1140:
2301:
3945:
2747:
1945:
2284:
2726:
1914:
1474:
2818:
2676:
1301:
2263:
2877:
1881:
2778:
2041:
2838:
2440:
120:
2696:
3417:
1602:
3336:
1688:
3533:
1977:
1772:
2500:
3113:
3705:
3239:
1730:
15627:
2520:
2420:
3040:
1650:
1842:
12601:
2470:
1009:
2898:
12589:
2009:
836:
1808:
2390:
88:
3831:
1547:
larger estimates have been calculated based on various means of prediction, and these can vary wildly. For instance, around 25,000–27,000 species of nematodes have been described, while published estimates of the total number of nematode species include 10,000–20,000; 500,000; 10 million; and 100 million. Using patterns within the
3386:, are close relatives of the arthropods and share these traits. The ecdysozoans also include the Nematoda or roundworms, perhaps the second largest animal phylum. Roundworms are typically microscopic and occur in nearly every environment where there is water; some are important parasites. Smaller phyla related to them are the
3078:
to all other animals. Despite their morphological dissimilarity with all other animals, genetic evidence suggests sponges may be more closely related to other animals than the comb jellies are. Sponges lack the complex organization found in most other animal phyla; their cells are differentiated, but
1546:
The following table lists estimated numbers of described extant species for the major animal phyla, along with their principal habitats (terrestrial, fresh water, and marine), and free-living or parasitic ways of life. Species estimates shown here are based on numbers described scientifically; much
3564:
was uncertain whether sponges were animals, which in his system ought to have sensation, appetite, and locomotion, or plants, which did not: he knew that sponges could sense touch and would contract if about to be pulled off their rocks, but that they were rooted like plants and never moved about.
3680:
divided the animal kingdom into two subkingdoms: Metazoa (multicellular animals, with five phyla: coelenterates, echinoderms, articulates, molluscs, and vertebrates) and
Protozoa (single-celled animals), including a sixth animal phylum, sponges. The protozoa were later moved to the former kingdom
2255:
decreased in diversity, perhaps due to grazing by newly evolved animals. Objects such as sediment-filled tubes that resemble trace fossils of the burrows of wormlike animals have been found in 1.2 gya rocks in North
America, in 1.5 gya rocks in Australia and North America, and in 1.7 gya rocks in
3559:
from man (with blood, 2 legs, rational soul) down through the live-bearing tetrapods (with blood, 4 legs, sensitive soul) and other groups such as crustaceans (no blood, many legs, sensitive soul) down to spontaneously generating creatures like sponges (no blood, no legs, vegetable soul).
9612:
Srivastava, Mansi; Begovic, Emina; Chapman, Jarrod; Putnam, Nicholas H.; Hellsten, Uffe; Kawashima, Takeshi; Kuo, Alan; Mitros, Therese; Salamov, Asaf; Carpenter, Meredith L.; Signorovitch, Ana Y.; Moreno, Maria A.; Kamm, Kai; Grimwood, Jane; Schmutz, Jeremy (1 August 2008).
3186:
and have an apical organ containing sensory cells. However, over evolutionary time, descendant spaces have evolved which have lost one or more of each of these characteristics. For example, adult echinoderms are radially symmetric (unlike their larvae), while some
2300:
8029:
Maloof, Adam C.; Rose, Catherine V.; Beach, Robert; Samuels, Bradley M.; Calmet, Claire C.; Erwin, Douglas H.; Poirier, Gerald R.; Yao, Nan; Simons, Frederik J. (17 August 2010). "Possible animal-body fossils in pre-Marinoan limestones from South
Australia".
935:. During development, the animal extracellular matrix forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganised, making the formation of complex structures possible. This may be calcified, forming structures such as
2216:
Some palaeontologists have suggested that animals appeared much earlier than the
Cambrian explosion, possibly as early as 1 billion years ago. Early fossils that might represent animals appear for example in the 665-million-year-old rocks of the
10606:
Struck, Torsten H.; Wey-Fabrizius, Alexandra R.; Golombek, Anja; Hering, Lars; Weigert, Anne; Bleidorn, Christoph; Klebow, Sabrina; Iakovenko, Nataliia; Hausdorf, Bernhard; Petersen, Malte; Kück, Patrick; Herlyn, Holger; Hankeln, Thomas (2014).
1050:
into a hollow sphere, called a blastula. In sponges, blastula larvae swim to a new location, attach to the seabed, and develop into a new sponge. In most other groups, the blastula undergoes more complicated rearrangement. It first
3082:
The comb jellies and
Cnidaria are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both mouth and anus. Animals in both phyla have distinct tissues, but these are not organised into discrete
7355:
Hookabe, Natsumi; Kajihara, Hiroshi; Chernyshev, Alexei V.; Jimi, Naoto; Hasegawa, Naohiro; Kohtsuka, Hisanori; Okanishi, Masanori; Tani, Kenichiro; Fujiwara, Yoshihiro; Tsuchida, Shinji; Ueshima, Rei (2022).
6569:"Animal biodiversity: An update of classification and diversity in 2013. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013)"
3781:
have been used as lashings and bindings, and leather is widely used to make shoes and other items. Animals have been hunted and farmed for their fur to make items such as coats and hats. Dyestuffs including
2363:
Ros-Rocher and colleagues (2021) trace the origins of animals to unicellular ancestors, providing the external phylogeny shown in the cladogram. Uncertainty of relationships is indicated with dashed lines.
2984:
for the
Xenacoelamorpha + Ambulacraria; this is either within Deuterostomia, as sister to Chordata, or the Deuterostomia are recovered as paraphyletic, and Xenambulacraria is sister to the proposed clade
16453:
10775:"Triploblastic relationships with emphasis on the acoelomates and the position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, and Chaetognatha: a combined approach of 18S rDNA sequences and morphology"
8782:
Dellaporta, Stephen; Holland, Peter; Schierwater, Bernd; Jakob, Wolfgang; Sagasser, Sven; Kuhn, Kerstin (April 2004). "The Trox-2 Hox/ParaHox gene of
Trichoplax (Placozoa) marks an epithelial boundary".
6876:
Hebert, Paul D.N.; Ratnasingham, Sujeevan; Zakharov, Evgeny V.; Telfer, Angela C.; Levesque-Beaudin, Valerie; Milton, Megan A.; Pedersen, Stephanie; Jannetta, Paul; deWaard, Jeremy R. (1 August 2016).
2195:. The apparent suddenness of the event may however be an artifact of the fossil record, rather than showing that all these animals appeared simultaneously. That view is supported by the discovery of
429:. It has been estimated there are as many as 7.77 million animal species on Earth. Animal body lengths range from 8.5 μm (0.00033 in) to 33.6 m (110 ft). They have complex
7795:
Maloof, A. C.; Porter, S. M.; Moore, J. L.; Dudas, F. O.; Bowring, S. A.; Higgins, J. A.; Fike, D. A.; Eddy, M. P. (2010). "The earliest
Cambrian record of animals and ocean geochemical change".
2651:
Giribet and
Edgecombe (2020) provide what they consider to be a consensus internal phylogeny of the animals, embodying uncertainty about the structure at the base of the tree (dashed lines).
3427:
The
Spiralia are a large group of protostomes that develop by spiral cleavage in the early embryo. The Spiralia's phylogeny has been disputed, but it contains a large clade, the superphylum
9087:
Kapli, Paschalia; Natsidis, Paschalis; Leite, Daniel J.; Fursman, Maximilian; Jeffrie, Nadia; Rahman, Imran A.; Philippe, Hervé; Copley, Richard R.; Telford, Maximilian J. (19 March 2021).
10814:
Kim, Chang Bae; Moon, Seung Yeo; Gelder, Stuart R.; Kim, Won (September 1996). "Phylogenetic Relationships of Annelids, Molluscs, and Arthropods Evidenced from Molecules and Morphology".
7358:"Molecular Phylogeny of the Genus Nipponnemertes (Nemertea: Monostilifera: Cratenemertidae) and Descriptions of 10 New Species, With Notes on Small Body Size in a Newly Discovered Clade"
1442:
adapted to salt water, hydrothermal vents, fresh water, hot springs, swamps, forests, pastures, deserts, air, and the interiors of other organisms. Animals are however not particularly
2262:
7069:
16446:
12228:
12182:
11410:
11462:
Pearnchob, N.; Siepmann, J.; Bodmeier, R. (2003). "Pharmaceutical applications of shellac: moisture-protective and taste-masking coatings and extended-release matrix tablets".
8280:
Breyer, J. A. (1995). "Possible new evidence for the origin of metazoans prior to 1 Ga: Sediment-filled tubes from the Mesoproterozoic Allamoore Formation, Trans-Pecos Texas".
10348:
Simakov, Oleg; Kawashima, Takeshi; Marlétaz, Ferdinand; Jenkins, Jerry; Koyanagi, Ryo; Mitros, Therese; Hisata, Kanako; Bredeson, Jessen; Shoguchi, Eiichi (26 November 2015).
11671:
12267:
2636:
signalling pathways which may have enabled animals to become multicellular by providing a pattern for the body's system of axes (in three dimensions), and another 7 are for
3094:
The tiny placozoans have no permanent digestive chamber and no symmetry; they superficially resemble amoebae. Their phylogeny is poorly defined, and under active research.
5800:
3079:
in most cases not organised into distinct tissues, unlike all other animals. They typically feed by drawing in water through pores, filtering out small particles of food.
9709:
Brusca, Richard C. (2016). "Introduction to the Bilateria and the Phylum Xenacoelomorpha | Triploblasty and Bilateral Symmetry Provide New Avenues for Animal Radiation".
3155:
or pseudocoelom. These animals have a head end (anterior) and a tail end (posterior), a back (dorsal) surface and a belly (ventral) surface, and a left and a right side.
2283:
16439:
11984:
6324:
4862:
4132:
alone, and extrapolated that the global insect fauna must be in excess of 10 million species, of which nearly 2 million are in a single fly family known as gall midges (
11774:
10145:
Hejnol, A.; Martindale, M.Q. (2009). "The mouth, the anus, and the blastopore – open questions about questionable openings". In Telford, M.J.; Littlewood, D.J. (eds.).
1285:, the larvae feed on the hosts' living tissues, killing them in the process, but the adults primarily consume nectar from flowers. Other animals may have very specific
9354:
Whelan, Nathan V.; Kocot, Kevin M.; Moroz, Tatiana P.; Mukherjee, Krishanu; Williams, Peter; Paulay, Gustav; Moroz, Leonid L.; Halanych, Kenneth M. (9 October 2017).
6437:
11955:
7168:
Sluys, R. (1999). "Global diversity of land planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Terricola): a new indicator-taxon in biodiversity and conservation studies".
12006:
11854:
8219:
4776:
3194:
Genetic studies have considerably changed zoologists' understanding of the relationships within the Bilateria. Most appear to belong to two major lineages, the
8746:
10966:
8554:
Adl, Sina M.; Bass, David; Lane, Christopher E.; Lukeš, Julius; Schoch, Conrad L.; Smirnov, Alexey; Agatha, Sabine; Berney, Cedric; Brown, Matthew W. (2018).
2241:
worm-like animals, roughly as large (about 5 mm wide) and complex as earthworms. However, similar tracks are produced by the giant single-celled protist
10039:
8853:
Peterson, Kevin J.; Eernisse, Douglas J (2001). "Animal phylogeny and the ancestry of bilaterians: Inferences from morphology and 18S rDNA gene sequences".
3266:
develops into the mouth, and the anus forms secondarily. In deuterostomes, the anus forms first while the mouth develops secondarily. Most protostomes have
12475:
6372:
Mazzetta, Gerardo V.; Christiansen, Per; Fariña, Richard A. (2004). "Giants and Bizarres: Body Size of Some Southern South American Cretaceous Dinosaurs".
3074:
Sponges are physically very distinct from other animals, and were long thought to have diverged first, representing the oldest animal phylum and forming a
8965:
4552:
3657:("branches" with different body plans, roughly corresponding to phyla), namely vertebrates, molluscs, articulated animals (arthropods and annelids), and
621:, single-celled organisms no longer considered animals. In modern times, the biological classification of animals relies on advanced techniques, such as
11144:
3170:
that constrict the body, making it longer, and an opposing set of longitudinal muscles, that shorten the body; these enable soft-bodied animals with a
8934:
2139:
establishes their nature. Animals are thought to have originated under low-oxygen conditions, suggesting that they were capable of living entirely by
15137:
6690:
4808:
15957:
15142:
9733:
3618:(a chaotic mess) and split the group into three new phyla: worms, echinoderms, and polyps (which contained corals and jellyfish). By 1809, in his
9967:
9144:
Feuda, Roberto; Dohrmann, Martin; Pett, Walker; Philippe, Hervé; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert; Pisani, Davide (2017).
8422:
8068:; Bose, Pradip K.; Pfluger, Friedrich (2 October 1998). "Triploblastic animals more than 1 billion years ago: trace fossil evidence from india".
3603:
3595:
11697:
8507:
Laumer, Christopher E.; Gruber-Vodicka, Harald; Hadfield, Michael G.; Pearse, Vicki B.; Riesgo, Ana; Marioni, John C.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2018).
7922:
6590:
15000:
12570:
12147:
6350:
5576:
4940:
3610:, while his Insecta (which included the crustaceans and arachnids) and Vermes have been renamed or broken up. The process was begun in 1793 by
3587:
4642:
3591:
3583:
11645:
6803:
6491:"Two new species of Myxobolus (Myxozoa: Myxosporea: Bivalvulida) infecting an Indian major carp and a cat fish in wetlands of Punjab, India"
4489:
Boly, Melanie; Seth, Anil K.; Wilke, Melanie; Ingmundson, Paul; Baars, Bernard; Laureys, Steven; Edelman, David; Tsuchiya, Naotsugu (2013).
2601:. Their relationships are still disputed; the sister group to all other animals could be the Porifera or the Ctenophora, both of which lack
7770:
6261:
4582:
3624:, Lamarck had created 9 phyla apart from vertebrates (where he still had 4 phyla: mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish) and molluscs, namely
1139:
11723:
7665:
Bobrovskiy, Ilya; Hope, Janet M.; Ivantsov, Andrey; Nettersheim, Benjamin J.; Hallmann, Christian; Brocks, Jochen J. (20 September 2018).
4659:
4365:
Antcliffe, Jonathan B.; Callow, Richard H. T.; Brasier, Martin D. (November 2014). "Giving the early fossil record of sponges a squeeze".
3777:, and other animals are raised as livestock for meat across the world. Animal fibres such as wool are used to make textiles, while animal
1505:), weighing up to 12.25 tonnes and measuring up to 10.67 metres (35.0 ft) long. The largest terrestrial animals that ever lived were
1446:; very few of them can survive at constant temperatures above 50 °C (122 °F) or in the most extreme cold deserts of continental
17009:
12385:
9854:
Philippe, H.; Brinkmann, H.; Copley, R.R.; Moroz, L. L.; Nakano, H.; Poustka, A.J.; Wallberg, A.; Peterson, K. J.; Telford, M.J. (2011).
9760:"Ontogenetic scaling of hydrostatic skeletons: geometric, static stress and dynamic stress scaling of the earthworm lumbricus terrestris"
4670:
3599:
3223:
12218:
9590:
544:, but its identity as an animal is heavily contested. Nearly all modern animal phyla became clearly established in the fossil record as
12174:
11406:
4159:
4059:
11880:
10928:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
10747:
9992:
Cannon, Johanna T.; Vellutini, Bruno C.; Smith III, Julian.; Ronquist, Frederik; Jondelius, Ulf; Hejnol, Andreas (3 February 2016).
9289:
Schultz, Darrin T.; Haddock, Steven H. D.; Bredeson, Jessen V.; Green, Richard E.; Simakov, Oleg; Rokhsar, Daniel S. (17 May 2023).
9195:
Schultz, Darrin T.; Haddock, Steven H. D.; Bredeson, Jessen V.; Green, Richard E.; Simakov, Oleg; Rokhsar, Daniel S. (17 May 2023).
3262:) undergo spiral cleavage. Animals from both groups possess a complete digestive tract, but in protostomes the first opening of the
2606:
17203:
11667:
7480:
Love, Gordon; et al. (5 February 2009). "Fossil steroids record the appearance of Demospongiae during the Cryogenian period".
6236:
12437:
12251:
11619:
10940:
3178:. They also have a gut that extends through the basically cylindrical body from mouth to anus. Many bilaterian phyla have primary
17229:
15663:
12013:
11770:
11440:
9791:
4612:
4459:
3120:
body plan. With an elongated body and a direction of movement the animal has head and tail ends. Sense organs and mouth form the
1551:
hierarchy, the total number of animal species—including those not yet described—was calculated to be about 7.77 million in 2011.
11206:
10162:
7888:
5788:
4855:"Scientists discovered the first animal that doesn't need oxygen to live. It's changing the definition of what an animal can be"
4723:
11827:
7842:
803:'having breath or soul'. The biological definition includes all members of the kingdom Animalia. In colloquial usage, the term
16576:
11980:
11933:
11589:
6316:
4854:
17349:
12416:
12358:
12331:
12300:
12157:
12124:
12082:
11807:
11754:
11566:
11539:
11514:
11183:
11084:
11027:
10997:
10906:
10876:
10520:
10489:
10460:
10429:
10332:
10307:
10276:
10251:
10222:
10193:
10156:
10129:
9727:
9688:
9570:
9545:
9520:
9495:
9464:
9420:
9270:
9061:
8256:
8013:
7646:
7405:
7251:
7217:
7138:
7111:
6992:
6825:
Mora, Camilo; Tittensor, Derek P.; Adl, Sina; Simpson, Alastair G.B.; Worm, Boris (23 August 2011). Mace, Georgina M. (ed.).
6783:
6749:
6642:
6299:
6186:
6008:
5983:
5950:
5925:
5692:
5663:
5636:
5607:
5555:
5479:
5401:
5359:
5313:
5288:
5251:
5220:
5182:
5144:
5117:
5082:
5051:
5002:
4971:
4702:
4421:
2201:, the earliest known Ediacaran crown-group cnidarian (557–562 mya, some 20 million years before the Cambrian explosion) from
17234:
12102:. Souvenir Press. pp. 2–8, 30–35, 60–64, 88–94, 118–124, 148–153, 178–184, 208–213, 238–244, 270–278, 306–312, 338–344.
11384:
11329:
11264:
9917:
Perseke, M.; Hankeln, T.; Weich, B.; Fritzsch, G.; Stadler, P.F.; Israelsson, O.; Bernhard, D.; Schlegel, M. (August 2007).
4035:
17354:
8826:
Finnerty, John (June 2001). "Cnidarians Reveal Intermediate Stages in the Evolution of Hox Clusters and Axial Complexity".
7523:
Shen, Bing; Dong, Lin; Xiao, Shuhai; Kowalewski, Michał (2008). "The Avalon Explosion: Evolution of Ediacara Morphospace".
3555:, based on his own observations, into those with blood (roughly, the vertebrates) and those without. The animals were then
3210:. However, this suggestion has been contested, with other studies finding that xenacoelomorphs are more closely related to
2256:
Australia. Their interpretation as having an animal origin is disputed, as they might be water-escape or other structures.
1343:
indirectly acquire the nutrients by eating the herbivores or other animals that have eaten the herbivores. Animals oxidize
11351:
6426:
5008:
99:
16942:
13948:
7282:
11962:
6467:
3270:, where cells simply fill in the interior of the gastrula to form the mesoderm. In deuterostomes, the mesoderm forms by
12662:
12017:
11850:
8200:
4745:
4217:
de Queiroz, Kevin; Cantino, Philip; Gauthier, Jacques, eds. (2020). "Metazoa E. Haeckel 1874 , converted clade name".
1336:
16999:
11325:
11107:
4238:
2143:, but as they became specialized for aerobic metabolism they became fully dependent on oxygen in their environments.
8757:
8654:"Topology-dependent asymmetry in systematic errors affects phylogenetic placement of Ctenophora and Xenacoelomorpha"
4780:
17298:
17004:
15238:
13982:
12699:
10962:
4081:
3277:
The main deuterostome phyla are the Echinodermata and the Chordata. Echinoderms are exclusively marine and include
2102:
estimates for the origin of 24-ipc production in both groups. Analyses of pelagophyte algae consistently recover a
1339:, eat the plant material directly to digest and absorb the nutrients, while carnivores and other animals on higher
10707:"Multigene Analyses of Bilaterian Animals Corroborate the Monophyly of Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa, and Protostomia"
8177:
2129:. It had long been doubted whether these fossils truly represented animals, but the discovery of the animal lipid
17195:
13977:
12694:
12605:
11907:
10936:
9764:
3739:
make up more than 90% of the biomass of all terrestrial vertebrates, and almost as much as all insects combined.
3523:
2628:. 25 of these are novel core gene groups, found only in animals; of those, 8 are for essential components of the
2247:, so the Tonian trace fossils may not indicate early animal evolution. Around the same time, the layered mats of
219:
12479:
8303:
3254:
Protostomes and deuterostomes differ in several ways. Early in development, deuterostome embryos undergo radial
990:
chamber with either one opening (in Ctenophora, Cnidaria, and flatworms) or two openings (in most bilaterians).
17182:
16927:
10816:
8955:
5684:
1003:
375:
4542:
103:
17316:
16915:
14061:
14051:
14034:
12778:
12768:
12751:
11530:
Munro, John H. (2003). "Medieval Woollens: Textiles, Technology, and Organisation". In Jenkins, David (ed.).
11136:
8485:
8111:
Matz, Mikhail V.; Frank, Tamara M.; Marshall, N. Justin; Widder, Edith A.; Johnsen, Sönke (9 December 2008).
3527:
3944:
461:
94:
93:
17359:
11170:
Fish Conservation: A Guide to Understanding and Restoring Global Aquatic Biodiversity and Fishery Resources
8907:
4694:
4047:
1102:
951:) are held in place by cell walls, and so develop by progressive growth. Animal cells uniquely possess the
105:
8362:"The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records"
7947:
Dunn, F. S.; Kenchington, C. G.; Parry, L. A.; Clark, J. W.; Kendall, R. S.; Wilby, P. R. (25 July 2022).
6686:
4124:
to taxonomy further complicates this; a 2016 barcoding analysis estimated a total count of nearly 100,000
3107:
17344:
17125:
15656:
15329:
15323:
11111:
8215:
5716:
2290:
2197:
91:
8908:"A catalogue of Bilaterian-specific genes – their function and expression profiles in early development"
6026:"Molecular Timetrees Reveal a Cambrian Colonization of Land and a New Scenario for Ecdysozoan Evolution"
2094:(24-ipc) has been found in rocks from roughly 650 million years ago; it is only produced by sponges and
104:
100:
11298:
10481:
9759:
9710:
9053:
6737:
5174:
4987:
Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2002).
3151:. The digestive chamber has two openings, a mouth and an anus, and there is an internal body cavity, a
3132:
The remaining animals, the great majority—comprising some 29 phyla and over a million species—form the
9918:
5822:
Jervis, M. A.; Kidd, N. A. C. (November 1986). "Host-Feeding Strategies in Hymenopteran Parasitoids".
3802:
including cattle and horses have been used for work and transport from the first days of agriculture.
2746:
95:
17267:
16431:
15800:
12615:
12381:
11693:
10417:
7910:
6727:
6568:
5243:
5237:
5212:
5206:
1944:
1251:
119:
101:
98:
92:
27:
9938:
8867:
6394:
6346:
5572:
4936:
3866:. A wide variety of animals are kept as pets, from invertebrates such as tarantulas, octopuses, and
102:
16986:
16932:
12593:
8605:"The origin of animals: an ancestral reconstruction of the unicellular-to-multicellular transition"
6773:
6257:
3720:
3611:
3536:
1913:
1259:
912:
12319:
Keep Watching the Skies!: American Science Fiction Movies of the Fifties, The 21st Century Edition
11076:
9146:"Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals"
4634:
3990:
3661:(echinoderms, cnidaria and other forms). This division into four was followed by the embryologist
2725:
17021:
15885:
15515:
14066:
13941:
12783:
12506:
11641:
9680:
7839:"New Timeline for Appearances of Skeletal Animals in Fossil Record Developed by UCSB Researchers"
6799:
5628:
5462:
Bernstein, H.; Hopf, F. A.; Michod, R. E. (1987). "The Molecular Basis of the Evolution of Sex".
5419:
4495:
4413:
3902:. There is a tension between the role of animals as companions to humans, and their existence as
3807:
2307:
1497:
and measuring up to 33.6 metres (110 ft) long. The largest extant terrestrial animal is the
999:
622:
97:
20:
17303:
17280:
9487:
9481:
7763:
6253:
5351:
5345:
4574:
3158:
Having a front end means that this part of the body encounters stimuli, such as food, favouring
17065:
15649:
12655:
12634:
12628:
12323:
11719:
10299:
10293:
9933:
8862:
6389:
5043:
4656:
3620:
3552:
3375:
3374:, which contains insects, spiders, crabs, and their kin. All of these have a body divided into
3355:
2970:
2091:
1267:
1231:
1147:
1075:, also develops between them. These germ layers then differentiate to form tissues and organs.
851:
Animals have several characteristics that set them apart from other living things. Animals are
584:
434:
96:
12377:
12348:
12290:
11556:
11175:
10866:
7638:
7632:
7128:
6741:
6731:
6632:
6176:
5280:
5134:
4688:
4667:
3582:. In his original scheme, the animals were one of three kingdoms, divided into the classes of
2675:
17275:
16113:
15763:
14029:
12746:
12317:
12114:
10896:
10609:"Platyzoan Paraphyly Based on Phylogenomic Data Supports a Noncoelomate Ancestry of Spiralia"
10421:
10411:
9919:"The mitochondrial DNA of Xenoturbella bocki: genomic architecture and phylogenetic analysis"
9674:
9586:
9047:
8993:
8409:
7241:
7207:
7101:
5168:
5109:
5099:
4262:
Nielsen, Claus (2008). "Six major steps in animal evolution: are we derived sponge larvae?".
2645:
2629:
2140:
1498:
1473:
1278:
1271:
1083:
880:
871:, feeding on organic material and digesting it internally. With very few exceptions, animals
640:
602:
395:
17290:
11797:
11167:
11068:
11017:
8906:
Kraemer-Eis, Andrea; Ferretti, Luca; Schiffer, Philipp; Heger, Peter; Wiehe, Thomas (2016).
7667:"Ancient steroids establish the Ediacaran fossil Dickinsonia as one of the earliest animals"
6976:
5967:
5268:
5031:
2817:
17151:
17112:
17031:
15778:
15231:
11876:
10825:
10661:
10549:
10363:
10243:
10074:
10007:
9873:
9626:
9367:
9302:
9100:
9002:
8665:
8431:
8418:"Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks"
8291:
8124:
8077:
8039:
7960:
7918:
7804:
7678:
7587:
7532:
7489:
7434:
7156:; 13 genera, 31 spp. are parasites on gills (Vandelliinae) or skin (stegophilines) of fish.
6381:
6218:
6138:
6088:
6037:
5975:
5866:
5743:
5512:
5105:
4023:
3171:
2637:
1578:
1290:
1098:
1091:
1087:
924:
900:
561:
17244:
12555:
McCone, Kim R. (1987). "Hund, Wolf, und Krieger bei den Indogermanen". In Meid, W. (ed.).
11249:
11232:
10751:
10452:
10446:
4162:
for a more specific and detailed model of a particular phylum with this general body plan.
3980:
from the earliest times, both historical, as in ancient Egypt, and prehistoric, as in the
3482:. The molluscs, the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species, includes
1405:
Animals evolved in the sea. Lineages of arthropods colonised land around the same time as
8:
16606:
15442:
15377:
14844:
14628:
11069:
9993:
8876:
8603:
Ros-Rocher, Núria; Pérez-Posada, Alberto; Leger, Michelle M.; Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki (2021).
8360:
Peterson, Kevin J.; Cotton, James A.; Gehling, James G.; Pisani, Davide (27 April 2008).
