Social norm - Knowledge

548:. They are statements that regulate conduct. The cultural phenomenon that is the norm is the prescriber of acceptable behavior in specific instances. Ranging in variations depending on culture, race, religion, and geographical location, it is the foundation of the terms some know as acceptable as not to injure others, the golden rule, and to keep promises that have been pledged. Without them, there would be a world without consensus, common ground, or restrictions. Even though the law and a state's legislation is not intended to control social norms, society and the law are inherently linked and one dictates the other. This is why it has been said that the language used in some legislation is controlling and dictating for what should or should not be accepted. For example, the criminalization of familial sexual relations is said to protect those that are vulnerable, however even consenting adults cannot have sexual relationships with their relatives. The language surrounding these laws conveys the message that such acts are supposedly immoral and should be condemned, even though there is no actual victim in these consenting relationships. 953:. Finally, norm crystallization refers to how much variance exists within the curve; translated from the theoretical back to the actual norm, it shows how much agreement exists between group members about the approval for a given amount of behavior. It may be that some members believe the norm more central to group functioning than others. A group norm like how many cups of coffee first years should drink would probably have low crystallization since a lot of individuals have varying beliefs about the appropriate amount of caffeine to imbibe; in contrast, the norm of not plagiarizing another student's work would likely have high crystallization, as people uniformly agree on the behavior's unacceptability. Showing the overall group norm, the return potential model in Figure 1 does not indicate the crystallization. However, a return potential model that plotted individual data points alongside the cumulative norm could demonstrate the variance and allow us to deduce crystallization. 913:

graduate students, strong social norms exist around how many daily cups of coffee a student drinks. If the return curve in Figure 1 correctly displays the example social norm, we can see that if someone drinks 0 cups of coffee a day, the group strongly disapproves. The group disapproves of the behavior of any member who drinks fewer than four cups of coffee a day; the group disapproves of drinking more than seven cups, shown by the approval curve dipping back below zero. As seen in this example, the return potential model displays how much group approval one can expect for each increment of behavior.

161:

have varying levels of specificity and formality. Laws are a highly formal version of norms. Laws, rules and norms may be at odds; for example, a law may prohibit something but norms still allow it. Norms are not the equivalent of an aggregation of individual attitudes. Ideas, attitudes and values are not necessarily norms, as these concepts do not necessarily concern behavior and may be held privately. "Prevalent behaviors" and behavioral regularities are not necessarily norms. Instinctual or biological reactions, personal tastes, and personal habits are not necessarily norms.

71: 892: 1197: 301: 1173: 1161: 4034: 1185: 695:, Reno, and Kallgren developed the focus theory of normative conduct to describe how individuals implicitly juggle multiple behavioral expectations at once. Expanding on conflicting prior beliefs about whether cultural, situational or personal norms motivate action, the researchers suggested the focus of an individual's attention will dictate what behavioral expectation they follow. 1209: 936:

example again, we can see that first-years only approve of having a limited number of cups of coffee (between 4 and 7); more than 7 cups or fewer than 4 would fall outside the range of tolerable behavior. Norms can have a narrower or wider range of tolerable behavior. Typically, a narrower range of behavior indicates a behavior with greater consequences to the group.

1149: 173:

a result of repeated use of discretionary stimuli to control behavior. Not necessarily laws set in writing, informal norms represent generally accepted and widely sanctioned routines that people follow in everyday life. These informal norms, if broken, may not invite formal legal punishments or sanctions, but instead encourage reprimands, warnings, or

992:. Thus, a stable norm must constitute a Nash equilibrium. In the Nash equilibrium, no one actor has any positive incentive in individually deviating from a certain action. Social norms will be implemented if the actions of that specific norm come into agreement by the support of the Nash equilibrium in the majority of the game theoretical approaches. 883:

conform. The return potential model and game theory provide a slightly more economic conceptualization of norms, suggesting individuals can calculate the cost or benefit behind possible behavioral outcomes. Under these theoretical frameworks, choosing to obey or violate norms becomes a more deliberate, quantifiable decision.

676:

deviant behavior after receiving a negative consequence, then they have learned via punishment. If they have engaged in a behavior consistent with a social norm after having an aversive stimulus reduced, then they have learned via negative reinforcement. Reinforcement increases behavior, while punishment decreases behavior.

854:

of the same spectrum; they are similarly society's unwritten rules about what one should not do. These norms can vary between cultures; while kissing someone you just met on the cheek is an acceptable greeting in some European countries, this is not acceptable, and thus represents a proscriptive norm in the United States.

188:. Norms can arise formally, where groups explicitly outline and implement behavioral expectations. Legal norms typically arise from design. A large number of these norms we follow 'naturally' such as driving on the right side of the road in the US and on the left side in the UK, or not speeding in order to avoid a ticket. 584:, which is an individual's regulation of their nonverbal behavior. One also comes to know through experience what types of people he/she can and cannot discuss certain topics with or wear certain types of dress around. Typically, this knowledge is derived through experience (i.e. social norms are learned through 39:. Institutions are composed of multiple norms. Norms are shared social beliefs about behavior; thus, they are distinct from "ideas", "attitudes", and "values", which can be held privately, and which do not necessarily concern behavior. Norms are contingent on context, social group, and historical circumstances. 472:", it is the staining or tainting of oneself and therefore having to self cleanse away the filth. It is a form of reparation that confronts oneself as well as submitting to the possibility of anger and punishment from others. Guilt is a point in both action and feeling that acts as a stimulus for further " 853:

Prescriptive norms are unwritten rules that are understood and followed by society and indicate what we should do. Expressing gratitude or writing a Thank You card when someone gives you a gift represents a prescriptive norm in American culture. Proscriptive norms, in contrast, comprise the other end

836:

happen. Cialdini, Reno, and Kallgren (1990) define a descriptive norm as people's perceptions of what is commonly done in specific situations; it signifies what most people do, without assigning judgment. The absence of trash on the ground in a parking lot, for example, transmits the descriptive norm

563:

research has found the more an individual values group-controlled resources or the more an individual sees group membership as central to his definition of self, the more likely he is to conform. Social norms also allow an individual to assess what behaviors the group deems important to its existence

172:

Some stable and self-reinforcing norms may emerge spontaneously without conscious human design. Peyton Young goes as far as to say that "norms typically evolve without top-down direction... through interactions of individuals rather than by design." Norms may develop informally, emerging gradually as

862:

Subjective norms are determined by beliefs about the extent to which important others want a person to perform a behavior.When combined with attitude toward behavior, subjective norms shape an individual's intentions. Social influences are conceptualized in terms of the pressure that people perceive

675:

In the case of social deviance, an individual who has gone against a norm will contact the negative contingencies associated with deviance, this may take the form of formal or informal rebuke, social isolation or censure, or more concrete punishments such as fines or imprisonment. If one reduces the

640:

used both micro and macro conditions for his theory. For Coleman, norms start out as goal oriented actions by actors on the micro level. If the benefits do not outweigh the costs of the action for the actors, then a social norm would emerge. The norm's effectiveness is then determined by its ability

291:

Groups internalize norms by accepting them as reasonable and proper standards for behavior within the group. Once firmly established, a norm becomes a part of the group's operational structure and hence more difficult to change. While possible for newcomers to a group to change its norms, it is much

282:

Individuals may also import norms from a previous organization to their new group, which can get adopted over time. Without a clear indication of how to act, people typically rely on their history to determine the best course forward; what was successful before may serve them well again. In a group,

156:

defines norms as "patterns of behavior that are self-enforcing within a group." He emphasizes that norms are driven by shared expectations: "Everyone conforms, everyone is expected to conform, and everyone wants to conform when they expect everyone else to conform." He characterizes norms as devices

411:

may wait for the individual to arrive and pull him aside later to ask what happened. If the behavior continues, eventually the group may begin meetings without him since the individual "is always late." The group generalizes the individual's disobedience and promptly dismisses it, thereby reducing

160:

Concepts such as "conventions", "customs", "morals", "mores", "rules", and "laws" have been characterized as equivalent to norms. Institutions can be considered collections or clusters of multiple norms. Rules and norms are not necessarily distinct phenomena: both are standards of conduct that can

148:

Michael Hechter and Karl-Dieter Opp define norms as "cultural phenomena that prescribe and proscribe behavior in specific circumstances." Sociologists Christine Horne and Stefanie Mollborn define norms as "group-level evaluations of behavior." This entails that norms are widespread expectations of

863:

from important others to perform, or not to perform, a behavior. Social Psychologist Icek Azjen theorized that subjective norms are determined by the strength of a given normative belief and further weighted by the significance of a social referent, as represented in the following equation: SN ∝ Σ

679:

As an example of this, consider a child who has painted on the walls of her house, if she has never done this before she may immediately seek a reaction from her mother or father. The form of reaction taken by the mother or father will affect whether the behaviour is likely to occur again in the

946:

is at stake to be won or lost. It is represented in the return potential model by the total amount of area subsumed by the curve, regardless of whether the area is positive or negative. A norm with low intensity would not vary far from the x-axis; the amount of approval or disapproval for given

924:

in Figure 1 is labeling the return curve in general, the highlighted point just above it at X=6, represents the point of maximum return. Extending our above example, the point of maximum return for first-year graduate students would be 6 cups of coffee; they receive the most social approval for

608:

In sociology, norms are seen as rules that bind an individual's actions to a specific sanction in one of two forms: a punishment or a reward. Through regulation of behavior, social norms create unique patterns that allow for distinguishing characteristics to be made between social systems. This

935:

represents the range of tolerable behavior, or the amount of action the group finds acceptable. It encompasses all the positive area under the curve. In Figure 1, the range of tolerable behavior extends is 3, as the group approves of all behavior from 4 to 7 and 7-4=3. Carrying over our coffee

912:

in Figure 1). The graph represents the potential return or positive outcome to an individual for a given behavioral norm. Theoretically, one could plot a point for each increment of behavior how much the group likes or dislikes that action. For example, it may be the case that among first-year

882:

Over the last few decades, several theorists have attempted to explain social norms from a more theoretical point of view. By quantifying behavioral expectations graphically or attempting to plot the logic behind adherence, theorists hoped to be able to predict whether or not individuals would

273:

Some scholars have characterized norms as essentially unstable, thus creating possibilities for norm change. According to Wayne Sandholtz, actors are more likely to persuade others to modify existing norms if they possess power, can reference existing foundational meta-norms, and can reference

61:

seek to persuade others of the desirability and appropriateness of certain behaviors; (2) Norm cascade – when a norm obtains broad acceptance; and (3) Norm internalization – when a norm acquires a "taken-for-granted" quality. Norms are robust to various degrees: some norms are often

287:

about appropriate behaviors; common experience over time will lead the group to define as a whole its take on the right action, usually with the integration of several members' schemas. Under the importation paradigm, norm formation occurs subtly and swiftly whereas with formal or informal

778:

and Hyeran Jo, diversity of support for a norm can be a strong indicator of robustness. They add that institutionalization of a norm raises its robustness. It has also been posited that norms that exist within broader clusters of distinct but mutually reinforcing norms may be more robust.

683:

Skinner also states that humans are conditioned from a very young age on how to behave and how to act with those around us considering the outside influences of the society and location one is in. Built to blend into the ambiance and attitude around us, deviance is a frowned upon action.

671:

plays a role in the process of social norm development. Operant conditioning is the process by which behaviours are changed as a function of their consequences. The probability that a behaviour will occur can be increased or decreased depending on the consequences of said behaviour.

680:

future. If her parent is positive and approving of the behaviour it will likely reoccur (reinforcement) however, if the parent offers an aversive consequence (physical punishment, time-out, anger etc...) then the child is less likely to repeat the behaviour in future (punishment).

3688: 536:, including decreasing alcohol use, increasing voter turnout, and reducing energy use. According to the psychological definition of social norms' behavioral component, norms have two dimensions: how much a behavior is exhibited, and how much the group approves of that behavior. 655:). In this way, ego can count on those actions as if they would already have been performed and does not have to wait for their actual execution; social interaction is thus accelerated. Important factors in the standardization of behavior are sanctions and social roles. 999:

for the vast variety of norms that exist throughout the world. One is the difference in games. Different parts of the world may give different environmental contexts and different people may have different values, which may result in a difference in games. The other is

3340:

Kamau, C. (2009) Strategizing impression management in corporations: cultural knowledge as capital. In D. Harorimana (Ed) Cultural implications of knowledge sharing, management and transfer: identifying competitive advantage. Chapter 4. Information Science Reference.

599:

and communities to show how societal norms create order within a small group of people. He argues that, in a small community or neighborhood, many rules and disputes can be settled without a central governing body simply by the interactions within these communities.

433:—who has past "good credit" saved up—than a repeatedly disruptive student. While past performance can help build idiosyncrasy credits, some group members have a higher balance to start with. Individuals can import idiosyncrasy credits from another group; 62:

violated whereas other norms are so deeply internalized that norm violations are infrequent. Evidence for the existence of norms can be detected in the patterns of behavior within groups, as well as the articulation of norms in group discourse.

464:. Guilt is followed by an action that is questioned after its doing. It can be described as something negative to the self as well as a negative state of feeling. Used in both instances, it is both an unpleasant feeling as well as a form of 531:

In the field of social psychology, the roles of norms are emphasized—which can guide behavior in a certain situation or environment as "mental representations of appropriate behavior". It has been shown that normative messages can promote

374:

by other group members for their failure to adhere to norms. At first, group members may increase pressure on a non-conformist, attempting to engage the individual in conversation or explicate why he or she should follow their behavioral

3652: 773:

Christina Horne argues that the robustness of a norm is shaped by the degree of support for the actors who sanction deviant behaviors; she refers to norms regulating how to enforce norms as "metanorms." According to

947:

behaviors would be closer to zero. A high-intensity norm, however, would have more extreme approval ratings. In Figure 1, the intensity of the norm appears high, as few behaviors invoke a rating of indifference.

515:

Whereas ideas in general do not necessarily have behavioral implications, Martha Finnemore notes that "norms by definition concern behavior. One could say that they are collectively held ideas about behavior."

899:

Developed in the 1960s, the return potential model provides a method for plotting and visualizing group norms. In the regular coordinate plane, the amount of behavior exhibited is plotted on the X-axis (label

519:

Norms running counter to the behaviors of the overarching society or culture may be transmitted and maintained within small subgroups of society. For example, Crandall (1988) noted that certain groups (e.g.,

575:

As social beings, individuals learn when and where it is appropriate to say certain things, to use certain words, to discuss certain topics or wear certain clothes, and when it is not. Thus, knowledge about

379:. The role in which one decides on whether or not to behave is largely determined on how their actions will affect others. Especially with new members who perhaps do not know any better, groups may use 4727:

Schultz, P. Wesley; Nolan, Jessica M.; Cialdini, Robert B.; Goldstein, Noah J.; Griskevicius, Vladas (25 November 2016). "The Constructive, Destructive, and Reconstructive Power of Social Norms".

