2347:
the orbiter had to be disassembled for inspection, which was long and arduous. Furthermore, the RS-25 engines had to be replaced every few flights. Each of the heat shielding tiles had to go in one specific area on the orbiter, increasing complexity more. Adding to this, the shuttle was a rather dangerous system, with fragile heat shielding tiles, some being so fragile that one could easily scrape it off by hand, often having been damaged in many flights. After 30 years in service from 1981 to 2011 and 135 flights, the shuttle was retired from service due to the cost of maintaining the shuttles, and the 3 remaining orbiters (the other two were destroyed in accidents) were prepared to be displayed in museums.
1532:
1136:
982:
2187:
1239:
1184:
2328:
1172:
186:
1148:
144:
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1160:
5014:
5025:
2647:
2497:
45:
2771:(RTG) to generate electrical power. Electrical power is sent through power conditioning equipment before it passes through a power distribution unit over an electrical bus to other spacecraft components. Batteries are typically connected to the bus via a battery charge regulator, and the batteries are used to provide electrical power during periods when primary power is not available, for example when a low Earth orbit spacecraft is
3042:
514:
1969:
1249:
1869:
854:
3639:
3568:
2910:, though not technically part of the spacecraft, is vital to the operation of the spacecraft. Typical components of a ground segment in use during normal operations include a mission operations facility where the flight operations team conducts the operations of the spacecraft, a data processing and storage facility,
3546:"BREAKING: On May 27, @NASA will once again launch American astronauts on American rockets from American soil! With our @SpaceX partners, @Astro_Doug and @AstroBehnken will launch to the @Space_Station on the #CrewDragon spacecraft atop a Falcon 9 rocket. Let's #LaunchAmerica pic.twitter.com/RINb3mfRWI"
1298:
are too distant to reach with current crewed spaceflight technology, so telerobotic probes are the only way to explore them. Telerobotics also allows exploration of regions that are vulnerable to contamination by Earth micro-organisms since spacecraft can be sterilized. Humans can not be sterilized
2346:
Though the shuttle’s goals were to drastically decrease launch costs, it did not do so, ending up being much more expensive than similar expendable launchers. This was due to expensive refurbishment costs and the external tank being expended. Once a landing had occurred, the SRBs and many parts of
2422:
The
Mission Extension Vehicle is a robotic spacecraft designed to prolong the life on another spacecraft. It works by docking to its target spacecraft, then correcting its orientation or orbit. This also allows it to rescue a satellite which is in the wrong orbit by using its own fuel to move its
2315:
and the cold of space, was made up of different materials depending on weight and how much heating a particular area on the shuttle would receive during reentry, which ranged from over 2,900 °F (1,600 °C) to under 700 °F (370 °C). The orbiter was manually operated, though an
2700:
The C&DH subsystem receives commands from the communications subsystem, performs validation and decoding of the commands, and distributes the commands to the appropriate spacecraft subsystems and components. The CDH also receives housekeeping data and science data from the other spacecraft
1299:
in the same way as a spaceship, as they coexist with numerous micro-organisms, and these micro-organisms are also hard to contain within a spaceship or spacesuit. Multiple space probes were sent to study Moon, the planets, the Sun, multiple small Solar System bodies (comets and asteroids).
1509:
and so are obstructed by the curve of the Earth. The purpose of communications satellites is to relay the signal around the curve of the Earth allowing communication between widely separated geographical points. Communications satellites use a wide range of radio and
2083:
was designed for a crew and strongly resembled the U.S. Space
Shuttle, although its drop-off boosters used liquid propellants and its main engines were located at the base of what would be the external tank in the American Shuttle. Lack of funding, complicated by the
2861:
Spacecraft must be engineered to withstand launch loads imparted by the launch vehicle, and must have a point of attachment for all the other subsystems. Depending on mission profile, the structural subsystem might need to withstand loads imparted by entry into the
1517:. To avoid signal interference, international organizations have regulations for which frequency ranges or "bands" certain organizations are allowed to use. This allocation of bands minimizes the risk of signal interference.
2408:, extrapolating this from Starship's payload to orbit and how much fuel a fully fueled Starship contains. To land on bodies without an atmosphere, such as the Moon, Starship will fire its engines and thrusters to slow down.
1987:
spaceplane, which conducted two crewed flights which reached an altitude of over 100 kilometres (62 mi) in the 1960s. This first reusable spacecraft was air-launched on a suborbital trajectory on July 19, 1963.
1782:
is 134 AU away from the Sun as of August 2023. NASA provides real time data of their distances and data from the probe’s cosmic ray detectors. Because of the probe’s declining power output and degradation of the
2431:
on 25 February 2020. It will remain with the satellite until 2025 before the satellite is moved to a final graveyard orbit and the vehicle does a rendezvous with another satellite. The other one launched on an
2395:
flights for a crew of up to 100 people. It will also be capable of point-to-point transport on Earth, enabling travel to anywhere in the world in less than an hour. Furthermore, the spacecraft will be used to
1791:
has had to shut down certain instruments to conserve power. The probes may still have some scientific instruments on until the mid-2020s or perhaps the 2030s. After 2036, they will both be out of range of the
2848:
adjustment maneuvers. A propulsion system is also needed for spacecraft that perform momentum management maneuvers. Components of a conventional propulsion subsystem include fuel, tankage, valves, pipes, and
2331:
Refurbishing the orbiters and the solid rocket boosters after flight was very complex, expensive and slow. The shortest time between landing and reflight for a Space
Shuttle was 54 days for the Space Shuttle
2680:, together with controlling algorithms. The attitude-control subsystem permits proper pointing for the science objective, sun pointing for power to the solar arrays and earth pointing for communications.
2843:
spacecraft is an example of a spacecraft that does not have a propulsion subsystem. Typically though, LEO spacecraft include a propulsion subsystem for altitude adjustments (drag make-up maneuvers) and
2853:. The thermal control system interfaces with the propulsion subsystem by monitoring the temperature of those components, and by preheating tanks and thrusters in preparation for a spacecraft maneuver.
942:
While
Sputnik 1 was the first spacecraft to orbit the Earth, other human-made objects had previously reached an altitude of 100 km, which is the height required by the international organization
1930:
Space capsules are a type of spacecraft that can return from space at least once. They have a blunt shape, do not usually contain much more fuel than needed, and they do not possess wings unlike
2391:. The spacecraft is designed to transport both crew and cargo to a variety of destinations, including Earth orbit, the Moon, Mars, and potentially beyond. It is intended to enable long duration
2316:
autonomous landing system was added while the shuttle was still on service. It had an in orbit maneouvreing system known as the
Orbital Manoeuvring System, which used the hypergolic propellants
2095:, the Space Shuttle was retired in 2011 mainly due to its old age and high cost of program reaching over a billion dollars per flight. The Shuttle's human transport role is to be replaced by
1634:
rocket that cost over a billion dollars per launch, adjusted for inflation) and so allows for lighter, less expensive rockets. Space probes have visited every planet in the Solar System and
2688:
Guidance refers to the calculation of the commands (usually done by the CDH subsystem) needed to steer the spacecraft where it is desired to be. Navigation means determining a spacecraft's
2874:
The payload depends on the mission of the spacecraft, and is typically regarded as the part of the spacecraft "that pays the bills". Typical payloads could include scientific instruments (
2299:
the launch took place with 8 crew onboard. The orbiters had 4.6 metres (15 ft) wide by 18 metres (59 ft) long payload bays and also were equipped with a 15.2 metres (50 ft)
892:
on 4 October 1957. The launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments; while the
Sputnik launch was a single event, it marked the start of the
2235:
rocket, with a liftoff thrust of 2,800,000 pounds-force (12 MN), which soon increased to 3,300,000 pounds-force (15 MN) per booster, and were fueled by a combination of
1626:
by the fact that they work in open space, not on planetary surfaces or in planetary atmospheres. Being robotic eliminates the need for expensive, heavy life support systems (the
1908:, especially for more distant destinations. This involves the spacecraft using a fuel burn to change its trajectory so it will pass through a planet (or a moon's) atmosphere.
