated vacuum distillation of the

9935:, accessed 2010-06-02, Quotation: "The flanges will link the rocket with ground storage tanks containing liquid oxygen, kerosene fuel, helium, gaseous nitrogen and the first stage ignitor source called triethylaluminum-triethylborane, better known as TEA-TEB." 4449: 3440:

Although boron is a relatively rare element in the Earth's crust, representing only 0.001% of the crust mass, it can be highly concentrated by the action of water, in which many borates are soluble. It is found naturally combined in compounds such as

4451: 12134: 5352:(boron hydrogen compounds) and similar gaseous compounds are quite poisonous. As usual, boron is not an element that is intrinsically poisonous, but the toxicity of these compounds depends on structure (for another example of this phenomenon, see 2785:

in boranes is positive, and is based on the assumption that hydrogen is counted as −1 as in active metal hydrides. The mean oxidation number for the borons is then simply the ratio of hydrogen to boron in the molecule. For example, in diborane

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core (see below). Boron fibers are used in lightweight composite applications, such as high strength tapes. This use is a very small fraction of total boron use. Boron is introduced into semiconductors as boron compounds, by ion implantation.

5821:"An account of some new analytical researches on the nature of certain bodies, particularly the alkalies, phosphorus, sulphur, carbonaceous matter, and the acids hitherto undecomposed: with some general observations on chemical theory" 2907:. However, multiple boron atoms reacting with each other have a tendency to form novel dodecahedral (12-sided) and icosahedral (20-sided) structures composed completely of boron atoms, or with varying numbers of carbon heteroatoms. 3736:

as used in high strength glassware. About 15% of global boron is used in boron ceramics, including super-hard materials discussed below. Agriculture consumes 11% of global boron production, and bleaches and detergents about 6%.

2984:). Each boron atom has a formal −1 charge and magnesium is assigned a formal charge of +2. In this material, the boron centers are trigonal planar with an extra double bond for each boron, forming sheets akin to the carbon in 8045:

Mokhov, A.V., Kartashov, P.M., Gornostaeva, T.A., Asadulin, A.A., Bogatikov, O.A., 2013: Complex nanospherulites of zinc oxide and native amorphous boron in the Lunar regolith from Mare Crisium. Doklady Earth Sciences 448(1)

1917:, but chemically uncombined boron is not otherwise found naturally on Earth. Industrially, the very pure element is produced with difficulty because of contamination by carbon or other elements that resist removal. Several 4452: 3996:) octahedra are present as well (see the boron carbide article for structural analysis). The repeating polymer plus semi-crystalline structure of boron carbide gives it great structural strength per weight. It is used in 12005:

Vithana, En, Morgan, P, Sundaresan, P, Ebenezer, Nd, Tan, Dt, Mohamed, Md, et al. (July 2006). "Mutations in sodium-borate cotransporter SLC4A11 cause recessive congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED2)".

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In the high oxygen environment of Earth, boron is always found fully oxidized to borate. Boron does not appear on Earth in elemental form. Extremely small traces of elemental boron were detected in Lunar regolith.

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Elemental boron is rare and poorly studied because the pure material is extremely difficult to prepare. Most studies of "boron" involve samples that contain small amounts of carbon. The chemical behavior of boron

4135:. Similar to carbon, it has both hexagonal (soft graphite-like h-BN) and cubic (hard, diamond-like c-BN) forms. h-BN is used as a high temperature component and lubricant. c-BN, also known under commercial name 3650:

in 2012. As compounds such as borax and kernite its cost was US$ 377/tonne in 2019. Boron mining and refining capacities are considered to be adequate to meet expected levels of growth through the next decade.

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has antiseptic, antifungal, and antiviral properties and, for these reasons, is applied as a water clarifier in swimming pool water treatment. Mild solutions of boric acid have been used as eye antiseptics.

5189: 3732:, especially in Asia. Boron is added to the glass as borax pentahydrate or boron oxide, to influence the strength or fluxing qualities of the glass fibers. Another 10% of global boron production is for 2972:

Ball-and-stick model of superconductor magnesium diboride. Boron atoms lie in hexagonal aromatic graphite-like layers, with a charge of −1 on each boron atom. Magnesium(II) ions lie between layers

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The rate of oxidation of boron depends on the crystallinity, particle size, purity and temperature. Boron does not react with air at room temperature, but at higher temperatures it burns to form

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might coexist at ambient conditions, with the β-T phase being the more stable. Compressing boron above 160 GPa produces a boron phase with an as yet unknown structure, and this phase is a

3724:. In the United States, 70% of the boron is used for the production of glass and ceramics. The major global industrial-scale use of boron compounds (about 46% of end-use) is in production of 3000:

cables has resulted in superconducting test cables able to carry 20,000 amperes for extremely high current distribution applications, such as the contemplated high luminosity version of the

8332: 8296: 2125:. In 1808 Davy observed that electric current sent through a solution of borates produced a brown precipitate on one of the electrodes. In his subsequent experiments, he used potassium to 3581: 4983:(FDA) has not established a daily value for boron for food and dietary supplement labeling purposes. While low boron status can be detrimental to health, probably increasing the risk of 6966:

Zarechnaya EY, Dubrovinsky L, Dubrovinskaia N, Filinchuk Y, Chernyshov D, Dmitriev V, et al. (2009). "Superhard Semiconducting Optically Transparent High Pressure Phase of Boron".

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Bonvini P, Zorzi E, Basso G, Rosolen A (2007). "Bortezomib-mediated 26S proteasome inhibition causes cell-cycle arrest and induces apoptosis in CD-30 anaplastic large cell lymphoma".

5268: 4450: 4015:. Nuclear applications of boron carbide include shielding, control rods and shut-down pellets. Within control rods, boron carbide is often powdered, to increase its surface area. 11556: 4885:

symptoms of boron toxicity when soil boron content is greater than 1.8 ppm. When this content exceeds 2.0 ppm, few plants will perform well and some may not survive.

2930:. As one example, carboranes form useful molecular moieties that add considerable amounts of boron to other biochemicals in order to synthesize boron-containing compounds for 7323: 3007:

Certain other metal borides find specialized applications as hard materials for cutting tools. Often the boron in borides has fractional oxidation states, such as −1/3 in

1886:. It constitutes about 0.001 percent by weight of Earth's crust. It is concentrated on Earth by the water-solubility of its more common naturally occurring compounds, the 9203:

Komatsu, T., Samedima, M., Awano, T., Kakadate, Y., Fujiwara, S. (1999). "Creation of Superhard B–C–N Heterodiamond Using an Advanced Shock Wave Compression Technology".

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is added to the reactor coolant after the plant is shut down for refueling. When the plant is started up again, the boric acid is slowly filtered out over many months as

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Klotz JH, Moss JI, Zhao R, Davis Jr LR, Patterson RS (1994). "Oral toxicity of boric acid and other boron compounds to immature cat fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)".

8111: 5270: 2565: 13), although the other members of this group are metals and more typical p-elements (only aluminium to some extent shares boron's aversion to the octet rule). 8147: 5917: 11242:

Hütter R, Keller-Schien W, Knüsel F, Prelog V, Rodgers Jr GC, Suter P, et al. (1967). "Stoffwechselprodukte von Mikroorganismen. 57. Mitteilung. Boromycin".

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composites possess high hardness and wear resistance and are used in either bulk form or as coatings for components exposed to high temperatures and wear loads.

2137:. Gay-Lussac and Thénard used iron to reduce boric acid at high temperatures. By oxidizing boron with air, they showed that boric acid is its oxidation product. 12058:

Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Copper

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to compensate the variable reactivity of the fuel. When new rods are inserted the concentration of boronic acid is maximal, and is reduced during the lifetime.

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C, and it shows a clear depletion of carbon from this suggested stoichiometric ratio. This is due to its very complex structure. The substance can be seen with

3312:, which is greatly enriched in B and contains almost no B. This is useful because B is largely immune to radiation damage. Depleted boron is a byproduct of the 14265: 7009:

Nelmes, R. J., Loveday JS, Allan DR, Hull S, Hamel G, Grima P, et al. (1993). "Neutron- and x-ray-diffraction measurements of the bulk modulus of boron".

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Luo T, Huang W, Chu F, Zhu T, Feng B, Huang S, et al. (October 2023). "The Dawn of a New Era: Tumor-Targeting Boron Agents for Neutron Capture Therapy".

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Holcombe Jr., C. E., Smith, D. D., Lorc, J. D., Duerlesen, W. K., Carpenter, D. A. (October 1973). "Physical-Chemical Properties of beta-Rhombohedral Boron".

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spectroscopy; and spectrometers specially adapted to detecting the boron-11 nuclei are available commercially. The B and B nuclei also cause splitting in the

12193: 8660: 11337: 5571: 5338: 10232:"New Dioxaborolane Chemistry Enables [18F]-Positron-Emitting, Fluorescent [18F]-Multimodality Biomolecule Generation from the Solid Phase" 10007:"Wood Protection Properties of Quaternary Ammonium Arylspiroborate Esters Derived from Naphthalene 2,3-Diol, 2,2'-Biphenol and 3-Hydroxy-2-naphthoic Acid" 6091:

Berzelius produced boron by reducing a borofluoride salt; specifically, by heating potassium borofluoride with potassium metal. See: Berzelius, J. (1824)

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Braunschweig H, Dewhurst RD, Hammond K, Mies J, Radacki K, Vargas A (2012). "Ambient-Temperature Isolation of a Compound with a Boron-Boron Triple Bond".

10330:"A fluorescent, [ 18 F]-positron-emitting agent for imaging PMSA allows genetic reporting in adoptively-transferred, genetically-modified cells" 9699: 8740: 8278: 3507:. Together these constitute 90% of mined boron-containing ore. The largest global borax deposits known, many still untapped, are in Central and Western 3479:. Such a finding, along with previous discoveries that water may have been present on ancient Mars, further supports the possible early habitability of 9610:

Pastina B, Isabey J, Hickel B (1999). "The influence of water chemistry on the radiolysis of the primary coolant water in pressurized water reactors".

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B), which are among the strongest type of permanent magnet. These magnets are found in a variety of electromechanical and electronic devices, such as

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From the structural perspective, the most distinctive chemical compounds of boron are the hydrides. Included in this series are the cluster compounds

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reactors as a boron source. Examples are the plasma deposition of boron-containing hard carbon films, silicon nitride–boron nitride films, and for

1646: 8339: 12217:"Optimizing Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) to Treat Cancer: An Updated Review on the Latest Developments on Boron Compounds and Strategies" 10208: 10085: 8307: 7683: 5292: 3260:, which are mostly high energy protons, is that some secondary radiation from interaction of cosmic rays and spacecraft materials is high energy 10387:"Small Molecule, Multimodal [18F]-PET and Fluorescence Imaging Agent Targeting Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen: First-in-Human Study" 10757:

Dean CR, Young AF, Meric I, Lee C, Wang L, Sorgenfrei S, et al. (2010). "Boron nitride substrates for high-quality graphene electronics".

3783:. Translation of the focused laser beam allows production of even complex helical structures. Such structures show good mechanical properties ( 8792:

Johansson S, Schweitz JÅ, Westberg H, Boman M (1992). "Microfabrication of three-dimensional boron structures by laser chemical processing".

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The average cost of crystalline elemental boron is US$ 5/g. Elemental boron is chiefly used in making boron fibers, where it is deposited by

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will produce secondary neutrons if it hits spacecraft structures. Those neutrons will be captured in B, if it is present in the spacecraft's

1800: 9097: 9018:, Wisnyi, L. G. and Taylor, K.M., in "ASTM Special Technical Publication No. 276: Materials in Nuclear Applications", Committee E-10 Staff, 6544: 4948:

It is thought that boron plays several essential roles in animals, including humans, but the exact physiological role is poorly understood.

7921: 6433: 4639: 1988:. A few boron-containing organic pharmaceuticals are used or are in study. Natural boron is composed of two stable isotopes, one of which ( 1404: 10619: 10532:

Coghi P, Li J, Hosmane NS, Zhu Y (September 2023). "Next generation of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) agents for cancer treatment".

3523:. Global proven boron mineral mining reserves exceed one billion metric tonnes, against a yearly production of about four million tonnes. 2640:

In the most familiar compounds, boron has the formal oxidation state III. These include oxides, borates, sulfides, nitrides, and halides.

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The production of boron compounds does not involve the formation of elemental boron, but exploits the convenient availability of borates.

12389: 12350: 11802: 11617: 11071: 9588: 7554: 6381: 6144: 6106:(Proceedings of the Royal Science Academy), vol. 12, pp. 46–98; see especially pp. 88ff. Reprinted in German as: Berzelius, J. J. (1824) 4963:

Boron is not classified as an essential human nutrient because research has not established a clear biological function for it. The U.S.

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as a boron source. Boron trichloride gas is also an important chemical in semiconductor industry, however, not for doping but rather for

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It is found in nature on Earth almost entirely as various oxides of B(III), often associated with other elements. More than one hundred

12270: 12112: 10281:"18F-positron-emitting/fluorescent labeled erythrocytes allow imaging of internal hemorrhage in a murine intracranial hemorrhage model" 6407: 5888: 2731:. These compounds do not occur in nature. Many of the boranes readily oxidise on contact with air, some violently. The parent member BH 8394: 13760: 9454:"Wafer-scale and selective-area growth of high-quality hexagonal boron nitride on Ni(111) by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition" 8561: 5850: 7480: 6316:

R.G. Delaplane, Dahlborg U, Howells W, Lundstrom T (1988). "A neutron diffraction study of amorphous boron using a pulsed source".

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and the United States are the largest producers of boron products. Turkey produces about half of the global yearly demand, through

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ion. Those resultant decay products may then irradiate nearby semiconductor "chip" structures, causing data loss (bit flipping, or

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Boron plays a role in pharmaceutical and biological applications as it is found in various bacteria-produced antibiotics, such as

4139:, is a superior abrasive. Its hardness is only slightly smaller than, but its chemical stability is superior, to that of diamond. 8974: 8919:

Zhang F X, Xu F F, Mori T, Liu Q L, Sato A, Tanaka T (2001). "Crystal structure of new rare-earth boron-rich solids: REB28.5C4".

6855: 5714: 5050: 2832:), boron atoms exist in the tetrahedral structure of carbon atoms in diamond, but one in every four B-N bonds can be viewed as a 2743:. The larger boranes all consist of boron clusters that are polyhedral, some of which exist as isomers. For example, isomers of B 1791: 1521: 12274: 7300: 7199: 9922: 9019: 8509: 8241:

Kar Y, Şen N, Demİrbaş A (2006). "Boron Minerals in Turkey, Their Application Areas and Importance for the Country's Economy".

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Barth S (1997). "Boron isotopic analysis of natural fresh and saline waters by negative thermal ionization mass spectrometry".

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The exact mechanism by which boron exerts its physiological effects is not fully understood, but may involve interactions with

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identified it as an element in 1824. Pure boron was arguably first produced by the American chemist Ezekiel Weintraub in 1909.

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Silverman L, Trego K (1953). "Corrections-Colorimetric Microdetermination of Boron by the Curcumin-Acetone Solution Method".

9989: 9954: 9763: 9730: 9662: 9582: 9555: 9530: 9436: 9411: 9311: 9247: 9041: 9007: 8903: 8599: 8489: 7904: 7548: 7397: 7087: 6265: 6234: 6064: 5986: 5958: 5757: 4880:, required primarily for maintaining the integrity of cell walls. However, high soil concentrations of greater than 1.0 8170: 8020: 2239:: α-rhombohedral and β-rhombohedral (α-R and β-R), γ-orthorhombic (γ) and β-tetragonal (β-T). All four phases are stable at 8420: 8076: 6807:

Hoard, J. L., Sullenger, D. B., Kennard, C. H. L., Hughes, R. E. (1970). "The structure analysis of β-rhombohedral boron".

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at room temperature (1.5 × 10 Ω cm room temperature electrical conductivity). The primary use of the element itself is as

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Delaplane, R.G., Dahlborg U, Graneli B, Fischer P, Lundstrom T (1988). "A neutron diffraction study of amorphous boron".

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C-glass, an alkali-lime glass with high boron oxide content, used for glass staple fibers and insulation, and D-glass, a

3682:) growing by a hundredfold between 2000 and 2005 and boric acid imports increasing by 28% per year over the same period. 12429: 6169:

Laubengayer AW, Hurd DT, Newkirk AE, Hoard JL (1943). "Boron. I. Preparation and Properties of Pure Crystalline Boron".

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from B fusion can be turned directly into electric power, and all radiation stops as soon as the reactor is turned off.

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450 GPa, fracture strain 3.7%, fracture stress 17 GPa) and can be applied as reinforcement of ceramics or in

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Copley SD, Smith E, Morowitz HJ (December 2007). "The origin of the RNA world: co-evolution of genes and metabolism".

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at the level of a few parts per million to increase hardenability. Higher percentages are added to steels used in the

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Increasing demand for boric acid has led a number of producers to invest in additional capacity. Turkey's state-owned

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Zarechnaya E. Y., et al. (2009). "Superhard semiconducting optically transparent high pressure phase of boron".

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Yasutomo S, Makoto Y, Kyoko N (2006). "Boryllithium: Isolation, Characterization, and Reactivity as a Boryl Anion".

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content. Consumers have moved toward the use of refined borates and boric acid that have a lower pollutant content.

3163: 12443: 8653: 5440: 3879: 2828:, including graphite, diamond, and nanotubes. In the diamond-like structure, called cubic boron nitride (tradename 1995:

The intersection of boron with biology is very small. Consensus on it as essential for mammalian life is lacking.

1501: 12165: 11317:"Antibiotics from gliding bacteria, LVII. Tartrolons: New boron-containing macrodiolides fromSorangium cellulosum" 9855:"Boric acid-crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol): biodegradable, biocompatible, robust, and high-barrier paper coating" 9816:"Plasticizing and crosslinking effects of borate additives on the structure and properties of poly(vinyl acetate)" 8531: 8059: 11359:

Lyons TW, Reinhard CT, Planavsky NJ (February 2014). "The rise of oxygen in Earth's early ocean and atmosphere".

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Takahara K, Miyatake SI, Azuma H, Shiroki R (July 2022). "Boron neutron capture therapy for urological cancers".

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Miyatake SI, Wanibuchi M, Hu N, Ono K (August 2020). "Boron neutron capture therapy for malignant brain tumors".

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material) which would also serve a special role in the radiation shield. One of the difficulties in dealing with

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Wu X, Chandel RS, Li H (2001). "Evaluation of transient liquid phase bonding between nickel-based superalloys".

8338:. European Association of Service Providers for Persons with Disabilities Annual Conference 2013. Archived from 7709:

Aida M, Fujii Y, Okamoto M (1986). "Chromatographic Enrichment of 10B by Using Weak-Base Anion-Exchange Resin".

5333:

is more toxic to insects than to mammals, and is routinely used as an insecticide. However, it has been used in

4987:, poor immune function, and cognitive decline, high boron levels are associated with cell damage and toxicity. 3252:

In future crewed interplanetary spacecraft, B has a theoretical role as structural material (as boron fibers or

2169:

at high temperatures. Ultrapure boron for use in the semiconductor industry is produced by the decomposition of

1944:

Boron is primarily used in chemical compounds. About half of all production consumed globally is an additive in

11582: 7191: 3788: 3642:

Estimated global consumption of boron (almost entirely as boron compounds) was about 4 million tonnes of B

3101:

of 3.5×10 s. Isotopic fractionation of boron is controlled by the exchange reactions of the boron species B(OH)

1926: 1575: 8729: 8364: 5037:(SAM-e), two compounds involved in important cellular functions. Furthermore, boron appears to inhibit cyclic 2671:. Boron trifluoride is used in the petrochemical industry as a catalyst. The halides react with water to form 14250: 13753: 11710: 11279:

Dunitz JD, Hawley DM, Miklos D, White DN, Berlin Y, Marusić R, et al. (1971). "Structure of boromycin".