270:

Per consequentialism, norms contribute to the collective good. However, per relationalism, norms do not necessarily contribute to the collective good; norms may even be harmful to the collective.

564:

or survival, since they represent a codification of belief; groups generally do not punish members or create norms over actions which they care little about. Norms in every culture create

415:

Group tolerance for deviation varies across membership; not all group members receive the same treatment for norm violations. Individuals may build up a "reserve" of good behavior through

2733:

Appelbaum, R. P., Carr, D., Duneir, M., & Giddens, A. (2009). "Conformity, Deviance, and Crime." Introduction to Sociology, New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., p. 173.

2491: 559:; groups can withhold or give out more resources in response to members' adherence to group norms, effectively controlling member behavior through rewards and operant conditioning. 35:. Social normative influences or social norms, are deemed to be powerful drivers of human behavioural changes and well organized and incorporated by major theories which explain 4662: 133:, "norms are collective expectations about proper behavior for a given identity." Wayne Sandholtz argues against this definition, as he writes that shared expectations are an 3888:

Wilson, K.L.; Lizzio, A.J.; Zauner, S.; Gallois, C. (2001). "Social rules for managing attempted interpersonal domination in the workplace: Influence of status and gender".

42:

Scholars distinguish between regulative norms (which constrain behavior), constitutive norms (which shape interests), and prescriptive norms (which prescribe what actors

54:; the former entails that actors follow norms because it is socially appropriate, and the latter entails that actors follow norms because of cost-benefit calculations. 487:

varied based on the types of norm violations and the socio-economic system of the society. The study "found evidence that reputational punishment was associated with

1008:. For a simple example, driving is common throughout the world, but in some countries people drive on the right and in other countries people drive on the left (see 445:

positions may begin with more credits and appear to be "above the rules" at times. Even their idiosyncrasy credits are not bottomless, however; while held to a more

9679: 528:, a publicly recognized life-threatening disease, that is much higher than society as a whole. Social norms have a way of maintaining order and organizing groups. 972:

of game theory. Rational choice, a branch of game theory, deals with the relations and actions socially committed among rational agents. A norm gives a person a

351:

given in the example of the child is quickly withdrawn against the criminal. Crime is considered one of the most extreme forms of deviancy according to scholar

3502:

Cialdini, R.B.; Reno, R.R.; Kallgren, C.A. (1990). "A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places".

845:

behave. Watching another person pick up trash off the ground and throw it out, a group member may pick up on the injunctive norm that he ought to not litter.

8942: 145:

define norms instead as "standards of appropriate behavior for actors with a given identity." In this definition, norms have an "oughtness" quality to them.

4570: 4441: 4217: 2964: 555:

and non-verbal communication cues). Because individuals often derive physical or psychological resources from group membership, groups are said to control

4387:

Greif, A (1994). "Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies".

920:. The point with the greatest y-coordinate is called the point of maximum return, as it represents the amount of behavior the group likes the best. While 988:, people's actions must reconstitute the expectation without change (micro-macro feedback loop). A set of such correct stable expectations is known as a 266:: norms are created because people want to attract positive social reactions. In other words, norms do not necessarily contribute to the collective good. 3020:

Collins, S. E.; Carey, K. B.; Sliwinski, M. J. (2002). "Mailed personalized normative feedback as a brief intervention for at-risk college drinkers".

9188: 27:

behavior by a group. Social norms can both be informal understandings that govern the behavior of members of a society, as well as be codified into

2032: 495:; material punishment was associated with the presence of food storage; physical punishment was moderately associated with greater dependence on 4369: 4680:

Prentice, D. A.; Miller, D. T. (1993). "Pluralistic ignorance and alcohol use on campus: Some consequences of misperceiving the social norm".

2475: 7815: 3875:

Rivis, Amanda, Sheeran, Paschal. "Descriptive Norms as an Additional Predictor in the Theory of Planned Behaviour: A Meta-Analysis". 2003

2762: 452:

Deviance also causes multiple emotions one experiences when going against a norm. One of those emotions widely attributed to deviance is

968:

Another general formal framework that can be used to represent the essential elements of the social situation surrounding a norm is the

2453: 367: 647:

is convinced that the establishment of social norms, that make the future actions of alter foreseeable for ego, solves the problem of

9706: 149:

social approval or disapproval of behavior. Scholars debate whether social norms are individual constructs or collective constructs.

4634: 9574: 4818: 609:

creates a boundary that allows for a differentiation between those that belong in a specific social setting and those that do not.

588:). Wearing a suit to a job interview in order to give a great first impression represents a common example of a social norm in the 3302: 2928:

Huang, Peter H.; Wu, Ho-Mou (October 1994). "More Order Without More Law: A Theory of Social Norms and Organizational Cultures".

905: 595:

In his work "Order without Law: How Neighbors Settle Disputes", Robert Ellickson studies various interactions between members of

437:, for example, who enroll in college, may experience more leeway in adopting school norms than other incoming freshmen. Finally, 1959: 980:

person acts according to the rule only if it is beneficial for them. The situation can be described as follows. A norm gives an

8453: 5524: 1413: 795: 2383: 984:

of how other people act in a given situation (macro). A person acts optimally given the expectation (micro). For a norm to be

762:

of the norm: norms that make general claims (rather than localized and particularistic claims) are more likely to be effective

292:

more likely that the new individual will adopt the group's norms, values, and perspectives, rather than the other way around.

9436: 9181: 4788:

Yamagishi, T.; Cook, K.S.; Watabe, M. (1998). "Uncertainty, trust, and commitment formation in the United States and Japan".

3546: 3397: 3346: 2756: 2570: 2485: 2369: 2149: 2114: 2074: 1945: 1838: 841:. An Injunctive norm, on the other hand, transmits group approval about a particular behavior; it dictates how an individual 2576: 2301: 1844: 9785: 4887: 4062: 3055:

Gerber, A. S.; Rogers, T. (2009). "Descriptive social norms and motivation to vote: everybody's voting and so should you".

9800: 9790: 4844: 2861:

Garfield, Zachary H.; Ringen, Erik J.; Buckner, William; Medupe, Dithapelo; Wrangham, Richard W.; Glowacki, Luke (2023).

7061: 4483:

Kollock, P (1994). "The emergence of exchange structures: An experimental study of uncertainty, commitment, and trust".

3196: 8039: 1262:"When does a social norm catch the worm? Disentangling socialnormative influences on sustainable consumption behaviour" 99:

In 1965, Jack P. Gibbs identified three basic normative dimensions that all concepts of norms could be subsumed under:

10004: 9684: 4078: 3934: 1893: 1399: 4519:

Macy, M.W.; Skvoretz, J. (1998). "The evolution of trust and cooperation between strangers: A computational model".

4007:. 2006. The Grammar of Society: The Nature and Dynamics of Social Norms, New York: Cambridge University Press, Ch. 1 2261:

Hackman, J.R. (1992). "Group influences on individuals in organizations". In M.D. Dunnette & L.M. Hough (Eds.),

366:

is taking place. In psychology, an individual who routinely disobeys group norms runs the risk of turning into the "

260:: norms are created when an individual's behavior has consequences and externalities for other members of the group. 253:

Christina Horne and Stefanie Mollborn have identified two broad categories of arguments for the emergence of norms:

9174: 9012: 8932: 8912: 2514:"Rethinking the life cycles of international norms: The United Nations and the global promotion of gender equality" 3754: 1806: 1665: 1599: 1358: 274:

precedents. Social closeness between actors has been characterized as a key component in sustaining social norms.

7808: 6801: 4601: 4472: 4254:

Druzin, Bryan H. (24 June 2012). "Eating Peas with One's Fingers: A Semiotic Approach to Law and Social Norms".

3814: 3102:"Testing for crowd out in social nudges: Evidence from a natural field experiment in the market for electricity" 3003: 6024: 5720: 181:, for example, is generally thought of as wrong in society, but many jurisdictions do not legally prohibit it. 214:: When the norm has acquired a "taken-for-granted" quality where compliance with the norm is nearly automatic. 9537: 8902: 8413: 7594: 7383: 1622:"Defending International Norms: The Role of Obligation, Material Interest, and Perception in Decision Making" 8972: 8841: 4436:

Horne, C. (2001). "Social Norms". In M. Hechter & K. Opp (Eds.), New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.

3100:

Brandon, Alec; List, John A.; Metcalfe, Robert D.; Price, Michael K.; Rundhammer, Florian (19 March 2019).

740:

and others have argued that the robustness (or effectiveness) of norms can be measured by factors such as:

449:

than the average member, leaders may still face group rejection if their disobedience becomes too extreme.

4049: 2691:

Bettenhausen, K.; Murnighan, J.K. (1985). "The emergence of norms in competitive decision-making groups".

198:: Norm entrepreneurs seek to persuade others to adopt their ideas about what is desirable and appropriate. 9876: 9701: 9279: 9252: 8274: 6711: 4998: 637: 3995:

Voss, Thomas. Game-Theoretical Perspectives on the Emergence of Social Norms. Social Norms, 2001, p.105.

9994: 9441: 9242: 9155: 7801: 7658: 7575: 5793: 5221: 5042: 3230:

Roffee, James A (2013). "The Synthetic Necessary Truth Behind New Labour's Criminalisation of Incest".

1903: 1139: 1016:

is proposed to deal with the game theoretical structural understanding of the variety of social norms.

8418: 3420:

See The International Handbook of Sociology, ed. by Stella R. Quah and Arnaud Sales, Sage 2000, p. 62.

1996: 544:

Although not considered to be formal laws within society, norms still work to promote a great deal of

249:: Systemic shocks (such as wars, revolutions and economic crises) may motivate a search for new norms. 231:: Norms that are held by actors seen as desirable and successful are more likely to diffuse to others. 10009: 9493: 9042: 8992: 7922: 6246: 5599: 5417: 5226: 4983: 4330: 3169:

Jackson, J. (1965). "Structural characteristics of norms". In I.D. Steiner & M. Fishbein (Eds.),

1096: 821: 332: 205: 51: 2749:

Deviance: Theories on Behaviors That Defy Social Norms: Theories on Behaviors That Defy Social Norms

1915: 82:

There are varied definitions of social norms, but there is agreement among scholars that norms are:

9999: 9856: 9366: 9032: 8982: 8791: 8081: 5949: 5870: 5800: 5241: 5154: 4969: 4927: 4880: 4694: 648: 617: 47: 3069: 331:" More simply put, if group members do not follow a norm, they become tagged as a deviant. In the 9893: 9769: 9197: 9112: 8423: 7687: 7643: 7289: 6116: 5944: 5805: 981: 769:

of the norm: norms that are widely accepted among powerful actors are more likely to be effective

320: 9296: 8776: 425:

provide a theoretical currency for understanding variations in group behavioral expectations. A

225:

Actors that feel insecure about their status and reputation may be more likely to embrace norms.

9584: 9323: 8398: 8310: 7730: 7388: 7071: 6935: 6192: 5920: 5860: 5830: 5539: 5407: 5400: 5395: 4931: 4689: 3064: 1121: 1013: 816: 641:

to enforce its sanctions against those who would not contribute to the "optimal social order."

4635:"The Regulation of Groups: The Influence of Legal and Nonlegal Sanctions on Collective Action" 4429:

Hochschild, A. (1989). "The Economy of Gratitude", In D.D. Franks & E.D. McCarthy (Eds.),

4225:

Cialdini, R (2007). "Descriptive Social Norms as Underappreciated Sources of Social Control".

4159:

Burt, R.S. (1987). "Social Contagion and Innovation: Cohesive Versus Structural Equivalence".

3778:

Cialdini, R (2007). "Descriptive social norms as underappreciated sources of social control".

2744: 792:: actors comply with norms due to coercion, cost-benefit calculations, and material incentives 620:

school, norms dictate the interactions of people in all social encounters. On the other hand,

9883: 9542: 9376: 9117: 9107: 9002: 8528: 8483: 7986: 7638: 7462: 7279: 6992: 6450: 6306: 5979: 5974: 5663: 5572: 5489: 5472: 5452: 5303: 5161: 5139: 4941: 4256:

International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique

4211: 4087:

Appelbaum, R. P., Carr, D., Duneir, M., Giddens, A. (2009). Conformity, Deviance, and Crime.

1885: 1001: 942:. The intensity of the norm tells how much the group cares about the norm, or how much group 551:

Social norms can be enforced formally (e.g., through sanctions) or informally (e.g., through

504: 383:

to bring an individual's behavior back into line. Over time, however, if members continue to

380: 3267:"Time and Punishment: How Individuals Respond to Being Sanctioned in Voluntary Associations" 1461: 1444: 9851: 9386: 9351: 9328: 9286: 9210: 9122: 8922: 8383: 7550: 7477: 6910: 6858: 6652: 6430: 6106: 6071: 5910: 5494: 5477: 5358: 5333: 5231: 5082: 5052: 5037: 4202: 3113: 2949: 1091: 1031: 985: 668: 340: 316: 237:: Norms that are specific, long-lasting, and universal are more likely to become prominent. 126: 8721: 8508: 8443: 7259: 3445:"The Pervasiveness and Persistence of the Feminine Beauty Ideal in Children's Fairy Tales" 157:

that "coordinate people's expectations in interactions that possess multiple equilibria."

8: 9989: 9795: 9532: 9483: 9431: 8962: 8523: 8468: 8388: 8330: 8213: 8108: 7838: 7443: 7368: 7056: 6905: 6868: 6467: 6435: 6323: 6133: 6019: 5915: 5850: 5788: 5750: 5656: 5604: 5577: 5368: 5348: 5216: 5201: 5062: 4946: 4873: 1106: 1086: 943: 891: 589: 533: 421: 396: 343:

amongst children is somewhat expected. Except the idea of this deviance manifesting as a

57:

Three stages have been identified in the life cycle of a norm: (1) Norm emergence –

4039: 3117: 2941: 2897: 2862: 925:

drinking exactly that many cups. Any more or any fewer cups would decrease the approval.

191:

Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink identify three stages in the life cycle of a norm:

9888: 9805: 9674: 9506: 9408: 9391: 9316: 9082: 8741: 8706: 8616: 8143: 7976: 7927: 7754: 7653: 6806: 6679: 6587: 6508: 6128: 5890: 5875: 5437: 5422: 5343: 5328: 4805: 4762: 4715: 4654: 4625: 4593: 4557: 4528: 4500: 4464: 4404: 4361: 4317: 4271: 4242: 4176: 4140: 4132: 4004: 3905: 3855: 3795: 3746: 3738: 3680: 3653:"Resiliency dynamics of norm clusters: Norm contestation and international cooperation" 3591: 3519: 3472: 3464: 3294: 3266: 3247: 3136: 3101: 3082: 2995: 2910: 2716: 2708: 2668: 2541: 2445: 2375: 2340: 2332: 2080: 2024: 1951: 1798: 1782: 1727: 1657: 1649: 1591: 1583: 1515: 1405: 1350: 1342: 1283: 1101: 632:

structure to be able to function properly. Marx claims that this power dynamic creates

585: 500: 395:; while the group may not necessarily revoke their membership, they may give them only 384: 363: 58: 8691: 2012: 874:

where (n) is a normative belief and (m) is the motivation to comply with said belief.