7869:"The Cambrian "explosion" of metazoans and molecular biology: would Darwin be satisfied?"
7864:
6129:
5039:
4107:
3963:
3922:
3662:
3650:
2598:
1300:
1012:
872:
688:
414:
387:
17257:
15641:
11047:
10829:
10665:
10553:
10367:
10078:
10011:
9877:
9630:
9371:
9323:
9306:
9234:"A screen for gene paralogies delineating evolutionary branching order of early Metazoa"
9217:
9104:
9006:
8989:"Reconstruction of the ancestral metazoan genome reveals an increase in genomic novelty"
8669:
8435:
8295:
8128:
8081:
8043:
7964:
7808:
7731:
7682:
7591:
7536:
7493:
7438:
6385:
6222:
6203:
6142:
6092:
6041:
5870:
5747:
5516:
947:. In contrast, the cells of other multicellular organisms (primarily algae, plants, and
17103:
16900:
16822:
16108:
15790:
14854:
14046:
14024:
14012:
13987:
13934:
13211:
12763:
12741:
12729:
12704:
12564:
12537:
12433:
12071:
12055:
11615:
11487:
10926:
10892:
10682:
10649:
10567:
10384:
10349:
10031:
9959:
9894:
9855:
9719:
9652:
9388:
9356:"Ctenophore relationships and their placement as the sister group to all other animals"
9336:
9121:
9088:
9023:
8988:
8960:
8926:
8888:
8808:
8688:
8653:
8629:
8604:
8580:
8555:
8531:
8509:"Support for a clade of Placozoa and Cnidaria in genes with minimal compositional bias"
8508:
8454:
8417:
8386:
8361:
8323:
8150:
7981:
7948:
7820:
7740:
7715:
7608:
7575:
7556:
7457:
7422:
7330:
7185:
7038:
6956:
6943:
6926:
6902:
6877:
6853:
6826:
6515:
6490:
6407:
6150:
5898:
5882:
5839:
5835:
5769:
5444:
5389:
4912:
4885:
4830:
4803:
4519:
4490:
4390:
4295:
4244:
4173:
4012:
3719:
The human population exploits a large number of other animal species for food, both of
3699:
3519:
3448:
2941:
2616:
common to all living animals have been identified; these may have arisen from a single
2344:, meaning they are derived from a common ancestor. Animals are the sister group to the
2312:
2151:
1568:
1548:
1468:
1387:
1328:
1263:
986:, which transmit signals and coordinate the body. Typically, there is also an internal
724:
614:
592:
568:
common to all living animals have been identified; these may have arisen from a single
549:
264:
114:
8319:"The origin of the animals and a 'Savannah' hypothesis for early bilaterian evolution"
5471:
4604:
4491:"Consciousness in humans and non-human animals: recent advances and future directions"
4467:
4345:
3641:
17138:
16878:
16794:
16696:
16466:
15900:
15188:
15114:
15095:
14805:
14388:
14056:
14019:
14007:
13997:
13633:
13553:
12903:
12773:
12736:
12724:
12714:
12648:
12412:
12354:
12327:
12296:
12263:
12153:
12120:
12078:
11803:
11750:
11562:
11535:
11510:
11479:
11199:
11179:
11168:
11080:
11023:
10993:
10902:
10872:
10862:
10841:
10796:
10728:
10687:
10630:
10585:
10580:
10537:
10516:
10485:
10456:
10425:
10389:
10328:
10303:
10272:
10247:
10218:
10189:
10152:
10146:
10125:
10102:
10097:
10062:
10035:
10023:
9951:
9899:
9836:
9783:
9723:
9684:
9644:
9566:
9541:
9516:
9491:
9460:
9416:
9393:
9340:
9328:
9266:
9177:
9126:
9057:
9028:
8880:
8800:
8717:
8693:
8634:
8585:
8536:
8459:
8391:
8342:
8282:
8262:
8252:
8142:
8093:
8009:
7986:
7880:
7868:
7745:
7714:
Zimorski, Verena; Mentel, Marek; Tielens, Aloysius G. M.; Martin, William F. (2019).
7696:
7660:
7658:
7642:
7613:
7560:
7548:
7505:
7462:
7401:
7357:
7334:
7308:
7247:
7213:
7134:
7107:
7057:
6988:
6948:
6907:
6858:
6779:
6745:
6638:
6520:
6295:
6289:
6182:
6154:
6124:
6106:
6055:
6004:
5979:
5946:
5921:
5890:
5773:
5761:
5688:
5659:
5632:
5603:
5551:
5528:
5524:
5485:
5475:
5436:
5397:
5355:
5309:
5284:
5269:
5247:
5216:
5178:
5140:
5113:
5078:
5074:
5047:
5032:
4998:
4967:
4917:
4835:
4719:
4698:
4524:
4417:
4382:
4287:
4279:
4275:
4248:
4234:
4071:
4039:
4027:
3855:
3255:
2353:
2218:
1527:
1464:
1368:
1360:
1316:
1304:
1286:
1163:
975:
553:
323:
12541:
11823:
11491:
9963:
8930:
8812:
7838:
7189:
6965:
Stork notes that 1m insects have been named, making much larger predicted estimates.
6960:
6411:
5902:
5857:
Meylan, Anne (22 January 1988). "Spongivory in Hawksbill Turtles: A Diet of Glass".
5843:
4394:
3985:
2876:
1101:, which often results in a genetic clone of the parent. This may take place through
17339:
16176:
16055:
15947:
15890:
15830:
15825:
15753:
15738:
15430:
15319:
15289:
15160:
15106:
14860:
14306:
13971:
12688:
12529:
12259:
12051:
11929:
11593:
11471:
11244:
10833:
10786:
10718:
10677:
10669:
10620:
10575:
10557:
10379:
10371:
10354:
10122:
The Biomarker Guide: Biomarkers and isotopes in petroleum systems and Earth history
10092:
10082:
10015:
9998:
9943:
9889:
9881:
9864:
9826:
9773:
9656:
9634:
9383:
9375:
9318:
9310:
9241:
9233:
9212:
9204:
9167:
9157:
9116:
9108:
9089:"Lack of support for Deuterostomia prompts reinterpretation of the first Bilateria"
9018:
9010:
8918:
8892:
8872:
8835:
8792:
8726:
8683:
8673:
8624:
8616:
8575:
8567:
8526:
8516:
8449:
8439:
8381:
8373:
8332:
8299:
8154:
8132:
8085:
8047:
7976:
7968:
7824:
7812:
7735:
7727:
7686:
7603:
7595:
7574:
Chen, Zhe; Chen, Xiang; Zhou, Chuanming; Yuan, Xunlai; Xiao, Shuhai (1 June 2018).
7540:
7497:
7452:
7442:
7369:
7320:
7177:
7145:
7028:
6984:
6938:
6897:
6889:
6848:
6838:
6580:
6510:
6502:
6399:
6226:
6146:
6096:
6079:
6045:
5874:
5831:
5751:
5520:
5467:
5428:
4907:
4897:
4825:
4817:
4514:
4504:
4445:
4374:
4327:
4299:
4271:
4226:
4179:
4086:
3910:
3859:
3724:
3363:
3294:
2492:
2345:
2330:
2243:
2202:
1880:
1391:
1356:
944:
332:
14792:
12203:
Hutchins, M., Arthur V. Evans, Rosser W. Garrison and Neil Schlager (Eds) (2003),
7655:
7396:
Hickman, Cleveland P.; Keen, Susan L.; Larson, Allan; Eisenhour, David J. (2018).
6927:"How Many Species of Insects and Other Terrestrial Arthropods Are There on Earth?"
5548:
Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Volume 11, Progress in Asexual Reproduction
5448:
5068:
3819:
since their discovery in the 18th century. Some medicines such as the cancer drug
799:
17117:
16738:
16349:
16254:
16216:
16171:
16103:
15860:
15820:
15805:
15698:
15630:
15505:
15460:
15354:
15349:
15339:
15224:
15033:
14208:
13914:
13820:
13671:
13574:
13431:
12964:
12619:
11378:
11321:
11272:
10506:
10407:
9831:
9814:
8244:
8065:
6843:
6403:
5968:
5878:
5417:
Charlesworth, D.; Willis, J. H. (2009). "The genetics of inbreeding depression".
5276:
4994:
4674:
4663:
4350:
3934:
3879:
3799:
3578:
3420:
3203:
3084:
2981:
2773:
2274:
2222:
2099:
1722:
1514:
1282:
1120:
740:
708:
597:
557:
512:
17130:
10650:"Rotiferan Hox genes give new insights into the evolution of metazoan bodyplans"
8366:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
8089:
7576:"Late Ediacaran trackways produced by bilaterian animals with paired appendages"
7325:
3941:, and in classical representation the butterfly is also the symbol of the soul.
3506:. These two groups have long been considered close relatives because they share
17190:
17177:
17143:
16787:
16752:
16745:
16724:
16703:
16680:
16560:
16409:
16354:
16344:
16186:
16000:
15952:
15865:
15840:
15835:
15815:
15810:
15713:
15703:
15129:
15119:
15083:
15058:
14747:
14538:
14439:
14361:
14170:
14002:
13579:
13557:
13375:
13287:
13265:
13228:
12719:
12143:
11355:
10673:
9314:
9208:
9014:
8596:
7972:
4988:
4051:
3926:
3867:
3812:
3713:
3646:
3444:
3428:
2986:
2837:
2777:
2439:
2107:
2095:
1573:
1380:
1332:
956:
728:
684:
680:
660:
541:
11432:
10791:
10774:
9947:
9379:
9162:
9145:
8796:
8137:
8112:
7374:
7275:
7181:
6585:
6506:
6231:
6073:
Daeschler, Edward B.; Shubin, Neil H.; Jenkins, Farish A. Jr. (6 April 2006).
6050:
6025:
5756:
5731:
5329:
Hamilton, William James; Boyd, James Dixon; Mossman, Harland Winfield (1945).
2695:
2612:
Hox genes are found in the Placozoa, Cnidaria, and Bilateria. 6,331 groups of
1023:
Nearly all animals make use of some form of sexual reproduction. They produce
793:
17333:
17026:
16954:
16847:
16815:
16801:
16780:
16766:
16717:
16710:
16629:
16502:
16133:
16118:
16080:
16005:
15941:
15927:
15875:
15870:
15784:
15773:
15768:
15748:
15743:
15718:
15314:
15165:
14964:
14956:
14786:
14707:
14647:
14558:
14532:
14261:
13724:
13628:
13127:
11043:
10922:
10748:"Introduction to the Lophotrochozoa | Of molluscs, worms, and lophophores..."
9441:
8413:
8266:
7153:
6463:
6172:
4547:
4509:
4331:
4283:
4133:
4121:
4043:
4031:
4016:
4007:
3995:
3903:
3742:
3727:
and, mainly at sea, by hunting wild species. Marine fish of many species are
3677:
3666:
3606:. Since then, the last four have all been subsumed into a single phylum, the
3569:
3556:
3548:
3540:
3416:
3199:
3159:
3148:
3121:
2980:
An alternative phylogeny, from Kapli and colleagues (2021), proposes a clade
2800:
2415:
2316:
2248:
2238:
2155:
1906:
1422:
1410:
1340:
1324:
1159:
1110:
952:
908:
856:
712:
656:
606:
588:
312:
215:
12533:
10723:
10706:
10625:
10608:
10538:"Evolution of the bilaterian body plan: What have we learned from annelids?"
10087:
9778:
8556:"Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes"
8444:
7691:
7666:
7544:
7447:
5653:
3890:
all finding a place. However, the most kept pet species are mammals, namely
17043:
16976:
16840:
16808:
16773:
16759:
16731:
16657:
16636:
16329:
16324:
16299:
16274:
16264:
16191:
16060:
15934:
15895:
15880:
15855:
15850:
15795:
15728:
15538:
15524:
15198:
15025:
15005:
14945:
14849:
14822:
14769:
14727:
14694:
14469:
14247:
14186:
13926:
13830:
13825:
13713:
13569:
13455:
13341:
13244:
13223:
13093:
13044:
13000:
12981:
12223:
11483:
10800:
10732:
10691:
10634:
10589:
10562:
10393:
10214:
10027:
9955:
9903:
9840:
9648:
9397:
9332:
9181:
9130:
9112:
9032:
8884:
8839:
8804:
8697:
8678:
8638:
8589:
8540:
8463:
8395:
8377:
8346:
8146:
7990:
7884:
7749:
7700:
7617:
7599:
7552:
7509:
7466:
7149:
7097:
6952:
6911:
6893:
6862:
6524:
6371:
6158:
6110:
6075:"A Devonian tetrapod-like fish and the evolution of the tetrapod body plan"
6059:
5894:
5765:
5532:
5440:
4921:
4902:
4839:
4821:
4753:
4528:
4386:
4291:
4055:
3977:
3847:
3795:
3732:
3670:
3573:
3532:
3387:
3318:
3286:
3247:
3233:
3211:
3144:
3088:
3075:
3024:
3004:
2813:
2371:
2252:
2230:
2191:
2183:
2040:
1622:
1601:
1344:
1052:
1035:
983:
960:
932:
652:
504:
496:
406:
11475:
10845:
10106:
9787:
8169:
8097:
6171:
5489:
5034:
Additives and crystallization processes: from fundamentals to applications
4230:
2499:
1976:
1771:
17216:
17097:
16905:
16650:
16384:
16359:
16304:
16279:
16201:
16196:
16161:
16151:
15845:
15758:
15497:
15372:
15089:
15015:
14867:
14831:
14811:
14759:
14733:
14623:
14571:
14544:
14526:
14499:
14266:
14135:
14124:
13791:
13762:
13748:
13738:
13323:
13139:
13052:
12834:
10512:
8951:
7148:... includes obligate parasitic fish. Thus 17 genera from 2 subfamilies,
3843:
3820:
3704:
3507:
3436:
3391:
3379:
3290:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3195:
3175:
3163:
3125:
3064:
3020:
3000:
2859:
2708:
2641:
2625:
2435:
2269:
2167:
2135:
2130:
2103:
1729:
1443:
1274:
1223:
1203:
1191:
1175:
936:
868:
735:
for sports, trophies or profits. Non-human animals are also an important
716:
700:
696:
545:
371:
167:
59:
52:
11380:
Major colourants and dyestuffs, mainly produced in horticultural systems
10773:
Giribet, G.; Distel, D.L.; Polz, M.; Sterrer, W.; Wheeler, W.C. (2000).
10375:
10019:
9885:
9639:
9614:
8620:
8521:
7716:"Energy metabolism in anaerobic eukaryotes and Earth's late oxygenation"
7501:
6101:
6074:
5304:
Ville, Claude Alvin; Walker, Warren Franklin; Barnes, Robert D. (1984).
3335:
1522:
which may have reached 39 meters. Several animals are microscopic; some
879:(able to spontaneously move their bodies) during at least part of their
17088:
17036:
16983:
16570:
16483:
16417:
16379:
16309:
16289:
16284:
16269:
16239:
16211:
16166:
16156:
16128:
16123:
16065:
16040:
15733:
15708:
15589:
15470:
15170:
14994:
14985:
14970:
14838:
14775:
14634:
14595:
14590:
14476:
14393:
14288:
14200:
13888:
13873:
13868:
13849:
13844:
13772:
13719:
13689:
13681:
13623:
13497:
13489:
13472:
13252:
13164:
13117:
13057:
13019:
12993:
12839:
12824:
10837:
10120:
Peters, Kenneth E.; Walters, Clifford C.; Moldowan, J. Michael (2005).
9172:
7042:
5886:
5376:
The Encyclopedia Americana: a library of universal knowledge, Volume 10
4146:
3950:
3746:
3479:
3467:
3399:
3395:
3383:
3351:
3282:
3243:
3238:
3229:
3112:
3068:
3028:
2996:
2917:
2691:
2621:
2586:
2465:
2419:
2384:
2210:
2179:
2171:
2163:
2110:
origin, consistent with the appearance of 24-ipc in the fossil record.
2087:
2081:
2033:
1594:
1531:
1506:
1486:
1478:
1447:
1434:, about 375 million years ago. Animals occupy virtually all of earth's
1418:
1414:
1406:
1355:
and other biomolecules, which allows the animal to grow and to sustain
1294:
1079:
1060:
852:
764:
644:
573:
519:
500:
472:
468:
426:
316:
245:
42:
16461:
12640:
11903:
11322:"Rabbit project development strategies in subsistence farming systems"
10571:
9291:"Ancient gene linkages support ctenophores as sister to other animals"
9197:"Ancient gene linkages support ctenophores as sister to other animals"
8731:
8713:"Genomics and the animal tree of life: conflicts and future prospects"
8712:
8602:
8571:
8337:
8318:
7423:"Sterol and genomic analyses validate the sponge biomarker hypothesis"
7103:
Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources
6882:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4378:
4318:
Rothmaler, Werner (1951). "Die Abteilungen und Klassen der Pflanzen".
3039:
2469:
17252:
17164:
16643:
16622:
16524:
16334:
16314:
16206:
16085:
16020:
16010:
15995:
15990:
15971:
15723:
15548:
15510:
15465:
15455:
15395:
15216:
15069:
15010:
14718:
14683:
14641:
14618:
14600:
14487:
14423:
14298:
14175:
14118:
14105:
13957:
13854:
13801:
13796:
13767:
13756:
13705:
13700:
13652:
13564:
13351:
13346:
13308:
13157:
13149:
13078:
13030:
12951:
12938:
12919:
12914:
12873:
12073:
Hunting and Fishing for Sport: Commerce, Controversy, Popular Culture
10992:. Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes. pp. 94–96.
7942:
7940:
7816:
5503:
Pusey, Anne; Wolf, Marisa (1996). "Inbreeding avoidance in animals".
4222:
3930:
3875:
3851:
3787:
3758:
3750:
3736:
3658:
3633:
3625:
3561:
3495:
3432:
3371:
3343:
3330:
3207:
3188:
3140:
3133:
3117:
3103:
3060:
3012:
2992:
2897:
2872:
2790:
2760:
2482:
2349:
2341:
2206:
2175:
2125:
2114:
1687:
1509:
1426:
1384:
1372:
1247:
1243:
1219:
1215:
1199:
1195:
1183:
1171:
1167:
1016:
1008:
987:
964:
864:
752:
704:
626:
580:
523:
476:
464:
453:
430:
234:
200:
131:
17059:
9480:
Langstroth, Lovell; Langstroth, Libby (2000). Newberry, Todd (ed.).
8051:
7949:"A crown-group cnidarian from the Ediacaran of Charnwood Forest, UK"
7240:
Morand, Serge; Krasnov, Boris R.; Littlewood, D. Timothy J. (2015).
7033:
7016:
5432:
2519:
1649:
17169:
17082:
17016:
16961:
16548:
16532:
16497:
16389:
16369:
16364:
16339:
16319:
16294:
16259:
16249:
16244:
16075:
16050:
16030:
15690:
15599:
15543:
15475:
15410:
15296:
15284:
15256:
15076:
15038:
14939:
14916:
14463:
14458:
14450:
14380:
14255:
14130:
14113:
14091:
14041:
13878:
13862:
13785:
13777:
13732:
13695:
13676:
13665:
13647:
13641:
13502:
13443:
13419:
13316:
13197:
13086:
12970:
12861:
12852:
12758:
12600:
11978:
10705:
Hervé, Philippe; Lartillot, Nicolas; Brinkmann, Henner (May 2005).
9246:
8922:
5708:
4076:
3883:
3863:
3682:
3607:
3471:
3440:
3411:
3302:
3278:
3259:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3016:
3008:
2956:
2892:
2833:
2741:
2721:
2671:
2633:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2582:
2226:
2187:
2001:
1969:
1873:
1841:
1834:
1800:
1764:
1680:
1642:
1586:
1431:
1399:
1239:
1227:
1211:
1207:
1187:
1143:
1116:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1039:
971:
928:
904:
896:
876:
844:
772:
768:
756:
744:
736:
720:
618:
508:
492:
484:
446:
438:
391:
383:
319:
255:
250:
240:
144:
12461:
Hayagrīva: The Mantrayānic Aspect of Horse-cult in China and Japan
11747:
Gun Dog Breeds, A Guide to Spaniels, Retrievers, and Pointing Dogs
8506:
8477:
7937:
4966:(2nd, revised ed.). Barron's Educational Series. p. 48.
4015:, birds and mammals play roles in literature and film, such as in
3370:, growth by moulting. They include the largest animal phylum, the
1158:
Animals are categorised into ecological groups depending on their
923:
All animals are composed of cells, surrounded by a characteristic
17311:
17221:
17208:
17048:
16966:
16947:
16507:
16492:
16394:
16374:
16070:
16045:
16035:
16025:
15981:
15918:
15594:
15582:
15520:
15450:
15425:
15385:
15364:
15334:
15192:
14927:
14764:
14610:
14517:
14506:
14370:
14276:
14232:
14140:
13838:
13814:
13806:
13743:
13657:
13477:
13464:
13397:
13388:
13333:
13258:
12289:
Gregersdotter, Katarina; Höglund, Johan; Hållén, Nicklas (2016).
11137:"Graphic detail Charts, maps and infographics. Counting chickens"
10605:
10063:"Cleavage patterns and the topology of the metazoan tree of life"
8781:
7841:. The Regents of the University of California. 10 November 2010.
7664:
6800:"How many species on Earth? About 8.7 million, new estimate says"
5679:
Allen, Larry Glen; Pondella, Daniel J.; Horn, Michael H. (2006).
3981:
3954:
3835:
3816:
3791:
3783:
3762:
3754:
3728:
3629:
3499:
3475:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3367:
3347:
3339:
3306:
3043:
Non-bilaterians include sponges (centre) and corals (background).
2452:
2402:
2159:
2119:
1937:
1864:
1713:
1523:
1435:
1395:
1364:
1352:
1312:
1179:
1106:
1047:
1031:
1024:
664:
488:
480:
442:
422:
410:
379:
187:
177:
66:
10445:
Prewitt, Nancy L.; Underwood, Larry S.; Surver, William (2003).
9991:
8905:
6875:
5546:
Adiyodi, K. G.; Hughes, Roger N.; Adiyodi, Rita G. (July 2002).
1493:) is the largest animal that has ever lived, weighing up to 190
16994:
16937:
16922:
16872:
16602:
16234:
16095:
15577:
15279:
15274:
15248:
14785:
14582:
14214:
14156:
13883:
13617:
12817:
12675:
12624:
12588:
11103:
10347:
8192:
6024:
Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Daley, Allison C.; Pisani, Davide (2013).
4320:
Feddes Repertorium, Journal of Botanical Taxonomy and Geobotany
4129:
4125:
4111:
does not have mitochondrial DNA or utilize aerobic respiration.
3958:
3899:
3887:
3766:
3314:
3202:. It is often suggested that the basalmost bilaterians are the
3167:
3152:
2234:
2147:
2008:
1613:
1557:
1376:
1124:
1086:
within a population due to the increased prevalence of harmful
1043:
1027:
979:
948:
892:
884:
840:
835:
537:
532:
527:
418:
157:
73:
9611:
2068:
Total number of described extant species as of 2013: 1,525,728
16971:
16598:
16542:
16537:
16143:
16015:
15607:
15565:
15558:
15553:
15390:
15344:
15306:
15264:
15152:
11461:
9815:"Resolving Animal Phylogeny: A Sledgehammer for a Tough Nut?"
8652:
Kapli, Paschalia; Telford, Maximilian J. (11 December 2020).
7354:
6878:"Counting animal species with DNA barcodes: Canadian insects"
6687:"There are only 35 kinds of animal and most are really weird"
6178:
Diversity of Life: The Illustrated Guide to the Five Kingdoms
5331:
Human embryology: (prenatal development of form and function)
3909:
A wide variety of terrestrial and aquatic animals are hunted
3871:
3824:
3778:
3770:
3503:
3491:
3483:
3402:. These groups have a reduced coelom, called a pseudocoelom.
3183:
3179:
3166:
and a mouth. Many bilaterians have a combination of circular
3136:
2315:, starting some 539 mya, and found in the fossil beds of the
2277:(c. 635–542 mya) is one of the earliest animal species known.
2225:. These fossils are interpreted as most probably being early
1494:
1439:
1348:
1320:
1270:
between predator and prey, resulting in various antagonistic/
1235:
1128:
888:
776:
748:
636:
630:
457:
399:
11696:. Animal Cell Technology Industrial Platform. 10 June 2013.
11294:
9853:
6631:
Balian, E. V.; Lévêque, C.; Segers, H.; Martens, K. (2008).
4886:"Anaerobic animals from an ancient, anoxic ecological niche"
4428:'having the breath of life', from anima 'air, breath, life'.
3047:
Several animal phyla lack bilateral symmetry. These are the
2154:, starting about 539 million years ago, in beds such as the
1409:, probably between 510 and 471 million years ago during the
839:
Animals are unique in having the ball of cells of the early
16910:
16514:
16462:
16181:
15673:
15485:
15420:
15415:
15405:
15400:
15269:
14409:
9916:
9288:
9194:
8359:
8304:
10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0269:PNEFTO>2.3.CO;2
7713:
3938:
3709:
3487:
3378:, typically with paired appendages. Two smaller phyla, the
3310:
3298:
3147:, with three well-developed germ layers, and their tissues
3091:, having only two main germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm.
2613:
2389:
1807:
1255:
940:
860:
732:
672:
648:
565:
511:, the latter of which contains the vertebrates. The simple
362:
359:
353:
17156:
12288:
12042:
Plous, S. (1993). "The Role of Animals in Human Society".
10413:
The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution
7395:
6630:
6317:"The longest animal alive may be one you never thought of"
4804:"Genomes at the interface between bacteria and organelles"
807:
is often used to refer only to nonhuman animals. The term
526:. Earlier evidence of animals is still controversial; the
437:
with each other and their environments, forming intricate
15671:
12282:
10933:
The System of Nature through the Three Kingdoms of Nature
9806:
9353:
9143:
9086:
8956:"The Very First Animal Appeared Amid an Explosion of DNA"
8754:
Carnegie Institution for Science Department of Embryology
8008:(7th ed.). Pearson, Benjamin Cummings. p. 526.
7946:
7769:. International Stratigraphic Commission. February 2022.
7130:
Essential Fish Biology: Diversity, Structure and Function
4216:
3895:
3891:
3830:
3774:
760:
751:
since the earliest times, and are frequently featured in
692:
676:
668:
402:, meaning that they arose from a single common ancestor.
344:
338:
10772:
10124:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 717.
9355:
9290:
9196:
8113:"Giant Deep-Sea Protist Produces Bilaterian-like Traces"
6023:
5681:
Ecology of marine fishes: California and adjacent waters
5466:. Advances in Genetics. Vol. 24. pp. 323–370.
3362:
The Ecdysozoa are protostomes, named after their shared
797:
of the same meaning, which is itself derived from Latin
13607:
11668:"EU statistics show decline in animal research numbers"
11049:
Anthropogenie oder Entwickelungsgeschichte des menschen
10704:
8110:
7239:
7095:
6827:"How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?"
6824:
4986:
4488:
3543:, breaking up Linnaeus's "Vermes" into 9 phyla by 1809.
3206:, with all other bilaterians belonging to the subclade
2356:
indicate approximately how many millions of years ago (
1277:. Almost all multicellular predators are animals. Some
12611:
12434:"Why the humble cow is India's most polarising animal"
11407:"Guidance for Industry: Cochineal Extract and Carmine"
10444:
8028:
7794:
7522:
7389:
7058:"A Quarter Century of Reptile and Amphibian Databases"
6983:. Zoological catalogue of Australia. Vol. 19.2A.
6775:
Gulf of Mexico Origin, Waters, and Biota: Biodiversity
6072:
4433:
4364:
3494:, while the annelids are the segmented worms, such as
2311:
is one of the many animal species that emerged in the
1541:
518:
Animals first appear in the fossil record in the late
452:
Most living animal species belong to the infrakingdom
12637:– multimedia database of endangered/protected species
10119:
7903:
5136:
Biology: Concepts and Applications without Physiology
3685:, leaving only the Metazoa as a synonym of Animalia.
