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2784:, with the Earth added for scale. On the right an image of the Sun shows a helium emissions, and there is an image on the left showing emissions from iron. One application for spaceflight is to take observation hindered or made more difficult by being on Earth's surface. Skylab included a massive crewed solar observatory that revolutionized solar science in the early 1970s using the Apollo-based space station in conjunction with crewed spaceflights to it.
13280:
1821:. Suborbital spaceflight over an intercontinental distance requires a vehicle velocity that is only a little lower than the velocity required to reach low Earth orbit. If rockets are used, the size of the rocket relative to the payload is similar to an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM). Any intercontinental spaceflight has to surmount problems of heating during atmosphere re-entry that are nearly as large as those faced by orbital spaceflight.
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phase, and then the hard docked position which establishes an air-tight structural connection between spacecraft. Berthing, by contrast, is when an incoming spacecraft is grappled by a robotic arm and its interface mechanism is placed close to the stationary interface mechanism. Then typically there is a capture process, coarse alignment and fine alignment, and then structural attachment.
12210:
4880:, something that is manageable for today's astronauts flying in low-Earth orbit but would be a bigger deal for people traveling farther and for longer." (p. 25.) "On the edge of terrestrial frontiers, people were seeking, say, gold or more farmable land. In space, explorers can't be sure of the value proposition at their destination." (p. 27.) "Harmful extraterrestrial
1112:. These windows depend upon the position of celestial bodies and orbits relative to the launch site. The biggest influence is often the rotation of the Earth itself. Once launched, orbits are normally located within relatively constant flat planes at a fixed angle to the axis of the Earth, and the Earth rotates within this orbit.
1962:, as this would make it possible for passengers in a fast-moving vehicle to travel further into the future while aging very little, in that their great speed slows down the rate of passage of on-board time. However, attaining such high speeds would still require the use of some new, advanced method of
2185:
was designed for a crew and strongly resembled the US Space
Shuttle, although its drop-off boosters used liquid propellants and its main engines were located at the base of what would be the external tank in the American Shuttle. Lack of funding, complicated by the dissolution of the USSR, prevented
1408:
After rendezvousing with the space station, the space vehicle then docks or berths with the station. Docking refers to joining of two separate free-flying space vehicles, while berthing refers to mating operations where an inactive vehicle is placed into the mating interface of another space vehicle
7092:
1773:
100 km (62 mi) above sea level. (NASA alternatively defines an astronaut as someone who has flown more than 80 km (50 mi) above sea level.) It is not generally recognized by the public that the increase in potential energy required to pass the Kármán line is only about 3% of the
1605:
are too distant to reach with current crewed spaceflight technology, so telerobotic probes are the only way to explore them. Telerobotics also allows exploration of regions that are vulnerable to contamination by Earth micro-organisms since spacecraft can be sterilized. Humans can not be sterilized
3909:
The most prevalent concept for suborbital Earth to Earth transportation comes from none other than Elon Musk and SpaceX. Primarily designed for transporting large payloads to Mars for the purpose of colonization, the next generation
Starship launch system offers a bonus capability for transporting
2622:
or other chemicals, and this can cause temporary local holes in the ozone layer. Re-entering spacecraft generate nitrates which also can temporarily impact the ozone layer. Most rockets are made of metals that can have an environmental impact during their construction. While spaceflight altogether
1249:
Robotic missions do not require an abort capability and require radiation minimalization only for delicate electronics, and because modern launchers routinely meet "instantaneous" launch windows, space probes to the Moon and other planets generally use direct injection to maximize performance by
3774:
Docking is when one incoming spacecraft rendezvous with another spacecraft and flies a controlled collision trajectory in such a manner so as to align and mesh the interface mechanisms. The spacecraft docking mechanisms typically enter what is called soft capture, followed by a load attenuation
1847:
requires much higher velocities than a minimal sub-orbital flight, and so it is technologically much more challenging to achieve. To achieve orbital spaceflight, the tangential velocity around the Earth is as important as altitude. In order to perform a stable and lasting flight in space, the
919:
improved efficiency enough for interplanetary travel to become possible. He also proved in the laboratory that rockets would work in the vacuum of space; nonetheless, his work was not taken seriously by the public. His attempt to secure an Army contract for a rocket-propelled weapon in the
1046:
Spaceflight has been widely employed by numerous government and commercial entities for placing satellites into orbit around Earth for a broad range of purposes. Certain government agencies have also sent uncrewed spacecraft exploring space beyond the Moon and developed continuous crewed
2585:. Geomagnetic storms due to increased solar activity can potentially blind sensors onboard spacecraft, or interfere with on-board electronics. An understanding of space environmental conditions is also important in designing shielding and life support systems for crewed spacecraft.
2506:. It must also maintain the correct body temperature, an acceptable pressure on the body and deal with the body's waste products. Shielding against harmful external influences such as radiation and micro-meteorites may also be necessary. Components of the life support system are
594:
colliding with functional satellites. This problem is exacerbated when large objects, often upper stages, break up in orbit or collide with other objects, creating often hundreds of small, hard to find pieces of debris. This problem of continuous collisions is know as
1119:
is a fixed structure designed to dispatch airborne vehicles. It generally consists of a launch tower and flame trench. It is surrounded by equipment used to erect, fuel, and maintain launch vehicles. Before launch, the rocket can weigh hundreds of tons. The
1157:
failing due to lack of atmosphere and alternatives such as space elevators not being built yet. Chemical propulsion, or the acceleration of gases at high velocities, is effective mainly because of its ability to sustain thrust even as the atmosphere thins.
3237:
abandoned its independent space launch program in 1972 in favour of co-operating with the
European Launcher Development Organisation (ELDO) on launch technologies until 1974. Australia abandoned its launcher program shortly after the successful launch of
2853:. These companies often assert that much of the previous high cost of access to space was caused by governmental inefficiencies they can avoid. This assertion can be supported by much lower published launch costs for private space launch vehicles such as
1479:
After a successful landing the spacecraft, its occupants, and cargo can be recovered. In some cases, recovery has occurred before landing: while a spacecraft is still descending on its parachute, it can be snagged by a specially designed aircraft. This
3867:
Berthing refers to mating operations where an inactive module/vehicle is placed into the mating interface using a Remote
Manipulator System-RMS. Docking refers to mating operations where an active vehicle flies into the mating interface under its own
2842:
Most early spaceflight development was paid for by governments. However, today major launch markets such as communication satellites and satellite television are purely commercial, though many of the launchers were originally funded by governments.
