1101:: “To him, all instances of censorship betray that fundamental goal. That is why he saw fit to poke at NASA’s censorship in 1986, first in projects called Poetica Vaginal and Microvenus. For the first, he built a vaginal detector to record contractions in a group of ballerinas’ vaginas, then used an MIT radar dish to beam that data to two distant star systems for 15 minutes, before the U.S. Air Force shut him down. For the second, he programmed a 47 base pair sequence into a bacteria species that, when decoded in the right way, formed a runic symbol for Mother Earth that also resembles the Pioneer plaque’s omitted vulva and jokingly proposed releasing the species into space.”
652:
engraving. Furthermore, Carl Sagan said that Linda Sagan intended to portray both the man and woman as having brown hair, but the hair being only outlined, rather than being both outlined and shaded made their hair appear blonde instead. Other people had different interpretations of the race of people depicted by the figures. White people, black people and East Asian people each tended to think that the figures resembled their own racial group, so, although some people were proud that their race appeared to have been selected to represent all of humankind, others viewed the figures as "terribly racist" for "the apparently blatant exclusion" of other races.
656:
there were many negative reactions to the plaque because the human beings were displayed naked. When images of the final design were published in
American newspapers, one newspaper published the image with the man's genitalia removed and another newspaper published the image with both the man's genitalia and the woman's nipples removed. In one letter to a newspaper, a person angrily wrote that they felt that the nudity of the images made the images obscene. In contrast, in another letter to the same newspaper, a person was critical of the
2895:
486:
604:
262:
325:
4945:
4444:
2756:
409:
2768:
39:
25:
4971:
4456:
651:
to resemble East Asian people. In the original drawing, the man was drawn with an "Afro" haircut, so an additional
African physical trait would be included in the man to make the figures look more panracial, but that detail was changed to a "non-African Mediterranean-curly haircut" in the finished
642:
said that sexual bias is exhibited by the decision to have the man in the diagram perform the raised hand gesture to greet the extraterrestrials while the woman in the diagram has her hands at her sides. Feminists also took issue with this choice for the same reason. To appease these criticisms, a
655:
Linda Sagan decided to make the figures nude to address the problem of the type of clothes they should wear to represent all of humanity and to make the figures more anatomically educational for extraterrestrials, but some viewed their nudity as pornographic. According to astronomer Frank Drake,
339:
On the right side of the plaque, a nude man and woman are shown in front of the spacecraft. Between the brackets that indicate the height of the woman, the binary representation of the number 8 can be seen (1000). In units of the wavelength of the hyperfine transition of hydrogen this means 8 Ă—
382:
is shown. It has been claimed that Sagan, having little time to complete the plaque, suspected that NASA would have rejected a more intricate drawing and therefore made a compromise just to be safe. Sagan said that the decision to not include the vertical line on the woman's genitalia
466:
The data for one of the pulsars is misleading. When the plaque was designed, the frequency of pulsar "1240" (now known as J1243-6423) was known to only three significant decimal digits: 0.388 second. The map lists the period of this pulsar in binary to much greater precision:
347:
on the original. It probably dates back to a printing error in the original article "A Message from Earth" which is the primary source for many of the copies of the engraving. In the replicas from the 2017 Kickstarter campaign mentioned above the delineation is correct.
391:
was due to two reasons. First, Greek sculptures of women do not include that line. Second, Sagan believed that a design with such an explicit depiction of a woman's genitalia would be considered too obscene to be approved by NASA. According to the memoirs of
646:
Carl Sagan regretted that the figures in the finished engraving failed to look panracial. Although this was the intent, the final figures were criticized for looking too white. Both had broad and flattened noses, and the woman was given
467:
100000110110010110001001111000. Rounding this off at about 10 significant bits (100000110100000000000000000000) would have provided a hint of this uncertainty. This pulsar is represented by the long line pointing down and to the right.
3174:
458:
If the plaque is found, only some of the pulsars may be visible from the location of its discovery. Showing the location with as many as 14 pulsars provides redundancy so that the location of the origin can be
732:
The writer is being sarcastic in second quotation on page 25. Using sarcasm, the writer is mocking the prudishness which led to the censorship of the woman's vulva rather than supporting the censorship.
635:
criticized the use of an arrow because arrows are an artifact of hunter-gatherer societies like those on Earth; finders with a different cultural heritage may find the arrow symbol meaningless.
3799:
3156:
362:
Originally Sagan intended the humans to be shown holding hands, but soon realized that an extraterrestrial might perceive them as a single creature rather than two organisms.
400:, and this line was erased as a condition for approval of the design by John Naugle, former head of NASA's Office of Space Science and the agency's former chief scientist.
312:
of 21.106 centimetres (8.309 in) (which is also the distance the light travels in that time period). Below the symbol, the small vertical line—representing the
1232:
3180:
105:. The plaques show the nude figures of a human male and female along with several symbols that are designed to provide information about the origin of the spacecraft.
627:
One of the parts of the diagram that is among the easiest for humans to understand may be among the hardest for potential extraterrestrial finders to understand: the
2699:
660:
of the people who found depictions of nudity to be obscene. There have also been criticisms of the censorship of the female figure's genitals. Scientist and artist
3202:
470:
The fifteenth line on the plaque extends to the far right, behind the human figures. This line indicates the Sun's relative distance to the center of the galaxy.
2442:
4866:
4575:
3621:
552:
were unknown when the plaque was designed; however, unlike Saturn, the ring systems on these planets are not so easily visible and apparent as Saturn's.
316:
digit 1—specifies a unit of length (21 cm) as well as a unit of time (0.7 ns). Both units are used as measurements in the other symbols.