1606:
1090:
traits. Animals have evolved numerous mechanisms for
341:
335:
12476:"Lion Depiction across Ancient and Modern Religions"
10990:
Histoire du Développement de la Biologie, Volume III
9856:"Acoelomorph flatworms are deuterostomes related to
9615:"The Trichoplax genome and the nature of placozoans"
9479:
8408:
8064:
5545:
3628:, annelids, crustaceans, arachnids, insects, worms,
2186:, along with numerous now-extinct forms such as the
1530:
within the Cnidaria) never grow larger than 20
356:
12520:Wunn, Ina (January 2000). "Beginning of Religion".
12119:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 31–33 and passim.
10186:
The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 1; Volume 3
8987:Paps, Jordi; Holland, Peter W. H. (30 April 2018).
7276:"Marine Rotifers | An Unexplored World of Richness"
6294:. Enfield, Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives.
6181:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 115–116.
5651:
5461:
5328:
4802:Douglas, Angela E.; Raven, John A. (January 2003).
4026:and mammals feature in mythology and religion. The
3246:, the blastopore develops into the mouth, while in
3124:. Opposed circular and longitudinal muscles enable
2205:, England. It is thought to be one of the earliest
1885:
1846:
1776:
1734:
1692:
1654:
1518:, which may have weighed as much as 73 tonnes, and
970:With few exceptions—in particular, the sponges and
350:
347:
12292:Animal Horror Cinema: Genre, History and Criticism
12070:
9994:"Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa"
9483:A Living Bay: The Underwater World of Monterey Bay
9413:Laboratory and Field Investigations in Marine Life
7873:The International Journal of Developmental Biology
7309:"An updated classification of the phylum Nemertea"
7091:
7089:
7087:
5416:
3258:during cell division, while many protostomes (the
2098:algae. Its likely origin is from sponges based on
2045:
2013:
1981:
1949:
1918:
1254:where the predator feeds on another organism, its
609:divided the animal kingdom into the multicellular
12309:
11660:
11011:
11009:
6680:
6678:
6676:
6674:
6017:
5678:
5655:Ecology: Individuals, populations and communities
5600:Geomorphology and environmental impact assessment
5388:
5378:. Encyclopedia Americana Corp. 1918. p. 281.
5303:
4809:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
3242:The bilaterian gut develops in two ways. In many
2237:period (from 1 gya) may indicate the presence of
17331:
15958:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
11802:. University of New Hampshire Press. p. 9.
11534:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 214–215.
11509:. Princeton University Press. pp. 230–231.
10813:
10648:Fröbius, Andreas C.; Funch, Peter (April 2017).
10144:
9284:
9282:
9232:Erives, Albert; Fritzsch, Bernd (17 July 2019).
9045:
8852:
8553:
8237:
7573:
7281:. JMBA Global Marine Environment. pp. 4–5.
6778:. Texas A&M University Press. p. 1111.
6672:
6670:
6668:
6666:
6664:
6662:
6660:
6658:
6656:
6654:
6365:
6127:(21 November 2005). "Getting a Leg Up on Land".
5730:Simpson, Alastair G.B; Roger, Andrew J. (2004).
4210:
3217:
2113:The first body fossils of animals appear in the
2086:Evidence of animals is found as long ago as the
1538:) is no more than 8.5 μm when fully grown.
445:, and the study of animal behaviors is known as
15105:
11054:Anthropogeny or the Development story of Humans
10542:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
10535:
10350:"Hemichordate genomes and deuterostome origins"
9668:
9666:
9565:. Holt-Saunders International. pp. 84–85.
8899:
8775:
8423:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
7300:
7209:Reproduction and Development in Platyhelminthes
7084:
6175:; Schwartz, Karlene V.; Dolan, Michael (1999).
5966:Garrett, Reginald; Grisham, Charles M. (2010).
5101:Cracking the AP Biology Exam, 2004–2005 Edition
3539:led the creation of a modern classification of
1004:Asexual reproduction § Examples in animals
993:
90:
26:"Animalia" redirects here. For other uses, see
12149:Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things
11224:
11006:
10871:. Harvard University Press. pp. 130–134.
10601:
10599:
10148:Animal Evolution – Genomes, Fossils, and Trees
9704:
9702:
9700:
9676:Perspectives in Animal Phylogeny and Evolution
9231:
9082:
9080:
8058:
5965:
5597:
5166:
3929:are based on animals. In China and Japan, the
1082:during sexual reproduction generally leads to
1015:is nearly universal in animals, such as these
441:. The scientific study of animals is known as
390:, and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the
16447:
15657:
15232:
13942:
12656:
12501:Read, Kay Almere; Gonzalez, Jason J. (2000).
12494:
12207:, 2nd edition. Volume 3, Insects. Gale, 2003.
11816:
11131:
11129:
11056:] (in German). W. Engelmann. p. 202.
11022:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 7–8.
10857:
10855:
10475:
9847:
9415:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 67.
9279:
9260:
9039:
8846:
8704:
8003:
7863:
7421:Gold, David; et al. (22 February 2016).
7133:. Oxford University Press. pp. 281–282.
6767:
6765:
6763:
6761:
6722:
6720:
6718:
6716:
6714:
6712:
6710:
6708:
6651:
6626:
6624:
6622:
6620:
6618:
6616:
6614:
6612:
6610:
6608:
6562:
6560:
6558:
6556:
6554:
5850:
4255:
3846:to help chase down and retrieve animals, and
515:have an uncertain position within Bilateria.
13956:
12500:
12350:Son of the 100 Best Movies You've Never Seen
12315:
10766:
10647:
10505:Miller, Stephen A.; Harley, John P. (2006).
10504:
10322:
9985:
9910:
9663:
8651:
8478:"Raising the Standard in Fossil Calibration"
8170:"Single-celled giant upends early evolution"
8161:
7707:
7348:
7126:
7010:
7008:
7006:
7004:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6546:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6538:
6536:
6534:
5729:
5652:Begon, M.; Townsend, C.; Harper, J. (1996).
5573:"Concepts of Biology: How Animals Reproduce"
5410:
4883:
4846:
4801:
3513:
3108:Symmetry (biology) § Bilateral symmetry
2106:origin, while analyses of sponges recover a
1359:and fuel other biological processes such as
1170:(further divided into subcategories such as
17010:Reverse transcriptase-related cellular gene
14821:
13043:
12340:
12172:
12106:
11265:"Shellfish climbs up the popularity ladder"
11200:"World Review of Fisheries and Aquaculture"
11098:
11096:
10596:
10151:. Oxford University Press. pp. 33–40.
10138:
9697:
9077:
8986:
8944:
8645:
8206:. In Kowalewski, M.; Kelley, P. H. (eds.).
8022:
6291:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats
5998:
5915:
5455:
4711:
4313:
4311:
4309:
3850:to catch birds and mammals, while tethered
3798:have been made from the bodies of insects.
3224:Embryological origins of the mouth and anus
3191:have extremely simplified body structures.
625:, which are effective at demonstrating the
16454:
16440:
15664:
15650:
15239:
15225:
13949:
13935:
13017:
12663:
12649:
12569:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
11319:
11237:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
11126:
10898:The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Science
10852:
10529:
9538:Modern Text Book of Zoology: Invertebrates
9513:The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 16
9486:. University of California Press. p.
8316:
8201:"Origins and early evolution of predation"
8004:Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B. (2005).
7306:
7246:. Cambridge University Press. p. 44.
7201:
7199:
7096:Reaka-Kudla, Marjorie L.; Wilson, Don E.;
7017:"The Number of Living Species of Molluscs"
6772:Felder, Darryl L.; Camp, David K. (2009).
6771:
6758:
6705:
6605:
6195:
6003:(7th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 376.
5821:
5713:Antipredator Defenses in Birds and Mammals
5598:Marchetti, Mauro; Rivas, Victoria (2001).
4964:Barron's EZ-101 Study Keys Series: Biology
4543:"The use of non-human animals in research"
4160:File:Annelid redone w white background.svg
3731:for food. A smaller number of species are
3431:, and smaller groups of phyla such as the
1481:is the largest animal that has ever lived.
1123:, where fertile eggs are produced without
1059:with a digestive chamber and two separate
14199:
13210:
12138:
12136:
11979:The Humane Society of the United States.
11789:
11548:
11532:The Cambridge History of Western Textiles
11523:
11248:
11015:
10915:
10901:. Bloomsbury. pp. 111–119, 270–271.
10790:
10722:
10681:
10624:
10579:
10561:
10448:BioInquiry: making connections in biology
10383:
10323:Tobin, Allan J.; Dusheck, Jennie (2005).
10096:
10086:
10060:
9937:
9893:
9830:
9777:
9638:
9387:
9322:
9245:
9216:
9171:
9161:
9120:
9022:
8980:
8866:
8730:
8687:
8677:
8628:
8579:
8530:
8520:
8453:
8443:
8385:
8336:
8310:
8243:
8136:
8104:
7980:
7739:
7690:
7607:
7456:
7446:
7373:
7324:
7032:
7001:
6942:
6918:
6901:
6852:
6842:
6584:
6531:
6514:
6488:
6393:
6230:
6100:
6049:
5999:Castro, Peter; Huber, Michael E. (2007).
5755:
5723:
5502:
4911:
4901:
4829:
4680:
4518:
4508:
4407:
4317:
2294:, an Ediacaran predator (c. 560 mya)
1071:. In most cases, a third germ layer, the
605:expanded into 14 phyla by 1809. In 1874,
572:that lived about 650 Mya during the
522:period and diversified in the subsequent
14104:
13077:
13001:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
12949:
12473:
12249:
11799:The Devil's Cormorant: A Natural History
11464:Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy
11437:The Mail (Adelaide, SA : 1912–1954)
11352:"Ancient fabrics, high-tech geotextiles"
11230:
11093:
11066:
10939: ed.). Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii).
10921:
10188:. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 767.
9751:
9515:. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 523.
8825:
8756:. 1 May 2012. p. 38. Archived from
8412:; Lahr, Daniel J. G.; Knoll, Andrew H.;
8198:
7127:Burton, Derek; Burton, Margaret (2017).
6818:
6246:
6165:
5266:
5235:
5097:
4928:
4306:
3943:
3829:
3761:molluscs are hunted or farmed for food.
3703:
3531:
3415:
3334:
3274:, through invagination of the endoderm.
3237:
3111:
3038:
2989:, consisting of Chordata + Protostomia.
2233:such as tracks and burrows found in the
1472:
1379:consume organic matter produced through
1299:
1246:. In carnivorous or omnivorous species,
1138:
1007:
834:
467:. The vast majority belong to two large
16991:Retroelements not elsewhere classified
15689:
14089:
12907:
12802:
12670:
12557:Studien zum indogermanischen Wortschatz
12411:. Jerusalem: Israel Museum. p. 8.
12406:
12372:
12370:
12014:United States Department of Agriculture
11165:
11042:
10406:
9812:
9757:
9672:
9261:Bhamrah, H. S.; Juneja, Kavita (2003).
8710:
8317:Budd, Graham E.; Jensen, Sören (2017).
7400:(8th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
7205:
7196:
6424:
6283:
6281:
6279:
5786:
5645:
5343:
5167:Hillmer, Gero; Lehmann, Ulrich (1983).
5139:. Cengage Learning. pp. 362, 365.
5029:
4961:
4884:Mentel, Marek; Martin, William (2010).
4768:
4738:
4261:
4219:Phylonyms: A Companion to the PhyloCode
4062:are the subjects of myths and worship.
3669:in 1857, and the comparative anatomist
3350:and is expanding its wings. Like other
1430:started to move on to land in the late
1038:and the larger, non-motile gametes are
974:—animal bodies are differentiated into
585:into those with blood and those without
475:, which includes organisms such as the
17332:
15917:
15246:
15207:denotes groups with over 1,000 species
12995:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
12965:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
12554:
12431:
12409:Scarabs, A Reflection of Ancient Egypt
12346:
12250:Paterson, Jennifer (29 October 2013).
12210:
12179:Encyclopedia of Diderot and d'Alembert
12133:
12112:
12068:
11848:
11744:
11504:
10987:
10266:
10237:
9708:
9560:
9535:
9454:
9435:
9410:
8950:
8940:from the original on 26 February 2018.
8711:Giribet, Gonzalo (27 September 2016).
8279:
8251:. Berlin: Springer. pp. 176–177.
8167:
7797:Geological Society of America Bulletin
7630:
7243:Parasite Diversity and Diversification
6726:
6634:Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment
6314:
6201:
5856:
5803:from the original on 30 September 2017
5789:"Predation, Herbivory, and Parasitism"
5333:. Williams & Wilkins. p. 330.
5208:Encyclopedia of reproduction, Volume 1
5204:
5066:
4877:
4852:
4726:from the original on 20 September 2007
2158:. Extant phyla in these rocks include
2146:Many animal phyla first appear in the
2075:
1281:use multiple methods; for example, in
17064:
17063:
16435:
15645:
15220:
13930:
12936:
12644:
12458:
12440:from the original on 22 November 2016
12216:
12142:
12041:
11879:. Keeping Insects. 18 February 2011.
11857:from the original on 12 February 2011
11694:"Vaccines and animal cell technology"
11592:. Animal Health Trust. Archived from
11529:
11250:10.1146/annurev-environ-012420-050035
10891:
10861:
10745:
10183:
9540:. Rastogi Publications. p. 184.
9510:
9046:Giribet, G.; Edgecombe, G.D. (2020).
7925:from the original on 16 February 2018
7845:from the original on 3 September 2014
7273:
7167:
7072:from the original on 21 February 2022
7014:
6974:
6924:
6684:
6566:
6461:
6211:International Journal of Astrobiology
6204:"The thermal limits to life on Earth"
6123:
5940:
5658:(Third ed.). Blackwell Science.
5496:
5308:. Saunders College Pub. p. 467.
5132:
5011:from the original on 23 December 2016
4943:from the original on 21 November 2007
4686:
4410:The Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins
3862:have been used to poison the tips of
3827:or other molecules of animal origin.
3317:. The deuterostomes also include the
3289:. The chordates are dominated by the
3139:, which have a bilaterally symmetric
2574:
2335:
915:into specialised tissues and organs.
17317:0EA9A33B-6B31-4551-B4E2-A772AAF96231
17268:f38e12bf-0be7-4f13-b739-e2bc1b763ae0
17196:dada6f44-b7b5-4c0a-9f32-980f54b02c36
13266:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
12519:
12367:
12219:"The top 10 animal portraits in art"
11795:
11554:
10943:from the original on 10 October 2008
10536:Shankland, M.; Seaver, E.C. (2000).
10291:
10208:
10165:from the original on 28 October 2018
9459:. Mittal Publications. p. 106.
8877:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2001.003003170.x
8225:from the original on 30 October 2019
8168:Reilly, Michael (20 November 2008).
7479:
7420:
7307:Chernyshev, A. V. (September 2021).
6443:from the original on 19 October 2021
6427:"Society of Vertebrate Paleontology"
6353:from the original on 31 January 2018
6287:
6276:
6264:from the original on 6 November 2018
5945:. Rastogi Publications. p. 26.
5918:Understanding Science: Upper Primary
5707:
5622:
5602:. Taylor & Francis. p. 84.
4865:from the original on 10 January 2022
4853:Andrew, Scottie (26 February 2020).
4717:
4690:Biology: Investigating Life on Earth
911:that is unique to animals, allowing
811:is derived from Ancient Greek μετα (
16943:Integrative and conjugative element
12316:Warren, Bill; Thomas, Bill (2009).
12185:from the original on 11 August 2016
12173:De Jaucourt, Louis (January 2011).
12097:
11904:"So, you think you want a reptile?"
11830:from the original on 10 August 2011
11674:from the original on 6 October 2017
11212:from the original on 28 August 2015
10271:. Infobase Publishing. p. 64.
9457:Continuity And Evolution Of Animals
7732:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.03.030
6693:from the original on 10 August 2018
6567:Zhang, Zhi-Qiang (30 August 2013).
6242:from the original on 24 April 2019.
5732:"The real 'kingdoms' of eukaryotes"
4774:
3815:. Animals have been used to create
3688:
1542:Numbers and habitats of major phyla
1534:, and one of the smallest species (
417:, of which around 1.05 million are
13:
13300:
13106:
12863:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
12474:Grainger, Richard (24 June 2012).
12432:Biswas, Soutik (15 October 2015).
12205:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
12100:The Handbook of Chinese Horoscopes
12056:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb00906.x
11956:"Animals in Healthcare Facilities"
11901:
11295:"Breeds of Cattle at Cattle Today"
11233:"The State of the World's Insects"
11231:Eggleton, Paul (17 October 2020).
11071:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
10211:Zoology: An Inside View of Animals
9973:from the original on 24 April 2019
9739:from the original on 24 April 2019
9593:from the original on 25 March 2018
9265:. Anmol Publications. p. 58.
8560:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
8212:The Paleontological Society Papers
8180:from the original on 29 March 2013
7106:. Joseph Henry Press. p. 90.
6944:10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043348
6593:from the original on 24 April 2019
6327:from the original on 19 March 2018
6151:10.1038/scientificamerican1205-100
5836:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1986.tb00660.x
5570:
4464:English Oxford Living Dictionaries
3443:. All of these are grouped as the
1266:imposed on one another lead to an
1034:; the smaller, motile gametes are
1000:Sexual reproduction § Animals
843:(1) develop into a hollow ball or
830:
815:) 'after' (in biology, the prefix
86:
14:
17371:
17000:Diversity-generating retroelement
12581:
12388:from the original on 14 June 2016
12270:from the original on 14 June 2016
11987:from the original on 7 April 2012
11700:from the original on 13 July 2016
11443:from the original on 30 July 2022
11413:from the original on 13 July 2016
11387:from the original on 6 March 2018
11326:Food and Agriculture Organization
11301:from the original on 15 July 2011
11147:from the original on 15 July 2016
11108:Food and Agriculture Organization
10969:from the original on 28 July 2013
10327:. Cengage Learning. p. 497.
10061:Valentine, James W. (July 1997).
10042:from the original on 30 July 2022
9794:from the original on 17 June 2020
8488:from the original on 7 March 2018
7891:from the original on 16 July 2018
7776:from the original on 2 April 2022
7720:Free Radical Biology and Medicine
7288:from the original on 2 March 2018
6733:Evolutionary Ecology of Parasites
6470:from the original on 1 March 2018
5579:from the original on 6 March 2018
5464:Molecular Genetics of Development
5347:Development of vertebrate anatomy
4934:
4645:from the original on 30 July 2022
4585:from the original on 12 June 2018
4575:"Nonhuman definition and meaning"
4555:from the original on 12 June 2018
3984:. Major animal paintings include
3811:serve a major role in science as
3693:
3162:, the development of a head with
1164:how they consume organic material
17005:Telomerase reverse transcriptase
16577:Microbes with highly unusual DNA
15626:
15625:
13907:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
12599:
12587:
12548:
12513:
12467:
12452:
12425:
12400:
12243:
12231:from the original on 18 May 2016
12217:Jones, Jonathan (27 June 2014).
12197:
12166:
12091:
12062:
12035:
11999:
11972:
11948:
11936:from the original on 7 July 2016
11922:
11910:from the original on 3 July 2016
11895:
11883:from the original on 7 July 2016
11869:
11842:
11777:from the original on 29 May 2016
11763:
11738:
11726:from the original on 4 June 2016
11722:. National Institute of Health.
11712:
11686:
11648:from the original on 1 July 2016
11634:
11622:from the original on 8 June 2016
11608:
11582:
11498:
11455:
11425:
11399:
11370:
11354:. Natural Fibres. Archived from
11344:
11313:
11287:
11257:
11192:
11159:
11114:from the original on 19 May 2009
11060:
11036:
10981:
10955:
10885:
10807:
10739:
10698:
10641:
10498:
10469:
10438:
10400:
10341:
10316:
10285:
10260:
10231:
10202:
10177:
10113:
10054:
9605:
9579:
9554:
9529:
9504:
9473:
9448:
9429:
9404:
9347:
9254:
9225:
9188:
9137:
8819:
8739:
8615:(2). The Royal Society: 200359.
8547:
8500:
8470:
8402:
8353:
8273:
7997:
7857:
7831:
7788:
7055:
6925:Stork, Nigel E. (January 2018).
6806:from the original on 1 July 2018
5396:. WCB McGraw-Hill. p. 156.
4615:from the original on 6 July 2022
4442:The American Heritage Dictionary
4276:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2008.00231.x
4186:
4165:
4152:
4082:Lists of organisms by population
3916:
3458:The Lophotrochozoa includes the
3447:, which has a sister group, the
3034:
3011:. A competing hypothesis is the
2896:
2875:
2836:
2816:
2776:
2745:
2724:
2694:
2674:
2518:
2498:
2468:
2438:
2418:
2388:
2299:
2282:
2261:
2039:
2007:
1975:
1943:
1912:
1879:
1840:
1806:
1770:
1728:
1686:
1648:
1600:
564:485.4 Mya. 6,331 groups of
370:). With few exceptions, animals
331:
118:
50:
17242:Lygaeoidea Species File (new):
11981:"U.S. Pet Ownership Statistics"
11561:. CRC Press. pp. 248–250.
11332:from the original on 6 May 2016
11320:Lukefahr, S. D.; Cheeke, P. R.
10711:Molecular Biology and Evolution
10613:Molecular Biology and Evolution
10298:. Infobase Publishing. p.
9813:Telford, Maximilian J. (2008).
9765:Journal of Experimental Biology
8968:from the original on 4 May 2018
8785:Development Genes and Evolution
7756:
7634:Evolution!: facts and fallacies
7624:
7567:
7516:
7473:
7414:
7267:
7233:
7161:
7120:
7049:
6968:
6869:
6792:
6482:
6455:
6418:
6339:
6308:
6117:
6066:
5992:
5959:
5934:
5909:
5815:
5780:
5701:
5672:
5616:
5591:
5564:
5539:
5382:
5368:
5337:
5322:
5297:
5260:
5229:
5198:
5160:
5126:
5091:
5060:
5023:
4980:
4955:
4795:
4627:
4597:
4567:
4535:
4139:
4114:
4100:
3838:retrieving a duck during a hunt
3653:to group the animals into four
3524:History of zoology through 1859
2209:, catching small prey with its
2117:, represented by forms such as
982:, which enable locomotion, and
591:created the first hierarchical
16928:Defective interfering particle
14686:
14682:
14442:
14438:
13094:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
12559:. Innsbruck. pp. 101–154.
12264:10.1093/obo/9780199791286-0044
12116:A History of Western Astrology
12007:"U.S. Rabbit Industry profile"
11670:. Speaking of Research. 2013.
11558:Encyclopedia of Animal Science
11271:. January 2002. Archived from
11075:(2nd ed.). Gale. p.
10988:De Wit, Hendrik C. D. (1994).
10817:Journal of Molecular Evolution
9360:Nature Ecology & Evolution
8208:The fossil record of predation
7953:Nature Ecology & Evolution
6315:Davies, Ella (20 April 2016).
5920:. Blake Education. p. 9.
5787:Stevens, Alison N. P. (2010).
5685:University of California Press
4482:
4452:
4401:
4358:
4351:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
4338:
3805:Animals such as the fruit fly
3015:clade, which would consist of
2617:
643:many other animal species for
569:
552:, which began around 539
1:
16916:Clonally transmissible cancer
12937:
11824:"AmphibiaWeb – Dendrobatidae"
11433:"How Shellac Is Manufactured"
10868:The Lying Stones of Marrakech
10750:UCMP Berkeley. Archived from
9049:The Invertebrate Tree of Life
7212:. CRC Press. pp. 13–14.
7170:Biodiversity and Conservation
6495:Journal of Parasitic Diseases
5472:10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60012-7
5267:Hamilton, Matthew B. (2009).
4990:Molecular Biology of the Cell
4695:Jones & Bartlett Learning
4203:
3999:
3967:
3528:History of zoology since 1859
3218:Protostomes and deuterostomes
1252:consumer–resource interaction
819:stands for 'later') and ζῷᾰ (
595:for animals in 1758 with his
17350:Cryogenian first appearances
13706:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
11016:Valentine, James W. (2004).
10476:Schmid-Hempel, Paul (1998).
9832:10.1016/j.devcel.2008.03.016
9673:Minelli, Alessandro (2009).
9436:Jessop, Nancy Meyer (1970).
6844:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127
6489:Kaur, H.; Singh, R. (2011).
6466:. Tree of Life Web Project.
6462:Fiala, Ivan (10 July 2008).
6404:10.1080/08912960410001715132
5974:. Cengage Learning. p.
5943:Genetics Classical To Modern
5879:10.1126/science.239.4838.393
5525:10.1016/0169-5347(96)10028-8
5392:; Stoffolano, J. G. (1998).
3390:or horsehair worms, and the
3324:
3097:
2597:, have body plans that lack
2581:The most basal animals, the
2324:
1453:
1097:Some animals are capable of
1080:mating with a close relative
994:Reproduction and development
918:
883:, but some animals, such as
823:) 'animals', plural of ζῷον
782:
7:
17355:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
16469:, and comparable structures
13763:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
13503:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
13318:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
13229:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
13118:Loricifera (corset animals)
12463:. Brill Archive. p. 9.
12252:"Animals in Film and Media"
11104:"Fisheries and Aquaculture"
10478:Parasites in social insects
9758:Quillin, K. J. (May 1998).
9263:An Introduction to Porifera
8747:"Evolution and Development"
8482:Fossil Calibration Database
8216:The Paleontological Society
8090:10.1126/science.282.5386.80
7631:Schopf, J. William (1999).
7362:Frontiers in Marine Science
7326:10.15298/invertzool.18.3.01
6931:Annual Review of Entomology
5916:Clutterbuck, Peter (2000).
5717:University of Chicago Press
5173:. Translated by J. Lettau.
4264:Evolution & Development
4065:
3405:
3214:than to other bilaterians.
2348:, with which they form the
2291:Auroralumina attenboroughii
2198:Auroralumina attenboroughii
1812:
865:produce their own nutrients
540:period at the start of the
536:has been dated back to the
10:
17376:
13653:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
13399:Annelida (segmented worms)
13224:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
13140:Onychophora (velvet worms)
12353:. ECW Press. p. 200.
11067:Hutchins, Michael (2003).
10674:10.1038/s41467-017-00020-w
10482:Princeton University Press
9587:"Introduction to Placozoa"
9561:Barnes, Robert D. (1982).
9438:Biosphere; a study of life
9315:10.1038/s41586-023-05936-6
9209:10.1038/s41586-023-05936-6
9054:Princeton University Press
9015:10.1038/s41467-018-04136-5
7973:10.1038/s41559-022-01807-x
7764:"Stratigraphic Chart 2022"
7637:. Academic Press. p.
7015:Nicol, David (June 1969).
6738:Princeton University Press
6349:. Guinness World Records.
5793:Nature Education Knowledge
5719:. pp. 1–6 and passim.
5211:. Academic Press. p.