1279:
Astrodynamics is the study of spacecraft trajectories, particularly as they relate to gravitational and propulsion effects. Astrodynamics allows for a spacecraft to arrive at its destination at the correct time without excessive propellant use. An
11037:
1226:, spacecraft are inserted into parking orbits, or lower intermediary orbits. The parking orbit approach greatly simplified Apollo mission planning in several important ways. It acted as a "time buffer" and substantially widened the allowable
2577:). "Space weather describes the conditions in space that affect Earth and its technological systems. Our space weather is a consequence of the behavior of the Sun, the nature of Earth's magnetic field, and our location in the Solar System."
11043:
943:. At a test flight in June 1944 one such rocket reached space at an altitude of 189 kilometers (102 nautical miles), becoming the first man-made object to do so. At the end of World War II, most of the V-2 rocket team including its head,
2580:
Space weather exerts a profound influence in several areas related to space exploration and development. Changing geomagnetic conditions can induce changes in atmospheric density causing the rapid degradation of spacecraft altitude in
1436:. Based on this theory, reentry vehicles present blunt shapes to the atmosphere for reentry. Blunt shapes mean that less than 1% of the kinetic energy ends up as heat reaching the vehicle, and the remainder heats up the atmosphere.
590:. Used upper stages or failed spacecraft, however, often lack the ability to deorbit themselves. This becomes a major issue when large numbers of uncontrollable spacecraft exist in frequently used orbits, increasing the risk of
1757:, in which case a suborbital flight will last only a few minutes, but it is also possible for an object with enough energy for an orbit to have a trajectory that intersects the Earth's atmosphere, sometimes after many hours.
2379:
All launch vehicles contain a huge amount of energy that is needed for some part of it to reach orbit. There is therefore some risk that this energy can be released prematurely and suddenly, with significant effects. When a
1427:
Vehicles in orbit have large amounts of kinetic energy. This energy must be discarded if the vehicle is to land safely without vaporizing in the atmosphere. Typically this process requires special methods to protect against
1774:
orbital energy (potential plus kinetic energy) required by the lowest possible Earth orbit (a circular orbit just above the Kármán line.) In other words, it is far easier to reach space than to stay there. On May 17, 2004,
10237:
13709:
11175:
10960:
3090:
The following nations or organizations have developed their own launch vehicles to launch uncrewed spacecraft into orbit either from their own territory or with foreign assistance (date of first launch in parentheses):
4875:
Sarah Scoles, "Why We'll Never Live in Space: The technological, biological, psychological and ethical challenges to leaving Earth", vol. 329, no. 3 (October 2023), pp. 22–29. "Perhaps the most significant concern is
1765:
intended to reach the Moon. A partial failure caused it to instead follow a suborbital trajectory to an altitude of 113,854 kilometers (70,746 mi) before reentering the Earth's atmosphere 43 hours after launch.
1698:
made one orbit around the Earth. In official Soviet documents, there is no mention of the fact that
Gagarin parachuted the final seven miles. As of 2020, the only spacecraft regularly used for human spaceflight are
12424:
3206:
Also several countries, such as Canada, Italy, and
Australia, had semi-independent spacefaring capability, launching locally-built satellites on foreign launchers. Canada had designed and built satellites
2626:
In addition to the atmospheric effects there are effects on the near-Earth space environment. There is the possibility that orbit could become inaccessible for generations due to exponentially increasing
2857:
developed with private financing. Lower launch costs and excellent safety will be required for the applications such as space tourism and especially space colonization to become feasible for expansion.
1988:. However, theoretically speaking, there is nothing to conclusively indicate that intergalactic travel is impossible. To date several academics have studied intergalactic travel in a serious manner.
749:
579:, which propels the spacecraft to high enough speeds that it reaches orbit. Once in orbit, spacecrafts are at high enough speeds that they fall around the Earth rather than fall back to the surface.
1101:
for vertical rocket launches and runways for takeoff and landing of carrier airplanes and winged spacecraft. Spaceports are situated well away from human habitation for noise and safety reasons.
13025:
9612:
1984:
Intergalactic travel involves spaceflight between galaxies, and is considered much more technologically demanding than even interstellar travel and, by current engineering terms, is considered
1570:, in which they have a pre-programmed list of operations that will be executed unless otherwise instructed. A robotic spacecraft for scientific measurements is often called a space probe or
11180:
Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs
10515:
13354:
12942:
9595:
9521:
2428:
In a microgravity environment such as that provided by a spacecraft in orbit around the Earth, humans experience a sense of "weightlessness." Short-term exposure to microgravity causes
1257:
The escape velocity from a celestial body decreases as the distance from the body increases. However, it is more fuel-efficient for a craft to burn its fuel as close as possible to its
1254:. Although some might coast briefly during the launch sequence, they do not complete one or more full parking orbits before the burn that injects them onto an Earth escape trajectory.
2387:
Space is a fairly predictable environment, but there are still risks of accidental depressurization and the potential failure of equipment, some of which may be very newly developed.
928:. Working with private financial support, he was the first to launch a liquid-fueled rocket on March 16, 1926. Goddard's papers were highly influential internationally in his field.
9188:
10213:
6226:
2668:
ever since the first phase of space exploration. Even though some rights of non-spacefaring countries have been secured, sharing of space for all humanity is still criticized as
12504:
12122:
10415:
10410:
9803:
6194:
3010:. Spacefaring nations are those capable of independently building and launching craft into space. A growing number of private entities have become or are becoming spacefaring.
10282:
1230:. The parking orbit gave the crew and controllers time to thoroughly check out the spacecraft after the stresses of launch before committing it for a long journey to the Moon.
1627:
are robotic spacecraft. Not every uncrewed spacecraft is a robotic spacecraft; for example, a reflector ball is a non-robotic uncrewed spacecraft. Space missions where other
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in the same way as a spaceship, as they coexist with numerous micro-organisms, and these micro-organisms are also hard to contain within a spaceship or spacesuit.
1147:, which is 100 kilometers (62 mi) above the Earth's surface. (The United States defines outer space as everything beyond 50 miles (80 km) in altitude.)
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Yap, Xiao-Shan; Heiberg, Jonas; Truffer, Bernhard (2023). "The emerging global socio-technical regime for tackling space debris: A discourse network analysis".
1958:
are likely to be able to reach the nearest star significantly faster. Another possibility that could allow for human interstellar spaceflight is to make use of
11937:
10043:
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2436:. Long-term exposure causes multiple health issues. The most significant is bone loss, some of which is permanent, but microgravity also leads to significant
13364:
11969:
11842:
10985:
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5517:
2972:. The degree of knowledge needed within these areas is dependent upon the nature of the work and the type of vessel employed. "Spacefaring" is analogous to
1753:
the spacecraft reaches space and then returns to the atmosphere after following a (primarily) ballistic trajectory. This is usually because of insufficient
9639:
4299:
3217:) in 1962 and 1965 which were orbited using U.S. launch vehicles. Italy has designed and built several satellites, as well as pressurized modules for the
3022:(UNOOSA) has been the main multilateral body servicing international contact and exchange on space activity among spacefaring and non-spacefaring states.