117:
5006:
4329:
1822:
1812:
892:
2545:
2109:
1268:
687:
3313:
2500:
1521:
2114:
866:
4394:
4319:
3806:
3150:
3063:
4871:
4100:
4076:
3102:
2417:
4022:
3435:
1732:
208:
In May 2017, a limited edition of 200 replicas engraved from the original master design at
Precision Engravers was made available in a
4110:
4029:
2805:
351:
The right hand of the man is raised as a sign of good will. Although this gesture may not be understood, it offers a way to show the
4569:
4105:
2550:
2159:
1827:
702:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
4414:
4147:
2194:
1964:
4908:
4687:
3291:
3286:
1240:
4744:
4655:
4541:
3992:
3430:
3162:
1865:
1432:
1384:
1363:
1339:
1257:
1181:
1152:
1128:
796:
4494:
4389:
4196:
3719:
1817:
1802:
1562:
3972:
3946:
3902:
2566:
2493:
1792:
1767:
1514:
4206:
3108:
2427:
2270:
1797:
281:
4062:
3982:
3616:
3080:
1807:
1403:
840:
4409:
4357:
4115:
3702:
3611:
3318:
3301:
3056:
2364:
1959:
1138:
557:
396:, however, the original design that was presented to NASA headquarters included a line which indicated the woman's
3576:
440:, using the hydrogen spin-flip transition frequency as the unit. Since these periods will change over time, the
5026:
5011:
5001:
4189:
4179:
3877:
2759:
2486:
1949:
1507:
3120:
4382:
3222:
3217:
2798:
2677:
2576:
2214:
2082:
1891:
1782:
4779:
4045:
3914:
3168:
3138:
2894:
2402:
2275:
1772:
144:
The original idea, that the
Pioneer spacecraft should carry a message from mankind, was first mentioned by
4752:
4399:
4346:
4309:
4268:
4162:
3867:
3847:
3762:
3586:
3325:
3271:
3049:
2940:
2260:
1984:
5031:
4961:
4201:
4142:
4017:
3929:
3659:
3525:
2509:
2334:
2052:
1974:
1458:
4856:
4736:
4547:
4239:
4157:
4152:
3826:
3281:
3239:
1919:
1727:
149:
4991:
4607:
4487:
4352:
4276:
3550:
3126:
2980:
2791:
2528:
2092:
4760:
4671:
4527:
4184:
4121:
4096:
3941:
3794:
3729:
3440:
3401:
3360:
3261:
1787:
222:
1194:(1983). "The Image and the Eye: Further Studies in the Psychology of Pictorial Representation".
5016:
4424:
4367:
3889:
3872:
3818:
3781:
3581:
3555:
3510:
3266:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2344:
2319:
2309:
2149:
2028:
1832:
1757:
643:
second illustration of a similar couple was provided, with the woman raising her hand instead.
191:
5021:
4787:
4679:
4639:
4599:
4564:
4537:
4459:
4372:
4362:
4304:
4174:
4169:
4010:
3675:
3637:
3606:
3515:
3414:
3396:
3296:
2975:
2970:
2720:
2647:
2616:
2447:
2349:
2174:
2067:
1902:
1837:
1530:
1353:
786:
708:
474:
313:
301:
164:, who had lectured about communication with intelligent extraterrestrials at a conference in
102:
668:
project wherein he used an MIT radar dish to transmit the recordings of a vaginal detector.
4996:
4887:
4663:
4002:
3505:
3390:
3308:
3276:
3212:
3207:
2571:
2538:
2437:
2324:
2314:
2285:
2102:
1997:
1289:
639:
429:
273:
153:
71:
343:
The small defect in the first zero is only in reproductions of the plaque (like here) and
8:
4948:
4914:
4821:
4631:
4615:
4480:
4289:
4255:
3786:
3767:
3356:
3144:
3018:
2667:
2533:
2250:
2097:
2077:
2023:
1989:
1884:
1556:
1544:
565:
180:
1293:
171:
Sagan was enthusiastic about the idea of sending a message with the
Pioneer spacecraft.
4975:
4930:
4086:
3664:
3571:
3545:
3485:
3469:
3445:
2372:
2229:
2179:
1969:
1897:
1464:
1219:
1163:
661:
4892:
4050:
3934:
3894:
3854:
3774:
3734:
3601:
3591:
3339:
2767:
2652:
2005:
1875:
1574:
1568:
1428:
1409:
1399:
1380:
1359:
1335:
1313:
1305:
1253:
1211:
1177:
1148:
1124:
1117:
792:
441:
393:
366:
1852:
1398:. Vol. 2, Mimesis, semiosis, and power. Philadelphia; Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.
432:. Fourteen of the lines have corresponding long binary numbers, which stand for the
428:
The radial pattern on the left of the plaque shows 15 lines emanating from the same
16:
Plaques on the
Pioneer 10 and 11 space probes with pictorial messages about humanity
4861:
4623:
4283:
3924:
3535:
3386:
3114:
3093:
2740:
2710:
2642:
2611:
2601:
2452:
2392:
2339:
2245:
2219:
2119:
1696:
1550:
1297:
1203:
1169:
592:
183:, who was Sagan's wife at the time. Additional artistic contributions were made by
451:. A tick mark at the end of each line gives the Z coordinate perpendicular to the
4897:
4706:
4532:
4262:
4232:
3695:
3669:
3596:
3520:
3495:
3490:
3450:
3366:
3025:
2814:
2725:
2672:
2586:
2581:
2467:
2457:
2280:
2139:
2124:
2087:
2072:
2018:
1944:
1637:
1422:
1374:
1329:
1301:
1142:
697:
682:
648:
619:
so that the size of the human beings can be deduced by measuring the spacecraft.
616:
533:
would also greatly influence its future direction and destination as compared to
352:
125:
175:
agreed to the plan and gave him three weeks to prepare a message. Together with
4419:
4056:
3742:
3540:
3530:
3376:
3371:
3229:
2715:
2693:
2354:
2255:
2184:
2010:
1908:
1645:
1191:
893:"Send aliens modern messages of Earth's equality and diversity, say scientists"
677:
632:
628:
541:
452:
384:
356:
2478:
1449:
485:
4985:
4809:
4556:
4447:
4429:
4324:
4314:
4246:
4091:
3724:
3455:
3234:
2730:
2300:
2265:
2224:
1747:
1737:
1610:
1580:
1413:
1309:
1215:
460:
289:
603:
4815:
4647:
4517:
4294:
3861:
3003:
2876:
2871:
2771:
2705:
2462:
2407:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2329:
2204:
2144:
1777:
1742:
1317:
692:
561:
490:
447:
The lengths of the lines show the relative distances of the pulsars to the
388:
145:
121:
1173:
1119:
Captured by Aliens: The Search for Life and Truth in a Very Large
Universe
568:, are not depicted, as they were unknown at the time the plaque was made.
540:
Saturn's rings could give a further hint to identifying the Solar System.