4008:
1912:
caused by the spacecraft hitting the atmosphere enables it to slow down without using fuel, however this generates very high temperatures and so adds a requirement for a
936:). The satellite travelled at 29,000 kilometres per hour (18,000 mph), taking 96.2 minutes to complete an orbit, and emitted radio signals at 20.005 and 40.002
828:
2705:
or transmission to the ground via the communications subsystem. Other functions of the CDH include maintaining the spacecraft clock and state-of-health monitoring.
2799:
as well as (if subject to reentry) in the presence of plasmas. Material requirements are such that either high melting temperature, low density materials such as
3825:
2279:, was revamped so it could be used to launch the shuttles, but it was never used. The launch system could lift about 29 tonnes (64,000 lb) into an eastward
2423:
target to the correct orbit. The project is currently managed by
Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems. As of 2023, 2 have been launched. The first launched on a
2006:'s flight, on April 12, 1981. During the Shuttle era, six orbiters were built, all of which have flown in the atmosphere and five of which have flown in space.
2819:
can be passive, dependent on the selection of materials with specific radiative properties. Active thermal control makes use of electrical heaters and certain
3360:
4730:
3983:
2295:
still heavier than the other three. The orbiter structure was mostly composed of aluminium alloy. The orbiter had seven seats for crew members, though on
4271:
2111:. Dragon 2's first crewed flight occurred on May 30, 2020. The Shuttle's heavy cargo transport role is to be replaced by expendable rockets such as the
1225:
3230:
2815:
carbon–carbon composites are used. Depending on mission profile, spacecraft may also need to operate on the surface of another planetary body. The
2755:
Spacecraft need an electrical power generation and distribution subsystem for powering the various spacecraft subsystems. For spacecraft near the
1263:
Uncrewed spacecraft are spacecraft without people on board. Uncrewed spacecraft may have varying levels of autonomy from human input; they may be
2964:(estimated 343,000 km/h or 213,000 mph at first sun close pass, will reach 700,000 km/h or 430,000 mph at final perihelion)
943:
3587:"Standing down from launch today due to unfavorable weather in the flight path. Our next launch opportunity is Saturday, May 30 at 19:22 UTC"
3121:
2088:, prevented any further flights of Buran. The Space Shuttle was subsequently modified to allow for autonomous re-entry in case of necessity.
820:
744:
542:
3426:
2914:
to radiate signals to and receive signals from the spacecraft, and a voice and data communications network to connect all mission elements.
2228:
that landed by parachute, were recovered at sea, and were the most powerful rocket motors ever made until they were superseded by those of
4093:
2283:. Each orbiter weighed roughly 78 tonnes (172,000 lb), however the different orbiters had differing weights and thus payloads, with
495:
3715:
1364:' operation by transporting food, propellant and other supplies. Automated cargo spacecraft have been used since 1978 and have serviced
1526:
1122:
of the Soviet Union, the latter of which only ever had one uncrewed test flight, all of the recoverable crewed orbital spacecraft were
3379:
2240:
1135:
4038:
3998:
3178:
4708:
4298:
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2308:
3205:
2355:
Some spacecraft do not fit particularly well into any of the general spacecraft categories. This is a list of these spacecraft.
3616:
2341:
1439:
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antennas of ground stations can be aimed permanently at that spot and do not have to move to track the satellite. Others form
831:
the technology for orbital launches independently from government agencies. The most prominent examples of such companies are
4288:
4223:
4152:
2768:
1784:
500:
4172:
3116:
996:
As of 2016, only three nations have flown crewed spacecraft: USSR/Russia, USA, and China. The first crewed spacecraft was
4186:
3666:
3466:
2569:
109:
2763:
are frequently used to generate electrical power. Spacecraft designed to operate in more distant locations, for example
1198:, crewed since November 2000, is a joint venture between Russia, the United States, Canada and several other countries.
4308:
2541:
2225:
1498:, where antennas on the ground have to follow the position of the satellites and switch between satellites frequently.
81:
3833:
1934:. They are the simplest form of recoverable spacecraft, and so the most commonly used. The first such capsule was the
1171:
4328:
4061:
3404:
2588:
2272:
1311:
712:
Orbital spacecraft may be recoverable or not. Most are not. Recoverable spacecraft may be subdivided by a method of
535:
490:
128:
2526:
1714:
that would allow a spacecraft to visit all four planets in one mission, and get to each destination faster by using
2736:
2620:
1183:
25:
2611:
system comprises different subsystems, depending on the mission profile. Spacecraft subsystems are mounted in the
2548:
88:
4483:
3492:
2385:
2066:
4858:
4720:
4303:
2522:
917:
66:
1271:, meaning they have a pre-programmed list of operations, which they will execute unless otherwise instructed.
2838:
2404:, the CEO of SpaceX, estimated in a tweet that 8 launches would be needed to completely refuel a Starship in
1159:
3778:
2555:
1814:
in outer space used to observe astronomical objects. Space telescopes avoid the filtering and distortion of
642:. Spacecraft used for human spaceflight carry people on board as crew or passengers from start or on orbit (
95:
4424:
3689:
3076:
2804:
2664:
A spacecraft needs an attitude control subsystem to be correctly oriented in space and respond to external
2364:
2092:
1698:, weighing 721.9 kilograms (1,592 lb), were launched in 1977 to take advantage of a rare alignment of
528:
2263:
from which the RS-25 engines sourced their fuel. The orbiter was a spaceplane that was launched at NASA’s
2079:, launched by the USSR on November 15, 1988, although it made only one flight and this was uncrewed. This
1147:
4836:
4672:
4419:
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3106:
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2518:
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2236:
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into space in 1961, and completed a full Earth orbit. There were five other crewed missions which used a
897:
796:
752:
572:
254:
219:
159:
62:
3759:
1310:
in outer space used to observe astronomical objects. The first operational telescopes were the
American
4908:
4677:
4350:
2760:
2624:
2537:
2392:
1347:
462:
77:
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2739:
communication. In addition, some spacecraft payloads are explicitly for the purpose of ground–ground
1278:
operation, due to lower cost and lower risk factors. In addition, some planetary destinations such as
1022:
to an altitude of just over 187 kilometers (116 mi). There were five other crewed missions using
5059:
4831:
4713:
4451:
4216:
3522:
3071:
2863:
2816:
2623:(GNC or GN&C), communications (comms), command and data handling (CDH or C&DH), power (EPS),
2462:
2417:
1815:
1506:
1331:
1327:
1264:
972:
951:
242:
3179:"Russia is back on the lunar path. A rocket blasts off on its first moon mission in nearly 50 years"
1823:
1339:
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2507:
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2013:
2008:
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1233:
626:
and then returns to the surface without having gained sufficient energy or velocity to make a full
417:
249:
229:
21:
3029:
as of
December 2018, traveling outward at about 2.37 AU/a (40,400 km/h; 25,100 mph)
3005:
as of
December 2018, traveling outward at about 2.52 AU/a (43,000 km/h; 26,700 mph)
4950:
4886:
4665:
4567:
4478:
4382:
4355:
4256:
3017:
as of January 2020, traveling outward at about 3.24 AU/a (55,300 km/h; 34,400 mph)
2728:
2650:
2511:
2085:
2046:
2034:
2017:
1835:
1491:
1396:
could operate autonomously but also had manual controls, though it never flew with crew onboard.
1319:
1015:
615:
452:
214:
55:
3418:
1900:, land entirely by using their fuel supply, however many landers (and landings of spacecraft on
4998:
4960:
4394:
4313:
4251:
3244:
2993:
as of April 2022, traveling outward at about 3.58 AU/a (61,100 km/h; 38,000 mph)
2939:
2710:
2424:
2333:
2199:
2116:
2040:
2022:
1996:
1601:
1343:
1242:
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421:
224:
204:
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147:
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other Starship vehicles to allow them to reach higher orbits to and other space destinations.