9695: 8275: 5430: 5239: 4976: 4968: 4783: 4763: 4684: 2976:

Binary metal-boron compounds, the metal borides, contain boron in negative oxidation states. Illustrative is

2931: 8632: 4606:

properties, especially the fact that it burns with a very high temperature. Triethylborane is an industrial

12418: 10154: 9125:

Qin J, He D, Wang J, Fang L, Lei L, Li Y, et al. (2008). "Is Rhenium Diboride a Superhard Material?".

8614: 8084: 7862: 6608:

Widom M., Mihalkovic M. (2008). "Symmetry-broken crystal structure of elemental boron at low temperature".

6053:"XII. Other Elements Isolated with the Aid of Potassium and Sodium: Beryllium, Boron, Silicon and Aluminum" 5420: 5221: 5038: 4980: 4731: 10919: 10176:

Travers RL, Rennie G, Newnham R (1990). "Boron and Arthritis: The Results of a Double-blind Pilot Study".

13830: 11186: 7505: 5415: 4949: 3711: 3170:

enriches natural boron to nearly pure B. The less-valuable by-product, depleted boron, is nearly pure B.

3152: 2107: 1784: 9792: 4932:

catalysts found in life. According to Benner's theory, primitive life, which is widely believed to have

2824:

are notable for the variety of structures that they adopt. They exhibit structures analogous to various

2011:. Boron-containing organic antibiotics are known. Although only traces are required, it is an essential 14240: 14225: 6904:

Solozhenko VL, Kurakevych OO, Oganov AR (2008). "On the hardness of a new boron phase, orthorhombic γ-B

6461: 5453: 5180: 4405: 3371: 1143: 10204: 10081: 8623:

Discussion of various types of boron addition to glass fibers in fiberglass. Retrieved 14 August 2014.

7687: 6031:

Hildebrand, G. H. (1982) "Borax Pioneer: Francis Marion Smith." San Diego: Howell-North Books. p. 267

14255: 9008:

Fabrication and Evaluation of Urania-Alumina Fuel Elements and Boron Carbide Burnable Poison Elements

5054: 4843: 4708: 4432: 4373: 4284:. However, despite its name, "Borateem" laundry bleach no longer contains any boron compounds, using 4203:

can be produced at ambient pressures, but is rather expensive because of rhenium. The hardness of ReB

4185: 4181: 3765: 3631: 3238: 2701: 2506:

mixture of boron coordination numbers and formal charges is characteristic of natural boron minerals.

2235:

boron is a very hard, black material with a melting point of above 2000 °C. It forms four major

9854: 9815: 7242: 5586: 1699: 14260: 14235: 13746: 11926:"Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women" 7413:

Jones, Morton E., Marsh, Richard E. (1954). "The Preparation and Structure of Magnesium Boride, MgB

4964: 4520:

for welding ferrous metals. They are also fire retarding additives to plastics and rubber articles.

3806: 3393: 2833: 2634: 1964:

is desired for its greater strength and thermal shock resistance than ordinary soda lime glass. As

1253: 9755: 4960:, though it has been noted that additional research on the effects of bone health is necessary. 3219:, and this ion radiation additionally bombards the tumor, especially from inside the tumor cells. 2122: 1609: 11982: 11632: 9058: 8860: 8398: 6583: 5950: 5585:

Prohaska T, Irrgeher J, Benefield J, Böhlke JK, Chesson LA, Coplen TB, et al. (4 May 2022).

5320:

are relatively nontoxic to humans and animals (with toxicity similar to that of table salt). The

5045:

and affecting various biological processes. Some studies suggest that boron may reduce levels of

5030: 3117: 2914:(see below), a complex very hard ceramic composed of boron-carbon cluster anions and cations, to 2118: 1875: 1605: 1544: 1487: 1123: 11316: 7960: 6429: 5061:

gene that encodes a transporter reportedly regulating the intracellular concentration of boron.

4990:

Still, studies suggest that boron may exert beneficial effects on reproduction and development,

4770:) and fluorescence for dual modality PET and fluorescent imaging of genome modified cells, e.g. 2138: 2054:

circa 300 AD. Some crude borax traveled westward, and was apparently mentioned by the alchemist

11467:

Neveu M, Kim HJ, Benner SA (April 2013). "The "strong" RNA world hypothesis: fifty years old".

11244: 11025: 10650: 9519: 9239: 8895: 7896: 6257: 6251: 5046: 4557: 4377: 4012: 3253: 3071:. Characteristically such compounds contain boron with coordination numbers greater than four. 2562: 1777: 1714: 1150: 1135: 1111: 130: 17: 12373: 12334: 12104: 11794: 11705: 11026:"Mitigation of plasma–wall interactions with low-Z powders in DIII-D high confinement plasmas" 9572: 9403: 8947: 8446: 7536: 6377: 6132: 6052: 5940: 5820: 5792: 4436: 3748:(boron filaments) are high-strength, lightweight materials that are used chiefly for advanced 2735:

is called borane, but it is known only in the gaseous state, and dimerises to form diborane, B

1182: 14245: 14142: 13863: 13851: 9679: 7389: 6351: 6092: 5911: 5393: 5317: 5203: 5173: 5042: 5034: 4425: 3903: 3757: 3419: 3001: 2947: 2854: 2432: 1867: 9971: 9747: 9395: 9231: 9059:"Ultimate Metastable Solubility of Boron in Diamond: Synthesis of Superhard Diamondlike BC5" 8887: 7888: 6403: 6196:

Borchert, W., Dietz, W., Koelker, H. (1970). "Crystal Growth of Beta–Rhombohedrical Boron".

5880: 4793:, fluorescence-guided removal of cancer, and detects single cancer cells in tissue margins. 14178: 14150: 12486: 11836: 11827:

Khaliq H, Juming Z, Ke-Mei P (November 2018). "The Physiological Role of Boron on Health".

11476: 11423: 11368: 11047: 10988: 10884: 10841: 10776: 10723: 10688: 10634: 10328:

Guo H, Harikrishna K, Vedvyas Y, McCloskey JE, Zhang W, Chen N, et al. (23 May 2019).

10047: 9619: 9465: 9280: 9177: 9134: 9073: 8801: 8694: 8557: 8250: 8215: 8093: 7986: 7936: 7789: 7620: 7585: 7464: 7348:

Greim, Jochen, Schwetz, Karl A. (2005). "Boron Carbide, Boron Nitride, and Metal Borides".

7145: 7018: 6975: 6927: 6878: 6816: 6765: 6721: 6670: 6627: 6486: 6325: 6290: 5687: 5629: 5019: 4957: 4909: 4847: 4568: 4325: 3899: 3575: 3207:

Enriched boron or B is used in both radiation shielding and is the primary nuclide used in

2825: 2705: 2103: 2102:

sources replaced it. Boron compounds were relatively rarely used until the late 1800s when

1930: 1925:

boron is a brown powder; crystalline boron is silvery to black, extremely hard (9.3 on the

1511: 1439: 11604:

Nielsen FH (1998). "Ultratrace elements in nutrition: Current knowledge and speculation".

6806: 5858: 5732: 8: 14230: 12216: 10279:

Wang Y, An FF, Chan M, Friedman B, Rodriguez EA, Tsien RY, et al. (5 January 2017).

9748: 7449: 5410: 5385: 5342: 4611: 4575: 4285: 4193: 4024: 3669:

opened a new boric acid plant with the production capacity of 100,000 tonnes per year at

3556: 3545: 3325: 3132:

and therefore may be responsible for the large B enrichment in seawater relative to both

2946:, boron forms a variety of stable compounds with formal oxidation state less than three. 2198: 2178: 1918: 1585: 1263: 110: 12243: 11840: 11480: 11427: 11372: 11051: 10992: 10888: 10845: 10822:(2010). "Boron nitride substrates for high mobility chemical vapor deposited graphene". 10780: 10727: 10692: 10638: 10051: 9919: 9623: 9469: 9284: 9181: 9138: 9077: 8805: 8698: 8254: 8219: 8097: 7990: 7940: 7793: 7780:

Coderre JA, Morris GM (1999). "The Radiation Biology of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy".

7737:

Barth RF (2003). "A Critical Assessment of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: An Overview".

7624: 7589: 7468: 7149: 7022: 6979: 6931: 6882: 6820: 6769: 6725: 6674: 6631: 6490: 6329: 6294: 5691: 5633: 2050:

Borax in its mineral form (then known as tincal) first saw use as a glaze, beginning in

13886: 13825: 12185: 12039: 11955: 11901: 11884: 11860: 11766: 11741: 11444: 11411: 11392: 11101: 11063: 11037: 10942: 10900: 10857: 10831: 10800: 10766: 10739: 10675:

Braccini V, Nardelli D, Penco R, Grasso G (2007). "Development of ex situ processed MgB

10600: 10557: 10514: 10471: 10413: 10386: 10362: 10329: 10305: 10280: 10256: 10231: 10132: 9494: 9453: 9150: 8778: 8710: 8002: 7952: 7805: 7762: 7636: 7169: 6943: 6917: 6789: 6694: 6643: 6617: 6575: 6542: 6510: 6476: 5653: 5321: 4991: 4929: 4827:

Amorphous boron is used as a melting point depressant in nickel-chromium braze alloys.

4809: 4535: 4247: 4224: 4101: 3855: 3842: 3826: 3753: 3733: 3721: 3305: 3301: 3141: 3106: 3008: 2977: 1961: 1474: 1245: 1239: 10502: 9631: 9307: 9216: 8932: 7597: 7188:

Boron Attacks Electropositive element pressed into action as nucleophilic boryllithium

4711:

inhibitor which is used to treat toenail fungus. It gained FDA approval in July 2014.

3654:

The form in which boron is consumed has changed in recent years. The use of ores like

3264:

neutrons. Such neutrons can be moderated by materials high in light elements, such as

2887:. Organoboron(III) compounds are usually tetrahedral or trigonal planar, for example, 2806:

or +1.4. In these compounds the oxidation state of boron is often not a whole number.

13835: 13817: 13337: 12379: 12340: 12266: 12248: 12031: 12023: 11986: 11947: 11906: 11864: 11852: 11771: 11687: 11652: 11530: 11492: 11449: 11384: 11296: 11261: 11212: 11167: 11163: 11067: 11006: 10946: 10938: 10792: 10743: 10604: 10592: 10561: 10549: 10518: 10506: 10475: 10463: 10418: 10367: 10349: 10310: 10261: 10124: 10063: 10038:

Rezanka T, Sigler K (February 2008). "Biologically active compounds of semi-metals".

9985: 9950: 9876: 9835: 9759: 9726: 9658: 9635: 9578: 9551: 9526: 9516: 9499: 9481: 9432: 9407: 9396: 9376: 9243: 9232: 9089: 9037: 8980: 8953: 8899: 8888: 8840: 8714: 8595: 8589: 8485: 8006: 7956: 7900: 7889: 7840: 7813: 7754: 7640: 7544: 7393: 7361: 7315: 7281: 7218: 7196: 7161: 7136: 7083: 7034: 6991: 6842:

Will, G., Kiefer, B. (2001). "Electron Deformation Density in Rhombohedral a-Boron".

6828: 6781: 6737: 6686: 6661:

Eremets, M. I., Struzhkin VV, Mao H, Hemley RJ (2001). "Superconductivity in Boron".

6567: 6502: 6337: 6302: 6261: 6230: 6205: 6060: 6048: 6032: 5982: 5954: 5766: 5657: 5645: 5602: 4881: 4835: 4813: 4618: 4607: 4517: 4513: 4328:

conductivity. Traditional method of introducing boron into semiconductors is via its

4281: 4273: 4220: 3973: 3619: 3563:

in Turkey, which possesses 72% of the world's known deposits. In 2012, it held a 47%

3552: 3461: 3331: 3184: 3080: 2919: 2888: 2860: 2683:

four. A typical motif is exemplified by the tetraborate anions of the common mineral

2664: 2656: 2630: 2581: 2569: 2550: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2063: 1985: 1679: 1670: 1632: 1481: 1386: 1376: 772: 12297: 12189: 12043: 11959: 10904: 10861: 10385:

Aras O, Demirdag C, Kommidi H, Guo H, Pavlova I, Aygun A, et al. (March 2021).

10247: 10136: 10059: 9154: 7766: 7666: 7173: 6947: 6793: 6698: 6647: 6102:(Part 2) (Investigation of hydrofluoric acid and of its most noteworthy compounds), 5064:

In humans, boron is usually consumed with food that contains boron, such as fruits,

4296:

Boric acid is used as an insecticide, notably against ants, fleas, and cockroaches.

2165:

of those metals. Pure boron can be prepared by reducing volatile boron halides with

13809: 13401: 13106: 12935: 12764: 12683: 12602: 12575: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12425: 12238: 12228: 12177: 12086: 12015: 11978: 11937: 11896: 11844: 11761: 11753: 11679: 11670:

Sobiech P, Sobiech P, Żarczyńska K, Milewska W, Kabu M, Uyarlar CU (1 April 2015).

11644: 11613: 11522: 11484: 11439: 11431: 11396: 11376: 11329: 11288: 11253: 11202: 11159: 11133: 11055: 10996: 10977:"Wall conditioning and ELM mitigation with boron nitride powder injection in KSTAR" 10934: 10892: 10849: 10804: 10784: 10731: 10696: 10642: 10584: 10541: 10498: 10453: 10445: 10408: 10398: 10357: 10341: 10300: 10292: 10251: 10243: 10185: 10116: 10055: 10018: 9977: 9866: 9827: 9627: 9489: 9473: 9368: 9336: 9288: 9212: 9185: 9142: 9085: 9081: 8928: 8832: 8809: 8774: 8702: 8258: 8223: 8101: 7994: 7944: 7797: 7746: 7718: 7628: 7593: 7472: 7426: 7381: 7353: 7273: 7153: 7026: 6987: 6983: 6935: 6886: 6851: 6824: 6773: 6733: 6729: 6678: 6635: 6559: 6514: 6494: 6333: 6298: 6178: 5946: 5832: 5695: 5637: 5594: 5467: 5389: 4917: 4393: 4357: 4329: 4277: 4261: 4212: 4200: 4189: 4166: 4075: 4001: 3534: 3281: 3216: 2782: 2723:

Boranes are chemical compounds of boron and hydrogen, with the generic formula of B

2593: 2577: 2573: 2361: 2228: 2055: 1965: 1840: 1812: 1128: 62: 11633:"The vital roles of boron in animal health and production: A comprehensive review" 9970:

Brotherton RJ, Weber CJ, Guibert CR, Little JL (15 June 2000). "Boron Compounds".

8138:"Curiosity Has Discovered Something That Raises More Questions About Life on Mars" 7357: 6579: 2626: 2497:

Ball-and-stick model of tetraborate anion, , as it occurs in crystalline borax, Na

14194: 14162: 14004: 13906: 13843: 13793: 13769: 12523: 12518: 12513: 12508: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12064: 11631:

Abdelnour SA, Abd El-Hack ME, Swelum AA, Perillo A, Losacco C (1 December 2018).

11526: 9926: 9014: 8639: 8620: 8282: 8181: 8063: 8024: 7445: 7203: 6224: 6114: 6099: 5445: 5231: 4972: 4858: 4790: 4766:

and non-immunogenic, and a small molecule that is positron-emitting (boron bound

4571: 4421: 4317: 4255: 4216: 3784: 3674: 3568: 3560: 3548: 3454: 3422: 3387: 3339: 3159: 3090: 2892: 2621: 2425: 2248: 2220: 2012: 1922: 1883: 1832: 1816: 1723: 1429: 1356: 11683: 11648: 10700: 8424: 6777: 6006: 4011:(especially when doped with extra boron-10) makes the material attractive as an 3775:

Boron fibers and sub-millimeter sized crystalline boron springs are produced by

14220: 14170: 14108: 14084: 14075: 14052: 14028: 14016: 13992: 13968: 13783: 12466: 12414: 11942: 11925: 11059: 10449: 10403: 10345: 9477: 9293: 9264: 6639: 5309: 5213: 5065: 4854: 4821: 4727: 4587: 4549: 4369: 4365: 4211:

because of its hexagonal layered structure. Its value is comparable to that of

3997: 3821:, which is too high to be easily worked in its pure form to make glass fibers. 3666: 3530: 3293: 3212: 3180: 3121: 3108:. Boron isotopes are also fractionated during mineral crystallization, during H 2989: 2923: 2679: 2538: 2471: 2257: 2126: 1887: 1770: 1739: 1561: 1273: 1177: 177: 12181: 11848: 11757: 11671: 11333: 11207: 11001: 10976: 10735: 10189: 8262: 8227: 7998: 7750: 7722: 6939: 6890: 6460:

Oganov, A.R., Chen J., Gatti C., Ma Y.-M., Yu T., Liu Z., et al. (2009).

5531: 5359: 3716:

Nearly all boron ore extracted from the Earth is destined for refinement into

2968: 14214: 14128: 14096: 13788: 13560: 12289: 12027: 12004: 11691: 11656: 11292: 11257: 10920:"Wall conditioning in fusion devices and its influence on plasma performance" 10353: 10296: 9981: 9880: 9839: 9639: 9485: 8836: 8206:

Zbayolu, G., Poslu, K. (1992). "Mining and Processing of Borates in Turkey".

7977:

Nevins WM (1998). "A Review of Confinement Requirements for Advanced Fuels".

7319: 7030: 6545:"Thermodynamic stability of boron: The role of defects and zero point motion" 6108:"Untersuchungen über die Flußspathsäure und deren merkwürdigste Verbindungen" 5606: 5425: 4831: 4321: 4265: 4140: 4128: 3937: 3915: 3891: 3883: 3597: 3583: 3480: 3414:

Boron is rare in the Universe and solar system due to trace formation in the

3313: 3285: 3167: 2943: 2911: 2884: 2821: 2815: 2597: 2589: 2585: 2554: 2460: 2216: 2099: 1977: 1938: 1860: 1856: 1844: 1824: 1704: 1457: 1415: 1227: 1211: 1197: 1093: 942: 12332: 12233: 12057: 11150:

Blevins DG, Lukaszewski KM (1998). "Functions of Boron in Plant Nutrition".

9372: 9341: 9324: 9202: 8294: 7157: 6682: 5672: 5641: 4127:

Boron carbide and cubic boron nitride powders are widely used as abrasives.

3936:

Several boron compounds are known for their extreme hardness and toughness.

2493: 13914: 13614: 13443: 13148: 12548: 12481: 12252: 12035: 11910: 11856: 11775: 11534: 11496: 11453: 11435: 11388: 11171: 10796: 10788: 10596: 10553: 10510: 10467: 10422: 10371: 10314: 10265: 10230:

Rodriguez EA, Wang Y, Crisp JL, Vera DR, Tsien RY, Ting R (27 April 2016).

10128: 10120: 10067: 9503: 9452:

Jeong H, Kim DY, Kim J, Moon S, Han N, Lee SH, et al. (5 April 2019).