2615:
and sometimes toxic components. Particularly at higher levels of the atmosphere the potency of exhausted gases as greenhouse gases increases considerably
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11382:
10337:
6524:
6410:
6221:
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2105:'s flight, on 12 April 1981. During the Shuttle era, six orbiters were built, all of which flown in the atmosphere and five of which flown in space. The
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rocket exploded 13 seconds after launch on
January 17, 1997, there were reports of store windows 10 miles (16 km) away being broken by the blast.
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Exhaust pollution of rockets depends on the produced exhausts by the propellants reactions and the location of exhaustion. They mostly exhaust
3726:
2017:, since this was the only crewed vehicle to have been designed for, and operated only in space; and is notable for its non-aerodynamic shape.
26:
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and forecasting; spacecraft operations; operation of various equipment; spacecraft design and construction; atmospheric takeoff and reentry;
425:
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9936:
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8282:
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Access to outer space has been enabled and limited through and for some few countries, as non-spacefaring countries, particularly of the
378:
2849:
is a rapidly developing area: space flight that is not only paid for by corporations or even private individuals, but often provided by
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11974:
11930:
11594:
11138:
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1329:
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are becoming more common, particularly for uncrewed vehicles, and this can significantly reduce the vehicle's mass and increase its
1460:
in the sea. These capsules were designed to land at relatively low speeds with the help of a parachute. Soviet/Russian capsules for
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4367:
3928:. 68th annual meeting of the International Astronautical Congress in Adelaide, Australia. SpaceX. 29 September 2017. Archived from
1885:. Plans for future crewed interplanetary spaceflight missions often include final vehicle assembly in Earth orbit, such as NASA's
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9059:
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7125:
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often uses the phrase
Environmental Control and Life Support System or the acronym ECLSS when describing these systems for its
7121:
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688:
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13672:
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The Space
Shuttle was retired in 2011 due mainly to its old age. The Shuttle's human transport role is to be replaced by the
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383:
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907:
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1311:
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2901: Countries who operate a launch vehicle and a satellite but currently have no plans to develop a crewed space vehicle
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12064:
11748:
10718:
10063:
8727:
7828:
7012:
6898:
6888:
6823:
6398:
6363:
6011:
4469:
2594:
9036:
7119:
7111:
2895: Countries seeking to develop a human spaceflight program but also have developed or currently own a launch vehicle
12959:
12782:
12699:
12599:
12533:
12396:
11613:
11433:
10317:
9862:
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9581:
9421:
9265:
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6514:
6504:
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2248:
achieved the first vertical soft landing of a re-usable orbital rocket stage on
December 21, 2015, after delivering 11
1801:
in which a spacecraft provides rapid transport between two terrestrial locations. A conventional airline route between
1388:
1102:
971:
7126:
7122:
2762:, since established spacefaring countries endanger access to outer space with their orbital space polluting activity.
1401:
and approach to a very close distance (e.g. within visual contact). This is done by a set of orbital maneuvers called
13369:
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12153:
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11500:
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10778:
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1511:
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2097:, was air-launched on a suborbital trajectory on 19 July 1963. The first partially reusable orbital spacecraft, the
898:, or potential change in velocity. This formula, which is still used by engineers, is a key concept of spaceflight.
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Launch aircraft development continues while suborbital ship awaits investigation into fatal explosion in California
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1649:, were capable of remote guided station-keeping and docking maneuvers with both resupply craft and new modules.
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Burruss, Robert Page; Colwell, J. (September–October 1987). "Intergalactic Travel: The Long Voyage From Home".
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2913: Countries who operate an orbiting satellite but do not own a launch vehicle or have plans to produce one
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This shows an extreme ultraviolet view of the Sun (the Apollo Telescope Mount SO82A Experiment) taken during
2623:
pollutes at a fraction of other human activities, it still does pollute heavily if calculated per passenger.
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925:
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have pointed out. Therefore inclusion has been a national and international issue, resulting in 1967 in the
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might be feasible with current technology. Other ideas include rocket-assisted aircraft/spaceplanes such as
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10918:
10803:
10663:
10154:
9925:
9856:
9576:
8942:
8643:
8169:
8098:
8063:
7102:
7096:
6979:
6893:
6878:
6833:
6751:
6746:
6681:
6509:
6338:
6272:
6176:
5907:
5623:
5459:
5206:
5053:
4128:
3670:
3464:
3459:
3218:
2792:
2417:
1676:
1642:
1201:
1063:
947:, surrendered to the United States, and were expatriated to work on American missiles at what became the
872:
529:
518:
137:
102:
38:
8083:
3756:
3642:
1633:
Many habitable spacecraft also have varying levels of robotic features. For example, the space stations
13217:
12291:
11884:
11753:
11406:
11346:
11113:
11031:
9411:
9317:
9137:
9108:
8925:
8878:
8558:
8359:
8242:
8225:
8191:
7123:
7065:
6883:
6781:
6703:
6551:
6448:
6328:
6303:
6089:
6041:
5959:
5952:
5912:
5695:
5464:
5137:
4945:
2736:
1874:
1865:
1813:, could be traversed in less than one hour. While no company offers this type of transportation today,
1281:
666:
537:
506:
498:
345:
4552:
12986:
12226:
12165:
11827:
11584:
11394:
10825:
10362:
9115:
8893:
8883:
8401:
8376:
8186:
6913:
6868:
6796:
6776:
6761:
6708:
6698:
6676:
6615:
6375:
6353:
6318:
6313:
6109:
5942:
5618:
5500:
5238:
5003:
4908:
A City on Mars: Can We Settle Space, Should We Settle Space, and Have We Really Thought This Through?
4607:
4129:"Eternity in six hours: intergalactic spreading of intelligent life and sharpening the Fermi paradox"
3454:
2952:(a.k.a. astrodynamics); communications; engines and rockets; execution of evolutions such as towing,
2698:
2554:
2429:
2259:
The first Falcon 9 second flight occurred on 30 March 2017. SpaceX now routinely recovers and reuses
1624:
1563:
7120:
4267:
1778:
launched the GoFast rocket on a suborbital flight, the first amateur spaceflight. On June 21, 2004,
632:
is the use of spacecraft to transport people or cargo into or through outer space. This may include
618:
refers to a spaceflight intended to achieve an objective. Objectives for space missions may include
13641:
13320:
12127:
11780:
11370:
11220:
11153:
10820:
10793:
10420:
10322:
10178:
10082:
8972:
8843:
8692:
8297:
6908:
6838:
6771:
6736:
6661:
6348:
6333:
6056:
5733:
5233:
5221:
5193:
3730:
3451: – Visual art depicting the appearance of a landscape as viewed from an aircraft or spacecraft
2654:
2127:
2107:
2070:
1955:
1177:
916:
533:
300:
132:
112:
2991:(ESA) countries, and a few corporations and enterprises have plans in various stages to travel to
2932:. It involves a knowledge of a variety of topics and development of specialised skills including:
2197:
in the 2020s. The Shuttle's heavy cargo transport role is now done by commercial launch vehicles.