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4655:
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3296:
2943:
2834:
2828:
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or position. Control means adjusting the path of the spacecraft to meet mission requirements.
2244:
2150:
1992:
1596:
1582:
1443:
1408:
1108:
1080:
896:. Apart from its value as a technological first, Sputnik 1 also helped to identify the upper
764:
733:
647:
604:
1542:
Cargo or resupply spacecraft are robotic spacecraft that are designed specifically to carry
981:
5017:
4918:
4901:
4538:
4473:
4466:
4323:
4209:
3899:
3590:
3549:
3061:
2321:
2264:
2166:
1647:
1431:
881:
812:
472:
274:
169:
3545:
2934:, the exact orbit being dependent on the mission configuration. The launch vehicle may be
2727:, have various communications systems for communication with terrestrial stations and for
8:
5049:
4913:
4891:
4826:
4545:
4389:
4030:
3380:"Taiwan's New Ballistic Missile Capable of Launching Microsatellites – SpaceWatch.Global"
3081:
2784:
2732:
2639:
2317:
2232:
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2112:
1984:
1935:
1897:
1877:
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Some spacecrafts can operate as both a crewed and uncrewed spacecraft. For example, the
102:
5028:
4811:
4737:
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4488:
4340:
3047:
2961:
2720:
2378:
1947:
1943:
1793:
1738:
moves at about 15 km/s (9.3 mi/s) kilometres per second as of 2023. In 2012,
1639:
1486:, so that the satellite appears stationary at the same point in the sky; therefore the
1393:
1268:
1238:
1119:
1030:
1009:
921:
872:
became the first spacecraft when it reached an altitude of 189 km in June 1944 in
737:
671:
659:
584:
568:
518:
313:
279:
269:
151:
5024:
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4518:
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4439:
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4181:
4148:
3984:"Musk Says That Refueling Starship For Lunar Landings will Take 8 Launches (Maybe 4)"
3485:"Средства обеспечения работ с полезным грузом: система бортовых манипуляторов "Аист""
3400:
3224:
3091:
3086:
3026:
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3002:
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subsystem, depending on whether or not the mission profile calls for propulsion. The
2788:
2724:
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2312:
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2108:
1885:
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1005:
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713:
596:
588:
576:
347:
259:
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2467:
1535:
A collage of automated cargo spacecraft used in the past or present to resupply the
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4725:
4682:
4648:
4613:
4550:
4503:
4345:
3152:
2823:
such as louvers to control temperature ranges of equipments within specific ranges.
2689:
2186:
1570:
1381:
1353:
1219:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1034:
947:
900:'s density, by measuring the satellite's orbital changes. It also provided data on
651:
627:
600:
381:
330:
185:
3971:
Starship is the fully reusable spacecraft and second stage of the Starship system.
3895:
3740:
3586:
3361:"Taiwan To Upgrade 'Cloud Peak' Medium-range Missiles For Micro-Satellites Launch"
3321:
4941:
4841:
4794:
4692:
4633:
4618:
4572:
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4456:
4176:
4169:
3925:
3826:"Military Satellite Communications Fundamentals | The Aerospace Corporation"
3760:"Tianzhou 4 cargo spacecraft undocks from China's Tiangong space station (video)"
2672:
or it may use small rocket thrusters. The altitude control subsystem consists of
2471:
2405:
2382:
2280:
2256:
2158:
2120:
2100:
2073:
1826:
encounter. They are divided into two types: satellites which map the entire sky (
1819:
1805:
1762:
did not visit Uranus or Neptune, instead choosing to fly past Saturn’s satellite
1695:
1689:
1587:
1495:
1400:
1335:
1303:
1252:
1215:
1092:
1023:
885:
740:). In recent years, more space agencies are tending towards reusable spacecraft.
666:. Robotic spacecraft that remain in orbit around a planetary body are artificial
592:
429:
284:
3346:
2324:, which was used for orbital insertion, changes to orbits and the deorbit burn.
1884:
A lander is a type of spacecraft that makes a soft landing on the surface of an
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4799:
4789:
4774:
4752:
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3454:
On October 4, 1957 Sputnik I shot into orbit and forcibly opened the Space Age.
2923:
2907:
2900:
2807:
or (possibly due to the lower thickness requirements despite its high density)
2669:
2146:
1909:
1851:
1758:
was taking a longer route that allowed it to visit Uranus and Neptune, whereas
1715:
1627:
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1451:
1064:
1050:
1046:
608:
424:
143:
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3470:
3297:"Watch China's Chang'e 6 probe land on far side of the moon in dramatic video"
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1123:
1060:
756:
729:
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643:
619:
371:
366:
361:
289:
264:
3953:
1979:
Spaceplanes are spacecraft that are built in the shape of, and function as,
1618:
Space probes are robotic spacecraft that are sent to explore deep space, or
873:
4993:
4928:
4597:
4582:
4283:
4278:
3096:
2428:
2154:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2012:
was used only for approach and landing tests, launching from the back of a
2003:
1939:
1938:
capsule built by the Soviet Union, that carried the first person in space,
1763:
1676:
1643:
1404:
1019:
1001:
889:
862:
706:
700:
655:
400:
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space stations-modules, and the SpaceX Crew Dragon configuration of their
4821:
4687:
4377:
4360:
4232:
3999:"SpaceX, Blue Origin, and Dynetics Compete to Build the Next Moon Lander"
2845:
2370:
1931:
1913:
1905:
1613:
1514:
1447:
1042:
1038:
836:
816:
663:
623:
564:
560:
325:
177:
2311:) of the orbiter, used to protect it from extreme levels of heat during
1107:, but a crewed flight is yet to occur. China developed, but did not fly
4955:
4863:
4806:
4560:
4261:
3206:"Odysseus becomes first US spacecraft to land on moon in over 50 years"
3101:
3056:
3021:
2997:
2927:
2608:
2602:
2276:
2224:
is a retired reusable Low Earth Orbital launch system. It consisted of
2134:
2080:
1963:
1719:
1670:
1664:
1553:
Automated cargo spacecraft have been used since 1978 and have serviced
1502:
1459:
955:
929:
905:
721:
682:
676:
580:
412:
376:
209:
32:
4062:"NASA's Parker Solar Probe Just Made Its First Close Pass by the Sun!"
3484:
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4816:
4533:
4414:
4335:
4318:
3009:
2985:
2879:
2820:
2800:
2744:
2627:(TCS), propulsion, and structures. Attached to the bus are typically
2401:
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1811:
1734:
1728:
1658:
1652:
1511:
1463:
1307:
1211:
985:
913:
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858:
694:
688:
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407:
320:
155:
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1576:
As of 2023, three different cargo spacecraft are used to supply the
44:
4191:
3111:
2812:
2808:
2772:
2677:
2433:
2300:
2296:
2059:
1980:
1834:
or parts of the sky and beyond. Space telescopes are distinct from
1778:
than Earth is. This makes it the farthest spacecraft from the Sun.
1631:
1558:
1554:
1475:
1471:
1369:
1365:
1323:
1088:
1084:
997:
925:
909:
20:"Orbiter" and "Orbital vehicle" redirect here. For other uses, see
3270:"Japan becomes the fifth country to land a spacecraft on the moon"
2701:
subsystems and components, and packages the data for storage on a
3911:
3661:
3642:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3602:
3571:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3561:
2796:
2795:
with temperatures potentially ranging across hundreds of degrees
2764:
2740:
2628:
1968:
1711:
1699:
1550:' operation by transporting food, propellant and other supplies.
1483:
1295:
1283:
912:
in the satellite's false body provided the first opportunity for
3707:
1248:
4779:
4643:
3958:
2875:
2792:
2673:
2665:
2374:
2271:, which is part of Kennedy Space Centre. A second launch site,
2104:
2096:
1893:
1868:
1723:
1707:
1703:
1291:
1287:
1274:
Many space missions are more suited to telerobotic rather than
1096:
1076:
832:
800:
792:
748:
4201:
3716:"SNC Shooting Star Wins Contract for Unmanned Orbital Outpost"
2638:
Spacecraft intended for human spaceflight must also include a
2165:
carrying paying passengers in 2014, but was delayed after the
1326:
in 1971. Space telescopes avoid the filtering and distortion (
853:
2931:
2248:
2213:
1901:
1889:
1635:
1543:
1467:
1455:
1435:
1357:
1315:
1279:
901:
784:
776:
768:
635:
3517:[History of the Central Research Institute of RTK].
