20:
5098:
5670:
5991:
453:
1590:, of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota. Combined with the five-kingdom model, this created a six-kingdom model, where the kingdom Monera is replaced by the kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea. This six-kingdom model is commonly used in recent US high school biology textbooks, but has received criticism for compromising the current scientific consensus. But the division of prokaryotes into two kingdoms remains in use with the recent
500:, for "neutral organisms" or "the kingdom of primitive forms", which were neither animal nor plant; he did not include the Regnum Lapideum in his scheme. Haeckel revised the content of this kingdom a number of times before settling on a division based on whether organisms were unicellular (Protista) or multicellular (animals and plants).
5259:
According to genetic data, although eukaryote groups such as plants, fungi, and animals may look different, they are more closely related to each other than they are to either the
Eubacteria or Archaea. It was also found that the eukaryotes are more closely related to the Archaea than they are to the
881:
Following publication of
Whittaker's system, the five-kingdom model began to be commonly used in high school biology textbooks. But despite the development from two kingdoms to five among most scientists, some authors as late as 1975 continued to employ a traditional two-kingdom system of animals and
5154:
In 1990, the name "domain" was proposed for the highest rank. This term represents a synonym for the category of dominion (lat. dominium), introduced by Moore in 1974. Unlike Moore, Woese et al. (1990) did not suggest a Latin term for this category, which represents a further argument supporting the
5677:
However, in the same year as the
International Society of Protistologists' classification was published (2005), doubts were being expressed as to whether some of these supergroups were monophyletic, particularly the Chromalveolata, and a review in 2006 noted the lack of evidence for several of the
5292:
On this basis, the diagram opposite (redrawn from their article) showed the real "kingdoms" (their quotation marks) of the eukaryotes. A classification which followed this approach was produced in 2005 for the
International Society of Protistologists, by a committee which "worked in collaboration
2179:
In 1998, Cavalier-Smith published a six-kingdom model, which has been revised in subsequent papers. The version published in 2009 is shown below. Cavalier-Smith no longer accepted the importance of the fundamental
Eubacteria–Archaebacteria divide put forward by Woese and others and supported by
5693:
in 2009 noted that "The deep phylogeny of eukaryotes is an extremely difficult and controversial problem." As of
December 2010, there appears to be a consensus that the six supergroup model proposed in 2005 does not reflect the true phylogeny of the eukaryotes and hence how they should be
5061:
The most recent research does not support the classification of the eukaryotes into any of the standard systems. As of April 2010, no set of kingdoms is sufficiently supported by research to attain widespread acceptance. In 2009, Andrew Roger and
Alastair Simpson emphasized the need for
478:
At first, microscopic organisms were classified within the animal and plant kingdoms. However, by the mid–19th century, it had become clear to many that "the existing dichotomy of the plant and animal kingdoms rapidly blurred at its boundaries and outmoded".
474:
of London a copy of his first observations of microscopic single-celled organisms. Until then, the existence of such microscopic organisms was entirely unknown. Despite this, Linnaeus did not include any microscopic creatures in his original taxonomy.
869:
The remaining two kingdoms, Protista and Monera, included unicellular and simple cellular colonies. The five kingdom system may be combined with the two empire system. In the
Whittaker system, Plantae included some algae. In other systems, such as
5284:
that are not animals, plants or fungi". They held that only monophyletic groups should be accepted as formal ranks in a classification and that – while this approach had been impractical previously (necessitating "literally dozens of eukaryotic
850:. The resulting five-kingdom system, proposed in 1969 by Whittaker, has become a popular standard and with some refinement is still used in many works and forms the basis for new multi-kingdom systems. It is based mainly upon differences in
6118:
841:
and other organisms regarded as plants had long been recognised by some; Haeckel had moved the fungi out of
Plantae into Protista after his original classification, but was largely ignored in this separation by scientists of his time.
229:) are the two ranks immediately below kingdom. Superkingdom may be considered as an equivalent of domain or empire or as an independent rank between kingdom and domain or subdomain. In some classification systems the additional rank
5260:
Eubacteria. Although the primacy of the
Eubacteria-Archaea divide has been questioned, it has been upheld by subsequent research. There is no consensus on how many kingdoms exist in the classification scheme proposed by Woese.
8885:
Raoult, Didier; Audic, Stéphane; Robert, Catherine; Abergel, Chantal; Renesto, Patricia; Ogata, Hiroyuki; La Scola, Bernard; Suzan, Marie; Claverie, Jean-Michel (2004). "The 1.2 megabase genome sequence of Mimivirus".
2222:
In the same way, his paraphyletic kingdom Protozoa includes the ancestors of Animalia, Fungi, Plantae, and Chromista. The advances of phylogenetic studies allowed Cavalier-Smith to realize that all the phyla thought to be
6089:
The IUCN Species Survival Commission calls for the due recognition of fungi as major components of biodiversity in legislation and policy. It fully endorses the Fauna Flora Funga Initiative and asks that the phrases
5967:
outside of a host cell. Another argument is that their placement in the tree would be problematic, since it is suspected that viruses have various evolutionary origins, and they have a penchant for harvesting
5293:
with specialists from many societies". It divided the eukaryotes into the same six "supergroups". The published classification deliberately did not use formal taxonomic ranks, including that of "kingdom".
4326:
Cavalier-Smith and his collaborators revised their classification in 2015. In this scheme they introduced two superkingdoms of Prokaryota and Eukaryota and seven kingdoms. Prokaryota have two kingdoms:
7769:
Ruggiero, Michael A.; Gordon, Dennis P.; Orrell, Thomas M.; Bailly, Nicolas; Bourgoin, Thierry; Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D.; Kirk, Paul M.; Thuesen, Erik V. (2015).
6750:
Ruggiero, Michael A.; Gordon, Dennis P.; Orrell, Thomas M.; Bailly, Nicolas; Bourgoin, Thierry; Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D.; Kirk, Paul M.; Thuesen, Erik V. (2015).
2204:; the bimembranous-unimembranous transition was thought to be far more fundamental than the long branch of genetic distance of Archaebacteria, viewed as having no particular biological significance.
8068:
685:
promoted and popularized Édouard Chatton's earlier work, particularly in their paper of 1962, "The Concept of a Bacterium"; this created, for the first time, a rank above kingdom—a
6481:
Whittaker, R.H. (January 1969). "New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms".
670:, had placed the blue-green algae (or Phycochromacea) in Monera; this would gradually gain acceptance, and the blue-green algae would become classified as bacteria in the phylum
8173:
Burki, Fabien; Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran; Minge, Marianne; Skjæveland, Åsmund; Nikolaev, Sergey I.; Jakobsen, Kjetill S. & Pawlowski, Jan (2007). Butler, Geraldine (ed.).
1582:
and colleagues proposed the fundamental subdivision of the prokaryotes into the Eubacteria (later called the Bacteria) and Archaebacteria (later called the Archaea), based on
5071:
While the concept of kingdoms continues to be used by some taxonomists, there has been a movement away from traditional kingdoms, as they are no longer seen as providing a
882:
plants, dividing the plant kingdom into subkingdoms Prokaryota (bacteria and cyanobacteria), Mycota (fungi and supposed relatives), and Chlorota (algae and land plants).
6119:"Re:wild and IUCN SSC become first global organizations to call for the recognition of fungi as one of three kingdoms of life critical to protecting and restoring Earth"
1815:
was so great (particularly considering the genetic distance of ribosomal genes) that the prokaryotes needed to be separated into two different kingdoms. He then divided
8384:"Analysis of rare genomic changes does not support the unikont–bikont phylogeny, and suggests cyanobacterial symbiosis as the point of primary radiation of eukaryotes"
490:, a third kingdom of life composed of "all the lower creatures, or the primary organic beings"; he retained Regnum Lapideum as a fourth kingdom of minerals. In 1866,
2215:(therefore "monophyletic" in the sense he uses this term) taxa, marking important innovations of biological significance (in regard of the concept of biological
5712:
to their classifications. This can create a "superdomain" called "Acytota", also called "Aphanobionta", of non-cellular life; with the other superdomain being "
5062:
diligence in analyzing new discoveries: "With the current pace of change in our understanding of the eukaryote tree of life, we should proceed with caution."
3298:
8290:"Large-scale phylogenomic analyses reveal that two enigmatic protist lineages, Telonemia and Centroheliozoa, are related to photosynthetic Chromalveolates"
5975:
On the other hand, there are arguments in favor of their inclusion. One of these comes from the discovery of unusually large and complex viruses, such as
5042:
The kingdom-level classification of life is still widely employed as a useful way of grouping organisms, notwithstanding some problems with this approach:
3341:
1855:. Since then, many non-photosynthetic phyla of protists, thought to have secondarily lost their chloroplasts, were integrated into the kingdom Chromista.
4058:
3326:
3278:
3218:
2669:
2609:
1870:. As a result, these amitochondriate protists were separated from the protist kingdom, giving rise to the, at the same time, superkingdom and kingdom
4182:
4053:
3847:
3686:
3293:
3258:
3164:
3139:
2997:
8987:
4157:
4099:
3754:
3386:
3381:
3366:
3331:
3283:
3248:
3129:
3094:
3084:
3079:
3069:
2704:
2624:
2599:
2584:
2574:
2227:(i.e. primitively amitochondriate eukaryotes) had in fact secondarily lost their mitochondria, typically by transforming them into new organelles:
456:
Haeckel's original (1866) conception of the three kingdoms of life, including the new kingdom Protista. Notice the inclusion of the cyanobacterium
19:
6865:
6155:
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code) adopted by the Seventeenth International Botanical Congress, Vienna, Austria, July 2005
4253:
4089:
3371:
3351:
3316:
3303:
3288:
3268:
3263:
3238:
3192:
3169:
3159:
3154:
3144:
3114:
3089:
3007:
2987:
2957:
2749:
2659:
2649:
2634:
2594:
2569:
5113:
101:
or Eubacteria), while textbooks in other parts of the world, such as the United Kingdom, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Greece, Brazil, Spain use
8578:
5937:
4172:
3657:
3321:
3124:
3099:
2982:
2719:
2674:
2544:
8105:
Parfrey, Laura W.; Barbero, Erika; Lasser, Elyse; Dunthorn, Micah; Bhattacharya, Debashish; Patterson, David J. & Katz, Laura A. (2006).
4268:
4224:
4162:
4104:
4094:
3565:
3356:
3346:
3233:
3119:
3104:
3063:
3002:
2785:
2780:
2689:
2589:
2189:
8288:
Burki, F.; Inagaki, Y.; Brate, J.; Archibald, J. M.; Keeling, P. J.; Cavalier-Smith, T.; Sakaguchi, M.; Hashimoto, T.; et al. (2009).
6995:
5108:
4167:
4109:
3827:
3630:
3625:
3228:
3182:
3149:
2972:
2934:
2929:
2914:
2800:
2744:
5151:
thought life could be divided into three large divisions and referred to them as the "three primary kingdom" model or "urkingdom" model.
4142:
3931:
3812:
3759:
3676:
3575:
3550:
3530:
3204:
3030:
2821:
6712:
6386:
3797:
3610:
3509:
3197:
3055:
2211:("holophyletic" in his terminology) to be valid. He defines Prokaryota, Bacteria, Negibacteria, Unibacteria, and Posibacteria as valid
6343:
Scamardella, Joseph M. (1999). "Not plants or animals: a brief history of the origin of Kingdoms Protozoa, Protista and Protoctista".
9014:
5114:
4147:
3946:
2952:
2831:
8978:
8341:"Phylogenomic analysis supports the monophyly of cryptophytes and haptophytes and the association of Rhizaria with chromalveolates"
6067:
5106:
2891:
5111:
6659:
Balch, W.E.; Magrum, L.J.; Fox, G.E.; Wolfe, C.R. & Woese, C.R. (August 1977). "An ancient divergence among the bacteria".
5116:
6640:
5166:, stressing that there was as much genetic difference between these two groups as between either of them and all eukaryotes.
8969:
5289:") – it had now become possible to divide the eukaryotes into "just a few major groups that are probably all monophyletic".
166:
into biology in 1735, the highest rank was given the name "kingdom" and was followed by four other main or principal ranks:
5689:, so that Rhizaria is not one of the main eukaryote groups. Beyond this, there does not appear to be a consensus. Rogozin
5117:
8017:
5703:
5127:
5109:
2266:, the diagram below is an 'organization chart', not an 'ancestor chart', and does not represent an evolutionary tree.
8554:
7533:
6551:
5115:
288:
7721:
5107:
7610:
6260:
5126:
5681:
As of 2010, there is widespread agreement that the Rhizaria belong with the Stramenopiles and the Alveolata, in a
8345:
5955:
can be included in the tree of life. The arguments against include the fact that they are obligate intracellular
5112:
4343:). The Eukaryota have five kingdoms: Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia. In this classification a
5128:
5125:
5118:
5110:
2235:, according to the significance of the term given by Cavalier-Smith. Some of the members of the defunct kingdom
1858:
Finally, some protists lacking mitochondria were discovered. As mitochondria were known to be the result of the
7296:; Balch, W.E.; Magrum, L.J.; Fox, G.E.; Wolfe, R.S. (August 1977). "An ancient divergence among the bacteria".