9146: 9093: 7948: 7758: 7301:"Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN) – Applications from Metallurgy to Cosmetics" 7285: 7165: 7038: 6995: 6965: 6785: 6741: 6690: 6571: 6506: 5836: 5699: 5649: 5435: 5108:(NHANES III), adult dietary intake was recorded at 0.9 to 1.4 mg/day. 4995: 4984: 4905: 4904:, a group of antibiotics discovered in the 1990s from culture broth of the 4897: 4635: 4435:

a variable concentration of boronic acid in the cooling water is used as a

4246:

is used in various household laundry and cleaning products, including the "

4008: 3694: 3564: 3351: 3335: 3265: 3230: 3227: 3199: 3148: 3113: 3019: 2836:, wherein two electrons are donated by the nitrogen atom which acts as the 2712: 2464: 2443:. Crystalline boron is chemically inert and resistant to attack by boiling 2380: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2261: 2174: 2130: 2114: 2091: 1879: 1622: 984: 851: 625: 11951: 11618:

10.1002/(SICI)1520-670X(1998)11:2/3<251::AID-JTRA15>3.0.CO;2-Q

11488: 11300: 11265: 11216: 9521:

Materials for information technology: devices, interconnects and packaging

9380: 7844: 7817: 7215:

Boronic Acids: Preparation, Applications in Organic Synthesis and Medicine

5598: 5291: 4408:(MRI) medical imaging systems, in compact and relatively small motors and 4172:

Boron can also increase the surface hardness of steels and alloys through

3520: 3512: 3203:

Neutron cross section of boron (top curve is for B and bottom curve for B)

13980: 13944: 13668: 13632: 13623: 13533: 13515: 13506: 12543: 9853:

Choe S, You S, Park K, Kim Y, Park J, Cho Y, et al. (15 July 2024).

8106: 6869:

Talley, C. P., LaPlaca, S., Post, B. (1960). "A new polymorph of boron".

5716:

Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden

5139: 5117: 5069: 4767: 4739: 4719: 4162: 4152: 3929: 3847: 3814: 3761: 3745: 3725: 3686: 3426: 3257: 3215:

and lithium-7 heavy ion radiation that are products of the boron-neutron

3094: 2859:

A large number of organoboron compounds are known and many are useful in

2558: 2456: 2232: 2150: 2008: 1934: 1836: 1536: 1450: 1116: 1026: 998: 991: 921: 907: 900: 12090: 11380: 11187:"The tartrolons, new boron-containing antibiotics from a myxobacterium, 9678:

Griswold W (October 1957). "Super-Potent 'Zip' Fuels Pack More WHOOSH".

7430: 6856:

10.1002/1521-3749(200109)627:9<2100::AID-ZAAC2100>3.0.CO;2-G

6498: 6182: 5277: 3574:

Almost a quarter (23%) of global boron production comes from the single

2922:

compounds that can be halogenated to form reactive structures including

1216:

4200 K (3927 °C, 7101 °F)

14040: 13898: 13677: 13605: 13578: 13551: 13211: 13193: 13166: 12997: 12988: 12727: 10819: 10458: 9871: 9831: 9057:

Solozhenko VL, Kurakevych OO, Le Godec Y, Mezouar M, Mezouar M (2009).

8706: 8535: 8056: 7809: 7277: 5587:"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)" 5514: 5330: 5313: 5284: 4937: 4889: 4787: 4782:-cells, in an entire mouse. The dual-modality small molecule targeting 4779: 4699: 4672: 4659: 4650: 4603: 4523: 4208: 3800: 3729: 3717: 3690: 3655: 3567:

of production of global borate minerals, ahead of its main competitor,

3492: 3446: 3375: 3261: 3242: 3234: 3044: 2841: 2837: 2672: 2652: 2644: 2546: 2321: 2224: 2071: 2067: 2059: 1957: 1945: 1848: 1033: 977: 956: 935: 674: 660: 639: 511: 504: 305: 11010: 10896: 10853: 10646: 10588: 10545: 9898: 9189: 8976:

The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe

7476: 6563: 6543:

van Setten M.J., Uijttewaal M.A., de Wijs G.A., de Groot R.A. (2007).

6315: 6209: 5497: 4007:

Boron carbide's ability to absorb neutrons without forming long-lived

3516: 2643:

The trihalides adopt a planar trigonal structure. These compounds are

13686: 13659: 13650: 13497: 13479: 13470: 13461: 13247: 13157: 13130: 13078: 13024: 13006: 12970: 12950: 12889: 12826: 12770: 12709: 12698: 12617: 12568: 12558: 12553: 8813: 7632: 6280: 5762: 5670: 5353: 5101: 5023: 5014: 4953: 4933: 4924:

three billion years ago were much more favorable to the stability of

4901: 4893: 4691: 4643: 4631: 4415: 4320:. Having one fewer valence electron than the host atom, it donates a 4313: 4269: 3887: 3749: 3430: 3289: 3137: 3098: 3056: 2927: 2915: 2440: 2273: 2265: 2236: 2158: 2154: 2087: 2044: 2004: 1914: 1910: 1891: 1871: 1828: 1684: 1531: 1421: 1069: 1062: 1040: 1019: 1012: 893: 879: 872: 865: 702: 632: 611: 574: 532: 518: 490: 472: 428: 379: 335: 291: 282: 222: 104: 10023: 10006: 8372: 7801: 7082:(in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 814–864. 5104:

powder. According to 2-day food records from the respondents to the

3988:

dodecahedra being a motif), but with less carbon, as the suggested C

3756:, as well as limited production consumer and sporting goods such as 2113:

Boron was not recognized as an element until it was isolated by Sir

1948:

for insulation and structural materials. The next leading use is in

13956: 13641: 13542: 13425: 13407: 13382: 13373: 13346: 13319: 13283: 13274: 13256: 13184: 13175: 13069: 12941: 12907: 12817: 12808: 12799: 12790: 12745: 12664: 12646: 12581: 12019: 11042: 10875:

Zettl A, Cohen M (2010). "The physics of boron nitride nanotubes".

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The Science and Practice of Welding: Welding science and technology

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5250: 5131: 5121: 5010: 4877: 4839: 4723: 4715: 4680: 4599: 4579: 4560: 4477: 4465:

Because of its distinctive green flame, amorphous boron is used in

4409: 4173: 4156: 3769: 3635: 3415: 3151:, i.e. its radius is appreciably larger than that predicted by the 2985: 2868: 2534: 2277: 2170: 2166: 2144: 2079: 2075: 1005: 928: 837: 823: 807: 800: 779: 758: 730: 723: 709: 653: 646: 567: 465: 442: 372: 365: 358: 351: 319: 259: 245: 197: 13738: 10836: 10771: 10205:"FDA Approves Boron-based Drug to Treat Toenail Fungal Infections" 9814:

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9517:

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7831:

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6922: 6622: 6481: 5567: 5243: 4834:

forms atomically thin layers, which have been used to enhance the

4694:, though none have as yet been generally approved for the purpose. 3851:

Borosilicate glassware. Displayed are two beakers and a test tube.

3685:

The rise in global demand has been driven by high growth rates in

13928: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13596: 13587: 13569: 13524: 13452: 13434: 13364: 13310: 13292: 13265: 13238: 13220: 13202: 13112: 13042: 13015: 12979: 12961: 12925: 12916: 12898: 12880: 12779: 12718: 12608: 12563: 12435: 11630: 8827:

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8142: 7412: 5349: 5285: 5227: 5135: 5073: 5058: 5006: 5003: 4999: 4473: 4381: 4309: 4136: 3810: 3659: 3500: 3496: 3450: 3406: 3297: 3246: 3086: 2829: 2709: 2696: 2542: 2451:. When finely divided, it is attacked slowly by hot concentrated 2436: 2399: 2133:. He produced enough boron to confirm a new element and named it 1981: 1953: 1949: 1899: 1827: 5. In its crystalline form it is a brittle, dark, lustrous 1221: 970: 963: 949: 914: 858: 844: 793: 751: 737: 716: 695: 681: 667: 597: 546: 525: 497: 483: 456: 449: 435: 421: 342: 298: 215: 11669: 10106: 8654:"Selected Mechanical and Physical Properties of Boron Filaments" 7264:

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6868: 6660: 6195: 5916:. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. p. 14. 2992:. It is a superconductor under active development. A project at 16:

This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see

13936: 13488: 13416: 13301: 13229: 13139: 13121: 13087: 13051: 13033: 12862: 12853: 12844: 12736: 12689: 12655: 12637: 12592: 11314:

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11313: 11241: 11185:

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10005:

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Fundamentals of semiconductor manufacturing and process control

5793:"Sur la décomposition et la recomposition de l'acide boracique" 5619: 5584: 5235: 5127: 5081: 5077: 4846:), which have high strength, high chemical stability, and high 4771: 4735: 4595: 4591: 4564: 4487: 4483: 4305: 4251: 4177: 4132: 4013:

absorbent for neutron radiation arising in nuclear power plants

3818: 3542: 3526: 3508: 3504: 2910:

Organoboron chemicals have been employed in uses as diverse as

2880: 2648: 2212: 2162: 2149:

Some early routes to elemental boron involved the reduction of

2095: 1996: 1973: 1969: 1903: 1492: 1368: 1203: 1156: 1077: 886: 830: 744: 688: 618: 604: 581: 553: 539: 407: 400: 393: 312: 275: 252: 238: 206: 10327: 9229: 9034:

Carbide, Nitride and Boride Materials Synthesis and Processing

8949:

Carbide, Nitride and Boride Materials Synthesis and Processing

8791: 5979:

Borates: handbook of deposits, processing, properties, and use

4238: 2510:

Boron undergoes halogenation to give trihalides; for example,

13702: 13391: 13096: 12754: 11152:

Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology

10817: 7347: 7008: 5790: 5473: 5116:

For determination of boron content in food or materials, the

5093: 5089: 5085: 4625: 4466: 4243: 4188:. Implantation of boron ions into metals and alloys, through 3895: 3776: 3679: 3472: 3442: 3398: 3223: 3222:

In nuclear reactors, B is used for reactivity control and in

3133: 2778:. A large number of anionic boron hydrides are known, e.g. . 2684: 2592:, but lithium boryllides are extraordinarily rare. Strong 2051: 2029: 1895: 1852: 1206: (2076 °C, 3769 °F) 1190: 814: 588: 326: 41: 10574: 9969: 9262: 8918: 8333:"Turkey as the global leader in boron export and production" 4857:

research. It is commonly used for conditioning the walls in

3920: 3124:. The latter effect results in preferential removal of the 2525:

The trichloride in practice is usually made from the oxide.

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4602:

rocket. Triethylborane is suitable for this because of its

4583: 4553: 4543: 4539: 4490:-based adhesives contain sodium tetraborate decahydrate (Na 3932:

consist of boron atoms, and black spheres are carbon atoms.

3670: 3476: 3468: 2993: 2110:

first popularized and produced them in volume at low cost.

2000: 786: 765: 414: 386: 266: 8484:(11th ed.). Roskill Information Services, Ltd. 2006. 7686:. Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research. Archived from 7234: 6903: 6059:. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education. p. 156. 4762:

luorescent (HD-GPF) reporter system uses a human protein,

4614:

reactions, where it is effective even at low temperatures.

4143:(also called BCN) is another diamond-like boron compound. 2086:, with ostensible medical benefits. The mineral was named 2033:, the mineral from which it was isolated, by analogy with 1835:

form it is a brown powder. As the lightest element of the

74: 13060: 12475: 12333:

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5041:, thereby affecting the release of calcium ions from the 4925: 3992:

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3491:

Economically important sources of boron are the minerals

3334:. When struck by a proton with energy of about 500 k 3125: 2066:, in around 1600, reported the use of borax as a flux in 1506:β form: 5–7 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C) 560: 10004: 9354: 9352: 3940:

is a ceramic material which is obtained by decomposing B

3249:

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4967:(FNB) found the existing data insufficient to derive a 4472:

In the 1950s, there were several studies of the use of

4356:). However, after the 1970s, it was mostly replaced by 4332:

at high temperatures. This process uses either solid (B

4018: 3898:

are two major brand names for this glass, used both in

3191:) and column chromatography of borates are being used. 2062:

brought some glazes back to Italy in the 13th century.

11606:

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4679:

A number of potential boronated pharmaceuticals using

2794:, the boron oxidation state is +3, but in decaborane B 2633:

structure, showing "empty" boron p orbital in pi-type

2173:

at high temperatures and then further purified by the

12097: 11923: 10151:"Overview of neutron capture therapy pharmaceuticals" 9947:

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Semiconductor industry: wafer fab exhaust management

8205: 7534: 7077: 6226:

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6137:

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5851:"Q & A: Where does the element Boron come from?" 5072:. Foods that are particularly rich in boron include 4534:

is used in the production of textile fiberglass and

3308:

semiconductor designs, one countermeasure is to use

3276: 68: 11512: 9609: 9263:Schmidt J, Boehling M, Burkhardt U, Grin Y (2007). 9234:

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8208:

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8075:Gasda, Patrick J., et al. (5 September 2017). 7133: 4888:There exist several known boron-containing natural 2161:. However, the product was often contaminated with 65: 12050: 11826: 11315: 11307: 11149: 10278: 9603: 9518: 9168:Wentorf RH (1957). "Cubic form of boron nitride". 8591:The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 8297:"Are certain minerals still under state monopoly?" 7886: 7653: 6844:Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie 6841: 6130: 5976: 5909: 5754: 5209: 4416:Shielding and neutron absorber in nuclear reactors 3460:On 5 September 2017, scientists reported that the 2247:icosahedra, but the γ phase can be described as a 11637:Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 11023: 10756: 10531: 8243:Minerals & Energy – Raw Materials Report 8074: 7380: 5018:testosterone. Environmental boron appears to be 4816:with the transition temperature of 39 K. MgB 4254:" powdered hand soap. It is also present in some 3968:Boron carbide's structure is only approximately B 2751:are based on the fusion of two 10-atom clusters. 2708:showing the structures of the boron skeletons of 2576:. For the latter, lithium salts are common e.g. 14212: 11924:Nielsen FH, Hunt CD, Mullen LM, Hunt JR (1987). 11878: 11876: 11874: 11822: 11820: 11735: 11733: 11731: 11729: 11095:"Essential Plant Micronutrients. Boron in Idaho" 10617: 10153:. Pharmainfo.net. 22 August 2006. Archived from 9548:Permanent magnet materials and their application 8423:. Los Alamos National Laboratory. Archived from 7861:. Pharmainfo.net. 22 August 2006. Archived from 7708: 7613:Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy 7443: 6711: 4824:process and applied in superconducting magnets. 3173: 2762:and two of its pyrolysis products, pentaborane B 2549:and usually places only six electrons (in three 2227:which are bonded randomly to each other without 2145:Preparation of elemental boron in the laboratory 11975:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 10285:Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 9570: 9451: 9269:by spark plasma sintering at slow heating rate" 8945: 8077:"In situ detection of boron by ChemCam on Mars" 7920:Yu, J., Chen Y, Elliman RG, Petravic M (2006). 7656:"Results of the B4C Control Rod Test QUENCH-07" 7541:Materials handbook: A concise desktop reference 7078:Holleman AF, Wiberg E, Wiberg N (1985). "Bor". 5942:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 5266: 5002:and energy substrate metabolism, immunity, and 4842:devices. It also forms nanotubular structures ( 3728:for boron-containing insulating and structural 3555:company focusing on boron products. It holds a 3418:and in stars. It is formed in minor amounts in 2219:molecular networks. Even nominally disordered ( 1570:16,200 m/s (at 20 °C) 12371: 12298:"Boron (B) and Chlorine (Cl) for Citrus Trees" 12076: 11739: 11466: 11352: 10488: 9973:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 9852: 9652: 8912: 8829:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 8721: 8587: 8506:"Raw and Manufactured Materials 2006 Overview" 8240: 7350:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 6164: 6162: 5712: 5673:"Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of BF and AIF" 4690:Some boron compounds show promise in treating 4004:, and numerous other structural applications. 3354:. The nuclear spin of B is 3 and that of B is 3226:. It can serve either function in the form of 2937: 2608:B, instead forming the octet-complete adduct R 1989: 14266:Chemical elements with rhombohedral structure 13754: 12451: 12365: 11871: 11817: 11726: 11501:has broad support within the community today. 11409: 10568: 10525: 10482: 10429: 10100: 10037: 10031: 9920:Mission Status Center, June 2, 2010, 1905 GMT 9720: 9124: 7859:"Boron Neutron Capture Therapy – An Overview" 7779: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7063: 6462:"Ionic high-pressure form of elemental boron" 6249: 5145: 5126:is used. Boron is converted to boric acid or 4928:and formation of oxygen-containing boron and 4460:Saturn V rocket, using triethylborane ignitor 3085:Boron has two naturally occurring and stable 1956:in high-strength, lightweight structural and 1785: 1140: 12067:. National Academy Press. 2001, pp. 510–521. 11983:10.1002/0471238961.0215181510011419.a01.pub3 11973:Jansen LH, et al., "Boron, elemental", 11460: 10620:"Magnesium Diboride: Better Late than Never" 9913: 9574:Physics for Radiation Protection: A Handbook 9325:"Industrial applications of boron compounds" 9273:Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 8068: 7727:showing an enrichment from 18% to above 94%. 7450:"Magnesium Diboride: Better Late than Never" 7051: 6229:. Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 2–3. 5951:10.1002/0471238961.0215181510011419.a01.pub2 5111: 4714:Dioxaborolane chemistry enables radioactive 3467:detected boron, an essential ingredient for 3271: 3194: 3164:neutron cross section#Typical cross sections 2651:with electron-pair donors, which are called 1526:~10 Ω⋅m (at 20 °C) 1449: 12375:Application of Physiology in Wheat Breeding 10713: 9577:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 660–661. 8129: 6159: 5938: 4617:Borates are used as environmentally benign 4239:Detergent formulations and bleaching agents 4169:due to boron's neutron absorption ability. 4030:Mechanical properties of BCN solids and ReB 3370:. These isotopes are, therefore, of use in 2419: 2082:, Italy, at which point it became known as 13761: 13747: 12458: 12444: 12267:"Environmental Health Criteria 204: Boron" 10874: 10679:wires and their applications to magnets". 9725:. Cambridge University Press. p. 56. 9550:. Cambridge University Press. p. 45. 9205:Journal of Materials Processing Technology 8476: 8474: 8397:. Rio Tinto. 10 April 2012. Archived from 7882: 7880: 7298: 7060: 6430:"visualisisation of the crystal structure" 6404:"visualisisation of the crystal structure" 6378:"visualisisation of the crystal structure" 6352:"visualisisation of the crystal structure" 6222: 6133:"Preparation and properties of pure boron" 6004: 5972: 5970: 5396:oxygen levels than Earth's modern climate. 4850:, among its list of desirable properties. 4626:Pharmaceutical and biological applications 4509:Some anti-corrosion systems contain borax. 3578:(also known as the U.S. Borax Boron Mine) 1906:, the largest producer of boron minerals. 1878:, so it is a low-abundance element in the 1792: 1778: 1647: 1640: 1491: 40: 12242: 12232: 11941: 11900: 11765: 11443: 11206: 11041: 11000: 10974: 10835: 10770: 10457: 10412: 10402: 10361: 10304: 10255: 10196: 10022: 9944: 9870: 9493: 9393: 9340: 9292: 9230:Gogotsi, Y. G., Andrievski, R.A. (1999). 9036:. Chapman & Hall (London, New York). 8826: 8105: 7684:"Commissioning of Boron Enrichment Plant" 7056:. Vol. 17e. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 6921: 6621: 6480: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6104:Kongliga Vetenskaps-Academiens Handlingar 5981:. Academic Press. pp. 102, 385–386. 4956:; in humans, boron deficiency may affect 4916:In 2013, chemist and synthetic biologist 4420:Boron shielding is used as a control for 3829:, named for its low dielectric constant. 2754:The most important boranes are diborane B 2280:-like structure) were described in 2014. 2251:-type arrangement of the icosahedra and B 1999:have low toxicity in mammals (similar to 25:Chemical element with atomic number 5 (B) 12214: 11882: 10202: 9897:. March Field Air Museum. Archived from 9677: 9657:. Journal of Pyrotechnics. p. 419. 9545: 9322: 8979:. Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. 8885: 8820: 8135: 7419:Journal of the American Chemical Society 7127: 6171:Journal of the American Chemical Society 6000: 5998: 5910:Hobbs DZ, Campbell TT, Block FE (1964). 5791:Gay Lussac, J.L., Thenard, L.J. (1808). 5786: 5784: 5782: 5578: 5358: 5337:alongside other boron compounds such as 5134:in acidic solution, a red colored boron- 4446: 4442: 3919: 3909: 3846: 3740: 3405: 3397: 3198: 2967: 2848: 2717:polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory 2715:. The structures can be rationalised by 2700: 2625: 2533:Boron is the lightest element having an 2492: 2202: 2039: 13558: 12336:Soil Analysis: An Interpretation Manual 12295: 12163: 11795:"Office of Dietary Supplements - Boron" 11789: 11787: 11785: 11603: 11597: 11410:Catling DC, Zahnle KJ (February 2020). 11127:"Functions of Boron in Plant Nutrition" 9778: 9167: 9120: 9118: 8767:Journal of the American Ceramic Society 8727: 8651: 8471: 8180:(6th ed.): 171–186. Archived from 8168: 7877: 7830: 7235:"Mindat.org - Mines, Minerals and More" 7180: 6755: 6749: 5967: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5750: 5748: 5051:Congenital endothelial dystrophy type 2 4598:uses it to ignite the engines on their 4516:for soldering silver and gold and with 3794: 2541:in its ground state. Unlike most other 2094:in Italy. Sasso was the main source of 14213: 13612: 13441: 13146: 12339:. Csiro Publishing. pp. 309–311. 11977:, New York: John Wiley, pp. 4–5, 10917: 9684:. Bonnier Corporation. pp. 86–89. 9426: 9103:from the original on 21 September 2017 9031: 9020:American Society for Testing Materials 8746:from the original on 20 September 2008 8684: 8583: 8581: 8579: 8564:from the original on 16 September 2008 7976: 7922:"Isotopically Enriched 10BN Nanotubes" 7208: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6862: 6448: 6243: 6073:from the original on 20 September 2014 6013:from the original on 24 September 2018 5818: 3319: 3158:The B isotope is useful for capturing 1847:, resulting in many compounds such as 109:α-, β-rhombohedral, β-tetragonal (and 13742: 13666: 13630: 13621: 13531: 13513: 13504: 12439: 12314:from the original on 9 September 2016 12166:"Boron in human and animal nutrition" 12115:from the original on 20 February 2022 11740:Nielsen FH, Eckhert CD (March 2020). 11541: 11100:. University of Idaho. Archived from 10074: 9312:Consumer Product Information Database 9265:"Preparation of titanium diboride TiB 9256: 8764: 8666:from the original on 22 February 2014 7736: 7575: 7516:from the original on 20 February 2022 7486:from the original on 26 February 2012 7263: 6601: 6047: 6041: 5995: 5779: 5758:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 4952:has only been clearly established in 4594:programs from 1967 until 1973. Today 3836: 3658:has declined following concerns over 3140:crust; this difference may act as an 2615: 1750: 1748: 1738: 1736: 1718: 1713: 13675: 13603: 13576: 13549: 13209: 13191: 13164: 12995: 12986: 12145:from the original on 2 February 2021 11805:from the original on 21 October 2023 11782: 11672:"The role of boron in animal health" 10956:from the original on 8 February 2024 10211:from the original on 8 December 2015 9653:Kosanke, B. J., et al. (2004). 9115: 8972: 8057:http://www.mindat.org/min-43412.html 6436:from the original on 4 November 2023 6410:from the original on 4 November 2023 6384:from the original on 4 November 2023 6358:from the original on 4 November 2023 5939:Kirk-Othmer, ed. (26 January 2001). 5807: 5745: 5480: 4675:with high affinity and specificity. 4019:High-hardness and abrasive compounds 3948:with carbon in an electric furnace: 3330:B is also a candidate as a fuel for 2037:, which boron resembles chemically. 1902:. The largest known deposits are in 13768: 13684: 13657: 13648: 13495: 13477: 13468: 13459: 13245: 13155: 13128: 13076: 13022: 13004: 12968: 12948: 12887: 12824: 12725: 12707: 12696: 12615: 11074:from the original on 20 August 2022 9754:. Woodhead Publishing Ltd. p. 8576: 8558:"Boron: Statistics and Information" 8459:from the original on 9 October 2022 8117:from the original on 28 August 2019 7887:Duderstadt JJ, Hamilton LJ (1976). 7610: 7557:from the original on 8 January 2017 7292: 7102: 7096: 6954: 5345:with reported low toxicity levels. 4853:Boron has multiple applications in 4180:are used for coating tools through 3345: 2528: 2074:was recognized in the hot springs ( 1986:synthesis of organic fine chemicals 1315: 13: 13639: 13540: 13423: 13405: 13380: 13371: 13344: 13317: 13272: 13254: 13182: 13173: 13067: 12939: 12905: 12815: 12797: 12788: 12768: 12743: 12465: 12392:from the original on 10 March 2020 12353:from the original on 12 March 2020 12196:from the original on 12 March 2020 11972: 11559:from the original on 24 April 2015 11092: 9746:Horrocks, A.R., Price, D. (2001). 9702:from the original on 20 April 2009 8894:(2nd ed.). Springer. p. 8779:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1991.tb04289.x 8150:from the original on 4 August 2019 7341: 7245:from the original on 22 April 2011 5891:from the original on 4 August 2020 5554: 5262: 4943: 4865: 2187: 1913:that is found in small amounts in 1890:. These are mined industrially as 1400:3rd: 3659.7 kJ/mol 1397:2nd: 2427.1 kJ/mol 14: 14277: 13594: 13585: 13567: 13522: 13432: 13362: 13335: 13308: 13290: 13281: 13263: 13236: 13218: 13200: 13110: 13040: 13013: 12977: 12923: 12914: 12896: 12878: 12806: 12777: 12716: 12662: 12644: 12606: 12579: 12408: 12277:from the original on 3 April 2019 11340:from the original on 8 March 2024 10618:Canfield PC, Crabtree GW (2003). 10503:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00701 9308:Sodium borate decahydrate (borax) 7711:Separation Science and Technology 7329:from the original on 13 June 2013 7080:Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie 6524:from the original on 28 July 2018 6318:Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 6283:Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 6223:Springborg M (1 September 2011). 6198:Zeitschrift für Angewandte Physik 5920:from the original on 8 March 2024 4920:suggested that the conditions on 4872:Boron deficiency (plant disorder) 4804: 4574:. It was also used to ignite the 4552:is a substance which ignites the 4526:(also known as orthoboric acid) H 4299: 3882:, giving it a good resistance to 3708:Boron deficiency (plant disorder) 3277:Radiation-hardened semiconductors 3209:neutron capture therapy of cancer 2809: 2557:. Boron is the prototype for the 2215:in its capability to form stable 1941:in some high-strength materials. 1866:Boron is synthesized entirely by 1855:, and the ultra-hard crystals of 1394:1st: 800.6 kJ/mol 13486: 13450: 13414: 13299: 13227: 13137: 13119: 13049: 13031: 12959: 12860: 12851: 12842: 12687: 12590: 12259: 12208: 12157: 12127: 12070: 11998: 11966: 11917: 11698: 11663: 11624: 11571: 11506: 11403: 11272: 11235: 11223:from the original on 10 May 2020 11178: 11164:10.1146/annurev.arplant.49.1.481 11143: 11132:. U.S. Borax Inc. Archived from 11119: 11086: 11024:Effenberg F, Bortolon A (2022). 11017: 10968: 10911: 10868: 10811: 10750: 10707: 10668: 10611: 10378: 10321: 10272: 10223: 10169: 10143: 10088:from the original on 3 June 2009 9998: 9963: 9938: 9887: 9846: 9807: 9772: 9739: 9714: 9688: 9671: 9646: 9591:from the original on 3 June 2016 9564: 9539: 9510: 9445: 9420: 9402:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 9387: 9316: 9301: 9223: 9196: 9161: 9050: 9025: 9000: 8966: 8939: 8023:. BRUKER Biospin. Archived from 7115:from the original on 17 May 2019 5755:Haynes, William M., ed. (2016). 5568:"Standard Atomic Weights: Boron" 5523: 5506: 5489: 5461: 5441:Hydroboration-oxidation reaction 5378: 5179: 4683:, have been prepared for use in 3880:coefficient of thermal expansion 3764:. The fibers can be produced by 3453:spring waters). About a hundred 2655:. For example, fluoride (F) and 1765: 1764: 1283: 61: 13389: 13094: 13085: 12752: 12734: 12653: 12635: 12215:Hughes AM, Hu N (August 2023). 10248:10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00164 10178:Journal of Nutritional Medicine 10060:10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.09.018 10011:Australian Journal of Chemistry 8879: 8853: 8785: 8758: 8737:United States Geological Survey 8678: 8645: 8633:Global end use of boron in 2011 8626: 8608: 8550: 8524: 8498: 8439: 8413: 8387: 8357: 8325: 8288: 8269: 8234: 8199: 8162: 8136:Paoletta R (6 September 2017). 8049: 8039: 8013: 7970: 7913: 7851: 7824: 7773: 7730: 7702: 7676: 7647: 7604: 7569: 7528: 7498: 7437: 7406: 7374: 7257: 7227: 7192:Chemical & Engineering News 7045: 7002: 6897: 6835: 6800: 6705: 6654: 6536: 6422: 6396: 6370: 6344: 6309: 6274: 6216: 6189: 6147:from the original on 9 May 2016 6124: 6085: 6025: 5932: 5913:Methods Used in Preparing Boron 5903: 5873: 5843: 4424:, taking advantage of its high 4291: 4131:is a material isoelectronic to 3906:, chiefly for this resistance. 3722:sodium tetraborate pentahydrate 3701: 3625: 3425:and may be found uncombined in 2463:or hot mixture of sulfuric and 2223:) boron contains regular boron 13353: 13326: 12869: 12833: 12671: 12626: 9086:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.015506 7895:. Wiley-Interscience. p. 7543:. Springer. pp. 638–639. 7105:"Violations of the Octet Rule" 6988:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.185501 6910:Journal of Superhard Materials 6734:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.185501 5726: 5706: 5664: 5613: 5560: 5548: 5363:Boron toxicity in rose leaves. 4936:, first formed on Mars before 4344:), or gaseous boron sources (B 4288:instead as a bleaching agent. 2098:borax from 1827 to 1872, when 1972:. A small amount is used as a 1381:Pauling scale: 2.04 1: 13058: 11711:Office of Dietary Supplements 10391:Clinical Genitourinary Cancer 9632:10.1016/S0022-3115(98)00494-2 9431:. CRC Press. pp. 39–60. 9217:10.1016/S0924-0136(98)00263-5 8933:10.1016/S0925-8388(01)01581-X 8178:Industrial Minerals and Rocks 7598:10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00107-1 7535:Cardarelli, François (2008). 7358:10.1002/14356007.a04_295.pub2 7054:Landolt-Bornstein, New Series 6119:Annalen der Physik und Chemie 6057:The Discovery of the Elements 5541: 5431:Boron neutron capture therapy 4979:(EAR) for boron and the U.S. 4977:Estimated Average Requirement 4969:Recommended Dietary Allowance 4685:boron neutron capture therapy 4512:Sodium borates are used as a 4146: 3858:, which is typically 12–15% B 3752:structures as a component of 3511:, including the provinces of 3486: 3381: 3174:Commercial isotope enrichment 2932:boron neutron capture therapy 2260:at temperatures below 6–12 K. 2192: 2007:and are occasionally used as 1937:with applications similar to 1545:Molar magnetic susceptibility 12419:The Periodic Table of Videos 11885:"Nothing Boring About Boron" 11527:10.1016/j.bioorg.2007.08.001 10981:Nuclear Materials and Energy 10927:Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 10716:Journal of Materials Science 10681:Physica C: Superconductivity 9612:Journal of Nuclear Materials 8687:Journal of Materials Science 8594:(81st ed.). CRC press. 8085:Geophysical Research Letters 7103:Key JA (14 September 2014). 6829:10.1016/0022-4596(70)90022-8 6338:10.1016/0022-3093(88)90229-3 6303:10.1016/0022-3093(88)90395-X 5557:et al. 2007, pp. 2460–1 5392:three billion years ago had 5057:, is linked to mutations in 4981:Food and Drug Administration 4876:Boron is an essential plant 4820:wires are produced with the 4732:positron emission tomography 4368:of metals and their oxides. 