1741:
in flight. X-15 flew above 100 km (62 mi) twice and both of the flights were piloted by
586:
themselves or, in the case of uncrewed spacecraft in high-energy orbits, to boost themselves into
13622:
13284:
13236:
12687:
11894:
11879:
11315:
11208:
11188:
11049:
11013:
10773:
10669:
10400:
10159:
9749:
9687:
9526:
9291:
9125:
8822:
8381:
8208:
7855:
7759:
7672:
7372:
7222:
7113:
7104:
6923:
6843:
6828:
6731:
6628:
6605:
6420:
6358:
6134:
6114:
6031:
5869:
5737:
5673:
5452:
5354:
5265:
5169:
5142:
5043:
3222:
2810:
2771:
2536:
2145:
2133:
2116:
1798:
1754:
1750:
1728:
1300:
1193:
1048:
655:
564:
335:
97:
11674:
11096:
10143:
4833:
4756:
4339:
2318:
1585:
operation, due to lower cost and risk factors. In addition, some planetary destinations such as
1188:
require new materials much stronger than any currently known. Electromagnetic launchers such as
13332:
13260:
13049:
12675:
12262:
11822:
11723:
10798:
10783:
10768:
10357:
10122:
10117:
10048:
9622:
9502:
9453:
9176:
9023:
8932:
8386:
8324:
8272:
8262:
8247:
8198:
8058:
7988:
7410:
7098:
6928:
6903:
6858:
6741:
6633:
6610:
6236:
6161:
6016:
5785:
5747:
5181:
5100:
5038:
3263:
2889: Countries that have operated at least one human spaceflight program, if not independently
2874:
2304:
2139:
2121:
2088:
1869:
1360:
1167:
1154:
1121:
1086:
1024:
670:
649:
572:
522:
317:
304:
107:
87:
80:
8307:
7118:
7110:
7107:
4253:
878:
760:
13906:
13896:
13395:
13248:
13193:
13126:
12971:
12250:
12098:
12009:
11997:
11904:
11738:
11733:
11128:
10509:
10377:
10257:
10252:
10188:
10058:
9976:
9665:
9401:
9087:
8984:
8978:
8962:
8870:
8752:
8679:
8553:
8406:
8369:
8257:
8252:
7058:
7017:
6918:
6848:
6818:
6688:
6546:
5635:
5442:
5080:
4780:
3605:
3537:
3143:
2996:
2988:
2744:
2743:
being still limited, and minorities like people with disability only having been selected in
2664:
Participation and representation of all humanity in spaceflight is an issue of international
2223:
2207:
2036:
2026:
1963:
1886:
1453:
514:
8421:
4509:
1562:
on board. Uncrewed spacecraft may have varying levels of autonomy from human input, such as
13901:
13868:
13836:
13564:
13504:
13419:
13272:
13222:
12882:
12806:
12628:
12382:
11644:
11632:
11548:
11524:
11296:
10903:
10813:
10788:
10490:
9874:
9815:
9721:
9492:
9305:
9286:
9278:
8865:
8314:
8267:
7924:
7382:
7347:
7342:
7236:
7187:
7160:
7116:
7095:
6853:
6623:
6529:
6453:
6323:
6166:
5804:
5705:
5688:
5325:
5260:
5253:
5110:
4996:
4429:
4143:
4109:
4049:
3448:
2820:
2815:
2759:
2658:
2570:
2507:
1979:
1251:
843:
816:
786:
462:
355:
157:
52:
7099:
7097:
4326:
2267:, hoped to drastically reduce the price of space exploration due to being fully reusable.
1954:
over 74,000 years to reach this distance. Vehicle designs using other techniques, such as
1039:
in July 1969. At the same time, the Soviet Union secretly tried but failed to develop the
683:), published in 1903. In his work, Tsiolkovsky describes the fundamental rocket equation:
8:
13344:
13018:
12863:
12825:
12609:
12564:
12492:
11760:
11358:
11286:
11276:
11249:
10292:
10112:
9889:
9867:
9798:
9655:
9531:
9391:
9324:
9271:
9171:
8907:
8766:
8655:
8493:
8466:
8416:
8220:
7684:
7377:
7229:
6666:
6298:
5902:
5700:
5678:
5613:
5332:
5176:
4912:
3894:"Preparing for "Earth to Earth" space travel and a competition with supersonic airliners"
3496:
3479:
2846:
2606:
2574:
2483:
2477:
2398:
to further international cooperation and scientific advancement in space systems safety.
2235:
2014:
1906:
1844:
1830:
1783:
1738:
1704:
1620:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1429:
1422:
1340:
1185:
1172:
Many ways to reach space other than rocket engines have been proposed. Ideas such as the
568:
350:
340:
239:
7580:
7459:
4884:
could return with astronauts or equipment – a planetary-protection risk called backward
4491:
4433:
4147:
4113:
4053:
3262:, became the first spacefaring nation in 1944. The following nations have only achieved
2867:
13552:
13169:
12844:
12604:
11775:
11668:
11512:
11108:
11055:
11019:
10581:
10297:
9946:
9431:
8746:
8616:
8563:
8441:
8411:
8319:
8132:
7269:
7100:
6343:
5815:
5598:
5524:
5379:
5275:
5127:
4455:
4193:
4039:
3514:
3502:
3425:
3226:
2836:
2732:
2532:
2511:
2339:
1646:
1567:
1485:
1461:
1433:
563:, which provide the thrust to overcome the force of gravity and propel spacecraft onto
401:
196:
162:
152:
7553:
7516:
3221:. Early Italian satellites were launched using vehicles provided by NASA, first from
11560:
11452:
11266:
10564:
9760:
9566:
9426:
9354:
8952:
8606:
8176:
8118:
7909:
7798:
7724:
7665:
7394:
5927:
5885:
5811:
5770:
5410:
5305:
5280:
5226:
5216:
5033:
4899:
4865:
4661:
3822:
3691:
3656:
3611:
3588:
3439:
3031:
2949:
2805:
2800:
2703:
2491:
2433:
2359:
2200:
2076:
1943:
1786:
1667:
1582:
1571:
1506:
1481:
1473:
1368:
1274:
944:
902:
633:
619:
560:
545:
490:
458:
230:
142:
7636:
4441:
4155:
4026:
Larrouturou, Mathias N.; Higgns, Andrew J.; Greason, Jeffrey K. (28 November 2022).