6661:
6153:
5120:
658:
of prokaryotic organisms; as a revised phylum Monera of the Protista, it included organisms now classified as
9007:
8715:
5105:
25:
5119:
9408:
8388:
8294:
7247:
7106:
Systemae Naturae, sive regna tria naturae, systematics proposita per classes, ordines, genera & species
7056:
6138:
Systemae Naturae, sive regna tria naturae, systematics proposita per classes, ordines, genera & species
4653:
3168: Superorder
3163: Superorder
843:
29:
8947:
8769:
Moreira, David; PurificaciĂłn LĂłpez-GarcĂa (2009). "Ten reasons to exclude viruses from the tree of life".
7936:
9403:
8848:
8771:
1866:, it was thought that these amitochondriate eukaryotes were primitively so, marking an important step in
24:
6433:
5103:
28:
27:
6906:
6345:
5124:
5104:
7223:
6505:
5158:
Woese divided the prokaryotes (previously classified as the Kingdom Monera) into two groups, called
5101:
31:
9000:
6582:
327:
8339:
Hackett, J.D.; Yoon, H.S.; Li, S.; Reyes-Prieto, A.; Rummele, S.E. & Bhattacharya, D. (2007).
5121:
5102:
8815:
7978:
1902:, which has since been abandoned; later schemes did not include the Archezoa–Metakaryota divide.
467:
299:
26:
7414:"Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya"
3778: Infraphylum
3773: Infraphylum
3763: Infraphylum
3758: Infraphylum
3723: Infraphylum
3718: Infraphylum
3713: Infraphylum
3695: Infraphylum
3690: Infraphylum
3629: Infraphylum
3624: Infraphylum
3579: Infraphylum
3574: Infraphylum
3569: Infraphylum
9254:
8655:"Eocytes: A new ribosome structure indicates a kingdom with a close relationship to eukaryotes"
7660:
6987:
6500:
5123:
1832:
1824:
1594:
scheme of Thomas Cavalier-Smith, although it primarily differs in that Protista is replaced by
447:
5122:
30:
8010:"The new higher-level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists"
7717:
7656:
7606:
7509:
7471:
6934:
4679:
3158: Subclass
3153: Subclass
3143: Subclass
3138: Subclass
1844:
1804:
483:
6724:
8897:
8668:
8607:
8452:
8188:
7782:
7425:
7363:
7305:
7259:
6822:
6765:
6720:
6670:
6492:
6205:
6158:(electronic ed.). Vienna: International Association for Plant Taxonomy. Archived from
5969:
5271:
4348:
1118:
1112:
631:
revealed important distinctions between those organisms whose cells do not have a distinct
8:
5749:
5140:
5088:
4728:
1899:
8975:
8901:
8672:
8611:
8456:
8192:
8008:
Adl SM, Simpson AGB, Farmer MA, Andersen RA, Anderson OR, Barta JR, et al. (2005).
7786:
7429:
7367:
7309:
7263:
6826:
6769:
6674:
6496:
6209:
6173:
6074:
23:
9183:
9127:
9112:
9094:
8921:
8796:
8630:
8593:
8572:
8527:
8475:
8438:
8410:
8383:
8316:
8289:
8265:
8238:
8211:
8174:
8135:
8106:
8044:
7959:
7917:
7861:
7805:
7770:
7746:
7688:
7638:
7626:
7329:
7201:
7078:
7051:
7017:
6963:
6938:
6898:
6846:
6788:
6751:
6694:
6599:
6458:
6408:
6381:
6291:
6279:
6266:
6019:
5047:
4336:
3645:
3376:
2168:
1531:
1269:
303:
264:
35:
8691:
8654:
8009:
7583:
7558:
7386:
7351:
7163:
7137:
4639:
644:
9244:
9198:
9193:
8913:
8888:
8867:
8788:
8696:
8635:
8560:
8550:
8519:
8480:
8434:
8415:
8364:
8321:
8270:
8216:
8140:
8087:
8036:
8031:
7921:
7909:
7853:
7810:
7751:
7693:
7630:
7588:
7539:
7529:
7491:
7487:
7453:
7448:
7413:
7391:
7321:
7275:
7141:
7083:
7022:
6968:
6890:
6838:
6793:
6686:
6636:
6625:
6547:
6518:
6483:
6450:
6413:
6354:
6314:
6283:
6233:
6228:
6193:
5790:
5766:
5744:
5717:
5709:
5277:
5132:
4741:
4736:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4340:
3361:
3243:
694:
8925:
8531:
7865:
7333:
7205:
6698:
6462:
5940:
uses the taxonomic rank "kingdom" in the classification of viruses (with the suffix
4272: Infraphylum
4267: Infraphylum
3988: Infraphylum
3983: Infraphylum
3970: Infraphylum
3965: Infraphylum
3945: Infraphylum
3940: Infraphylum
3917: Infraphylum
3912: Infraphylum
3902: Infraphylum
3897: Infraphylum
3846: Infraphylum
3841: Infraphylum
3831: Infraphylum
3826: Infraphylum
3806: Infraphylum
3801: Infraphylum
2668: Infraphylum
2663: Infraphylum
2548: Superphylum
697:
of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The two-empire system would later be expanded to the
647:
introduced the terms "prokaryote" and "eukaryote" to differentiate these organisms.
9362:
9319:
9271:
9260:
9060:
9050:
9039:
8905:
8857:
8842:
Hegde, Nagendra; Maddur, Mohan S.; Kaveri, Srini V. & Bayry, Jagadeesh (2009).
8800:
8780:
8686:
8676:
8625:
8615:
8511:
8470:
8460:
8405:
8397:
8354:
8311:
8303:
8260:
8252:
8206:
8196:
8130:
8120:
8077:
8048:
8026:
7951:
7899:
7843:
7800:
7790:
7741:
7733:
7683:
7675:
7642:
7622:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7521:
7483:
7443:
7433:
7381:
7371:
7313:
7267:
7229:
7219:
7193:
7181:
7073:
7065:
7012:
7004:
6958:
6950:
6902:
6882:
6873:
6850:
6830:
6813:
6783:
6773:
6678:
6591:
6510:
6442:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6295:
6275:
6223:
6213:
5964:
5945:
5694:
classified, although there is no agreement as to the model which should replace it.
5659:
5503:
5092:
4646:
3074:
2895: Superclass
2890: Superclass
2216:
698:
651:
207:
195:
63:
43:
8515:
8239:"Phylogenomics reveals a new 'megagroup' including most photosynthetic eukaryotes"
6194:"Towards a natural systs: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya"
3768: Subphylum
3753: Subphylum
3738: Subphylum
3733: Subphylum
3708: Subphylum
3700: Subphylum
3685: Subphylum
3644: Subphylum
3639: Subphylum
3634: Subphylum
3619: Subphylum
3594: Subphylum
3589: Subphylum
3564: Subphylum
3559: Subphylum
3544: Subphylum
3539: Subphylum
3529: Subphylum
3524: Subphylum
9344:
9330:
9297:
9286:
9280:
9234:
9229:
9224:
9218:
9212:
9207:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9152:
9146:
8982:
8491:
8465:
8243:
8201:
8125:
8064:"On the monophyly of chromalveolates using a six-protein phylogeny of eukaryotes"
7890:
7834:
7795:
7271:
6778:
6537:
6514:
3966:
3817:
3749:
3744:
3701:
3385: Subclass
3380: Subclass
3370: Subclass
3365: Subclass
3360: Subclass
3223:
2684:
2679:
2604:
1863:
1843:
kingdom. Indeed, the chloroplast of the chromists is located in the lumen of the
1429:
1414:
1297:
191:
187:
171:
167:
73:
Traditionally, some textbooks from the United States and Canada used a system of
8653:
Lake, James A.; Henderson, Eric; Oakes, Melanie; Clark, Michael W. (June 1984).
8538:
6311:
A short history of biology, a general introduction to the study of living things
9023:
8952:
7418:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
7356:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6543:
6198:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5996:
5729:
5686:
5590:
5546:
5276:
In 2004, a review article by Simpson and Roger noted that the Protista were "a
5214:
4852:
4842:
3807:
2977:
2962:
2851:
2815:
2739:
2724:
2714:
2654:
2564:
2307:
2197:
2188:) was subdivided into two sub-kingdoms according to their membrane topologies:
1955:
1867:
1835:). Technological advances in electron microscopy allowed the separation of the
1812:
1656:
1435:
1305:
682:
258:
The classification of living things into animals and plants is an ancient one.
59:
39:
7904:
7885:
7848:
7829:
7525:
3148: Class
3133: Class
3123: Class
3118: Class
9397:
9373:
8439:"EEF2 analysis challenges the monophyly of Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata"
8111:
7119:
7101:
6009:
5831:
4632:
4625:
4084:
4065:
3989:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3854:
3832:
3792:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3336:
3310:
3273:
3176:
2919:
2903:
2664:
2644:
2639:
2614:
2554:
2240:
2228:
1859:
1852:
1583:
1543:
1499:
1441:
1365:
1323:
1263:
1194:
1130:
871:
678:
671:
491:
471:
295:
242:
182:. Later two further main ranks were introduced, making the sequence kingdom,
159:
8909:
8681:
8620:
8564:
8499:
8359:
8340:
7722:"Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree"
7438:
7376:
6939:"Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree"
6811:
Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (March 26, 1987). "Eucaryotes with no mitochondria".
6218:
8917:
8871:
8862:
8843:
8823:
8792:
8639:
8523:
8484:
8419:
8368:
8325:
8274:
8256:
8220:
8144:
8107:"Evaluating support for the current classification of eukaryotic diversity"
8091:
8040:
7986:
7913:
7857:
7814:
7755:
7737:
7697:
7679:
7233:
7087:
7026:
7008:
6972:
6954:
6894:
6797:
6557:
6454:
6417:
6358:
6318:
5663:
5594:
5524:
5488:
4288:
4192:
4187:
4152:
4132:
3908:
3868:
3779:
3663:
3525:
3486:
3444:
3253:
3109:
2896:
2861:
2856:
2795:
2734:
2729:
2709:
2699:
2694:
2629:
2619:
2579:
2559:
2539:
2201:
2193:
1828:
1820:
1549:
1537:
1525:
1232:
1136:
1094:
1074:
1068:
632:
269:
163:
150:(for fungi) are also used for life present in a particular region or time.
8700:
8082:
8063:
7634:
7592:
7543:
7495:
7457:
7279:
6842:
6522:
6287:
6237:
8401:
8307:
7395:
7325:
7069:
6690:
6632:
6431:
Stanier, R.Y. & Van Neil, C.B. (1962). "The concept of a bacterium".
6014:
5613:
5601:
5573:
5557:
5475:
5389:
5334:
4930:
4544:
4532:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4293:
4232:
4217:
4079:
4073:
4035:
4029:
3862:
3822:
3764:
3734:
3709:
3696:
3691:
3590:
3580:
3545:
3501:
3187:
3134:
2881:
2448:
2436:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2232:
2047:
1875:
1505:
1481:
1220:
1206:
1200:
1100:
875:
859:
238:
125:
46:
contains one or more kingdoms. Intermediate minor rankings are not shown.
8784:
7352:"Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms"
6603:
6539:
Kingdoms and Domains: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth
5666:. Plants are thought to be more distantly related to animals and fungi.
4191: Infraphylum
4186: Infraphylum
4176: Infraphylum
4171: Infraphylum
4166: Infraphylum
4161: Infraphylum
4146: Infraphylum
4141: Infraphylum
4108: Infraphylum
4103: Infraphylum
4093: Infraphylum
4088: Infraphylum
2885: Infraphylum
2880: Infraphylum
2743: Infraphylum
2738: Infraphylum
2713: Infraphylum
2708: Infraphylum
9356:
7963:
7409:
7347:
7317:
7293:
6682:
6446:
6004:
5960:
5836:
5673:
One hypothesis of eukaryotic relationships depicted by Alastair Simpson
5605:
5569:
5565:
5553:
5528:
5449:
5193:
5148:
5072:
5055:
4825:
4815:
4800:
4660:
4540:
4508:
4374:
4311:
4305:
4258:
4116:
4048:
4042:
3979:
3893:
3837:
3739:
3681:
3635:
3620:
3585:
3540:
3413:
3212:
3128: Superclass
3113: Superclass
3035:
2992:
2924:
2909:
2775:
2549:
2444:
2412:
2289:
2252:
2185:
1939:
1925:
1816:
1808:
1639:
1625:
1579:
1517:
1475:
1465:
1447:
1408:
1394:
1317:
1311:
1212:
1186:
1180:
1172:
1166:
1148:
1106:
1051:
898:
863:
717:
636:
628:
113:
8237:
Burki, Fabien; Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran & Pawlowski, Jan (2008).