3422:
2783:
Spacecraft must be engineered to withstand transit through
2229:
1951:
1788:
808:
788:
780:
772:
760:
745:
only a few nations have the technology for orbital launches
607:
vehicles cannot get into space on their own, and require a
567:. Spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including
3514:
3153:"Spacecraft | Definition, Types, & Facts | Britannica"
1286:
are too hostile for human survival. Outer planets such as
4660:
2946:
rocket, the rocket can be considered a spacecraft itself.
2926:
propels the spacecraft from Earth's surface, through the
2756:
2195:
1775:
1732:
is travelling at roughly 17 km/s (11 mi/s) and
1562:
1373:
1055:
958:, some of which reached altitudes well over 100 km.
937:
869:
158:
version shown) have flown since 1967 and now support the
2259:
propellant combination, and the bright orange throwaway
1099:
also developed and flown a spacecraft of their own, the
4196:
2866:, and landing on the surface of another planetary body.
946:
to count as a spaceflight. This altitude is called the
2002:, was launched by the USA on the 20th anniversary of
1478:
applications. Many communications satellites are in
3617:"NASA, Partners Update Commercial Crew Launch Dates"
3447:
3347:"Taiwan's upgraded 'Cloud Peak' mi... – Taiwan News"
3037:
2427:
rocket on 9 October 2019, and did a rendezvous with
1774:, which means it is over 160 times farther from the
1718:. In fact, the rocket that launched the probes (the
3948:
3946:
3690:"Sierra Nevada explores other uses of Dream Chaser"
3448:Swenson, L. Jr.; Grimwood, J. M.; Alexander, C. C.
2978:
2123:rocket, as well as the commercial launch vehicles.
1642:has an orbit that, at its closest point, is in the
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3204:Wattles, Elise Hammond,Jackie (22 February 2024).
1226:Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes
728:(can be launched again or several times, like the
4147:(3rd ed.). Torrance, California: Microcosm.
2072:The first autonomous reusable spaceplane was the
1722:) could not even send the probes to the orbit of
961:
5041:
3943:
2373:under development by American aerospace company
2020:. The first Space Shuttle to fly into space was
1399:Other dual crewed/uncrewed spacecrafts include:
4192:Basics of Spaceflight tutorial from JPL/Caltech
3410:
1141:American Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo spacecraft
1063:. Other American crewed spacecraft include the
2303:, an upgraded version of which is used on the
1991:The first reusable orbital spaceplane was the
1622:other than Earth. They are distinguished from
4217:
4023:
3818:
3609:
3122:U.S. Space Exploration History on U.S. Stamps
2194:flew 135 times from 1981 to 2011, supporting
1630:crewed Moon landings required the use of the
916:detection. Sputnik 1 was launched during the
536:
3757:
3450:This New Ocean, A History of Project Mercury
3229:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2411:
1810:A space telescope or space observatory is a
1505:used for telecommunications links travel by
1253:Jules Verne Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV)
634:, spacecraft enter closed orbits around the
184:
4142:
3543:
3477:
3469:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
2525:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1419:
1029:Other Soviet crewed spacecraft include the
16:Vehicle or machine designed to fly in space
4224:
4210:
4182:NSSDC Master Catalog Spacecraft Query Form
3990:
3681:
3294:
2145:on consecutive flights in 2004 to win the
1830:), and satellites which focus on selected
1527:Comparison of space station cargo vehicles
543:
529:
3459:
2589:Learn how and when to remove this message
2216:, which had a white external tank, shown)
1995:. The first orbiter to fly in space, the
1458:. Communications satellites are used for
1008:. The second crewed spacecraft was named
950:. In particular, in the 1940s there were
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
3918:
3776:
2645:
2326:
2185:
1967:
1950:capsules, built by the Soviet Union and
1867:
1530:
1482:22,300 miles (35,900 km) above the
1302:Special class of uncrewed spacecraft is
1247:
1237:
1115:(its first crewed mission was in 2003).
980:
852:
743:Humanity has achieved space flight, but
662:used to support scientific research are
142:
4709:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
4170:NASA: Space Science Spacecraft Missions
4143:Wertz, James; Larson, Wiley J. (1999).
4059:
3804:"Satellites - Communication Satellites"
3377:
3203:
2974:(252,792 km/h or 157,078 mph)
2157:. A fleet of SpaceShipTwos operated by
1646:. There are five space probes that are
1342:encounter. The best-known examples are
5042:
4731:Psychological and sociological effects
4122:
4094:"Spacecraft escaping the Solar System"
3893:
3584:
3416:
2619:(variously called ADAC, ADC, or ACS),
2342:Criticism of the Space Shuttle Program
1754:but it reached Jupiter sooner because
1414:
1201:
944:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
4205:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4011:from the original on 29 November 2021
3996:
3777:Labrador, Virgil (19 February 2015).
3687:
2955:
2950:
2769:radioisotope thermoelectric generator
2016:and gliding to deadstick landings at
1118:Except for the Space Shuttle and the
884:. It was launched into an elliptical
3429:from the original on 22 January 2023
3417:Garcia, Mark, ed. (4 October 2017).
3117:Timeline of Solar System exploration
2864:atmosphere of another planetary body
2523:adding citations to reliable sources
2490:
2443:
2381:, it composes the identically named
1983:. The first example of such was the
1852:other types of information gathering
1742:exited the heliosphere, followed by
1177:1967 Soviet/Russian Soyuz spacecraft
1018:in 1961 carrying American astronaut
966:
67:adding citations to reliable sources
38:
4060:Bartels, Meghan (6 November 2018).
3713:
3544:Bridenstine, Jim (17 April 2020).
3507:
3419:"60 years ago, the Space Age began"
2653:thrusters on the front of the U.S.
1799:
1520:
705:are on trajectories that leave the
13:
4440:Weather and environment monitoring
4079:
4041:from the original on 11 March 2008
3495:from the original on 30 April 2020
2668:and forces properly. This may use
2617:attitude determination and control
2358:
2226:two reusable Solid Rocket Boosters
1683:
1165:Soviet Voskhod (variant of Vostok)
14:
5071:
4163:
4145:Space Mission Analysis and Design
3926:"Space Launchers - Space Shuttle"
3758:Andrew Jones (10 November 2022).
3669:from the original on 8 March 2019
3623:. 6 February 2019. Archived from
3621:NASA Commercial Crew Program Blog
3378:Sheldon, John (30 January 2018).
2833:Spacecraft may or may not have a
2273:Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 6
2069:during reentry in February 2003.
1919:
1430:A communications satellite is an
1318:launched in 1968, and the Soviet
1312:Orbiting Astronomical Observatory
1000:, which carried Soviet cosmonaut
5023:
5013:
5012:
4197:International Spaceflight Museum
4125:"Spacecraft skin 'heals' itself"
4123:Knight, Will (23 January 2006).
3637:
3566:
3525:from the original on 13 May 2020
3040:
2979:Furthest spacecraft from the Sun
2621:guidance, navigation and control
2495:
2448:
2175:
1750:actually launched 16 days after
1438:telecommunication signals via a
1182:
1170:
1158:
1146:
1134:
857:The first artificial satellite,
724:. Recoverable spacecraft may be
512:
43:
26:Orbital vehicle (disambiguation)
4484:Space launch market competition
4231:
4053:
3976:
3887:
3873:
3848:
3796:
3770:
3751:
3733:
3688:Foust, Jeff (14 January 2020).
3649:
3578:
3537:
3441:
3390:
3371:
3349:. Taiwan News. 25 January 2018.