10014: 9664: 9614: 9421: 9356: 9262: 9247: 8871: 8771: 8736: 8561: 8538: 8533: 8408: 8024: 8014: 7863: 7848: 7824: 7764: 7720: 7701: 7151: 7091: 6789: 6662: 6657: 6251: 6051: 6041: 5994: 5668: 5482: 5338: 5273: 5166: 5067: 4956: 4951: 4936: 4809: 4754: 4740: 4707: 4561: 4504: 4408: 4353: 4321: 4246: 4144: 4074: 3978: 3974: 3940: 3930: 3926:

Attitudes, behavior, and social context : the role of norms and group membership

3909: 3847: 3833: 3799: 3750: 3730: 3684: 3672: 3633: 3595: 3583: 3542: 3403: 3393: 3342: 3298: 3286: 3251: 3141: 3037: 2987: 2945: 2914: 2902: 2884: 2818: 2752: 2630: 2566: 2545: 2533: 2481: 2449: 2437: 2365: 2344: 2324: 2229: 2188: 2145: 2120: 2110: 2070: 2066: 2028: 2016: 1955: 1941: 1935: 1889: 1834: 1790: 1774: 1732: 1714: 1661: 1641: 1575: 1507: 1466: 1395: 1354: 1334: 1287: 1213: 1189: 1081: 1056: 1041: 1009: 1005: 806: 560: 284: 185: 8641: 8335: 4766: 4719: 4383:, ed. by Michael Hechter and Karl-Dieter Opp, New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation. 4275: 4180: 4067: 3859: 3614:"Measuring Norms and Normative Contestation: The Case of International Criminal Law" 3476: 3086: 2999: 2720: 2477:

The Invisible Constitution of Politics: Contested Norms and International Encounters

2084: 1802: 1595: 1409: 1389: 663:

The probability of these behaviours occurring again is discussed in the theories of

243:: Norms that are related to preexisting norms are more likely to be widely accepted. 9821: 9274: 9127: 8801: 8761: 8751: 8701: 8686: 8676: 8636: 8596: 8586: 8463: 8433: 8393: 8279: 8115: 8093: 7883: 7873: 7672: 7452: 7326: 7226: 7206: 7101: 7081: 7046: 6340: 6258: 6099: 6076: 6014: 5820: 5815: 5778: 5529: 5462: 5427: 5373: 5256: 5206: 5134: 5072: 4835: 4797: 4744: 4736: 4699: 4646: 4621: 4597: 4585: 4549: 4492: 4468: 4456: 4396: 4365: 4345: 4307: 4299: 4263: 4234: 4197: 4168: 4124: 3970: 3897: 3837: 3829: 3787: 3722: 3664: 3625: 3575: 3523: 3511: 3456: 3278: 3239: 3131: 3121: 3074: 3029: 2979: 2937: 2892: 2874: 2810: 2700: 2660: 2620: 2610: 2525: 2429: 2379: 2359: 2316: 2219: 2178: 2062: 2054: 2008: 1881: 1766: 1722: 1706: 1633: 1567: 1497: 1456: 1326: 1310: 1273: 1242: 1153: 1126: 989: 737: 706: 461: 348: 336: 138: 8796: 3958: 785:

argues that there are two common types of explanations for the efficacy of norms:

9945: 9919: 9604: 9501: 9471: 9257: 9077: 9072: 8836: 8781: 8766: 8746: 8726: 8681: 8656: 8566: 8518: 8503: 8403: 8363: 8254: 8249: 8076: 7964: 7878: 7853: 7609: 7599: 7560: 7536: 7512: 7497: 7457: 7418: 7413: 7331: 7296: 7156: 6878: 6821: 6811: 6728: 6607: 6578: 6573: 6515: 6066: 6009: 6004: 5984: 5935: 5835: 5773: 5715: 5710: 5695: 5534: 5509: 5385: 5308: 5263: 5171: 4839: 2560: 2139: 1828: 1486:"The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Normative Basis of Nuclear Non-Use" 1201: 1165: 782: 775: 710: 692: 644: 613: 465: 453: 142: 130: 70: 36: 5865: 3515: 2965:"The silence of the library: Environment, situational norm, and social behavior" 2167:"Testing an Integrated Theory: Distancing Norms in the Early Months of Covid-19" 581: 9826: 9522: 9132: 9022: 8952: 8851: 8826: 8696: 8666: 8626: 8591: 8448: 8373: 8358: 8353: 8244: 8234: 7944: 7895: 7769: 7697: 7584: 7502: 7393: 7236: 7171: 7136: 7126: 6716: 6484: 6177: 6167: 5954: 5925: 5880: 5519: 5447: 5412: 5236: 5149: 5077: 5057: 5047: 4703: 4676:

Posner, E. (2000). Law and Social Norms. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press

4460: 1177: 1061: 1004:

not explicable by the game itself. Equilibrium selection is closely related to

908:) while the amount of group acceptance or approval gets plotted on the Y-axis ( 802:

According to Peyton Young, mechanisms that support normative behavior include:

652: 545: 488: 7306: 4349: 4267: 4238: 3901: 3791: 3726: 3668: 3407: 3078: 2983: 2615: 2598: 2183: 2166: 2124: 1637: 748:

of the norm: norms that are clear and specific are more likely to be effective

399:. If a worker is late to a meeting, for example, violating the office norm of 9983: 9914: 9866: 9759: 9754: 9733: 9724: 9689: 9619: 9594: 9579: 9426: 9233: 9137: 8846: 8831: 8821: 8806: 8756: 8711: 8671: 8606: 8601: 8571: 8438: 8378: 8320: 8044: 7858: 7750: 7716: 7618: 7570: 7216: 7201: 7146: 6940: 6895: 6883: 6777: 6772: 6706: 6686: 6457: 6330: 6301: 5999: 5969: 5900: 5885: 5736: 5549: 5544: 5514: 5390: 5353: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5129: 5017: 4965: 3982: 3734: 3676: 3637: 3587: 3579: 3460: 3290: 3243: 3184: 3033: 2888: 2634: 2597:

Bicchieri, Cristina; Dimant, Eugen; Gächter, Simon; Nosenzo, Daniele (2022).

2537: 2529: 2441: 2433: 2328: 2233: 2192: 2020: 1778: 1718: 1710: 1645: 1579: 1511: 1470: 1338: 1111: 1046: 973: 969: 811: 664: 596: 569: 552: 446: 370:." Similar to the sociological definition, institutionalized deviants may be 352: 4852: 4331:"Strong reciprocity, human cooperation, and the enforcement of social norms" 3944: 3126: 1571: 1502: 1485: 1330: 832:

Descriptive norms depict what happens, while injunctive norms describe what

9764: 9749: 9716: 9361: 8816: 8811: 8786: 8716: 8651: 8611: 8581: 8576: 8488: 8478: 8368: 8103: 8098: 8086: 8007: 7993: 7917: 7711: 7667: 7527: 7492: 7448: 7433: 7284: 7096: 7086: 6752: 6555: 6535: 6425: 6405: 6111: 6036: 6031: 5989: 5855: 5732: 5567: 5313: 5176: 5092: 5012: 4918: 4758: 4357: 3851: 3629: 3563: 3387: 3145: 3041: 2991: 2906: 2822: 2513: 2417: 1794: 1736: 1694: 1116: 633: 629: 521: 492: 323:

to a set of norms that are accepted by a significant number of people in a

153: 9166: 4749: 4711: 4553: 3842: 1246: 218:

They argue that several factors may raise the influence of certain norms:

9940: 9898: 9728: 9476: 9311: 9097: 8892: 8866: 8861: 8661: 8646: 8513: 8493: 8473: 8325: 8300: 8259: 8120: 8029: 7981: 7939: 7902: 7868: 7725: 7706: 7633: 7604: 7532: 7522: 7472: 7349: 7221: 7191: 7141: 7066: 7020: 7000: 6954: 6900: 6732: 6723: 6617: 6479: 6420: 6415: 6352: 6286: 6268: 6187: 6182: 6140: 5964: 5840: 5675: 5467: 5246: 5144: 4993: 4961: 3924: 3815:"The constructive, destructive, and reconstructive power of social norms" 996: 977: 963: 789: 480: 469: 442: 434: 430: 400: 184:

Norms may also be created and advanced through conscious human design by

2651:

Feldman, D.C. (1984). "The development and enforcement of group norms".

2625: 1233:

Lapinski, M. K.; Rimal, R. N. (2005). "An explication of social norms".

1196: 9861: 9831: 9609: 9416: 9102: 9062: 8631: 8621: 8498: 8428: 8315: 8284: 8264: 8208: 8203: 8158: 8053: 7692: 7682: 7677: 7580: 7487: 7405: 7345: 7341: 7274: 7186: 7181: 7166: 7111: 7051: 6959: 6863: 6853: 6843: 6828: 6632: 6622: 6496: 6491: 6380: 6357: 6219: 6197: 6056: 5895: 5810: 5783: 5765: 5705: 5680: 5614: 5594: 5499: 5457: 5442: 5432: 5318: 5268: 5211: 4658: 4569:

McElreath, Richard; Boyd, Robert; Richerson, Peter J. (February 2003).

4532: 4303: 4136: 3742: 3710: 3613: 3468: 3444: 2879: 2801:

Hollander, E.P. (1958). "Conformity, status, and idiosyncrasy credit".

2712: 2336: 2224: 2207: 2141:

Beyond Continuity: Institutional Change in Advanced Political Economies

1786: 1754: 1653: 1621: 1587: 1555: 1519: 1346: 1314: 1036: 565: 484: 416: 404: 300: 24: 4312: 2672: 2418:"Dynamics of International Norm Change: Rules against Wartime Plunder" 2104: 1830:

The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics

208:, with norm leaders pressuring others to adopt and adhere to the norm. 9871: 9659: 9599: 9527: 9396: 9333: 9306: 9291: 9142: 9092: 8856: 8731: 8458: 8229: 8153: 8060: 8034: 7954: 7740: 7663: 7614: 7467: 7428: 7336: 7231: 7211: 7176: 7131: 7106: 7076: 7041: 7010: 6915: 6848: 6757: 6737: 6701: 6691: 6647: 6540: 6445: 6385: 6371: 6366: 6318: 6313: 6291: 6281: 6229: 6224: 6162: 6086: 6061: 6046: 5845: 5380: 5363: 5196: 4896: 2814: 2361:

Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics

1051: 895:

Figure 1. The return potential model (reproduced from Jackson, 1965).

621: 408: 371: 324: 309: 7793: 4650: 4128: 3429:

Dobbert, Duane L., and Thomas X. Mackey. "Chapter 9: B.F. Skinner."

2704: 2320: 1278: 1261: 121:

to behavior" (including attempts sanction or induce certain conduct)

95:

socially acceptable way of living by a group of people in a society.

28: 9696: 9462: 9371: 9301: 9237: 9228: 9067: 8543: 8269: 8239: 8198: 8193: 7959: 7934: 7745: 7648: 7589: 7555: 7546: 7517: 7507: 7482: 7438: 7378: 7301: 7269: 7264: 7251: 7241: 7196: 7161: 7121: 7033: 7005: 6930: 6920: 6816: 6669: 6597: 6592: 6565: 6545: 6530: 6474: 6410: 6276: 6234: 6123: 5939: 5930: 5690: 5609: 5589: 5584: 5504: 5323: 5298: 5293: 5032: 5007: 4988: 4801: 4775:

Internalization of Norms: A Sociological Theory of Moral Commitment

4589: 4496: 4400: 4290:

Elster, Jon (1 November 1989). "Social Norms and Economic Theory".

4172: 3282: 3220:. Ed. Michael Hechter et al.. Russell Sage Foundation, 2001. xi–xx. 2664: 1770: 1071: 1066: 798:: actors comply with norms due to social learning and socialization 577: 344: 305: 174: 1315:"Which Norms Matter? Revisiting the "Failure" of Internationalism" 1172: 412:

the member's influence and footing in future group disagreements.

9950: 9269: 8305: 8168: 7949: 7907: 7890: 7774: 7759: 7735: 7423: 7363: 7353: 7321: 7316: 7116: 7015: 6784: 6762: 6742: 6674: 6637: 6627: 6520: 6503: 6440: 6395: 6376: 6361: 6347: 6296: 6207: 6150: 5959: 5755: 5685: 5651: 5646: 5632: 5622: 5618: 5559: 5251: 5022: 4978: 4426:, Rosenburg, M. & Turner, R.H. (eds.), New York: Basic Books. 1160: 755:

of the norm: norms with a history are more likely to be effective

703:

There is no clear consensus on how the term norm should be used.

525: 496: 438: 426: 359: 328: 524:

squads, dance troupes, sports teams, sororities) have a rate of

429:, for example, may more easily forgive a straight-A student for 9924: 9669: 9624: 9589: 9466: 9381: 9343: 9087: 8178: 8148: 8000: 7912: 7843: 7628: 7623: 7541: 7373: 7358: 6945: 6873: 6747: 6696: 6612: 6602: 6462: 6390: 6202: 6172: 6157: 5905: 5745: 5727: 5636: 5627: 5087: 4922: 4109:

The Grammar of Society: The Nature and Dynamics of Social Norms

3013: 1026: 838: 473: 457: 358:

What is considered "normal" is relative to the location of the

178: 75: 4431:

The Sociology of Emotions: Original Essays and Research Papers

4091:, New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., p. 173. 2848:

Greenspan, Patricia S. "Chapter 6: Basing Ethics on Emotion."

726:: they "create new actors, interests, or categories of action" 8188: 8183: 8163: 7971: 7565: 7311: 6925: 6838: 6833: 6335: 6241: 6212: 6145: 6094: 5740: 4726: 4115:

Blumer, H (1956). "Sociological Analysis and the 'Variable".

2596: 2265:(Vol. 3). Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press, 234-245. 1695:"Mapping the Social-Norms Literature: An Overview of Reviews" 1131: 1076: 4865: 4329:

Fehr, Ernst; Fischbacher, Urs; Gächter, Simon (March 2002).

8173: 6949: 6796: 6642: 6583: 6550: 6525: 6400: 5825: 5700: 5641: 5121: 5003: 4974: 3812: 2860: 2850:

Practical Guilt: Moral Dilemmas, Emotions, and Social Norms

2837:

Practical Guilt: Moral Dilemmas, Emotions, and Social Norms

625: 376: 3813:

Schultz, Nolan; Cialdini, Goldstein; Griskevicius (2007).

3711:"Why Comply? Social Learning and European Identity Change" 628:

in society which allows for people of different levels of

392: 6890: 6767: 3887: 2956: 103:"a collective evaluation of behavior in terms of what it 32: 9680:

Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified

3099: 2863:"Norm violations and punishments across human societies" 2276:

Rational lives: norms and values in politics and society

624:

believed that norms are used to promote the creation of

137:

of norms, not an intrinsic quality of norms. Sandholtz,

388: 4612:

Opp, K (1982). "The evolutionary emergence of norms".