3598:35.04290194°N 117.67928111°W 7: 11684:10.5601/jelem.2014.19.3.706 11649:10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.07.018 11581:. PDRhealth. Archived from 10701:10.1016/j.physc.2007.01.030 8285:. Retrieved 14 August 2014. 7654:Steinbrück, Martin (2004). 6778:10.1126/science.147.3653.49 6131:Weintraub, Ezekiel (1910). 5977:Garrett, Donald E. (1998). 5403: 4360:, which relies mostly on BF 4308:for such semiconductors as 3712:Boron deficiency (medicine) 3074: 2938:Compounds of B(I) and B(II) 2108:Pacific Coast Borax Company 1268:11.087 J/(mol·K) 1117:group 13 (boron group) 10: 14282: 12957: 12786: 12705: 12624: 12588: 12490: 12421:(University of Nottingham) 11943:10.1096/fasebj.1.5.3678698 11883:Pizzorno L (August 2015). 11322:Liebigs Annalen der Chemie 11195:The Journal of Antibiotics 10939:10.1088/0741-3335/38/9/001 10450:10.1007/s11060-020-03586-6 10404:10.1016/j.clgc.2021.03.011 10346:10.1021/acschembio.9b00160 10203:Thompson C (8 July 2014). 9895:"Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird" 9525:. Birkhäuser. p. 44. 9478:10.1038/s41598-019-42236-4 9394:May GS, Spanos CJ (2006). 9329:Pure and Applied Chemistry 9294:10.1016/j.stam.2007.06.009 8794:Journal of Applied Physics 8642:. Retrieved 14 August 2014 7052:Madelung, O., ed. (1983). 6640:10.1103/PhysRevB.77.064113 5591:Pure and Applied Chemistry 5146:Health issues and toxicity 4892:. The first one found was 4869: 4433:pressurized water reactors 4406:magnetic resonance imaging 4387: 4150: 4022: 3913: 3840: 3798: 3705: 3603:35.04290194; -117.67928111 3391: 3385: 3372:nuclear magnetic resonance 3323: 3239:pressurized water reactors 3224:emergency shutdown systems 3078: 2852: 2813: 2694: 2690: 2647:in that they readily form 2619: 2568:Boron also has much lower 2423: 2196: 2018: 1226:when liquid (at 480: 348: 288: 228: 203: 15: 14141: 14121: 14069:Boron oxides and sulfides 14068: 13927: 13879: 13802: 13776: 13700: 13400: 13105: 12934: 12763: 12682: 12601: 12574: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12485: 12480: 12473: 12428:, 2004, private website ( 12307:. University of Florida. 12063:22 September 2017 at the 11849:10.1007/s12011-018-1284-3 11334:10.1002/jlac.199419940310 11208:10.7164/antibiotics.48.26 11002:10.1016/j.nme.2021.101043 10975:Gilson EP, Lee H (2021). 10190:10.3109/13590849009003147 8730:"Mineral Yearbook: Boron" 8534:. Roskill. Archived from 8263:10.1080/14041040500504293 8228:10.1080/08827509208952709 7739:Journal of Neuro-Oncology 7723:10.1080/01496398608056140 7386:Chemistry of the Elements 6940:10.3103/S1063457608060117 6891:10.1107/S0365110X60000613 6121:, vol. 78, pages 113–150. 5722:(in German). p. 139. 5680:J. Molecular Spectroscopy 5160: 5155: 5112:Analytical quantification 4900:in the 1960s. Others are 4709:Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase 4480:" additives for jet fuel. 4186:physical vapor deposition 4182:chemical vapor deposition 3781:chemical vapor deposition 3766:chemical vapor deposition 3632:chemical vapor deposition 3272:Depleted boron (boron-11) 3195:Enriched boron (boron-10) 2863:. Many are produced from 2635:coordinate covalent bonds 1763: 1759: 1745: 1733: 1710: 1669: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1631: 1618: 1599: 1594: 1584: 1574: 1560: 1543: 1530: 1520: 1510: 1500: 1480: 1470: 1465: 1448: 1438: 1428: 1414: 1385: 1375: 1355: 1350: 1272: 1262: 1252: 1238: 1220: 1210: 1196: 1176: 1171: 1163: 1149: 1134: 1122: 1110: 1091: 1068: 183: 175: 171: 145: 129: 125: 117: 103: 56: 51: 39: 11412:"The Archean atmosphere" 11293:10.1002/hlca.19710540624 11258:10.1002/hlca.19670500612 11060:10.1088/1741-4326/ac899d 10297:10.1177/0271678x16682510 9982:10.1002/14356007.a04_309 9949:. Springer. p. 86. 9750:Fire Retardant Materials 9571:Martin, James E (2008). 8946:Weimer, Alan W. (1997). 8837:10.1002/14356007.a11_001 8532:"Roskill reports: boron" 7979:Journal of Fusion Energy 7891:Nuclear Reactor Analysis 7195:2006; Volume 84(41): 11 7031:10.1103/PhysRevB.47.7668 6009:. University of Denver. 5371: 5222:Precautionary statements 4965:Food and Nutrition Board 4814:superconducting material 4392:Boron is a component of 3928:C. The green sphere and 3807:fiber reinforced polymer 3394:Category:Borate minerals 3147:The exotic B exhibits a 2965:are well characterized. 2834:coordinate covalent bond 2420:Chemistry of the element 2003:) but are more toxic to 1420:empirical: 90 12378:. CIMMYT. p. 225. 12372:M. P. Reynolds (2001). 12234:10.3390/cancers15164091 12182:10.1023/A:1004276311956 11758:10.1093/advances/nmz110 11676:Journal of Elementology 10824:Applied Physics Letters 10736:10.1023/A:1017513200502 9342:10.1351/pac197439040547 8973:Gray T (3 April 2012). 8861:"Boron Market Analysis" 8588:Hammond, C. R. (2004). 8365:"U.S. Borax Boron Mine" 8281:31 October 2014 at the 7999:10.1023/A:1022513215080 7751:10.1023/A:1023262817500 7352:. Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. 7158:10.1126/science.1131914 6746:structure determination 6720:(18): 185501–185501–4. 6714:Physical Review Letters 6683:10.1126/science.1062286 6253:Semiconductor materials 5885:Britannica encyclopedia 5642:10.1126/science.1221138 5335:neutron capture therapy 5076:, dried fruits such as 5047:inflammatory biomarkers 5031:adenosine monophosphate 4558:Pratt & Whitney J58 4250:" laundry booster and " 3789:micromechanical systems 3678:of sodium tetraborate ( 3118:hydrothermal alteration 2663:) combined to give the 2631:Boron (III) trifluoride 2604:BH to the boryl anion R 2119:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac 1876:stellar nucleosynthesis 1606:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac 1516:27.4 W/(m⋅K) 11889:Integr Med (Encinitas) 11436:10.1126/sciadv.aax1420 11281:Helvetica Chimica Acta 11245:Helvetica Chimica Acta 10789:10.1038/nnano.2010.172 10236:Bioconjugate Chemistry 10121:10.1038/sj.leu.2404528 10084:. chemicalland21.com. 9721:Davies, A. C. 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Springer. pp. 8890:Schott guide to glass 8638:22 April 2016 at the 8276:Global reserves chart 7390:Butterworth-Heinemann 7384:, Earnshaw A (1997). 5945:(1 ed.). Wiley. 5599:10.1515/pac-2019-0603 5362: 5318:organoboron compounds 5272: 5130:and on reaction with 5043:endoplasmic reticulum 5035:S-adenosyl methionine 4758:ositron-emitting and 4567:engines powering the 4455: 4443:Other nonmedical uses 4428:for neutron capture. 4176:. Additionally metal 3923: 3910:Boron carbide ceramic 3904:cookware and bakeware 3850: 3741:Elemental boron fiber 3539:Eti Maden İşletmeleri 3420:cosmic ray spallation 3409: 3402:A fragment of ulexite 3401: 3350:Both B and B possess 3202: 3002:Large Hadron Collider 2971: 2855:Organoboron chemistry 2849:Organoboron chemistry 2706:Ball-and-stick models 2704: 2629: 2496: 2206: 2179:Czochralski processes 2123:Louis Jacques Thénard 2043: 1984:intermediates in the 1909:Elemental boron is a 1868:cosmic ray spallation 1610:Louis Jacques Thénard 1453: 1258:508 kJ/mol 14251:Nuclear fusion fuels 11515:Bioorganic Chemistry 11189:Sorangium cellulosum 10334:ACS Chemical Biology 9791:: 84. Archived from 9013:27 July 2020 at the 8886:Pfaender HG (1996). 8427:on 26 September 2018 8401:on 18 September 2012 8107:10.1002/2017GL074480 8062:6 March 2016 at the 6098:13 June 2016 at the 5855:physics.illinois.edu 5713:Schroeder, Melanie. 5316:, borates, and many 5255:(fire diamond) 5020:inversely correlated 4958:bone mineral density 4910:Sorangium cellulosum 4848:thermal conductivity 3900:laboratory glassware 3795:Boronated fiberglass 3609:Rio Tinto Borax Mine 3576:Rio Tinto Borax Mine 3449:(sometimes found in 3378:of attached nuclei. 3116:systems, and during 2826:allotropes of carbon 2211:Boron is similar to 2153:with metals such as 2139:Jöns Jacob Berzelius 2104:Francis Marion Smith 1931:electrical conductor 1613: (30 June 1808) 1512:Thermal conductivity 1440:Van der Waals radius 1254:Heat of vaporization 1234:2.08 g/cm 13777:Boron pnictogenides 12296:Zekri M, Obreza T. 12164:Nielsen FH (1997). 12091:10.1021/ac60083a061 11841:2018BTER..186...31K 11829:Biol Trace Elem Res 11481:2013AsBio..13..391N 11428:2020SciA....6.1420C 11381:10.1038/nature13068 11373:2014Natur.506..307L 11052:2022NucFu..62j6015E 10993:2021NMEne..2801043G 10889:2010PhT....63k..34C 10846:2011ApPhL..98x2105G 10781:2010NatNa...5..722D 10728:2001JMatS..36.1539W 10693:2007PhyC..456..209B 10656:on 17 December 2008 10639:2003PhT....56c..34C 10052:2008PChem..69..585R 9925:30 May 2010 at the 9696:"Borax Decahydrate" 9624:1999JNuM..264..309P 9546:Campbell P (1996). 9470:2019NatSR...9.5736J 9323:Thompson R (1974). 9285:2007STAdM...8..376S 9182:1957JChPh..26..956W 9139:2008AdM....20.4780Q 9078:2009PhRvL.102a5506S 8806:1992JAP....72.5956J 8728:Kostick DS (2006). 8699:1973JMatS...8.1581L 8652:Herring HW (1966). 8375:on 11 February 2012 8255:2006MERMR..20....2K 8220:1992MPEMR...9..245O 8171:"Boron and Borates" 8169:Kistler RB (1994). 8098:2017GeoRL..44.8739G 7991:1998JFuE...17...25N 7941:2006AdM....18.2157Y 7794:1999RadR..151....1C 7625:2003ScChG..46..441L 7590:1997ChGeo.143..255B 7537:"Titanium Diboride" 7469:2003PhT....56c..34C 7431:10.1021/ja01634a089 7299:Engler, M. (2007). 7150:2006Sci...314..113S 7023:1993PhRvB..47.7668N 6980:2009PhRvL.102r5501Z 6932:2008JSMat..30..428S 6883:1960AcCry..13..271T 6821:1970JSSCh...1..268H 6809:J. Solid State Chem 6770:1965Sci...147...49W 6726:2009PhRvL.102r5501Z 6675:2001Sci...293..272E 6632:2008PhRvB..77f4113W 6499:10.1038/nature07736 6491:2009Natur.457..863O 6330:1988JNCS..106...66D 6295:1988JNCS..104..249D 6183:10.1021/ja01250a036 5692:1995JMoSp.170...82Z 5634:2012Sci...336.1420B 5411:Allotropes of boron 5343:boronophenylalanine 5152: 4934:originated from RNA 4730:, which allows for 4582:Rocket utilized by 4536:flat panel displays 4286:sodium percarbonate 4194:ion beam deposition 4034: 4025:Superhard materials 3754:composite materials 3593: / 3557:government monopoly 3326:Proton-boron fusion 3320:Proton-boron fusion 3112:O phase changes in 2455:, hot concentrated 2199:Allotropes of boron 1626: (9 July 1808) 1387:Ionization energies 1361:−5, −1, 0, +1, +2, 1275:Vapor pressure 1264:Molar heat capacity 1172:Physical properties 1164:Electrons per shell 36: 12111:. 3 October 2021. 11585:on 11 October 2007 11555:. 29 August 2013. 9945:Young, A. (2008). 9872:10.1039/D4GC00618F 9832:10.1039/C6RA28574K 9458:Scientific Reports 9427:Sherer JM (2005). 9127:Advanced Materials 9032:Weimer AW (1997). 8707:10.1007/BF00754893 8421:"Boron Properties" 7929:Advanced Materials 7782:Radiation Research 7690:on 8 December 2008 7278:10.1039/C3CC00069A 5390:prehistoric oceans 5386:earth's atmosphere 5365: 5339:sodium borocaptate 5274: 5150: 4998:, brain function, 4992:calcium metabolism 4938:migrating to Earth 4810:Magnesium diboride 4742:, respectively. A 4619:wood preservatives 4467:pyrotechnic flares 4462: 4304:Boron is a useful 4274:laundry detergents 4248:20 Mule Team Borax 4227:. Similarly, AlMgB 4225:zirconium diboride 4161:Boron is added to 4102:Fracture toughness 4029: 3934: 3856:Borosilicate glass 3853: 3843:Borosilicate glass 3837:Borosilicate glass 3827:borosilicate glass 3734:borosilicate glass 3412: 3404: 3306:radiation-hardened 3302:single event upset 3205: 3142:isotopic signature 3009:calcium hexaboride 2978:magnesium diboride 2974: 2721: 2638: 2616:Chemical compounds 2551:molecular orbitals 2508: 2241:ambient conditions 2209: 2048: 1968:, it is used as a 1962:Borosilicate glass 1471:Natural occurrence 1461: 1455: 1434:84±3 pm 1075: 1058: 28: 14241:Pyrotechnic fuels 14226:Chemical elements 14206: 14205: 13736: 13735: 13729: 13728: 13695: 13694: 12385:978-970-648-077-4 12346:978-0-643-06376-1 11367:(7488): 307–315. 11139:on 20 March 2009. 11107:on 1 October 2009 10918:Winter J (1996). 10897:10.1063/1.3518210 10854:10.1063/1.3599708 10647:10.1063/1.1570770 10589:10.1111/iju.14855 10546:10.1002/med.21964 10497:(10): 4942–4970. 9991:978-3-527-30385-4 9956:978-0-387-09629-2 9865:(14): 8230–8241. 9826:(13): 7483–7491. 9765:978-1-85573-419-7 9732:978-0-521-43565-9 9664:978-1-889526-15-7 9584:978-3-527-61880-4 9557:978-0-521-56688-9 9532:978-1-85233-941-8 9438:978-1-57444-720-0 9413:978-0-471-78406-7 9249:978-0-7923-5707-0 9190:10.1063/1.1745964 9133:(24): 4780–4783. 9043:978-0-412-54060-8 8905:978-0-412-62060-7 8800:(12): 5956–5963. 8773:(12): 2959–2978. 8693:(11): 1581–1589. 8601:978-0-8493-0485-9 8538:on 4 October 2003 8491:978-0-86214-516-3 8092:(17): 8739–8748. 7966:on 3 August 2008. 7935:(16): 2157–2160. 7906:978-0-471-22363-4 7550:978-1-84628-668-1 7477:10.1063/1.1570770 7399:978-0-08-037941-8 7272:(35): 3615–3616. 7217:. Dennis G. Hall 7144:(5796): 113–115. 7089:978-3-11-007511-3 7017:(13): 7668–7673. 6564:10.1021/ja0631246 6475:(7231): 863–867. 6267:978-0-8493-8912-2 6236:978-1-84973-278-9 6177:(10): 1924–1931. 6066:978-0-7661-3872-8 5988:978-0-12-276060-0 5960:978-0-471-48494-3 5797:Annales de chimie 5765:. p. 4.127. 5761:(97th ed.). 5308:Elemental boron, 5305:Chemical compound 5303: 5302: 5204:Hazard statements 5055:corneal dystrophy 5053:, a rare form of 4836:electron mobility 4734:(PET) imaging of 4546:-based adhesives. 4518:ammonium chloride 4453: 4394:neodymium magnets 4384:film with boron. 4278:cleaning products 4221:titanium diboride 4125: 4124: 4002:bulletproof vests 3974:empirical formula 3620:Boron, California 3559:on the mining of 3332:aneutronic fusion 3185:boron trifluoride 3153:liquid drop model 3081:Isotopes of boron 2920:cluster chemistry 2889:tetraphenylborate 2861:organic synthesis 2840:to a bond to the 2665:tetrafluoroborate 2657:boron trifluoride 2582:lithium hydroxide 2574:period 2 elements 2570:electronegativity 2453:hydrogen peroxide 2449:hydrochloric acid 2417: 2416: 2217:covalently bonded 2064:Georgius Agricola 1841:valence electrons 1806: 1805: 1755: 1754: 1633:Isotopes of boron 1532:Magnetic ordering 1502:Thermal expansion 1482:Crystal structure 1456: 1444:192 pm 1377:Electronegativity 1351:Atomic properties 1345: 1344: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1073: 1056: 1048: 1047: 774:Mercury (element) 14273: 14256:Dietary minerals 13763: 13756: 13749: 13740: 13739: 13705: 13704: 13691: 13689: 13682: 13680: 13673: 13671: 13664: 13662: 13655: 13653: 13646: 13644: 13637: 13635: 13628: 13626: 13619: 13617: 13610: 13608: 13601: 13599: 13592: 13590: 13583: 13581: 13574: 13572: 13565: 13563: 13556: 13554: 13547: 13545: 13538: 13536: 13529: 13527: 13520: 13518: 13511: 13509: 13502: 13500: 13493: 13491: 13484: 13482: 13475: 13473: 13466: 13464: 13457: 13455: 13448: 13446: 13439: 13437: 13430: 13428: 13421: 13419: 13412: 13410: 13396: 13394: 13387: 13385: 13378: 13376: 13369: 13367: 13360: 13358: 13351: 13349: 13342: 13340: 13333: 13331: 13324: 13322: 13315: 13313: 13306: 13304: 13297: 13295: 13288: 13286: 13279: 13277: 13270: 13268: 13261: 13259: 13252: 13250: 13243: 13241: 13234: 13232: 13225: 13223: 13216: 13214: 13207: 13205: 13198: 13196: 13189: 13187: 13180: 13178: 13171: 13169: 13162: 13160: 13153: 13151: 13144: 13142: 13135: 13133: 13126: 13124: 13117: 13115: 13101: 13099: 13092: 13090: 13083: 13081: 13074: 13072: 13065: 13063: 13056: 13054: 13047: 13045: 13038: 13036: 13029: 13027: 13020: 13018: 13011: 13009: 13002: 13000: 12993: 12991: 12984: 12982: 12975: 12973: 12966: 12964: 12955: 12953: 12946: 12944: 12930: 12928: 12921: 12919: 12912: 12910: 12903: 12901: 12894: 12892: 12885: 12883: 12876: 12874: 12867: 12865: 12858: 12856: 12849: 12847: 12840: 12838: 12831: 12829: 12822: 12820: 12813: 12811: 12804: 12802: 12795: 12793: 12784: 12782: 12775: 12773: 12759: 12757: 12750: 12748: 12741: 12739: 12732: 12730: 12723: 12721: 12714: 12712: 12703: 12701: 12694: 12692: 12678: 12676: 12669: 12667: 12660: 12658: 12651: 12649: 12642: 12640: 12633: 12631: 12622: 12620: 12613: 12611: 12597: 12595: 12586: 12584: 12476: 12460: 12453: 12446: 12437: 12436: 12430:archived version 12402: 12401: 12399: 12397: 12369: 12363: 12362: 12360: 12358: 12330: 12324: 12323: 12321: 12319: 12313: 12302: 12293: 12287: 12286: 12284: 12282: 12263: 12257: 12256: 12246: 12236: 12212: 12206: 12205: 12203: 12201: 12161: 12155: 12154: 12152: 12150: 12139:sigmaaldrich.com 12131: 12125: 12124: 12122: 12120: 12101: 12095: 12094: 12074: 12068: 12054: 12048: 12047: 12002: 11996: 11995: 11970: 11964: 11963: 11945: 11921: 11915: 11914: 11904: 11880: 11869: 11868: 11824: 11815: 11814: 11812: 11810: 11791: 11780: 11779: 11769: 11737: 11724: 11723: 11721: 11719: 11702: 11696: 11695: 11667: 11661: 11660: 11628: 11622: 11621: 11612:(2–3): 251–274. 11601: 11595: 11594: 11592: 11590: 11575: 11569: 11568: 11566: 11564: 11545: 11539: 11538: 11510: 11504: 11503: 11464: 11458: 11457: 11447: 11416:Science Advances 11407: 11401: 11400: 11356: 11350: 11349: 11347: 11345: 11319: 11311: 11305: 11304: 11287:(6): 1709–1713. 11276: 11270: 11269: 11252:(6): 1533–1539. 11239: 11233: 11232: 11230: 11228: 11210: 11182: 11176: 11175: 11147: 11141: 11140: 11138: 11131: 11123: 11117: 11116: 11114: 11112: 11106: 11099: 11090: 11084: 11083: 11081: 11079: 11045: 11021: 11015: 11014: 11004: 10972: 10966: 10965: 10963: 10961: 10955: 10933:(9): 1503–1542. 10924: 10915: 10909: 10908: 10872: 10866: 10865: 10839: 10815: 10809: 10808: 10774: 10754: 10748: 10747: 10722:(6): 1539–1546. 10711: 10705: 10704: 10687:(1–2): 209–217. 10672: 10666: 10665: 10663: 10661: 10655: 10649:. Archived from 10624: 10615: 10609: 10608: 10572: 10566: 10565: 10540:(5): 1809–1830. 10529: 10523: 10522: 10486: 10480: 10479: 10461: 10433: 10427: 10426: 10416: 10406: 10382: 10376: 10375: 10365: 10340:(7): 1449–1459. 10325: 10319: 10318: 10308: 10276: 10270: 10269: 10259: 10242:(5): 1390–1399. 10227: 10221: 10220: 10218: 10216: 10200: 10194: 10193: 10173: 10167: 10166: 10164: 10162: 10147: 10141: 10140: 10104: 10098: 10097: 10095: 10093: 10078: 10072: 10071: 10035: 10029: 10028: 10026: 10002: 9996: 9995: 9967: 9961: 9960: 9942: 9936: 9917: 9911: 9910: 9908: 9906: 9891: 9885: 9884: 9874: 9850: 9844: 9843: 9811: 9805: 9804: 9802: 9800: 9795:on 13 March 2012 9779:Ide, F. (2003). 9776: 9770: 9769: 9753: 9743: 9737: 9736: 9718: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9707: 9692: 9686: 9685: 9675: 9669: 9668: 9650: 9644: 9643: 9607: 9601: 9600: 9598: 9596: 9568: 9562: 9561: 9543: 9537: 9536: 9524: 9514: 9508: 9507: 9497: 9449: 9443: 9442: 9424: 9418: 9417: 9401: 9391: 9385: 9384: 9367:(6): 1534–1536. 9361:J. Econ. Entomol 9356: 9347: 9346: 9344: 9320: 9314: 9305: 9299: 9298: 9296: 9260: 9254: 9253: 9237: 9227: 9221: 9220: 9200: 9194: 9193: 9165: 9159: 9158: 9122: 9113: 9112: 9110: 9108: 9102: 9063: 9054: 9048: 9047: 9029: 9023: 9004: 8998: 8997: 8995: 8993: 8970: 8964: 8963: 8943: 8937: 8936: 8927:(1–2): 168–172. 