2181:), launched by the USSR on 15 November 1988, although it made only one flight. This
1881:. In practice, the use of the term is confined to travel between the planets of our
1593:
are too hostile for human survival, given current technology. Outer planets such as
12444:
11899:
11889:
11418:
11271:
11025:
10611:
10593:
10546:
10001:
9845:
9240:
9013:
9003:
8947:
8667:
8471:
8461:
8354:
8329:
7739:
7709:
7560:
7434:
7274:
7139:
6563:
6081:
5683:
5512:
5469:
5435:
5400:
5337:
5290:
5132:
4903:
4437:
4151:
4057:
3485:
3251:
2707:
2639:). Many launched vehicles today are therefore designed to be re-entered after use.
2636:
2558:
2457:
2291:
1947:
1878:
1770:
1742:
1700:
1628:
1402:
1384:
1144:
637:
596:
494:
485:
control. The first spaceflights began in the 1950s with the launches of the Soviet
482:
470:
264:
213:
68:
42:
5826:
4940:
3802:
Docking: The joining or coming together of two separate free flying space vehicles
3562: – Overview of ventures beyond Earth as depicted for ease of American postage
2919: Countries who have a launch vehicle but do not currently operate a satellite
2242:) in 2008, but this was delayed due to an accident in the propulsion development.
2061:
Launch systems are used to carry a payload from Earth's surface into outer space.
13595:
11770:
11572:
11303:
11291:
11102:
10605:
10533:
10367:
9909:
9879:
9738:
9703:
9360:
9073:
8538:
8436:
8344:
8235:
8213:
8010:
7954:
7944:
7734:
7714:
7689:
7677:
7631:
7619:
7523:
7506:
7466:
7444:
7439:
6693:
6021:
5728:
5628:
5581:
5479:
5420:
5405:
5359:
5342:
5248:
5243:
4972:
4577:
4346:
4303:
3698:
3637:
3565:
3526:
3490:
3230:
3003:
2602:
2582:
2453:
2449:
2264:
2253:
2231:
2190:
1985:
1967:
1818:
1445:
1359:
imparted by a rocket stage to its payload. This can be the energy imparted by a
1223:
1213:
912:
587:
502:
486:
312:
167:
4812:
4234:"SpaceX Recovered Falcon Heavy Nose Cone, Plans to Re-fly it This Year (Photos)"
3984:
1241:
was the first known artificial object to achieve escape velocity from the Earth
1085:
Rockets are the only means currently capable of reaching orbit or beyond. Other
978:
as a counter measure to United States bomber planes. The Tsiolkovsky-influenced
13383:
13045:
11915:
11804:
11686:
11567:
11227:
11196:
10538:
10405:
10006:
9919:
9914:
9850:
9675:
9222:
8920:
8522:
8302:
8292:
8230:
8093:
8020:
7981:
7902:
7875:
7729:
7599:
7570:
7548:
7538:
7528:
7481:
6026:
5775:
5762:
5655:
5586:
5576:
5561:
5539:
5529:
5425:
5415:
5364:
5285:
4894:, "A Space Settler Walks into a Dome...: A very funny book about why living on
4168:
4062:
4027:
3955:
3755:
Cook, John; Aksamentov, Valery; Hoffman, Thomas; Bruner, Wes (1 January 2011),
3508:
3234:
3137:
2965:
2740:
2612:
2437:
2407:
2343:
2219:
2056:
1449:
1364:
1173:
1153:
remain to be only currently practical means of reaching space, with planes and
1150:
1056:
1028:
979:
975:
623:
510:
307:
2468:
significantly increases the chances of cancer over a decade exposure or more.
13890:
11790:
11715:
11698:
11620:
11579:
11261:
11239:
10372:
10302:
9386:
9377:
9182:
8621:
8601:
8181:
7914:
7897:
7718:
7641:
7604:
7575:
7565:
7533:
7511:
7491:
7454:
7427:
7422:
7417:
6264:
5723:
5640:
5571:
5534:
5374:
5295:
5159:
5154:
4885:
4142:. Future of Humanity Institute, Philosophy Department, Oxford University: 1.
3657:"Apollo lunar landing launch window: The controlling factors and constraints"
3520:
3101:
3066:
3041:
2957:
2945:
2825:
2796:
2754:
The dominating issue about access in most recent years has been the issue of
2739:". Furthermore social inclusion in human spaceflight has been demanded, with
2523:
2421:
2299:
2263:. SpaceX is now developing a fully reusable super heavy lift rocket known as
2239:
2173:
2098:
1959:
1849:
1712:
1654:
1469:
1394:
1336:
1318:
1292:
1262:
1227:
1217:
1109:
1090:
1052:
967:
553:
549:
541:
254:
249:
244:
172:
147:
3467: – Extreme benchmarks set off Earth by astronauts, launchers and probes
465:. Most spaceflight is uncrewed and conducted mainly with spacecraft such as
13724:
11837:
11832:
11765:
11728:
10975:
10068:
9726:
8848:
8838:
8699:
8685:
8476:
8431:
8088:
7971:
7865:
7805:
7788:
7614:
7592:
7543:
7501:
7486:
7471:
7337:
7296:
7261:
7081:
5780:
5715:
5384:
5369:
5070:
5065:
4004:
3338:
3326:
3284:
3278:
3255:
3095:
3056:
2969:
2953:
2937:
2755:
2728:
2628:
2598:
2324:
2249:
2227:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2111:
was used only for approach and landing tests, launching from the back of a
2102:
1950:, the closest star other than the Sun, is 267,000 AU distant. It will take
1917:
1912:
1882:
1779:
1716:
1691:
1080:
1015:
995:
983:
963:
940:
932:
591:
576:
446:
283:
8791:
4708:"Couriermail.com.au | Subscribe to The Courier Mail for exclusive stories"
4000:"'Dynamic Soaring' Trick Could Speed Spacecraft Across Interstellar Space"
2685:
2486:
is a group of devices that allow a human being to survive in outer space.
2333:
13874:
13848:
12954:
11495:
11483:
11471:
11334:
11281:
11061:
10587:
10193:
10087:
9884:
9709:
9561:
9366:
9213:
8833:
8740:
8734:
8517:
8505:
8500:
8451:
8426:
8396:
8391:
8339:
8334:
8159:
8073:
8032:
7993:
7870:
7701:
7624:
7587:
7476:
5608:
5474:
5164:
5147:
4098:"The Feasibility of Intergalactic Colonisation and its Relevance to SETI"
3398:
3386:
3302:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3007:
2933:
2776:
2669:
2619:
2546:
2528:
2461:
2395:
1762:
1708:
1578:
1410:
1189:
1140:
1032:
956:
921:
608:
478:
474:
454:
208:
34:
1970:
as a way to travel across interstellar space has been proposed as well.