4568: 4328: 4095:

Becker, H. S. (1982). "Culture: A Sociological View".

3442: 3431:

Deviance: Theories on Behaviors That Defy Social Norms

2165:

Horne, Christine; Johnson, Monica Kirkpatrick (2021).

848: 8943:

The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

3019: 2690: 2599:"Social proximity and the erosion of norm compliance" 1755:"Norms: The Problem of Definition and Classification" 1137: 995:

From a game-theoretical point of view, there are two

4540:

Mark, N (1998). "Birds of a feather sing together".

4515:, 2nd ed., Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 4442:"Norm Theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives" 3963:

Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes

3501: 3443:

Baker-Sperry, Lori; Grauerholz, Liz (October 2003).

2835:

Greenspan, Patricia S. "Chapter 4: Moral Residues."

2263:

Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology

687: 46:

to do). The effects of norms can be determined by a

4787: 3048: 2782:Drobak, John N. "1. The Role of Social Variables." 1394:. Cornell University Press. pp. 22–24, 26–27. 1226: 277: 4571:"Shared Norms and the Evolution of Ethnic Markers" 4188:Rimal, Rajiv N. (2016). "Social Norms: A Review". 4066: 3923:Terry, Deborah J.; Hogg, Michael A., eds. (2000). 3264: 2747:. In Dobbert, Duane L.; Mackey, Thomas X. (eds.). 1556:"International Norm Dynamics and Political Change" 460:of duty which in turn becomes a primary object of 283:individuals may all import different histories or 2962: 1620:Herrmann, Richard K.; Shannon, Vaughn P. (2001). 204:: When a norm has broad acceptance and reaches a 9981: 4415:Hechter, M. & Karl-Dieter Opp, eds. (2001). 4216:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2024 ( 3773: 3771: 3650: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3360:Order without Law: How Neighbors Settle Disputes 2138:Streeck, Wolfgang; Thelen, Kathleen Ann (2005). 1553: 1259: 827: 483:varied in their punishments of norm violations. 3651:Lantis, Jeffrey S.; Wunderlich, Carmen (2018). 3216:Hechter, Michael et al., eds.. "Introduction". 3106:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2930:The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 2786:. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2006. N. pag. Print. 2061:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 1–7, 1619: 877: 335:, this can often lead to them being considered 89:related to behaviors and shape decision-making, 4679: 4439: 3265:Doering, Laura; Ody-Brasier, Amandine (2021). 1692: 110:"a collective expectation as to what behavior 9182: 7809: 4881: 4857: 3768: 3490: 2512:Krook, Mona Lena; True, Jacqui (2012-03-01). 2137: 1995:Horne, Christine; Mollborn, Stefanie (2020). 1994: 1232: 419:, which they can borrow against later. These 295: 169:Groups may adopt norms in a variety of ways. 164: 8051: 8005: 7991: 4833: 4682:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4518: 4424:Social Psychology: Sociological Perspectives 3504:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 3185:"Using Social Norms as a Substitute for Law" 3054: 2972:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2796: 2794: 2792: 2358:Keck, Margaret E.; Sikkink, Kathryn (1998). 2164: 2109:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. 1693:Legros, Sophie; Cislaghi, Beniamino (2020). 1554:Finnemore, Martha; Sikkink, Kathryn (1998). 16:Informal understanding of acceptable conduct 9196: 3537:Hechter, Michael; Opp, Karl-Dieter (2001). 3321: 3319: 2565:. Oxford University Press. pp. 16–18. 2518:European Journal of International Relations 2422:European Journal of International Relations 2357: 1826: 1391:National Interests in International Society 1253: 86:social and shared among members of a group, 9189: 9175: 7816: 7802: 4888: 4874: 4284:The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life 3536: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 2646: 2644: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 1934:Hecher, Michael; Opp, Karl-Dieter (2001). 1483: 732:: they have an "oughtness" quality to them 713:distinguish between three types of norms: 9707:Social (pragmatic) communication disorder 4777:, Englewoods Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice–Hall. 4748: 4693: 4311: 4201: 3922: 3883: 3881: 3841: 3611: 3357: 3135: 3125: 3068: 2896: 2878: 2800: 2789: 2727: 2624: 2614: 2558: 2511: 2480:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2415: 2223: 2182: 1933: 1875: 1833:. Columbia University Press. p. 54. 1726: 1501: 1460: 1387: 1277: 1260:Pristl, A-C; Kilian, S; Mann, A. (2020). 886: 9575:Basic interpersonal communicative skills 4819:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 4224: 3871: 3869: 3777: 3389:SOCIOLOGY OF LAW AS THE SCIENCE OF NORMS 3336: 3334: 3316: 2742: 2562:International Norms and Cycles of Change 2299: 2059:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 1940:. Russell Sage Foundation. pp. xi. 890: 299: 69: 9642: 4513:Class and Conformity: A Study in Values 4482: 4155:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 4151:Boyd, R. & Richerson, P.J. (1985). 4111:, New York: Cambridge University Press. 4061: 3929:. Mahwah, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates. 3806: 3708: 3564:"A Social Norms Approach to Legitimacy" 3152: 2927: 2839:. N.p.: Oxford UP, 1995. N. pag. Print. 2650: 2641: 2397: 2240: 2144:. Oxford University Press. p. 14. 1462:10.1146/annurev-economics-080614-115322 976:for how they should behave. However, a 658: 9982: 4632: 4289: 4253: 4203:10.12840/issn.2255-4165.2016.04.01.008 4114: 4094: 3878: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3229: 3182: 2473: 2280: 2205: 2102: 1886:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.588 1748: 1746: 288:development of norms may take longer. 9641: 9563: 9437:High-context and low-context cultures 9208: 9170: 7823: 7797: 6980: 5109: 4907: 4869: 4856: 4422:Heiss, J. (1981). "Social Roles", In 4386: 4187: 4015: 4013: 3866: 3607: 3605: 3561: 3385: 3331: 2921: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2286:Gerber, L. & Macionis, J. (2011) 2268: 2052: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1752: 1699:Perspectives on Psychological Science 1549: 1442: 1309: 720:: they "order and constrain behavior" 78:match is an example of a social norm. 9786:Computer processing of body language 9564: 4834:Bicchieri, Cristina; Muldoon, Ryan. 4816:Young, H.P. (2008). "Social norms". 4639:The University of Chicago Law Review 4614:British Journal of Social Psychology 4539: 4419:, New York: Russell Sage Foundation. 4158: 4153:Culture and the Evolutionary Process 3612:Simmons, Beth A; Jo, Hyeran (2019). 3171:Current studies in social psychology 2963:Aarts, H.; Dijksterhuis, A. (2003). 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1297: 9801:List of facial expression databases 9791:Emotion recognition in conversation 4845:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4611: 4440:Kahneman, D.; Miller, D.T. (1986). 3951: 3366: 2942:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jleo.a036856 1743: 857: 849:Prescriptive and proscriptive norms 572:to the culture in which they live. 13: 4784:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4626:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1982.tb00522.x 4025: 4010: 3618:Journal of Global Security Studies 3602: 2679: 1973: 1922: 1858: 1012:). A framework called comparative 14: 10026: 9685:Childhood disintegrative disorder 4908: 4827: 3433:. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Print. 2013:10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054658 1679: 1526: 1427: 1372: 1294: 730:Evaluative and prescriptive norms 688:Focus theory of normative conduct 568:that allows for people to become 539: 9013:The Closing of the American Mind 8933:Civilization and Its Discontents 8913:A Vindication of Natural Society 4741:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01917.x 4375:from the original on 2019-03-26. 4292:Journal of Economic Perspectives 4190:Review of Communication Research 4032: 3834:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01917.x 2693:Administrative Science Quarterly 2212:Journal of Economic Perspectives 2106:Institutions and social conflict 2067:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2338-1 1997:"Norms: An Integrated Framework" 1207: 1195: 1183: 1171: 1159: 1147: 278:Transfer of norms between groups 4665:from the original on 2020-12-04 3998: 3989: 3916: 3757:from the original on 2021-08-08 3702: 3691:from the original on 2021-05-23 3657:Review of International Studies 3644: 3555: 3530: 3436: 3423: 3414: 3351: 3305:from the original on 2022-01-18 3258: 3223: 3210: 3199:from the original on 2019-07-02 3176: 3093: 2854: 2842: 2829: 2776: 2765:from the original on 2023-03-06 2745:"Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay" 2736: 2590: 2579:from the original on 2021-09-30 2552: 2505: 2494:from the original on 2021-05-07 2467: 2456:from the original on 2021-05-24 2416:Sandholtz, Wayne (2008-03-01). 2409: 2386:from the original on 2021-05-22 2351: 2302:"Social Norms and Social Roles" 2293: 2199: 2158: 2131: 2096: 2046: 2035:from the original on 2021-05-16 1962:from the original on 2021-05-22 1847:from the original on 2021-09-30 1820: 1809:from the original on 2021-12-23 1668:from the original on 2021-04-18 1602:from the original on 2021-04-17 1445:"The Evolution of Social Norms" 1416:from the original on 2021-06-01 1361:from the original on 2021-04-17 503:was moderately associated with 235:Intrinsic qualities of the norm 125:According to Ronald Jepperson, 9209: 3327:Oxford Dictionary of Sociology 2751:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 108–118. 1613: 1477: 957: 837:that most people there do not 1: 8903:Oration on the Dignity of Man 7384:Traditional African religions 4895: 4790:American Journal of Sociology 4780:Ullmann-Margalit, E. (1977). 4485:American Journal of Sociology 4161:American Journal of Sociology 3568:American Behavioral Scientist 3271:American Journal of Sociology 3022:Journal of Studies on Alcohol 1759:American Journal of Sociology 1220: 828:Descriptive versus injunctive 65: 8973:The Society of the Spectacle 6981: 4521:American Sociological Review 4389:Journal of Political Economy 4117:American Sociological Review 4069:The Evolution of Cooperation 3975:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90029-s 3959:"Author index for volume 50" 3709:Checkel, Jeffrey T. (2001). 2743:Molinari, Christina (2015). 2653:Academy of Management Review 2364:. Cornell University Press. 878:Mathematical representations 603: 456:. Guilt is connected to the 152:Economist and game theorist 92:proscriptive or prescriptive 7: 9702:Nonverbal learning disorder 9280:Speech-independent gestures 9253:Facial Action Coding System 6712:Food and drink prohibitions 5110: 4433:, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. 3541:. Russell Sage Foundation. 3516:10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.1015 2867:Evolutionary Human Sciences 2603:Games and Economic Behavior 1827:Katzenstein, Peter (1996). 1019: 929:Range of tolerable behavior 638:James Coleman (sociologist) 510: 10: 10031: 9442:Interpersonal relationship 9243:Body-to-body communication 4704:10.1037/0022-3514.64.2.243 4461:10.1037/0033-295x.93.2.136 3715:International Organization 3358:Ellickson, Robert (1994). 3232:Social & Legal Studies 2300:Sunstein, Cass R. (1996). 2001:Annual Review of Sociology 1626:International Organization 1560:International Organization 1490:International Organization 1449:Annual Review of Economics 1388:Finnemore, Martha (1996). 1319:International Organization 961: 296:Deviance from social norms 165:Emergence and transmission 9933: 9907: 9847: 9840: 9814: 9778: 9742: 9715: 9652: 9648: 9637: 9570: 9559: 9515: 9492: 9455: 9407: 9342: 9221: 9217: 9204: 9151: 9055: 9043:Intellectuals and Society 8993:The Culture of Narcissism 8884: 8552: 8344: 8293: 8222: 8136: 8129: 8069: 7831: 7402: 7250: 7029: 6991: 6987: 6976: 6564: 6267: 6085: 5764: 5600:Cross-cultural psychology 5558: 5418:Manipulation (psychology) 5284: 5120: 5116: 5105: 4914: 4903: 4863: 4858:Links to related articles 4350:10.1007/s12110-002-1012-7 4268:10.1007/s11196-012-9271-z 4239:10.1007/s11336-006-1560-6 4089:Introduction to Sociology 4073:. New York: Basic Books. 3792:10.1007/s11336-006-1560-6 3727:10.1162/00208180152507551 3669:10.1017/S0260210517000626 3562:Horne, Christine (2009). 3079:10.1017/s0022381608090117 2984:10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.18 2616:10.1016/j.geb.2021.11.012 2559:Sandholtz, Wayne (2009). 2290:, 7th Canadian ed., p. 65 2184:10.1177/07311214211005493 2171:Sociological Perspectives 2053:Young, H. Peyton (2016), 1878:International Norm Change 1876:Sandholtz, Wayne (2017). 1638:10.1162/00208180152507579 1484:Tannenwald, Nina (1999). 1443:Young, H. Peyton (2015). 1097:Normalization (sociology) 468:. Using the metaphor of " 397:superficial consideration 368:institutionalized deviant 10005:Sociological terminology 9857:Behavioral communication 9033:The Malaise of Modernity 8983:The History of Sexuality 8082:Catholic social teaching 5950:Mass psychogenic illness 5801:Collective effervescence 5242:Self-fulfilling prophecy 4928:Collective consciousness 4633:Posner, Eric A. (1996). 3580:10.1177/0002764209338799 3461:10.1177/0891243203255605 3244:10.1177/0964663913502068 3034:10.15288/jsa.2002.63.559 2530:10.1177/1354066110380963 2434:10.1177/1354066107087766 1711:10.1177/1745691619866455 698: 481:non-industrial societies 479:A 2023 study found that 441:or individuals in other 48:logic of appropriateness 23:is a shared standard of 9297:Interpersonal synchrony 9198:Nonverbal communication 9113:Philosophy of education 7290:Eastern Orthodox Church 5831:Culture-bound syndromes 5806:Collective intelligence 4286:, New York: Free Press. 3902:10.1023/a:1010998802612 3127:10.1073/pnas.1802874115 3057:The Journal of Politics 2206:Sugden, Robert (1989). 1753:Gibbs, Jack P. (1965). 