261:
4839:
3256:
3132:
3013:
2866:
2861:
2735:
2657:
2632:
2591:
2523:
2397:
2062:
1870:
1688:
1680:
1586:
501:
of the Solar System. A small picture of the spacecraft is shown, and the
209:
184:
176:
1499:
556:
was considered to be a planet when the plaque was designed; in 2006 the
324:
4902:
4833:
4827:
4503:
3987:
3689:
3682:
3197:
3008:
2953:
2946:
2662:
2637:
2412:
2290:
2209:
1653:
1349:
1325:
612:
607:
Silhouette of the
Pioneer spacecraft relative to the size of the humans
502:
473:
The pulsar map and hydrogen atom diagram are shared in common with the
378:
309:
305:
161:
133:
86:
82:
76:
46:
1223:
812:
595:'s orbit. Rather than the familiar "1" and "0", "I" and "–" are used.
4404:
4377:
4225:
4137:
3997:
3966:
3959:
3756:
3654:
3408:
3030:
2881:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2828:
2432:
2169:
2164:
1979:
1954:
1661:
1165:
Imagining Outer Space: European
Astroculture in the Twentieth Century
433:
408:
373:
293:
241:
225:
157:
90:
813:"Plaque Engraving, Sign Engraving - Precision Engravers, San Carlos"
753:
751:
749:
38:
2596:
2154:
2129:
2041:
2034:
1929:
1860:
1396:
Mimesis in contemporary theory : an interdisciplinary approach
1280:
Sagan, C.; Sagan, L. S.; Drake, F. (1972). "A Message from Earth".
1207:
1017:
285:
277:
272:
At the top left of the plaque is a schematic representation of the
266:
68:
65:
24:
2783:
3919:
3909:
3812:
3251:
1939:
1914:
1618:
746:
549:
506:
498:
1162:
Geppert, Alexander C.T. (2012). Geppert, Alexander C. T. (ed.).
3953:
3884:
3381:
3246:
2422:
1934:
1842:
1355:
Carl Sagan's Cosmic
Connection: An Extraterrestrial Perspective
572:
545:
522:
437:
421:
417:
365:
The original drawings of the figures were based on drawings by
165:
1424:
The Depths of Space: The Story of the Pioneer Planetary Probes
525:
and from there it exited the Solar System. In this regard the
4472:
3977:
3750:
3714:
3709:
3500:
657:
553:
397:
333:
297:
129:
1465:
Reading the Pioneer/Voyager Pulsar Map (Wm. Robert Johnston)
788:
The Vinyl Frontier: The Story of NASA's Interstellar Mixtape
3072:
1704:
1269:"The Osborne 1, Zeke's New Friends, and Spelling Revisited"
763:
256:
172:
61:
995:
993:
956:
954:
2700:
Archaeology, Anthropology, and Interstellar Communication
966:
448:
413:
329:
179:
he designed the plaque, and the artwork was prepared by
3041:
1041:
1029:
990:
978:
951:
564:. Other large bodies classed as dwarf planets, such as
190:
Both plaques were manufactured at Precision Engravers,
1467:, updated 11 March 2003. Last accessed on 8 April 2006
1082:
1080:
1005:
212:
Campaign, which also offered laser-engraved replicas.
4959:
2443:
Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact
1372:
1023:
917:
915:
913:
867:"The Pioneer Plaque: Science as a Universal Language"
132:
in a position that would shield them from erosion by
4867:
Carl Sagan Award for Public Appreciation of Science
4576:
Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence
1373:Spangenburg, Ray; Moser, Kit; Moser, Diane (2004).
1077:
1065:
927:
575:show the relative distance to the Sun. The unit is
444:of the launch can be calculated from these values.
387:) which would be caused by the intersection of the
1451:Hans Mark: Origin Story of Carl Sagan's Plaque on
1233:"NASA's Fight to Protect Aliens From Naked Ladies"
1116:
910:
290:spin-flip transition of a hydrogen atom's electron
1823:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
1813:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
1331:Murmurs of Earth: the Voyager interstellar record
1053:
939:
463:even if only some of the pulsars are recognized.
4983:
2546:Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence
2110:Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence
688:Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence
537:, but this fact is not depicted in the plaques.
340:21 cm = 1.68 meters (5 ft 6 in).
124:. The plaques were attached to the spacecraft's
2508:
1471:
1279:
757:
615:of the Pioneer spacecraft is shown in the same
598:
517:have identical plaques; however, after launch,
319:
201:on March 2, 1972, and the second followed with
1358:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 22–25.
4488:
3057:
2799:
2494:
1515:
1394:Spariosu, Mihai (1991). Bogue, Ronald (ed.).
493:with the trajectory of the Pioneer spacecraft
403:
858:
780:
778:
611:Behind the figures of the human beings, the
4872:Carl Sagan Prize for Science Popularization
2418:History of the extraterrestrial life debate
2115:Gauss's Pythagorean right triangle proposal
1196:The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism
497:At the bottom of the plaque is a schematic
4495:
4481:
3436:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
3064:
3050:
2806:
2792:
2501:
2487:
1733:Planetary habitability in the Solar System
1522:
1508:
884:
834:
832:
529:plaque is inaccurate. The Saturn flyby of
4330:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images
1529:
1420:
1266:
1114:
1047:
1035:
999:
960:
864:
775:
769:
5007:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
4570:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
2551:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
2160:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
1828:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
1393:
1190:
1137:
984:
972:
933:
703:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
602:
484:
407:
323:
260:
257:Hyperfine transition of neutral hydrogen
4415:NASA International Space Apps Challenge
1965:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
1161:
1011:
890:
829:
571:The binary numbers above and below the
308:. Light at this frequency has a vacuum
4984:
4909:Pale Blue Dot: A Tribute to Carl Sagan
4688:The Varieties of Scientific Experience
3203:Administrator and Deputy Administrator
1247:
841:"Pioneer Plaque: a Message from Earth"
215:
116:spacecraft were the first human-built
30:The illustration on the Pioneer plaque
4745:God, the Universe and Everything Else
4476:
3993:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
3045:
2787:
2482:
1866:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
1503:
1348:
1324:
1086:
1071:
1059:
945:
921:
791:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 92.
784:
376:are not depicted in detail; only the
247:Mass: approx. 4.2 ounces (120 g)
237:Thickness: 0.05 inches (1.27 mm)
4455:
1818:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
1803:Habitability of neutron star systems
1563:Viking lander biological experiments
891:Barnett, David (10 September 2015).