1089:
technologies have yet to be built, or remain short of orbital speeds. A
11785:
9613:
European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
9296:
8915:
8888:
8759:
8706:
8446:
8025:
7609:
6583:
5742:
5650:
5593:
5553:
5347:
5048:
3259:
3214:
3209:
2929:
2883: Countries with independently developed human spaceflight programs
2182:
2112:
1997:
1555:
1465:
1464:
make use of a big parachute and braking rockets to touch down on land.
1457:
1372:
1288:
1116:
1098:
1010:
1009:, launched on February 1, 1958, and the first American in orbit became
1006:
450:
295:
259:
185:
92:
4686:
4368:"How the billionaire space race could be one giant leap for pollution"
3956:"Point-to-point suborbital transportation: sounds good on paper, but…"
3523: – Human habitats located in environments inhospitable for humans
13528:
13516:
13480:
13181:
12746:
12372:
12360:
11341:
11005:
10868:
10729:
10643:
9966:
9554:
8937:
8720:
8713:
8142:
8108:
7939:
7860:
7783:
7778:
7749:
7496:
7449:
7318:
7301:
5752:
5603:
5320:
5201:
5122:
5105:
4877:
4238:
3505: – Idea that long-term human presence requires to be spacefaring
3374:
3308:
3119:
2973:
2961:
2941:
2665:
2648:
2562:
2545:
Space weather is the concept of changing environmental conditions in
2040:
1938:
1758:
1688:
1616:
1528:
1515:
1258:
1094:
1040:
1036:
991:
987:
466:
290:
203:
9596:
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
7744:
994:, on October 4, 1957, and later the first human to orbit the Earth,
477:
for flights beyond Earth orbit. Such spaceflights operate either by
11543:
11507:
11389:
10737:
9522:
European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities
9311:
9235:
9047:
8773:
8611:
8078:
7934:
7919:
7660:
7367:
7215:
6051:
4965:
4097:
4044:
3356:
2854:
2781:
2632:
2381:
2158:
1797:
Point-to-point, or Earth to Earth transportation, is a category of
1684:
1634:
1367:
to an upper stage plus payload, or by an upper stage or spacecraft
1197:
1023:, Von Braun oversaw development of a larger class of rocket called
999:
3433:
3233:
rocket programme within the European Space Agency since 1998. The
13011:
12640:
11603:
11413:
10742:
9810:
9245:
9164:
8015:
8003:
7929:
7328:
7306:
7181:
7166:
6578:
4881:
4553:"Iran Launches Small Earth-Watching Satellite Into Orbit: Report"
4126:
3296:
3271:
3161:
2550:
2194:
2044:
1611:
1602:
1590:
669:, in an 1861 essay "A Journey Through Space". More well-known is
583:
2960:; cargo handling equipment, dangerous cargos and cargo storage;
1916:
is the fifth spacecraft put on an escape trajectory leaving the
1043:, meant to give them the capability to land humans on the Moon.
986:
missiles were used to launch the world's first artificial Earth
11627:
11555:
11519:
11447:
11401:
11365:
11353:
11215:
9981:
9406:
8456:
7653:
7648:
7362:
7357:
7323:
7311:
7256:
7208:
7201:
7176:
7171:
7050:
6036:
5566:
5430:
4275:
3404:
3392:
3362:
3344:
3314:
3290:
3267:
3239:
3229:) between 1967 and 1988; Italy has led the development of the
3202:★Launch vehicle fully or partially developed by another country
3167:
3155:
3107:
3060:
3049:
3037:
2566:
2261:
their first stages, with the intent of reusing fairings as well
2245:
2032:
1890:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1598:
1594:
1559:
1501:
1356:
1238:
952:
662:
607:
There are several terms that refer to a flight into or through
30:
4988:
3517: – Concept of permanent human habitation outside of Earth
2412:
2275:
1733:
1097:(cosmodrome), which may be equipped with launch complexes and
13741:
13627:
11651:
11639:
11531:
11459:
11377:
11203:
10858:
10599:
9698:
Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research
9396:
9133:
European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications
7773:
7352:
7284:
7279:
7194:
7149:
7144:
4862:
An Explorer's Guide to the Universe – Unmanned Space Missions
3511: – Advocacy for exploration and/or colonization of space
3368:
3350:
3320:
3149:
3131:
3125:
3113:
3072:
3052:. Spacefaring nations listed by date of first crewed launch:
3045:
2980:
2499:
2392:
International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety
2310:
2002:
1894:
1853:
1586:
1398:
1204:
powered spaceplanes. Gun launch has been proposed for cargo.
1128:
6854:
R-7 (including Semyorka, Molniya, Vostok, Voskhod and Soyuz)
4970:
4477:
1835:
1522:
901:
Spaceflight became a practical possibility with the work of
681:
The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices
582:
Most spacecraft, and all crewed spacecraft, are designed to
13205:
12947:
12473:
12110:
11663:
11425:
10966:
International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board
9600:
7405:
7289:
7154:
4895:
4308:
4028:"Dynamic soaring as a means to exceed the solar wind speed"
3754:
3332:
3173:
2992:
2984:
2788:
Current and proposed applications for spaceflight include:
2503:
2487:
2282:
2094:
1695:
3607:
It's ONLY Rocket Science: An Introduction in Plain English
3473: – Overview of and topical guide to space exploration
2171:
The first automatic partially reusable spacecraft was the
1615:, launched October 4, 1957 to orbit the Earth. Nearly all
1484:
technique was used to recover the film canisters from the
10628:
9512:
Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications
7134:
6125:
5447:
4171:. History.nasa.gov (1969-03-03). Retrieved on 2011-10-05.
3729:(Press release). SpaceX. 22 December 2015. Archived from
2495:
1946:
distant and is moving at 3.6 AU per year. In comparison,
1638:
1631:
but no humans are on-board are called uncrewed missions.
982:
became the chief rocket designer, and derivatives of his
936:
4025:
2460:
issues occur and increase. Further away from the Earth,
1936:
are the earlier ones. The one farthest from the Sun is
1817:
has revealed plans to do so as early as the 2020s using
744:{\displaystyle \Delta v=v_{e}\ln {\frac {m_{0}}{m_{f}}}}
11080:
International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement
10971:
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
9591:
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
3846:"Advanced Docking/Berthing System – NASA Seal Workshop"
3685:
3499: – Spaceflight not paid for by a government agency
3475:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1769:
The most generally recognized boundary of space is the
665:
was published by Scottish astronomer and mathematician
9550:
AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe
4470:"Homework Help and Textbook Solutions | bartleby"
2672:
and lacking, understanding spaceflight as a resource.