1572:10.1162/002081898550789 1503:10.1162/002081899550959 1331:10.1162/002081897550294 918:Point of maximum return 590:white collar work force 580:norms is important for 333:sociological literature 304:"Normal = bad word", a 9894:Monastic sign lexicons 9585:Emotional intelligence 8052: 8006: 7992: 7731:Social constructionism 7389:Unitarian Universalism 6193:Observational learning 5921:In-group and out-group 5861:False consensus effect 5540:Suppression of dissent 5438:Moral entrepreneurship 5408:Ideological repression 5396:Historical revisionism 4932:Collective unconscious 4782:The Emergence of Norms 4206:(inactive 2024-02-24). 4107:Bicchieri, C. (2006). 3183:Druzin, Bryan (2016). 2474:Wiener, Antje (2008). 2405:Sociology in our times 1122:Social norms marketing 1014:institutional analysis 896: 887:Return potential model 313: 79: 74:Shaking hands after a 9884:Impression management 9118:Philosophy of history 9108:Philosophy of culture 9003:A Conflict of Visions 7280:Chinese folk religion 5980:Political correctness 5975:Pluralistic ignorance 5664:Identity (philosophy) 5490:Religious persecution 5473:Psychological warfare 5453:Political engineering 5304:Argumentum ad populum 5162:Collective narcissism 5140:Attitude polarization 4729:Psychological Science 4282:Durkheim, E. (1915). 3822:Psychological Science 3386:HYDEN, HAKAN (2022). 2103:Knight, Jack (1992). 1956:10.7758/9781610442800 1002:equilibrium selection 894: 557:discretionary stimuli 505:social stratification 435:childhood movie stars 381:discretionary stimuli 303: 73: 52:logic of consequences 9899:Verbal communication 9852:Animal communication 9770:Targeted advertising 9287:Haptic communication 9123:Political philosophy 8923:Democracy in America 7644:Naturalism (Western) 7639:Naturalism (Chinese) 7551:Renaissance humanism 6107:Conceptual framework 6072:System justification 5911:Hysterical contagion 5495:Religious uniformity 5478:Religious conversion 5334:Cognitive dissonance 5232:Selective perception 5083:Theory of everything 5053:Primal world beliefs 5038:Philosophical theory 4773:Scott, J.F. (1971). 4578:Current Anthropology 4449:Psychological Review 3630:10.1093/jogss/ogy043 2803:Psychological Review 1410:10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh 1235:Communication Theory 1092:Normality (behavior) 1032:Breaching experiment 736:Finnemore, Sikkink, 669:operant conditioning 659:Operant conditioning 501:execution punishment 422:idiosyncrasy credits 212:Norm internalization 9908:Non-verbal language 9796:Gesture recognition 9643:Further information 9533:Emotion recognition 9484:Silent service code 8963:One-Dimensional Man 7057:Christian democracy 6020:Social facilitation 5916:Information cascade 5851:Emotional contagion 5789:Collective behavior 5751:Symbolic boundaries 5605:Cultural psychology 5349:Cultural dissonance 5222:Observer-expectancy 5217:Observational error 5202:In-group favoritism 4947:Conventional wisdom 4554:10.1093/sf/77.2.453 4511:Kohn, M.L. (1977). 4379:Fine, G.A. (2001). 4005:Bicchieri, Cristina 3118:2019PNAS..116.5293B 2403:Kendall, D. (2011) 2380:10.7591/j.ctt5hh13f 2309:Columbia Law Review 2208:"Spontaneous Order" 1247:10.1093/ct/15.2.127 1107:Philosophical value 1087:Norm of reciprocity 534:pro-social behavior 491:and the absence of 337:outcasts of society 9934:Art and literature 9889:Meta-communication 9877:Passive-aggressive 9806:Sentiment analysis 9507:Non-verbal leakage 9083:Cultural pessimism 9078:Cultural criticism 7977:National character 7755:Post-structuralism 6509:natural philosophy 5891:Group polarization 5876:Group cohesiveness 5525:Social engineering 5423:Media manipulation 5344:Crowd manipulation 5329:Circular reporting 5247:Clever Hans effect 5227:Selective exposure 4304:10.1257/jep.3.4.99 3449:Gender and Society 2880:10.1017/ehs.2023.7 2225:10.1257/jep.3.4.85 1102:Other (philosophy) 897: 724:Constitutive norms 667:, who states that 586:social interaction 364:social interaction 314: 247:World time-context 186:norm entrepreneurs 80: 59:norm entrepreneurs 9995:Consensus reality 9977: 9976: 9971: 9970: 9967: 9966: 9963: 9962: 9959: 9958: 9665:Asperger syndrome 9633: 9632: 9615:Social competence 9555: 9554: 9551: 9550: 9357:Emotional prosody 9263:Subtle expression 9248:Facial expression 9164: 9163: 8880: 8879: 8025:Spontaneous order 8015:Social alienation 7864:Cultural heritage 7825:Social philosophy 7791: 7790: 7787: 7786: 7783: 7782: 7765:Transcendentalism 7721:Neo-scholasticism 7702:Neopythagoreanism 7152:Industrialisation 7092:Constitutionalism 6972: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6790:political freedom 6307:mind–body problem 6100:tacit assumptions 6052:Spontaneous order 6042:Social psychology 5995:Self-organization 5339:Critical thinking 5101: 5100: 5068:School of thought 4957:Cultural movement 4937:Conceptual system 4019:Voss 2001, p. 105 3548:978-1-61044-280-0 3399:978-1-003-24192-8 3347:978-1-60566-790-4 3189:Albany Law Review 3112:(12): 5293–5298. 2784:Norms and the Law 2758:978-1-4408-3324-3 2572:978-0-19-985537-7 2487:978-0-521-89596-5 2371:978-0-8014-3444-0 2274:Chong, D. (2000) 2151:978-0-19-928046-9 2116:978-0-511-52817-0 2076:978-1-349-95121-5 1947:978-0-87154-354-7 1904:cite encyclopedia 1840:978-0-231-10469-2 1311:Legro, Jeffrey W. 1082:Norm (philosophy) 1057:Heteronormativity 1042:Convention (norm) 1010:coordination game 561:Social psychology 387:, the group will 127:Peter Katzenstein 10022: 10010:Social agreement 9845: 9844: 9822:Ray Birdwhistell 9650: 9649: 9639: 9638: 9565:Broader concepts 9561: 9560: 9538:First impression 9219: 9218: 9206: 9205: 9191: 9184: 9177: 9168: 9167: 9128:Social criticism 9048: 9038: 9028: 9018: 9008: 8998: 8988: 8978: 8968: 8958: 8948: 8938: 8928: 8918: 8908: 8898: 8134: 8133: 8116:Frankfurt School 8094:Communitarianism 8057: 8011: 7997: 7818: 7811: 7804: 7795: 7794: 7453:New Confucianism 7327:Korean shamanism 7297:Ethnic religions 7227:Social democracy 7102:Environmentalism 7082:Communitarianism 7047:Authoritarianism 6989: 6988: 6978: 6977: 6608:Codes of conduct 6259:World disclosure 6247:consensus theory 6015:Social exclusion 5821:Crowd psychology 5816:Consensus theory 5779:Bandwagon effect 5716:Rites of passage 5530:Social influence 5463:Propaganda model 5428:Media regulation 5257:wishful thinking 5207:Magical thinking 5118: 5117: 5107: 5106: 4970:World folk-epics 4905: 4904: 4890: 4883: 4876: 4867: 4866: 4854: 4853: 4849: 4840:Zalta, Edward N. 4813: 4770: 4752: 4723: 4697: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4629: 4608: 4606: 4600:. Archived from 4575: 4565: 4536: 4508: 4479: 4477: 4471:. Archived from 4446: 4412: 4376: 4374: 4335: 4325: 4315: 4279: 4250: 4221: 4215: 4207: 4205: 4184: 4167:(6): 1287–1335. 4148: 4104: 4084: 4072: 4036: 4035: 4020: 4017: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3969:(2): 411. 1991. 3955: 3949: 3948: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3896:(3/4): 129–154. 3885: 3876: 3873: 3864: 3863: 3845: 3819: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3775: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3762: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3696: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3609: 3600: 3599: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3510:(6): 1015–1026. 3499: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3440: 3434: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3383: 3364: 3363: 3355: 3349: 3338: 3329: 3323: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3310: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3227: 3221: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3204: 3180: 3174: 3167: 3150: 3149: 3139: 3129: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3072: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3002:. Archived from 2969: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2900: 2882: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2815:10.1037/h0042501 2798: 2787: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2770: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2688: 2677: 2676: 2648: 2639: 2638: 2628: 2618: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2584: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2499: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2461: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2392: 2391: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2306: 2297: 2291: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2259: 2238: 2237: 2227: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2186: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2091: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2041: 2040: 1992: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1967: 1931: 1920: 1919: 1913: 1909: 1907: 1899: 1873: 1856: 1855: 1853: 1852: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1815: 1814: 1750: 1741: 1740: 1730: 1690: 1677: 1676: 1674: 1673: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1608: 1607: 1551: 1524: 1523: 1505: 1481: 1475: 1474: 1464: 1440: 1425: 1424: 1422: 1421: 1385: 1370: 1369: 1367: 1366: 1307: 1292: 1291: 1281: 1257: 1251: 1250: 1230: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1200: 1199: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1176: 1175: 1164: 1163: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1143: 1127:Social structure 990:Nash equilibrium 858:Subjective norms 738:Jeffrey W. Legro 718:Regulative norms 707:Martha Finnemore 462:moral obligation 447:lenient standard 353:Clifford R. Shaw 349:social tolerance 341:deviant behavior 258:Consequentialism 139:Martha Finnemore 10030: 10029: 10025: 10024: 10023: 10021: 10020: 10019: 10000:Social concepts 9980: 9979: 9978: 9973: 9972: 9955: 9946:Mimoplastic art 9929: 9920:Tactile signing 9903: 9836: 9810: 9774: 9738: 9711: 9644: 9629: 9605:Social behavior 9566: 9547: 9511: 9502:Microexpression 9488: 9472:One-bit message 9451: 9403: 9338: 9258:Microexpression 9213: 9200: 9195: 9165: 9160: 9147: 9073:Critical theory 9051: 9046: 9036: 9026: 9016: 9006: 8996: 8986: 8976: 8966: 8956: 8946: 8936: 8926: 8916: 8906: 8896: 8876: 8554: 8548: 8346: 8340: 8289: 8218: 8125: 8077:Budapest School 8065: 7854:Cosmopolitanism 7827: 7822: 7792: 7779: 7610:Megarian school 7561:Illuminationism 7537:New historicism 7513:Foundationalism 7498:Eretrian school 7458:Critical theory 7419:Aristotelianism 7414:Agriculturalism 7404: 7398: 7332:Modern paganism 7246: 7157:Intellectualism 7031: 7025: 6983: 6964: 6812:Meaning of life 6717:unclean animals 6574:Aesthetic taste 6560: 6516:Problem of evil 6458:National mythoi 6263: 6081: 6077:Viral phenomena 6067:Swarm behaviour 6010:Social emotions 6005:Social behavior 5985:Pseudoconsensus 5936:Majoritarianism 5836:Deindividuation 5774:Abilene paradox 5760: 5696:Myth and ritual 5554: 5535:Social progress 5510:Self-censorship 5386:Excommunication 5309:Attitude change 5286: 5280: 5112: 5097: 5048:Presuppositions 4910: 4899: 4894: 4859: 4830: 4825: 4668: 4666: 4651:10.2307/1600068 4604: 4573: 4475: 4444: 4372: 4333: 4209: 4208: 4129:10.2307/2088418 4081: 4063:Axelrod, Robert 4057: 4056: 4055: 4037: 4033: 4028: 4026:Further reading 4023: 4018: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3994: 3990: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3937: 3921: 3917: 3886: 3879: 3874: 3867: 3817: 3811: 3807: 3776: 3769: 3760: 3758: 3707: 3703: 3694: 3692: 3649: 3645: 3610: 3603: 3560: 3556: 3549: 3535: 3531: 3500: 3491: 3481: 3479: 3441: 3437: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3400: 3392:. : ROUTLEDGE. 3384: 3367: 3356: 3352: 3339: 3332: 3324: 3317: 3308: 3306: 3263: 3259: 3228: 3224: 3215: 3211: 3202: 3200: 3181: 3177: 3168: 3153: 3098: 3094: 3053: 3049: 3018: 3014: 3006: 2967: 2961: 2957: 2926: 2922: 2859: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2834: 2830: 2799: 2790: 2781: 2777: 2768: 2766: 2759: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2705:10.2307/2392667 2689: 2680: 2649: 2642: 2595: 2591: 2582: 2580: 2573: 2557: 2553: 2510: 2506: 2497: 2495: 2488: 2472: 2468: 2459: 2457: 2414: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2389: 2387: 2372: 2356: 2352: 2321:10.2307/1123430 2304: 2298: 2294: 2285: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2260: 2241: 2204: 2200: 2163: 2159: 2152: 2136: 2132: 2117: 2101: 2097: 2089: 2087: 2077: 2051: 2047: 2038: 2036: 1993: 1974: 1965: 1963: 1948: 1932: 1923: 1911: 1910: 1901: 1900: 1896: 1874: 1859: 1850: 1848: 1841: 1825: 1821: 1812: 1810: 1751: 1744: 1691: 1680: 1671: 1669: 1618: 1614: 1605: 1603: 1552: 1527: 1482: 1478: 1441: 1428: 1419: 1417: 1402: 1386: 1373: 1364: 1362: 1308: 1295: 1279:10.1002/cb.1890 1258: 1254: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1208: 1206: 1194: 1184: 1182: 1170: 1158: 1148: 1146: 1138: 1136: 1022: 966: 960: 951:Crystallization 889: 880: 872: 868: 860: 851: 830: 812:Social pressure 783:Jeffrey Checkel 776:Beth G. Simmons 711:Kathryn Sikkink 701: 690: 661: 645:Heinrich Popitz 614:Talcott Parsons 606: 542: 513: 466:self-punishment 319:is defined as " 298: 280: 241:Path dependency 167: 143:Kathryn Sikkink 131:Alexander Wendt 68: 37:human behaviour 17: 12: 11: 5: 10028: 10018: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9975: 9974: 9969: 9968: 9965: 9964: 9961: 9960: 9957: 9956: 9954: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9937: 9935: 9931: 9930: 9928: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9911: 9909: 9905: 9904: 9902: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9880: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9854: 9848: 9842: 9838: 9837: 9835: 9834: 9829: 9827:Charles Darwin 9824: 9818: 9816: 9812: 9811: 9809: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9782: 9780: 9776: 9775: 9773: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9746: 9744: 9740: 9739: 9737: 9736: 9731: 9721: 9719: 9713: 9712: 9710: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9693: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9656: 9654: 9646: 9645: 9635: 9634: 9631: 9630: 9628: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9571: 9568: 9567: 9557: 9556: 9553: 9552: 9549: 9548: 9546: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9523:Affect display 9519: 9517: 