2813:
2567:List of interstellar radio messages
1793:Habitability of binary star systems
1768:Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems
1230:
1098:
1024:Spangenburg, Moser & Moser 2004
865:Rosenthal, Jake (20 January 2016).
631:showing the trajectory of Pioneer.
197:The first plaque was launched with
74:that were placed on board the 1972
13:
3109:National Aeronautics and Space Act
2893:
2428:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
2271:Hypothetical types of biochemistry
1798:Habitability of natural satellites
1123:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
509:and out of the Solar System. Both
118:objects to achieve escape velocity
14:
5043:
4063:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
3617:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
1808:Habitability of red dwarf systems
1443:
785:Scott, Jonathan (21 March 2019).
664:protested the depiction with his
4969:
4944:
4943:
4454:
4443:
4442:
4358:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
4116:Space Flight Operations Facility
3302:Operations and Checkout Building
2766:
2755:
2754:
1960:Life Investigation For Enceladus
838:
265:Hyperfine transition of neutral
234:Height: 6 inches (152.4 mm)
37:
23:
3577:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
1461:– recording from 1994 interview
1267:Pournelle, Jerry (April 1982).
1092:
726:
480:
231:Width: 9 inches (228.6 mm)
4656:Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors
4502:
1950:Journey to Enceladus and Titan
1252:. Manchester: Carcanet Press.
1231:Hay, Mark (26 February 2020).
805:
244:: 0.015 inches (0.381 mm)
101:is intercepted by intelligent
1:
2083:Berkeley SETI Research Center
1783:Extraterrestrial liquid water
1472:Sagan, Sagan & Drake 1972
758:Sagan, Sagan & Drake 1972
714:
4395:Space program on U.S. stamps
4320:Gemini and Apollo medallions
4270:Solar System Family Portrait
4046:Joint Polar Satellite System
3915:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
3169:Vision for Space Exploration
3139:Space Exploration Initiative
2403:Extraterrestrials in fiction
2276:Interplanetary contamination
1773:Circumstellar habitable zone
1657:(unusual light fluctuations)
1649:(unusual light fluctuations)
1641:(unusual light fluctuations)
1427:. National Academies Press.
1302:10.1126/science.175.4024.881
740:
622:
599:Silhouette of the spacecraft
544:around the planets Jupiter,
320:Figures of a man and a woman
251:
7:
4898:Carl Sagan Memorial Station
4753:Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey
4390:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
4347:We choose to go to the Moon
4310:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
3868:International Space Station
3848:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
3587:Great Observatories program
3431:International Space Station
3409:Roscosmos State Corporation
3326:Science Mission Directorate
3272:Manned Space Flight Network
2510:Interstellar communications
2261:Extraterrestrial hypothesis
1144:The Art of Looking Sideways
817:www.precision-engravers.com
671:
10:
5050:
4207:NASA cameras on spacecraft
4018:James Webb Space Telescope
3930:Solar Dynamics Observatory
3151:U.S. National Space Policy
1975:Mars sample-return mission
1474:article is available here
1107:
424:with their periods denoted
404:Sun and galactic landmarks
139:
4939:
4923:
4880:
4857:Carl Sagan Memorial Award
4849:
4802:
4771:
4737:Cosmos: A Personal Voyage
4728:
4721:
4698:
4591:
4584:
4510:
4438:
4338:
4215:
4130:
4075:
4038:
3837:
3647:
3634:
3564:
3478:
3468:
3423:
3349:
3338:
3282:Vehicle Assembly Building
3190:
3089:
3079:
2991:
2963:
2905:
2891:
2821:
2749:
2686:
2625:
2559:
2516:
2363:
2299:
2238:
2193:
2051:
1851:
1756:
1728:Earliest known life forms
1720:
1673:
1630:
1603:
1596:
1537:
412:Relative position of the
300:, which corresponds to a
150:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
4608:Mars and the Mind of Man
4353:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
4277:The Day the Earth Smiled
3612:Solar Terrestrial Probes
3071:
2981:Pioneer Venus Multiprobe
2529:Breakthrough Initiatives
2093:Breakthrough Initiatives
1421:Wolverton, Mark (2004).
1115:Achenbach, Joel (1999).
719:
560:reclassified Pluto as a
4761:Cosmos: Possible Worlds
4672:The Demon-Haunted World
4528:Faint young Sun paradox
4410:Other primates in space
4122:Deep Space Atomic Clock
3942:Mars Science Laboratory
3730:Spitzer Space Telescope
3319:Lunar Sample Laboratory
3262:Launch Services Program
2197:extraterrestrial beings
1788:Galactic habitable zone
1376:Carl Sagan: A Biography
296:of about 1420.405
160:mission. He approached
44:The plaque attached to
4425:National Astronaut Day
4368:The Astronaut Monument
4190:Space Shuttle missions
3890:Mars Exploration Rover
3873:Hubble Space Telescope
3782:Kepler space telescope
3582:Earth Observing System
3556:Mars Exploration Rover
3267:Mercury Control Center
2899:
2345:Planetarium hypothesis
2335:Hart–Tipler conjecture
2320:Dark forest hypothesis
2310:Aestivation hypothesis
2029:Venus In Situ Explorer
1833:Planetary habitability
1622:(misidentified quasar)
1614:(misidentified pulsar)
1248:Morgan, Edwin (1997).
1168:. Palgrave Macmillan.
608:
521:was redirected toward
494:
425:
369:and Greek sculptures.