5669:
4297: Subphylum
4292: Subphylum
4287: Subphylum
4277: Subphylum
4262: Subphylum
4252: Subphylum
4247: Subphylum
3978: Subphylum
3960: Subphylum
3950: Subphylum
3935: Subphylum
3907: Subphylum
3892: Subphylum
3887: Subphylum
3877: Subphylum
3872: Subphylum
3836: Subphylum
3821: Subphylum
3811: Subphylum
3796: Subphylum
3006: Subphylum
3001: Subphylum
2996: Subphylum
2981: Subphylum
2976: Subphylum
2971: Subphylum
2961: Subphylum
2956: Subphylum
2673: Subphylum
2658: Subphylum
2648: Subphylum
2643: Subphylum
2633: Subphylum
2628: Subphylum
2623: Subphylum
2613: Subphylum
2608: Subphylum
2588: Subphylum
2583: Subphylum
2568: Subphylum
2563: Subphylum
874:'s system of five kingdoms, the plants included just the land plants (
9266:
9137:
9132:
9123:
8172:
8157:
6834:
6595:
6039:
5976:
5956:
5897:
5721:
5577:
5463:
5430:
5281:
5235:
5231:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4884:
4864:
4488:
4484:
4464:
4460:
4442:
4298:
4278:
4273:
4243:
4238:
4211:
4203:
4127:
4021:
3971:
3961:
3925:
3918:
3913:
3898:
3888:
3842:
3769:
3719:
3714:
3670:
3650:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3570:
3535:
3493:
3460:
3330: Subclass
3325: Subclass
3297: Subclass
3292: Subclass
3282: Subclass
3277: Subclass
3267: Subclass
3262: Subclass
3257: Subclass
3242: Subclass
3237: Subclass
3083: Subclass
3078: Subclass
3014:
2941:
2886:
2866:
2846:
2836:
2790:
2392:
2388:
2368:
2364:
2346:
2263:
2212:
2208:
2078:
1895:
1836:
1695:
1599:
1487:
1459:
1451:
1402:
1376:
1257:
1142:
934:
855:
851:
753:
654:
proposed a four-kingdom classification by creating the novel Kingdom
640:
332:
259:
121:
7955:
6886:
5075:
classification, where there is emphasis in arranging organisms into
1878:
superkingdom, grouping together the five other eukaryotic kingdoms (
9313:
9292:
8443:
8179:
7197:
7052:"Genome Networks Root the Tree of Life between Prokaryotic Domains"
6756:
6576:
6377:
6159:
6043:
5990:
5867:
5862:
5852:
5847:
5609:
5532:
5517:
5471:
5441:
5337:
5320:
5189:
5159:
4906:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4869:
4835:
4830:
4820:
4536:
4512:
4468:
4456:
4388:
4328:
4263:
4248:
3956:
3951:
3941:
3936:
3903:
3802:
3786:
3774:
3748: Phylum
3729:
3728: Phylum
3680: Phylum
3649: Phylum
3615:
3614: Phylum
3604: Phylum
3584: Phylum
3560:
3555:
3554: Phylum
3534: Phylum
3519: Phylum
3473:
3467:
3455:
3450:
3419:
3397:
3025:
3020:
2967:
2841:
2826:
2769:
2761:
2533:
2440:
2416:
2372:
2360:
2303:
2256:
2248:
2236:
2224:
2181:
2062:
2008:
1993:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1709:
1595:
1555:
1511:
1493:
1420:
1388:
1359:
1337:
1288:
1280:
1124:
1086:
997:
948:
800:
767:
659:
560:
527:
496:
452:
129:
98:
8992:
3375: Class
3355: Class
3345: Class
3103: Class
1807:
supported the consensus at that time, that the difference between
9350:
8740:
8382:
Rogozin, I.B.; Basu, M.K.; Csürös, M. & Koonin, E.V. (2009).
8069:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
5952:
5902:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5725:
5655:
5561:
5392:
5375:
5210:
5163:
4879:
4874:
4857:
4847:
4795:
4504:
4404:
4344:
4332:
4177:
4013:
4002:
3996:
3984:
3724:
3640:
3520:
3515:
3480:
3405:
2408:
1891:
1848:
1840:
1471:
1382:
1348:
1158:
965:
784:
663:
544:
323:
203:
179:
94:
90:
51:
8768:
9105:
9089:
8236:
7146:. Réflexions sur la biologie et la phylogénie des protozoaires"
6654:
6652:
6073:. Fungal Conservation Committee, IUCN SSC. 2021. Archived from
5923:
5909:
5857:
5841:
5804:
5713:
5658:) are descended from the same ancestor as both the unicellular
5499:
5495:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4810:
4805:
4576:
4560:
4283:
2947:
2876:
2871:
2807:
2480:
2464:
2126:
2110:
1758:
1742:
1040:
912:
847:
731:
655:
458:
363:
311:
183:
106:
86:
78:
67:
7150:
Annales des Sciences Naturelles - Zoologie et Biologie Animale
6038:
Compared to the version Cavalier-Smith published in 2004, the
2207:
Cavalier-Smith does not accept the requirement for taxa to be
9307:
5916:
5819:
5800:
5773:
5682:
5076:
5051:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4528:
4137:
3047:
2543: Infrakingdom
2432:
2244:
2094:
1887:
1726:
1246:
981:
838:
319:
237:) can be inserted between subkingdom and infrakingdom, e.g.,
199:
175:
146:
140:
134:
82:
8104:
8007:
6649:
6382:"The Prokaryote-Eukaryote Dichotomy: Meanings and Mythology"
6253:
6251:
6249:
6247:
3743: Superphylum
3675: Superphylum
3609: Superphylum
3599: Superphylum
3549: Superphylum
3514: Superphylum
3108: Infraphylum
3098: Infraphylum
8764:
8762:
8659:
8598:
6046:
have been moved from Kingdom Protozoa to Kingdom Chromista.
5777:
5301:
5174:
5136:
4122:
3350: Superclass
3340: Superclass
1226:
306:, in 1735. He distinguished two kingdoms of living things:
8594:"The eocyte hypothesis and the origin of eukaryotic cells"
8287:
7768:
6749:
4181: Subphylum
4156: Subphylum
4136: Subphylum
4131: Subphylum
4126: Subphylum
4098: Subphylum
4083: Subphylum
4057: Subphylum
4052: Subphylum
3459: Subphylum
3454: Subphylum
3433: Subphylum
3428: Subphylum
3423: Subphylum
3034: Subphylum
3029: Subphylum
2933: Subphylum
2928: Subphylum
2918: Subphylum
2913: Subphylum
2875: Subphylum
2870: Subphylum
2855: Subphylum
2850: Subphylum
2845: Subphylum
2835: Subphylum
2830: Subphylum
2825: Subphylum
2748: Subphylum
2733: Subphylum
2718: Subphylum
2703: Subphylum
8338:
8062:
Harper, J. T.; Waanders, E. & Keeling, P. J. (2005).
7250:(January 1969). "New concepts of kingdoms of organisms".
7050:
Dagan, T.; Roettger, M.; Bryant & Martin, W. (2010).
7049:
6244:
5697:
3191: Subclass
8884:
8759:
8497:
6623:
Palmer, E. Laurence; Fowler, Seymour H. (January 1975).
5944:); but this is beneath the top level classifications of
3196: Subclas
639:) and organisms whose cells do have a distinct nucleus (
8652:
8381:
7771:"A higher level classification of all living organisms"
7668:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
6752:"A higher level classification of all living organisms"
5896:
4282: Phylum
4257: Phylum
4242: Phylum
3955: Phylum
3930: Phylum
3882: Phylum
3867: Phylum
3816: Phylum
3791: Phylum
3662: Phylum
2991: Phylum
2966: Phylum
2951: Phylum
2683: Phylum
2653: Phylum
2638: Phylum
2618: Phylum
2603: Phylum
2578: Phylum
2558: Phylum
2553: Phylum
8841:
7830:"Evolution: Revisiting the Root of the Eukaryote Tree"
6745:
6743:
6741:
3320: Class
3302: Class
3287: Class
3272: Class
3252: Class
3232: Class
3227: Class
3222: Class
3088: Class
3073: Class
8175:"Phylogenomics reshuffles the eukaryotic supergroups"
8061:
6123:
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
5704:
Tree of life (biology) § Developments since 1990
8835:
6929:
6927:
5986:
3974:
3704:
3437:
2231:. This means that all living eukaryotes are in fact
1586:
structure; this would later lead to the proposal of
1368:
470:, often called the "father of microscopy", sent the
8878:
7879:
7877:
7875:
7408:
7292:
6738:
6658:
6191:
6624:
6575:
6259:
5143:. All smaller branches can be considered kingdoms.
153:
66:. Kingdoms are divided into smaller groups called
8432:
7884:Simpson, Alastair G.B.; Roger, Andrew J. (2004).
7649:
6924:
6863:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6330:
6328:
9395:
8844:"Reasons to include viruses in the tree of life"
8747:. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
8500:"Acytota - associated kingdom of neglected life"
7872:
7045:
7043:
6192:Woese, C.R.; Kandler, O.; Wheelis, M.L. (1990).
4237: Superphylum
2986: Superphylum
2946: Superphylum
2678: Superphylum
2598: Superphylum
2573: Superphylum
120:, noting that some traditional kingdoms are not
6535:
6430:
5100:
22:
7716:
7655:
7605:
7556:
7508:
7474:(1981). "Eukaryote kingdoms: Seven or nine?".
7470:
6985:
6933:
6810:
6325:
6257:
5938:International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
5915:
5732:(formerly known as eocytes or Crenarchaeota).
5066:
3335: Subphylum
3315: Subphylum
3247: Subphylum
3217: Subphylum
3093: Subphylum
3068: Subphylum
2799: Subphylum
2794: Subphylum
2784: Subphylum
2779: Subphylum
262:(384–322 BC) classified animal species in his
124:, meaning that they do not consist of all the
9008:
8816:"New views on the megaclassification of life"
8716:"New views on the megaclassification of life"
8426:
7979:"New views on the megaclassification of life"
7937:"Proposal for the recognition of super ranks"
7240:
7040:
6864:Poole, Anthony; Penny, David (21 June 2007).
6569:
6567:
6476:
6474:
6472:
5908:
5856:
878:), and Protoctista has a broader definition.
8547:Biological systematics: The state of the art
8232:
8230:
8168:
8166:
7883:
7827:
7710:
7212:
7174:
7094:
6996:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
6622:
6135:
5835:
298:(1707–1778) laid the foundations for modern
112:Some recent classifications based on modern
8807:
8332:
8151:
7512:(1992). "Origins of secondary metabolism".
7168:Titres et Travaux Scientifiques (1906–1937)
7130:
6342:
4310: Phylum
4151: Phylum
4121: Phylum
4078: Phylum
4047: Phylum
4034: Phylum
3472: Phylum
3449: Phylum
3418: Phylum
3024: Phylum
3019: Phylum
2923: Phylum
2908: Phylum
2865: Phylum
2860: Phylum
2840: Phylum
2820: Phylum
2728: Phylum
2698: Phylum
494:also proposed a third kingdom of life, the
9015:
9001:
8577:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
8003:
8001:
7970:
7828:Roger, A.J. & Simpson, A.G.B. (2009).
7340:
6564:
6469:
6387:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
6372:
6370:
6368:
6068:"IUCN SSC acceptance of Fauna Flora Funga"
5826:
5781:
5772:
5654:In this system the multicellular animals (
4335:. (This was based on the consensus in the
3186: Class
3181: Class
2523:Cavalier-Smith's six kingdom system (1998)
1587:
8861:
8690:
8680:
8629:
8619:
8591:
8585:
8474:
8464:
8437:(2008). Redfield, Rosemary Jeanne (ed.).
8409:
8358:
8315:
8281:
8264:
8227:
8210:
8200:
8163:
8134:
8124:
8081:
8030:
7928:
7903:
7847:
7804:
7794:
7745:
7687:
7582:
7447:
7437:
7402:
7385:
7375:
7286:
7246:
7077:
7016:
6962:
6787:
6777:
6504:
6480:
6407:
6227:
6217:
5901:
5813:
5811:
5809:
5796:
5794:
5263:
4337:Taxonomic Outline of Bacteria and Archaea
846:recognized an additional kingdom for the
439:
245:in the classification of Cavalier-Smith.
144:(for animals), and, in the 21st century,
8733:
7559:"Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla"
7346:
7218:
7180:
7100:
5922:
5668:
5096:
5082:
4780:
854:; his Plantae were mostly multicellular
451:
379:Regnum Vegetabile ('vegetables'/plants)
105:(Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista and
18:
8970:A Brief History of the Kingdoms of Life
8592:Archibald, John M. (23 December 2008).
8544:
8098:
7998:
7228:. Palo Alto: Pacific Books. p. 6.
7162:
7156:
7136:
7118:
7112:
6577:"Teaching Taxonomy: How Many Kingdoms?"
6424:
6365:
6187:
6185:
6183:
6152:McNeill, J.; et al., eds. (2006).
6151:
5979:, that possess typical cellular genes.
5888:
1874:. This superkingdom was opposed to the
581: Non‑life
398: Non‑life
253:
9396:
8944:Empire Biota: a comprehensive taxonomy
8813:
8713:
7976:
7611:"A revised six-kingdom system of life"
6308:
6261:"A revised six-kingdom system of life"
5951:There is ongoing debate as to whether
5698:Comparison of top level classification
2247:. Others were reclassified in kingdom
2174:
1031:Whittaker's five kingdom system (1969)
8996:
7934:
7225:The Classification of Lower Organisms
7184:(1938). "The kingdoms of organisms".
6536:Margulis L, Chapman MJ (2009-03-19).
5155:accurately introduced term dominion.
2723: Infrakingdom
2693: Infrakingdom
2593: Infrakingdom
2196:. Unibacteria was divided into phyla
701:of Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota.
9032:
8646:
7124:Generelle Morphologie der Organismen
6573:
6376:
6180:
5046:Kingdoms such as Protozoa represent
3922:
3859:
3783:
3667:
3654:
3506:
2520:
1028:
162:introduced the rank-based system of
9022:
7886:"The real 'kingdoms' of eukaryotes"
7412:; Kandler, O.; Wheelis, M. (1990).