9513: 9512: 9510: 9509: 9504: 9498: 9496: 9490: 9489: 9487: 9486: 9481: 9480: 9479: 9469: 9459: 9457: 9453: 9452: 9450: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9413: 9411: 9409:Social context 9405: 9404: 9402: 9401: 9400: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9359: 9354: 9348: 9346: 9340: 9339: 9337: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9320: 9319: 9317:Pupil dilation 9314: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9283: 9282: 9277: 9267: 9266: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9245: 9240: 9231: 9225: 9223: 9215: 9214: 9202: 9201: 9194: 9193: 9186: 9179: 9171: 9162: 9161: 9159: 9158: 9152: 9149: 9148: 9146: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9133:Social science 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9059: 9057: 9053: 9052: 9050: 9049: 9039: 9029: 9023:Gender Trouble 9019: 9009: 8999: 8989: 8979: 8969: 8959: 8953:The Second Sex 8949: 8939: 8929: 8919: 8909: 8899: 8888: 8886: 8882: 8881: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8558: 8556: 8550: 8549: 8547: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8350: 8348: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8297: 8295: 8291: 8290: 8288: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8226: 8224: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8140: 8138: 8131: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8112: 8111: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8090: 8089: 8079: 8073: 8071: 8067: 8066: 8064: 8063: 8058: 8049: 8048: 8047: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8003: 7998: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7968: 7967: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7945:Invisible hand 7942: 7937: 7932: 7931: 7930: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7899: 7898: 7888: 7887: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7835: 7833: 7829: 7828: 7821: 7820: 7813: 7806: 7798: 7789: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7777: 7772: 7770:Utilitarianism 7767: 7762: 7757: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7698:Pythagoreanism 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7585:Neo-Kantianism 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7544: 7539: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7503:Existentialism 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7410: 7408: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7396: 7394:Zoroastrianism 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7293: 7292: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7256: 7254: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7244: 7239: 7237:Utilitarianism 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7172:Libertarianism 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7137:Green politics 7134: 7129: 7127:Fundamentalism 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7038: 7036: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6997: 6995: 6985: 6984: 6974: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6943: 6941:Unspoken rules 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6887: 6886: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6825: 6824: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6793: 6792: 6782: 6781: 6780: 6775: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6726: 6721: 6720: 6719: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6683: 6682: 6672: 6667: 6666: 6665: 6660: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6581: 6576: 6570: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6512: 6511: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6477: 6472: 6471: 6470: 6460: 6455: 6454: 6453: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6344: 6343: 6333: 6328: 6327: 6326: 6316: 6311: 6310: 6309: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6273: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6255: 6254: 6249: 6239: 6238: 6237: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6216: 6215: 6210: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6178:Meta-knowledge 6175: 6170: 6168:Meaning-making 6165: 6160: 6155: 6154: 6153: 6143: 6138: 6137: 6136: 6131: 6121: 6120: 6119: 6109: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6091: 6089: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6028: 6027: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5955:Milieu control 5952: 5947: 5942: 5933: 5928: 5926:Invisible hand 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5881:Group dynamics 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5797: 5796: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5770: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5730: 5725: 5724: 5723: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5630: 5625: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5564: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5520:Social control 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5486: 5485: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5448:Polite fiction 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5413:Indoctrination 5410: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5290: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5266: 5261: 5260: 5259: 5254: 5252:placebo effect 5249: 5239: 5237:Self-deception 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5126: 5124: 5114: 5113: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5078:Social reality 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5058:Reality tunnel 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4972: 4966:National epics 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4925: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4901: 4900: 4893: 4892: 4885: 4878: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4851: 4850: 4836:"Social Norms" 4829: 4828:External links 4826: 4824: 4823: 4822:, 2nd Edition. 4814: 4802:10.1086/210005 4796:(1): 165–194. 4785: 4778: 4771: 4750:10211.3/199684 4735:(5): 429–434. 4724: 4695:10.1.1.470.522 4688:(2): 243–256. 4677: 4674: 4645:(1): 133–197. 4630: 4620:(2): 139–149. 4609: 4607:on 2019-03-07. 4590:10.1086/345689 4584:(1): 122–130. 4566: 4548:(2): 453–485. 4537: 4527:(5): 638–660. 4516: 4509: 4497:10.1086/230539 4480: 4478:on 2020-07-11. 4455:(2): 136–153. 4437: 4434: 4427: 4420: 4413: 4401:10.1086/261959 4395:(5): 912–950. 4384: 4377: 4326: 4287: 4280: 4262:(2): 257–274. 4251: 4233:(2): 263–268. 4222: 4185: 4173:10.1086/228667 4156: 4149: 4123:(6): 683–690. 4112: 4105: 4092: 4085: 4079: 4058: 4038: 4031: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4021: 4009: 3997: 3988: 3950: 3935: 3915: 3877: 3865: 3843:10211.3/199684 3828:(5): 429–434. 3805: 3786:(2): 263–268. 3767: 3721:(3): 553–588. 3701: 3663:(3): 570–593. 3643: 3601: 3574:(3): 400–415. 3554: 3547: 3529: 3489: 3455:(5): 711–726. 3435: 3422: 3413: 3398: 3365: 3350: 3330: 3315: 3283:10.1086/717102 3277:(2): 441–491. 3257: 3222: 3209: 3175: 3173:(pp. 301-309). 3151: 3092: 3063:(1): 178–191. 3047: 3028:(5): 559–567. 3012: 3009:on 2020-07-09. 2955: 2936:(2): 390–406. 2920: 2853: 2841: 2828: 2809:(2): 117–127. 2788: 2775: 2757: 2735: 2726: 2699:(3): 350–372. 2678: 2665:10.2307/258231 2640: 2589: 2571: 2551: 2524:(1): 103–127. 2504: 2486: 2466: 2428:(1): 101–131. 2408: 2396: 2370: 2350: 2315:(4): 903–968. 2292: 2279: 2267: 2239: 2198: 2177:(5): 970–987. 2157: 2150: 2130: 2115: 2095: 2075: 2055:"Social Norms" 2045: 2007:(1): 467–487. 1972: 1946: 1921: 1912:|website= 1894: 1857: 1839: 1819: 1771:10.1086/223933 1765:(5): 586–594. 1742: 1678: 1632:(3): 621–654. 1612: 1566:(4): 887–917. 1525: 1496:(3): 433–468. 1476: 1455:(1): 359–387. 1426: 1400: 1371: 1293: 1272:(3): 635–654. 1266:Consumer Behav 1252: 1241:(2): 127–147. 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1216: 1204: 1192: 1180: 1168: 1156: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1062:Ideal (ethics) 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1023: 1021: 1018: 962:Main article: 959: 956: 955: 954: 948: 937: 926: 888: 885: 879: 876: 870: 866: 859: 856: 850: 847: 829: 826: 825: 824: 819: 814: 809: 800: 799: 796:Constructivism 793: 771: 770: 763: 756: 749: 734: 733: 727: 721: 700: 697: 689: 686: 660: 657: 653:Niklas Luhmann 605: 602: 597:neighbourhoods 546:social control 541: 540:Social control 538: 512: 509: 489:egalitarianism 297: 294: 279: 276: 268: 267: 261: 251: 250: 244: 238: 232: 226: 216: 215: 209: 199: 196:Norm emergence 166: 163: 123: 122: 115: 108: 97: 96: 93: 90: 87: 67: 64: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10027: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9987: 9985: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9938: 9936: 9932: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9915:Sign language 9913: 9912: 9910: 9906: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9859: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9849: 9846: 9843: 9839: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9819: 9817: 9813: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9783: 9781: 9777: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9760:Freudian slip 9758: 9756: 9755:Lie detection 9753: 9751: 9748: 9747: 9745: 9741: 9735: 9734:Mirror neuron 9732: 9730: 9726: 9725:Limbic system 9723: 9722: 9720: 9718: 9714: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9691: 9690:Rett syndrome 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9662: 9661: 9658: 9657: 9655: 9651: 9647: 9640: 9636: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9620:Social skills 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9595:People skills 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9580:Communication 9578: 9576: 9573: 9572: 9569: 9562: 9558: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9520: 9518: 9516:Multi-faceted 9514: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9499: 9497: 9495: 9491: 9485: 9482: 9478: 9475: 9474: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9464: 9461: 9460: 9458: 9454: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9427:Display rules 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9414: 9412: 9410: 9406: 9398: 9397:Voice quality 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9364: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9349: 9347: 9345: 9341: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9309: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9272: 9271: 9268: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9250: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9235: 9234:Body language 9232: 9230: 9227: 9226: 9224: 9220: 9216: 9212: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9192: 9187: 9185: 9180: 9178: 9173: 9172: 9169: 9157: 9154: 9153: 9150: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9138:Social theory 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9060: 9058: 9054: 9045: 9044: 9040: 9035: 9034: 9030: 9025: 9024: 9020: 9015: 9014: 9010: 9005: 9004: 9000: 8995: 8994: 8990: 8985: 8984: 8980: 8975: 8974: 8970: 8965: 8964: 8960: 8955: 8954: 8950: 8945: 8944: 8940: 8935: 8934: 8930: 8925: 8924: 8920: 8915: 8914: 8910: 8905: 8904: 8900: 8895: 8894: 8890: 8889: 8887: 8883: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8792:Radhakrishnan 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8559: 8557: 8553:20th and 21st 8551: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8351: 8349: 8345:18th and 19th 8343: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8292: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8227: 8225: 8221: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8135: 8132: 8128: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8110: 8107: 8106: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8088: 8085: 8084: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8074: 8072: 8068: 8062: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8050: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8010: 8009: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7996: 7995: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7966: 7963: 7962: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7929: 7926: 7925: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7897: 7894: 7893: 7892: 7889: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7871: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7819: 7814: 7812: 7807: 7805: 7800: 7799: 7796: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7752: 7751:Structuralism 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7718: 7717:Scholasticism 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7659:Phenomenology 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7619:Postmodernism 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7571:Individualism 7569: 7567: 7566:ʿIlm al-Kalām 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7407: 7401: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7253: 7249: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7217:Republicanism 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7202:Progressivism 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7147:Individualism 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7028: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6979: 6975: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6896:Social stigma 6894: 6892: 6889: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6823: 6820: 6819: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6786: 6783: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6773:jurisprudence 6771: 6770: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6707:Family values 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6687:Entertainment 6685: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6563: 6557: 6556:Unobservables 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6502: 6498: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6490: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6469: 6468:philosophical 6466: 6465: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6331:Creation myth 6329: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6303: 6302:Consciousness 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6260: 6257: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6243: 6240: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6122: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6084: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 6000:Social action 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5970:Peer pressure 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5901:Herd behavior 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5886:Group emotion 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5737:Social status 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5557: 5551: 5550:Woozle effect 5548: 5546: 5545:Systemic bias 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5515:Social change 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5391:Fearmongering 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5354:Deprogramming 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5283: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5192:Filter bubble 5190: 5188: 5187:Ethnocentrism 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5104: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5043:Point of view 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5018:Metanarrative 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4919:Basic beliefs 4917: 4916: 4913: 4909:Related terms 4906: 4902: 4898: 4891: 4886: 4884: 4879: 4877: 4872: 4871: 4868: 4862: 4855: 4847: 4846: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4831: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4786: 4783: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4678: 4675: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4572: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4542:Social Forces 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4491:(2): 313–45. 