336:
269:
192:San Carlos, California
5027:Technology in society
5012:Interstellar messages
5002:Extraterrestrial life
4680:Billions and Billions
4640:The Cold and the Dark
4600:The Cosmic Connection
4565:The Planetary Society
4538:Voyager Golden Record
4373:Lunar sample displays
4363:Space Mirror Memorial
4305:Voyager Golden Record
4197:United States rockets
3389: (with the
3297:Launch Control Center
2976:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
2971:Pioneer Venus project
2897:
2721:Extraterrestrial life
2648:Sebastian von Hoerner
2617:Voyager Golden Record
2448:Post-detection policy
2350:Rare Earth hypothesis
2175:Voyager Golden Record
2068:Allen Telescope Array
1903:Enceladus Life Finder
1838:Superhabitable planet
1531:Extraterrestrial life
1174:10.1057/9780230361362
709:Voyager Golden Record
606:
488:
475:Voyager Golden Record
416:to the center of the
411:
327:
282:most abundant element
264:
103:extraterrestrial life
4888:Carl Sagan Institute
3391:Soviet space program
3309:Johnson Space Center
3277:Kennedy Space Center
3240:spinoff technologies
2898:Pioneer 11 at Saturn
2572:A Message from Earth
2539:Breakthrough Message
2438:Planetary protection
2325:Firstborn hypothesis
2315:Berserker hypothesis
2286:Mediocrity principle
2103:Breakthrough Message
1721:Life in the Universe
274:hyperfine transition
154:Pasadena, California
148:when he visited the
4915:Symphony of Science
4822:Linda Salzman Sagan
4616:The Dragons of Eden
4400:Apollo 17 Moon mice
4256:Pillars of Creation
4163:Space Shuttle crews
3641:(human and robotic)
3635:Individual featured
3218:Ranks and positions
3019:Linda Salzman Sagan
2668:Linda Salzman Sagan
2577:Across the Universe
2534:Breakthrough Listen
2251:Directed panspermia
2230:Reptilian humanoids
2098:Breakthrough Listen
2078:Arecibo Observatory
2024:Titan Mare Explorer
1597:Signals of interest
1557:Murchison meteorite
1545:Shergotty meteorite
1294:1972Sci...175..881S
1275:. pp. 212–240.
772:, pp. 212–240.
760:, pp. 881–884.
505:shows its way past
216:Physical properties
181:Linda Salzman Sagan
4931:900 Stewart Avenue
4202:NASA cancellations
4097:Deep Space Network
4087:Near Earth Network
3572:Living With a Star
3546:Project Prometheus
3526:Planetary Observer
2900:
2373:Ancient astronauts
1970:Mars Geyser Hopper
1898:Enceladus Explorer
1538:Events and objects
609:
495:
426:
337:
270:
205:on April 5, 1973.
5032:Message artifacts
4957:
4956:
4893:Sagan Planet Walk
4798:
4797:
4717:
4716:
4511:Scientific career
4470:
4469:
4383:stolen or missing
4180:uncrewed missions
4158:Apollo astronauts
4153:Gemini astronauts
4071:
4070:
3855:2001 Mars Odyssey
3630:
3629:
3506:Mars Surveyor '98
3464:
3463:
3407: (with
3340:Human spaceflight
3334:
3333:
3292:Launch Complex 48
3287:Launch Complex 39
3039:
3038:
2781:
2780:
2678:Aleksandr Zaitsev
2653:Nikolai Kardashev
2476:
2475:
2006:SpaceX Red Dragon
1921:Rosalind Franklin
1716:
1715:
1575:Allan Hills 84001
1569:Allan Hills 77005
1434:978-0-309-09050-6
1386:978-0-313-32265-5
1365:978-0-521-78303-3
1341:978-0-394-41047-0
1288:(4024): 881–884.
1259:978-1-857541-88-5
1183:978-0-230-23172-6
1154:978-0-7148-3449-8
1147:. Phaidon Press.
1130:978-0-684-84856-3
975:, pp. 85–89.
798:978-1-4729-5611-8
649:epicanthial folds
394:Robert S. Kraemer
367:Leonardo da Vinci
134:interstellar dust
93:, in case either
91:pictorial message
5039:
4974:
4973:
4972:
4965:
4947:
4946:
4862:Carl Sagan Medal
4764:(2020 TV series)
4756:(2014 TV series)
4740:(1980 TV series)
4726:
4725:
4589:
4588:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4474:
4473:
4458:
4457:
4446:
4445:
4284:Fallen Astronaut
3925:Van Allen Probes
3645:
3644:
3551:Mars Exploration
3476:
3475:
3347:
3346:
3115:Space Task Group
3087:
3086:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3043:
3042:
2877:Pioneer P-31 (Z)
2872:Pioneer P-30 (Y)
2808:
2801:
2794:
2785:
2784:
2770:
2758:
2757:
2741:San Marino Scale
2711:Astrolinguistics
2643:Hans Freudenthal
2612:Teen Age Message
2602:Hello from Earth
2503:
2496:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2453:San Marino Scale
2393:Brookings Report
2340:Neocatastrophism
2246:Cosmic pluralism
2220:Little green men
2195:Types of alleged
2120:Astrolinguistics
1709:
1701:
1700:(unknown origin)
1697:Fast radio burst
1693:
1685:
1666:
1665:(unknown origin)
1662:HD 164595 signal
1658:
1650:
1642:
1623:
1615:
1601:
1600:
1551:Nakhla meteorite
1524:
1517:
1510:
1501:
1500:
1455:
1438:
1417:
1390:
1369:
1345:
1334:. Random House.
1321:
1276:
1263:
1244:
1239:. Archived from
1227:
1187:
1158:
1134:
1122:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
988:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
949:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
908:
907:
905:
903:
888:
882:
881:
879:
877:
862:
856:
855:
853:
851:
836:
827:
826:
824:
823:
809:
803:
802:
782:
773:
767:
761:
755:
734:
730:
590:
588:
587:
584:
581:
41:
27:
5049:
5048:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5036:
4992:Pioneer program
4982:
4981:
4980:
4970:
4968:
4960:
4958:
4953:
4935:
4919:
4876:
4845:
4794:
4767:
4713:
4694:
4580:
4550:Family Portrait
4533:Cosmic Calendar
4506:
4501:
4471:
4466:
4434:
4334:
4325:Mission patches
4300:Pioneer plaques
4263:Mystic Mountain
4240:Family Portrait
4233:The Blue Marble
4217:
4211:
4185:Apollo missions
4126:
4078:
4067:
4034:
3839:
3833:
3670:Mercury-Atlas 6
3640:
3636:
3626:
3560:
3496:Mariner Mark II
3460:
3441:Commercial Crew
3419:
3342:
3330:
3314:Mission Control
3213:Astronaut Corps
3208:Chief Scientist
3186:
3091:
3075:
3070:
3040:
3035:
3026:Pioneer anomaly
2987:
2959:
2901:
2889:
2867:Pioneer P-3 (X)
2862:Pioneer P-1 (W)
2817:
2815:Pioneer program
2812:
2782:
2777:
2745:
2682:
2673:Iosif Shklovsky
2621:
2587:Bracewell probe
2582:Arecibo message
2555:
2512:
2507:
2477:
2472:
2468:Xenoarchaeology
2458:Technosignature
2359:
2295:
2281:Kardashev scale
2234:
2196:
2189:
2185:Xenolinguistics
2150:Project Phoenix
2140:Project Cyclops
2125:Lincos language
2088:Bracewell probe
2073:Arecibo message
2054:
2047:
1945:Icebreaker Life
1847:
1759:
1752:
1712:
1707:
1699:
1691:
1683:
1669:
1664:
1656:
1648:
1640:
1626:
1621:
1613:
1592:
1533:
1528:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1406:
1387:
1366:
1342:
1260:
1250:Collected Poems
1192:Gombrich, E. H.