1838:, which point toward Earth for
1607:
646:) only, whereas those used for
54:needs additional citations for
4721:Health threat from cosmic rays
3997:Foust, Jeff (6 January 2021).
3832:. 1 April 2010. Archived from
3741:"Tianzhou Spacecraft Overview"
3353:
3339:
3314:
3288:
3262:
3237:
3197:
3171:
3145:
2161:was planned to begin reusable
1957:
1818:which they observe, and avoid
1334:which they observe, and avoid
962:Crewed and uncrewed spacecraft
918:International Geophysical Year
559:is a vehicle that is designed
1:
3133:
2439:
2369:Starship is a spacecraft and
1942:. Other examples include the
1320:Orion 1 ultraviolet telescope
670:. To date, only a handful of
4031:"The Rosetta ground segment"
3138:
3077:List of fictional spacecraft
2886:, for example), cargo, or a
2377:. Stacked atop its booster,
2365:SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)
2287:being the heaviest orbiter,
2093:Vision for Space Exploration
904:-signal distribution in the
763:), the member states of the
7:
4837:Self-replicating spacecraft
4673:International Space Station
4187:Early History of Spacecraft
3714:Ben, Evans (17 July 2020).
3657:"Crew Demo-1 | Launch"
3107:List of spaceflight records
3033:
2461:to comply with Knowledge's
2305:International Space Station
2261:Space Shuttle external tank
2204:International Space Station
1578:International Space Station
1567:International Space Station
1537:International Space Station
1378:International Space Station
1257:International Space Station
1230:list of Solar System probes
1196:International Space Station
1189:Chinese Shenzhou spacecraft
829:developed or are developing
485:List of space organizations
160:International Space Station
10:
5076:
4351:Space Liability Convention
4115:
3856:"Voyager 1 - NASA Science"
3397:Peenemünde (Dokumentation)
3295:Robert Lea (3 June 2024).
2898:
2708:
2600:
2436:rocket on 15 August 2020.
2415:
2362:
2350:
2339:
2179:
2133:was a reusable suborbital
1961:
1923:
1861:
1857:
1824:ground-based observatories
1803:
1687:
1611:
1524:
1454:at different locations on
1434:that relays and amplifies
1423:
1348:James Webb Space Telescope
1340:ground-based observatories
1259:on Monday, March 31, 2008.
1223:
1205:
1103:, commonly referred to as
970:
846:
842:
736:) or expendable (like the
150:Soviet and Russian crewed
18:
5007:
4974:
4927:
4879:
4765:
4714:Space adaptation syndrome
4701:
4606:
4526:
4517:
4405:
4239:
3806:. Satellites.spacesim.org
3779:"satellite communication"
3072:List of crewed spacecraft
2817:thermal control subsystem
2791:. They must operate in a
2697:Command and data handling
2418:Mission Extension Vehicle
2412:Mission Extension Vehicle
2318:monomethylhydrazine (MMH)
2309:Thermal Protection System
2267:and landed mainly at the
1816:electromagnetic radiation
1648:escaping the Solar System
1332:electromagnetic radiation
1111:, and is currently using
1083:with undetached European
973:List of crewed spacecraft
825:several private companies
716:to Earth into non-winged
4447:Communications satellite
3128:
2805:reinforced carbon–carbon
2747:electronic technologies.
2731:. Technologies include
2474:may contain suggestions.
2459:may need to be rewritten
2269:Shuttle Landing Facility
1892:. Some landers, such as
1836:Earth imaging satellites
1492:satellite constellations
1426:Communications satellite
1420:Communications satellite
1387:
1267:, remote guided or even
1234:list of space telescopes
603:. All spacecraft except
31:Not to be confused with
22:Orbiter (disambiguation)
4951:reusable launch systems
4568:Extravehicular activity
4479:Commercial use of space
4383:Militarisation of space
4356:Registration Convention
4272:Accidents and incidents
3894:@SpaceX (30 May 2020).
3585:@SpaceX (27 May 2020).
2729:inter-satellite service
2651:Reaction control system
2086:dissolution of the USSR
2018:Edwards AFB, California
1016:sub-orbital spaceflight
616:sub-orbital spaceflight
215:Timeline of spaceflight
4999:Mission control center
4961:Non-rocket spacelaunch
4395:Billionaire space race
2745:receiver/retransmitter
2711:On-Board Data Handling
2657:
2337:
2307:. The heat shield (or
2217:
2200:Hubble Space Telescope
1976:
1881:
1602:Tiangong space station
1546:, possibly to support
1539:
1360:, possibly to support
1356:are designed to carry
1344:Hubble Space Telescope
1260:
1245:
1243:Hubble Space Telescope
993:
865:
849:History of spaceflight
734:Space Shuttle orbiters
648:robotic space missions
519:Spaceflight portal
435:Non-rocket spacelaunch
205:History of spaceflight
189:
162:
4849:Spacecraft propulsion
4299:European Space Agency
4098:www.heavens-above.com
3452:. pp. 66–62424.
3399:Berlin: Moewig, 1984.
3322:"Spacecraft Missions"
2944:single stage to orbit
2829:Spacecraft propulsion
2709:Further information:
2649:
2330:
2245:Space Shuttle Orbiter
2189:
2151:The Spaceship Company
2054:was built to replace
1993:Space Shuttle orbiter
1971:
1871:
1766:. As of August 2023,
1534:
1525:Further information:
1444:communication channel
1322:aboard space station
1251:
1241:
1153:Soviet Vostok capsule
1014:, and it performed a
984:
952:several test launches
856:
765:European Space Agency
605:single-stage-to-orbit
589:planetary exploration
188:
146:
4474:Satellite navigation
4037:. 17 February 2004.
3365:www.defenseworld.net
3062:Commercial astronaut
2519:improve this section
2322:dinitrogen tetroxide
2265:Kennedy Space Centre
2251:engines that used a
2137:that carried pilots
1832:astronomical objects
1432:artificial satellite
1037:, flown uncrewed as
882:artificial satellite
632:orbital spaceflights
63:improve this article
4859:Electric propulsion
4546:Life-support system
4430:Imagery and mapping
4390:Private spaceflight
3954:"SpaceX - Starship"
3836:on 5 September 2015
3082:Private spaceflight
2733:space radio station
2640:life support system
2313:atmospheric reentry
2291:being lighter than
2163:private spaceflight
2113:Space Launch System
1985:North American X-15
1898:Apollo Lunar Module
1878:Apollo Lunar Module
1864:Lander (spacecraft)
1828:astronomical survey
1620:astronomical bodies
1501:The high frequency
1480:geostationary orbit
1415:Types of spacecraft
1282:or the vicinity of
1208:Uncrewed spacecraft
1202:Uncrewed spacecraft
1079:space station, the
1073:Apollo Lunar Module
934:Baikonur Cosmodrome
672:interstellar probes
357:Apollo Lunar Module
4812:Robotic spacecraft
4738:Space and survival
4593:Space colonization
4489:Space architecture
4341:Outer Space Treaty
4175:2005-11-08 at the
3515:"История ЦНИИ РТК"
3157:www.britannica.com
3048:Spaceflight portal
2962:Parker Solar Probe
2956:Fastest spacecraft
2951:Spacecraft records
2884:particle detectors
2785:Earth's atmosphere
2658:
2338:
2218:
2153:built a successor
1977:
1882:
1794:Deep Space Network
1772:astronomical units
1644:Sun's chromosphere
1640:Parker Solar Probe
1600:is used to supply
1540:
1261:
1246:
1024:Mercury spacecraft
994:
866:
861:, launched by the
660:Robotic spacecraft
611:(carrier rocket).
585:space colonization
314:Robotic spacecraft
190:
163:
5037:
5036:
4984:Flight controller
4761:
4760:
4519:Human spaceflight
4494:Space exploration
4420:Earth observation
4154:978-1-881883-10-4
3986:. 18 August 2021.