8916: 8910: 8909: 8893: 8883: 8877: 8876: 8874: 8872: 8857: 8851: 8850: 8824: 8818: 8817: 8814:10.1063/1.351904 8789: 8783: 8782: 8762: 8756: 8755: 8753: 8751: 8745: 8734: 8725: 8719: 8718: 8682: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8671: 8665: 8658: 8649: 8643: 8630: 8624: 8612: 8606: 8605: 8585: 8574: 8573: 8571: 8569: 8554: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8543: 8528: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8508:. Archived from 8502: 8496: 8495: 8478: 8469: 8468: 8466: 8464: 8458: 8451: 8443: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8432: 8417: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8406: 8391: 8385: 8384: 8382: 8380: 8371:. Archived from 8361: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8350: 8344: 8337: 8329: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8318: 8312: 8306:. Archived from 8301: 8292: 8286: 8273: 8267: 8266: 8238: 8232: 8231: 8214:(1–4): 245–254. 8203: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8192: 8186: 8175: 8166: 8160: 8159: 8157: 8155: 8133: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8116: 8109: 8081: 8072: 8066: 8053: 8047: 8043: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8032: 8017: 8011: 8010: 7974: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7959:. Archived from 7926: 7917: 7911: 7910: 7894: 7884: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7870: 7855: 7849: 7848: 7839:(4): 1061–1070. 7828: 7822: 7821: 7777: 7771: 7770: 7734: 7728: 7726: 7706: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7695: 7680: 7674: 7673: 7672:on 19 July 2011. 7671: 7665:. Archived from 7660: 7651: 7645: 7644: 7633:10.1360/03yw0027 7608: 7602: 7601: 7584:(3–4): 255–261. 7578:Chemical Geology 7573: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7562: 7532: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7502: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7491: 7485: 7454: 7441: 7435: 7434: 7425:(5): 1434–1436. 7410: 7404: 7403: 7388:(2nd ed.). 7378: 7372: 7371: 7345: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7334: 7328: 7305: 7296: 7290: 7289: 7261: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7231: 7225: 7212: 7206: 7186:Bethany Halford 7184: 7178: 7177: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7120: 7100: 7094: 7093: 7075: 7058: 7057: 7049: 7043: 7042: 7006: 7000: 6999: 6963: 6952: 6951: 6925: 6901: 6895: 6894: 6871:Acta Crystallogr 6866: 6860: 6859: 6839: 6833: 6832: 6804: 6798: 6797: 6753: 6747: 6745: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6658: 6652: 6651: 6625: 6605: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6589:on 15 April 2021 6588: 6582:. Archived from 6558:(9): 2458–2465. 6552:J. Am. Chem. Soc 6549: 6540: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6523: 6484: 6466: 6457: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6426: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6400: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6374: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6313: 6307: 6306: 6289:(2–3): 249–252. 6278: 6272: 6271: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6166: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6128: 6122: 6117:, Poggendorff's 6089: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6045: 6039: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6002: 5993: 5992: 5974: 5965: 5964: 5936: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5857:. Archived from 5847: 5841: 5840: 5816: 5805: 5804: 5788: 5777: 5776: 5752: 5743: 5742: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5677: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5628:(6087): 1420–2. 5617: 5611: 5610: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5564: 5558: 5552: 5536: 5535:from Wikiversity 5528: 5527: 5526: 5519: 5511: 5510: 5509: 5502: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5482: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5457: 5416:Boron deficiency 5397: 5382: 5294: 5287: 5280: 5265: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5215: 5211: 5183: 5153: 5149: 5066:leafy vegetables 4950:Boron deficiency 4896:, isolated from 4812:is an important 4454: 4422:nuclear reactors 4374:vapor deposition 4358:ion implantation 4330:atomic diffusion 4262:Sodium perborate 4213:tungsten carbide 4201:rhenium diboride 4190:ion implantation 4167:nuclear industry 4076:Vickers hardness 4035: 4028: 3902:and in consumer 3805:Fiberglass is a 3617: 3616: 3614: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3591: 3590: 3589: 3586: 3475:, on the planet 3369: 3367: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3346:NMR spectroscopy 3314:nuclear industry 3282:Cosmic radiation 3217:nuclear reaction 3168:nuclear industry 3160:thermal neutrons 3042: 3041: 3040: 3032: 3031: 2944:hydride clusters 2867:, which employs 2783:oxidation number 2770:and decaborane B 2578:lithium fluoride 2572:than subsequent 2529:Atomic structure 2362:Vickers hardness 2328:Atoms/unit cell 2283: 2282: 2229:long-range order 2056:Jabir ibn Hayyan 2027:was coined from 1966:sodium perborate 1813:chemical element 1794: 1787: 1780: 1768: 1767: 1726: 1696: 1664: 1663: 1654: 1649: 1642: 1627: 1614: 1567: 1555: 1553: 1495: 1466:Other properties 1366: 1357:Oxidation states 1323: 1319: 1291: 1287: 1280: 1279: 1231: 1187: 1186: 1142: 1103: 1102: 1043: 1036: 1029: 1022: 1015: 1008: 1001: 994: 987: 980: 973: 966: 959: 952: 945: 938: 931: 924: 917: 910: 903: 896: 889: 882: 875: 868: 861: 854: 847: 840: 833: 826: 817: 810: 803: 796: 789: 782: 775: 768: 761: 754: 747: 740: 733: 726: 719: 712: 705: 698: 691: 684: 677: 670: 663: 656: 649: 642: 635: 628: 621: 614: 607: 600: 591: 584: 577: 570: 563: 556: 549: 542: 535: 528: 521: 514: 507: 500: 493: 486: 475: 468: 459: 452: 445: 438: 431: 424: 417: 410: 403: 396: 389: 382: 375: 368: 361: 354: 345: 338: 329: 322: 315: 308: 301: 294: 285: 278: 269: 262: 255: 248: 241: 234: 225: 218: 209: 200: 194: 193: 189: 188: 185: 184: 159: 157: 141: 99: 94: 86: 84: 83: 80: 79: 76: 73: 70: 67: 44: 37: 35: 27: 14281: 14280: 14276: 14275: 14274: 14272: 14271: 14270: 14261:Reducing agents 14236:Neutron poisons 14211: 14210: 14207: 14202: 14198: 14190: 14186: 14182: 14174: 14166: 14158: 14154: 14137: 14132: 14117: 14112: 14104: 14100: 14092: 14088: 14079: 14064: 14060: 14056: 14048: 14044: 14036: 14032: 14024: 14020: 14012: 14008: 14000: 13996: 13988: 13984: 13976: 13972: 13964: 13960: 13952: 13948: 13940: 13923: 13918: 13910: 13902: 13894: 13890: 13875: 13871: 13867: 13859: 13855: 13847: 13839: 13821: 13813: 13798: 13772: 13770:Boron compounds 13767: 13737: 13732: 13731: 13730: 13696: 13687: 13685: 13678: 13676: 13669: 13667: 13660: 13658: 13651: 13649: 13642: 13640: 13633: 13631: 13624: 13622: 13615: 13613: 13606: 13604: 13597: 13595: 13588: 13586: 13579: 13577: 13570: 13568: 13561: 13559: 13552: 13550: 13543: 13541: 13534: 13532: 13525: 13523: 13516: 13514: 13507: 13505: 13498: 13496: 13489: 13487: 13480: 13478: 13471: 13469: 13462: 13460: 13453: 13451: 13444: 13442: 13435: 13433: 13426: 13424: 13417: 13415: 13408: 13406: 13392: 13390: 13383: 13381: 13374: 13372: 13365: 13363: 13356: 13354: 13347: 13345: 13338: 13336: 13329: 13327: 13320: 13318: 13311: 13309: 13302: 13300: 13293: 13291: 13284: 13282: 13275: 13273: 13266: 13264: 13257: 13255: 13248: 13246: 13239: 13237: 13230: 13228: 13221: 13219: 13212: 13210: 13203: 13201: 13194: 13192: 13185: 13183: 13176: 13174: 13167: 13165: 13158: 13156: 13149: 13147: 13140: 13138: 13131: 13129: 13122: 13120: 13113: 13111: 13097: 13095: 13088: 13086: 13079: 13077: 13070: 13068: 13061: 13059: 13052: 13050: 13043: 13041: 13034: 13032: 13025: 13023: 13016: 13014: 13007: 13005: 12998: 12996: 12989: 12987: 12980: 12978: 12971: 12969: 12962: 12960: 12951: 12949: 12942: 12940: 12926: 12924: 12917: 12915: 12908: 12906: 12899: 12897: 12890: 12888: 12881: 12879: 12872: 12870: 12863: 12861: 12854: 12852: 12845: 12843: 12836: 12834: 12827: 12825: 12818: 12816: 12809: 12807: 12800: 12798: 12791: 12789: 12780: 12778: 12771: 12769: 12755: 12753: 12746: 12744: 12737: 12735: 12728: 12726: 12719: 12717: 12710: 12708: 12699: 12697: 12690: 12688: 12674: 12672: 12665: 12663: 12656: 12654: 12647: 12645: 12638: 12636: 12629: 12627: 12618: 12616: 12609: 12607: 12593: 12591: 12582: 12580: 12469: 12464: 12424:J. B. Calvert: 12411: 12406: 12405: 12395: 12393: 12386: 12370: 12366: 12356: 12354: 12347: 12331: 12327: 12317: 12315: 12311: 12300: 12294: 12290: 12280: 12278: 12265: 12264: 12260: 12213: 12209: 12199: 12197: 12162: 12158: 12148: 12146: 12135:"MSDS - 266620" 12133: 12132: 12128: 12118: 12116: 12103: 12102: 12098: 12075: 12071: 12065:Wayback Machine 12055: 12051: 12008:Nature Genetics 12003: 11999: 11993: 11971: 11967: 11922: 11918: 11881: 11872: 11825: 11818: 11808: 11806: 11793: 11792: 11783: 11738: 11727: 11717: 11715: 11704: 11703: 11699: 11668: 11664: 11629: 11625: 11602: 11598: 11588: 11586: 11577: 11576: 11572: 11562: 11560: 11547: 11546: 11542: 11511: 11507: 11465: 11461: 11422:(9): eaax1420. 11408: 11404: 11357: 11353: 11343: 11341: 11312: 11308: 11277: 11273: 11240: 11236: 11226: 11224: 11183: 11179: 11148: 11144: 11136: 11129: 11125: 11124: 11120: 11110: 11108: 11104: 11097: 11091: 11087: 11077: 11075: 11022: 11018: 10973: 10969: 10959: 10957: 10953: 10922: 10916: 10912: 10873: 10869: 10816: 10812: 10765:(10): 722–726. 10755: 10751: 10712: 10708: 10678: 10673: 10669: 10659: 10657: 10653: 10622: 10616: 10612: 10573: 10569: 10530: 10526: 10487: 10483: 10434: 10430: 10383: 10379: 10326: 10322: 10277: 10273: 10228: 10224: 10214: 10212: 10201: 10197: 10174: 10170: 10160: 10158: 10157:on 23 July 2011 10149: 10148: 10144: 10105: 10101: 10091: 10089: 10080: 10079: 10075: 10036: 10032: 10024:10.1071/CH10132 10003: 9999: 9992: 9968: 9964: 9957: 9943: 9939: 9927:Wayback Machine 9918: 9914: 9904: 9902: 9901:on 4 March 2000 9893: 9892: 9888: 9859:Green Chemistry 9851: 9847: 9812: 9808: 9798: 9796: 9777: 9773: 9766: 9744: 9740: 9733: 9719: 9715: 9705: 9703: 9694: 9693: 9689: 9681:Popular Science 9676: 9672: 9665: 9651: 9647: 9608: 9604: 9594: 9592: 9585: 9569: 9565: 9558: 9544: 9540: 9533: 9515: 9511: 9450: 9446: 9439: 9425: 9421: 9414: 9392: 9388: 9357: 9350: 9321: 9317: 9306: 9302: 9268: 9261: 9257: 9250: 9228: 9224: 9201: 9197: 9166: 9162: 9123: 9116: 9106: 9104: 9100: 9066:Phys. Rev. Lett 9061: 9055: 9051: 9044: 9030: 9026: 9015:Wayback Machine 9005: 9001: 8991: 8989: 8987: 8971: 8967: 8960: 8944: 8940: 8921:J. Alloys Compd 8917: 8913: 8906: 8884: 8880: 8870: 8868: 8859: 8858: 8854: 8847: 8825: 8821: 8790: 8786: 8763: 8759: 8749: 8747: 8743: 8732: 8726: 8722: 8683: 8679: 8669: 8667: 8663: 8656: 8650: 8646: 8640:Wayback Machine 8631: 8627: 8621:Wayback Machine 8613: 8609: 8602: 8586: 8577: 8567: 8565: 8556: 8555: 8551: 8541: 8539: 8530: 8529: 8525: 8515: 8513: 8504: 8503: 8499: 8492: 8480: 8479: 8472: 8462: 8460: 8456: 8449: 8445: 8444: 8440: 8430: 8428: 8419: 8418: 8414: 8404: 8402: 8393: 8392: 8388: 8378: 8376: 8363: 8362: 8358: 8348: 8346: 8345:on 3 March 2016 8342: 8335: 8331: 8330: 8326: 8316: 8314: 8313:on 3 March 2016 8310: 8299: 8293: 8289: 8283:Wayback Machine 8274: 8270: 8239: 8235: 8204: 8200: 8190: 8188: 8184: 8173: 8167: 8163: 8153: 8151: 8134: 8130: 8120: 8118: 8114: 8079: 8073: 8069: 8064:Wayback Machine 8054: 8050: 8044: 8040: 8030: 8028: 8019: 8018: 8014: 7975: 7971: 7963: 7924: 7918: 7914: 7907: 7885: 7878: 7868: 7866: 7865:on 23 July 2011 7857: 7856: 7852: 7833:Cancer Research 7829: 7825: 7802:10.2307/3579742 7778: 7774: 7735: 7731: 7707: 7703: 7693: 7691: 7682: 7681: 7677: 7669: 7658: 7652: 7648: 7609: 7605: 7574: 7570: 7560: 7558: 7551: 7533: 7529: 7519: 7517: 7504: 7503: 7499: 7489: 7487: 7483: 7452: 7442: 7438: 7416: 7411: 7407: 7400: 7379: 7375: 7368: 7346: 7342: 7332: 7330: 7326: 7303: 7297: 7293: 7262: 7258: 7248: 7246: 7233: 7232: 7228: 7213: 7209: 7204:Wayback Machine 7185: 7181: 7132: 7128: 7118: 7116: 7101: 7097: 7090: 7076: 7061: 7050: 7046: 7007: 7003: 6968:Phys. Rev. Lett 6964: 6955: 6907: 6902: 6898: 6867: 6863: 6840: 6836: 6805: 6801: 6764:(3653): 49–50. 6754: 6750: 6710: 6706: 6669:(5528): 272–4. 6659: 6655: 6606: 6602: 6592: 6590: 6586: 6547: 6541: 6537: 6527: 6525: 6521: 6464: 6458: 6449: 6439: 6437: 6428: 6427: 6423: 6413: 6411: 6402: 6401: 6397: 6387: 6385: 6376: 6375: 6371: 6361: 6359: 6350: 6349: 6345: 6314: 6310: 6279: 6275: 6268: 6248: 6244: 6237: 6221: 6217: 6194: 6190: 6167: 6160: 6150: 6148: 6129: 6125: 6115:Wayback Machine 6100:Wayback Machine 6090: 6086: 6076: 6074: 6067: 6046: 6042: 6030: 6026: 6016: 6014: 6005:Calvert, J. B. 6003: 5996: 5989: 5975: 5968: 5961: 5937: 5933: 5923: 5921: 5908: 5904: 5894: 5892: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5864: 5862: 5849: 5848: 5844: 5819:Davy H (1809). 5817: 5808: 5789: 5780: 5773: 5753: 5746: 5731: 5727: 5719: 5711: 5707: 5675: 5669: 5665: 5618: 5614: 5583: 5579: 5566: 5565: 5561: 5553: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5529: 5524: 5522: 5512: 5507: 5505: 5501:from Wiktionary 5495: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5481:sister projects 5478:at Knowledge's 5472: 5462: 5460: 5452: 5450: 5446:Suzuki coupling 5406: 5401: 5400: 5383: 5379: 5374: 5325: 5306: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5296: 5289: 5282: 5275: 5271: 5263: 5224: 5206: 5192: 5176: 5148: 5114: 4973:Adequate Intake 4946: 4944:In human health 4874: 4868: 4866:Biological role 4859:fusion reactors 4819: 4807: 4791:prostate cancer 4728:red blood cells 4628: 4572:SR-71 Blackbird 4533: 4529: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4447: 4445: 4418: 4403: 4399: 4390: 4363: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4318:silicon carbide 4302: 4294: 4256:tooth bleaching 4241: 4234: 4230: 4217:silicon carbide 4206: 4159: 4151:Main articles: 4149: 4070: 4063: 4054: 4047: 4033: 4027: 4021: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3947: 3943: 3927: 3918: 3912: 3894:'s trademarked 3890:'s "Duran" and 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3845: 3839: 3803: 3797: 3785:elastic modulus 3743: 3714: 3704: 3675:Rio Tinto Group 3649: 3645: 3628: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3595: 3592: 3588:117°40′45.412″W 3587: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3579: 3569:Rio Tinto Group 3561:borate minerals 3489: 3455:borate minerals 3423:nucleosynthesis 3396: 3390: 3388:Borate minerals 3384: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3348: 3340:alpha particles 3328: 3322: 3279: 3274: 3197: 3190: 3176: 3131: 3111: 3104: 3091:proton emission 3083: 3077: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3039: 3036: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3014: 2999: 2983: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2940: 2918:, carbon-boron 2906: 2902: 2898: 2893:triphenylborane 2878: 2874: 2857: 2851: 2818: 2812: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2699: 2693: 2680:borate minerals 2670: 2662: 2624: 2622:boron compounds 2618: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2600:a borohydride R 2531: 2521: 2517: 2504: 2500: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2428: 2426:Boron compounds 2422: 2344:Density (g/cm) 2272:molecules) and 2271: 2254: 2246: 2201: 2195: 2190: 2188:Characteristics 2147: 2058:around 700 AD. 2021: 1935:boron filaments 1888:borate minerals 1798: 1773: 1771:Category: Boron 1722: 1694: 1687: 1680:abundance 1653: 1635: 1625: 1619:First isolation 1612: 1590:7440-42-8 1565: 1551: 1549: 1496: 1430:Covalent radius 1410: 1367:(a mildly 1362: 1346: 1321: 1289: 1225: 1180: 1096: 1092: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1041: 1034: 1027: 1020: 1013: 1006: 999: 992: 985: 978: 971: 964: 957: 950: 943: 936: 929: 922: 915: 908: 901: 894: 887: 880: 873: 866: 859: 852: 845: 838: 831: 824: 815: 808: 801: 794: 787: 780: 773: 766: 759: 752: 745: 738: 731: 724: 717: 710: 703: 696: 689: 682: 675: 668: 661: 654: 647: 640: 633: 626: 619: 612: 605: 598: 589: 582: 575: 568: 561: 554: 547: 540: 533: 526: 519: 512: 505: 498: 491: 484: 473: 466: 457: 450: 443: 436: 429: 422: 415: 408: 401: 394: 387: 380: 373: 366: 359: 352: 343: 336: 327: 320: 313: 306: 299: 292: 283: 276: 267: 260: 253: 246: 239: 232: 223: 216: 207: 198: 167: 155: 153: 139: 133: 92: 88: 64: 60: 47: 33: 29: 26: 21: 12: 11: 5: 14279: 14269: 14268: 14263: 14258: 14253: 14248: 14243: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14223: 14204: 14203: 14201: 14200: 14196: 14192: 14188: 14184: 14180: 14176: 14172: 14168: 14164: 14160: 14156: 14152: 14147: 14145: 14139: 14138: 14136: 14135: 14130: 14125: 14123: 14119: 14118: 14116: 14115: 14110: 14106: 14102: 14098: 14094: 14090: 14086: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14070: 14066: 14065: 14063: 14062: 14058: 14054: 14050: 14046: 14042: 14038: 14034: 14030: 14026: 14022: 14018: 14014: 14010: 14006: 14002: 13998: 13994: 13990: 13986: 13982: 13978: 13974: 13970: 13966: 13962: 13958: 13954: 13950: 13946: 13942: 13938: 13933: 13931: 13925: 13924: 13922: 13921: 13916: 13912: 13908: 13904: 13900: 13896: 13892: 13888: 13883: 13881: 13877: 13876: 13874: 13873: 13869: 13865: 13861: 13857: 13853: 13849: 13845: 13841: 13837: 13833: 13828: 13823: 13819: 13815: 13811: 13806: 13804: 13800: 13799: 13797: 13796: 13791: 13786: 13780: 13778: 13774: 13773: 13766: 13765: 13758: 13751: 13743: 13734: 13733: 13727: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13711: 13703: 13701: 13698: 13697: 13693: 13692: 13683: 13674: 13665: 13656: 13647: 13638: 13629: 13620: 13611: 13602: 13593: 13584: 13575: 13566: 13557: 13548: 13539: 13530: 13521: 13512: 13503: 13494: 13485: 13476: 13467: 13458: 13449: 13440: 13431: 13422: 13413: 13404: 13398: 13397: 13388: 13379: 13370: 13361: 13352: 13343: 13334: 13325: 13316: 13307: 13298: 13289: 13280: 13271: 13262: 13253: 13244: 13235: 13226: 13217: 13208: 13199: 13190: 13181: 13172: 13163: 13154: 13145: 13136: 13127: 13118: 13109: 13103: 13102: 13093: 13084: 13075: 13066: 13057: 13048: 13039: 13030: 13021: 13012: 13003: 12994: 12985: 12976: 12967: 12958: 12956: 12947: 12938: 12932: 12931: 12922: 12913: 12904: 12895: 12886: 12877: 12868: 12859: 12850: 12841: 12832: 12823: 12814: 12805: 12796: 12787: 12785: 12776: 12767: 12761: 12760: 12751: 12742: 12733: 12724: 12715: 12706: 12704: 12695: 12686: 12680: 12679: 12670: 12661: 12652: 12643: 12634: 12625: 12623: 12614: 12605: 12599: 12598: 12589: 12587: 12578: 12572: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12471: 12470: 12467:Periodic table 12463: 12462: 12455: 12448: 12440: 12434: 12433: 12422: 12410: 12409:External links 12407: 12404: 12403: 12384: 12364: 12345: 12325: 12305:IFAS Extension 12288: 12258: 12207: 12176:(2): 199–208. 12170:Plant and Soil 12156: 12126: 12105:"Boron 266620" 12096: 12069: 12049: 12020:10.1038/ng1824 11997: 11991: 11965: 11916: 11870: 11816: 11799:ods.od.nih.gov 11781: 11752:(2): 461–462. 11725: 11697: 11662: 11623: 11596: 11570: 11540: 11521:(6): 430–443. 11505: 11475:(4): 391–403. 11459: 11402: 11351: 11328:(3): 283–289. 11306: 11271: 11234: 11177: 11142: 11118: 11085: 11036:(10): 106015. 11016: 10967: 10910: 10867: 10830:(24): 242105. 10810: 10749: 10706: 10676: 10667: 10610: 10583:(7): 610–616. 10567: 10524: 10481: 10428: 10397:(5): 405–416. 10377: 10320: 10291:(3): 776–786. 10271: 10222: 10195: 10184:(2): 127–132. 