1184:
1155:
1131:
1110:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1010:
1006:
998:
991:
983:
979:
971:
967:
959:
952:
944:
940:
932:
928:
920:
911:
901:
899:
889:
885:
875:
873:
863:
859:
849:
847:
845:Kickstarter.com
837:
830:
821:
819:
811:
810:
806:
799:
783:
776:
768:
764:
756:
747:
743:
738:
737:
731:
727:
722:
717:
698:Pioneer program
683:Arecibo message
674:
666:Poetica Vaginal
625:
601:
585:
582:
579:
578:
576:
483:
406:
353:opposable thumb
322:
280:, which is the
259:
254:
218:
142:
58:Pioneer plaques
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
42:
33:
32:
31:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5047:
5046:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4979:
4978:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4837:
4831:
4825:
4819:
4813:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4784:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4757:
4749:
4741:
4732:
4730:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4702:
4700:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4684:
4676:
4668:
4660:
4652:
4644:
4636:
4628:
4620:
4612:
4604:
4595:
4593:
4586:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4567:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4545:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4523:Pioneer plaque
4520:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4507:
4500:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4477:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4452:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4420:Astronauts Day
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4236:
4229:
4221:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4172:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4094:
4089:
4083:
4081:
4079:and navigation
4077:Communications
4073:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4057:Europa Clipper
4053:
4048:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4008:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3939:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3843:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3816:
3809:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3784:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3760:
3753:
3748:
3740:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3651:
3649:
3642:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3511:New Millennium
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3482:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3399:
3394:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3353:
3351:
3344:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3232:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3099:
3097:
3084:
3077:
3076:
3069:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3046:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
2999:Pioneer plaque
2995:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2967:
2965:
2964:Venus missions
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2909:
2907:
2906:Later missions
2903:
2902:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2822:Early missions
2819:
2818:
2811:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2788:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2763:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2716:Drake equation
2713:
2708:
2703:
2696:
2694:Alien language
2690:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2607:Pioneer plaque
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2526:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2483:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2365:Related topics
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2355:Zoo hypothesis
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2256:Drake equation
2253:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2135:Pioneer plaque
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2008:
2003:
1995:
1987:
1985:Northern Light
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1912:
1909:Europa Clipper
1905:
1900:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1855:
1853:Space missions
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1762:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1708:(radio signal)
1702:
1694:
1692:(inconclusive)
1686:
1684:(radio source)
1677:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1659:
1651:
1646:EPIC 204278916
1643:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1616:
1607:
1605:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1468:
1462:
1445:
1444:External links
1442:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1418:
1404:
1391:
1385:
1370:
1364:
1346:
1340:
1322:
1277:
1264:
1258:
1245:
1243:on 2021-06-02.
1228:
1208:10.2307/429951
1188:
1182:
1159:
1153:
1139:Fletcher, Alan
1135:
1129:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1091:
1076:
1064:
1052:
1048:Wolverton 2004
1040:
1036:Wolverton 2004
1028:
1016:
1014:, p. 297.
1004:
1000:Achenbach 1999
989:
987:, p. 176.
977:
965:
961:Wolverton 2004
950:
938:
926:
909:
883:
857:
828:
804:
797:
774:
770:Pournelle 1982
762:
744:
742:
739:
736:
735:
724:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
712:
711:
706:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
678:Alien language
673:
670:
633:Ernst Gombrich
624:
621:
600:
597:
482:
479:
453:galactic plane
405:
402:
385:pudendal cleft
359:can be moved.
321:
318:
304:of 0.704
258:
255:
253:
250:
249:
248:
245:
240:Mean depth of
238:
235:
232:
229:
217:
214:
141:
138:
89:, featuring a
60:are a pair of
43:
36:
35:
34:
29:
22:
21:
20:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5045:
5044:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5017:Time capsules
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4977:
4967:
4966:
4963:
4950:
4942:
4941:
4938:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4841:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4824:(second wife)
4823:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4810:Lynn Margulis
4808:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4724:
4720:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4664:Pale Blue Dot
4661:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4624:Broca's Brain
4621:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4557:Pale Blue Dot
4554:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4498:
4493:
4491:
4486:
4484:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4463:
4462:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4431:
4430:Nikon NASA F4
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4315:NASA insignia
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4295:Lunar plaques
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4247:Pale Blue Dot
4244:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4214:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4175:NASA missions
4173:
4171:
4170:NASA aircraft
4168:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4092:Space Network
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4074:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3836:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3725:Space Shuttle
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3607:New Frontiers
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3516:Lunar Orbiter
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3456:Lunar Gateway
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3415:Constellation
3413:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3398:
3397:Space Shuttle
3395:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3235:NASA research
3233:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3055:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2896:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2804:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2731:Fermi paradox
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:Fermi paradox
2298:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2266:Fermi paradox
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2225:Nordic aliens
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:Energy beings
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2055:communication
2050:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1748:Life on Titan
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1738:Life on Venus
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:Misidentified
1602:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1581:Yamato 000593
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1436:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1405:9789027242259
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1379:. Greenwood.
1378:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1112:
1100:
1095:
1089:, p. 25.
1088:
1083:
1081:
1074:, p. 23.
1073:
1068:
1061:
1056:
1050:, p. 79.
1049:
1044:
1038:, p. 82.
1037:
1032:
1026:, p. 74.
1025:
1020:
1013:
1008:
1002:, p. 92.
1001:
996:
994:
986:
985:Spariosu 1991
981:
974:
973:Gombrich 1983
969:
963:, p. 80.
962:
957:
955:
947:
942:
935:
934:Fletcher 2001
930:
924:, p. 22.
923:
918:
916:
914:
898:
894:
887:
872:
871:planetary.org
868:
861:
846:
842:
839:King, Duane.