3384:spacewatch.global
3276:. 19 January 2024
3092:Space exploration
3087:Spacecraft design
2789:space environment
2767:, might employ a
2719:Spacecraft, both
2599:
2598:
2591:
2573:
2489:
2488:
2463:quality standards
2127:Scaled Composites
2109:CST-100 Starliner
2062:in January 1986.
1886:astronomical body
1840:satellite imaging
1446:between a source
1265:remote controlled
1130:Crewed spacecraft
1069:Apollo spacecraft
1065:Gemini spacecraft
1006:Vostok spacecraft
977:human spaceflight
967:Crewed spacecraft
898:atmospheric layer
573:Earth observation
553:
552:
447:Spaceflight types
391:
390:
348:Crewed spacecraft
340:
339:
255:Earth observation
139:
138:
131:
113:
5067:
5060:Pressure vessels
5027:
5016:
5015:
4726:Space psychology
4551:Animals in space
4524:
4523:
4504:Space technology
4346:Rescue Agreement
4226:
4219:
4212:
4203:
4202:
4158:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4090:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3966:
3950:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3909:
3907:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3881:"Mission Status"
3877:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3860:science.nasa.gov
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3665:. 2 March 2019.
3653:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3559:
3557:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3473:on 29 June 2011.
3463:
3457:
3456:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3414:
3408:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3228:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3185:. 10 August 2023
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3149:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3043:
2690:orbital elements
2661:Attitude control
2615:and may include
2594:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2531:
2499:
2491:
2484:
2481:
2475:
2452:
2444:
2386:super heavy-lift
2212:
1954:, respectively.
1880:, a lunar lander
1844:weather analysis
1800:Space telescopes
1521:Cargo spacecraft
1394:Buran spaceplane
1354:Cargo spacecraft
1304:space telescopes
1220:cargo spacecraft
1186:
1174:
1162:
1150:
1138:
1120:Buran spaceplane
823:). In addition,
640:celestial bodies
638:or around other
545:
538:
531:
517:
516:
515:
342:
341:
331:Cargo spacecraft
308:
307:
165:
164:
134:
127:
123:
120:
114:
112:
71:
47:
39:
36:
29:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5003:
4970:
4942:Escape velocity
4923:
4875:
4842:Space telescope
4795:Reentry capsule
4757:
4697:
4602:
4573:Overview effect
4556:Bioastronautics
4513:
4401:
4235:
4230:
4177:Wayback Machine
4166:
4161:
4155:
4133:
4131:
4118:
4113:
4112:
4102:
4100:
4092:
4091:
4080:
4070:
4068:
4058:
4054:
4044:
4042:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4014:
4012:
3995:
3991:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3964:
3962:
3952:
3951:
3944:
3934:
3932:
3930:www.braeunig.us
3924:
3923:
3919:
3905:
3903:
3892:
3888:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3864:
3862:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3839:
3837:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3809:
3807:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3787:
3785:
3775:
3771:
3756:
3752:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3724:
3722:
3712:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3670:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3638:
3630:
3628:
3627:on 2 March 2019
3615:
3614:
3610:
3596:
3594:
3583:
3579:
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3553:
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3478:
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3446:
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3415:
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3395:
3391:
3376:
3372:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3330:
3328:
3326:www.isro.gov.in
3320:
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3305:
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3279:
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3243:
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3188:
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3177:
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3172:
3162:
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3151:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3036:
2981:
2958:
2953:
2912:ground stations
2903:
2780:Thermal control
2713:
2670:reaction wheels
2625:thermal control
2605:
2595:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2532:
2530:
2516:
2500:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2466:
2453:
2442:
2420:
2414:
2406:low Earth orbit
2367:
2361:
2359:SpaceX Starship
2353:
2344:
2281:Low Earth Orbit
2257:liquid hydrogen
2210:
2184:
2178:
2159:Virgin Galactic
2101:SpaceX Dragon 2
1975:orbiter landing
1966:
1960:
1928:
1922:
1866:
1860:
1820:light pollution
1808:
1806:Space telescope
1802:
1770:has passed 160
1692:
1690:Voyager program
1686:
1684:Voyager program
1616:
1610:
1588:SpaceX Dragon 2
1573:space station.
1529:
1523:
1496:low Earth orbit
1442:; it creates a
1428:
1422:
1417:
1401:SpaceX Dragon 2
1390:
1384:space station.
1336:light pollution
1255:approaches the
1236:
1222:
1216:space telescope
1206:Main articles:
1204:
1190:
1187:
1178:
1175:
1166:
1163:
1154:
1151:
1142:
1139:
1087:and private US
988:Command Module
979:
969:
964:
886:low Earth orbit
851:
845:
656:telerobotically
650:operate either
563:and operate in
549:
513:
511:
506:
505:
486:
478:
477:
448:
440:
439:
430:Escape velocity
425:launch vehicles
403:
393:
392:
387:
386:
350:
336:
335:
316:
305:
295:
294:
245:
235:
234:
200:
135:
124:
118:
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72:
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60:
48:
37:
30:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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5020:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4989:Ground station
4986:
4980:
4978:
4976:Ground segment
4972:
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4958:
4953:
4944:
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4916:
4911:
4909:Interplanetary
4906:
4905:
4904:
4902:Geosynchronous
4899:
4889:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4869:Gravity assist
4866:
4861:
4856:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4809:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4800:Service module
4797:
4792:
4790:Orbital module
4782:
4777:
4775:Launch vehicle
4771:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4753:Space sexology
4750:
4745:
4743:Space medicine
4740:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4723:
4718:
4717:
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4705:
4703:
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4616:
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4608:
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4601:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4578:Weightlessness
4575:
4570:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4530:
4528:
4521:
4515:
4514:
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4506:
4501:
4499:Space research
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4435:Reconnaissance
4432:
4427:
4417:
4411:
4409:
4403:
4402:
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4398:
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4387:
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4353:
4348:
4343:
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4332:
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4326:
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4316:
4311:
4306:
4304:European Union
4301:
4296:
4291:
4281:
4276:
4275:
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4264:
4259:
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4214:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4194:
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4165:
4164:External links
4162:
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4119:
4117:
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3795:
3783:Britannica.com
3769:
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3608:
3577:
3536:
3506:
3491:(in Russian).
3476:
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2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2930:, and into an
2924:launch vehicle
2920:
2919:Launch vehicle
2916:
2915:
2908:ground segment
2901:Ground segment
2899:Main article:
2897:
2896:
2895:Ground segment
2892:
2891:
2872:
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2855:
2854:
2831:
2825:
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2749:
2748:
2717:
2716:Communications
2707:
2706:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2662:
2644:
2643:
2636:
2601:Main article:
2597:
2596:
2503:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2486:
2456:
2454:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2416:Main article:
2413:
2410:
2393:interplanetary
2363:Main article:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2349:
2340:Main article:
2180:Main article:
2177:
2174:
2147:Ansari X Prize
2077:-class shuttle
2026:, followed by
2014:Boeing 747 SCA
1997:Space Shuttle
1962:Main article:
1959:
1956:
1924:Main article:
1921:
1920:Space capsules
1918:
1916:of some sort.