10168: 10142: 10099: 10073: 10046:(3): 585–606. 10040:Phytochemistry 10030: 9997: 9990: 9962: 9955: 9937: 9932:SpaceflightNow 9912: 9886: 9845: 9806: 9771: 9764: 9738: 9731: 9713: 9687: 9670: 9663: 9645: 9618:(3): 309–318. 9602: 9583: 9563: 9556: 9538: 9531: 9509: 9444: 9437: 9419: 9412: 9386: 9348: 9315: 9300: 9279:(5): 376–382. 9266: 9255: 9248: 9222: 9211:(1–3): 69–73. 9195: 9160: 9114: 9049: 9042: 9024: 8999: 8985: 8965: 8958: 8938: 8911: 8904: 8878: 8852: 8846:978-3527306732 8845: 8819: 8784: 8757: 8720: 8677: 8644: 8625: 8607: 8600: 8575: 8549: 8523: 8512:on 8 July 2011 8497: 8490: 8470: 8438: 8412: 8386: 8356: 8324: 8287: 8268: 8233: 8198: 8187:on 4 June 2016 8161: 8128: 8067: 8048: 8038: 8012: 7969: 7912: 7905: 7876: 7850: 7823: 7772: 7729: 7717:(6): 643–654. 7701: 7675: 7646: 7603: 7568: 7549: 7527: 7497: 7436: 7414: 7405: 7398: 7373: 7367:978-3527306732 7366: 7340: 7291: 7256: 7226: 7207: 7179: 7126: 7095: 7088: 7059: 7044: 7001: 6974:(18): 185501. 6953: 6916:(6): 428–429. 6905: 6896: 6877:(3): 271–272. 6861: 6834: 6815:(2): 268–277. 6799: 6748: 6704: 6653: 6600: 6535: 6447: 6421: 6395: 6369: 6343: 6324:(1–3): 66–69. 6308: 6273: 6266: 6242: 6235: 6215: 6188: 6158: 6123: 6084: 6065: 6040: 6024: 5994: 5987: 5966: 5959: 5931: 5902: 5872: 5861:on 29 May 2012 5842: 5806: 5778: 5771: 5744: 5735:High Temp. Sci 5725: 5705: 5663: 5612: 5577: 5559: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5537: 5520: 5503: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368:other plants. 5323: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5290: 5283: 5276: 5261: 5260: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5247: 5246: 5225: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5207: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5177: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5158: 5157: 5147: 5144: 5113: 5110: 4996:bone formation 4945: 4942: 4867: 4864: 4855:nuclear fusion 4822:powder-in-tube 4817: 4806: 4805:Research areas 4803: 4722:) labeling of 4696: 4695: 4688: 4673:26S proteasome 4627: 4624: 4623: 4622: 4615: 4550:Triethylborane 4547: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4510: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4481: 4470: 4444: 4441: 4437:neutron poison 4417: 4414: 4401: 4397: 4389: 4386: 4370:Triethylborane 4366:plasma etching 4361: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4340:), liquid (BBr 4337: 4333: 4301: 4300:Semiconductors 4298: 4293: 4290: 4280:, and laundry 4240: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4204: 4148: 4145: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4098: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4072: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4031: 4023:Main article: 4020: 4017: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3969: 3966: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3925: 3924:Unit cell of B 3914:Main article: 3911: 3908: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3841:Main article: 3838: 3835: 3833:boron market. 3813:reinforced by 3799:Main article: 3796: 3793: 3768:of boron on a 3742: 3739: 3703: 3700: 3667:Eti Mine Works 3647: 3643: 3627: 3624: 3531:Eti Mine Works 3488: 3485: 3410:Borax crystals 3386:Main article: 3383: 3380: 3347: 3344: 3324:Main article: 3321: 3318: 3310:depleted boron 3294:alpha particle 3288:, producing a 3286:semiconductors 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3213:alpha particle 3196: 3193: 3188: 3181:dimethyl ether 3175: 3172: 3129: 3109: 3102: 3079:Main article: 3076: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3037: 3028: 3012: 2997: 2990:superconductor 2981: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2939: 2936: 2924:carborane acid 2904: 2900: 2896: 2876: 2872: 2853:Main article: 2850: 2847: 2822:boron nitrides 2814:Main article: 2811: 2810:Boron nitrides 2808: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2695:Main article: 2692: 2689: 2668: 2660: 2620:Main article: 2617: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2530: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2502: 2498: 2491: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2472:boron trioxide 2424:Main article: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2396: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2377: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2358: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2269: 2258:superconductor 2252: 2244: 2197:Main article: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2146: 2143: 2020: 2017: 2013:plant nutrient 1978:semiconductors 1958:heat-resistant 1929:), and a poor 1851:, the mineral 1845:covalent bonds 1804: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1789: 1782: 1774: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1720: 1717: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1682: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1667:Main isotopes 1660: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1644: 1636: 1629: 1628: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1603: 1597: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1568: 1562:Speed of sound 1558: 1557: 1547: 1541: 1540: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1524: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1498: 1497: 1490: 1486: 1484: 1478: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1467: 1463: 1462: 1458:Spectral lines 1446: 1445: 1442: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1426: 1425: 1418: 1412: 1411: 1409: 1408: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1391: 1389: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1373: 1372: 1359: 1353: 1352: 1348: 1347: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1278: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1250: 1249: 1242: 1240:Heat of fusion 1236: 1235: 1232: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1208: 1207: 1200: 1194: 1193: 1188: 1174: 1173: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1153: 1147: 1146: 1138: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1066: 1065: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1038: 1031: 1024: 1017: 1010: 1003: 996: 989: 982: 975: 968: 961: 954: 947: 940: 933: 926: 919: 912: 905: 898: 891: 884: 877: 870: 863: 856: 849: 842: 835: 828: 820: 819: 812: 805: 798: 791: 784: 777: 770: 763: 756: 749: 742: 735: 728: 721: 714: 707: 700: 693: 686: 679: 672: 665: 658: 651: 644: 637: 630: 623: 616: 609: 602: 594: 593: 586: 579: 572: 565: 558: 551: 544: 537: 530: 523: 516: 509: 502: 495: 488: 481: 479: 477: 470: 462: 461: 454: 447: 440: 433: 426: 419: 412: 405: 398: 391: 384: 377: 370: 363: 356: 349: 347: 340: 332: 331: 324: 317: 310: 303: 296: 289: 287: 280: 272: 271: 264: 257: 250: 243: 236: 229: 227: 220: 212: 211: 204: 202: 192: 181: 180: 178:periodic table 173: 172: 169: 168: 166: 165: 151: 148: 146: 143: 142: 137: 127: 126: 123: 122: 119: 115: 114: 107: 101: 100: 58: 54: 53: 49: 48: 45: 31: 24: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14278: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14259: 14257: 14254: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14218: 14216: 14209: 14199: 14193: 14191: 14177: 14175: 14169: 14167: 14161: 14159: 14149: 14148: 14146: 14144: 14140: 14134: 14127: 14126: 14124: 14120: 14114: 14107: 14105: 14095: 14093: 14083: 14081: 14074: 14073: 14071: 14067: 14061: 14051: 14049: 14039: 14037: 14027: 14025: 14015: 14013: 14003: 14001: 13991: 13989: 13979: 13977: 13967: 13965: 13955: 13953: 13943: 13941: 13935: 13934: 13932: 13930: 13926: 13920: 13913: 13911: 13905: 13903: 13897: 13895: 13885: 13884: 13882: 13878: 13872: 13862: 13860: 13850: 13848: 13842: 13840: 13834: 13832: 13829: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13816: 13814: 13808: 13807: 13805: 13803:Boron halides 13801: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13781: 13779: 13775: 13771: 13764: 13759: 13757: 13752: 13750: 13745: 13744: 13741: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13706: 13699: 13690: 13681: 13672: 13663: 13654: 13645: 13636: 13627: 13618: 13609: 13600: 13591: 13582: 13573: 13564: 13555: 13546: 13537: 13528: 13519: 13510: 13501: 13492: 13483: 13474: 13465: 13456: 13447: 13438: 13429: 13420: 13411: 13403: 13399: 13395: 13386: 13377: 13368: 13359: 13350: 13341: 13332: 13323: 13314: 13305: 13296: 13287: 13278: 13269: 13260: 13251: 13242: 13233: 13224: 13215: 13206: 13197: 13188: 13179: 13170: 13161: 13152: 13143: 13134: 13125: 13116: 13108: 13104: 13100: 13091: 13082: 13073: 13064: 13055: 13046: 13037: 13028: 13019: 13010: 13001: 12992: 12983: 12974: 12965: 12954: 12945: 12937: 12933: 12929: 12920: 12911: 12902: 12893: 12884: 12875: 12866: 12857: 12848: 12839: 12830: 12821: 12812: 12803: 12794: 12783: 12774: 12766: 12762: 12758: 12749: 12740: 12731: 12722: 12713: 12702: 12693: 12685: 12681: 12677: 12668: 12659: 12650: 12641: 12632: 12621: 12612: 12604: 12600: 12596: 12585: 12577: 12573: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12535: 12530: 12525: 12520: 12515: 12510: 12505: 12500: 12495: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12477: 12472: 12468: 12461: 12456: 12454: 12449: 12447: 12442: 12441: 12438: 12431: 12427: 12423: 12420: 12416: 12413: 12412: 12391: 12387: 12381: 12377: 12376: 12368: 12352: 12348: 12342: 12338: 12337: 12329: 12310: 12306: 12299: 12292: 12276: 12272: 12268: 12262: 12254: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12226: 12222: 12218: 12211: 12195: 12191: 12187: 12183: 12179: 12175: 12171: 12167: 12160: 12144: 12140: 12136: 12130: 12114: 12110: 12109:Sigma-Aldrich 12106: 12100: 12092: 12088: 12084: 12080: 12073: 12066: 12062: 12059: 12053: 12045: 12041: 12037: 12033: 12029: 12025: 12021: 12017: 12013: 12009: 12001: 11994: 11992:9780471238966 11988: 11984: 11980: 11976: 11969: 11961: 11957: 11953: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11935: 11931: 11927: 11920: 11912: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11894: 11890: 11886: 11879: 11877: 11875: 11866: 11862: 11858: 11854: 11850: 11846: 11842: 11838: 11834: 11830: 11823: 11821: 11804: 11800: 11796: 11790: 11788: 11786: 11777: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11759: 11755: 11751: 11747: 11743: 11736: 11734: 11732: 11730: 11714:. 9 June 2022 11713: 11712: 11707: 11701: 11693: 11689: 11685: 11681: 11677: 11673: 11666: 11658: 11654: 11650: 11646: 11642: 11638: 11634: 11627: 11619: 11615: 11611: 11607: 11600: 11584: 11580: 11574: 11558: 11554: 11553:New Scientist 11550: 11544: 11536: 11532: 11528: 11524: 11520: 11516: 11509: 11502: 11498: 11494: 11490: 11486: 11482: 11478: 11474: 11470: 11463: 11455: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11437: 11433: 11429: 11425: 11421: 11417: 11413: 11406: 11398: 11394: 11390: 11386: 11382: 11378: 11374: 11370: 11366: 11362: 11355: 11339: 11335: 11331: 11327: 11324:(in German). 11323: 11318: 11310: 11302: 11298: 11294: 11290: 11286: 11282: 11275: 11267: 11263: 11259: 11255: 11251: 11247: 11246: 11238: 11222: 11218: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11200: 11196: 11192: 11190: 11181: 11173: 11169: 11165: 11161: 11157: 11153: 11146: 11135: 11128: 11122: 11103: 11096: 11089: 11073: 11069: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11053: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11035: 11031: 11027: 11020: 11012: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10971: 10952: 10948: 10944: 10940: 10936: 10932: 10928: 10921: 10914: 10906: 10902: 10898: 10894: 10890: 10886: 10883:(11): 34–38. 10882: 10878: 10877:Physics Today 10871: 10863: 10859: 10855: 10851: 10847: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10814: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10782: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10764: 10760: 10753: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10717: 10710: 10702: 10698: 10694: 10690: 10686: 10682: 10671: 10652: 10648: 10644: 10640: 10636: 10632: 10628: 10627:Physics Today 10621: 10614: 10606: 10602: 10598: 10594: 10590: 10586: 10582: 10578: 10571: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10547: 10543: 10539: 10535: 10528: 10520: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10485: 10477: 10473: 10469: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10439: 10432: 10424: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10396: 10392: 10388: 10381: 10373: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10355: 10351: 10347: 10343: 10339: 10335: 10331: 10324: 10316: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10290: 10286: 10282: 10275: 10267: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10241: 10237: 10233: 10226: 10210: 10206: 10199: 10191: 10187: 10183: 10179: 10172: 10156: 10152: 10146: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10126: 10122: 10118: 10115:(4): 838–42. 10114: 10110: 10103: 10087: 10083: 10077: 10069: 10065: 10061: 10057: 10053: 10049: 10045: 10041: 10034: 10025: 10020: 10016: 10012: 10008: 10001: 9993: 9987: 9983: 9979: 9975: 9974: 9966: 9958: 9952: 9948: 9941: 9934: 9933: 9928: 9924: 9921: 9916: 9900: 9896: 9890: 9882: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9856: 9849: 9841: 9837: 9833: 9829: 9825: 9821: 9817: 9810: 9794: 9790: 9786: 9782: 9775: 9767: 9761: 9757: 9752: 9751: 9742: 9734: 9728: 9724: 9717: 9701: 9697: 9691: 9683: 9682: 9674: 9666: 9660: 9656: 9649: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9606: 9590: 9586: 9580: 9576: 9575: 9567: 9559: 9553: 9549: 9542: 9534: 9528: 9523: 9522: 9513: 9505: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9487: 9483: 9479: 9475: 9471: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9448: 9440: 9434: 9430: 9423: 9415: 9409: 9405: 9400: 9399: 9390: 9382: 9378: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9355: 9353: 9343: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9326: 9319: 9313: 9309: 9304: 9295: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9259: 9251: 9245: 9241: 9236: 9235: 9226: 9218: 9214: 9210: 9206: 9199: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9170:J. Chem. Phys 9164: 9156: 9152: 9148: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9121: 9119: 9099: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9072:(1): 015506. 9071: 9067: 9060: 9053: 9045: 9039: 9035: 9028: 9021: 9017: 9016: 9012: 9009: 9003: 8988: 8986:9781579128951 8982: 8978: 8977: 8969: 8961: 8959:0-412-54060-6 8955: 8951: 8950: 8942: 8934: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8915: 8907: 8901: 8897: 8892: 8891: 8882: 8866: 8862: 8856: 8848: 8842: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8823: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8788: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8761: 8742: 8738: 8731: 8724: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8681: 8662: 8655: 8648: 8641: 8637: 8634: 8629: 8622: 8618: 8615: 8611: 8603: 8597: 8593: 8592: 8584: 8582: 8580: 8563: 8559: 8553: 8537: 8533: 8527: 8511: 8507: 8501: 8493: 8487: 8483: 8477: 8475: 8455: 8448: 8442: 8426: 8422: 8416: 8400: 8396: 8390: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8360: 8341: 8334: 8328: 8309: 8305: 8304:Mining Turkey 8298: 8291: 8284: 8280: 8277: 8272: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8249:(3–4): 2–10. 8248: 8244: 8237: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8202: 8183: 8179: 8172: 8165: 8149: 8145: 8144: 8139: 8132: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8086: 8078: 8071: 8065: 8061: 8058: 8052: 8042: 8027:on 2 May 2009 8026: 8022: 8016: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7973: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7923: 7916: 7908: 7902: 7898: 7893: 7892: 7883: 7881: 7864: 7860: 7854: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7827: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7776: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7733: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7705: 7689: 7685: 7679: 7668: 7664: 7657: 7650: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7607: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7572: 7556: 7552: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7531: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7501: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7457:Physics Today 7451: 7447: 7444:Canfield PC, 7440: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7409: 7401: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7377: 7369: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7344: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7302: 7295: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7260: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7223:3-527-30991-8 7220: 7216: 7211: 7205: 7201: 7198: 7194: 7193: 7189: 7183: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7138: 7130: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7099: 7091: 7085: 7081: 7074: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7055: 7048: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7005: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6900: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6865: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6838: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6803: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6752: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6708: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6657: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6616:(6): 064113. 6615: 6611: 6604: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6546: 6539: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6463: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6435: 6431: 6425: 6409: 6405: 6399: 6383: 6379: 6373: 6357: 6353: 6347: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6312: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6277: 6269: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6254: 6246: 6238: 6232: 6228: 6227: 6219: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6192: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6165: 6163: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6127: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6094: 6088: 6072: 6068: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6037:0-8310-7148-6 6034: 6028: 6012: 6008: 6001: 5999: 5990: 5984: 5980: 5973: 5971: 5962: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5943: 5935: 5919: 5915: 5914: 5906: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5846: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5774: 5772:9781498754293 5768: 5764: 5760: 5759: 5751: 5749: 5740: 5736: 5729: 5718: 5717: 5709: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5674: 5667: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5616: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5581: 5573: 5569: 5563: 5556: 5551: 5547: 5534: 5533: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5504: 5500: 5499: 5487: 5486: 5483: 5477: 5469: 5459: 5458: 5455: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5426:Boron nitride 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5381: 5377: 5369: 5361: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5346: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5326: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5295: 5288: 5281: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5249: 5248: 5226: 5223: 5219: 5218: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5175: 5171: 5170: 5166: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5143: 5142:, is formed. 