5175:Cambridge University Press
4579:Collins English Dictionary
4412:(2nd ed.). New York:
3697:
3517:
3409:
3328:
3227:
3221:
3101:
2605:, which are important for
2328:
2079:
1462:
1134:
997:
913:cells to be differentiated
791:comes from the Latin noun
25:
18:
17072:
16891:
16865:
16832:
16688:
16674:
16667:
16614:
16597:
16590:
16558:
16523:
16481:
16474:
16407:
16225:
16142:
16094:
15979:
15970:
15913:
15685:
15681:
15676:phyla/divisions by domain
15621:
15534:
15493:
15484:
15441:
15363:
15305:
15255:
15183:
15151:
15128:
15055:
15024:
14984:
14955:
14935:
14926:
14914:
14910:
14755:
14746:
14717:
14702:
14693:
14680:
14676:
14609:
14581:
14566:
14557:
14516:
14495:
14486:
14449:
14436:
14432:
14419:
14406:
14402:
14379:
14359:
14355:
14351:
14297:
14284:
14275:
14242:
14229:
14195:
14184:
14166:
14153:
14100:
14085:
14081:
13965:
13903:
13701:Asterozoans inc. starfish
13603:
13596:
13547:
13498:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
13488:
13479:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
13463:
13454:
13439:
13430:
13415:
13408:
13384:
13373:
13332:
13324:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
13307:
13296:
13285:
13237:
13219:
13206:
13195:
13148:
13135:
13126:
13113:
13102:
13070:
13053:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
13039:
13028:
13013:
12989:
12980:
12960:
12945:
12932:
12897:
12872:
12848:
12833:
12825:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
12813:
12798:
12682:
12295:. Springer. p. 147.
11796:King, Richard J. (2013).
11505:Barber, E. J. W. (1991).
11377:"Cochineal and Carmine".
11166:Helfman, Gene S. (2007).
10965:. Reverso Dictionnnaire.
10792:10.1080/10635159950127385
10418:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
10295:Encyclopedia of evolution
10292:Rice, Stanley A. (2007).
10240:Biology Coloring Workbook
9948:10.1007/s12064-007-0007-7
9411:Sumich, James L. (2008).
9380:10.1038/s41559-017-0331-3
9163:10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.008
8855:Evolution and Development
8797:10.1007/s00427-004-0390-8
8138:10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.028
7375:10.3389/fmars.2022.906383
7080:– via ResearchGate.
6637:. Springer. p. 628.
6586:10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.3
6507:10.1007/s12639-011-0061-4
6232:10.1017/S1473550413000438
6051:10.1016/j.cub.2013.01.026
5757:10.1016/j.cub.2004.08.038
5623:Levy, Charles K. (1973).
5394:The science of entomology
5067:Becker, Wayne M. (1991).
4687:Avila, Vernon L. (1995).
4408:Cresswell, Julia (2010).
4036:cow is sacred in Hinduism
3982:cave paintings at Lascaux
3514:History of classification
3346:has emerged from its dry
3268:schizocoelous development
3003:, has been proposed as a
2995:, a clade which contains
2890:
2870:
2863:
2831:
2811:
2804:
2794:
2771:
2764:
2739:
2719:
2712:
2689:
2669:
2662:
2644:proteins involved in the
2516:
2496:
2486:
2463:
2456:
2433:
2413:
2406:
2382:
2375:
2213:as modern cnidarians do.
2066:
1262:to avoid being fed upon.
1260:anti-predator adaptations
1166:. Such groupings include
1154:), feed on other animals.
1092:avoiding close inbreeding
593:biological classification
456:, a highly proliferative
270:
263:
231:
226:
115:Scientific classification
113:
85:
37:
28:Animalia (disambiguation)
16933:Endogenous viral element
14412:
14408:
13259:Rotifera (wheel animals)
13058:Priapulida (penis worms)
12459:van Gulik, Robert Hans.
12407:Ben-Tor, Daphna (1989).
12347:Crouse, Richard (2008).
12069:Hummel, Richard (1994).
12044:Journal of Social Issues
11853:. Animal Diversity Web.
11745:Fergus, Charles (2002).
11642:"Animal Experimentation"
11618:. Animal Research.info.
11555:Pond, Wilson G. (2004).
11174:. Island Press. p.
10746:Speer, Brian R. (2000).
10184:Safra, Jacob E. (2003).
9511:Safra, Jacob E. (2003).
6258:British Antarctic Survey
5344:Philips, Joy B. (1975).
5030:Sangwal, Keshra (2007).
4962:Minkoff, Eli C. (2008).
4510:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00625
4332:10.1002/fedr.19510540208
4093:
3614:, who called the Vermes
3612:Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
3537:Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
1438:and microhabitats, with
1367:animals living close to
1234:between animals of each
425:, and around 65,000 are
372:consume organic material
16:Kingdom of living things
15886:Thermodesulfobacteriota
13473:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
13445:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
13166:Tardigrada (waterbears)
13159:Arthropoda (arthropods)
12534:10.1163/156852700511612
12507:Oxford University Press
12478:. Alert. Archived from
12324:McFarland & Company
12113:Tester, S. Jim (1987).
11773:. The Falconry Centre.
10238:Alcamo, Edward (1998).
10088:10.1073/pnas.94.15.8001
9779:10.1242/jeb.201.12.1871
9681:Oxford University Press
8445:10.1073/pnas.1110633108
7692:10.1126/science.aat7228
7545:10.1126/science.1150279
7448:10.1073/pnas.1512614113
7206:Pandian, T. J. (2020).
7182:10.1023/A:1008994925673
6981:Crustacea: Malacostraca
6975:Poore, Hugh F. (2002).
6425:Curtice, Brian (2020).
6202:Clarke, Andrew (2014).
5629:Appleton-Century-Crofts
5420:Nature Reviews Genetics
5236:Schwartz, Jill (2010).
4720:"Animal Cell Structure"
4496:Frontiers in Psychology
4414:Oxford University Press
4089:, observed on 4 October
4038:. Among other mammals,
3904:individuals with rights
3808:Drosophila melanogaster
3665:in 1828, the zoologist
2308:Anomalocaris canadensis
1458:
699:animal, have been used
623:molecular phylogenetics
617:with Animalia) and the
21:Animal (disambiguation)
13648:Anthozoans inc. corals
13347:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
12631:'s database of animals
12629:University of Michigan
12503:Mesoamerican Mythology
12098:Lau, Theodora (2005).
11961:. 2012. Archived from
11019:On the Origin of Phyla
10563:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4434
10451:. John Wiley. p.
10209:Hyde, Kenneth (2004).
9455:Sharma, N. S. (2005).
9113:10.1126/sciadv.abe2741
8679:10.1126/sciadv.abc5162
8410:Parfrey, Laura Wegener
8378:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233
7600:10.1126/sciadv.aao6691
7152:; 4 genera, 9spp. and
6894:10.1098/rstb.2015.0333
5550:. Wiley. p. 116.
5242:. Peterson's. p.
5205:Knobil, Ernst (1998).
5098:Magloire, Kim (2004).
4903:10.1186/1741-7007-8-32
4822:10.1098/rstb.2002.1188
3976:Animals have been the
3973:
3878:, and birds including
3839:
3716:
3621:Philosophie Zoologique
3576:classification in his
3544:
3424:
3359:
3251:
3129:
3044:
2646:control of development
2360:) the lineages split.
2092:24-Isopropylcholestane
1482:
1308:
1268:evolutionary arms race
1155:
1152:Ficedula superciliaris
1148:ultramarine flycatcher
1078:Repeated instances of
1020:
848:
798:
792:
629:relationships between
108:
17276:Paleobiology Database
16114:Neocallimastigomycota
13778:Hexapods inc. insects
13088:Nematoda (roundworms)
12256:Oxford Bibliographies
11771:"History of Falconry"
11720:"Medicines by Design"
11476:10.1081/ddc-120024188
10724:10.1093/molbev/msi111
10654:Nature Communications
10626:10.1093/molbev/msu143
10269:The First Vertebrates
10267:Holmes, Thom (2008).
9536:Kotpal, R.L. (2012).
9001:(1730 (2018)): 1730.
8994:Nature Communications
8249:Trace fossil analysis
8199:Bengtson, S. (2002).
7062:Herpetological Review
6288:Wood, Gerald (1983).
5941:Gupta, P. K. (1900).
5177:Archive. p. 54.
5133:Starr, Cecie (2007).
5070:The world of the cell
4937:"Concepts of Biology"
4718:Davidson, Michael W.
4231:10.1201/9780429446276
3947:
3933:has been seen as the
3833:
3723:livestock species in
3707:
3535:
3518:Further information:
3451:, which includes the
3423:in a sea snail embryo
3419:
3356:divided into segments
3338:
3272:enterocoelic pouching
3241:
3222:Further information:
3115:
3042:
2638:transcription factors
2622:650 million years ago
2607:body plan development
2352:. The dates on the
2329:Further information:
2141:anaerobic respiration
2080:Further information:
1499:African bush elephant
1491:Balaenoptera musculus
1476:
1463:Further information:
1327:(collectively called
1311:Most animals rely on
1303:
1291:hawksbill sea turtles
1186:(subcategorized into
1142:
1084:inbreeding depression
1042:. These fuse to form
1011:
909:embryonic development
838:
743:, having appeared in
603:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
462:bilaterally symmetric
460:whose members have a
396:embryonic development
107:
17191:Fauna Europaea (new)
17032:Transposable element
17022:Spiegelman's Monster
15779:Coprothermobacterota
15506:Evolutionary history
12971:Chordata (chordates)
12625:Animal Diversity Web
12618:12 June 2011 at the
12612:Tree of Life Project
12596:at Wikimedia Commons
12482:on 23 September 2016
11507:Prehistoric Textiles
11439:. 18 December 1937.
11297:. Cattle-today.com.
10244:The Princeton Review
9722:. pp. 345–372.
9563:Invertebrate Zoology
9156:(24): 3864–3870.e4.
8840:10.1093/icb/41.3.608
8218:. pp. 289–317.
7919:Royal Ontario Museum
7865:Conway-Morris, Simon
7803:(11–12): 1731–1774.
7313:Invertebrate Zoology
6685:Hogenboom, Melissa.
5575:. OpenStax College.
5170:Fossil Invertebrates
5106:The Princeton Review
4673:30 July 2022 at the
4662:30 July 2022 at the
3923:signs of the Western
3297:), which consist of
3250:it becomes the anus.
3172:hydrostatic skeleton
3149:form distinct organs
3143:. The Bilateria are
1258:, who often evolves
1099:asexual reproduction
1046:, which develop via
925:extracellular matrix
859:. Unlike plants and
562:Ordovician radiation
499:, which include the
19:For other uses, see
17360:Biology terminology
15443:Natural environment
15084:Gunflint microbiota
14845:Klebsormidiophyceae
14629:Hyphochytriomycetes
13421:Mollusca (molluscs)
12906:of the animal root
12509:. pp. 132–134.
11849:Heying, H. (2003).
11749:. The Lyons Press.
11596:on 12 December 2017
11590:"Genetics Research"
10893:Leroi, Armand Marie
10830:1996JMolE..43..207K
10666:2017NatCo...8....9F
10554:2000PNAS...97.4434S
10376:10.1038/nature16150
10368:2015Natur.527..459S
10079:1997PNAS...94.8001V
10020:10.1038/nature16520
10012:2016Natur.530...89C
9886:10.1038/nature09676
9878:2011Natur.470..255P
9640:10.1038/nature07191
9631:2008Natur.454..955S
9372:2017NatEE...1.1737W
9307:2023Natur.618..110S
9105:2021SciA....7.2741K
9007:2018NatCo...9.1730P
8670:2020SciA....6.5162K
8621:10.1098/rsob.200359
8522:10.7554/eLife.36278
8515:. 2018, 7: e36278.
8436:2011PNAS..10813624P
8430:(33): 13624–13629.
8372:(1496): 1435–1443.
8296:1995Geo....23..269B
8129:2008CBio...18.1849M
8082:1998Sci...282...80S
8044:2010NatGe...3..653M
7965:2022NatEE...6.1095D
7809:2010GSAB..122.1731M
7683:2018Sci...361.1246B
7677:(6408): 1246–1249.
7592:2018SciA....4.6691C
7537:2008Sci...319...81S
7502:10.1038/nature07673
7494:2009Natur.457..718L
7439:2016PNAS..113.2684G
6386:2004HBio...16...71M
6223:2014IJAsB..13..141C
6143:2005SciAm.293f.100C
6130:Scientific American
6102:10.1038/nature04639
6093:2006Natur.440..757D
6042:2013CBio...23..392R
5871:1988Sci...239..393M
5748:2004CBio...14.R693S
5625:Elements of Biology
5517:1996TEcoE..11..201P
5390:Romoser, William S.
5271:Population genetics
5239:Master the GED 2011
5040:John Wiley and Sons
4775:Bergman, Jennifer.
4756:on 28 February 2018
4120:The application of
4108:Henneguya zschokkei
3964:Alexander Coosemans
3870:, reptiles such as
3813:experimental models
3735:. Humans and their
3733:farmed commercially
3729:caught commercially
3663:Karl Ernst von Baer
3659:zoophytes (radiata)
3651:comparative anatomy
3616:une espèce de chaos
3557:arranged on a scale
3435:which includes the
3067:, and corals), and
2270:Dickinsonia costata
2076:Evolutionary origin
1388:inorganic compounds
1307:mussels and shrimps
1264:Selective pressures
1013:Sexual reproduction
873:respire aerobically
17345:Kingdoms (biology)
16901:Bio-like structure
16823:Tolecusatellitidae
16109:Blastocladiomycota
14855:Coleochaetophyceae
14235:
14231:
14159:
14155:
13634:Calcareous sponges
12819:Porifera (sponges)
12023:on 20 October 2013
11616:"Drug Development"
11275:on 5 November 2012
10935:] (in Latin) (
10863:Gould, Stephen Jay
10838:10.1007/PL00006079
9819:Developmental Cell
9720:Sinauer Associates
8961:The New York Times
8828:American Zoologist
8416:(16 August 2011).
8324:Biological Reviews
7911:"The Tree of Life"
7274:Fontaneto, Diego.
7021:Systematic Zoology
6888:(1702): 20150333.
6802:. 24 August 2011.
6374:Historical Biology
6125:Clack, Jennifer A.
5824:Biological Reviews
4367:Biological Reviews
4354:. Merriam-Webster.
4192:The French prefix
4174:History of Animals
4022:Animals including
3974:
3856:used to catch fish
3840:
3717:
3700:Animals in culture
3572:created the first
3545:
3520:Taxonomy (biology)
3425:
3376:repeating segments
3360:
3252:
3130:
3126:peristaltic motion
3045:
2599:bilateral symmetry
2575:Internal phylogeny
2336:External phylogeny
2313:Cambrian explosion
2152:Cambrian explosion
2150:record during the
1565:Described species
1528:obligate parasites
1510:sauropod dinosaurs
1503:Loxodonta africana
1483:
1469:Smallest organisms
1369:hydrothermal vents
1309:
1287:feeding behaviours
1156:
1021:
875:. All animals are
849:
550:Cambrian explosion
421:, over 85,000 are
388:reproduce sexually
324:biological kingdom
109:
17327:
17326:
17066:Taxon identifiers
17057:
17056:
16887:
16886:
16861:
16860:
16857:
16856:
16795:Portogloboviridae
16697:Alphasatellitidae
16591:Non-cellular life
16586:
16585:
16467:non-cellular life
16429:
16428:
16425:
16424:
16403:
16402:
15966:
15965:
15909:
15908:
15901:Verrucomicrobiota
15639:
15638:
15617:
15616:
15290:chemical elements
15214:
15213:
15179:
15178:
15115:Spironematellidae
15096:Meteora sporadica
15051:
15050:
15047:
15046:
14980:
14979:
14906:
14905:
14902:
14901:
14898:
14897:
14894:
14893:
14890:
14889:
14886:
14885:
14882:
14881:
14878:
14877:
14806:Prasinodermophyta
14742:
14741:
14672:
14671:
14668:
14667:
14664:
14663:
14660:
14659:
14656:
14655:
14553:
14552:
14389:Centroplasthelida
14347:
14346:
14343:
14342:
14339:
14338:
14335:
14334:
14331:
14330:
14327:
14326:
14323:
14322:
14225:
14224:
14149:
14148:
13924:
13923:
13899:
13898:
13592:
13591:
13588:
13587:
13543:
13542:
13539:
13538:
13535:
13534:
13531:
13530:
13527:
13526:
13523:
13522:
13519:
13518:
13515:
13514:
13511:
13510:
13369:
13368:
13365:
13364:
13281:
13280:
13277:
13276:
13191:
13190:
13187:
13186:
13183:
13182:
13179:
13178:
13175:
13174:
13066:
13065:
13009:
13008:
12928:
12927:
12893:
12892:
12889:
12888:
12635:Wildscreen Arkive
12592:Media related to
12418:978-965-278-083-6
12360:978-1-55490-330-6
12333:978-1-4766-2505-8
12302:978-1-137-49639-3
12159:978-0-486-21901-1
12126:978-0-85115-446-6
12084:978-0-87972-646-1
12077:. Popular Press.
11902:Kaplan, Melissa.
11809:978-1-61168-225-0
11756:978-1-58574-618-7
11568:978-0-8247-5496-9
11541:978-0-521-34107-3
11516:978-0-691-00224-8
11185:978-1-59726-760-1
11086:978-0-7876-5777-2
11029:978-0-226-84548-7
10999:978-2-88074-264-5
10908:978-1-4088-3622-4
10878:978-0-674-06167-5
10754:on 16 August 2000
10522:978-0-07-063682-8
10491:978-0-691-05924-2
10462:978-0-471-20228-8
10431:978-0-618-61916-0
10362:(7579): 459–465.
10334:978-0-534-40653-0
10325:Asking about life
10309:978-0-8160-5515-9
10278:978-0-8160-5958-4
10253:978-0-679-77884-4
10224:978-0-7575-0997-1
10195:978-0-85229-961-6
10158:978-0-19-957030-0
10131:978-0-521-83762-0
10073:(15): 8001–8005.
9872:(7333): 255–258.
9772:(12): 1871–1883.
9729:978-1-60535-375-3
9690:978-0-19-856620-5
9625:(7207): 955–960.
9589:. UCMP Berkeley.
9572:978-0-03-056747-6
9547:978-81-7133-903-7
9522:978-0-85229-961-6
9497:978-0-520-22149-9
9466:978-81-8293-018-6
9422:978-0-7637-5730-4
9366:(11): 1737–1746.
9301:(7963): 110–117.
9272:978-81-261-0675-2
9063:978-0-6911-7025-1
8732:10.1111/zsc.12215
8718:Zoologica Scripta
8572:10.1111/jeu.12691
8338:10.1111/brv.12239
8258:978-3-540-47226-1
8032:Nature Geoscience
8015:978-0-8053-7171-0
7915:The Burgess Shale
7648:978-0-12-628860-5
7488:(7230): 718–721.
7433:(10): 2684–2689.
7407:978-1-260-08427-6
7253:978-1-107-03765-6
7219:978-1-000-05490-3
7176:(12): 1663–1681.
7140:978-0-19-878555-2
7113:978-0-309-52075-1
7098:Wilson, Edward O.
6994:978-0-643-06901-5
6785:978-1-60344-269-5
6751:978-0-691-12085-0
6644:978-1-4020-8259-7
6301:978-0-85112-235-9
6188:978-0-7637-0862-7
6087:(7085): 757–763.
6010:978-0-07-722124-9
5985:978-0-495-10935-8
5952:978-81-7133-896-2
5927:978-1-86509-170-9
5865:(4838): 393–395.
5694:978-0-520-24653-9
5665:978-0-86542-845-4
5638:978-0-390-55627-1
5609:978-90-5809-344-8
5557:978-0-471-48968-9
5505:Trends Ecol. Evol
5481:978-0-12-017624-3
5403:978-0-697-22848-2
5361:978-0-8016-3927-2
5350:. Mosby. p.
5315:978-0-03-062451-3
5290:978-1-4051-3277-0
5253:978-0-7689-2885-3
5222:978-0-12-227020-8
5184:978-0-521-27028-1
5146:978-0-495-38150-1
5119:978-0-375-76393-9
5084:978-0-8053-0870-9
5075:Benjamin Cummings
5053:978-0-470-06153-4
5004:978-0-8153-3218-3
4973:978-0-7641-3920-8
4783:on 29 August 2007
4746:"Palaeos:Metazoa"
4704:978-0-86720-942-6
4697:. pp. 767–.
4423:978-0-19-954793-7
4379:10.1111/brv.12090
4072:Animal coloration
3948:Artistic vision:
3860:Poison dart frogs
3842:People have used
3122:basis of the head
2977:
2976:
2963:
2962:
2949:
2948:
2934:
2933:
2925:
2924:
2910:
2909:
2849:
2848:
2571:
2570:
2561:
2560:
2551:
2550:
2542:
2541:
2532:
2531:
2493:Choanoflagellatea
2354:phylogenetic tree
2346:choanoflagellates
2219:Trezona Formation
2073:
2072:
1465:Largest organisms
1337:primary consumers
1335:. Herbivores, as
1305:Hydrothermal vent
554:million years ago
405:Over 1.5 million
398:. Animals form a
306:
305:
222:
17367:
17320:
17319:
17307:
17306:
17294:
17293:
17284:
17283:
17271:
17270:
17261:
17260:
17248:
17247:
17238:
17237:
17225:
17224:
17212:
17211:
17199:
17198:
17186:
17185:
17173:
17172:
17160:
17159:
17147:
17146:
17134:
17133:
17121:
17120:
17108:
17107:
17106:
17093:
17092:
17091:
17061:
17060:
16672:
16671:
16612:
16611:
16595:
16594:
16479:
16478:
16456:
16449:
16442:
16433:
16432:
16177:Anthocerotophyta
16056:Hemimastigophora
15977:
15976:
15948:Nitrososphaerota
15915:
15914:
15891:Thermomicrobiota
15831:Kiritimatiellota
15826:Ignavibacteriota
15791:Deferribacterota
15754:Campylobacterota
15739:Bdellovibrionota
15687:
15686:
15683:
15682:
15666:
15659:
15652:
15643:
15642:
15629:
15628:
15501:
15491:
15490:
15431:tropical cyclone
15381:
15241:
15234:
15227:
15218:
15217:
15161:Collodictyonidae
15107:Hemimastigophora
15103:
15102:
15062:
14933:
14932:
14924:
14923:
14920:
14912:
14911:
14861:Zygnematophyceae
14819:
14818:
14799:
14783:
14782:
14753:
14752:
14700:
14699:
14691:
14690:
14687:
14678:
14677:
14564:
14563:
14493:
14492:
14447:
14446:
14443:
14434:
14433:
14417:
14416:
14413:
14404:
14403:
14377:
14376:
14364:
14357:
14356:
14353:
14352:
14307:Choanoflagellata
14282:
14281:
14240:
14239:
14236:
14197:
14196:
14193:
14192:
14189:
14164:
14163:
14160:
14102:
14101:
14098:
14097:
14094:
14087:
14086:
14083:
14082:
13994:
13974:
13951:
13944:
13937:
13928:
13927:
13605:
13604:
13561:
13461:
13460:
13437:
13436:
13413:
13412:
13382:
13381:
13378:
13305:
13304:
13298:
13297:
13294:
13293:
13290:
13217:
13216:
13208:
13207:
13204:
13203:
13200:
13133:
13132:
13111:
13110:
13104:
13103:
13075:
13074:
13041:
13040:
13037:
13036:
13033:
13026:
13025:
13022:
13015:
13014:
12987:
12986:
12958:
12957:
12954:
12947:
12946:
12934:
12933:
12911:
12846:
12845:
12811:
12810:
12807:
12800:
12799:
12711:
12691:
12665:
12658:
12651:
12642:
12641:
12604:Data related to
12603:
12591:
12575:
12574:
12568:
12560:
12552:
12546:
12545:
12517:
12511:
12510:
12498:
12492:
12491:
12489:
12487:
12471:
12465:
12464:
12456:
12450:
12449:
12447:
12445:
12429:
12423:
12422:
12404:
12398:
12397:
12395:
12393:
12374:
12365:
12364:
12344:
12338:
12337:
12313:
12307:
12306:
12286:
12280:
12279:
12277:
12275:
12247:
12241:
12240:
12238:
12236:
12214:
12208:
12201:
12195:
12194:
12192:
12190:
12170:
12164:
12163:
12140:
12131:
12130:
12110:
12104:
12103:
12095:
12089:
12088:
12076:
12066:
12060:
12059:
12039:
12033:
12032:
12030:
12028:
12022:
12016:. Archived from
12011:
12003:
11997:
11996:
11994:
11992:
11976:
11970:
11969:
11968:on 4 March 2016.
11967:
11960:
11952:
11946:
11945:
11943:
11941:
11926:
11920:
11919:
11917:
11915:
11899:
11893:
11892:
11890:
11888:
11873:
11867:
11866:
11864:
11862:
11846:
11840:
11839:
11837:
11835:
11820:
11814:
11813:
11793:
11787:
11786:
11784:
11782:
11767:
11761:
11760:
11742:
11736:
11735:
11733:
11731:
11716:
11710:
11709:
11707:
11705:
11690:
11684:
11683:
11681:
11679:
11664:
11658:
11657:
11655:
11653:
11638:
11632:
11631:
11629:
11627:
11612:
11606:
11605:
11603:
11601:
11586:
11580:
11579:
11577:
11575:
11552:
11546:
11545:
11527:
11521:
11520:
11502:
11496:
11495:
11459:
11453:
11452:
11450:
11448:
11429:
11423:
11422:
11420:
11418:
11403:
11397:
11396:
11394:
11392:
11374:
11368:
11367:
11365:
11363:
11348:
11342:
11341:
11339:
11337:
11317:
11311:
11310:
11308:
11306:
11291:
11285:
11284:
11282:
11280:
11269:Seafood Business
11261:
11255:
11254:
11252:
11228:
11222:
11221:
11219:
11217:
11211:
11204:
11196:
11190:
11189:
11173:
11163:
11157:
11156:
11154:
11152:
11143:. 27 July 2011.
11133:
11124:
11123:
11121:
11119:
11100:
11091:
11090:
11074:
11064:
11058:
11057:
11040:
11034:
11033:
11013:
11004:
11003:
10985:
10979:
10978:
10976:
10974:
10959:
10953:
10952:
10950:
10948:
10919:
10913:
10912:
10889:
10883:
10882:
10859:
10850:
10849:
10811:
10805:
10804:
10794:
10770:
10764:
10763:
10761:
10759:
10743:
10737:
10736:
10726:
10717:(5): 1246–1253.
10702:
10696:
10695:
10685:
10645:
10639:
10638:
10628:
10619:(7): 1833–1849.
10603:
10594:
10593:
10583:
10565:
10548:(9): 4434–4437.
10533:
10527:
10526:
10502:
10496:
10495:
10473:
10467:
10466:
10442:
10436:
10435:
10408:Dawkins, Richard
10404:
10398:
10397:
10387:
10345:
10339:
10338:
10320:
10314:
10313:
10289:
10283:
10282:
10264:
10258:
10257:
10235:
10229:
10228:
10206:
10200:
10199:
10181:
10175:
10174:
10172:
10170:
10142:
10136:
10135:
10117:
10111:
10110:
10100:
10090:
10058:
10052:
10051:
10049:
10047:
9989:
9983:
9982:
9980:
9978:
9972:
9941:
9923:
9914:
9908:
9907:
9897:
9851:
9845:
9844:
9834:
9810:
9804:
9803:
9801:
9799:
9781:
9755:
9749:
9748:
9746:
9744:
9738:
9717:
9706:
9695:
9694:
9670:
9661:
9660:
9642:
9609:
9603:
9602:
9600:
9598:
9583:
9577:
9576:
9558:
9552:
9551:
9533:
9527:
9526:
9508:
9502:
9501:
9477:
9471:
9470:
9452:
9446:
9445:
9433:
9427:
9426:
9408:
9402:
9401:
9391:
9351:
9345:
9344:
9326:
9286:
9277:
9276:
9258:
9252:
9251:
9249:
9229:
9223:
9222:
9220:
9192:
9186:
9185:
9175:
9165:
9141:
9135:
9134:
9124:
9099:(12): eabe2741.
9093:Science Advances
9084:
9075:
9074:
9072:
9070:
9043:
9037:
9036:
9026:
8984:
8978:
8977:
8975:
8973:
8948:
8942:
8941:
8939:
8912:
8903:
8897:
8896:
8870:
8850:
8844:
8843:
8823:
8817:
8816:
8779:
8773:
8772:
8770:
8768:
8762:
8751:
8743:
8737:
8736:
8734:
8708:
8702:
8701:
8691:
8681:
8664:(10): eabc5162.