4785:
4775:
2538: Subkingdom
1851:. Moreover, only chromists contain
1591:
330:, placing them in a third kingdom,
116:have explicitly abandoned the term
13:
8936:
8018:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
7627:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x
6280:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x
4762:
4757:
2255:which is now part of infrakingdom
666:. Ernst Haeckel, in his 1904 book
102:
14:
9420:
8963:
8498:Trifonov EN, Kejnovsky E (2016).
5866:
5861:
5851:
5846:
5741:Two superdomains (controversial)
5724:emerged from a phylum within the
4767:
4321:
2243:, were reclassified into kingdom
1799:
74:
9052:
9041:
8032:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x
7516:. Novartis Foundation Symposia.
5989:
5883:
832:
622:
9246:
9185:
8707:
8375:
8346:Molecular Biology and Evolution
8055:
7821:
7762:
7599:
7550:
7502:
7464:
6979:
6857:
6804:
6705:
6616:
6529:
6032:
5878:
5873:
4216: Phylum
4001: Phylum
3485: Phylum
2789: Phylum
2774: Phylum
1573:
154:Definition and associated terms
9375:
9364:
9332:
9321:
9114:
9096:
8959:, New York: Worth Publishers.
7575:10.1128/mmbr.57.4.953-994.1993
7298:Journal of Molecular Evolution
6662:Journal of Molecular Evolution
6400:10.1128/MMBR.69.2.292-305.2005
6302:
6144:
6129:
6111:
6060:
5817:
2262:Because Cavalier-Smith allows
862:, and his Fungi multicellular
210:was introduced above kingdom.
1:
8516:10.1080/07391102.2015.1086959
8433:Kim, E.; Graham, L. E. &
7350:; Fox, G.E. (November 1977).
6053:
5662:and the fungi which form the
4358: Life
2273: Life
2180:recent research. The kingdom
1909: Life
1609: Life
889: Life
858:, his Animalia multicellular
708: Life
515: Life
351: Life
286:) wrote a parallel work, the
280:
273:
8545:Minelli, Alessandro (1993).
8466:10.1371/journal.pone.0002621
8389:Genome Biology and Evolution
8295:Genome Biology and Evolution
8202:10.1371/journal.pone.0000790
8126:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020220
7796:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248
7488:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2
7272:10.1126/science.163.3863.150
7057:Genome Biology and Evolution
6779:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248
6627:Fieldbook of Natural History
6515:10.1126/science.163.3863.150
1293:Branch Opisthomastigomycota
7:
8942:Pelentier, B. (2007-2015).
8849:Nature Reviews Microbiology
8772:Nature Reviews Microbiology
7661:"Only six kingdoms of life"
7557:Cavalier-Smith, T. (1993).
7186:Quarterly Review of Biology
7170:. E. Sottano, Sète, France.
6988:"Only six kingdoms of life"
6986:Cavalier-Smith, T. (2004).
6313:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
6309:Singer, Charles J. (1931).
6258:Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998).
5982:
5147:Based on such RNA studies,
5067:Beyond traditional kingdoms
5056:phylogenetic classification
1276:Subkingdom Dimastigomycota
592:Regnum Lapideum (minerals)
409:Regnum Lapideum (minerals)
10:
9425:
8988:Whittaker's classification
8955:and Helena Curtis (1970),
7520:: 64–80, discussion 80–7.
6574:Case, Emily (2008-10-01).
6346:International Microbiology
6100:animals, fungi, and plants
5931:
5701:
5678:six proposed supergroups.
5269:
5086:
4617:
2167:‡ No longer recognized by
445:
322:). Linnaeus also included
318:('vegetable kingdom', for
248:
9030:
8435:Redfield, Rosemary Jeanne
7905:10.1016/j.cub.2004.08.038
7849:10.1016/j.cub.2008.12.032
7526:10.1002/9780470514344.ch5
7514:Ciba Foundation Symposium
6866:"Engulfed by speculation"
5599:
5551:
5522:
5493:
5468:
5446:
5435:
5423:
5387:
5380:
5368:
5332:
5325:
5313:
5306:
5228:
5207:
5186:
5179:
5054:, and so are rejected by
4939:
4934:
4929:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4905:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4829:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4791:
4573:
4557:
4525:
4481:
4453:
4446:
4435:
4401:
4385:
4378:
4367:
4360:
4347:is any of the eukaryotic
2477:
2461:
2429:
2385:
2357:
2350:
2339:
2300:
2293:
2282:
2275:
2123:
2107:
2091:
2075:
2059:
2052:
2040:
2005:
1998:
1986:
1952:
1936:
1929:
1918:
1911:
1898:). This was known as the
1755:
1739:
1723:
1706:
1699:
1688:
1653:
1636:
1629:
1618:
1611:
994:
978:
962:
945:
938:
909:
902:
891:
797:
781:
764:
757:
728:
721:
710:
590:
583:
557:
541:
524:
517:
509:
407:
400:
377:
360:
353:
345:
213:Prefixes can be added so
36:biological classification
8976:The five kingdom concept
6583:American Biology Teacher
6434:Archiv fĂĽr Mikrobiologie
6025:
5716:" or cellular life. The
5708:Some authors have added
4302:
4229:
4113:
4070:
4039:
4026:
3851:
3498:
3464:
3441:
3410:
3307:
3209:
3173:
3060:
3011:
2938:
2900:
2812:
2310:as part of a subkingdom
2184:(sole kingdom of empire
837:The differences between
8910:10.1126/science.1101485
8814:Luketa, Stefan (2012).
8714:Luketa, Stefan (2012).
8682:10.1073/pnas.81.12.3786
8621:10.1073/pnas.0811118106
7563:Microbiological Reviews
7439:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576
7377:10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088
6219:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576
6104:fauna, flora, and funga
5963:and are not capable of
5576:(or cryptomonads), and
2688: Subkingdom
1588:three "domains" of life
1253:Subkingdom Gymnomycota
468:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
302:, now regulated by the
300:biological nomenclature
206:. In 1990, the rank of
8863:10.1038/nrmicro2108-c1
8257:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0224
7738:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948
7680:10.1098/rspb.2004.2705
7234:10.5962/bhl.title.4474
7009:10.1098/rspb.2004.2705
6955:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948
6935:Cavalier-Smith, Thomas
5738:Taxonomical root node
5674:
5264:Eukaryotic supergroups
5144:
1833:Gram-positive bacteria
1825:Gram-negative bacteria
1819:into two subkingdoms:
463:
448:Tree of life (biology)
440:Three kingdoms of life
58:is the second highest
47:
8360:10.1093/molbev/msm089
8083:10.1099/ijs.0.63216-0
6136:Linnaeus, C. (1735).
5892:including eukaryotes
5837:Prokaryota / Procarya
5702:Further information:
5672:
5139:data showing Woese's
5130:
5083:Three domains of life
4349:unicellular organisms
1845:endoplasmic reticulum
1805:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
1344:Subkingdom Agnotozoa
1061:Branch Mastigomonera
455:
446:Further information:
328:classification system
97:/Archaebacteria, and
33:
7935:Moore, R.T. (1974).
7144:Pansporella perplexa
6721:Rhode Island College
5970:nucleotide sequences
5531:, and various other
5272:Supergroup (biology)
1530:Phylum Brachiata or
1119:Plasmodiophoromycota
1113:Hyphochytridiomycota
1056:Phylum Myxobacteriae
254:Two kingdoms of life
9409:Biology terminology
9081:Infrakingdom/Branch
8972:at Earthling Nature
8902:2004Sci...306.1344R
8896:(5700): 1344–1350.
8785:10.1038/nrmicro2108
8745:talk.ictvonline.org
8673:1984PNAS...81.3786L
8612:2008PNAS..10520049A
8606:(51): 20049–20050.
8504:J Biomol Struct Dyn
8457:2008PLoSO...3.2621K
8193:2007PLoSO...2..790B
7977:Luketa, S. (2012).
7787:2015PLoSO..1019248R
7674:(1545): 1251–1262.
7430:1990PNAS...87.4576W
7368:1977PNAS...74.5088W
7310:1977JMolE...9..305B
7264:1969Sci...163..150W
7003:(1545): 1251–1262.
6827:1987Natur.326..332C
6770:2015PLoSO..1019248R
6675:1977JMolE...9..305B
6497:1969Sci...163..150W
6210:1990PNAS...87.4576W
5898:Eukaryota / Eukarya
5141:three-domain system
5089:Three-domain system
3299:Loculoascomycetidae
2525:
2175:Six kingdoms (1998)
1900:Archezoa hypothesis
1355:Subkingdom Parazoa
1033:
699:three-domain system
668:The Wonders of Life
652:Herbert F. Copeland
627:The development of
70:(singular phylum).
9404:Kingdoms (biology)
9353:
9310:
9289:
9263:
9221:
9155:
9120:
9108:
9072:
9063:
8981:2021-11-07 at the
8402:10.1093/gbe/evp011
8308:10.1093/gbe/evp022
7718:Cavalier-Smith, T.
7657:Cavalier-Smith, T.
7615:Biological Reviews
7607:Cavalier-Smith, T.
7510:Cavalier-Smith, T.
7472:Cavalier-Smith, T.
7318:10.1007/BF01796092
7070:10.1093/gbe/evq025
6713:"The Six Kingdoms"
6683:10.1007/BF01796092
6447:10.1007/BF00425185
6267:Biological Reviews
6092:animals and plants
5972:from their hosts.
5720:proposes that the
5675:
5145:
4441:Superkingdom
4373:Superkingdom
3377:Homobasidiomycetes
3342:Hemibasidiomycetia
2521:
2239:, like the phylum
2046:Superkingdom
1992:Superkingdom
1924:Superkingdom
1847:instead of in the
1270:Labyrinthulomycota
1064:Phylum Eubacteriae
1047:Branch Myxomonera
1029:
464:
304:Nomenclature Codes
289:Historia Plantarum
268:, while his pupil
265:History of Animals
184:phylum or division
103:five kingdoms only
48:
9391:
9390:
9386:
9385:
9349:
9306:
9285:
9259:
9217:
9151:
9110:
9104:
9068:
9061:
8957:Biology of Plants
8667:(12): 3786–3790.
8158:Burki et al. 2007
8076:(Pt 1): 487–496.
7898:(17): R693–R696.
7424:(12): 4576–4579.
7362:(11): 5088–5090.
7258:(3863): 150–160.
7126:. Reimer, Berlin.
6821:(6111): 332–333.
6642:978-0-070-48425-2
6162:on 6 October 2012
6098:be replaced with
5929:
5928:
5791:non-cellular life
5767:Eocyte hypothesis
5718:eocyte hypothesis
5710:non-cellular life
5660:choanoflagellates
5651:
5650:
5642:
5641:
5633:
5632:
5624:
5623:
5504:choanoflagellates
5412:
5411:
5403:
5402:
5357:
5356:
5348:
5347:
5256:
5255:
5247:
5246:
5133:phylogenetic tree
5040:
5039:
4614:
4613:
4605:
4604:
4596:
4595:
4587:
4586:
4424:
4423:
4415:
4414:
4341:Catalogue of Life
4319:
4318:
4059:Macrorhodophytina
3362:Tremellomycetidae
3327:Sporidiomycetidae
3244:Saccharomycetidae
2518:
2517:
2509:
2508:
2500:
2499:
2491:
2490:
2328:
2327:
2319:
2318:
2164:
2163:
2155:
2154:
2146:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2019:
1975:
1974:
1966:
1965:
1796:
1795:
1787:
1786:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1677:
1676:
1668:
1667:
1571:
1570:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1007:
923:
922:
829:
828:
820:
819:
811:
810:
742:
741:
695:two-empire system
619:
618:
610:
609:
601:
600:
571:
570:
436:
435:
427:
426:
418:
417:
388:
387:
316:Regnum Vegetabile
34:The hierarchy of
9416:
9377:
9366:
9334:
9323:
9248:
9187:
9116:
9098:
9054:
9043:
9033:
9017:
9010:
9003:
8994:
8993:
8930:
8929:
8882:
8876:
8875:
8865:
8839:
8833:
8832:
8820:
8811:
8805:
8804:
8766:
8757:
8756:
8754:
8752:
8737:
8731:
8730:
8720:
8711:
8705:
8704:
8694:
8684:
8650:
8644:
8643:
8633:
8623:
8589:
8583:
8582:
8576:
8568:
8542:
8536:
8535:
8495:
8489:
8488:
8478:
8468:
8430:
8424:
8423:
8413:
8379:
8373:
8372:
8362:
8353:(8): 1702–1713.
8336:
8330:
8329:
8319:
8285:
8279:
8278:
8268:
8234:
8225:
8224:
8214:
8204:
8170:
8161:
8155:
8149:
8148:
8138:
8128:
8102:
8096:
8095:
8085:
8059:
8053:
8052:
8034:
8014:
8005:
7996:
7995:
7983:
7974:
7968:
7967:
7941:
7932:
7926:
7925:
7907:
7881:
7870:
7869:
7851:
7825:
7819:
7818:
7808:
7798:
7766:
7760:
7759:
7749:
7714:
7708:
7707:
7705:
7704:
7691:
7665:
7653:
7647:
7646:
7603:
7597:
7596:
7586:
7554:
7548:
7547:
7506:
7500:
7499:
7482:(3–4): 461–481.
7468:
7462:
7461:
7451:
7441:
7406:
7400:
7399:
7389:
7379:
7344:
7338:
7337:
7290:
7284:
7283:
7244:
7238:
7237:
7216:
7210:
7209:
7178:
7172:
7171:
7160:
7154:
7153:
7152:. 10-VIII: 5–84.