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5123: 5119: 5109: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4941: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4914: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4906:myxobacterium 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4886: 4883: 4879: 4873: 4863: 4860: 4856: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4832:boron nitride 4828: 4825: 4823: 4815: 4811: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4710: 4706: 4703:(marketed as 4702: 4701: 4693: 4689: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4663:(marketed as 4662: 4661: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4636:aplasmomycins 4633: 4620: 4616: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4508: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4468: 4464: 4463: 4459: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4429: 4427: 4426:cross-section 4423: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4359: 4331: 4327: 4324:resulting in 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4297: 4289: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4266:active oxygen 4263: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4236: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4202: 4199:For example, 4197: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4158: 4154: 4144: 4142: 4141:Heterodiamond 4138: 4134: 4130: 4129:Boron nitride 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4066: 4059: 4056: 4050: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4026: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4009:radionuclides 4005: 4003: 3999: 3984:(i.e., with B 3975: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3939: 3938:Boron carbide 3931: 3922: 3917: 3916:Boron carbide 3907: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3892:Owens-Corning 3889: 3885: 3884:thermal shock 3881: 3857: 3849: 3844: 3834: 3830: 3828: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3802: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3738: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3713: 3709: 3699: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3640: 3637: 3633: 3623: 3621: 3615: 3585:35°2′34.447″N 3577: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3484: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3464: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3434: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3421: 3417: 3408: 3400: 3395: 3389: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3353: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3317: 3316:(see above). 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3201: 3192: 3186: 3182: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3107: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3072: 3058: 3046: 3021: 3016: 3010: 3005: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2970: 2966: 2956: 2945: 2935: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2912:boron carbide 2908: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2885:carboboration 2883:chemical, or 2882: 2870: 2866: 2865:hydroboration 2862: 2856: 2846: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2817: 2816:Boron nitride 2807: 2784: 2779: 2752: 2718: 2714: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2688: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2674: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2613: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2590:methyllithium 2587: 2586:lithium amide 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2555:valence shell 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2526: 2513: 2512: 2511: 2495: 2477: 2476: 2475: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2465:chromic acids 2462: 2461:sulfuric acid 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2427: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2250: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2205: 2200: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2084:sal sedativum 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1939:carbon fibers 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1884:Earth's crust 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1862: 1861:boron nitride 1858: 1857:boron carbide 1854: 1853:sodium borate 1850: 1846: 1842: 1839:it has three 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1825:atomic number 1822: 1818: 1815:. It has the 1814: 1810: 1802: 1799: | 1795: 1790: 1788: 1783: 1781: 1776: 1775: 1772: 1762: 1758: 1744: 1741: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1709: 1706: 1705:product 1703: 1701: 1698: 1691: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1577: 1576:Mohs hardness 1573: 1569: 1566:thin rod 1563: 1559: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1452: 1447: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1417: 1416:Atomic radius 1413: 1406: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1318: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1213: 1212:Boiling point 1209: 1205: 1201: 1199: 1198:Melting point 1195: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1130: 1129:period 2 1127: 1125: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1094:Atomic number 1090: 1079: 1071: 1067: 1064: 1051: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1032: 1030: 1025: 1023: 1018: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1004: 1002: 997: 995: 990: 988: 983: 981: 976: 974: 969: 967: 962: 960: 955: 953: 948: 946: 944:Rutherfordium 941: 939: 934: 932: 927: 925: 920: 918: 913: 911: 906: 904: 899: 897: 892: 890: 885: 883: 878: 876: 871: 869: 864: 862: 857: 855: 850: 848: 843: 841: 836: 834: 829: 827: 822: 821: 818: 813: 811: 806: 804: 799: 797: 792: 790: 785: 783: 778: 776: 771: 769: 764: 762: 757: 755: 750: 748: 743: 741: 736: 734: 729: 727: 722: 720: 715: 713: 708: 706: 701: 699: 694: 692: 687: 685: 680: 678: 673: 671: 666: 664: 659: 657: 652: 650: 645: 643: 638: 636: 631: 629: 624: 622: 617: 615: 610: 608: 603: 601: 596: 595: 592: 587: 585: 580: 578: 573: 571: 566: 564: 559: 557: 552: 550: 545: 543: 538: 536: 531: 529: 524: 522: 517: 515: 510: 508: 503: 501: 496: 494: 489: 487: 482: 478: 476: 471: 469: 464: 463: 460: 455: 453: 448: 446: 441: 439: 434: 432: 427: 425: 420: 418: 413: 411: 406: 404: 399: 397: 392: 390: 385: 383: 378: 376: 371: 369: 364: 362: 357: 355: 350: 346: 341: 339: 334: 333: 330: 325: 323: 318: 316: 311: 309: 304: 302: 297: 295: 290: 286: 281: 279: 274: 273: 270: 265: 263: 258: 256: 251: 249: 244: 242: 237: 235: 230: 226: 221: 219: 214: 213: 210: 205: 201: 196: 195: 191: 190: 187: 186: 182: 179: 176:Boron in the 174: 170: 163: 152: 150: 149: 147: 144: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 106: 102: 97: 96: 82: 59: 57:Pronunciation 55: 50: 43: 38: 23: 19: 14246:Rocket fuels 14208: 12628: 12394:. Retrieved 12374: 12367: 12355:. Retrieved 12335: 12328: 12316:. Retrieved 12304: 12291: 12279:. Retrieved 12261: 12224: 12220: 12210: 12198:. Retrieved 12173: 12169: 12159: 12147:. Retrieved 12138: 12129: 12117:. Retrieved 12108: 12099: 12085:(11): 1639. 12082: 12078: 12072: 12052: 12014:(7): 755–7. 12011: 12007: 12000: 11974: 11968: 11936:(5): 394–7. 11933: 11929: 11919: 11895:(4): 35–48. 11892: 11888: 11835:(1): 31–51. 11832: 11828: 11807:. Retrieved 11798: 11749: 11745: 11716:. Retrieved 11709: 11700: 11675: 11665: 11640: 11636: 11626: 11609: 11605: 11599: 11589:18 September 11587:. Retrieved 11583:the original 11573: 11561:. Retrieved 11552: 11543: 11518: 11514: 11508: 11500: 11472: 11469:Astrobiology 11468: 11462: 11419: 11415: 11405: 11364: 11360: 11354: 11342:. Retrieved 11325: 11321: 11309: 11284: 11280: 11274: 11249: 11243: 11237: 11225:. Retrieved 11201:(1): 26–30. 11198: 11194: 11188: 11180: 11155: 11151: 11145: 11134:the original 11121: 11109:. 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Retrieved 9690: 9680: 9673: 9654: 9648: 9615: 9611: 9605: 9593:. Retrieved 9573: 9566: 9547: 9541: 9520: 9512: 9461: 9457: 9447: 9428: 9422: 9397: 9389: 9364: 9360: 9332: 9328: 9318: 9303: 9276: 9272: 9258: 9233: 9225: 9208: 9204: 9198: 9173: 9169: 9163: 9130: 9126: 9105:. Retrieved 9069: 9065: 9052: 9033: 9027: 9006: 9002: 8990:. Retrieved 8975: 8968: 8948: 8941: 8924: 8920: 8914: 8889: 8881: 8869:. Retrieved 8867:. March 2024 8864: 8855: 8828: 8822: 8797: 8793: 8787: 8770: 8766: 8760: 8750:20 September 8748:. Retrieved 8723: 8690: 8686: 8680: 8670:20 September 8668:. Retrieved 8647: 8628: 8610: 8590: 8566:. Retrieved 8552: 8540:. Retrieved 8536:the original 8526: 8514:. Retrieved 8510:the original 8500: 8481: 8461:. Retrieved 8441: 8431:18 September 8429:. Retrieved 8425:the original 8415: 8403:. Retrieved 8399:the original 8389: 8377:. Retrieved 8373:the original 8368: 8359: 8347:. Retrieved 8340:the original 8327: 8315:. Retrieved 8308:the original 8303: 8290: 8271: 8246: 8242: 8236: 8211: 8207: 8201: 8191:20 September 8189:. Retrieved 8182:the original 8177: 8164: 8152:. Retrieved 8141: 8131: 8119:. Retrieved 8089: 8083: 8070: 8051: 8041: 8029:. Retrieved 8025:the original 8015: 7985:(1): 25–32. 7982: 7978: 7972: 7961:the original 7932: 7928: 7915: 7890: 7867:. Retrieved 7863:the original 7853: 7836: 7832: 7826: 7785: 7781: 7775: 7742: 7738: 7732: 7714: 7710: 7704: 7694:21 September 7692:. Retrieved 7688:the original 7678: 7667:the original 7662: 7649: 7616: 7612: 7606: 7581: 7577: 7571: 7559:. Retrieved 7540: 7530: 7518:. Retrieved 7509: 7500: 7488:. Retrieved 7463:(3): 34–40. 7460: 7456: 7439: 7422: 7418: 7408: 7385: 7382:Greenwood NN 7376: 7349: 7343: 7331:. Retrieved 7311: 7308:Cfi/Ber. DKG 7307: 7294: 7269: 7266:Chem. Commun 7265: 7259: 7247:. Retrieved 7238: 7229: 7214: 7210: 7190: 7187: 7182: 7141: 7135: 7129: 7117:. Retrieved 7108: 7098: 7079: 7053: 7047: 7014: 7011:Phys. Rev. B 7010: 7004: 6971: 6967: 6913: 6909: 6899: 6874: 6870: 6864: 6847: 6843: 6837: 6812: 6808: 6802: 6761: 6757: 6751: 6717: 6713: 6707: 6666: 6662: 6656: 6613: 6610:Phys. Rev. B 6609: 6603: 6591:. Retrieved 6584:the original 6555: 6551: 6538: 6526:. Retrieved 6472: 6468: 6438:. Retrieved 6424: 6412:. Retrieved 6398: 6386:. Retrieved 6372: 6360:. Retrieved 6346: 6321: 6317: 6311: 6286: 6282: 6276: 6252: 6245: 6225: 6218: 6201: 6197: 6191: 6174: 6170: 6149:. Retrieved 6140: 6136: 6126: 6118: 6103: 6087: 6075:. Retrieved 6056: 6043: 6027: 6015:. Retrieved 5978: 5941: 5934: 5922:. Retrieved 5912: 5905: 5893:. Retrieved 5884: 5875: 5863:. Retrieved 5859:the original 5854: 5845: 5828: 5824: 5800: 5796: 5756: 5741:(5): 349–57. 5738: 5734: 5728: 5715: 5708: 5683: 5679: 5666: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5590: 5580: 5562: 5550: 5530: 5518:from Commons 5513: 5496: 5475: 5436:Boronic acid 5380: 5366: 5347: 5329: 5307: 5251: 5195: 5162: 5120: 5118:colorimetric 5115: 5063: 5028: 4989: 4985:osteoporosis 4962: 4947: 4918:Steve Benner 4915: 4908: 4898:streptomyces 4887: 4875: 4852: 4829: 4826: 4808: 4799: 4795: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4713: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4649: 4648: 4629: 4556:fuel of the 4538:and in many 4457: 4430: 4419: 4391: 4303: 4295: 4292:Insecticides 4260: 4242: 4198: 4171: 4163:boron steels 4160: 4126: 4006: 3967: 3935: 3878:, has a low 3854: 3831: 3823: 3815:glass fibers 3804: 3774: 3762:fishing rods 3746:Boron fibers 3744: 3730:fiberglasses 3715: 3702:Applications 3695:borosilicate 3684: 3664: 3653: 3641: 3629: 3626:Market trend 3573: 3525: 3495:, rasorite ( 3490: 3462: 3459: 3439: 3435: 3413: 3352:nuclear spin 3349: 3329: 3309: 3280: 3266:polyethylene 3251: 3231:control rods 3228:borosilicate 3221: 3206: 3177: 3157: 3149:nuclear halo 3146: 3114:hydrothermal 3084: 3020:dodecaborate 3017: 3006: 2975: 2941: 2934:for cancer. 2909: 2858: 2842:Lewis acidic 2819: 2780: 2753: 2722: 2677: 2642: 2639: 2567: 2532: 2524: 2509: 2469: 2445:hydrofluoric 2429: 2381:Bulk modulus 2317:Orthorhombic 2312:Rhombohedral 2307:Rhombohedral 2286:Boron phase 2262:Borospherene 2210: 2207:Boron chunks 2183: 2175:zone melting 2148: 2134: 2131:electrolysis 2115:Humphry Davy 2112: 2092:Sasso Pisano 2083: 2049: 2034: 2028: 2024: 2022: 2009:insecticides 1994: 1943: 1908: 1880:Solar System 1865: 1843:for forming 1820: 1808: 1807: 1689: 1623:Humphry Davy 1556: cm/mol 1488:rhombohedral 1363: 1316: 1284: 1274: 1098: 986:Darmstadtium 853:Protactinium 627:Praseodymium 231: 134: 30:Boron, 22: 12149:20 February 12119:21 December 12056:Boron. IN: 11718:3 September 11643:: 296–304. 11158:: 481–500. 11093:Mahler RL. 10534:Med Res Rev 10459:2433/226821 10444:(1): 1–11. 9464:(1): 5736. 8871:3 September 8865:Chemanalyst 8349:18 December 8317:21 December 8154:6 September 8021:"Boron NMR" 7788:(1): 1–18. 7510:cds.cern.ch 7446:Crabtree GW 6850:(9): 2100. 6143:: 165–184. 5924:25 February 5498:Definitions 5421:Boron oxide 5310:boron oxide 5190:Signal word 5140:rosocyanine 5009:(including 4890:antibiotics 4776:CRISPR/Cas9 4740:hemorrhages 4640:borophycins 4576:F-1 Engines 4153:Boron steel 3870:, and 2% Al 3726:glass fiber 3687:glass fiber 3601: / 3546:state-owned 3481:Gale Crater 3457:are known. 3433:materials. 3427:cosmic dust 3258:cosmic rays 3254:BN nanotube 3138:continental 3095:alpha decay 3055:), and the 2996:to make MgB 2879:, a simple 2781:The formal 2653:Lewis bases 2645:Lewis acids 2598:deprotonate 2563:IUPAC group 2559:boron group 2553:) onto its 2457:nitric acid 2233:Crystalline 2151:boric oxide 2070:. In 1777, 1960:materials. 1882:and in the 1874:and not by 1837:boron group 1537:diamagnetic 1309:100 k 1159:] 2s 2p 1028:Livermorium 1000:Copernicium 993:Roentgenium 923:Mendelevium 909:Einsteinium 902:Californium 121:black-brown 14231:Metalloids 14215:Categories 12079:Anal. Chem 11809:19 October 11678:(2/2015). 11344:19 October 11043:2203.15204 10987:: 101043. 10960:2 February 10577:Int J Urol 9335:(4): 547. 9176:(4): 956. 9107:23 October 7869:7 November 7745:(1): 1–5. 7619:(4): 441. 7239:mindat.org 6440:4 November 6414:4 November 6388:4 November 6362:4 November 5865:4 December 5831:: 39–104. 5803:: 169–174. 5555:Van Setten 5542:References 5394:much lower 5331:Boric acid 5314:boric acid 5174:Pictograms 5039:ADP-ribose 5033:(ADP) and 4930:molybdenum 4902:tartrolons 4870:See also: 4830:Hexagonal 4788:metastatic 4724:antibodies 4700:Tavaborole 4660:Bortezomib 4651:Boric acid 4644:tartrolons 4632:boromycins 4604:pyrophoric 4524:Boric acid 4456:Launch of 4270:detergents 4258:formulas. 4209:anisotropy 4147:Metallurgy 3998:tank armor 3930:icosahedra 3801:Fiberglass 3779:-assisted 3772:filament. 3758:golf clubs 3718:boric acid 3706:See also: 3691:fiberglass 3656:colemanite 3607: ( 3493:colemanite 3487:Production 3447:boric acid 3392:See also: 3382:Occurrence 3376:resonances 3262:spallation 3243:boric acid 3235:boric acid 3183:adduct of 3136:crust and 3057:carboranes 3045:decaborane 2916:carboranes 2838:Lewis base 2673:boric acid 2547:octet rule 2543:p-elements 2514:2 B + 3 Br 2439:more than 2322:Tetragonal 2276:(proposed 2237:allotropes 2225:icosahedra 2193:Allotropes 2072:boric acid 2068:metallurgy 2060:Marco Polo 2005:arthropods 2001:table salt 1946:fiberglass 1927:Mohs scale 1919:allotropes 1915:meteoroids 1894:, such as 1892:evaporites 1872:supernovas 1849:boric acid 1801:references 1586:CAS Number 1580:~9.5 1475:primordial 1306:10 k 1244:50.2 1202:2349 1035:Tennessine 979:Meitnerium 958:Seaborgium 937:Lawrencium 676:Dysprosium 662:Gadolinium 641:Promethium 513:Technetium 506:Molybdenum 307:Phosphorus 118:Appearance 105:Allotropes 12028:1061-4036 11865:255445828 11692:1644-2296 11657:0946-672X 11563:29 August 11227:28 August 11068:247778852 10947:250792253 10837:1105.4938 10772:1005.4917 10744:134252793 10605:247229359 10562:258355021 10519:262086894 10491:Mol Pharm 10476:220577322 10354:1554-8929 10215:7 October 9881:1463-9270 9840:2046-2069 9640:0022-3115 9595:5 January 9486:2045-2322 8715:136959123 8121:28 August 8007:118229833 7957:135710601 7641:121922481 7561:5 January 7520:9 October 7490:8 January 7333:8 January 7320:0173-9913 7119:14 August 6923:1101.2959 6623:0712.0530 6482:0911.3192 6151:5 January 6077:5 January 5763:CRC Press 5686:(1): 82. 5658:206540959 5607:1365-3075 5532:Resources 5468:Chemistry 5354:phosphine 5240:P301+P312 5165:labelling 5138:complex, 5102:chocolate 5024:arthritis 5015:vitamin D 4975:(AI), or 4954:livestock 4894:boromycin 4692:arthritis 4608:initiator 4458:Apollo 15 4410:actuators 4314:germanium 4057:cubic-BN 4038:Material 3960:+ 7 C → B 3888:Schott AG 3866:, 80% SiO 3750:aerospace 3673:in 2003. 3553:chemicals 3521:Balıkesir 3513:Eskişehir 3483:on Mars. 3463:Curiosity 3431:meteoroid 3290:gamma ray 3099:half-life 3059:such as C 2928:superacid 2802:, it is / 2667:anion, BF 2612:HB-base. 2539:p-orbital 2478:4 B + 3 O 2441:aluminium 2433:resembles 2303:Symmetry 2274:borophene 2266:fullerene 2221:amorphous 2159:aluminium 2155:magnesium 2088:sassolite 2045:Sassolite 2023:The word 1923:amorphous 1911:metalloid 1833:amorphous 1831:; in its 1829:metalloid 1719:771.9 ms 1685:half-life 1601:Discovery 1303:1 k 1070:beryllium 1042:Oganesson 1021:Moscovium 1014:Flerovium 895:Berkelium 881:Americium 874:Plutonium 867:Neptunium 704:Ytterbium 634:Neodymium 613:Lanthanum 576:Tellurium 534:Palladium 520:Ruthenium 492:Zirconium 474:Strontium 430:Germanium 381:Manganese 337:Potassium 293:Aluminium 284:Magnesium 224:Beryllium 140:°(B) 14122:Carbides 12390:Archived 12351:Archived 12309:Archived 12275:Archived 12273:. 1998. 12253:37627119 12244:10452654 12200:29 April 12194:Archived 12190:12163109 12143:Archived 12113:Archived 12061:Archived 12044:11112294 12036:16767101 11960:93497977 11911:26770156 11857:29546541 11803:Archived 11776:31639188 11746:Adv Nutr 11557:Archived 11535:17897696 11497:23551238 11454:32133393 11389:24553238 11338:Archived 11221:Archived 11172:15012243 11078:30 April 11072:Archived 10951:Archived 10905:19773801 10862:94765088 10797:20729834 10597:35240726 10554:37102375 10511:37728998 10468:32676954 10423:33879400 10372:31120734 10315:28054494 10266:27064381 10209:Archived 10207:. ashp. 10161:26 April 10137:23570446 10129:17268529 10109:Leukemia 10086:Archived 10068:17991498 9923:Archived 9700:Archived 9589:Archived 9504:30952939 9155:98327405 9098:Archived 9094:19257210 9011:Archived 8741:Archived 8661:Archived 8659:. NASA. 8636:Archived 8617:Archived 8562:Archived 8560:. USGS. 8454:Archived 8452:. 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