8658:Science Advances
8649:
8643:
8642:
8632:
8600:
8594:
8593:
8583:
8551:
8545:
8544:
8534:
8524:
8504:
8498:
8497:
8495:
8493:
8474:
8468:
8467:
8457:
8447:
8406:
8400:
8399:
8389:
8357:
8351:
8350:
8340:
8314:
8308:
8307:
8277:
8271:
8270:
8245:Seilacher, Adolf
8241:
8235:
8234:
8232:
8230:
8224:
8205:
8196:
8190:
8189:
8187:
8185:
8165:
8159:
8158:
8140:
8108:
8102:
8101:
8066:Seilacher, Adolf
8062:
8056:
8055:
8026:
8020:
8019:
8001:
7995:
7994:
7984:
7959:(8): 1095–1104.
7944:
7935:
7934:
7932:
7930:
7921:. 10 June 2011.
7907:
7901:
7900:
7898:
7896:
7879:(7–8): 505–515.
7861:
7855:
7854:
7852:
7850:
7835:
7829:
7828:
7817:10.1130/B30346.1
7792:
7786:
7785:
7783:
7781:
7775:
7768:
7760:
7754:
7753:
7743:
7711:
7705:
7704:
7694:
7662:
7653:
7652:
7628:
7622:
7621:
7611:
7580:Science Advances
7571:
7565:
7564:
7520:
7514:
7513:
7477:
7471:
7470:
7460:
7450:
7418:
7412:
7411:
7398:Animal Diversity
7393:
7387:
7386:
7384:
7382:
7377:
7352:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7341:
7328:
7304:
7298:
7297:
7295:
7293:
7287:
7280:
7271:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7260:
7237:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7226:
7203:
7194:
7193:
7165:
7159:
7158:
7146:Trichomycteridae
7124:
7118:
7117:
7093:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7077:
7053:
7047:
7046:
7036:
7012:
6999:
6998:
6987:. pp. 1–7.
6985:CSIRO Publishing
6972:
6966:
6964:
6946:
6922:
6916:
6915:
6905:
6873:
6867:
6866:
6856:
6846:
6822:
6816:
6815:
6813:
6811:
6796:
6790:
6789:
6769:
6756:
6755:
6724:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6698:
6682:
6649:
6648:
6628:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6598:
6588:
6564:
6529:
6528:
6518:
6486:
6480:
6479:
6477:
6475:
6459:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6448:
6442:
6431:
6422:
6416:
6415:
6397:
6369:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6358:
6347:"Largest mammal"
6343:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6285:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6269:
6250:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6234:
6208:
6199:
6193:
6192:
6169:
6163:
6162:
6121:
6115:
6114:
6104:
6070:
6064:
6063:
6053:
6021:
6015:
6014:
5996:
5990:
5989:
5973:
5963:
5957:
5956:
5938:
5932:
5931:
5913:
5907:
5906:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5819:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5784:
5778:
5777:
5759:
5742:(17): R693–696.
5727:
5721:
5720:
5705:
5699:
5698:
5676:
5670:
5669:
5649:
5643:
5642:
5620:
5614:
5613:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5414:
5408:
5407:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5274:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5202:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5095:
5089:
5088:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5037:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5016:
4993:(4th ed.).
4984:
4978:
4977:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4915:
4905:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4833:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4779:. Archived from
4772:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4752:. Archived from
4742:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4684:
4678:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4522:
4512:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4466:. Archived from
4456:
4450:
4449:
4446:Houghton Mifflin
4444:(4th ed.).
4437:
4431:
4430:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4326:(2–3): 256–266.
4315:
4304:
4303:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4225:. p. 1352.
4221:(1st ed.).
4214:
4197:
4190:
4184:
4180:Parts of Animals
4169:
4163:
4156:
4150:
4143:
4137:
4118:
4112:
4104:
4087:World Animal Day
4017:giant bug movies
4004:
4001:
3972:
3969:
3868:praying mantises
3725:animal husbandry
3689:In human culture
3182:which swim with
3071:(comb jellies).
3059:(which includes
2901:
2900:
2879:
2866:
2865:
2840:
2820:
2807:
2806:
2797:
2796:
2780:
2767:
2766:
2750:
2749:
2728:
2715:
2714:
2698:
2678:
2665:
2664:
2655:
2654:
2522:
2502:
2489:
2488:
2472:
2459:
2458:
2442:
2422:
2409:
2408:
2392:
2378:
2377:
2368:
2367:
2331:Lists of animals
2303:
2286:
2265:
2244:Gromia sphaerica
2203:Charnwood Forest
2043:
2011:
1979:
1947:
1916:
1883:
1844:
1810:
1774:
1732:
1690:
1652:
1604:
1554:
1553:
1536:Myxobolus shekel
1423:lobe-finned fish
1392:hydrogen sulfide
1357:basal metabolism
1283:parasitoid wasps
1067:and an internal
978:. These include
583:divided animals
556:(Mya), and most
369:
368:
365:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
300:
294:
288:
282:
276:
214:
123:
122:
89:
80:
76:
69:
62:
55:
49:
41:Temporal range:
35:
34:
17375:
17374:
17370:
17369:
17368:
17366:
17365:
17364:
17330:
17329:
17328:
17323:
17315:
17310:
17302:
17297:
17289:
17287:
17279:
17274:
17266:
17264:
17256:
17251:
17243:
17241:
17233:
17228:
17220:
17215:
17207:
17202:
17194:
17189:
17181:
17176:
17168:
17163:
17155:
17150:
17142:
17137:
17129:
17124:
17116:
17111:
17102:
17101:
17096:
17087:
17086:
17081:
17068:
17058:
17053:
16893:
16883:
16853:
16828:
16739:Finnlakeviridae
16684:
16663:
16605:
16601:
16582:
16554:
16519:
16470:
16460:
16430:
16421:
16399:
16350:Gnathostomulida
16255:Xenacoelomorpha
16221:
16217:Flowering plant
16172:Marchantiophyta
16138:
16104:Chytridiomycota
16090:
15962:
15905:
15861:Planctomycetota
15821:Gemmatimonadota
15806:Elusimicrobiota
15699:Acidobacteriota
15677:
15670:
15640:
15635:
15613:
15530:
15499:
15480:
15437:
15379:
15359:
15350:Gaia hypothesis
15340:Plate tectonics
15301:
15251:
15245:
15215:
15210:
15175:
15147:
15138:Ancyromonadidae
15124:
15101:
15056:
15043:
15034:Malawimonadidae
15020:
14976:
14951:
14915:
14874:
14817:
14790:
14789:
14781:
14738:
14713:
14681:
14652:
14605:
14577:
14549:
14512:
14482:
14437:
14428:
14407:
14398:
14375:
14360:
14319:
14293:
14271:
14230:
14221:
14185:
14180:
14154:
14145:
14090:
14077:
14076:
13992:
13970:
13961:
13955:
13925:
13920:
13895:
13821:Phylactolaemata
13609:
13599:
13598:
13584:
13575:Xenambulacraria
13551:
13507:
13484:
13450:
13432:Kryptotrochozoa
13426:
13404:
13374:
13361:
13352:Monoblastozoa (
13328:
13286:
13273:
13245:Micrognathozoa
13233:
13196:
13171:
13144:
13122:
13098:
13062:
13029:
13018:
13005:
12976:
12950:
12941:
12924:
12901:
12885:
12868:
12837:
12829:
12803:
12794:
12793:
12709:
12687:
12678:
12669:
12620:Wayback Machine
12584:
12579:
12578:
12562:
12561:
12553:
12549:
12518:
12514:
12499:
12495:
12485:
12483:
12472:
12468:
12457:
12453:
12443:
12441:
12430:
12426:
12419:
12405:
12401:
12391:
12389:
12376:
12375:
12368:
12361:
12345:
12341:
12334:
12314:
12310:
12303:
12287:
12283:
12273:
12271:
12248:
12244:
12234:
12232:
12215:
12211:
12202:
12198:
12188:
12186:
12171:
12167:
12160:
12144:Hearn, Lafcadio
12141:
12134:
12127:
12111:
12107:
12096:
12092:
12085:
12067:
12063:
12040:
12036:
12026:
12024:
12020:
12009:
12005:
12004:
12000:
11990:
11988:
11977:
11973:
11965:
11958:
11954:
11953:
11949:
11939:
11937:
11928:
11927:
11923:
11913:
11911:
11906:. Anapsid.org.
11900:
11896:
11886:
11884:
11875:
11874:
11870:
11860:
11858:
11851:"Dendrobatidae"
11847:
11843:
11833:
11831:
11826:. AmphibiaWeb.
11822:
11821:
11817:
11810:
11794:
11790:
11780:
11778:
11769:
11768:
11764:
11757:
11743:
11739:
11729:
11727:
11718:
11717:
11713:
11703:
11701:
11692:
11691:
11687:
11677:
11675:
11666:
11665:
11661:
11651:
11649:
11640:
11639:
11635:
11625:
11623:
11614:
11613:
11609:
11599:
11597:
11588:
11587:
11583:
11573:
11571:
11569:
11553:
11549:
11542:
11528:
11524:
11517:
11503:
11499:
11460:
11456:
11446:
11444:
11431:
11430:
11426:
11416:
11414:
11405:
11404:
11400:
11390:
11388:
11376:
11375:
11371:
11361:
11359:
11358:on 20 July 2016
11350:
11349:
11345:
11335:
11333:
11318:
11314:
11304:
11302:
11293:
11292:
11288:
11278:
11276:
11263:
11262:
11258:
11229:
11225:
11215:
11213:
11209:
11202:
11198:
11197:
11193:
11186:
11164:
11160:
11150:
11148:
11135:
11134:
11127:
11117:
11115:
11102:
11101:
11094:
11087:
11065:
11061:
11041:
11037:
11030:
11014:
11007:
11000:
10986:
10982:
10972:
10970:
10961:
10960:
10956:
10946:
10944:
10920:
10916:
10909:
10890:
10886:
10879:
10860:
10853:
10812:
10808:
10771:
10767:
10757:
10755:
10744:
10740:
10703:
10699:
10646:
10642:
10604:
10597:
10534:
10530:
10523:
10515:. p. 173.
10503:
10499:
10492:
10474:
10470:
10463:
10443:
10439:
10432:
10405:
10401:
10346:
10342:
10335:
10321:
10317:
10310:
10290:
10286:
10279:
10265:
10261:
10254:
10246:. p. 220.
10236:
10232:
10225:
10217:. p. 345.
10207:
10203:
10196:
10182:
10178:
10168:
10166:
10159:
10143:
10139:
10132:
10118:
10114:
10059:
10055:
10045:
10043:
10006:(7588): 89–93.
9990:
9986:
9976:
9974:
9970:
9939:10.1.1.177.8060
9921:
9915:
9911:
9852:
9848:
9811:
9807:
9797:
9795:
9756:
9752:
9742:
9740:
9736:
9730:
9715:
9707:
9698:
9691:
9671:
9664:
9610:
9606:
9596:
9594:
9585:
9584:
9580:
9573:
9559:
9555:
9548:
9534:
9530:
9523:
9509:
9505:
9498:
9478:
9474:
9467:
9453:
9449:
9434:
9430:
9423:
9409:
9405:
9352:
9348:
9287:
9280:
9273:
9259:
9255:
9230:
9226:
9193:
9189:
9150:Current Biology
9142:
9138:
9085:
9078:
9068:
9066:
9064:
9044:
9040:
8985:
8981:
8971:
8969:
8949:
8945:
8937:
8910:
8904:
8900:
8868:10.1.1.121.1228
8851:
8847:
8824:
8820:
8780:
8776:
8766:
8764:
8763:on 2 March 2014
8760:
8749:
8745:
8744:
8740:
8709:
8705:
8650:
8646:
8601:
8597:
8552:
8548:
8505:
8501:
8491:
8489:
8476:
8475:
8471:
8407:
8403:
8358:
8354:
8315:
8311:
8278:
8274:
8259:
8242:
8238:
8228:
8226:
8222:
8214:. Vol. 8.
8203:
8197:
8193:
8183:
8181:
8166:
8162:
8123:(23): 1849–54.
8117:Current Biology
8109:
8105:
8076:(5386): 80–83.
8063:
8059:
8052:10.1038/ngeo934
8027:
8023:
8016:
8002:
7998:
7945:
7938:
7928:
7926:
7909:
7908:
7904:
7894:
7892:
7862:
7858:
7848:
7846:
7837:
7836:
7832:
7793:
7789:
7779:
7777:
7773:
7766:
7762:
7761:
7757:
7712:
7708:
7663:
7656:
7649:
7629:
7625:
7586:(6): eaao6691.
7572:
7568:
7531:(5859): 81–84.
7521:
7517:
7478:
7474:
7419:
7415:
7408:
7394:
7390:
7380:
7378:
7353:
7349:
7339:
7337:
7305:
7301:
7291:
7289:
7285:
7278:
7272:
7268:
7258:
7256:
7254:
7238:
7234:
7224:
7222:
7220:
7204:
7197:
7166:
7162:
7141:
7125:
7121:
7114:
7094:
7085:
7075:
7073:
7054:
7050:
7034:10.2307/2412618
7013:
7002:
6995:
6973:
6969:
6923:
6919:
6874:
6870:
6837:(8): e1001127.
6823:
6819:
6809:
6807:
6798:
6797:
6793:
6786:
6770:
6759:
6752:
6725:
6706:
6696:
6694:
6683:
6652:
6645:
6629:
6606:
6596:
6594:
6565:
6532:
6487:
6483:
6473:
6471:
6460:
6456:
6446:
6444:
6440:
6429:
6423:
6419:
6395:10.1.1.694.1650
6370:
6366:
6356:
6354:
6345:
6344:
6340:
6330:
6328:
6313:
6309:
6302:
6286:
6277:
6267:
6265:
6252:
6251:
6247:
6239:
6206:
6200:
6196:
6189:
6170:
6166:
6122:
6118:
6071:
6067:
6030:Current Biology
6022:
6018:
6011:
5997:
5993:
5986:
5964:
5960:
5953:
5939:
5935:
5928:
5914:
5910:
5855:
5851:
5820:
5816:
5806:
5804:
5785:
5781:
5736:Current Biology
5728:
5724:
5706:
5702:
5695:
5687:. p. 428.
5677:
5673:
5666:
5650:
5646:
5639:
5631:. p. 108.
5621:
5617:
5610:
5596:
5592:
5582:
5580:
5569:
5565:
5558:
5544:
5540:
5501:
5497:
5482:
5460:
5456:
5433:10.1038/nrg2664
5427:(11): 783–796.
5415:
5411:
5404:
5387:
5383:
5374:
5373:
5369:
5362:
5342:
5338:
5327:
5323:
5316:
5306:General zoology
5302:
5298:
5291:
5277:Wiley-Blackwell
5265:
5261:
5254:
5234:
5230:
5223:
5203:
5199:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5165:
5161:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5131:
5127:
5120:
5096:
5092:
5085:
5065:
5061:
5054:
5028:
5024:
5014:
5012:
5005:
4995:Garland Science
4985:
4981:
4974:
4960:
4956:
4946:
4944:
4933:
4929:
4882:
4878:
4868:
4866:
4851:
4847:
4800:
4796:
4786:
4784:
4773:
4769:
4759:
4757:
4744:
4743:
4739:
4729:
4727:
4716:
4712:
4705:
4685:
4681:
4675:Wayback Machine
4664:Wayback Machine
4657:meta- (sense 1)
4648:
4646:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4618:
4616:
4609:Merriam-Webster
4603:
4602:
4598:
4588:
4586:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4558:
4556:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4487:
4483:
4473:
4471:
4470:on 26 July 2018
4458:
4457:
4453:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4424:
4406:
4402:
4373:(4): 972–1004.
4363:
4359:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4316:
4307:
4260:
4256:
4241:
4215:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4200:
4191:
4187:
4170:
4166:
4157:
4153:
4144:
4140:
4119:
4115:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4068:
4005:horse portrait
4002:
3978:subjects of art
3970:
3935:personification
3927:Chinese zodiacs
3919:
3800:Working animals
3702:
3696:
3691:
3642:Le Règne Animal
3579:Systema Naturae
3553:divided animals
3530:
3516:
3421:Spiral cleavage
3414:
3408:
3333:
3327:
3321:(acorn worms).
3236:
3228:Main articles:
3226:
3220:
3204:Xenacoelomorpha
3189:parasitic worms
3110:
3102:Main articles:
3100:
3051:(sea sponges),
3037:
2982:Xenambulacraria
2978:
2964:
2950:
2935:
2926:
2911:
2895:
2850:
2774:Xenacoelomorpha
2744:
2618:common ancestor
2577:
2572:
2562:
2552:
2543:
2533:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2320:
2304:
2295:
2287:
2278:
2275:Ediacaran biota
2266:
2223:South Australia
2100:molecular clock
2084:
2078:
2069:
2051:(moist plants)
2050:
1862:
1790:
1755:
1748:
1723:Platyhelminthes
1711:
1703:
1667:
1656:
1636:Yes >45,000
1624:
1620:
1611:
1544:
1515:Argentinosaurus
1471:
1461:
1456:
1146:, such as this
1137:
1121:parthenogenesis
1006:
996:
957:tight junctions
921:
899:, later become
833:
831:Characteristics
785:
741:human evolution
729:aquatic animals
681:working animals
598:Systema Naturae
570:common ancestor
530:-like organism
513:Xenacoelomorpha
334:
330:
298:
292:
286:
280:
279:Choanoblastaea
274:
213:
117:
106:
87:
81:
79:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57:
53:
47:
46:
39:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
17373:
17363:
17362:
17357:
17352:
17347:
17342:
17325:
17324:
17322:
17321:
17308:
17295:
17285:
17272:
17262:
17249:
17239:
17226:
17213:
17200:
17187:
17178:Fauna Europaea
17174:
17161:
17148:
17135:
17122:
17109:
17094:
17078:
17076:
17070:
17069:
17055:
17054:
17052:
17051:
17046:
17041:
17040:
17039:
17029:
17024:
17019:
17014:
17013:
17012:
17007:
17002:
16997:
16989:
16981:
16980:
16979:
16969:
16964:
16959:
16950:
16945:
16940:
16935:
16930:
16925:
16920:
16919:
16918:
16913:
16903:
16897:
16895:
16889:
16888:
16885:
16884:
16882:
16881:
16876:
16869:
16867:
16863:
16862:
16859:
16858:
16855:
16854:
16852:
16851:
16844:
16836:
16834:
16830:
16829:
16827:
16826:
16819:
16812:
16805:
16798:
16791:
16788:Polydnaviridae
16784:
16777:
16770:
16763:
16756:
16753:Globuloviridae
16749:
16746:Fuselloviridae
16742:
16735:
16728:
16725:Bicaudaviridae
16721:
16714:
16707:
16704:Ampullaviridae
16700:
16692:
16690:
16686:
16685:
16681:Naldaviricetes
16678:
16676:
16669:
16665:
16664:
16662:
16661:
16654:
16647:
16640:
16633:
16626:
16618:
16616:
16609:
16592:
16588:
16587:
16584:
16583:
16581:
16580:
16574:
16566:
16564:
16561:Incertae sedis
16556:
16555:
16553:
16552:
16545:
16540:
16535:
16529:
16527:
16521:
16520:
16518:
16517:
16512:
16511:
16510:
16505:
16495:
16489:
16487:
16476:
16472:
16471:
16459:
16458:
16451:
16444:
16436:
16427:
16426:
16423:
16422:
16415:
16413:
16410:Incertae sedis
16405:
16404:
16401:
16400:
16398:
16397:
16392:
16387:
16382:
16377:
16372:
16367:
16362:
16357:
16355:Micrognathozoa
16352:
16347:
16345:Acanthocephala
16342:
16337:
16332:
16327:
16322:
16317:
16312:
16307:
16302:
16297:
16292:
16287:
16282:
16277:
16272:
16267:
16262:
16257:
16252:
16247:
16242:
16237:
16231:
16229:
16223:
16222:
16220:
16219:
16214:
16209:
16204:
16199:
16194:
16189:
16187:Lycopodiophyta
16184:
16179:
16174:
16169:
16164:
16159:
16154:
16148:
16146:
16140:
16139:
16137:
16136:
16131:
16126:
16121:
16116:
16111:
16106:
16100:
16098:
16092:
16091:
16089:
16088:
16083:
16078:
16073:
16068:
16063:
16058:
16053:
16048:
16043:
16038:
16033:
16028:
16023:
16018:
16013:
16008:
16003:
16001:Ancyromonadida
15998:
15993:
15987:
15985:
15974:
15968:
15967:
15964:
15963:
15961:
15960:
15955:
15953:Thermoproteota
15950:
15945:
15938:
15931:
15923:
15921:
15911:
15910:
15907:
15906:
15904:
15903:
15898:
15893:
15888:
15883:
15878:
15873:
15868:
15866:Pseudomonadota
15863:
15858:
15853:
15848:
15843:
15841:Mycoplasmatota
15838:
15836:Lentisphaerota
15833:
15828:
15823:
15818:
15816:Fusobacteriota
15813:
15811:Fibrobacterota
15808:
15803:
15798:
15793:
15788:
15781:
15776:
15771:
15766:
15761:
15756:
15751:
15746:
15741:
15736:
15731:
15726:
15721:
15716:
15714:Armatimonadota
15711:
15706:
15704:Actinomycetota
15701:
15695:
15693:
15679:
15678:
15669:
15668:
15661:
15654:
15646:
15637:
15636:
15634:
15633:
15622:
15619:
15618:
15615:
15614:
15612:
15611:
15604:
15603:
15602:
15597:
15587:
15586:
15585:
15580:
15575:
15574:
15573:
15563:
15562:
15561:
15546:
15541:
15535:
15532:
15531:
15529:
15528:
15518:
15513:
15508:
15503:
15494:
15488:
15482:
15481:
15479:
15478:
15473:
15468:
15463:
15458:
15453:
15447:
15445:
15439:
15438:
15436:
15435:
15434:
15433:
15428:
15418:
15413:
15408:
15403:
15398:
15393:
15388:
15383:
15375:
15369:
15367:
15361:
15360:
15358:
15357:
15352:
15347:
15342:
15337:
15332:
15327:
15317:
15311:
15309:
15303:
15302:
15300:
15299:
15294:
15293:
15292:
15287:
15277:
15272:
15267:
15261:
15259:
15253:
15252:
15244:
15243:
15236:
15229:
15221:
15212:
15211:
15209:
15208:
15202:
15195:
15191:excluded from
15184:
15181:
15180:
15177:
15176:
15174:
15173:
15168:
15163:
15157:
15155:
15149:
15148:
15146:
15145:
15143:Planomonadidae
15140:
15134:
15132:
15130:Ancyromonadida
15126:
15125:
15123:
15122:
15120:Paramastigidae
15117:
15111:
15109:
15100:
15099:
15092:
15086:
15080:
15072:
15065:
15063:
15059:Incertae sedis
15053:
15052:
15049:
15048:
15045:
15044:
15042:
15041:
15036:
15030:
15028:
15022:
15021:
15019:
15018:
15013:
15008:
15003:
14998:
14990:
14988:
14982:
14981:
14978:
14977:
14975:
14974:
14967:
14961:
14959:
14953:
14952:
14950:
14949:
14942:
14936:
14930:
14921:
14908:
14907:
14904:
14903:
14900:
14899:
14896:
14895:
14892:
14891:
14888:
14887:
14884:
14883:
14880:
14879:
14876:
14875:
14873:
14872:
14864:
14857:
14852:
14847:
14842:
14835:
14827:
14825:
14816:
14815:
14808:
14802:
14800:
14780:
14779:
14772:
14767:
14762:
14756:
14750:
14748:Archaeplastida
14744:
14743:
14740:
14739:
14737:
14736:
14731:
14723:
14721:
14715:
14714:
14712:
14711:
14703:
14697:
14688:
14674:
14673:
14670:
14669:
14666:
14665:
14662:
14661:
14658:
14657:
14654:
14653:
14651:
14650:
14645:
14638:
14631:
14626:
14621:
14615:
14613:
14607:
14606:
14604:
14603:
14598:
14593:
14587:
14585:
14579:
14578:
14576:
14575:
14567:
14561:
14555:
14554:
14551:
14550:
14548:
14547:
14542:
14539:Dinoflagellata
14535:
14533:Chrompodellida
14530:
14522:
14520:
14514:
14513:
14511:
14510:
14503:
14496:
14490:
14484:
14483:
14481:
14480:
14473:
14466:
14461:
14455:
14453:
14444:
14430:
14429:
14427:
14426:
14420:
14414:
14400:
14399:
14397:
14396:
14391:
14385:
14383:
14374:
14373:
14367:
14365:
14362:Diaphoretickes
14349:
14348:
14345:
14344:
14341:
14340:
14337:
14336:
14333:
14332:
14329:
14328:
14325:
14324:
14321:
14320:
14318:
14317:
14309:
14303:
14301:
14295:
14294:
14292:
14291:
14285:
14279:
14273:
14272:
14270:
14269:
14264:
14259:
14251:
14243:
14237:
14227:
14226:
14223:
14222:
14220:
14219:
14211:
14205:
14203:
14190:
14182:
14181:
14179:
14178:
14173:
14167:
14161:
14151:
14150:
14147:
14146:
14144:
14143:
14138:
14133:
14128:
14121:
14116:
14110:
14108:
14095:
14079:
14078:
14075:
14074:
14073:
14072:
14071:
14070:
14067:Mesomycetozoea
14064:
14059:
14049:
14039:
14038:
14037:
14032:
14027:
14022:
14017:
14016:
14015:
14003:Diaphoretickes
14000:
13995:
13990:
13985:
13980:
13975:
13967:
13966:
13963:
13962:
13960:classification
13954:
13953:
13946:
13939:
13931:
13922:
13921:
13919:
13918:
13911:
13904:
13901:
13900:
13897:
13896:
13894:
13893:
13892:
13891:
13886:
13881:
13876:
13871:
13859:
13858:
13857:
13852:
13847:
13835:
13834:
13833:
13828:
13823:
13811:
13810:
13809:
13804:
13799:
13794:
13786:Platyhelminths
13782:
13781:
13780:
13775:
13770:
13765:
13753:
13752:
13751:
13746:
13741:
13729:
13728:
13727:
13722:
13710:
13709:
13708:
13703:
13698:
13686:
13685:
13684:
13679:
13674:
13662:
13661:
13660:
13655:
13650:
13638:
13637:
13636:
13631:
13626:
13613:
13611:
13601:
13600:
13597:
13594:
13593:
13590:
13589:
13586:
13585:
13583:
13582:
13580:Centroneuralia
13577:
13572:
13567:
13562:
13548:
13545:
13544:
13541:
13540:
13537:
13536:
13533:
13532:
13529:
13528:
13525:
13524:
13521:
13520:
13517:
13516:
13513:
13512:
13509:
13508:
13506:
13505:
13500:
13494:
13492:
13486:
13485:
13483:
13482:
13475:
13469:
13467:
13458:
13452:
13451:
13449:
13448:
13440:
13434:
13428:
13427:
13425:
13424:
13416:
13410:
13406:
13405:
13403:
13402:
13395:
13385:
13379:
13376:Lophotrochozoa
13371:
13370:
13367:
13366:
13363:
13362:
13360:
13359:
13349:
13344:
13338:
13336:
13330:
13329:
13327:
13326:
13321:
13313:
13311:
13302:
13291:
13288:Platytrochozoa
13283:
13282:
13279:
13278:
13275:
13274:
13272:
13271:
13270:
13269:
13262:
13250:
13247:(Limnognathia)
13241:
13239:
13235:
13234:
13232:
13231:
13226:
13220:
13214:
13201:
13193:
13192:
13189:
13188:
13185:
13184:
13181:
13180:
13177:
13176:
13173:
13172:
13170:
13169:
13162:
13154:
13152:
13146:
13145:
13143:
13142:
13136:
13130:
13124:
13123:
13121:
13120:
13114:
13108:
13100:
13099:
13097:
13096:
13091:
13083:
13081:
13072:
13068:
13067:
13064:
13063:
13061:
13060:
13055:
13049:
13047:
13034:
13023:
13011:
13010:
13007:
13006:
13004:
13003:
12998:
12990:
12984:
12978:
12977:
12975:
12974:
12967:
12961:
12955:
12943:
12942:
12930:
12929:
12926:
12925:
12923:
12922:
12917:
12912:
12898:
12895:
12894:
12891:
12890:
12887:
12886:
12884:
12883:
12879:
12877:
12876:(Triploblasts)
12870:
12869:
12867:
12866:
12859:
12857:and relatives)
12849:
12843:
12831:
12830:
12828:
12827:
12822:
12814:
12808:
12796:
12795:
12792:
12791:
12790:
12789:
12788:
12787:
12784:Mesomycetozoea
12781:
12776:
12766:
12756:
12755:
12754:
12749:
12744:
12739:
12734:
12733:
12732:
12720:Diaphoretickes
12717:
12712:
12707:
12702:
12697:
12692:
12684:
12683:
12680:
12679:
12668:
12667:
12660:
12653:
12645:
12639:
12638:
12632:
12622:
12609:
12608:at Wikispecies
12597:
12583:
12582:External links
12580:
12577:
12576:
12547:
12528:(4): 417–452.