1862:Main article:
1859:
1856:
1842:, applied for
1804:Main article:
1801:
1798:
1716:gravity assist
1696:Voyager probes
1694:The identical
1688:Main article:
1685:
1682:
1612:Main article:
1609:
1606:
1548:space stations
1522:
1519:
1488:satellite dish
1424:Main article:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1389:
1386:
1362:space stations
1203:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1181:
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1176:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1133:
1131:
1124:space capsules
1071:including the
1061:space stations
992:in lunar orbit
968:
965:
963:
960:
908:. Pressurized
880:was the first
844:
841:
718:space capsules
644:space stations
609:launch vehicle
593:transportation
569:communications
551:
550:
548:
547:
540:
533:
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522:
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508:
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504:
503:
498:
493:
491:Space agencies
487:
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476:
475:
470:
465:
463:Interplanetary
460:
455:
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446:
445:
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441:
438:
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432:
427:
415:
410:
404:
399:
398:
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389:
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379:
374:
372:Space stations
369:
364:
362:Space capsules
359:
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328:
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250:Communications
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225:Lunar missions
222:
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196:
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51:
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15:
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2:
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4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
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4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4937:Direct ascent
4935:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4920:
4919:Intergalactic
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4854:Rocket engine
4852:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
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4810:
4808:
4805:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4785:Space capsule
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4748:Space nursing
4746:
4744:
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4739:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4715:
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4711:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4702:Health issues
4700:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4667:
4664:
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4662:
4659:
4657:
4656:Space Shuttle
4654:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
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4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4588:Space tourism
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
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4569:
4566:
4562:
4559:
4557:
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4537:
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4532:
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4525:
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4520:
4516:
4510:
4509:Space weather
4507:
4505:
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4500:
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4495:
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4490:
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4408:
4404:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4373:Space command
4371:
4370:
4369:
4368:Space warfare
4366:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
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4337:
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4330:
4329:United States
4327:
4325:
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4320:
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4315:
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4307:
4305:
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4297:
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4280:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4247:Astrodynamics
4245:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4227:
4222:
4220:
4215:
4213:
4208:
4207:
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4180:
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4141:
4130:
4129:New Scientist
4126:
4121:
4120:
4099:
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4089:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4067:
4063:
4056:
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4036:
4032:
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4010:
4006:
4005:
4004:IEEE Spectrum
4000:
3993:
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3799:
3784:
3780:
3773:
3765:
3761:
3754:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3721:
3717:
3710:
3695:
3694:spacenews.com
3691:
3684:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3645:
3644:public domain
3626:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3604:
3592:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3573:public domain
3563:
3551:
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3510:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3405:3-8118-4341-9
3402:
3398:
3393:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3348:
3342:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3232:
3226:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3159:. 6 June 2024
3158:
3154:
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3144:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
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3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3067:Flying saucer
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3038:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2999:
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2988:
2987:
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2982:
2973:
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2959:
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2937:
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2929:
2925:
2921:
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2913:
2909:
2905:
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2902:
2894:
2893:
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2857:
2856:
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2810:
2806:
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2798:
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2790:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2741:communication
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2704:
2703:data recorder
2699:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:Space Shuttle
2652:
2648:
2642:for the crew.
2641:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2613:satellite bus
2610:
2607:A spacecraft
2604:
2593:
2590:
2582:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2540: –
2539:
2535:
2534:Find sources:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2504:This section
2502:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2483:
2480:November 2022
2473:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2457:This section
2455:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2437:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2389:space vehicle
2387:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2356:
2348:
2343:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2319:
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2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2253:liquid oxygen
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2222:Space Shuttle
2215:
2214:maiden launch
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2192:Space Shuttle
2188:
2183:
2182:Space Shuttle
2176:Space Shuttle
2173:
2171:
2170:
2167:crash of VSS
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
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1926:Space capsule
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471:
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80: –
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74:Find sources:
68:
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52:This article
50:
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5055:Astronautics
4929:Space launch
4914:Interstellar
4880:Destinations
4766:
4649:Apollo–Soyuz
4598:Space diving
4583:Space toilet
4407:Applications
4324:Soviet Union
4284:Space policy
4279:Space launch
4144:
4132:. Retrieved
4128:
4101:. Retrieved
4097:
4069:. Retrieved
4065:
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3957:
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3859:
3850:
3838:. Retrieved
3834:the original
3829:
3820:
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3798:
3786:. Retrieved
3782:
3772:
3763:
3753:
3745:Space Flight
3744:
3735:
3723:. Retrieved
3720:AmericaSpace
3719:
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3693:
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3671:. Retrieved
3660:
3651:
3629:. Retrieved
3625:the original
3620:
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3601:– via
3595:. Retrieved
3580:
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3554:. Retrieved
3539:
3527:. Retrieved
3518:
3509:
3497:. Retrieved
3488:
3479:
3471:the original
3461:
3453:
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3443:
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3412:
3396:
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3373:
3364:
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3325:
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3300:
3290:
3278:. Retrieved
3273:
3264:
3252:. Retrieved
3248:
3239:
3213:. Retrieved
3209:
3199:
3187:. Retrieved
3182:
3173:
3161:. Retrieved
3156:
3147:
3097:Space launch
3020:
3008:
2996:
2984:
2972:Solar Probes
2971:
2839:
2761:solar panels
2635:Life support
2606:
2585:
2576:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:"Astrionics"
2533:
2517:Please help
2505:
2477:
2468:You can help
2458:
2429:Intelsat-901
2421:
2371:second stage
2368:
2354:
2345:
2293:Columbia but
2292:
2288:
2284:
2219:
2207:
2168:
2155:SpaceShipTwo
2143:Brian Binnie
2139:Mike Melvill
2131:SpaceShipOne
2125:
2090:
2074:
2071:
2063:
2058:when it was
2055:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2007:
2004:Yuri Gagarin
1998:
1990:
1978:
1972:
1940:Yuri Gagarin
1929:
1883:
1809:
1779:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1693:
1677:New Horizons
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1650:, these are
1617:
1608:Space probes
1595:
1581:
1575:
1552:
1541:
1500:
1429:
1405:Dream Chaser
1398:
1391:
1352:
1301:
1273:
1262:
1193:
1117:
1054:
1028:
1020:Alan Shepard
1010:
1002:Yuri Gagarin
995:
989:
941:
932:(now at the
890:Soviet Union
867:
863:Soviet Union
742:
711:
707:Solar System
701:New Horizons
699:
693:
687:
681:
675:
664:space probes
652:autonomously
613:
556:
554:
496:Space forces
468:Interstellar
401:Space launch
302:
243:Applications
220:Space probes
154:spacecraft (
140:
125:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
78:"Spacecraft"
73:
61:Please help
56:verification
53:
4887:Sub-orbital
4822:Space probe
4688:New Shepard
4666:Shuttle–Mir
4425:Archaeology
4378:Space force
4361:Moon Treaty
4233:Spaceflight
4134:11 February
4103:16 December
4071:16 December
4045:11 February
4015:29 November
3965:29 November
3935:16 February
3865:22 November
3840:10 February
3810:10 February
3788:10 February
3433:1 September
3249:www.esa.int
2846:inclination
2379:Super Heavy
1958:Spaceplanes
1932:spaceplanes
1914:heat shield
1906:aerobraking
1888:other than
1787:over time,
1614:Space probe
1586:, American
1515:frequencies
1503:radio waves
1448:transmitter
1440:transponder
948:Kármán line
922:Site No.1/5
876:, Germany.
837:Blue Origin
817:North Korea
722:spaceplanes
720:and winged
628:Earth orbit
577:meteorology
565:outer space
453:Sub-orbital
377:Spaceplanes
326:Space probe
260:Exploration
178:Spaceflight
5050:Spacecraft
5044:Categories
4956:Launch pad
4947:Expendable
4897:Geocentric
4864:Solar sail
4807:Spaceplane
4767:Spacecraft
4561:Space suit
4539:commercial
4467:Television
4262:Space Race
3896:"Liftoff!"
3631:6 February
3134:References
3102:Space suit
3057:Astrionics
3025:at 101.17
3022:Pioneer 11
3013:at 122.82
3001:at 122.48
2998:Pioneer 10
2989:at 156.13
2936:expendable
2928:atmosphere
2888:human crew
2880:telescopes
2858:Structures
2835:propulsion
2609:astrionics
2603:Astrionics
2549:newspapers
2440:Subsystems
2301:CanadaArm1
2289:Challenger
2277:California
2202:, and the
2169:Enterprise
2135:spaceplane
2081:spaceplane
2056:Challenger
2029:Challenger
2009:Enterprise
1964:Spaceplane
1720:Titan IIIE
1671:Pioneer 11
1665:Pioneer 10
1638:, and the
1594:. Chinese
1580:: Russian
1460:television
1269:autonomous
1224:See also:
1049:, and the
971:See also:
956:V-2 rocket
930:Kazakh SSR
928:range, in
906:ionosphere
874:Peenemünde
847:See also:
677:Pioneer 10
674:, such as
668:satellites
581:navigation
557:spacecraft
418:Expendable
413:Launch pad
303:Spacecraft
285:Telescopes
280:Settlement
275:Navigation
210:Space Race
89:newspapers
33:spaceplane
4966:Spaceport
4817:Satellite
4534:Astronaut
4462:Telephone
4415:Astronomy
4336:Space law
4289:Australia
4066:Space.com
3830:Aerospace
3764:Space.com
3301:Space.com
3139:Citations
3010:Voyager 2
2986:Voyager 1
2970:I and II
2851:thrusters
2821:actuators
2801:beryllium
2775:by Earth.