7134:
7128:
7127:
7116:
7110:
7109:
7098:
7092:
7091:
7081:
7047:
7038:
7037:
7035:
7033:
7020:
6992:
6983:
6977:
6976:
6966:
6931:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6917:
6911:
6905:. Archived from
6870:
6861:
6855:
6854:
6835:10.1038/326332a0
6808:
6802:
6801:
6791:
6781:
6747:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6732:
6723:. Archived from
6709:
6703:
6702:
6656:
6647:
6646:
6631:(2nd ed.).
6630:
6620:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6610:
6596:10.2307/30163328
6579:
6571:
6562:
6561:
6533:
6527:
6526:
6508:
6491:(3863): 150–60.
6478:
6467:
6466:
6428:
6422:
6421:
6411:
6374:
6363:
6362:
6340:
6323:
6322:
6306:
6300:
6299:
6263:
6255:
6242:
6241:
6231:
6221:
6189:
6178:
6177:
6170:
6168:
6167:
6148:
6142:
6141:
6133:
6127:
6126:
6125:. 3 August 2021.
6115:
6109:
6108:
6086:
6085:
6079:
6072:
6064:
6047:
6036:
5999:
5994:
5993:
5735:
5734:
5438:
5437:
5426:
5425:
5383:
5382:
5371:
5370:
5328:
5327:
5316:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5297:
5296:
5288:
5182:
5181:
5170:
5169:
5099:
5093:Domain (biology)
4733:3 superkingdoms
4622:
4621:
4449:
4448:
4438:
4437:
4381:
4380:
4370:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4355:
4354:
4314:
4195:
4005:
3976:
3706:
3439:
3389:
3279:Verrucomycetidae
3219:Hemiascomycotina
3075:Chytridiomycetes
3039:
2753:
2670:Chromatibacteria
2610:Chlorobibacteria
2526:
2524:
2353:
2352:
2342:
2341:
2296:
2295:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2269:
2055:
2054:
2043:
2042:
2001:
2000:
1989:
1988:
1932:
1931:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1905:
1702:
1701:
1691:
1690:
1632:
1631:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1605:
1370:
1201:Chlorophycophyta
1034:
1032:
941:
940:
905:
904:
894:
893:
886:
885:
844:Robert Whittaker
760:
759:
724:
723:
713:
712:
705:
704:
586:
585:
520:
519:
512:
511:
504:
503:
403:
402:
356:
355:
348:
347:
340:
339:
285:
282:
278:
275:
9424:
9423:
9419:
9418:
9417:
9415:
9414:
9413:
9394:
9393:
9392:
9387:
9345:Species complex
9095:Superdivision (
9026:
9024:Taxonomic ranks
9021:
8983:Wayback Machine
8966:
8939:
8937:Further reading
8934:
8933:
8883:
8879:
8840:
8836:
8818:
8812:
8808:
8767:
8760:
8750:
8748:
8739:
8738:
8734:
8718:
8712:
8708:
8651:
8647:
8590:
8586:
8570:
8569:
8557:
8543:
8539:
8496:
8492:
8431:
8427:
8380:
8376:
8337:
8333:
8286:
8282:
8244:Biology Letters
8235:
8228:
8171:
8164:
8156:
8152:
8103:
8099:
8060:
8056:
8012:
8006:
7999:
7981:
7975:
7971:
7956:10.2307/1218807
7939:
7933:
7929:
7891:Current Biology
7882:
7873:
7835:Current Biology
7826:
7822:
7781:(4): e0119248.
7767:
7763:
7715:
7711:
7702:
7700:
7663:
7654:
7650:
7604:
7600:
7555:
7551:
7536:
7507:
7503:
7469:
7465:
7407:
7403:
7345:
7341:
7291:
7287:
7248:Whittaker, R.H.
7245:
7241:
7217:
7213:
7179:
7175:
7161:
7157:
7135:
7131:
7117:
7113:
7099:
7095:
7048:
7041:
7031:
7029:
6990:
6984:
6980:
6943:Biology Letters
6932:
6925:
6915:
6913:
6909:
6887:10.1038/447913a
6868:
6862:
6858:
6809:
6805:
6764:(4): e0119248.
6748:
6739:
6730:
6728:
6711:
6710:
6706:
6657:
6650:
6643:
6621:
6617:
6608:
6606:
6572:
6565:
6554:
6534:
6530:
6506:10.1.1.403.5430
6479:
6470:
6429:
6425:
6375:
6366:
6341:
6326:
6307:
6303:
6256:
6245:
6190:
6181:
6172:
6165:
6163:
6149:
6145:
6134:
6130:
6117:
6116:
6112:
6096:fauna and flora
6083:
6081:
6077:
6070:
6066:
6065:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6050:
6037:
6033:
6028:
5995:
5988:
5985:
5934:
5839:
5830:
5789:
5754:Five Dominiums
5706:
5700:
5652:
5643:
5634:
5625:
5593: (or
5413:
5404:
5358:
5349:
5286:
5274:
5266:
5257:
5248:
5129:
5097:
5095:
5087:Main articles:
5085:
5069:
4742:2 superkingdoms
4696:
4687:
4682:
4675:
4667:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4635:
4628:
4620:
4615:
4606:
4597:
4588:
4425:
4416:
4324:
4309:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4228:
4220:
4215:
4207:
4200:
4190:
4185:
4183:Spermatophytina
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4069:
4061:
4056:
4054:Rhodellophytina
4051:
4046:
4038:
4033:
4025:
4017:
4010:
4000:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3969:
3967:Cephalochordata
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3858:
3850:
3848:Cercomeromorpha
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3818:Platyhelminthes
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3750:Nemathelminthes
3747:
3745:Nemathelminthes
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:Trilobitomorpha
3699:
3694:
3689:
3687:Cheliceromorpha
3684:
3679:
3674:
3666:
3661:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3505:
3497:
3489:
3484:
3476:
3471:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3440:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3409:
3401:
3394:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3294:Dendromycetidae
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3259:Calycomycetidae
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3224:Taphrinomycetes
3221:
3216:
3208:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3172:
3167:
3165:Trichomycetalia
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3140:Mucoromycetidae
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3059:
3051:
3044:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2998:Tubulicorticata
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2811:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2765:
2758:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2685:Planctobacteria
2682:
2680:Planctobacteria
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2605:Sphingobacteria
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2530:
2522:
2519:
2510:
2501:
2492:
2329:
2320:
2177:
2165:
2156:
2147:
2138:
2030:
2021:
1976:
1967:
1864:proteobacterium
1802:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1770:
1712:or Protoctista
1678:
1669:
1576:
1430:Pseudocoelomata
1423:or Rhynchocoela
1415:Platyhelminthes
1298:Chytridiomycota
1181:Phaeophycophyta
1167:Rhodophycophyta
1030:
1027:
1018:
1009:
951:or Protoctista
924:
835:
830:
821:
812:
770:or Protoctista
743:
645:Édouard Chatton
625:
620:
611:
602:
572:
530:or Protoctista
450:
442:
437:
428:
419:
389:
333:Regnum Lapideum
283:
276:
256:
251:
225:(also known as
156:
40:taxonomic ranks
38:'s eight major
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9422:
9412:
9411:
9406:
9389:
9388:
9384:
9383:
9382:
9381:
9370:
9359:
9354:
9347:
9340:
9339:
9338:
9327:
9316:
9311:
9302:
9301:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9283:
9276:
9275:
9274:
9269:
9264:
9257:
9252:
9239:
9238:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9215:
9210:
9203:
9202:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9178:
9177:
9176:
9171:
9166:
9161:
9156:
9149:
9142:
9141:
9140:
9135:
9130:
9121:
9102:
9085:
9084:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9066:
9058:
9047:
9031:
9028:
9027:
9020:
9019:
9012:
9005:
8997:
8991:
8990:
8985:
8973:
8965:
8964:External links
8962:
8961:
8960:
8953:Peter H. Raven
8950:
8938:
8935:
8932:
8931:
8877:
8834:
8806:
8779:(4): 306–311.
8758:
8732:
8706:
8645:
8584:
8555:
8537:
8490:
8425:
8374:
8331:
8280:
8251:(4): 366–369.
8226:
8162:
8150:
8097:
8054:
8025:(5): 399–451.
7997:
7969:
7950:(4): 650–652.
7927:
7871:
7820:
7761:
7732:(3): 342–345.
7709:
7648:
7621:(3): 203–266.
7598:
7569:(4): 953–994.
7549:
7534:
7501:
7463:
7401:
7339:
7304:(4): 305–311.
7285:
7239:
7220:Copeland, H.F.
7211:
7198:10.1086/394568
7192:(4): 383–420.
7182:Copeland, H.F.
7173:
7155:
7129:
7111:
7093:
7039:
6978:
6949:(3): 342–345.
6923:
6912:on 6 July 2011
6856:
6803:
6737:
6704:
6669:(4): 305–311.
6648:
6641:
6615:
6590:(8): 472–477.
6563:
6552:
6544:Academic Press
6528:
6468:
6423:
6394:(2): 292–305.
6364:
6324:
6301:
6243:
6204:(12): 4576–9.
6179:
6143:
6128:
6110:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6001:
6000:
5997:Biology portal
5984:
5981:
5948:and subrealm.
5933:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5920:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5906:
5905:
5900:
5894:
5893:
5887:
5885:Archaebacteria
5882:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5834:
5824:
5823:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5780:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5761:
5755:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5739:
5730:Thermoproteota
5699:
5696:
5687:SAR supergroup
5649:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5631:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5622:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5598:
5591:Archaeplastida
5586:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5550:
5547:Chromalveolata
5542:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5521:
5513:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5492:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5467:
5459:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5445:
5436:
5434:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5386:
5381:
5379:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5355:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5331:
5326:
5324:
5314:
5312:
5307:
5305:
5295:
5270:Main article:
5265:
5262:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5215:Archaebacteria
5206:
5203:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5185:
5180:
5178:
5168:
5164:Archaebacteria
5084:
5081:
5077:natural groups
5068:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5059:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4855:
4853:Archaebacteria
4850:
4845:
4843:Archaebacteria
4839:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4789:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4698:
4689:
4686:Cavalier-Smith
4684:
4680:Cavalier-Smith
4677:
4669:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4630:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4452:
4447:
4445:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4384:
4379:
4377:
4368:
4366:
4361:
4359:
4353:
4323:
4322:Seven kingdoms
4320:
4317:
4316:
4197:
4158:Pteridophytina
4100:Phragmophytina
4007:
3952:Appendicularia
3808:Acanthocephala
3755:Scalidorhyncha
3391:
3387:Pileomycetidae
3382:Clavomycetidae
3367:Dacrymycetidae
3332:Uredomycetidae
3284:Ostiomycetidae
3249:Euascomycotina
3130:Neozygomycetia
3095:Melanomycotina
3085:Spizomycetidae
3080:Rumpomycetidae
3070:Dictyomycotina
3041:
2978:Coccidiomorpha
2963:Dinoflagellata
2852:Reticulofilosa
2816:Sarcomastigota
2755:
2740:Halomebacteria
2725:Archaebacteria
2715:Actinobacteria
2705:Teichobacteria
2655:Proteobacteria
2625:Sclenobacteria
2600:Pimelobacteria
2585:Euspirochaetae
2575:Endoflagellata
2565:Chlorobacteria
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2308:Archaebacteria
2299:
2294:
2292:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2268:
2229:Hydrogenosomes
2198:Archaebacteria
2176:
2173:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1956:Archaebacteria
1951:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1904:
1868:eukaryogenesis
1813:Archaebacteria
1801:
1800:Eight kingdoms
1798:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1657:Archaebacteria
1652:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1619:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1604:
1592:seven kingdoms
1575:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1444:
1438:
1436:Acanthocephala
1426:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1391:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1306:Amastigomycota
1302:
1301:
1300:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
993:
990:
989:
986:
985:
977:
974:
973:
970:
969:
961:
958:
957:
954:
953:
944:
939:
937:
930:
929:
926:
925:
921:
920:
917:
916:
908:
903:
901:
892:
890:
884:
834:
831:
827:
826:
823:
822:
818:
817:
814:
813:
809:
808:
805:
804:
796:
793:
792:
789:
788:
780:
777:
776:
773:
772:
763:
758:
756:
749:
748:
745:
744:
740:
739:
736:
735:
727:
722:
720:
711:
709:
703:
683:C. B. van Niel
677:In the 1960s,
624:
621:
617:
616:
613:
612:
608:
607:
604:
603:
599:
598:
595:
594:
589:
584:
582:
578:
577:
574:
573:
569:
568:
565:
564:
556:
553:
552:
549:
548:
540:
537:
536:
533:
532:
523:
518:
516:
510:
508:
502:
441:
438:
434:
433:
430:
429:
425:
424:
421:
420:
416:
415:
412:
411:
406:
401:
399:
395:
394:
391:
390:
386:
385:
382:
381:
376:
373:
372:
369:
368:
359:
354:
352:
346:
344:
338:
314:kingdom') and
308:Regnum Animale
255:
252:
250:
247:
155:
152:
138:(for plants),
60:taxonomic rank
16:Taxonomic rank
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9421:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9401:
9399:
9380:
9379:
9371:
9369:
9368:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9352:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9342:
9341:
9337:
9336:
9328:
9326:
9325:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9309:
9305:
9304:
9303:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9288:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9278:
9277:
9273:
9270:
9268:
9265:
9262:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9250:
9242:
9241:
9240:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9220:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9205:
9204:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9189:
9181:
9180:
9179:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9154:
9150:
9148:
9145:
9144:
9143:
9139:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9125:
9122:
9119:
9118:
9107:
9103:
9101:
9100:
9091:
9088:
9087:
9086:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9071:
9067:
9065:
9064:/Superkingdom
9059:
9057:
9056:
9048:
9046:
9045:
9037:
9036:
9035:
9034:
9029:
9025:
9018:
9013:
9011:
9006:
9004:
8999:
8998:
8995:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8980:
8977:
8974:
8971:
8968:
8967:
8958:
8954:
8951:
8948:
8945:
8941:
8940:
8927:
8923:
8919:
8915:
8911:
8907:
8903:
8899:
8895:
8891:
8890:
8881:
8873:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8855:
8851:
8850:
8845:
8838:
8831:(4): 218–237.