2432:, a self-limiting nausea caused by derangement of the
2010:
Spacecraft are vehicles designed to operate in space.
1131:, weighed 2030 metric tons (4,480,000 lb) at takeoff.
676:Исследование мировых пространств реактивными приборами
11843:
Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
10986:
Regional African Satellite Communication Organization
3610:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 25.
2101:, was launched by the USA on the 20th anniversary of
1355:
The term "transfer energy" means the total amount of
1027:, which allowed the US to send the first two humans,
881:
846:
819:
789:
763:
691:
661:
The first theoretical proposal of space travel using
9640:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
3727:"Musk pre-launch backgrounder on Falcon 9 Flight 20"
3415:
2464:
can give a fatal radiation dose in minutes, and the
2119:. The first Space Shuttle to fly into space was the
2013:
The first 'true spacecraft' is sometimes said to be
5856:
3242:, and became the only non-European member of ELDO.
2987:system. However, the United States, Russia, China,
2928:is to be capable of and active in the operation of
2907: Countries seeking to develop a launch vehicle
2375:
List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents
11850:Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies
10961:International Space Exploration Coordination Group
9630:European Telecommunications Satellite Organization
9608:European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
4621:
4510:"Space Today Online - Iran space satellite launch"
3544:Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes
3250:Considering merely launching an object beyond the
2979:There has never been a crewed mission outside the
2878:Map showing countries with spaceflight capability
2618:. Many solid rockets have chlorine in the form of
890:
859:
832:
802:
772:
743:
11091:International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
10951:International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
4419:
3713:Space Flight: History, Technology, and Operations
3710:
3554:Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps
1719:has conducted two human suborbital spaceflights.
517:. Other current spaceflight are conducted to the
13888:
11945:
10946:Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee
3701:. Van.physics.uiuc.edu. Retrieved on 2011-10-05.
3645:on January 8, 2008 – via findarticles.com.
2448:Once above the atmosphere, radiation due to the
1715:fleet operated from April 1981 until July 2011.
1397:, a spacecraft would have to arrive at the same
867:) are the initial and final masses of the rocket
125:
11074:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement
9601:European Telecommunications Standards Institute
9475:European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010)
7094:
4973:"Reflections – manned vs. unmanned spaceflight"
4456:"spacefaring - Definitions from Dictionary.com"
4312:, 16 September 2002, Retrieved 25 October 2011.
3079:
2588:
2569:in space (generally close to Earth but also in
1532:spacecraft at Mercury (artist's interpretation)
559:Spaceflight can be achieved conventionally via
10358:Re-establishment of the National Space Council
9143:Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility
9099:European Cooperation for Space Standardization
6594:Timeline of first Earth observation satellites
4592:
4578:"North Korea defies warnings to launch rocket"
4361:
4359:
4076:
3851:. NASA. 2004-11-04. p. 15. Archived from
3819:Automated Rendezvous and Docking of Spacecraft
3254:to be the minimum requirement of spacefaring,
3199:*Previously a major region in the Soviet Union
2494:missions. The life support system may supply:
1287:Non-rocket orbital propulsion methods include
13863:Timeline of first orbital launches by country
11931:
10909:Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
10881:Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
9716:Creation of the British National Space Centre
9104:European Space Research and Technology Centre
9014:
9004:
8807:
7255:
7066:
5842:
5004:
4971:Tedd E. Hankins; H. Paul Shuch (1987-03-04).
4600:"S. Korea successfully launches space rocket"
4545:
4393:
4216:] launches first recycled rocket – video"
4102:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society
3821:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
3568: – Measure of a civilization's evolution
3560:U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps
3086:Timeline of first orbital launches by country
3025:
3020:United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
2557:, and deals with phenomena involving ambient
1432:. The theory behind reentry was developed by
674:
419:
9155:European Space Security and Education Centre
7030:Timeline of first images of Earth from space
4127:Armstrong, Stuart; Sandberg, Anders (2013).
4095:
4019:
3840:
3838:
3780:
3540: – Method used to accelerate spacecraft
3225:in 1964 and then from a spaceport in Kenya (
2661:have been issues of spaceflight regulation.
1284:may be needed to maintain or change orbits.
939:, were developed and employed as weapons by
67:
10996:Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization
10956:International Mobile Satellite Organization
10836:Politics of the International Space Station
9471:EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space
8821:
4356:
3991:
3882:. Astronautix.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-05.
3758:ISS Interface Mechanisms and their Heritage
2006:An Apollo Lunar Module on the lunar surface
1105:have various special launching facilities.
11938:
11924:
10991:Arab Satellite Communications Organization
10981:Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group
10328:Development of the Commercial Crew Program
9745:Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015
9068:European Launcher Development Organisation
8814:
8800:
7073:
7059:
5849:
5835:
5011:
4997:
4389:
4387:
4169:Apollo Expeditions to the Moon: Chapter 10
3556: – Space exploration on Soviet stamps
2218:on consecutive flights in 2004 to win the
2079:expendable launch systems to reach space.
2039:, but other propulsion techniques such as
1877:is flight between planets within a single
426:
412:
11068:Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space
10914:Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
10854:International Civil Aviation Organization
10396:International Traffic in Arms Regulations
10293:Launch of the Space Launch System program
10288:Cancellation of the Constellation program
4916:, vol. 329, no. 4 (November 2023), p. 93.
4061:
4043:
3891:
3835:
2510:, and are designed and constructed using
2424:can be seen exercising in the foreground.
2327:after its flight into space, 21 June 2004
2309:seconds after engine ignition on mission
1378:
1019:on February 20, 1962. As director of the
10448:Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society
8586:Interstellar and circumstellar molecules
4660:Walter Dornberger, Moewig, Berlin 1984.
4254:"Unmanned rocket explodes after liftoff"
2873:
2775:
2527:
2440:of muscular and cardiovascular tissues.
2411:
2001:
1834:
1732:
1671:
1521:
1500:
1232:
1196:(currently in early stage development),
1108:A launch is often restricted to certain
1093:for a spaceflight usually starts from a
926:November 11, 1918 armistice with Germany
780:) is the change in the rocket's velocity
25:
11097:Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol
10219:2002 National missile defense directive
9572:Council of European Aerospace Societies
9454:Western European Union Satellite Centre
8782:) may be read as "within" or "part of".
7810:Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets
5496:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
4384:
4274:. European Space Agency. Archived from
4070:
3892:Burghardt, Thomas (December 26, 2020).