4490: 4486: 4481: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4443: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4428: 4425: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4382: 4378: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4298:(4): 99–117. 4297: 4293: 4288: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4227:Psychometrika 4223: 4219: 4213: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4157: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4110: 4106: 4103:(4): 513–527. 4102: 4098: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4080:9780465021222 4076: 4071: 4070: 4064: 4060: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4051: 4045: 4041: 4016: 4014: 4006: 4001: 3992: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3936:0-585-17974-3 3932: 3928: 3927: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3884: 3882: 3872: 3870: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3780:Psychometrika 3774: 3772: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3705: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3606: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3550: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3439: 3432: 3426: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3391: 3390: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3361: 3354: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3335: 3328: 3325:Marshall, G. 3322: 3320: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3219: 3213: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3179: 3172: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3070:10.1.1.691.37 3066: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3016: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2966: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2838: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2785: 2779: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2739: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2647: 2645: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2593: 2578: 2574: 2568: 2564: 2563: 2555: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2508: 2493: 2489: 2483: 2479: 2478: 2470: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2367: 2363: 2362: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2303: 2296: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2264: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2202: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2161: 2153: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2134: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2112: 2108: 2107: 2099: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2049: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1917: 1905: 1897: 1895:9780190228637 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1846: 1842: 1836: 1832: 1831: 1823: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1749: 1747: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1616: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1480: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1401:9780801483233 1397: 1393: 1392: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1256: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1229: 1225: 1215: 1205: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1191: 1181: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1112:Peer pressure 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1047:Enculturation 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 998: 993: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 974:rule of thumb 971: 970:repeated game 965: 952: 949: 945: 941: 938: 934: 930: 927: 923: 919: 916: 915: 914: 911: 907: 903: 893: 884: 875: 873: 855: 846: 844: 840: 835: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 804: 803: 797: 794: 791: 788: 787: 786: 784: 780: 777: 768: 764: 761: 757: 754: 750: 747: 743: 742: 741: 739: 731: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 715: 714: 712: 708: 704: 696: 694: 685: 681: 677: 673: 670: 666: 665:B. F. Skinner 656: 654: 650: 646: 642: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 618:functionalist 615: 610: 601: 598: 593: 591: 587: 583: 579: 573: 571: 567: 562: 558: 554: 553:body language 549: 547: 537: 535: 529: 527: 523: 517: 508: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 477: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 450: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 423: 418: 413: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 373: 369: 365: 362:in which the 361: 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 321:nonconformity 318: 311: 307: 302: 293: 289: 286: 275: 271: 265: 264:Relationalism 262: 259: 256: 255: 254: 248: 245: 242: 239: 236: 233: 230: 227: 224: 223:Legitimation: 221: 220: 219: 213: 210: 207: 206:tipping point 203: 200: 197: 194: 193: 192: 189: 187: 182: 180: 176: 170: 162: 158: 155: 150: 146: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 120: 116: 113: 109: 106: 102: 101: 100: 94: 91: 88: 85: 84: 83: 77: 72: 63: 60: 55: 53: 49: 45: 40: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 9750:Cold reading 9743:Applications 9717:Neuroanatomy 9446: 9362:Paralanguage 9041: 9031: 9021: 9011: 9001: 8991: 8981: 8971: 8961: 8951: 8941: 8931: 8921: 8911: 8901: 8891: 8311:Guicciardini 8294:Early modern 8130:Philosophers 8104:Conservatism 8099:Confucianism 8087:Distributism 8020:Social norms 8019: 8008:Sittlichkeit 7994:Ressentiment 7940:Institutions 7918:Human nature 7712:Reductionism 7688:Pre-Socratic 7668:Neoplatonism 7528:Hermeneutics 7493:Epicureanism 7449:Confucianism 7444:Collectivism 7434:Cartesianism 7285:Christianity 7097:Distributism 7087:Conservatism 7062:Collectivism 7030:Economic and 6955:Works of art 6911:Sublime, The 6802:Magnificence 6753:Human rights 6480:Origin myths 6426:Intelligence 6406:Idios kosmos 6141:Explanations 6112:Epistemology 6037:Social proof 6032:Social group 5990:Scapegoating 5871:Group action 5866:Folie à deux 5856:Entitativity 5733:Social class 5676:Institutions 5568:Anthropology 5433:Missionaries 5359:Echo chamber 5314:Brainwashing 5269:Stereotyping 5177:Cryptomnesia 5167:Confirmation 5093:Value system 5027: 5013:Mental model 4843: 4817: 4793: 4789: 4781: 4774: 4732: 4728: 4685: 4681: 4667:. Retrieved 4642: 4638: 4617: 4613: 4602:the original 4581: 4577: 4545: 4541: 4524: 4520: 4512: 4488: 4484: 4473:the original 4452: 4448: 4430: 4423: 4417:Social Norms 4416: 4392: 4388: 4381:Social Norms 4380: 4341: 4338:Human Nature 4337: 4295: 4291: 4283: 4259: 4255: 4230: 4226: 4212:cite journal 4193: 4189: 4164: 4160: 4152: 4120: 4116: 4108: 4100: 4096: 4088: 4068: 4048: 4047: 4046:profile for 4043: 4000: 3991: 3966: 3962: 3953: 3925: 3918: 3893: 3889: 3825: 3821: 3808: 3783: 3779: 3759:. Retrieved 3718: 3714: 3704: 3693:. Retrieved 3660: 3656: 3646: 3624:(1): 18–36. 3621: 3617: 3571: 3567: 3557: 3539:Social Norms 3538: 3532: 3507: 3503: 3482:February 23, 3480:. Retrieved 3452: 3448: 3438: 3430: 3425: 3416: 3388: 3359: 3353: 3326: 3307:. Retrieved 3274: 3270: 3260: 3235: 3231: 3225: 3218:Social Norms 3217: 3212: 3201:. Retrieved 3192: 3188: 3178: 3170: 3109: 3105: 3095: 3060: 3056: 3050: 3025: 3021: 3015: 3004:the original 2978:(1): 18–28. 2975: 2971: 2958: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2870: 2866: 2856: 2849: 2844: 2836: 2831: 2806: 2802: 2783: 2778: 2767:. Retrieved 2748: 2738: 2729: 2696: 2692: 2659:(1): 47–55. 2656: 2652: 2626:10419/232616 2606: 2602: 2592: 2581:. Retrieved 2561: 2554: 2521: 2517: 2507: 2496:. Retrieved 2476: 2469: 2458:. Retrieved 2425: 2421: 2411: 2404: 2399: 2388:. Retrieved 2360: 2353: 2312: 2308: 2295: 2287: 2282: 2275: 2270: 2262: 2218:(4): 85–97. 2215: 2211: 2201: 2174: 2170: 2160: 2140: 2133: 2105: 2098: 2088:, retrieved 2058: 2048: 2037:. Retrieved 2004: 2000: 1964:. Retrieved 1937:Social Norms 1936: 1877: 1849:. Retrieved 1829: 1822: 1811:. Retrieved 1762: 1758: 1705:(1): 62–80. 1702: 1698: 1670:. Retrieved 1629: 1625: 1615: 1604:. Retrieved 1563: 1559: 1493: 1489: 1479: 1452: 1448: 1418:. Retrieved 1390: 1363:. Retrieved 1325:(1): 31–63. 1322: 1318: 1269: 1265: 1255: 1238: 1234: 1228: 1117:Rule complex 1006:coordination 997:explanations 994: 967: 950: 939: 932: 928: 921: 917: 909: 901: 898: 881: 864: 861: 852: 842: 833: 831: 822:Focal points 807:Coordination 801: 781: 772: 766: 760:universality 759: 752: 745: 735: 729: 723: 717: 705: 702: 691: 682: 678: 674: 662: 643: 634:social order 630:social class 611: 607: 594: 574: 556: 550: 543: 530: 522:cheerleading 518: 514: 493:food storage 478: 451: 420: 414: 377:expectations 357: 347:action, the 315: 290: 281: 272: 269: 263: 257: 252: 246: 240: 234: 228: 222: 217: 211: 202:Norm cascade 201: 195: 190: 183: 171: 168: 159: 154:Peyton Young 151: 147: 134: 124: 118: 117:"particular 111: 104: 98: 81: 56: 43: 41: 20: 18: 9729:Limbic lobe 9494:Unconscious 9477:Missed call 9447:Social norm 9422:Conventions 9312:Eye contact 9098:Historicism 8927:(1835–1840) 8893:De Officiis 8617:de Beauvoir 8587:Baudrillard 8539:Vivekananda 8529:Tocqueville 8444:Kierkegaard 8260:Ibn Khaldun 8230:Alpharabius 8121:Personalism 8030:Stewardship 7987:Reification 7982:Natural law 7903:Familialism 7869:Culturalism 7726:Sentientism 7707:Rationalism 7654:Peripatetic 7634:Natural law 7605:Materialism 7533:Historicism 7523:Hegelianism 7473:Determinism 7350:Agnosticism 7222:Sentientism 7192:Nationalism 7142:Imperialism 7072:Communalism 7067:Colonialism 7021:Weltschmerz 7001:Misanthropy 6901:Stewardship 6829:Obligations 6733:Culpability 6724:Golden Rule 6618:Common good 6536:Supernature 6492:Otherworlds 6451:comparative 6421:Information 6416:Incarnation 6353:Eschatology 6287:Anima mundi 6269:Metaphysics 6188:Observation 6183:Methodology 5965:Moral panic 5945:Mass action 5841:Doublethink 5784:Collectives 5706:Pilgrimages 5595:Coronations 5500:Revolutions 5468:Proselytism 5401:negationism 5287:maintenance 5135:Attentional 4994:Life stance 4962:Epic poetry 4952:Conventions 4344:(1): 1–25. 4196:(1): 1–28. 4097:Yale Review 4050:Social norm 3238:: 113–130. 982:expectation 964:Game theory 958:Game theory 790:Rationalism 746:specificity 649:contingency 582:impressions 476:" actions. 470:dirty hands 443:high-status 431:misbehaving 401:punctuality 21:social norm 9990:Conformity 9984:Categories 9862:Aggressive 9832:Paul Ekman 9815:Key people 9779:Technology 9765:Poker tell 9610:Social cue 9417:Chronemics 9367:Intonation 9211:Modalities 9103:Humanities 9063:Agnotology 8722:Kołakowski 8285:Ibn Tufayl 8265:Maimonides 8209:Thucydides 8204:Tertullian 8159:Lactantius 8054:Volksgeist 8035:Traditions 7849:Convention 7693:Pyrrhonism 7683:Pragmatism 7678:Positivism 7581:Kantianism 7488:Empiricism 7406:philosophy 7403:Schools of 7346:Irreligion 7342:Secularity 7275:Cheondoism 7207:Radicalism 7187:Monarchism 7182:Militarism 7167:Liberalism 7112:Fanaticism 7052:Capitalism 7034:ideologies 7032:political 6960:Wrongdoing 6864:Repentance 6854:Punishment 6849:Principles 6844:Praxeology 6633:Creativity 6623:Conscience 6584:Almsgiving 6497:axes mundi 6381:Nonfiction 6358:Everything 6220:Revelation 6208:fallacious 6198:Perception 6134:scientific 6057:Status quo 5896:Groupshift 5811:Conformity 5766:Groupthink 5681:Liminality 5615:Employment 5590:Ceremonies 5458:Propaganda 5443:Persuasion 5319:Censorship 5285:Change and 5264:Status quo 5172:Congruence 4669:2020-07-09 4313:10535/3264 3761:2021-04-17 3695:2021-05-23 3408:1274199773 3309:2022-01-18 3203:2016-10-10 2769:2023-06-26 2583:2021-05-13 2498:2021-05-07 2460:2021-05-07 2390:2021-05-22 2125:1127523562 2090:2021-05-22 2039:2021-05-22 1966:2021-05-22 1851:2021-09-20 1813:2021-12-23 1672:2021-04-18 1606:2021-04-17 1420:2021-04-18 1365:2021-04-17 1221:References 1214:Psychology 1190:Philosophy 1037:Conformity 767:prominence 570:socialized 566:conformity 485:Punishment 417:conformity 405:supervisor 393:lost cause 391:them as a 389:give-up on 312:, Slovenia 229:Prominence 66:Definition 25:acceptable 9867:Assertive 9675:Fragile X 9660:Aprosodia 9653:Disorders 9600:Semiotics 9528:Deception 9334:Proxemics 9324:Olfaction 9307:Oculesics 9292:Imitation 9143:Sociology 9093:Historism 8802:Santayana 8772:Oakeshott 8742:MacIntyre 8727:Kropotkin 8702:Heidegger 8555:centuries 8469:Nietzsche 8434:Jefferson 8419:Helvétius 8384:Condorcet 8347:centuries 8331:Montaigne 8154:Confucius 8144:Augustine 8061:Worldview 7955:Modernity 7928:Formation 7741:Spinozism 7673:Pluralism 7664:Platonism 7615:Modernism 7600:Logicians 7468:Cyrenaics 7429:Averroism 7369:Spiritism 7337:Rastafari 7252:Religions 7232:Socialism 7212:Reformism 7177:Masculism 7132:Globalism 7107:Extremism 7077:Communism 7042:Anarchism 7016:Reclusion 7011:Pessimism 6993:Attitudes 6916:Suffering 6879:Sexuality 6869:Reverence 6859:Qualities 6778:religious 6758:Judgement 6738:Happiness 6702:Étiquette 6692:Eroticism 6680:Aesthetic 6663:religious 6658:emotional 6648:Economics 6579:Aesthetic 6541:Teleology 6485:political 6446:Mythology 6411:Illusions 6386:Free will 6372:Existence 6367:Evolution 6341:existence 6324:religious 6319:Cosmology 6314:Cosmogony 6292:Causality 6282:Afterlife 6230:Tradition 6225:Testimony 6203:Reasoning 6163:Intuition 6129:anecdotal 6087:Knowledge 6062:Stigmergy 6047:Sociology 5846:Emergence 5585:Calendars 5381:Euphemism 5369:religious 5364:Education 5197:Homophily 5150:Cognitive 4999:Lifestyle 4897:Worldview 4810:144931651 4690:CiteSeerX 4562:143739215 4505:144646491 4409:153431326 4322:154638062 4247:121708702 4145:146998430 3983:0749-5978 3910:142800037 3890:Sex Roles 3800:121708702 3751:143511229 3735:0020-8183 3685:148853481 3677:0260-2105 3638:2057-3170 3596:144726807 3588:0002-7642 3299:246017181 3291:0002-9602 3252:145292798 3065:CiteSeerX 2915:258144948 2889:2513-843X 2635:0899-8256 2609:: 59–72. 