12512:
12493:
12466:
12451:
12424:
12417:
12399:
12382:Trees for Life
12366:
12359:
12339:
12332:
12326:. p. 32.
12308:
12301:
12281:
12242:
12209:
12196:
12165:
12158:
12132:
12125:
12105:
12090:
12083:
12061:
12034:
11998:
11971:
11947:
11921:
11894:
11868:
11841:
11815:
11808:
11788:
11762:
11755:
11737:
11711:
11685:
11659:
11633:
11607:
11581:
11567:
11547:
11540:
11522:
11515:
11497:
11470:(8): 925–938.
11454:
11424:
11398:
11369:
11343:
11312:
11286:
11256:
11223:
11191:
11184:
11158:
11125:
11092:
11085:
11059:
11044:Haeckel, Ernst
11035:
11028:
11005:
10998:
10980:
10954:
10923:Linnaeus, Carl
10914:
10907:
10884:
10877:
10851:
10824:(3): 207–215.
10806:
10785:(3): 539–562.
10765:
10738:
10697:
10640:
10595:
10528:
10521:
10497:
10490:
10484:. p. 75.
10468:
10461:
10437:
10430:
10399:
10340:
10333:
10315:
10308:
10284:
10277:
10259:
10252:
10230:
10223:
10201:
10194:
10176:
10157:
10137:
10130:
10112:
10053:
9984:
9909:
9846:
9825:(4): 457–459.
9805:
9750:
9728:
9696:
9689:
9683:. p. 53.
9662:
9604:
9578:
9571:
9553:
9546:
9528:
9521:
9503:
9496:
9472:
9465:
9447:
9444:. p. 428.
9428:
9421:
9403:
9346:
9278:
9271:
9253:
9247:10.1101/704551
9224:
9187:
9136:
9076:
9062:
9056:. p. 21.
9038:
8979:
8954:(4 May 2018).
8943:
8923:10.1101/041806
8898:
8861:(3): 170–205.
8845:
8834:(3): 608–620.
8818:
8791:(4): 170–175.
8774:
8738:
8703:
8644:
8595:
8546:
8499:
8469:
8414:Katz, Laura A.
8401:
8352:
8331:(1): 446–473.
8309:
8290:(3): 269–272.
8272:
8257:
8236:
8191:
8160:
8103:
8057:
8038:(9): 653–659.
8021:
8014:
7996:
7936:
7902:
7856:
7830:
7787:
7755:
7706:
7654:
7647:
7623:
7566:
7515:
7472:
7413:
7406:
7388:
7347:
7319:(3): 188–196.
7299:
7266:
7252:
7232:
7218:
7195:
7160:
7139:
7119:
7112:
7083:
7048:
7027:(2): 251–254.
7000:
6993:
6977:"Introduction"
6967:
6917:
6868:
6817:
6791:
6784:
6757:
6750:
6728:Poulin, Robert
6704:
6650:
6643:
6604:
6530:
6501:(2): 169–176.
6481:
6454:
6417:
6380:(2–4): 71–83.
6364:
6338:
6307:
6300:
6275:
6254:"Land animals"
6245:
6217:(2): 141–154.
6194:
6187:
6173:Margulis, Lynn
6164:
6116:
6065:
6016:
6009:
6001:Marine Biology
5991:
5984:
5958:
5951:
5933:
5926:
5908:
5849:
5830:(4): 395–434.
5814:
5779:
5722:
5700:
5693:
5671:
5664:
5644:
5637:
5615:
5608:
5590:
5571:Schatz, Phil.
5563:
5556:
5538:
5511:(5): 201–206.
5495:
5480:
5454:
5409:
5402:
5381:
5367:
5360:
5336:
5321:
5314:
5296:
5289:
5259:
5252:
5228:
5221:
5197:
5183:
5159:
5145:
5125:
5118:
5090:
5083:
5059:
5052:
5022:
5003:
4979:
4972:
4954:
4927:
4876:
4845:
4816:(1429): 5–17.
4794:
4777:"Heterotrophs"
4767:
4737:
4710:
4703:
4679:
4626:
4596:
4566:
4534:
4481:
4451:
4432:
4422:
4400:
4357:
4337:
4305:
4270:(2): 241–257.
4254:
4239:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:is pejorative.
4185:
4164:
4151:
4145:Not including
4138:
4113:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4067:
4064:
4030:was sacred in
3991:The Rhinoceros
3986:Albrecht Dürer
3937:of a person's
3918:
3915:
3906:of their own.
3864:blowpipe darts
3714:slaughterhouse
3698:Main article:
3695:
3694:Practical uses
3692:
3690:
3687:
3655:embranchements
3647:Georges Cuvier
3632:, polyps, and
3515:
3512:
3445:Platytrochozoa
3429:Lophotrochozoa
3410:Main article:
3407:
3404:
3354:, its body is
3329:Main article:
3326:
3323:
3293:(animals with
3219:
3216:
3099:
3096:
3036:
3033:
2987:Centroneuralia
2975:
2974:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2957:hox genes
2952:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2923:
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2805:
2803:
2795:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2770:
2765:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2718:
2713:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2668:
2663:
2661:
2653:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2567:1300 mya
2564:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2557:1100 mya
2554:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2529:
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2515:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
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2462:
2457:
2455:
2449:
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2444:
2432:
2429:
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2424:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2366:
2359:
2337:
2334:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2305:
2298:
2296:
2288:
2281:
2279:
2267:
2260:
2249:microorganisms
2133:in fossils of
2108:Neoproterozoic
2077:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2037:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1941:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1910:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1868:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1838:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1804:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1768:
1760:
1759:
1754:Yes >40,000
1752:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1726:
1718:
1717:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1684:
1676:
1675:
1674:Yes >5,600
1672:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1646:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1619:Yes >40,000
1617:
1608:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1543:
1540:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1381:chemosynthesis
1341:trophic levels
1333:photosynthesis
1325:phytoplanktons
1160:trophic levels
1136:
1133:
1063:, an external
995:
992:
953:cell junctions
920:
917:
907:is a stage in
867:, animals are
832:
829:
784:
781:
723:; while other
685:transportation
657:dairy products
579:Historically,
546:marine species
542:Neoproterozoic
376:breathe oxygen
304:
303:
302:
301:
295:
289:
283:
277:
268:
267:
261:
260:
259:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
229:
228:
224:
223:
208:
204:
203:
198:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
148:
147:
142:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
111:
110:
83:
82:
72:
65:
58:
51:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17372:
17361:
17358:
17356:
17353:
17351:
17348:
17346:
17343:
17341:
17338:
17337:
17335:
17318:
17313:
17309:
17305:
17300:
17296:
17292:
17286:
17282:
17277:
17273:
17269:
17263:
17259:
17254:
17250:
17246:
17240:
17236:
17231:
17227:
17223:
17218:
17214:
17210:
17205:
17201:
17197:
17192:
17188:
17184:
17179:
17175:
17171:
17166:
17162:
17158:
17153:
17149:
17145:
17140:
17136:
17132:
17127:
17123:
17119:
17114:
17110:
17105:
17099:
17095:
17090:
17084:
17080:
17079:
17077:
17075:
17071:
17067:
17062:
17050:
17047:
17045:
17042:
17038:
17035:
17034:
17033:
17030:
17028:
17027:Tandem repeat
17025:
17023:
17020:
17018:
17015:
17011:
17008:
17006:
17003:
17001:
16998:
16996:
16993:
16992:
16990:
16988:
16985:
16982:
16978:
16975:
16974:
16973:
16970:
16968:
16965:
16963:
16960:
16957:
16956:
16955:Nanobacterium
16951:
16949:
16946:
16944:
16941:
16939:
16936:
16934:
16931:
16929:
16926:
16924:
16921:
16917:
16914:
16912:
16909:
16908:
16907:
16904:
16902:
16899:
16898:
16896:
16890:
16880:
16877:
16874:
16871:
16870:
16868:
16864:
16850:
16849:
16848:Rhizidiovirus
16845:
16843:
16842:
16838:
16837:
16835:
16831:
16825:
16824:
16820:
16818:
16817:
16816:Thaspiviridae
16813:
16811:
16810:
16806:
16804:
16803:
16802:Pospiviroidae
16799:
16797:
16796:
16792:
16790:
16789:
16785:
16783:
16782:
16781:Plasmaviridae
16778:
16776:
16775:
16771:
16769:
16768:
16767:Halspiviridae
16764:
16762:
16761:
16757:
16755:
16754:
16750:
16748:
16747:
16743:
16741:
16740:
16736:
16734:
16733:
16729:
16727:
16726:
16722:
16720:
16719:
16718:Avsunviroidae
16715:
16713:
16712:
16711:Anelloviridae
16708:
16706:
16705:
16701:
16699:
16698:
16694:
16693:
16691:
16687:
16683:
16682:
16677:
16673:
16670:
16666:
16660:
16659:
16655:
16653:
16652:
16648:
16646:
16645:
16641:
16639:
16638:
16634:
16632:
16631:
16630:Duplodnaviria
16627:
16625:
16624:
16620:
16619:
16617:
16613:
16610:
16608:
16604:
16600:
16596:
16593:
16589:
16578:
16575:
16573:
16572:
16568:
16567:
16565:
16563:
16562:
16557:
16550:
16546:
16544:
16541:
16539:
16536:
16534:
16531:
16530:
16528:
16526:
16522:
16516:
16513:
16509:
16506:
16504:
16503:Mitochondrion
16501:
16500:
16499:
16496:
16494:
16491:
16490:
16488:
16485:
16480:
16477:
16475:Cellular life
16473:
16468:
16464:
16457:
16452:
16450:
16445:
16443:
16438:
16437:
16434:
16420:
16419:
16414:
16412:
16411:
16406:
16396:
16393:
16391:
16388:
16386:
16383:
16381:
16378:
16376:
16373:
16371:
16368:
16366:
16363:
16361:
16358:
16356:
16353:
16351:
16348:
16346:
16343:
16341:
16338:
16336:
16333:
16331:
16328:
16326:
16323:
16321:
16318:
16316:
16313:
16311:
16308:
16306:
16303:
16301:
16298:
16296:
16293:
16291:
16288:
16286:
16283:
16281:
16278:
16276:
16273:
16271:
16268:
16266:
16263:
16261:
16258:
16256:
16253:
16251:
16248:
16246:
16243:
16241:
16238:
16236:
16233:
16232:
16230:
16228:
16224:
16218:
16215:
16213:
16210:
16208:
16205:
16203:
16200:
16198:
16195:
16193:
16190:
16188:
16185:
16183:
16180:
16178:
16175:
16173:
16170:
16168:
16165:
16163:
16160:
16158:
16155:
16153:
16150:
16149:
16147:
16145:
16141:
16135:
16134:Basidiomycota
16132:
16130:
16127:
16125:
16122:
16120:
16119:Glomeromycota
16117:
16115:
16112:
16110:
16107:
16105:
16102:
16101:
16099:
16097:
16093:
16087:
16084:
16082:
16081:Stramenopiles
16079:
16077:
16074:
16072:
16069:
16067:
16064:
16062:
16059:
16057:
16054:
16052:
16049:
16047:
16044:
16042:
16039:
16037:
16034:
16032:
16029:
16027:
16024:
16022:
16019:
16017:
16014:
16012:
16009:
16007:
16006:Apusomonadida
16004:
16002:
15999:
15997:
15994:
15992:
15989:
15988:
15986:
15983:
15978:
15975:
15973:
15969:
15959:
15956:
15954:
15951:
15949:
15946:
15943:
15942:Nanoarchaeota
15939:
15936:
15932:
15929:
15928:Euryarchaeota
15925:
15924:
15922:
15920:
15916:
15912:
15902:
15899:
15897:
15894:
15892:
15889:
15887:
15884:
15882:
15879:
15877:
15876:Spirochaetota
15874:
15872:
15871:Rhodothermota
15869:
15867:
15864:
15862:
15859:
15857:
15854:
15852:
15849:
15847:
15844:
15842:
15839:
15837:
15834:
15832:
15829:
15827:
15824:
15822:
15819:
15817:
15814:
15812:
15809:
15807:
15804:
15802:
15801:Dictyoglomota
15799:
15797:
15794:
15792:
15789:
15786:
15785:Cyanobacteria
15782:
15780:
15777:
15775:
15774:Chrysiogenota
15772:
15770:
15769:Chloroflexota
15767:
15765:
15762:
15760:
15757:
15755:
15752:
15750:
15749:Calditrichota
15747:
15745:
15744:Caldisericota
15742:
15740:
15737:
15735:
15732:
15730:
15727:
15725:
15722:
15720:
15719:Atribacterota
15717:
15715:
15712:
15710:
15707:
15705:
15702:
15700:
15697:
15696:
15694:
15692:
15688:
15684:
15680:
15675:
15667:
15662:
15660:
15655:
15653:
15648:
15647:
15644:
15632:
15624:
15623:
15620:
15610:
15609:
15605:
15601:
15598:
15596:
15593:
15592:
15591:
15588:
15584:
15581:
15579:
15576:
15572:
15569:
15568:
15567:
15564:
15560:
15557:
15556:
15555:
15552:
15551:
15550:
15547:
15545:
15542:
15540:
15537:
15536:
15533:
15526:
15522:
15519:
15517:
15514:
15512:
15509:
15507:
15504:
15502:
15500:(abiogenesis)
15496:
15495:
15492:
15489:
15487:
15483:
15477:
15474:
15472:
15469:
15467:
15464:
15462:
15459:
15457:
15454:
15452:
15449:
15448:
15446:
15444:
15440:
15432:
15429:
15427:
15424:
15423:
15422:
15419:
15417:
15414:
15412:
15409:
15407:
15404:
15402:
15399:
15397:
15394:
15392:
15389:
15387:
15384:
15382:
15376:
15374:
15371:
15370:
15368:
15366:
15362:
15356:
15353:
15351:
15348:
15346:
15343:
15341:
15338:
15336:
15333:
15331:
15328:
15325:
15321:
15318:
15316:
15315:Earth science
15313:
15312:
15310:
15308:
15304:
15298:
15295:
15291:
15288:
15286:
15283:
15282:
15281:
15278:
15276:
15273:
15271:
15268:
15266:
15263:
15262:
15260:
15258:
15254:
15250:
15242:
15237:
15235:
15230:
15228:
15223:
15222:
15219:
15206:
15203:
15200:
15196:
15194:
15190:
15187:¹traditional
15186:
15185:
15182:
15172:
15169:
15167:
15166:Mantamonadida
15164:
15162:
15159:
15158:
15156:
15154:
15150:
15144:
15141:
15139:
15136:
15135:
15133:
15131:
15127:
15121:
15118:
15116:
15113:
15112:
15110:
15108:
15104:
15098:
15097:
15093:
15091:
15087:
15085:
15081:
15079:
15078:
15073:
15071:
15067:
15066:
15064:
15061:
15060:
15054:
15040:
15037:
15035:
15032:
15031:
15029:
15027:
15023:
15017:
15014:
15012:
15009:
15007:
15004:
15002:
14999:
14997:
14996:
14992:
14991:
14989:
14987:
14983:
14973:
14972:
14968:
14966:
14965:Heterolobosea
14963:
14962:
14960:
14958:
14957:Discicristata
14954:
14948:
14947:
14943:
14941:
14938:
14937:
14934:
14931:
14929:
14925:
14922:
14918:
14913:
14909:
14870:
14869:
14865:
14863:
14862:
14858:
14856:
14853:
14851:
14848:
14846:
14843:
14841:
14840:
14836:
14834:
14833:
14829:
14828:
14826:
14824:
14820:
14814:
14813:
14809:
14807:
14804:
14803:
14801:
14797:
14796:
14788:
14787:Viridiplantae
14784:
14778:
14777:
14773:
14771:
14768:
14766:
14763:
14761:
14758:
14757:
14754:
14751:
14749:
14745:
14735:
14732:
14730:
14729:
14725:
14724:
14722:
14720:
14716:
14710:
14709:
14708:Microheliella
14705:
14704:
14701:
14698:
14696:
14692:
14689:
14685:
14679:
14675:
14649:
14648:Actinophryida
14646:
14644:
14643:
14639:
14637:
14636:
14632:
14630:
14627:
14625:
14622:
14620:
14617:
14616:
14614:
14612:
14608:
14602:
14599:
14597:
14594:
14592:
14589:
14588:
14586:
14584:
14580:
14574:
14573:
14569:
14568:
14565:
14562:
14560:
14559:Stramenopiles
14556:
14546:
14543:
14541:
14540:
14536:
14534:
14531:
14529:
14528:
14524:
14523:
14521:
14519:
14515:
14509:
14508:
14504:
14501:
14498:
14497:
14494:
14491:
14489:
14485:
14479:
14478:
14474:
14472:
14471:
14467:
14465:
14462:
14460:
14457:
14456:
14454:
14452:
14448:
14445:
14441:
14435:
14431:
14425:
14422:
14421:
14418:
14415:
14411:
14405:
14401:
14395:
14392:
14390:
14387:
14386:
14384:
14382:
14378:
14372:
14369:
14368:
14366:
14363:
14358:
14354:
14350:
14315:
14314:
14310:
14308:
14305:
14304:
14302:
14300:
14296:
14290:
14287:
14286:
14283:
14280:
14278:
14274:
14268:
14265:
14263:
14262:Ichthyosporea
14260:
14258:
14257:
14252:
14250:
14249:
14245:
14244:
14241:
14238:
14234:
14228:
14217:
14216:
14212:
14210:
14209:Rotosphaerida
14207:
14206:
14204:
14202:
14198:
14194:
14191:
14188:
14183:
14177:
14174:
14172:
14171:Apusomonadida
14169:
14168:
14165:
14162:
14158:
14152:
14142:
14139:
14137:
14134:
14132:
14129:
14127:
14126:
14122:
14120:
14117:
14115:
14112:
14111:
14109:
14107:
14103:
14099:
14096:
14093:
14088:
14084:
14080:
14068:
14065:
14063:
14060:
14058:
14055:
14054:
14053:
14050:
14048:
14045:
14044:
14043:
14040:
14036:
14033:
14031:
14030:Stramenopiles
14028:
14026:
14023:
14021:
14018:
14014:
14011:
14010:
14009:
14006:
14005:
14004:
14001:
13999:
13996:
13993:(major groups
13991:
13989:
13986:
13984:
13981:
13979:
13976:
13973:
13969:
13968:
13964:
13959:
13952:
13947:
13945:
13940:
13938:
13933:
13932:
13929:
13916:
13915:dubious phyla
13912:
13910:
13906:
13905:
13902:
13890:
13887:
13885:
13882:
13880:
13877:
13875:
13872:
13870:
13867:
13866:
13865:
13864:
13860:
13856:
13853:
13851:
13848:
13846:
13843:
13842:
13841:
13840:
13836:
13832:
13829:
13827:
13824:
13822:
13819:
13818:
13817:
13816:
13812:
13808:
13805:
13803:
13800:
13798:
13795:
13793:
13790:
13789:
13788:
13787:
13783:
13779:
13776:
13774:
13771:
13769:
13766:
13764:
13761:
13760:
13759:
13758:
13754:
13750:
13747:
13745:
13742:
13740:
13737:
13736:
13735:
13734:
13730:
13726:
13723:
13721:
13718:
13717:
13716:
13715:
13714:Hemichordates
13711:
13707:
13704:
13702:
13699:
13697:
13694:
13693:
13692:
13691:
13687:
13683:
13680:
13678:
13675:
13673:
13670:
13669:
13668:
13667:
13663:
13659:
13656:
13654:
13651:
13649:
13646:
13645:
13644:
13643:
13639:
13635:
13632:
13630:
13629:Glass sponges
13627:
13625:
13622:
13621:
13620:
13619:
13615:
13614:
13612:
13606:
13602:
13595:
13581:
13578:
13576:
13573:
13571:
13570:Deuterostomia
13568:
13566:
13563:
13559:
13556:of Bilateria
13555:
13550:
13549:
13546:
13504:
13501:
13499:
13496:
13495:
13493:
13491:
13487:
13481:
13480:
13476:
13474:
13471:
13470:
13468:
13466:
13462:
13459:
13457:
13453:
13447:
13446:
13442:
13441:
13438:
13435:
13433:
13429:
13423:
13422:
13418:
13417:
13414:
13411:
13407:
13401:
13400:
13396:
13394:
13392:
13389:Cycliophora (
13387:
13386:
13383:
13380:
13377:
13372:
13357:
13355:
13350:
13348:
13345:
13343:
13340:
13339:
13337:
13335:
13331:
13325:
13322:
13320:
13319:
13315:
13314:
13312:
13310:
13306:
13303:
13299:
13295:
13292:
13289:
13284:
13268:
13267:
13263:
13261:
13260:
13256:
13255:
13254:
13251:
13249:
13248:
13243:
13242:
13240:
13236:
13230:
13227:
13225:
13222:
13221:
13218:
13215:
13213:
13209:
13205:
13202:
13199:
13194:
13168:
13167:
13163:
13161:
13160:
13156:
13155:
13153:
13151:
13147:
13141:
13138:
13137:
13134:
13131:
13129:
13128:Panarthropoda
13125:
13119:
13116:
13115:
13112:
13109:
13105:
13101:
13095:
13092:
13090:
13089:
13085:
13084:
13082:
13080:
13076:
13073:
13069:
13059:
13056:
13054:
13051:
13050:
13048:
13046:
13042:
13038:
13035:
13032:
13027:
13024:
13021:
13016:
13012:
13002:
12999:
12997:
12996:
12992:
12991:
12988:
12985:
12983:
12979:
12973:
12972:
12968:
12966:
12963:
12962:
12959:
12956:
12953:
12948:
12944:
12940:
12935:
12931:
12921:
12918:
12916:
12913:
12909:
12905:
12900:
12899:
12896:
12881:
12880:
12878:
12875:
12871:
12865:
12864:
12860:
12858:
12856:
12851:
12850:
12847:
12844:
12841:
12836:
12832:
12826:
12823:
12821:
12820:
12816:
12815:
12812:
12809:
12806:
12801:
12797:
12785:
12782:
12780:
12777:
12775:
12772:
12771:
12770:
12767:
12765:
12762:
12761:
12760:
12757:
12753:
12750:
12748:
12747:Stramenopiles
12745:
12743:
12740:
12738:
12735:
12731:
12728:
12727:
12726:
12723:
12722:
12721:
12718:
12716:
12713:
12710:(major groups
12708:
12706:
12703:
12701:
12698:
12696:
12693:
12690:
12686:
12685:
12681:
12677:
12674:
12666:
12661:
12659:
12654:
12652:
12647:
12646:
12643:
12636:
12633:
12630:
12626:
12623:
12621:
12617:
12613:
12610:
12607:
12602:
12598:
12595:
12590:
12586:
12585:
12572:
12566:
12558:
12551:
12543:
12539:
12535:
12531:
12527:
12523:
12516:
12508:
12504:
12497:
12481:
12477:
12470:
12462:
12455:
12439:
12435:
12428:
12420:
12414:
12410:
12403:
12387:
12383:
12379:
12373:
12371:
12362:
12356:
12352:
12351:
12343:
12335:
12329:
12325:
12321:
12320:
12312:
12304:
12298:
12294:
12293:
12285:
12269:
12265:
12261:
12257:
12253:
12246:
12230:
12226:
12225:
12220:
12213:
12206:
12200:
12184:
12180:
12176:
12169:
12161:
12155:
12151:
12150:
12145:
12139:
12137:
12128:
12122:
12118:
12117:
12109:
12101:
12094:
12086:
12080:
12075:
12074:
12065:
12057:
12053:
12049:
12045:
12038:
12019:
12015:
12008:
12002:
11986:
11982:
11975:
11964:
11957:
11951:
11935:
11931:
11925:
11909:
11905:
11898:
11882:
11878:
11872:
11856:
11852:
11845:
11829:
11825:
11819:
11811:
11805:
11801:
11800:
11792:
11776:
11772:
11766:
11758:
11752:
11748:
11741:
11725:
11721:
11715:
11699:
11695:
11689:
11673:
11669:
11663:
11647:
11643:
11637:
11621:
11617:
11611:
11595:
11591:
11585:
11570:
11564:
11560:
11559:
11551:
11543:
11537:
11533:
11526:
11518:
11512:
11508:
11501:
11493:
11489:
11485:
11481:
11477:
11473:
11469:
11465:
11458:
11442:
11438:
11434:
11428:
11412:
11408:
11402:
11386:
11382:
11381:
11373:
11357:
11353:
11347:
11331:
11327:
11323:
11316:
11300:
11296:
11290:
11274:
11270:
11266:
11260:
11251:
11246:
11242:
11238:
11234:
11227:
11208:
11201:
11195:
11187:
11181:
11177:
11172:
11171:
11162:
11146:
11142:
11141:The Economist
11138:
11132:
11130:
11113:
11109:
11105:
11099:
11097:
11088:
11082:
11078:
11073:
11072:
11063:
11055:
11051:
11050:
11045:
11039:
11031:
11025:
11021:
11020:
11012:
11010:
11001:
10995:
10991:
10984:
10968:
10964:
10958:
10942:
10938:
10934:
10930:
10929:
10924:
10918:
10910:
10904:
10900:
10899:
10894:
10888:
10880:
10874:
10870:
10869:
10864:
10858:
10856:
10847:
10843:
10839:
10835:
10831:
10827:
10823:
10819:
10818:
10810:
10802:
10798:
10793:
10788:
10784:
10780:
10776:
10769:
10753:
10749:
10742:
10734:
10730:
10725:
10720:
10716:
10712:
10708:
10701:
10693:
10689:
10684:
10679:
10675:
10671:
10667:
10663:
10659:
10655:
10651:
10644:
10636:
10632:
10627:
10622:
10618:
10614:
10610:
10602:
10600:
10591:
10587:
10582:
10577:
10573:
10569:
10564:
10559:
10555:
10551:
10547:
10543:
10539:
10532:
10524:
10518:
10514:
10510:
10509:
10501:
10493:
10487:
10483:
10479:
10472:
10464:
10458:
10454:
10450:
10449:
10441:
10433:
10427:
10423:
10419:
10415:
10414:
10409:
10403:
10395:
10391:
10386:
10381:
10377:
10373:
10369:
10365:
10361:
10357:
10356:
10351:
10344:
10336:
10330:
10326:
10319:
10311:
10305:
10301:
10297:
10296:
10288:
10280:
10274:
10270:
10263:
10255:
10249:
10245:
10241:
10234:
10226:
10220:
10216:
10212:
10205:
10197:
10191:
10187:
10180:
10164:
10160:
10154:
10150:
10149:
10141:
10133:
10127:
10123:
10116:
10108:
10104:
10099:
10094:
10089:
10084:
10080:
10076:
10072:
10068:
10064:
10057:
10041:
10037:
10033:
10029:
10025:
10021:
10017:
10013:
10009:
10005:
10001:
10000:
9995:
9988:
9969:
9965:
9961:
9957:
9953:
9949:
9945:
9940:
9935:
9931:
9927:
9926:Theory Biosci
9920:
9913:
9905:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9887:
9883:
9879:
9875:
9871:
9867:
9866:
9861:
9859:
9850:
9842:
9838:
9833:
9828:
9824:
9820:
9816:
9809:
9793:
9789:
9785:
9780:
9775:
9771:
9767:
9766:
9761:
9754:
9735:
9731:
9725:
9721:
9714:
9713:
9712:Invertebrates
9705:
9703:
9701:
9692:
9686:
9682:
9678:
9677:
9669:
9667:
9658:
9654:
9650:
9646:
9641:
9636:
9632:
9628:
9624:
9620:
9616:
9608:
9592:
9588:
9582:
9574:
9568:
9564:
9557:
9549:
9543:
9539:
9532:
9524:
9518:
9514:
9507:
9499:
9493:
9489:
9485:
9484:
9476:
9468:
9462:
9458:
9451:
9443:
9442:Prentice-Hall
9439:
9432:
9424:
9418:
9414:
9407:
9399:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9381:
9377:
9373:
9369:
9365:
9361:
9357:
9350:
9342:
9338:
9334:
9330:
9325:
9320:
9316:
9312:
9308:
9304:
9300:
9296:
9292:
9285:
9283:
9274:
9268:
9264:
9257:
9248:
9243:
9239:
9235:
9228:
9219:
9214:
9210:
9206:
9202:
9198:
9191:
9183:
9179:
9174:
9169:
9164:
9159:
9155:
9151:
9147:
9140:
9132:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9114:
9110:
9106:
9102:
9098:
9094:
9090:
9083:
9081:
9065:
9059:
9055:
9051:
9050:
9042:
9034:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9016:
9012:
9008:
9004:
9000:
8996:
8995:
8990:
8983:
8967:
8963:
8962:
8957:
8953:
8947:
8936:
8932:
8928:
8924:
8920:
8916:
8909:
8902:
8894:
8890:
8886:
8882:
8878:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8860:
8856:
8849:
8841:
8837:
8833:
8829:
8822:
8814:
8810:
8806:
8802:
8798:
8794:
8790:
8786:
8778:
8759:
8755:
8748:
8742:
8733:
8728:
8724:
8720:
8719:
8714:
8707:
8699:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8671:
8667:
8663:
8659:
8655:
8648:
8640:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8622:
8618:
8614:
8610:
8606:
8599:
8591:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8573:
8569:
8565:
8561:
8557:
8550:
8542:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8523:
8518:
8514:
8510:
8503:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8473:
8465:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8437:
8433:
8429:
8425:
8424:
8419:
8415:
8411:
8405:
8397:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8379:
8375:
8371:
8367:
8363:
8356:
8348:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8330:
8326:
8325:
8320:
8313:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8284:
8276:
8268:
8264:
8260:
8254:
8250:
8246:
8240:
8221:
8217:
8213:
8209:
8202:
8195:
8179:
8175:
8171:
8164:
8156:
8152:
8148:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8130:
8126:
8122:
8118:
8114:
8107:
8099:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8075:
8071:
8067:
8061:
8053:
8049:
8045:
8041:
8037:
8033:
8025:
8017:
8011:
8007:
8000:
7992:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7950:
7943:
7941:
7924:
7920:
7916:
7912:
7906:
7890:
7886:
7882:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7866:
7860:
7844:
7840:
7834:
7826:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7806:
7802:
7798:
7791:
7772:
7765:
7759:
7751:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7733:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7717:
7710:
7702:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7661:
7659:
7650:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7635:
7627:
7619:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7570:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7550:
7546:
7542:
7538:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7519:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7499:
7495:
7491:
7487:
7483:
7476:
7468:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7424:
7417:
7409:
7403:
7399:
7392:
7376:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7351:
7336:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7303:
7284:
7277:
7270:
7255:
7249:
7245:
7244:
7236:
7221:
7215:
7211:
7210:
7202:
7200:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7171:
7164:
7157:
7155:
7154:Stegophilinae
7151:
7147:
7142:
7136:
7132:
7131:
7123:
7115:
7109:
7105:
7104:
7099:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7071:
7067:
7063:
7059:
7052:
7044:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7026:
7022:
7018:
7011:
7009:
7007:
7005:
6996:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6971:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6921:
6913:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6872:
6864:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6821:
6805:
6801:
6795:
6787:
6781:
6777:
6776:
6768:
6766:
6764:
6762:
6753:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6734:
6729:
6723:
6721:
6719:
6717:
6715:
6713:
6711:
6709:
6692:
6689:. BBC Earth.