835:
833:
818:
814:
808:
800:
794:
790:
789:
781:
779:
771:
766:
759:
754:
752:
750:
745:
729:
725:
710:
707:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
669:
667:
663:
659:
653:
650:
644:
641:
636:
634:
630:
620:
618:
614:
605:
596:
594:
574:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
492:
487:
478:
476:
471:
468:
464:
462:
456:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
423:
419:
415:
410:
401:
399:
395:
390:
386:
381:
380:
375:
370:
368:
363:
360:
358:
354:
349:
346:
341:
335:
331:
328:Figures of a
326:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
268:
263:
246:
243:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
226:gold-anodized
224:
220:
219:
213:
211:
206:
204:
200:
195:
193:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
169:
167:
163:
159:
156:, during the
155:
151:
147:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:
84:
79:
78:
73:
70:
67:
63:
59:
49:
48:
40:
26:
5022:Infographics
4907:
4836:(third wife)
4816:Dorion Sagan
4812:(first wife)
4786:
4778:
4759:
4751:
4743:
4735:
4705:
4686:
4678:
4670:
4662:
4654:
4646:
4638:
4630:
4622:
4614:
4606:
4598:
4555:
4549:
4522:
4518:Project A119
4460:
4448:
4299:
4282:
4275:
4269:
4261:
4254:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4224:
4055:
4004:Perseverance
4003:
3965:
3958:
3935:
3895:
3878:
3862:New Horizons
3860:
3853:
3846:
3819:
3811:
3787:
3775:
3768:
3755:
3743:
3735:
3696:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3403:
3387:Apollo–Soyuz
3004:Eric Burgess
2998:
2952:
2945:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2882:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2772:Space Portal
2765:
2753:
2706:Astrobiology
2698:
2606:
2463:UFO religion
2408:Extremophile
2388:Biosignature
2383:Astroecology
2378:Astrobiology
2330:Great Filter
2145:Project Ozma
2134:
2053:Interstellar
2040:
2033:
2011:
1999:Perseverance
1998:
1990:
1920:
1907:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1778:Earth analog
1760:habitability
1743:Life on Mars
1452:
1423:
1395:
1375:
1354:
1330:
1285:
1281:
1272:
1249:
1241:the original
1236:
1199:
1195:
1164:
1143:
1118:
1094:
1067:
1055:
1043:
1031:
1019:
1012:Geppert 2012
1007:
980:
968:
941:
929:
900:. Retrieved
897:the Guardian
896:
886:
874:. Retrieved
870:
860:
848:. Retrieved
844:
820:. Retrieved
816:
807:
787:
765:
728:
693:Lunar plaque
665:
654:
645:
637:
626:
610:
570:
562:dwarf planet
539:
534:
530:
526:
518:
514:
510:
496:
491:Solar System
481:Solar System
472:
469:
465:
461:triangulated
457:
446:
427:
389:labia majora
377:
372:The woman's
371:
364:
361:
355:and how the
350:
344:
342:
338:
271:
207:
202:
198:
196:
189:
170:
146:Eric Burgess
143:
122:Solar System
113:
109:
107:
98:
94:
81:
75:
57:
55:
45:
4997:Spaceflight
4976:Spaceflight
4881:Recognition
4840:Sasha Sagan
4290:Deep fields
4218:and artwork
4216:NASA images
3788:Opportunity
3257:NASA Social
3083:and history
3014:Frank Drake
2736:Prix Guzman
2658:Jon Lomberg
2633:Frank Drake
2592:Cosmic Call
2524:Active SETI
2398:Exotheology
2210:Grey aliens
2063:Active SETI
1991:Opportunity
1871:BioSentinel
1689:Wow! signal
1638:KIC 8462852
1587:CI1 fossils
1350:Sagan, Carl
1326:Sagan, Carl
850:27 December
658:prudishness
640:Craig Owens
638:Art critic
511:Pioneers 10
210:Kickstarter
185:Jon Lomberg
177:Frank Drake
4986:Categories
4903:2709 Sagan
4842:(daughter)
4834:Ann Druyan
4828:Nick Sagan
4729:Television
4504:Carl Sagan
4378:Moon rocks
4138:Astronauts
4131:NASA lists
3988:OSIRIS-REx
3822:helicopter
3690:Pioneer 11
3683:Pioneer 10
3486:Hitchhiker
3361:suborbital
3198:Space Race
3009:Carl Sagan
2954:Pioneer 11
2947:Pioneer 10
2663:Carl Sagan
2638:Ann Druyan
2433:Noogenesis
2413:Hemolithin
2291:Panspermia
2239:Hypotheses
2215:Insectoids
2180:Water hole
1681:SHGb02+14a
1654:VVV-WIT-07
1453:Pioneer 10
1087:Sagan 2000
1072:Sagan 2000
1060:Sagan 1978
946:Sagan 2000
922:Sagan 2000
822:2020-06-29
715:References
613:silhouette
535:Pioneer 10
531:Pioneer 11
527:Pioneer 11
519:Pioneer 11
503:trajectory
379:mons pubis
310:wavelength
221:Material:
203:Pioneer 11
199:Pioneer 10
162:Carl Sagan
110:Pioneer 10
95:Pioneer 10
87:spacecraft
83:Pioneer 11
77:Pioneer 10
47:Pioneer 10
4788:Wanderers
4405:Moon tree
4226:Earthrise
4101:Goldstone
3998:Mars 2020
3967:Voyager 2
3960:Voyager 1
3896:Curiosity
3840:operating
3838:Currently
3820:Ingenuity
3757:MESSENGER
3736:Sojourner
3665:Mercury 3
3655:Apollo 11
3602:Discovery
3592:Explorers
3181:Augustine
3145:Augustine
3031:Pioneer H
2941:Pioneer E
2935:Pioneer 9
2928:Pioneer 8
2921:Pioneer 7
2914:Pioneer 6
2883:Pioneer 5
2856:Pioneer 4
2849:Pioneer 3
2842:Pioneer 2
2835:Pioneer 1
2829:Pioneer 0
2303:solutions
2170:setiQuest
2165:SETI@home
1980:Mars 2020
1955:Laplace-P
1892:Dragonfly
1877:Curiosity
1758:Planetary
1414:185840954
1310:0036-8075
1216:0021-8529
1202:(1): 85.