8830:
8826:
8825:
8817:
8810:
8802:
8798:
8794:
8790:
8786:
8782:
8778:
8774:
8773:
8765:
8763:
8746:
8742:
8736:
8729:(4): 218–237.
8728:
8724:
8717:
8710:
8702:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8674:
8670:
8666:
8662:
8661:
8656:
8649:
8641:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8613:
8609:
8605:
8601:
8600:
8595:
8588:
8580:
8574:
8566:
8562:
8558:
8556:0-412-36440-9
8552:
8548:
8541:
8533:
8529:
8525:
8521:
8517:
8513:
8510:(8): 1641–8.
8509:
8505:
8501:
8494:
8486:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8445:
8440:
8436:
8429:
8421:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8403:
8399:
8395:
8391:
8390:
8385:
8378:
8370:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8352:
8348:
8347:
8342:
8335:
8327:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8309:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8296:
8291:
8284:
8276:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8258:
8254:
8250:
8246:
8245:
8240:
8233:
8231:
8222:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8194:
8190:
8186:
8182:
8181:
8176:
8169:
8167:
8159:
8154:
8146:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8118:
8114:
8113:
8112:PLOS Genetics
8108:
8101:
8093:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8075:
8071:
8070:
8065:
8058:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8024:
8020:
8019:
8011:
8004:
8002:
7994:(4): 218–237.
7993:
7989:
7988:
7980:
7973:
7965:
7961:
7957:
7953:
7949:
7945:
7938:
7931:
7923:
7919:
7915:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7897:
7893:
7892:
7887:
7880:
7878:
7876:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7842:(4): R165–7.
7841:
7837:
7836:
7831:
7824:
7816:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7788:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7765:
7757:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7739:
7735:
7731:
7727:
7723:
7720:(June 2010).
7719:
7713:
7699:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7681:
7677:
7673:
7669:
7662:
7658:
7652:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7608:
7602:
7594:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7576:
7572:
7568:
7564:
7560:
7553:
7545:
7541:
7537:
7535:9780470514344
7531:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7505:
7497:
7493:
7489:
7485:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7467:
7459:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7423:
7419:
7415:
7411:
7405:
7397:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7343:
7335:
7331:
7327:
7323:
7319:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7289:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7261:
7257:
7253:
7249:
7243:
7235:
7231:
7227:
7226:
7221:
7215:
7207:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7177:
7169:
7165:
7159:
7151:
7147:
7145:
7139:
7133:
7125:
7121:
7115:
7107:
7103:
7097:
7089:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7071:
7067:
7063:
7059:
7058:
7053:
7046:
7044:
7028:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7010:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6997:
6989:
6982:
6974:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6948:
6944:
6940:
6936:
6930:
6928:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6881:(7147): 913.
6880:
6876:
6875:
6867:
6860:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6815:
6807:
6799:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6771:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6758:
6753:
6746:
6744:
6742:
6727:on 2021-05-10
6726:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6708:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6663:
6655:
6653:
6644:
6638:
6634:
6629:
6628:
6619:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6584:
6578:
6570:
6568:
6559:
6555:
6553:9780080920146
6549:
6545:
6541:
6540:
6532:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6485:
6477:
6475:
6473:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6435:
6427:
6419:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6388:
6383:
6379:
6373:
6371:
6369:
6360:
6356:
6353:(4): 207–16.
6352:
6348:
6347:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6331:
6329:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6305:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6274:(3): 203–66.
6273:
6269:
6268:
6262:
6254:
6252:
6250:
6248:
6239:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6188:
6186:
6184:
6175:
6174:"article 3.1"
6161:
6157:
6156:
6147:
6139:
6132:
6124:
6120:
6114:
6107:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6080:on 2021-11-11
6076:
6069:
6063:
6059:
6045:
6041:
6035:
6031:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6010:Phylogenetics
6008:
6006:
6003:
6002:
5998:
5992:
5987:
5980:
5978:
5973:
5971:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5949:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5925:
5921:
5918:
5914:
5911:
5907:
5904:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5872:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5832:cellular life
5829:
5825:
5821:
5818:Prionobiota (
5816:
5806:
5802:
5799:Virusobiota (
5798:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5763:Six kingdoms
5762:
5760:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5750:Three domains
5748:
5746:
5743:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5705:
5695:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5679:
5671:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5647:
5646:
5638:
5637:
5629:
5628:
5620:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5554:Stramenopiles
5549:
5548:
5544:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5515:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5473:
5466:
5465:
5461:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5444:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5408:
5407:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5391:
5385:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5373:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5353:
5352:
5344:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5283:
5279:
5273:
5268:
5261:
5252:
5251:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5226:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5205:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5184:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5171:
5167:
5165:
5161:
5156:
5152:
5150:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5094:
5090:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5060:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4694:
4690:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4655:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4610:
4609:
4601:
4600:
4592:
4591:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4451:
4450:
4444:
4440:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4420:
4419:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4383:
4382:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4315:
4313:
4308:
4307:
4304:Infrakingdom
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4254:Labyrinthista
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4234:
4231:Infrakingdom
4227:
4226:
4219:
4214:
4213:
4206:
4205:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4118:
4115:Infrakingdom
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4090:Prasinophytae
4086:
4085:Chlorophytina
4081:
4076:
4075:
4072:Infrakingdom
4068:
4067:
4066:Viridiplantae
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4044:
4041:Infrakingdom
4037:
4032:
4031:
4028:Infrakingdom
4024:
4023:
4016:
4015:
4008:
4006:
4004:
3999:
3998:
3991:
3990:Gnathostomata
3986:
3981:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3927:
3924:Infrakingdom
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3884:Echinodermata
3880:
3879:Enteropneusta
3875:
3874:Pterobranchia
3870:
3865:
3864:
3861:Infrakingdom
3857:
3856:
3855:Deuterostomia
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3833:Rhabditophora
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3793:Acanthognatha
3789:
3788:
3785:Infrakingdom
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3672:
3669:Infrakingdom
3665:
3660:
3659:
3656:Infrakingdom
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3508:Infrakingdom
3504:
3503:
3496:
3495:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3475:
3470:
3469:
3466:Infrakingdom
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3443:Infrakingdom
3436:
3435:Archaeocyatha
3431:
3430:Calcispongiae
3426:
3425:Hyalospongiae
3421:
3416:
3415:
3412:Infrakingdom
3408:
3407:
3400:
3399:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3372:Auromycetidae
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3352:Hymenomycetia
3348:
3343:
3338:
3337:Orthomycotina
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3317:Septomycotina
3313:
3312:
3311:Basidiomycota
3305:
3304:Plectomycetes
3300:
3295:
3290:
3289:Loculomycetes
3285:
3280:
3275:
3274:Pyrenomycetes
3270:
3269:Pezomycetidae
3265:
3264:Lecomycetidae
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3239:Dipomycetidae
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3214:
3207:
3206:
3199:
3194:
3193:Pleistophorea
3189:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3177:Microsporidia
3171:
3170:Pyxomycetalia
3166:
3161:
3160:Pedomycetidae
3156:
3155:Entomycetidae
3151:
3146:
3145:Meromycetidae
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3115:Eozygomycetia
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3090:Enteromycetes
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3065:
3058:
3057:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3016:
3013:Infrakingdom
3009:
3008:Filocorticata
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2988:Heterokaryota
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2958:Protalveolata
2954:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2940:Infrakingdom
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2920:Pseudociliata
2916:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2904:Discicristata
2902:Infrakingdom
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2814:Infrakingdom
2810:
2809:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2764:
2763:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:Sulfobacteria
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2665:Alphabacteria
2661:
2660:Rhodobacteria
2656:
2651:
2650:Phycobacteria
2646:
2645:Gloeobacteria
2641:
2640:Cyanobacteria
2636:
2635:Fibrobacteria
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2615:Flavobacteria
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2595:Glycobacteria
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2570:Deinobacteria
2566:
2561:
2556:
2555:Heliobacteria
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2528:
2527:
2514:
2513:
2505:
2504:
2496:
2495:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2354:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2324:
2323:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2297:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2241:Microsporidia
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2172:
2170:
2160:
2159:
2151:
2150:
2142:
2141:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1971:
1970:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1860:endosymbiosis
1856:
1854:
1853:chlorophyll c
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1782:
1774:
1773:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1584:ribosomal RNA
1581:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1544:Echinodermata
1541:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1500:Sipunculoidea
1497:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1442:Aschelminthes
1439:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1366:Archaeocyatha
1363:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1325:
1324:Basidiomycota
1321:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1264:Acrasiomycota
1261:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1195:Euchlorophyta
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1131:Cnidosporidia
1128:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1012:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
992:
991:
988:
987:
984:
983:
976:
975:
972:
971:
968:
967:
960:
959:
956:
955:
952:
950:
943:
942:
936:
932:
931:
928:
927:
919:
918:
915:
914:
907:
906:
900:
896:
895:
888:
887:
883:
879:
877:
873:
872:Lynn Margulis
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
840:
833:Five kingdoms
825:
824:
816:
815:
807:
806:
803:
802:
795:
794:
791:
790:
787:
786:
779:
778:
775:
774:
771:
769:
762:
761:
755:
751:
750:
747:
746:
738:
737:
734:
733:
726:
725:
719:
715:
714:
707:
706:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
679:Roger Stanier
675:
673:
672:Cyanobacteria
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
623:Four kingdoms
615:
614:
606:
605:
597:
596:
593:
588:
587:
580:
579:
576:
575:
567:
566:
563:
562:
555:
554:
551:
550:
547:
546:
539:
538:
535:
534:
531:
529:
522:
521:
514:
513:
506:
505:
501:
499:
498:
493:
492:Ernst Haeckel
489:
486:proposed the
485:
480:
476:
473:
472:Royal Society
469:
461:
460:
454:
449:
444:
432:
431:
423:
422:
414:
413:
410:
405:
404:
397:
396:
393:
392:
384:
383:
380:
375:
374:
371:
370:
367:
365:
358:
357:
350:
349:
342:
341:
337:
335:
334:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
296:Carl Linnaeus
293:
292:, on plants.
291:
290:
284: 287 BC
271:
267:
266:
261:
246:
244:
243:Deuterostomia
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
160:Carl Linnaeus
151:
149:
148:
143:
142:
137:
136:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
69:
65:
62:, just below
61:
57:
53:
45:
41:
37:
21:
9372:
9361:
9329:
9318:
9243:
9182:
9111:
9093:
9080:
9075:
9069:
9049:
9038:
8956:
8943:
8893:
8887:
8880:
8853:
8847:
8837:
8828:
8824:Protistology
8822:
8809:
8776:
8770:
8749:. Retrieved
8744:
8735:
8726:
8723:Protistology
8722:
8709:
8664:
8658:
8648:
8603:
8597:
8587:
8546:
8540:
8507:
8503:
8493:
8451:(7): e2621.
8448:
8442:
8428:
8393:
8387:
8377:
8350:
8344:
8334:
8299:
8293:
8283:
8248:
8242:
8184:
8178:
8153:
8119:(12): e220.
8116:
8110:
8100:
8073:
8067:
8057:
8022:
8016:
7991:
7987:Protistology
7985:
7972:
7947:
7943:
7930:
7895:
7889:
7839:
7833:
7823:
7778:
7774:
7764:
7729:
7725:
7712:
7701:. Retrieved
7671:
7667:
7651:
7618:
7614:
7601:
7566:
7562:
7552:
7517:
7513:
7504:
7479:
7475:
7466:
7421:
7417:
7404:
7359:
7355:
7342:
7301:
7297:
7288:
7255:
7251:
7242:
7224:
7214:
7189:
7185:
7176:
7167:
7158:
7149:
7143:
7132:
7123:
7114:
7105:
7102:Linnaeus, C.
7096:
7061:
7055:
7030:. Retrieved
7000:
6994:
6981:
6946:
6942:
6914:. Retrieved
6907:the original
6878:
6872:
6859:
6818:
6812:
6806:
6761:
6755:
6729:. Retrieved
6725:the original
6716:
6707:
6666:
6660:
6626:
6618:
6607:. Retrieved
6587:
6581:
6558:Google Books
6556:– via
6538:
6531:
6488:
6482:
6441:(1): 17–35.