6688:
6681:
6679:
6677:
6675:
6673:
6671:
6669:
6667:
6665:
6663:
6661:
6659:
6657:
6655:
6646:
6640:
6636:
6635:
6627:
6625:
6623:
6621:
6619:
6617:
6615:
6613:
6611:
6609:
6592:
6587:
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6578:
6574:
6570:
6563:
6561:
6559:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6551:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6543:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6535:
6526:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6485:
6469:
6465:
6458:
6439:
6435:
6434:Vertpaleo.org
6428:
6421:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6368:
6352:
6348:
6342:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6311:
6303:
6297:
6293:
6292:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6249:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6205:
6198:
6190:
6184:
6180:
6179:
6174:
6168:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6131:
6126:
6120:
6112:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6081:
6076:
6069:
6061:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6020:
6012:
6006:
6002:
5995:
5987:
5981:
5977:
5972:
5971:
5962:
5954:
5948:
5944:
5937:
5929:
5923:
5919:
5912:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5853:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5818:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5783:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5726:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5704:
5696:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5675:
5667:
5661:
5657:
5656:
5648:
5640:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5619:
5611:
5605:
5601:
5594:
5578:
5574:
5567:
5559:
5553:
5549:
5542:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5499:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5458:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5421:
5413:
5405:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5385:
5377:
5371:
5363:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5348:
5340:
5332:
5325:
5317:
5311:
5307:
5300:
5292:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5273:
5272:
5263:
5255:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5240:
5232:
5224:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5209:
5201:
5186:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5171:
5163:
5148:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5129:
5121:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5102:
5094:
5086:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5071:
5063:
5055:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5036:
5035:
5026:
5010:
5006:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4991:
4983:
4975:
4969:
4965:
4958:
4942:
4938:
4935:Saupe, S. G.
4931:
4923:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4880:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4849:
4841:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4798:
4782:
4778:
4771:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4741:
4725:
4721:
4714:
4706:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4683:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4554:
4550:
4549:
4548:Royal Society
4544:
4538:
4530:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4485:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4447:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4425:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4404:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4361:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4341:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4258:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4240:9780429446276
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4213:
4209:
4195:
4194:une espèce de
4189:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4175:
4168:
4161:
4155:
4148:
4142:
4135:
4134:Cecidomyiidae
4131:
4127:
4123:
4122:DNA barcoding
4117:
4110:
4109:
4103:
4099:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4032:ancient Egypt
4029:
4028:scarab beetle
4025:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4008:Whistlejacket
3997:
3996:George Stubbs
3993:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3917:Symbolic uses
3914:
3912:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3848:birds of prey
3845:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3826:
3823:are based on
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3743:Invertebrates
3740:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3686:
3684:
3679:
3678:Ernst Haeckel
3674:
3672:
3668:
3667:Louis Agassiz
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3570:Carl Linnaeus
3566:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3549:classical era
3542:
3541:invertebrates
3538:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3287:sea cucumbers
3284:
3280:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3264:embryonic gut
3261:
3257:
3249:
3248:deuterostomes
3245:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3200:deuterostomes
3197:
3192:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3160:cephalisation
3156:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3145:triploblastic
3142:
3138:
3135:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3041:
3035:Non-bilateria
3032:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2988:
2983:
2973:
2972:
2971:multicellular
2968:
2967:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2930:
2929:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2802:
2801:Deuterostomia
2799:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2566:
2565:
2556:
2555:
2547:
2546:
2538:950 mya
2537:
2536:
2528:760 mya
2527:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2416:Ichthyosporea
2411:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2387:(inc. fungi)
2386:
2380:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2332:
2318:
2317:Burgess shale
2314:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2253:stromatolites
2250:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2239:triploblastic
2236:
2232:
2231:Trace fossils
2228:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2184:hemichordates
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2168:onychophorans
2165:
2161:
2157:
2156:Burgess shale
2153:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1907:Echinodermata
1904:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1861:Yes >1,350
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1843:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1809:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1773:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1757:4,000–25,000
1753:
1751:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1618:
1615:
1610:Yes 1,000,000
1609:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1444:heat tolerant
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:Late Cambrian
1408:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:carbohydrates
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1293:which mainly
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1238:form complex
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1132:
1130:
1127:, such as in
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1109:, such as in
1108:
1104:
1103:fragmentation
1100:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1001:
991:
989:
985:
984:nerve tissues
981:
977:
973:
968:
966:
962:
961:gap junctions
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
933:glycoproteins
930:
926:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
869:heterotrophic
866:
862:
858:
857:multicellular
854:
846:
842:
837:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
801:
796:
795:
790:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:birds of prey
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:Ernst Haeckel
604:
600:
599:
594:
590:
589:Carl Linnaeus
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:
529:
525:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
505:hemichordates
502:
498:
497:deuterostomes
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
367:
328:
325:
321:
318:
314:
313:multicellular
310:
296:
290:
285:Gastrobionta
284:
278:
272:
271:
269:
266:
262:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
236:
233:
232:
230:
227:Subdivisions
225:
221:
217:
212:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
121:
116:
112:
84:
77:
70:
63:
56:
48:665–0 Ma
44:
36:
33:
29:
22:
17073:
17044:Transpoviron
16977:Fungal prion
16953:
16846:
16841:Dinodnavirus
16839:
16821:
16814:
16809:Spiraviridae
16807:
16800:
16793:
16786:
16779:
16774:Ovaliviridae
16772:
16765:
16760:Guttaviridae
16758:
16751:
16744:
16737:
16732:Clavaviridae
16730:
16723:
16716:
16709:
16702:
16695:
16679:
16658:Varidnaviria
16656:
16649:
16642:
16637:Monodnaviria
16635:
16628:
16621:
16569:
16559:
16416:
16408:
16330:Orthonectida
16325:Gastrotricha
16300:Nematomorpha
16275:Chaetognatha
16265:Hemichordate
16226:
16192:Pteridophyta
16061:Malawimonada
15935:Korarchaeota
15896:Thermotogota
15881:Synergistota
15856:Nitrospirota
15851:Nitrospinota
15796:Deinococcota
15729:Bacteroidota
15606:
15570:
15539:Biodiversity
15525:astrobiology
15247:Elements of
15204:
15199:paraphyletic
15094:
15075:
15057:
15026:Malawimonada
15006:Anaeromonada
15001:Anaeramoebae
14993:
14969:
14946:Tsukubamonas
14944:
14866:
14859:
14850:Charophyceae
14837:
14830:
14823:Streptophyta
14810:
14794:
14774:
14770:Rhodelphidia
14728:Palpitomonas
14726:
14706:
14695:Pancryptista
14640:
14633:
14570:
14537:
14525:
14505:
14475:
14470:Foraminifera
14468:
14312:
14311:
14254:
14248:Tunicaraptor
14246:
14213:
14187:Opisthokonta
14123:
14052:Opisthokonta
13913:Potentially
13908:
13861:
13837:
13831:Gymnolaemata
13826:Stenolaemata
13815:Ectoproctans
13813:
13784:
13755:
13731:
13725:Pterobranchs
13712:
13688:
13664:
13640:
13616:
13610:within phyla
13608:Major groups
13478:
13465:Bryozoa s.l.
13456:Lophophorata
13444:
13420:
13398:
13390:
13353:
13342:Orthonectida
13317:
13264:
13257:
13246:
13165:
13158:
13087:
13045:Scalidophora
12994:
12982:Ambulacraria
12969:
12882:(see below↓)
12862:
12854:
12818:
12804:
12769:Opisthokonta
12672:
12556:
12550:
12525:
12521:
12515:
12502:
12496:
12484:. Retrieved
12480:the original
12469:
12460:
12454:
12442:. Retrieved
12427:
12408:
12402:
12390:. Retrieved
12349:
12342:
12318:
12311:
12291:
12284:
12272:. Retrieved
12255:
12245:
12233:. Retrieved
12224:The Guardian
12222:
12212:
12204:
12199:
12187:. Retrieved
12178:
12168:
12148:
12115:
12108:
12099:
12093:
12072:
12064:
12047:
12043:
12037:
12025:. Retrieved
12018:the original
12001:
11989:. Retrieved
11974:
11963:the original
11950:
11938:. Retrieved
11924:
11912:. Retrieved
11897:
11885:. Retrieved
11877:"Other bugs"
11871:
11859:. Retrieved
11844:
11832:. Retrieved
11818:
11798:
11791:
11779:. Retrieved
11765:
11746:
11740:
11728:. Retrieved
11714:
11702:. Retrieved
11688:
11676:. Retrieved
11662:
11650:. Retrieved
11636:
11624:. Retrieved
11610:
11598:. Retrieved
11594:the original
11584:
11572:. Retrieved
11557:
11550:
11531:
11525:
11506:
11500:
11467:
11463:
11457:
11445:. Retrieved
11436:
11427:
11415:. Retrieved
11401:
11389:. Retrieved
11379:
11372:
11360:. Retrieved
11356:the original
11346:
11334:. Retrieved
11315:
11303:. Retrieved
11289:
11277:. Retrieved
11273:the original
11268:
11259:
11243:(1): 61–82.
11240:
11236:
11226:
11214:. Retrieved
11194:
11169:
11161:
11149:. Retrieved
11140:
11116:. Retrieved
11070:
11062:
11053:
11048:
11038:
11018:
10989:
10983:
10971:. Retrieved
10957:
10947:22 September
10945:. Retrieved
10932:
10927:
10917:
10897:
10887:
10867:
10821:
10815:
10809:
10782:
10778:
10768:
10756:. Retrieved
10752:the original
10741:
10714:
10710:
10700:
10657:
10653:
10643:
10616:
10612:
10545:
10541:
10531:
10507:
10500:
10477:
10471:
10447:
10440:
10412:
10402:
10359:
10353:
10343:
10324:
10318:
10294:
10287:
10268:
10262:
10239:
10233:
10215:Kendall Hunt
10210:
10204:
10185:
10179:
10167:. Retrieved
10147:
10140:
10121:
10115:
10070:
10066:
10056:
10044:. Retrieved
10003:
9997:
9987:
9975:. Retrieved
9932:(1): 35–42.
9929:
9925:
9912:
9869:
9863:
9858:Xenoturbella
9857:
9849:
9822:
9818:
9808:
9796:. Retrieved
9769:
9763:
9753:
9741:. Retrieved
9711:
9675:
9622:
9618:
9607:
9595:. Retrieved
9581:
9562:
9556:
9537:
9531:
9512:
9506:
9482:
9475:
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9450:
9437:
9431:
9412:
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9363:
9359:
9349:
9298:
9294:
9262:
9256:
9237:
9227:
9200:
9190:
9153:
9149:
9139:
9096:
9092:
9067:. Retrieved
9048:
9041:
8998:
8992:
8982:
8970:. Retrieved
8959:
8952:Zimmer, Carl
8946:
8914:
8901:
8858:
8854:
8848:
8831:
8827:
8821:
8788:
8784:
8777:
8765:. Retrieved
8758:the original
8753:
8741:
8722:
8716:
8706:
8661:
8657:
8647:
8612:
8609:Open Biology
8608:
8598:
8566:(1): 4–119.
8563:
8559:
8549:
8512:
8502:
8490:. Retrieved
8481:
8472:
8427:
8421:
8404:
8369:
8365:
8355:
8328:
8322:
8312:
8287:
8281:
8275:
8248:
8239:
8227:. Retrieved
8211:
8207:
8194:
8182:. Retrieved
8173:
8163:
8120:
8116:
8106:
8073:
8069:
8060:
8035:
8031:
8024:
8005:
7999:
7956:
7952:
7927:. Retrieved
7914:
7905:
7893:. Retrieved
7876:
7872:
7859:
7847:. Retrieved
7833:
7800:
7796:
7790:
7778:. Retrieved
7758:
7723:
7719:
7709:
7674:
7670:
7633:
7626:
7583:
7579:
7569:
7528:
7524:
7518:
7485:
7481:
7475:
7430:
7426:
7416:
7397:
7391:
7379:. Retrieved
7365:
7361:
7350:
7338:. Retrieved
7316:
7312:
7302:
7290:. Retrieved
7269:
7257:. Retrieved
7242:
7235:
7223:. Retrieved
7208:
7173:
7169:
7163:
7150:Vandelliinae
7144:
7129:
7122:
7102:
7074:. Retrieved
7065:
7061:
7051:
7024:
7020:
6980:
6970:
6937:(1): 31–45.
6934:
6930:
6920:
6885:
6881:
6871:
6834:
6831:PLOS Biology
6830:
6820:
6808:. Retrieved
6794:
6774:
6732:
6695:. Retrieved
6633:
6595:. Retrieved
6576:
6572:
6498:
6494:
6484:
6472:. Retrieved
6457:
6445:. Retrieved
6433:
6420:
6377:
6373:
6367:
6355:. Retrieved
6341:
6329:. Retrieved
6320:
6310:
6290:
6266:. Retrieved
6248:
6214:
6210:
6197:
6177:
6167:
6137:(6): 100–7.
6134:
6128:
6119:
6084:
6078:
6068:
6036:(5): 392–8.
6033:
6029:
6019:
6000:
5994:
5970:Biochemistry
5969:
5961:
5942:
5936:
5917:
5911:
5862:
5858:
5852:
5827:
5823:
5817:
5805:. Retrieved
5796:
5792:
5782:
5739:
5735:
5725:
5712:
5703:
5680:
5674:
5654:
5647:
5624:
5618:
5599:
5593:
5581:. Retrieved
5566:
5547:
5541:
5508:
5504:
5498:
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5424:
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5393:
5384:
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5299:
5270:
5262:
5238:
5231:
5207:
5200:
5188:. Retrieved
5169:
5162:
5150:. Retrieved
5135:
5128:
5100:
5093:
5069:
5062:
5033:
5025:
5013:. Retrieved
4989:
4982:
4963:
4957:
4947:30 September
4945:. Retrieved
4930:
4893:
4889:
4879:
4867:. Retrieved
4858:
4848:
4813:
4807:
4797:
4787:30 September
4785:. Retrieved
4781:the original
4770:
4758:. Retrieved
4754:the original
4749:
4740:
4730:20 September
4728:. Retrieved
4713:
4689:
4682:
4655:and further
4647:. Retrieved
4638:
4629:
4617:. Retrieved
4608:
4599:
4587:. Retrieved
4578:
4569:
4557:. Retrieved
4546:
4537:
4500:
4494:
4484:
4472:. Retrieved
4468:the original
4463:
4454:
4441:
4435:
4427:
4409:
4403:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4349:
4340:
4323:
4319:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4218:
4212:
4193:
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4178:
4172:
4167:
4154:
4141:
4128:species for
4116:
4106:
4102:
4021:
4006:
3989:
3975:
3949:
3920:
3908:
3844:hunting dogs
3841:
3806:
3804:
3741:
3721:domesticated
3718:
3675:
3671:Richard Owen
3654:
3640:
3639:In his 1817
3638:
3619:
3615:
3577:
3574:hierarchical
3567:
3551:, Aristotle
3546:
3457:
3437:gastrotrichs
3426:
3388:Nematomorpha
3361:
3319:Hemichordata
3276:
3253:
3234:Deuterostome
3212:Ambulacraria
3193:
3164:sense organs
3157:
3131:
3093:
3089:diploblastic
3081:
3076:sister clade
3073:
3065:sea anemones
3046:
3025:sister group
3005:sister group
2991:
2979:
2969:
2955:
2944: embryo
2940:
2916:
2891:
2871:
2832:
2814:Ambulacraria
2812:
2772:
2740:
2720:
2690:
2670:
2658:
2650:
2611:
2580:
2578:
2517:
2512:
2497:
2464:
2434:
2414:
2383:
2372:Opisthokonta
2362:
2342:monophyletic
2340:Animals are
2339:
2306:
2289:
2268:
2242:
2215:
2196:
2192:Anomalocaris
2190:
2145:
2134:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2085:
2032:
2000:
1987:Yes >400
1968:
1936:
1905:
1872:
1833:
1799:
1763:
1756:
1750:3,000–6,500
1749:
1721:
1679:
1641:
1593:
1583:Free-living
1545:
1535:
1519:
1513:
1502:
1490:
1484:
1425:
1421:such as the
1404:
1375:on the dark
1319:produced by
1310:
1275:coevolutions
1242:within that
1232:Interactions
1224:detritivores
1204:nectarivores
1192:graminivores
1176:insectivores
1157:
1151:
1111:
1096:
1077:
1022:
969:
931:and elastic
927:composed of
922:
850:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
788:
786:
697:domesticated
695:, the first
635:
627:evolutionary
610:
596:
578:
531:
517:
451:
435:interactions
404:
384:able to move
326:
308:
307:
299:Barkley 1939
293:Barkley 1939
281:Nielsen 2008
275:Haeckel 1874
210:
194:
184:(unranked):
174:(unranked):
168:Opisthokonta
164:(unranked):
151:
138:
32:
17217:iNaturalist
17098:Wikispecies
16987:microsphere
16906:Cancer cell
16651:Ribozyviria
16385:Brachiopoda
16360:Cycliophora
16305:Onychophora
16280:Kinorhyncha
16202:Ginkgophyta
16197:Cycadophyta
16162:Chlorophyta
16152:Glaucophyta
15846:Myxococcota
15764:Chlorobiota
15759:Chlamydiota
15590:Prokaryotes
15378:Atmosphere
15373:Meteorology
15090:Chitinozoan
15016:Parabasalia
14868:Embryophyta
14832:Chlorokybus
14812:Chlorophyta
14760:Glaucophyta
14734:Cryptophyta
14624:Pirsoniales
14591:Bicosoecida
14572:Platysulcus
14545:Perkinsozoa
14527:Apicomplexa
14500:Colponemida
14267:Pluriformea
14136:Archamoebea
14125:Eumycetozoa
13889:Tusk shells
13874:Cephalopods
13845:Polychaetes
13792:Turbellaria
13773:Crustaceans
13749:Secernentea
13739:Chromadorea
13720:Acorn worms
13690:Echinoderms
13682:Vertebrates
13624:Demosponges
13558:is disputed
13020:Protostomia
12908:is disputed
12835:ParaHoxozoa
12189:16 December
12175:"Butterfly"
11930:"Pet Birds"
11574:22 February
10963:"Espèce de"
10758:28 February
10513:McGraw-Hill
10046:21 February
9173:10449/43929
7929:28 February
7895:28 February
7849:1 September
7726:: 279–294.
7068:: 246–255.
6447:30 December
5807:12 February
4890:BMC Biology
4869:28 February
4760:25 February
4147:parasitoids
4003: 1762
3971: 1660
3821:trabectedin
3751:crustaceans
3747:cephalopods
3634:infusorians
3508:trochophore
3468:brachiopods
3392:Kinorhyncha
3380:Onychophora
3291:vertebrates
3283:sea urchins
3244:protostomes
3196:protostomes
3176:peristalsis
3174:to move by
3087:. They are
3021:ParaHoxozoa
3001:ParaHoxozoa
2920: mouth
2860:Protostomia
2709:ParaHoxozoa
2642:homeodomain
2626:Precambrian
2620:that lived
2436:Pluriformea
2211:nematocysts
2180:echinoderms
2172:tardigrades
2164:brachiopods
2136:Dickinsonia
2131:cholesterol
2104:Phanerozoic
2096:pelagophyte
1816:Yes (soil)
1794:Yes 14,000
1780:Yes (soil)
1699:Yes 13,000
1696:Yes 23,000
1693:>70,000
1663:Yes 60,000
1660:Yes 35,000
1630:Yes 94,000
1520:Supersaurus
1419:Vertebrates
1407:land plants
1295:eat sponges
1272:competitive
1061:germ layers
1053:invaginates
1036:spermatozoa
1017:dragonflies
739:element of
725:terrestrial
705:in security
647:(including
560:during the
548:during the
501:echinoderms
473:protostomes
427:vertebrates
297:Euanimalia
287:Rothm. 1948
237:(~30 phyla)
61:Proterozoic
45:– present,
17334:Categories
17037:Retroposon
16984:Proteinoid
16894:structures
16892:Comparable
16668:Unassigned
16571:Parakaryon
16484:Prokaryota
16418:Parakaryon
16380:Entoprocta
16315:Arthropoda
16310:Tardigrada
16290:Priapulida
16285:Loricifera
16270:Echinoderm
16240:Ctenophora
16212:Gnetophyta
16167:Charophyta
16157:Rhodophyta
16129:Ascomycota
16124:Zygomycota
16066:Metamonada
16041:Euglenozoa
16026:Ciliophora
15734:Balneolota
15709:Aquificota
15471:Wilderness
15324:geological
15171:Rigifilida
15070:Acritarchs
14995:Barthelona
14986:Metamonada
14971:Euglenozoa
14839:Mesostigma
14795:sensu lato
14776:Rhodophyta
14635:Ochrophyta
14596:Placidozoa
14507:Ciliophora
14477:Radiolaria
14394:Haptophyta
14289:Filasterea
14201:Holomycota
13869:Gastropods
13850:Clitellata
13757:Arthropods
13696:Sea lilies
13642:Cnidarians
13560:; see also
13490:Brachiozoa
13253:Syndermata
13212:Gnathifera
12910:; see also
12855:Trichoplax
12853:Placozoa (
12840:Planulozoa
12050:(1): 1–9.
11834:10 October
11678:24 January
11305:15 October
10420:. p.
9240:: 704551.
8184:5 December
7381:18 January
7340:18 January
6740:. p.
5799:(10): 36.
5279:. p.
5108:. p.
5042:. p.
4605:"Metazoan"
4440:"Animal".
4346:"animalia"
4204:References
4034:, and the
3951:Still Life
3876:chameleons
3854:have been
3852:cormorants
3745:including
3626:cirripedes
3496:earthworms
3480:entoprocts
3472:nemerteans
3449:Gnathifera
3400:Loricifera
3396:Priapulida
3384:Tardigrada
3372:Arthropoda
3352:arthropods
3303:amphibians
3230:Protostome
3118:bilaterian
3116:Idealised
3069:Ctenophora
3029:Ctenophora
2997:Ctenophora
2918:blastopore
2692:Ctenophora
2640:including
2587:Ctenophora
2466:Filasterea
2385:Holomycota
2176:arthropods
2088:Cryogenian
2082:Urmetazoan
2034:Tardigrada
1990:Yes 2,000
1958:Yes 60–80
1924:Yes 7,500
1855:Yes (few)
1822:Yes 1,750
1786:Yes 2,000
1783:Yes 4,000
1744:Yes 1,300
1702:Yes 18,000
1607:1,257,000
1595:Arthropoda
1579:Freshwater
1507:titanosaur
1487:blue whale
1479:blue whale
1448:Antarctica
1415:Ordovician
1373:cold seeps
1361:locomotion
1331:) through
1289:, such as
1220:scavengers
1216:fungivores
1200:granivores
1196:frugivores
1184:herbivores
1172:piscivores
1168:carnivores
1117:cnidarians
1115:and other
1055:to form a
998:See also:
972:placozoans
965:desmosomes
881:life cycle
853:eukaryotic
827:'animal'.