2678:actuators
2506:does not
2472:talk page
2402:Elon Musk
2247:, with 3
2052:Endeavour
2047:Endeavour
2035:Discovery
1981:airplanes
1876:Extended
1874:Apollo 16
1848:espionage
1812:telescope
1780:Voyager 2
1768:Voyager 1
1760:Voyager 1
1756:Voyager 2
1752:Voyager 2
1748:Voyager 1
1746:in 2018.
1744:Voyager 2
1740:Voyager 1
1735:Voyager 2
1729:Voyager 1
1659:Voyager 2
1653:Voyager 1
1512:microwave
1464:telephone
1308:telescope
1212:satellite
1105:Starliner
1011:Freedom 7
986:Apollo 17
914:meteoroid
894:Space Age
878:Sputnik 1
868:A German
859:Sputnik 1
753:Roscosmos
689:Voyager 1
501:Companies
408:Spaceport
321:Satellite
265:Espionage
5018:Category
4683:Tiangong
4678:Shenzhou
4607:Programs
4452:Internet
4257:Timeline
4173:Archived
4039:Archived
4009:Archived
3667:Archived
3556:17 April
3529:13 April
3523:Archived
3499:13 April
3493:Archived
3489:Buran.ru
3467:"Vostok"
3427:Archived
3245:"Euclid"
3225:cite web
3112:Starship
3034:See also
2940:reusable
2813:ablative
2809:tungsten
2787:and the
2773:eclipsed
2629:payloads
2579:May 2024
2434:Ariane 5
2383:Starship
2334:Atlantis
2297:STS-61-A
2285:Columbia
2208:Columbia
2091:Per the
2067:broke up
2064:Columbia
2041:Atlantis
2023:Columbia
1999:Columbia
1973:Columbia
1896:and the
1632:Saturn V
1597:Tianzhou
1583:Progress
1571:Tiangong
1559:Salyut 7
1555:Salyut 6
1476:military
1472:internet
1452:receiver
1409:Tianzhou
1382:Tiangong
1370:Salyut 7
1366:Salyut 6
1324:Salyut 1
1113:Shenzhou
1109:Shuguang
1093:Dragon 2
1089:Spacehab
1085:Spacelab
998:Vostok 1
926:Tyuratam
910:nitrogen
732:and the
726:reusable
422:reusable
270:Military
170:a series
168:Part of
119:May 2024
4892:Orbital
4693:Artemis
4624:Voskhod
4619:Mercury
4527:General
4267:Records
4252:History
4240:General
4116:Sources
4035:ESA.int
3912:Twitter
3725:20 July
3699:11 July
3673:8 March
3662:YouTube
3603:Twitter
3562:Twitter
3331:13 July
3306:13 July
3280:13 July
3274:AP News
3254:13 July
3215:13 July
3189:13 July
3183:AP News
3163:13 July
2942:. In a
2876:cameras
2871:Payload
2797:Celsius
2765:Jupiter
2737:optical
2721:robotic
2674:sensors
2666:torques
2563:scholar
2527:removed
2512:sources
1858:Landers
1712:Neptune
1700:Jupiter
1624:landers
1484:equator
1296:Neptune
1284:Jupiter
1101:CST-100
1059:crewed
1039:Zond/L1
1031:Voskhod
990:America
954:of the
843:History
815:), and
755:), the
714:reentry
622:enters
458:Orbital
290:Tourism
198:History
103:scholar
5029:Portal
5022:
5011:
4827:Lander
4780:Rocket
4644:Skylab
4639:Apollo
4629:Gemini
4614:Vostok
4319:Russia
4151:
3959:SpaceX
3906:31 May
3597:27 May
3519:RTC.ru
3403:
2968:Helios
2793:vacuum
2743:using
2725:crewed
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2536:
2470:. The
2425:Proton
2398:refuel
2375:SpaceX
2243:, the
2230:NASA’s
2211:'s
2198:, the
2121:Vulcan
2105:Boeing
2097:SpaceX
2044:, and
1936:Vostok
1904:) use
1894:Philae
1850:, and
1822:which
1726:, yet
1724:Saturn
1708:Uranus
1704:Saturn
1674:, and
1628:Apollo
1592:Cygnus
1565:, the
1474:, and
1450:and a
1407:, and
1376:, the
1338:which
1294:, and
1292:Uranus
1288:Saturn
1276:crewed
1232:, and
1218:, and
1097:Boeing
1077:Skylab
1075:, the
1067:, the
1051:Salyut
833:SpaceX
801:Israel
793:Taiwan
749:Russia
698:, and
630:. For
597:humans
591:, and
561:to fly
382:Vostok
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
4832:Rover
4634:Soyuz
4457:Radio
4314:Japan
4309:India
4294:China
3900:Tweet
3591:Tweet
3550:Tweet
3129:Notes
2932:orbit
2882:, or
2840:Swift
2752:Power
2570:JSTOR
2556:books
2351:Other
2249:RS-25
2075:Buran
1948:Orion
1944:Soyuz
1902:Earth
1890:Earth
1764:Titan
1636:Pluto
1544:cargo
1468:radio
1456:Earth
1436:radio
1388:Other
1358:cargo
1330:) of
1316:OAO-2
1280:Venus
1035:Soyuz
920:from
902:radio
827:have
785:India
777:China
769:Japan
738:Soyuz
636:Earth
624:space
614:On a
601:cargo
152:Soyuz
110:JSTOR
96:books
4994:Pass
4949:and
4149:ISBN
4136:2008
4105:2018
4073:2018
4047:2008
4017:2021
3967:2023
3937:2018
3908:2020
3867:2023
3842:2016
3812:2016
3790:2016
3727:2020
3701:2020
3675:2019
3633:2019
3599:2020
3558:2020
3531:2020
3501:2020
3435:2023
3423:NASA
3401:ISBN
3333:2024
3308:2024
3282:2024
3256:2024
3231:link
3217:2024
3191:2024
3165:2024
2922:The
2906:The
2803:and
2735:and
2723:and
2676:and
2542:news
2510:any
2508:cite
2320:and
2241:APCP
2239:and
2237:PBAN
2220:The
2141:and
2115:and
2103:and
2060:lost
1952:NASA
1946:and
1910:Drag
1872:The
1789:NASA
1785:RTGs
1710:and
1590:and
1569:and
1380:and
1346:and
1306:, a
1194:The
1053:and
975:and
835:and
821:NADA
809:Iran
789:ISRO
781:CNSA
773:JAXA
761:NASA
692:and
680:and
618:, a
599:and
420:and
82:news
24:and
4661:Mir
3210:CNN
2938:or
2811:or
2757:Sun
2685:GNC
2521:by
2275:in
2233:SLS
2206:. (
2196:Mir
2190:US
2119:'s
2117:ULA
2107:'s
2099:'s
1776:Sun
1563:Mir
1494:in
1374:Mir
1056:Mir
1047:TKS
938:MHz
870:V-2
813:ISA
807:),
805:ISA
799:),
797:TSA
791:),
783:),
775:),
654:or
595:of
156:TMA
65:by
5046::
4127:.
4096:.
4081:^
4064:.
4033:.
4007:.
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3969:.
3956:.
3945:^
3928:.
3858:.
3828:.
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3762:.
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3619:.
3521:.
3487:.
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3272:.
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3227:}}
3223:{{
3208:.
3181:.
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2991:AU
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