6438:
6432:
6426:
6391:
6385:
6350:
6344:
6310:
6304:
6271:
6265:
6201:
6197:
6164:. Retrieved
6160:the original
6154:
6146:
6137:
6131:
6122:
6113:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6088:
6082:. Retrieved
6075:the original
6062:
6034:
5974:
5950:
5941:
5935:
5827:
5787:Aphanobionta
5786:
5782:
5758:
5707:
5690:
5680:
5676:
5664:Opisthokonta
5653:
5614:glaucophytes
5600:
5595:Primoplantae
5589:
5552:
5545:
5525:Foraminifera
5523:
5516:
5494:
5489:Opisthokonta
5487:
5476:slime moulds
5470:most lobose
5469:
5462:
5447:
5429:Domain
5388:
5374:Domain
5333:
5319:Domain
5300:
5291:
5275:
5267:
5258:
5229:
5208:
5187:
5173:
5157:
5153:
5146:
5070:
5050:rather than
5041:
4692:
4672:
4663:
4574:
4558:
4533:glaucophytes
4526:
4493:cryptophytes
4482:
4454:
4402:
4386:
4325:
4303:
4289:Bigyromonada
4230:
4222:
4221:
4209:
4208:
4201:
4199:
4193:Angiospermae
4188:Gymnospermae
4173:Sphenophytae
4153:Tracheophyta
4133:Anthocerotae
4114:
4071:
4063:
4062:
4040:
4027:
4019:
4018:
4011:
4009:
3994:
3993:
3923:
3909:Eleutherozoa
3869:Hemichordata
3860:
3852:
3784:
3780:Nematomorpha
3668:
3664:Chaetognatha
3658:Chaetognathi
3655:
3526:Gymnolaemata
3507:
3499:
3491:
3490:
3487:Myxosporidia
3478:
3477:
3465:
3445:Coelenterata
3442:
3411:
3403:
3402:
3395:
3393:
3322:Septomycetes
3308:
3254:Discomycetes
3210:
3202:
3201:
3174:
3125:Glomomycetes
3110:Zygomycotina
3100:Allomycotina
3061:
3053:
3052:
3045:
3043:
3012:
2983:Manubrispora
2939:
2901:
2897:Dictyostelia
2862:Foraminifera
2857:Monadofilosa
2813:
2805:
2804:
2796:Anaeromonada
2767:
2766:
2759:
2757:
2735:Euryarcheota
2730:Mendosicutes
2720:Togobacteria
2710:Endobacteria
2700:Posibacteria
2695:Posibacteria
2675:Thiobacteria
2630:Fusobacteria
2620:Eurybacteria
2580:Spirochaetae
2560:Hadobacteria
2545:Lipobacteria
2540:Negibacteria
2531:
2529:
2478:
2462:
2437:glaucophytes
2430:
2397:cryptophytes
2386:
2358:
2345:Empire
2301:
2288:Empire
2261:
2233:metakaryotes
2221:
2209:monophyletic
2206:
2202:Posibacteria
2194:Negibacteria
2178:
2166:
2124:
2108:
2092:
2076:
2060:
2006:
1953:
1937:
1857:
1829:Posibacteria
1821:Negibacteria
1803:
1756:
1740:
1724:
1707:
1694:Empire
1654:
1637:
1624:Empire
1577:
1574:Six kingdoms
1550:Hemichordata
1538:Chaetognatha
1335:
1334:
1244:
1243:
1233:Tracheophyta
1156:
1155:
1137:Zoomastigina
1095:Euglenophyta
1084:
1083:
1075:Spirochaetae
1069:Actinomycota
1038:
1037:
995:
979:
963:
946:
933:Empire
910:
897:Empire
880:
868:
860:heterotrophs
836:
798:
782:
765:
752:Empire
729:
716:Empire
690:
687:superkingdom
686:
676:
667:
649:
626:
591:
558:
542:
525:
495:
487:
481:
477:
465:
462:with plants.
457:
443:
408:
378:
361:
331:
315:
307:
294:
287:
270:Theophrastus
263:
257:
234:
230:
226:
223:infrakingdom
222:
218:
214:
212:
164:nomenclature
157:
145:
139:
133:
132:. The terms
128:of a common
122:monophyletic
117:
111:
75:six kingdoms
72:
55:
49:
9272:Infrafamily
9255:Superfamily
9169:Subterclass
9138:Microphylum
9133:Infraphylum
9128:Subdivision
9090:Superphylum
8741:"ICTV Code"
8302:: 231–238.
8187:(8): e790.
8160:, p. 4
7476:Bio Systems
7348:Woese, C.R.
7294:Woese, C.R.
7164:Chatton, É.
7138:Chatton, É.
7120:Haeckel, E.
6717:www.ric.edu
6633:McGraw-Hill
6015:Systematics
5965:replication
5745:Two empires
5728:called the
5685:dubbed the
5606:green algae
5602:Land plants
5574:Cryptophyta
5558:Brown Algae
5390:prokaryotic
5335:prokaryotic
4931:Vegetabilia
4751:3 kingdoms
4748:2 kingdoms
4545:land plants
4541:green algae
4501:Brown Algae
4497:Heterokonta
4294:Pseudofungi
4269:Hypogyrista
4233:Heterokonta
4225:Chromobiota
4223:Subkingdom
4218:Cryptophyta
4210:Subkingdom
4163:Psilophytae
4105:Charophytae
4095:Tetraphytae
4080:Chlorophyta
4074:Chlorophyta
4064:Subkingdom
4036:Glaucophyta
4030:Glaucophyta
4020:Subkingdom
3995:Subkingdom
3863:Coelomopora
3823:Turbellaria
3765:Kinorhyncha
3735:Onychophora
3710:Mandibulata
3697:Chelicerata
3692:Pycnogonida
3646:Pogonophora
3591:Brachiopoda
3581:Cephalopoda
3566:Glossophora
3546:Cycliophora
3502:Protostomia
3492:Subkingdom
3479:Subkingdom
3404:Subkingdom
3357:Gelimycetes
3347:Ustomycetes
3234:Endomycetes
3203:Subkingdom
3188:Microsporea
3135:Zygomycetes
3120:Bolomycetes
3105:Allomycetes
3064:Archemycota
3054:Subkingdom
3003:Epiplasmata
2882:Archamoebae
2806:Subkingdom
2786:Axostylaria
2781:Eopharyngia
2768:Subkingdom
2690:Unibacteria
2590:Leptospirae
2449:land plants
2445:green algae
2405:Brown Algae
2401:Heterokonta
2306:— includes
2190:Unibacteria
2169:taxonomists
2048:Metakaryota
1876:Metakaryota
1642:(Bacteria)
1532:Pogonophora
1526:Enterocoela
1506:Echiuroidea
1482:Brachiopoda
1466:Schizocoela
1375:Subkingdom
1287:Subkingdom
1207:Chlorophyta
1193:Subkingdom
1179:Subkingdom
1165:Subkingdom
1101:Chrysophyta
876:Embryophyta
864:saprotrophs
643:). In 1937
637:prokaryotes
488:Protoctista
239:Protostomia
227:infraregnum
126:descendants
9398:Categories
9357:Subspecies
9298:Infratribe
9281:Supertribe
9230:Infraorder
9213:Superorder
9184:Division (
9164:Infraclass
9147:Superclass
9113:Division (
9076:Subkingdom
9051:Subrealm (
8856:(8): 615.
8549:. London.
8396:: 99–113.
7726:Biol. Lett
7703:2010-04-29
7064:: 379–92.
6731:2020-07-25
6609:2020-07-28
6166:2011-02-20
6084:2022-03-04
6054:References
6044:rhizarians
6040:alveolates
6005:Cladistics
5961:metabolism
5959:that lack
5863:Eubacteria
5776:/ Vitae /
5722:eukaryotes
5570:Haptophyta
5529:Radiolaria
5450:flagellate
5282:eukaryotes
5194:Eubacteria
5160:Eubacteria
5149:Carl Woese
4826:Eubacteria
4816:Eubacteria
4801:Prokaryota
4786:7 kingdoms
4781:6 kingdoms
4776:8 kingdoms
4768:6 kingdoms
4763:5 kingdoms
4758:4 kingdoms
4509:Haptophyta
4375:Prokaryota
4339:, and the
4312:Haptophyta
4306:Haptophyta
4259:Ochrophyta
4168:Lycophytae
4117:Cormophyta
4110:Rudophytae
4049:Rhodophyta
4043:Rhodophyta
3980:Vertebrata
3894:Pelmatozoa
3838:Neodermata
3828:Mucorhabda
3740:Tardigrada
3682:Arthropoda
3636:Clitellata
3631:Pharyngata
3626:Operculata
3621:Polychaeta
3586:Brachiozoa
3541:Entoprocta
3414:Spongiaria
3229:Geomycetes
3213:Ascomycota
3183:Minisporea
3150:Zoomycetes
3036:Radiolaria
3015:Actinopoda
2993:Ciliophora
2973:Gregarinae
2935:Saccostoma
2930:Plicostoma
2925:Euglenozoa
2915:Tetramitia
2910:Percolozoa
2801:Parabasala
2776:Metamonada
2745:Eurytherma
2550:Eobacteria
2413:Haptophyta
2290:Prokaryota
2253:Metamonada
2225:archezoans
2186:Prokaryota
1940:Eubacteria
1926:Prokaryota
1817:Eubacteria
1809:Eubacteria
1659:(Archaea)
1640:Eubacteria
1626:Prokaryota
1580:Carl Woese
1518:Arthropoda
1476:Ectoprocta
1448:Entoprocta
1409:Acoelomata
1395:Ctenophora
1318:Ascomycota
1312:Zygomycota
1258:Myxomycota
1213:Charophyta
1187:Phaeophyta
1173:Rhodophyta
1149:Ciliophora
1107:Pyrrophyta
1052:Cyanophyta
899:Prokaryota
856:autotrophs
718:Prokaryota
693:—with the
641:eukaryotes
629:microscopy
366:(animals)
277: 371
215:subkingdom
114:cladistics
9363:Variety (
9320:Section (
9267:Subfamily
9245:Section (
9235:Parvorder
9208:Magnorder
9174:Parvclass
9124:Subphylum
8573:cite book
7922:207051421
7410:Woese, C.
6501:CiteSeerX
6150:See e.g.
5977:Mimivirus
5957:parasites
5610:red algae
5578:Alveolata
5535:protozoa
5472:amoeboids
5464:Amoebozoa
5452:protozoa
5431:Eukaryota
5393:Archaeans
5285:'kingdoms
5236:Eukaryota
5135:based on
5073:cladistic
4924:Chromista
4919:Chromista
4914:Chromista
4865:Eukaryota
4737:2 empires
4729:3 domains
4724:2 empires
4719:2 empires
4714:2 empires
4709:2 empires
4691:Ruggiero
4654:Whittaker
4489:Alveolata
4485:Chromista
4465:Choanozoa
4461:Amoebozoa
4443:Eukaryota
4299:Opalinata
4279:Diatomeae
4274:Chrysista
4244:Sagenista
4239:Sagenista
4212:Cryptista
4204:Chromista
4143:Sphagneae
4128:Hepaticae
4123:Bryophyta
4022:Biliphyta
3972:Conodonta
3962:Acraniata
3932:Urochorda
3926:Chordonia
3919:Echinozoa
3914:Asterozoa
3899:Blastozoa
3889:Homalozoa
3843:Trematoda
3813:Monokonta
3770:Nematoida
3760:Priapozoa
3720:Myriapoda
3715:Crustacea
3677:Haemopoda
3671:Ecdysozoa
3651:Nemertina
3606:Sipuncula
3601:Sipuncula
3596:Phoronida
3576:Spiculata
3571:Univalvia
3551:Conchozoa
3536:Kamptozoa
3531:Lophopoda
3494:Bilateria
3461:Medusozoa
3205:Neomycota
3031:Spasmaria
2942:Alveolata
2887:Mycetozoa
2867:Amoebozoa
2847:Phytomyxa
2837:Choanozoa
2822:Neomonada
2791:Trichozoa
2393:Alveolata
2389:Chromista
2369:Choanozoa
2365:Amoebozoa
2347:Eukaryota
2264:paraphyly
2213:paraphyla
2079:Chromista
1896:Chromista
1839:from the
1837:Chromista
1696:Eukaryota
1600:Chromista
1578:In 1977,
1524:Subgrade
1488:Phoronida
1464:Subgrade
1460:Coelomata
1452:Kamptozoa
1403:Bilateria
1377:Eumetazoa
1227:Bryophyta
1221:Metaphyta
1143:Sarcodina
935:Eukaryota
852:nutrition
754:Eukaryota
650:In 1938,
484:John Hogg
466:In 1674,
260:Aristotle
219:subregnum
9331:Series (
9314:Subgenus
9293:Subtribe
9225:Suborder
9159:Subclass
8979:Archived
8926:84298461
8918:15486256
8872:19561628
8793:19270719
8751:26 April
8640:19091952
8565:27895507
8532:38178747
8524:26305806
8485:18612431
8444:PLOS ONE
8420:20333181
8369:17488740
8326:20333193
8275:18522922
8221:17726520
8180:PLOS ONE
8145:17194223
8092:15653923
8041:16248873
7914:15341755
7866:13172971
7858:19243692
7815:25923521
7775:PLOS ONE
7756:20031978
7698:15306349
7659:(2004).
7609:(1998).
7334:27788891
7222:(1956).
7206:84634277
7166:(1937).
7140:(1925).
7122:(1866).
7104:(1735).
7088:20624742
7032:29 April
7027:15306349
6973:20031978
6937:(2009).
6916:15 March
6895:17581566
6798:25923521
6757:PLOS ONE
6699:27788891
6604:30163328
6463:29859498
6455:13916221
6418:15944457
6380:(2005).