765:literature
711:, as have
709:in warfare
701:in hunting
615:synonymous
574:Cryogenian
520:Cryogenian
495:; and the
477:arthropods
469:superphyla
413:have been
317:eukaryotic
246:Ctenophora
43:Cryogenian
17253:MilliBase
16644:Riboviria
16623:Adnaviria
16607:Satellite
16525:Eukaryota
16335:Dicyemida
16207:Pinophyta
16086:Telonemia
16021:Cryptista
16011:Breviatea
15996:Amoebozoa
15991:Alveolata
15972:Eukaryote
15724:Bacillota
15549:Eukaryota
15516:Hierarchy
15511:Biosphere
15476:Wildfires
15466:Radiation
15456:Ecosystem
15396:Moonlight
15330:Structure
15285:particles
15011:Fornicata
14917:Excavates
14719:Cryptista
14642:Oomycetes
14619:Developea
14601:Sagenista
14488:Alveolata
14424:Telonemia
14299:Choanozoa
14176:Breviatea
14119:Tubulinea
14106:Amoebozoa
14047:Amoebozoa
14025:Alveolata
14013:Cryptista
13988:Eukaryota
13958:Eukaryote
13855:Sipuncula
13802:Monogenea
13797:Trematoda
13768:Myriapods
13733:Nematodes
13677:Tunicates
13672:Lancelets
13666:Chordates
13658:Myxozoans
13565:Nephrozoa
13554:phylogeny
13354:Salinella
13309:Rouphozoa
13150:Tactopoda
13079:Nematoida
13031:Ecdysozoa
12952:Bilateria
12939:Bilateria
12920:Benthozoa
12915:Eumetazoa
12904:phylogeny
12874:Bilateria
12764:Amoebozoa
12742:Alveolata
12730:Cryptista
12705:Eukaryota
12565:cite book
12152:. Dover.
11216:13 August
10779:Syst Biol
10036:205247296
9934:CiteSeerX
9341:258765122
8863:CiteSeerX
8725:: 14–21.
8267:191467085
7561:206509488
7335:239872311
7076:2 October
7056:Uetz, P.
6464:"Myxozoa"
6390:CiteSeerX
6321:BBC Earth
5774:207051421
5709:Caro, Tim
5190:8 January
5015:29 August
4635:"Metazoa"
4284:1520-541X
4249:242704712
4223:CRC Press
3931:butterfly
3911:for sport
3884:parakeets
3788:cochineal
3759:gastropod
3737:livestock
3708:Sides of
3676:In 1874,
3673:in 1860.
3568:In 1758,
3562:Aristotle
3441:flatworms
3433:Rouphozoa
3344:dragonfly
3331:Ecdysozoa
3325:Ecdysozoa
3295:backbones
3208:Nephrozoa
3141:body plan
3134:Bilateria
3104:Bilateria
3098:Bilateria
3061:jellyfish
3013:Benthozoa
2993:Eumetazoa
2873:Ecdysozoa
2791:Nephrozoa
2761:Bilateria
2603:hox genes
2483:Choanozoa
2350:Choanozoa
2325:Phylogeny
2273:from the
2207:predators
2188:predatory
2126:Spriggina
2115:Ediacaran
1666:Yes 5,000
1587:Parasitic
1549:taxonomic
1454:Diversity
1427:Tiktaalik
1413:or Early
1385:oxidizing
1377:sea floor
1329:producers
1317:bioenergy
1279:consumers
1248:predation
1244:ecosystem
1240:food webs
1228:parasites
1212:omnivores
1210:, etc.),
1208:algivores
1188:folivores
1182:, etc.),
1144:Predators
1088:recessive
988:digestive
919:Structure
897:barnacles
787:The word
783:Etymology
753:mythology
745:cave arts
663:(such as
661:materials
581:Aristotle
524:Ediacaran
509:chordates
493:nematodes
485:flatworms
465:body plan
454:Bilateria
439:food webs
431:ecologies
415:described
394:, during
320:organisms
235:Bilateria
207:Kingdom:
201:Choanozoa
132:Eukaryota
17131:Animalia
17118:Animalia
17104:Animalia
17083:Wikidata
17074:Animalia
17017:Ribozyme
16962:Phagemid
16689:Families
16549:Protista
16533:Animalia
16498:Bacteria
16395:Annelida
16390:Mollusca
16370:Phoronid
16365:Nemertea
16340:Rotifera
16320:Flatworm
16295:Nematoda
16260:Chordate
16250:Cnidaria
16245:Placozoa
16076:Rhizaria
16051:Haptista
16031:Cercozoa
15691:Bacteria
15631:Category
15600:bacteria
15583:protista
15544:Organism
15411:Sunlight
15257:Universe
15193:protists
15189:kingdoms
15077:Grypania
15039:Imasidae
14940:Jakobida
14464:Endomyxa
14459:Cercozoa
14451:Rhizaria
14381:Haptista
14313:Animalia
14256:Bicellum
14131:Variosea
14114:Discosea
14092:Amorphea
14042:Amorphea
14020:Rhizaria
14008:Hacrobia
13998:Excavata
13983:Bacteria
13879:Bivalves
13863:Molluscs
13839:Annelids
13198:Spiralia
12805:Animalia
12759:Amorphea
12737:Rhizaria
12725:Hacrobia
12715:Excavata
12700:Bacteria
12616:Archived
12542:53595088
12438:Archived
12386:Archived
12268:Archived
12229:Archived
12183:Archived
12146:(1904).
11991:27 April
11985:Archived
11934:Archived
11932:. PDSA.
11908:Archived
11881:Archived
11855:Archived
11828:Archived
11781:22 April
11775:Archived
11724:Archived
11698:Archived
11672:Archived
11646:Archived
11620:Archived
11492:13150932
11484:14570313
11441:Archived
11411:Archived
11385:Archived
11330:Archived
11299:Archived
11207:Archived
11145:Archived
11112:Archived
11046:(1874).
10967:Archived
10941:Archived
10925:(1758).
10895:(2014).
10865:(2011).
10801:12116426
10733:15703236
10692:28377584
10660:(1): 9.
10635:24748651
10590:10781038
10410:(2005).
10394:26580012
10163:Archived
10040:Archived
10028:26842059
9968:Archived
9964:17065867
9956:18087755
9904:21307940
9841:18410719
9792:Archived
9734:Archived
9649:18719581
9597:10 March
9591:Archived
9398:28993654
9333:37198475
9324:10232365
9218:10232365
9182:29199080
9131:33741592
9033:29712911
8966:Archived
8935:Archived
8931:89080338
8885:11440251
8813:41288638
8805:14997392
8698:33310849
8639:33622103
8590:30257078
8541:30373720
8486:Archived
8464:21810989
8396:18192191
8347:26588818
8247:(2007).
8220:Archived
8178:Archived
8174:NBC News
8147:19026540
7991:35879540
7923:Archived
7889:Archived
7885:14756326
7867:(2003).
7843:Archived
7780:25 April
7771:Archived
7750:30935869
7701:30237355
7618:29881773
7553:18174439
7510:19194449
7467:26903629
7283:Archived
7190:38784755
7100:(1996).
7070:Archived
6961:23755007
6953:28938083
6912:27481785
6863:21886479
6804:Archived
6730:(2007).
6691:Archived
6591:Archived
6579:(1): 5.
6525:23024499
6468:Archived
6438:Archived
6412:56028251
6351:Archived
6325:Archived
6262:Archived
6237:Archived
6159:16323697
6111:16598249
6060:23375891
5903:22971831
5895:17836872
5844:84430254
5801:Archived
5766:15341755
5711:(2005).
5577:Archived
5533:21237809
5441:19834483
5009:Archived
4941:Archived
4922:20370917
4863:Archived
4840:12594915
4724:Archived
4671:Archived
4660:Archived
4643:Archived
4613:Archived
4583:Archived
4553:Archived
4529:24198791
4460:"animal"
4395:22630754
4387:24779547
4292:18315817
4158:Compare
4077:Ethology
4066:See also
3988:'s 1515
3880:canaries
3817:vaccines
3763:Chickens
3683:Protista
3630:radiates
3608:Chordata
3604:Mammalia
3596:Amphibia
3510:larvae.
3500:lugworms
3464:annelids
3460:molluscs
3453:rotifers
3439:and the
3412:Spiralia
3406:Spiralia
3307:reptiles
3279:starfish
3260:Spiralia
3256:cleavage
3198:and the
3057:Cnidaria
3053:Placozoa
3049:Porifera
3017:Porifera
3009:Porifera
2893:Spiralia
2834:Chordata
2742:Cnidaria
2722:Placozoa
2672:Porifera
2659:Animalia
2634:TGF-beta
2595:Placozoa
2591:Cnidaria
2583:Porifera
2513:Animalia
2160:molluscs
2090:period.
2002:Nemertea
1970:Rotifera
1894:200–300
1874:Porifera
1835:Cnidaria
1828:Yes 400
1801:Annelida
1765:Nematoda
1681:Chordata
1657:107,000
1643:Mollusca
1562:Example
1512:such as
1436:habitats
1432:Devonian
1400:bacteria
1390:such as
1353:proteins
1180:ovivores
1073:mesoderm
1069:endoderm
1065:ectoderm
1057:gastrula
945:spicules
929:collagen
905:blastula
863:, which
845:blastula
800:animalis
773:politics
769:heraldry
757:religion
737:cultural
689:services
619:Protozoa
601:, which
576:period.
489:annelids
481:molluscs
447:ethology
423:molluscs
392:blastula
382:and are
380:myocytes
327:Animalia
273:Metazoa
265:Synonyms
256:Porifera
251:Placozoa
241:Cnidaria
216:Linnaeus
211:Animalia
145:Amorphea
128:Domain:
17340:Animals
17312:ZooBank
17049:Xenobot
16967:Plasmid
16948:Jeewanu
16879:Obelisk
16675:Classes
16543:Plantae
16508:Plastid
16493:Archaea
16375:Bryozoa
16071:Provora
16046:Jakobea
16036:Discoba
15982:Protist
15919:Archaea
15672:Extant
15608:Viruses
15595:archaea
15571:animals
15523: (
15521:Biology
15498:Origin
15451:Ecology
15426:tornado
15386:Climate
15380:(Earth)
15365:Weather
15335:Geology
15322: (
15320:History
14928:Discoba
14793:Plants
14765:Picozoa
14611:Gyrista
14518:Myzozoa
14371:Provora
14277:Filozoa
14233:Holozoa
14141:Cutosea
14057:Animals
13978:Archaea
13884:Chitons
13807:Cestoda
13744:Enoplea
13618:Sponges
13391:Symbion
13334:Mesozoa
12774:Animals
12695:Archaea
12671:Extant
12594:Animals
12436:. BBC.
12392:23 June
12274:24 June
12235:24 June
12027:10 July
11644:. BBC.
11626:24 June
11600:24 June
11447:17 July
11409:. FDA.
11391:16 June
11383:. FAO.
11336:23 June
11205:. FAO.
11151:23 June
10973:1 March
10846:8703086
10826:Bibcode
10683:5431905
10662:Bibcode
10550:Bibcode
10508:Zoology
10385:4729200
10364:Bibcode
10169:1 March
10107:9223303
10075:Bibcode
10008:Bibcode
9977:4 March
9895:4025995
9874:Bibcode
9798:4 March
9788:9600869
9743:4 March
9657:4415492
9627:Bibcode
9389:5664179
9368:Bibcode
9303:Bibcode
9238:bioRxiv
9122:7978419
9101:Bibcode
9024:5928047
9003:Bibcode
8915:bioRxiv
8893:7829548
8767:4 March
8689:7732190
8666:Bibcode
8630:8061703
8581:6492006
8532:6277202
8492:3 March
8455:3158185
8432:Bibcode
8387:2614224
8292:Bibcode
8283:Geology
8229:3 March
8155:8819675
8125:Bibcode
8098:9756480
8078:Bibcode
8070:Science
8040:Bibcode
8006:Biology
7982:9349040
7961:Bibcode
7825:6694681
7805:Bibcode
7741:6856725
7679:Bibcode
7671:Science
7609:5990303
7588:Bibcode
7533:Bibcode
7525:Science
7490:Bibcode
7458:4790988
7435:Bibcode
7292:2 March
7259:2 March
7043:2412618
6903:4971185
6854:3160336
6810:2 March
6697:2 March
6597:2 March
6573:Zootaxa
6516:3235390
6474:4 March
6382:Bibcode
6357:1 March
6331:1 March
6268:7 March
6219:Bibcode
6139:Bibcode
6089:Bibcode
6038:Bibcode
5887:1700236
5867:Bibcode
5859:Science
5744:Bibcode
5583:5 March
5513:Bibcode
5490:3324702
4913:2859860
4831:1693093
4750:Palaeos
4639:Collins
4520:3814086
4503:: 625.
4474:26 July
4448:. 2006.
4300:8531859
4171:In his
4024:insects
4013:Insects
3959:Oysters
3955:Lobster
3900:rabbits
3888:parrots
3836:gun dog
3792:shellac
3784:carmine
3755:bivalve
3588:Insecta
3547:In the
3504:leeches
3476:bryozoa
3368:ecdysis
3348:exuviae
3340:Ecdysis
3315:mammals
3168:muscles
2624:in the
2453:Filozoa
2403:Holozoa
2251:called
2227:sponges
2120:Charnia
1938:Bryozoa
1886:10,800
1865:Myxozoa
1847:16,000
1813:17,000
1791:11,000
1777:25,000
1735:29,500
1714:catfish
1668:12,000
1625:ostraca
1614:insects
1524:Myxozoa
1396:archaea
1365:benthic
1363:. Some
1313:biomass
1135:Ecology
1107:budding
1048:mitosis
1044:zygotes
1032:meiosis
1028:gametes
1025:haploid
980:muscles
976:tissues
955:called
901:sessile
893:mussels
885:sponges
809:metazoa
717:pigeons
679:and as
665:leather
659:), for
611:Metazoa
558:classes
443:zoology
419:insects
411:species
409:animal
378:, have
322:in the
309:Animals
291:Zooaea
188:Filozoa
178:Holozoa
68:Archean
38:Animals
17291:230572
17288:uBio:
17281:325038
17265:NZOR:
17245:936783
17235:202423
17170:1ANIMK
16995:Retron
16938:Fosmid
16923:Cosmid
16873:Nanobe
16833:Genera
16615:Realms
16603:Viroid
16235:Sponge
16227:Animal
15559:plants
15391:Clouds
15355:Future
15345:Oceans
15297:Change
15280:Matter
15275:Energy
15249:nature
15201:groups
14583:Bigyra
14157:Obazoa
14035:Plants
13972:Domain
13909:bolded
12752:Plants
12689:Domain
12673:animal
12606:Animal
12540:
12486:6 July
12444:9 July
12415:
12378:"Deer"
12357:
12330:
12299:
12156:
12123:
12081:
11940:8 July
11914:8 July
11887:8 July
11861:9 July
11806:
11753:
11730:9 July
11704:9 July
11652:8 July
11565:
11538:
11513:
11490:
11482:
11417:6 July
11362:8 July
11279:8 July
11182:
11118:8 July
11083:
11026:
10996:
10905:
10875:
10844:
10799:
10731:
10690:
10680:
10633:
10588:
10578:
10572:122407
10570:
10519:
10488:
10459:
10428:
10392:
10382:
10355:Nature
10331:
10306:
10275:
10250:
10221:
10192:
10155:
10128:
10105:
10095:
10034:
10026:
9999:Nature
9962:
9954:
9936:
9902:
9892:
9865:Nature
9839:
9786:
9726:
9687:
9655:
9647:
9619:Nature
9569:
9544:
9519:
9494:
9463:
9419:
9396:
9386:
9339:
9331:
9321:
9295:Nature
9269:
9215:
9201:Nature
9180:
9129:
9119:
9069:27 May
9060:
9031:
9021:
8929:
8891:
8883:
8865:
8811:
8803:
8696:
8686:
8637:
8627:
8588:
8578:
8539:
8529:
8462:
8452:
8394:
8384:
8345:
8265:
8255:
8153:
8145:
8096:
8012:
7989:
7979:
7883:
7823:
7748:
7738:
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7616:
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7559:
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7508:
7482:Nature
7465:
7455:
7404:
7333:
7250:
7225:19 May
7216:
7188:
7137:
7110:
7041:
6991:
6959:
6951:
6910:
6900:
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6851:
6782:
6748:
6641:
6523:
6513:
6410:
6392:
6298:
6185:
6157:
6109:
6080:Nature
6058:
6007:
5982:
5949:
5924:
5901:
5893:
5885:
5842:
5772:
5764:
5691:
5662:
5635:
5606:
5554:
5531:
5488:
5478:
5449:771357
5447:
5439:
5400:
5358:
5312:
5287:
5250:
5219:
5181:
5152:19 May
5143:
5116:
5081:
5050:
5001:
4970:
4920:
4910:
4896:: 32.
4838:
4828:
4701:
4649:6 July
4619:6 July
4589:7 June
4559:7 June
4527:
4517:
4420:
4393:
4385:
4298:
4290:
4282:
4247:
4237:
4130:Canada
4126:insect
4060:wolves
4058:, and
4044:horses
3994:, and
3898:, and
3886:, and
3872:snakes
3825:toxins
3796:kermes
3794:, and
3779:sinews
3767:cattle
3753:, and
3602:, and
3592:Pisces
3584:Vermes
3526:, and
3502:, and
3492:squids
3490:, and
3484:snails
3398:, and
3313:, and
3299:fishes
3285:, and
3180:larvae
3153:coelom
3085:organs
2593:, and
2235:Tonian
2148:fossil
2046:1,335
2014:1,350
1982:2,000
1950:6,000
1919:7,500
1710:Yes 40
1704:9,000
1655:85,000
1623:Malac-
1558:Phylum
1495:tonnes
1440:faunas
1349:lipids
1321:plants
1226:, and
1129:aphids
1125:mating
1002:, and
963:, and
943:, and
937:shells
903:. The
895:, and
889:corals
877:motile
841:embryo
805:animal
794:animal
789:animal
777:sports
775:, and
749:totems
733:hunted
713:horses
687:, and
675:), as
671:, and
655:, and
641:use of
637:Humans
538:Tonian
533:Otavia
528:sponge
471:: the
407:living
386:, can
158:Obazoa
17299:WoRMS
16972:Prion
16866:Other
16599:Virus
16538:Fungi
16144:Plant
16096:Fungi
16016:CRuMs
15578:fungi
15566:fauna
15554:flora
15461:Field
15416:Tides
15307:Earth
15265:Space
15153:CRuMs
14215:Fungi
14062:Fungi
13071:N+L+P
12779:Fungi
12676:phyla
12538:S2CID
12522:Numen
12021:(PDF)
12010:(PDF)
11966:(PDF)
11959:(PDF)
11488:S2CID
11210:(PDF)
11203:(PDF)
11052:[
10931:[
10581:34316
10568:JSTOR
10098:21545
10032:S2CID
9971:(PDF)
9960:S2CID
9922:(PDF)
9737:(PDF)
9716:(PDF)
9653:S2CID
9337:S2CID
8972:4 May
8938:(PDF)
8927:S2CID
8911:(PDF)
8889:S2CID
8809:S2CID
8761:(PDF)
8750:(PDF)
8513:eLife
8223:(PDF)
8204:(PDF)
8151:S2CID
7821:S2CID
7774:(PDF)
7767:(PDF)
7557:S2CID
7331:S2CID
7286:(PDF)
7279:(PDF)
7186:S2CID
7039:JSTOR
6957:S2CID
6441:(PDF)
6430:(PDF)
6408:S2CID
6240:(PDF)
6207:(PDF)
5899:S2CID
5883:JSTOR
5840:S2CID
5770:S2CID
5445:S2CID
4391:S2CID
4296:S2CID
4245:S2CID
4094:Notes
4056:bears
4048:lions
3953:with
3771:sheep
3712:in a
3649:used
3488:clams
3364:trait
3311:birds
3184:cilia
3137:clade
3023:as a
2942:symm.
2614:genes
1394:) by
1383:(via
1250:is a
1236:biome
1119:; or
1112:Hydra
949:fungi
941:bones
861:algae
825:zōion
817:meta-
639:make
613:(now
566:genes
458:clade
400:clade
195:Clade
152:Clade
139:Clade
17230:ITIS
17204:GBIF
17165:EPPO
17089:Q729
16911:HeLa
16515:LUCA
16463:Life
16182:Moss
15674:life
15486:Life
15421:Wind
15406:Snow
15401:Rain
15270:Time
15205:bold
14410:TSAR
13552:The
12902:The
12571:link
12488:2016
12446:2016
12413:ISBN
12394:2016
12355:ISBN
12328:ISBN
12297:ISBN
12276:2016
12237:2016
12191:2023
12154:ISBN
12121:ISBN
12079:ISBN
12029:2013
11993:2012
11942:2016
11916:2016
11889:2016
11863:2016
11836:2008
11804:ISBN
11783:2016
11751:ISBN
11732:2016
11706:2016
11680:2016
11654:2016
11628:2016
11602:2016
11576:2018
11563:ISBN
11536:ISBN
11511:ISBN
11480:PMID
11449:2015
11419:2016
11393:2015
11364:2016
11338:2016
11307:2013
11281:2016
11218:2015
11180:ISBN
11153:2016
11120:2016
11081:ISBN
11024:ISBN
10994:ISBN
10975:2018
10949:2008
10937:10th
10903:ISBN
10873:ISBN
10842:PMID
10797:PMID
10760:2018
10729:PMID
10688:PMID
10631:PMID
10586:PMID
10517:ISBN
10486:ISBN
10457:ISBN
10426:ISBN
10390:PMID
10329:ISBN
10304:ISBN
10273:ISBN
10248:ISBN
10219:ISBN
10190:ISBN
10171:2018
10153:ISBN
10126:ISBN
10103:PMID
10067:PNAS
10048:2022
10024:PMID
9979:2018
9952:PMID
9900:PMID
9837:PMID
9800:2018
9784:PMID
9745:2018
9724:ISBN
9685:ISBN
9645:PMID
9599:2018
9567:ISBN
9542:ISBN
9517:ISBN
9492:ISBN
9461:ISBN
9417:ISBN
9394:PMID
9329:PMID
9267:ISBN
9178:PMID
9127:PMID
9071:2023
9058:ISBN
9029:PMID
8974:2018
8881:PMID
8801:PMID
8769:2018
8694:PMID
8635:PMID
8586:PMID
8537:PMID
8494:2018
8460:PMID
8392:PMID
8343:PMID
8263:OCLC
8253:ISBN
8231:2018
8186:2008
8143:PMID
8094:PMID
8010:ISBN
7987:PMID
7931:2018
7897:2018
7881:PMID
7851:2014
7782:2022
7746:PMID
7697:PMID
7643:ISBN
7614:PMID
7549:PMID
7506:PMID
7463:PMID
7427:PNAS
7402:ISBN
7383:2023
7342:2023
7294:2018
7261:2018
7248:ISBN
7227:2020
7214:ISBN
7135:ISBN
7108:ISBN
7078:2021
6989:ISBN
6949:PMID
6908:PMID
6859:PMID
6812:2018
6780:ISBN
6746:ISBN
6699:2018
6639:ISBN
6599:2018
6577:3703
6521:PMID
6476:2018
6449:2022
6359:2018
6333:2018
6296:ISBN
6270:2018
6183:ISBN
6155:PMID
6107:PMID
6056:PMID
6005:ISBN
5980:ISBN
5947:ISBN
5922:ISBN
5891:PMID
5809:2018
5762:PMID
5689:ISBN
5660:ISBN
5633:ISBN
5604:ISBN
5585:2018
5552:ISBN
5529:PMID
5486:PMID
5476:ISBN
5437:PMID
5398:ISBN
5356:ISBN
5310:ISBN
5285:ISBN
5248:ISBN
5217:ISBN
5192:2016
5179:ISBN
5154:2020
5141:ISBN
5114:ISBN
5079:ISBN
5048:ISBN
5017:2017
4999:ISBN
4968:ISBN
4949:2007
4918:PMID
4871:2020
4836:PMID
4789:2007
4762:2018
4732:2007
4699:ISBN
4668:-zoa
4666:and
4651:2022
4621:2022
4591:2018
4561:2018
4525:PMID
4476:2018
4418:ISBN
4383:PMID
4288:PMID
4280:ISSN
4235:ISBN
4177:and
4052:bats
4040:deer
3957:and
3939:soul
3925:and
3921:The
3896:cats
3892:dogs
3874:and
3775:pigs
3710:beef
3600:Aves
3478:and
3382:and
3342:: a
3232:and
3106:and
3019:and
2999:and
2632:and
2182:and
2123:and
2060:Yes
2057:Yes
2054:Yes
2025:Yes
2022:Yes
2019:Yes
1993:Yes
1961:Yes
1955:Yes
1929:Yes
1900:Yes
1897:Yes
1891:Yes
1858:Yes
1852:Yes
1825:Yes
1819:Yes
1741:Yes
1738:Yes
1707:Yes
1671:Yes
1633:Yes
1569:Land
1485:The
1477:The
1467:and
1459:Size
1398:and
1371:and
1323:and
1315:and
1256:prey
1162:and
855:and
847:(2).
821:zōia
813:meta
761:arts
747:and
731:are
727:and
719:and
707:and
693:Dogs
683:for
677:pets
673:wool
653:eggs
649:meat
645:food
631:taxa
507:and
491:and
433:and
311:are
220:1758
75:Had.
54:Pha.
17152:EoL
17139:CoL
17126:AFD
17113:ADW
16875:(?)
16579:(?)
14684:CAM
14440:SAR
13409:M+K
13301:R+M
13238:M+S
13107:L+P
12530:doi
12260:doi
12052:doi
11472:doi
11245:doi
10834:doi
10787:doi
10719:doi
10678:PMC
10670:doi
10621:doi
10576:PMC
10558:doi
10453:289
10422:381
10380:PMC
10372:doi
10360:527
10093:PMC
10083:doi
10016:doi
10004:530
9944:doi
9930:126
9890:PMC
9882:doi
9870:470
9827:doi
9774:doi
9770:201
9635:doi
9623:454
9488:244
9384:PMC
9376:doi
9319:PMC
9311:doi
9299:618
9242:doi
9213:PMC
9205:doi
9168:hdl
9158:doi
9117:PMC
9109:doi
9019:PMC
9011:doi
8919:doi
8873:doi
8836:doi
8793:doi
8789:214
8727:doi
8684:PMC
8674:doi
8625:PMC
8617:doi
8576:PMC
8568:doi
8527:PMC
8517:doi
8450:PMC
8440:doi
8428:108
8382:PMC
8374:doi
8370:363
8333:doi
8300:doi
8133:doi
8086:doi
8074:282
8048:doi
7977:PMC
7969:doi
7813:doi
7801:122
7736:PMC
7728:doi
7724:140
7687:doi
7675:361
7604:PMC
7596:doi
7541:doi
7529:319
7498:doi
7486:457
7453:PMC
7443:doi
7431:113
7370:doi
7321:doi
7178:doi
7029:doi
6939:doi
6898:PMC
6890:doi
6886:371
6849:PMC
6839:doi
6581:doi
6511:PMC
6503:doi
6400:doi
6227:doi
6147:doi
6135:293
6097:doi
6085:440
6046:doi
5976:535
5875:doi
5863:239
5832:doi
5752:doi
5521:doi
5468:doi
5429:doi
5352:176
5244:371
5213:315
5044:212
4908:PMC
4898:doi
4859:CNN
4826:PMC
4818:doi
4814:358
4515:PMC
4505:doi
4375:doi
4328:doi
4272:doi
4227:doi
3998:'s
3962:by
3790:),
3757:or
3366:of
3031:.
3027:of
3007:to
2630:Wnt
2358:mya
2229:.
2221:of
2049:Yes
1789:Yes
1747:Yes
1574:Sea
1040:ova
1030:by
669:fur
17336::
17314::
17301::
17278::
17255::
17232::
17219::
17206::
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16465:,
12627:–
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