902:9 October
876:9 October
741:Citations
662:Joe Davis
623:Criticism
294:frequency
252:Symbolism
242:engraving
228:aluminium
158:Mariner 9
120:from the
80:and 1973
4949:Category
4548:Voyager
4542:contents
4449:Category
4111:Canberra
4023:timeline
4011:timeline
3947:timeline
3903:timeline
3800:observed
3795:timeline
3763:Aquarius
3703:timeline
3676:Magellan
3638:missions
3536:Surveyor
3472:programs
3402:Shuttle–
3343:programs
3175:Aldridge
3094:creation
2760:Category
2597:CosmicOS
2560:Messages
2517:Programs
2155:SERENDIP
2130:NIROSETI
2042:Viking 2
2035:Viking 1
1940:Foton-M3
1930:ExoLance
1861:Beagle 2
1493:Page 884
1488:Page 883
1483:Page 882
1478:Page 881
1352:(2000).
1328:(1978).
1318:17781060
1141:(2001).
1099:Hay 2020
672:See also
374:genitals
286:universe
278:hydrogen
267:hydrogen
128:support
69:aluminum
66:anodized
4924:Related
4780:Contact
4707:Contact
4699:Fiction
4592:Science
4461:Commons
4339:Related
4148:by year
4143:by name
3920:GOES 15
3910:GOES 14
3827:flights
3813:InSight
3769:Cassini
3697:Galileo
3622:SIMPLEx
3597:Voyager
3565:Current
3521:Pioneer
3491:Mariner
3470:Robotic
3451:Artemis
3424:Current
3367:Mercury
3359: (
3252:NASA TV
3191:General
3090:History
2992:Related
2019:Tanpopo
1915:ExoMars
1619:CTA-102
1611:CP 1919
1459:YouTube
1290:Bibcode
1282:Science
1108:Sources
593:Mercury
589:
577:
573:planets
550:Neptune
507:Jupiter
499:diagram
438:pulsars
434:periods
422:pulsars
420:and 14
284:in the
223:6061 T6
140:History
126:antenna
72:plaques
4962:Portal
4850:Prizes
4803:Family
4791:(2014)
4783:(1997)
4748:(1988)
4710:(1985)
4691:(2006)
4683:(1997)
4675:(1995)
4667:(1994)
4659:(1993)
4651:(1985)
4643:(1984)
4635:(1980)
4632:Cosmos
4627:(1979)
4619:(1977)
4611:(1973)
4603:(1973)
4572:(SETI)
4106:Madrid
4039:Future
3954:NuSTAR
3885:THEMIS
3807:RHESSI
3744:Spirit
3541:Viking
3531:Ranger
3382:Skylab
3377:Apollo
3372:Gemini
3230:Budget
3183:(2009)
3177:(2004)
3171:(2004)
3165:(2003)
3159:(2002)
3157:CFUSAI
3153:(1996)
3147:(1990)
3141:(1989)
3135:(1987)
3129:(1986)
3127:Rogers
3123:(1986)
3117:(1958)
3111:(1958)
3105:(1915)
3081:Policy
2726:Lincos
2626:People
2423:MERMOZ
2012:Spirit
1935:EXPOSE
1885:Darwin
1843:Tholin
1589:(2011)
1583:(2000)
1577:(1984)
1571:(1977)
1565:(1976)
1559:(1969)
1553:(1911)
1547:(1865)
1431:
1412:
1402:
1383:
1362:
1338:
1316:
1308:
1256:
1224:429951
1222:
1214:
1180:
1151:
1127:
795:
705:(SETI)
548:, and
546:Uranus
523:Saturn
430:origin
418:Galaxy
332:and a
314:binary
302:period
292:has a
288:. The
166:Crimea
130:struts
4830:(son)
4818:(son)
4772:Films
4722:Media
4648:Comet
4585:Books
4051:NISAR
4006:rover
3978:MAVEN
3898:rover
3879:Swift
3790:rover
3751:LADEE
3746:rover
3738:rover
3715:GRAIL
3710:GALEX
3501:MESUR
3446:Orion
3247:NASA+
3223:Chief
3121:Paine
2885:(P-2)
2687:Other
2014:rover
2001:rover
1993:rover
1923:rover
1879:rover
1674:Other
1631:Stars
1220:JSTOR
720:Notes
629:arrow
617:scale
554:Pluto
542:Rings
442:epoch
398:vulva
357:limbs
334:woman
4030:PACE
3973:WISE
3936:Juno
3776:Dawn
3720:WMAP
3660:COBE
3648:Past
3479:Past
3357:X-15
3350:Past
3163:CAIB
3133:Ride
3103:NACA
3073:NASA
1705:BLC1
1470:The
1429:ISBN
1410:OCLC
1400:ISBN
1381:ISBN
1360:ISBN
1336:ISBN
1314:PMID
1306:ISSN
1273:BYTE
1254:ISBN
1212:ISSN
1178:ISBN
1149:ISBN
1125:ISBN
904:2019
878:2019
852:2017
793:ISBN
566:Eris
513:and
489:The
173:NASA
112:and
108:The
62:gold
56:The
3983:MMS
3404:Mir
1457:on
1298:doi
1286:175
1237:OZY
1204:doi
1170:doi
591:of
558:IAU
449:Sun
436:of
414:Sun
345:not
330:man
298:MHz
276:of
152:in
97:or
4988::
1408:.
1312:.
1304:.
1296:.
1284:.
1271:.
1235:.
1218:.
1210:.
1200:42
1198:.
1176:.
1079:^
992:^
953:^
912:^
895:.
869:.
843:.
831:^
815:.
777:^
748:^
586:10
515:11
477:.
455:.
306:ns
194:.
187:.
168:.
136:.
114:11
99:11
4964::
4544:)
4540:(
4496:e
4489:t
4482:v
4349:"
4345:"
4118:)
4099:(
3411:)
3393:)
3363:)
3096:)
3092:(
3065:e
3058:t
3051:v
2807:e
2800:t
2793:v
2502:e
2495:t
2488:v
1523:e
1516:t
1509:v
1437:.
1416:.
1389:.
1368:.
1344:.
1320:.
1300::
1292::
1262:.
1226:.
1206::
1186:.
1172::
1157:.
1133:.
1062:.
948:.
936:.
906:.
880:.
854:.
825:.
801:.
583:/
580:1
383:(
64:-
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