6378:Sapp, J.
6359:10943416
6042:and the
6020:Taxonomy
5983:See also
5924:Animalia
5903:Protista
5868:Bacteria
5853:Bacteria
5848:Bacteria
5759:kingdoms
5597:)
5533:amoeboid
5518:Rhizaria
5448:various
5442:Excavata
5338:Bacteria
5321:Bacteria
5280:for all
5278:grab-bag
5190:Bacteria
5058:systems.
5035:Animalia
5030:Animalia
5025:Animalia
5020:Animalia
5015:Animalia
5010:Animalia
5005:Animalia
5000:Animalia
4907:Protozoa
4900:Protozoa
4895:Protozoa
4890:Archezoa
4880:Protista
4875:Protista
4870:Protista
4836:Bacteria
4831:Bacteria
4821:Bacteria
4796:Protista
4647:Copeland
4626:Linnaeus
4577:Animalia
4575:Kingdom
4559:Kingdom
4527:Kingdom
4513:Rhizaria
4483:Kingdom
4469:Excavata
4457:Protozoa
4455:Kingdom
4403:Kingdom
4389:Bacteria
4387:Kingdom
4329:Bacteria
4264:Phaeista
4249:Bicoecia
4202:Kingdom
4012:Kingdom
3957:Chordata
3942:Ascidiae
3937:Tunicata
3904:Crinozoa
3803:Rotifera
3798:Trochata
3787:Platyzoa
3775:Nematoda
3730:Lobopoda
3616:Annelida
3611:Vermizoa
3561:Bivalvia
3556:Mollusca
3510:Lophozoa
3474:Placozoa
3468:Placozoa
3456:Anthozoa
3451:Cnidaria
3420:Porifera
3398:Animalia
3396:Kingdom
3198:Disporea
3056:Eomycota
3046:Kingdom
3026:Radiozoa
3021:Heliozoa
2968:Sporozoa
2842:Cercozoa
2827:Apusozoa
2770:Archezoa
2762:Protozoa
2760:Kingdom
2534:Bacteria
2532:Kingdom
2481:Animalia
2479:Kingdom
2463:Kingdom
2431:Kingdom
2417:Rhizaria
2387:Kingdom
2373:Excavata
2361:Protozoa
2359:Kingdom
2304:Bacteria
2302:Kingdom
2257:Excavata
2249:Protozoa
2237:Archezoa
2182:Bacteria
2127:Animalia
2125:Kingdom
2109:Kingdom
2093:Kingdom
2077:Kingdom
2063:Protozoa
2061:Kingdom
2009:Archezoa
2007:Kingdom
1994:Archezoa
1954:Kingdom
1938:Kingdom
1884:Protozoa
1880:Animalia
1872:Archezoa
1759:Animalia
1757:Kingdom
1741:Kingdom
1725:Kingdom
1710:Protista
1708:Kingdom
1655:Kingdom
1638:Kingdom
1596:Protozoa
1556:Chordata
1512:Annelida
1494:Mollusca
1421:Nemertea
1389:Cnidaria
1360:Porifera
1338:Animalia
1336:Kingdom
1289:Eumycota
1281:Oomycota
1245:Kingdom
1157:Kingdom
1125:Sporozoa
1087:Protista
1085:Kingdom
1039:Kingdom
998:Animalia
996:Kingdom
980:Kingdom
964:Kingdom
949:Protista
947:Kingdom
911:Kingdom
801:Animalia
799:Kingdom
783:Kingdom
768:Protista
766:Kingdom
730:Kingdom
660:Bacteria
561:Animalia
559:Kingdom
543:Kingdom
528:Protista
526:Kingdom
507:
497:Protista
482:In 1860
343:
324:minerals
233:(Latin:
130:ancestor
99:Bacteria
91:Protista
79:Animalia
9351:Species
9070:Kingdom
9040:Realm (
8898:Bibcode
8889:Science
8801:3907750
8701:6587394
8669:Bibcode
8631:2629348
8608:Bibcode
8476:2440802
8453:Bibcode
8411:2817406
8317:2817417
8266:2610160
8212:1949142
8189:Bibcode
8136:1713255
8049:8060916
7964:1218807
7806:4418965
7783:Bibcode
7747:2880060
7689:1691724
7643:6557779
7635:9809012
7593:8302218
7544:1302186
7496:7337818
7458:2112744
7426:Bibcode
7364:Bibcode
7306:Bibcode
7280:5762760
7260:Bibcode
7252:Science
7079:2997548
7018:1691724
6964:2880060
6903:7753492
6851:4351363
6843:3561476
6823:Bibcode
6789:4418965
6766:Bibcode
6671:Bibcode
6523:5762760
6493:Bibcode
6484:Science
6409:1197417
6319:1197036
6296:6557779
6288:9809012
6238:2112744
6206:Bibcode
5953:viruses
5932:Viruses
5917:Plantae
5890:Archaea
5880:Archaea
5875:Archaea
5805:Viroids
5801:Viruses
5783:Acytota
5726:archaea
5656:Metazoa
5562:Diatoms
5506:, etc.
5496:animals
5376:Archaea
5232:Eukarya
5230:Domain
5211:Archaea
5209:Domain
5188:Domain
4966:Plantae
4961:Plantae
4956:Plantae
4951:Plantae
4946:Plantae
4941:Plantae
4936:Plantae
4885:Eucarya
4858:Archaea
4848:Archaea
4640:Chatton
4633:Haeckel
4618:Summary
4531:— e.g.
4529:Plantae
4507:etc.),
4505:Diatoms
4487:— e.g.
4459:— e.g.
4405:Archaea
4345:protist
4333:Archaea
4178:Filices
4148:Bryatae
4014:Plantae
4003:Mesozoa
3997:Mesozoa
3985:Agnatha
3947:Thaliae
3853:Branch
3725:Insecta
3641:Echiura
3521:Bryozoa
3516:Polyzoa
3500:Branch
3481:Myxozoa
3406:Radiata
3309:Phylum
3211:Phylum
3175:Phylum
3062:Phylum
2953:Dinozoa
2832:Isomita
2435:— e.g.
2433:Plantae
2411:etc.),
2409:Diatoms
2391:— e.g.
2363:— e.g.
2251:, like
2095:Plantae
1892:Plantae
1849:cytosol
1841:Plantae
1727:Plantae
1554:Phylum
1548:Phylum
1542:Phylum
1536:Phylum
1516:Phylum
1510:Phylum
1504:Phylum
1498:Phylum
1492:Phylum
1486:Phylum
1480:Phylum
1472:Bryozoa
1470:Phylum
1446:Phylum
1440:Phylum
1434:Phylum
1419:Phylum
1413:Phylum
1401:Branch
1393:Phylum
1387:Phylum
1383:Radiata
1381:Branch
1364:Phylum
1358:Phylum
1349:Mesozoa
1347:Phylum
1322:Phylum
1316:Phylum
1310:Phylum
1304:Branch
1296:Phylum
1279:Phylum
1268:Phylum
1262:Phylum
1256:Phylum
1231:Phylum
1225:Phylum
1219:Branch
1211:Phylum
1205:Phylum
1199:Branch
1185:Phylum
1171:Phylum
1159:Plantae
1147:Phylum
1141:Phylum
1135:Phylum
1129:Phylum
1123:Phylum
1117:Phylum
1111:Phylum
1105:Phylum
1099:Phylum
1093:Phylum
1073:Phylum
1067:Phylum
1050:Phylum
966:Plantae
785:Plantae
664:Archaea
633:nucleus
545:Plantae
364:Animale
362:Regnum
326:in his
249:History
204:species
180:species
118:kingdom
95:Archaea
83:Plantae
56:kingdom
52:biology
9374:Form (
9261:Family
9199:Cohort
9194:Legion
9106:Phylum
9062:Domain
8924:
8916:
8870:
8799:
8791:
8699:
8692:345305
8689:
8638:
8628:
8563:
8553:
8530:
8522:
8483:
8473:
8418:
8408:
8367:
8324:
8314:
8273:
8263:
8219:
8209:
8143:
8133:
8090:
8047:
8039:
7962:
7920:
7912:
7864:
7856:
7813:
7803:
7754:
7744:
7696:
7686:
7641:
7633:
7591:
7584:372943
7581:
7542:
7532:
7494:
7456:
7446:
7396:270744
7394:
7387:432104
7384:
7332:
7326:408502
7324:
7278:
7204:
7086:
7076:
7025:
7015:
6971:
6961:
6901:
6893:
6874:Nature
6849:
6841:
6814:Nature
6796:
6786:
6697:
6691:408502
6689:
6639:
6602:
6550:
6521:
6503:
6461:
6453:
6416:
6406:
6357:
6317:
6294:
6286:
6236:
6226:
5942:-virae
5858:Monera
5842:Monera
5828:Cytota
5820:Prions
5714:cytota
5691:et al.
5612:, and
5052:clades
5048:grades
4811:Monera
4806:Monera
4673:et al.
4671:Woese
4284:Bigyra
2948:Miozoa
2892:Eumyxa
2877:Conosa
2872:Lobosa
2808:Neozoa
1827:) and
1458:Grade
1428:Grade
1407:Grade
1041:Monera
913:Monera
732:Monera
691:empire
656:Monera
459:Nostoc
320:plants
312:animal
231:branch
221:) and
208:domain
196:family
107:Monera
64:domain
44:domain
9308:Genus
9287:Tribe
9219:Order
9153:Class
8922:S2CID
8819:(PDF)
8797:S2CID
8719:(PDF)
8528:S2CID
8045:S2CID
8013:(PDF)
7982:(PDF)
7960:JSTOR
7944:Taxon
7940:(PDF)
7918:S2CID
7862:S2CID
7664:(PDF)
7639:S2CID
7449:54159
7330:S2CID
7202:S2CID
6991:(PDF)
6910:(PDF)
6899:S2CID
6869:(PDF)
6847:S2CID
6695:S2CID
6600:JSTOR
6459:S2CID
6292:S2CID
6229:54159
6078:(PDF)
6071:(PDF)
6026:Notes
5946:realm
5910:Fungi
5774:Biota
5757:Five
5683:clade
5500:fungi
4993:Fungi
4988:Fungi
4983:Fungi
4978:Fungi
4973:Fungi
4697:2015
4693:et al
4688:1998
4683:1993
4676:1990
4668:1977
4664:et al
4661:Woese
4657:1969
4650:1938
4643:1925
4636:1866
4629:1735
4561:Fungi
4138:Musci
3048:Fungi
2465:Fungi
2245:Fungi
2217:niche
2111:Fungi
1888:Fungi
1862:of a
1743:Fungi
1247:Fungi
982:Fungi
848:Fungi
839:fungi
235:ramus
200:genus
192:order
188:class
176:genus
172:order
168:class
158:When
147:funga
141:fauna
135:flora
87:Fungi
68:phyla
9376:bot.
9365:bot.
9333:bot.
9322:bot.
9247:zoo.
9186:zoo.
9115:bot.
9097:bot.
9053:vir.
9042:vir.
8914:PMID
8868:PMID
8789:PMID
8753:2020
8697:PMID
8660:PNAS
8636:PMID
8599:PNAS
8579:link
8561:OCLC
8551:ISBN
8520:PMID
8481:PMID
8416:PMID
8365:PMID
8322:PMID
8271:PMID
8217:PMID
8141:PMID
8088:PMID
8037:PMID
7910:PMID
7854:PMID
7811:PMID
7752:PMID
7694:PMID
7631:PMID
7589:PMID
7540:PMID
7530:ISBN
7492:PMID
7454:PMID
7392:PMID
7322:PMID
7276:PMID
7084:PMID
7034:2010
7023:PMID
6969:PMID
6918:2011
6891:PMID
6839:PMID
6794:PMID
6687:PMID
6637:ISBN
6548:ISBN
6519:PMID
6451:PMID
6414:PMID
6355:PMID
6315:OCLC
6284:PMID
6234:PMID
6102:and
6094:and
5936:The
5778:Life
5566:etc.
5474:and
5302:Life
5175:Life
5162:and
5137:rRNA
5091:and
4539:and
4331:and
2443:and
2200:and
2192:and
1894:and
1811:and
1598:and
681:and
662:and
241:and
202:and
178:and
109:).
54:, a
42:. A
8906:doi
8894:306
8858:doi
8781:doi
8687:PMC
8677:doi
8626:PMC
8616:doi
8604:105
8512:doi
8471:PMC
8461:doi
8406:PMC
8398:doi
8355:doi
8312:PMC
8304:doi
8261:PMC
8253:doi
8207:PMC
8197:doi
8131:PMC
8121:doi
8078:doi
8027:doi
7952:doi
7900:doi
7844:doi
7801:PMC
7791:doi
7742:PMC
7734:doi
7684:PMC
7676:doi
7672:271
7623:doi
7579:PMC
7571:doi
7522:doi
7518:171
7484:doi
7444:PMC
7434:doi
7382:PMC
7372:doi
7314:doi
7268:doi
7256:163
7230:doi
7194:doi
7074:PMC
7066:doi
7013:PMC
7005:doi
7001:271
6959:PMC
6951:doi
6883:doi
6879:447
6831:doi
6819:326
6784:PMC
6774:doi
6679:doi
6592:doi
6511:doi
6489:163
6443:doi
6404:PMC
6396:doi
6276:doi
6224:PMC
6214:doi
5568:),
4537:red
2441:red
2219:).
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1450:or
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