2546:145545535 2538:1354-0661 2450:143721778 2442:1354-0661 2345:153823271 2329:0010-1958 2288:Sociology 2234:0895-3309 2193:0731-1214 2029:225435025 2021:0360-0572 1914:ignored ( 1779:0002-9602 1719:1745-6916 1662:145661726 1646:0020-8183 1580:0020-8183 1512:0020-8183 1471:1941-1383 1355:154368865 1339:0020-8183 1288:228807152 1154:Biography 1052:Etiquette 940:Intensity 817:Signaling 753:longevity 622:Karl Marx 604:Sociology 474:honorable 409:co-worker 407:or other 325:community 310:Ljubljana 119:reactions 10015:Folklore 9697:Dyssemia 9543:Intimacy 9463:Emoticon 9372:Loudness 9302:Laughter 9238:Kinesics 9229:Blushing 9222:Physical 9156:Category 9068:Axiology 9056:See also 8847:Voegelin 8837:Spengler 8812:Shariati 8767:Nussbaum 8752:Maritain 8712:Irigaray 8692:Habermas 8657:Foucault 8642:Durkheim 8544:Voltaire 8509:de Staël 8484:Rousseau 8409:Franklin 8270:Muhammad 8255:Gelasius 8240:Avempace 8223:Medieval 8199:Polybius 8194:Plutarch 7960:Morality 7935:Ideology 7923:Identity 7832:Concepts 7746:Stoicism 7649:Nihilism 7595:Legalism 7590:Kokugaku 7556:Idealism 7547:Humanism 7518:Hedonism 7508:Fatalism 7483:Eleatics 7463:Cynicism 7379:Tenrikyo 7302:Hinduism 7270:Caodaism 7265:Buddhism 7242:Veganism 7197:Pacifism 7162:Islamism 7122:Feminism 7006:Optimism 6982:Examples 6931:Theodicy 6921:Sympathy 6817:Morality 6675:Emotions 6670:Elegance 6598:Autonomy 6593:Altruism 6546:Theology 6475:Ontology 6441:Miracles 6297:Concepts 6277:Ætiology 6252:criteria 6235:folklore 6124:Evidence 5940:Mob rule 5931:Lynching 5691:Marriage 5669:cultural 5647:Holidays 5633:Funerals 5628:Families 5610:Doctrine 5573:cultural 5505:Rhetoric 5324:Charisma 5299:Argument 5294:Activism 5182:Cultural 5130:Academic 5063:Schemata 5033:Paradigm 5008:Memeplex 4989:Ideology 4979:factoids 4767:19200458 4759:17576283 4720:24004422 4663:Archived 4370:Archived 4358:26192593 4276:85439929 4181:22380365 4065:(1984). 3945:44961884 3860:19200458 3852:17576283 3755:Archived 3689:Archived 3477:54711044 3303:Archived 3197:Archived 3146:30104369 3087:10783035 3042:12380852 3000:18213113 2992:12518968 2907:37587937 2898:10426015 2823:13542706 2763:Archived 2721:52525302 2577:Archived 2492:Archived 2454:Archived 2384:Archived 2085:13026974 2033:Archived 1960:Archived 1845:Archived 1807:Archived 1803:27377450 1795:14269217 1737:31697614 1666:Archived 1600:Archived 1596:10950888 1414:Archived 1359:Archived 1313:(1997). 1202:Politics 1166:Clothing 1072:Morality 1067:Ideology 1020:See also 978:rational 931:. Label 906:Figure 1 693:Cialdini 578:cultural 511:Behavior 345:criminal 317:Deviance 306:graffiti 175:othering 9951:Subtext 9872:Passive 9841:Related 9432:Habitus 9377:Prosody 9329:Posture 9270:Gesture 8897:(44 BC) 8827:Sombart 8822:Skinner 8807:Scruton 8787:Polanyi 8762:Niebuhr 8747:Marcuse 8682:Gramsci 8677:Gentile 8637:Du Bois 8627:Deleuze 8597:Benoist 8567:Agamben 8524:Thoreau 8514:Stirner 8504:Spencer 8454:Le Play 8404:Fourier 8389:Emerson 8374:Carlyle 8359:Bentham 8336:Müntzer 8306:Erasmus 8280:Plethon 8275:Photios 8235:Aquinas 8169:Mencius 8137:Ancient 8070:Schools 7950:Loyalty 7908:History 7896:Counter 7891:Culture 7859:Customs 7775:Yangism 7760:Thomism 7736:Sophism 7478:Dualism 7439:Cārvāka 7424:Atomism 7364:Sikhism 7354:Atheism 7322:Judaism 7317:Jainism 7307:Hòa Hảo 7117:Fascism 6946:Virtues 6785:Liberty 6763:Justice 6743:Harmony 6653:Ecstasy 6638:Disgust 6628:Consent 6588:Charity 6521:Reality 6504:Physics 6396:History 6377:Fiction 6362:Nothing 6348:Destiny 6336:Deities 6151:fideism 6117:outline 5960:Mobbing 5756:Worship 5746:Symbols 5728:Rituals 5721:secular 5686:Liturgy 5652:Hygiene 5623:Slavery 5619:Serfdom 5560:Culture 5111:Aspects 5023:Mindset 4984:Framing 4942:Context 4923:Beliefs 4842:(ed.). 4712:8433272 4659:1600068 4598:8796947 4533:2657332 4469:7706059 4366:2901235 4137:2088418 4040:Scholia 3743:3078657 3524:7867498 3469:3594706 3137:6431171 3114:Bibcode 2873:: e11. 2713:2392667 2337:1123430 1787:2774978 1728:6970459 1654:3078659 1588:2601361 1520:2601286 1347:2703951 1178:Society 1140:Portals 616:of the 526:bulimia 497:hunting 439:leaders 427:teacher 385:disobey 360:culture 339:. Yet, 329:society 285:scripts 112:will be 9925:Tadoma 9670:Autism 9625:Unsaid 9590:Nunchi 9467:Smiley 9387:Stress 9382:Rhythm 9352:Affect 9344:Speech 9088:Ethics 9047:(2010) 9037:(1991) 9027:(1990) 9017:(1987) 9007:(1987) 8997:(1979) 8987:(1976) 8977:(1967) 8967:(1964) 8957:(1949) 8947:(1935) 8937:(1930) 8917:(1756) 8907:(1486) 8852:Walzer 8842:Taylor 8832:Sowell 8817:Simmel 8782:Pareto 8777:Ortega 8687:Guénon 8672:Gehlen 8667:Gandhi 8622:Debord 8607:Butler 8602:Berlin 8592:Bauman 8582:Badiou 8572:Arendt 8562:Adorno 8494:Ruskin 8449:Le Bon 8424:Herder 8399:Fichte 8394:Engels 8364:Bonald 8354:Arnold 8326:Milton 8321:Luther 8301:Calvin 8179:Origen 8149:Cicero 8109:Social 8045:Family 8040:Values 8001:Rights 7965:Public 7913:Honour 7844:Anomie 7839:Agency 7629:Monism 7624:Mohism 7576:Ionian 7542:Holism 7374:Taoism 7359:Shinto 7260:Baháʼí 6906:Styles 6884:ethics 6874:Rights 6822:public 6807:Maxims 6748:Honour 6697:Ethics 6613:Comedy 6603:Beauty 6531:Spirit 6463:Nature 6436:Matter 6391:Future 6173:Memory 6158:Gnosis 6095:Axioms 6025:animal 5906:Holism 5794:animal 5657:ritual 5637:Burial 5578:social 5483:forced 5374:values 5274:ethnic 5145:Belief 5122:Biases 5088:Umwelt 4808: 4765: 4757: 4718: 4710: 4692: 4657: 4596: 4560: 4531: 4503: 4467: 4407: 4364: 4356: 4320: 4274: 4245: 4179: 4143: 4135: 4077: 4042:has a 3981: 3943: 3933: 3908: 3858: 3850: 3798: 3749: 3741: 3733: 3683: 3675: 3636: 3594: 3586: 3545: 3522: 3475: 3467: 3406: 3396: 3345: 3297: 3289: 3250: 3195:: 68. 3144: 3134: 3085: 3067: 3040: 2998: 2990: 2948: 2913: 2905: 2895: 2887: 2821: 2755: 2719: 2711: 2673:258231 2671: 2633: 2569: 2544: 2536: 2484: 2448: 2440: 2378: 2368: 2343: 2335: 2327: 2232: 2191: 2148: 2123: 2113: 2083: 2073: 2027: 2019: 1954: 1944: 1892: 1837: 1801: 1793: 1785: 1777: 1735: 1725: 1717: 1660: 1652: 1644: 1594: 1586: 1578: 1518: 1510: 1469: 1408: 1398: 1353: 1345: 1337: 1286: 1027:Anomie 986:stable 944:affect 843:should 839:litter 834:should 499:; and 458:ethics 372:judged 179:incest 135:effect 107:to be" 76:sports 9456:Other 8885:Works 8872:Žižek 8857:Weber 8797:Röpke 8757:Negri 8737:Lasch 8707:Hoppe 8662:Fromm 8652:Evola 8632:Dewey 8612:Camus 8519:Taine 8499:Smith 8489:Royce 8479:Renan 8414:Hegel 8379:Comte 8369:Burke 8316:Locke 8250:Dante 8245:Bruni 8214:Xunzi 8189:Plato 8184:Philo 8164:Laozi 7972:Mores 7884:Multi 7874:Inter 7312:Islam 6950:Vices 6936:Trust 6926:Taboo 6839:Piety 6834:Peace 6729:Guilt 6566:Value 6526:Souls 6431:Magic 6401:Ideas 6242:Truth 6213:logic 6146:Faith 5826:Cults 5741:Caste 5701:Oaths 5642:Games 5212:Media 5028:Norms 5004:Memes 4975:Facts 4838:. In 4806:S2CID 4763:S2CID 4716:S2CID 4655:JSTOR 4605:(PDF) 4594:S2CID 4574:(PDF) 4558:S2CID 4529:JSTOR 4501:S2CID 4476:(PDF) 4465:S2CID 4445:(PDF) 4405:S2CID 4373:(PDF) 4362:S2CID 4334:(PDF) 4318:S2CID 4272:S2CID 4243:S2CID 4177:S2CID 4141:S2CID 4133:JSTOR 4044:topic 3906:S2CID 3856:S2CID 3818:(PDF) 3796:S2CID 3747:S2CID 3739:JSTOR 3681:S2CID 3592:S2CID 3520:S2CID 3473:S2CID 3465:JSTOR 3295:S2CID 3248:S2CID 3083:S2CID 3007:(PDF) 2996:S2CID 2968:(PDF) 2911:S2CID 2717:S2CID 2709:JSTOR 2669:JSTOR 2542:S2CID 2446:S2CID 2376:JSTOR 2341:S2CID 2333:JSTOR 2305:(PDF) 2081:S2CID 2025:S2CID 1952:JSTOR 1799:S2CID 1783:JSTOR 1658:S2CID 1650:JSTOR 1592:S2CID 1584:JSTOR 1516:JSTOR 1406:JSTOR 1351:S2CID 1343:JSTOR 1284:S2CID 1132:Taboo 1077:Mores 699:Types 626:roles 454:guilt 105:ought 44:ought 29:rules 9941:Mime 9392:Tone 9275:List 8867:Zinn 8862:Weil 8732:Land 8717:Kirk 8577:Aron 8534:Vico 8474:Owen 8464:Mill 8459:Marx 8439:Kant 8429:Hume 8174:Mozi 7879:Mono 6948:and 6797:Love 6643:Duty 6551:Time 5711:Play 5155:list 4977:and 4755:PMID 4708:PMID 4354:PMID 4218:link 4075:ISBN 3979:ISSN 3941:OCLC 3931:ISBN 3848:PMID 3731:ISSN 3673:ISSN 3634:ISSN 3584:ISSN 3543:ISBN 3484:2024 3404:OCLC 3394:ISBN 3343:ISBN 3287:ISSN 3142:PMID 3038:PMID 2988:PMID 2950:5412 2946:SSRN 2903:PMID 2885:ISSN 2819:PMID 2753:ISBN 2631:ISSN 2567:ISBN 2534:ISSN 2482:ISBN 2438:ISSN 2366:ISBN 2325:ISSN 2230:ISSN 2189:ISSN 2146:ISBN 2121:OCLC 2111:ISBN 2071:ISBN 2017:ISSN 1942:ISBN 1916:help 1890:ISBN 1835:ISBN 1791:PMID 1775:ISSN 1733:PMID 1715:ISSN 1642:ISSN 1576:ISSN 1508:ISSN 1467:ISSN 1396:ISBN 1335:ISSN 765:The 758:The 751:The 744:The 709:and 612:For 403:, a 141:and 129:and 50:and 33:laws 31:and 8697:Han 8647:Eco 6891:Sin 6768:Law 5073:Set 4798:doi 4794:104 4745:hdl 4737:doi 4700:doi 4647:doi 4622:doi 4586:doi 4550:doi 4493:doi 4489:100 4457:doi 4397:doi 4393:102 4346:doi 4308:hdl 4300:doi 4264:doi 4235:doi 4198:doi 4169:doi 4125:doi 3971:doi 3898:doi 3838:hdl 3830:doi 3788:doi 3723:doi 3665:doi 3626:doi 3576:doi 3512:doi 3457:doi 3279:doi 3275:127 3240:doi 3132:PMC 3122:doi 3110:116 3075:doi 3030:doi 2980:doi 2938:doi 2893:PMC 2875:doi 2811:doi 2701:doi 2661:doi 2621:hdl 2611:doi 2607:132 2526:doi 2430:doi 2317:doi 2220:doi 2179:doi 2063:doi 2009:doi 1882:doi 1767:doi 1723:PMC 1707:doi 1634:doi 1568:doi 1498:doi 1457:doi 1327:doi 1274:doi 1243:doi 904:in 871:i , 507:." 327:or 308:in 9986:: 9727:/ 9465:/ 9236:/ 7753:/ 7719:/ 7700:/ 7666:/ 7617:/ 7583:/ 7549:/ 7535:/ 7451:/ 7352:/ 7348:/ 7344:/ 6731:/ 6586:/ 6379:/ 6360:/ 5938:/ 5739:/ 5735:/ 5635:/ 5621:/ 5617:/ 5006:/ 4968:/ 4964:/ 4930:/ 4921:/ 4804:. 4792:. 4761:. 4753:. 4743:. 4733:18 4731:. 4714:. 4706:. 4698:. 4686:64 4684:. 4661:. 4653:. 4643:63 4641:. 4637:. 4618:21 4616:. 4592:. 4582:44 4580:. 4576:. 4556:. 4546:77 4544:. 4525:63 4523:. 4499:. 4487:. 4463:. 4453:80 4451:. 4447:. 4403:. 4391:. 4368:. 4360:. 4352:. 4342:13 4340:. 4336:. 4316:. 4306:. 4294:. 4270:. 4260:26 4258:. 4241:. 4231:72 4229:. 4214:}} 4210:{{ 4192:. 4175:. 4165:92 4163:. 4139:. 4131:. 4121:21 4119:. 4101:71 4099:. 4012:^ 3977:. 3967:50 3965:. 3961:. 3939:. 3904:. 3894:44 3892:. 3880:^ 3868:^ 3854:. 3846:. 3836:. 3826:18 3824:. 3820:. 3794:. 3784:72 3782:. 3770:^ 3753:. 3745:. 3737:. 3729:. 3719:55 3717:. 3713:. 3687:. 3679:. 3671:. 3661:44 3659:. 3655:. 3632:. 3620:. 3616:. 3604:^ 3590:. 3582:. 3572:53 3570:. 3566:. 3518:. 3508:58 3506:. 3492:^ 3471:. 3463:. 3453:17 3451:. 3447:. 3402:. 3368:^ 3333:^ 3318:^ 3301:. 3293:. 3285:. 3273:. 3269:. 3246:. 3236:23 3234:. 3193:78 3191:. 3187:. 3154:^ 3140:. 3130:. 3120:. 3108:. 3104:. 3081:. 3073:. 3061:71 3059:. 3036:. 3026:63 3024:. 2994:. 2986:. 2976:84 2974:. 2970:. 2944:. 2934:10 2932:. 2909:. 2901:. 2891:. 2883:. 2869:. 2865:. 2817:. 2807:65 2805:. 2791:^ 2761:. 2715:. 2707:. 2697:30 2695:. 2681:^ 2667:. 2655:. 2643:^ 2629:. 2619:. 2605:. 2601:. 2575:. 2540:. 2532:. 2522:18 2520:. 2516:. 2490:. 2452:. 2444:. 2436:. 2426:14 2424:. 2420:. 2382:. 2374:. 2339:. 2331:. 2323:. 2313:96 2311:. 2307:. 2242:^ 2228:. 2214:. 2210:. 2187:. 2175:64 2173:. 2169:. 2119:. 2079:, 2069:, 2057:, 2031:. 2023:. 2015:. 2005:46 2003:. 1999:. 1975:^ 1958:. 1950:. 1924:^ 1908:: 1906:}} 1902:{{ 1888:. 1880:. 1860:^ 1843:. 1805:. 1797:. 1789:. 1781:. 1773:. 1763:70 1761:. 1757:. 1745:^ 1731:. 1721:. 1713:. 1703:15 1701:. 1697:. 1681:^ 1664:. 1656:. 1648:. 1640:. 1630:55 1628:. 1624:. 1598:. 1590:. 1582:. 1574:. 1564:52 1562:. 1558:. 1528:^ 1514:. 1506:. 1494:53 1492:. 1488:. 1465:. 1451:. 1447:. 1429:^ 1412:. 1404:. 1374:^ 1357:. 1349:. 1341:. 1333:. 1323:51 1321:. 1317:. 1296:^ 1282:. 1270:20 1268:. 1264:. 1239:15 1237:. 636:. 592:. 355:. 177:; 19:A 9190:e 9183:t 9176:v 7817:e 7810:t 7803:v 4889:e 4882:t 4875:v 4848:. 4812:. 4800:: 4769:. 4747:: 4739:: 4722:. 4702:: 4672:. 4649:: 4628:. 4624:: 4588:: 4564:. 4552:: 4535:. 4507:. 4495:: 4459:: 4411:. 4399:: 4348:: 4324:. 4310:: 4302:: 4296:3 4278:. 4266:: 4249:. 4237:: 4220:) 4200:: 4194:4 4183:. 4171:: 4147:. 4127:: 4083:. 4054:. 3985:. 3973:: 3947:. 3912:. 3900:: 3862:. 3840:: 3832:: 3802:. 3790:: 3764:. 3725:: 3698:. 3667:: 3640:. 3628:: 3622:4 3598:. 3578:: 3551:. 3526:. 3514:: 3486:. 3459:: 3410:. 3362:. 3312:. 3281:: 3254:. 3242:: 3206:. 3148:. 3124:: 3116:: 3089:. 3077:: 3044:. 3032:: 2982:: 2952:. 2940:: 2917:. 2877:: 2871:5 2825:. 2813:: 2772:. 2723:. 2703:: 2675:. 2663:: 2657:9 2637:. 2623:: 2613:: 2586:. 2548:. 2528:: 2501:. 2463:. 2432:: 2393:. 2347:. 2319:: 2236:. 2222:: 2216:3 2195:. 2181:: 2154:. 2127:. 2065:: 2042:. 2011:: 1969:. 1918:) 1898:. 1884:: 1854:. 1816:. 1769:: 1739:. 1709:: 1675:. 1636:: 1609:. 1570:: 1522:. 1500:: 1473:. 1459:: 1453:7 1423:. 1368:. 1329:: 1290:. 1276:: 1249:. 1245:: 1142:: 933:d 922:c 910:b 902:a 869:m 867:i 865:n 651:( 114:"

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index