3885:
3812:
3810:
3788:"International Docking Standardization"
3493: – Growth of plants in outer space
2364:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
2285:pulling away from its drop launch plane
2230:. A fleet of SpaceShipTwos operated by
1577:Many space missions are more suited to
1566:, or remote guidance. They may also be
1439:
571:, the spacecraft usually separates the
13889:
11870:International Astronautical Federation
10651:
10179:Launch of the Mars Exploration Program
9587:European Committee for Standardization
9199:Future Launchers Preparatory Programme
5518:Psychological and sociological effects
4365:
3981:"Spacecraft escaping the Solar System"
3603:
3586:
3471:List of uncrewed spacecraft by program
3013:
3006:, supranational entities, and private
908:A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes
626:, and national firsts in spaceflight.
11919:
11865:International Academy of Astronautics
11086:International Docking System Standard
10931:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
10924:International Planetary Data Alliance
10831:International Space Station programme
10553:Fractional Orbital Bombardment System
10463:Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society
9755:UK Global Navigation Satellite System
9517:European Union Aviation Safety Agency
9194:Space Situational Awareness Programme
8795:
7054:
5830:
4992:
4864:, Britannica Educational Publishing,
4340:Space Weather: A Research Perspective
4323:"Breathing Easy on the Space Station"
3997:
3953:
3816:
3750:
3748:
3715:. Government Institutes. p. 187.
3671:"NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details"
3649:
2735:and its claim of outer space as the "
2549:. It is distinct from the concept of
2342:'s first stage landing vertically on
2115:and gliding to deadstick landings at
1609:The first uncrewed space mission was
1543:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
1139:The most commonly used definition of
540:, the rendezvouses and dockings with
528:Spaceflights include the launches of
11860:Coalition for Deep Space Exploration
9875:Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest
9082:European Space Research Organisation
6411:Spaceflight-related human fatalities
4956:Aerospace engineering at Wikiversity
4732:"Australia re-enters the space race"
4679:"T-Minus Engineering - T-Minus DART"
4413:
3983:. Heavens-Above GmbH. Archived from
3910:large amounts of cargo around Earth.
3807:
3630:
3549:Timeline of Solar System exploration
2679:
905:'s publication in 1919 of his paper
10719:United Rocket and Space Corporation
10373:Launch of the Lunar Gateway project
10253:Launch of the Constellation program
9977:Launch of the Space Shuttle Program
3266:capability by launching indigenous
2595:Environmental impact of spaceflight
2466:health threat from cosmic radiation
2093:The first reusable spacecraft, the
2031:Spacecraft today predominantly use
972:intercontinental ballistic missiles
13:
11813:Air & Space Forces Association
10453:Antennas & Propagation Society
9661:Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
9582:European Civil Aviation Conference
7090:
6963:Communications satellite companies
5227:Weather and environment monitoring
4854:
3745:
3529: – Logistics for space travel
1848:spacecraft must reach the minimal
1389:Docking and berthing of spacecraft
1350:
882:
764:
692:
16:Flight into or through outer space
14:
13918:
10886:General Assembly Fourth Committee
10874:Space Generation Advisory Council
10308:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
9482:EU Agency for the Space Programme
9231:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
9204:Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
9031:Chinese Lunar Exploration Program
8973:Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine
7008:First orbital launches by country
4920:
2401:
2168:during reentry in February 2003.
2050:
1859:
1792:
1653:are increasingly used for crewed
1512:Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer
1134:
13842:
13830:
13818:
13806:
13794:
13782:
13759:
13747:
13735:
13635:
13616:
13589:
13577:
13558:
13546:
13522:
13510:
13498:
13486:
13474:
13451:
13439:
13427:
13413:
13401:
13389:
13377:
13338:
13326:
13314:
13302:
13290:
13278:
13266:
13254:
13242:
13230:
13211:
13199:
13187:
13175:
13163:
13151:
13132:
13120:
13108:
13096:
13084:
13070:
13058:
12965:
12895:
12876:
12857:
12838:
12819:
12800:
12788:
12776:
12764:
12752:
12740:
12717:
12705:
12693:
12681:
12669:
12657:
12634:
12622:
12593:
12581:
12558:
12546:
12522:
12510:
12498:
12486:
12467:
12413:
12390:
12366:
12354:
12297:
12285:
12256:
12244:
12232:
12220:
12208:
12183:
12171:
12159:
12147:
12135:
12116:
12104:
12092:
12058:
12046:
12034:
12022:
12003:
11991:
11875:International Astronomical Union
11697:
11685:
11673:
11662:
11650:
11638:
11626:
11602:
11578:
11566:
11554:
11542:
11530:
11518:
11506:
11494:
11482:
11470:
11458:
11446:
11424:
11412:
11400:
11388:
11376:
11364:
11352:
11340:
11238:
11226:
11214:
11202:
10698:Medvedev modernisation programme
10401:Full-spectrum dominance doctrine
10069:1985 anti-satellite missile test
9733:Space Innovation and Growth Team
9478:European GNSS Agency (2010–2021)
9160:European Space Operations Centre
9121:ESA Centre for Earth Observation
8673:
8661:
8649:
7080:
7035:Timeline of longest spaceflights
5810:
5800:
5799:
4366:Gammon, Katharine (2021-07-19).
4268:"The second IAASS: Introduction"
3923:"Becoming a Multiplanet Species"
3633:"Obituary: Lt-Gen Kerim Kerimov"
3432:
3418:
3381:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3048:are the only crewed spacefaring
2684:
2517:
2332:
2317:
2290:
2274:
1973:
1683:The first human spaceflight was
1328:
1310:
1268:
1207:
935:, the first guided rockets, the
875:, can be used to find the total
395:
11124:Astronomical naming conventions
10049:Strategy of Technology doctrine
9821:Establishment of Cape Canaveral
9739:Creation of the UK Space Agency
9189:European Space Policy Institute
9149:European Space Astronomy Centre
8549:Gravitationally rounded objects
7040:Timeline of private spaceflight
6714:Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
6574:Communications satellite firsts
5271:Space launch market competition
5018:
4898:is a terrible idea" (review of
4826:
4797:
4773:
4749:
4724:
4700:
4671:
4651:
4570:
4520:
4502:
4484:
4462:
4448:
4442:10.1016/j.actaastro.2023.01.016
4333:
4315:
4290:
4260:
4246:
4226:
4204:
4186:
4174:
4162:
4156:10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.04.002
4120:
4089:
4032:Frontiers in Space Technologies
3998:Mcrae, Mike (6 December 2022).
3973:
3947:
3915:
3873:
3533:Space travel in science fiction
3274:or both into suborbital space:
2765:
2653:A wide range of issues such as
2471:
1900:
1809:, a flight that normally lasts
1776:Civilian Space eXploration Team
1161:
654:For a chronological guide, see
11855:British Interplanetary Society
11818:Alliance for Space Development
10941:Global Standards Collaboration
10864:Office for Outer Space Affairs
10391:China exclusion policy of NASA
10059:Space Station Freedom proposal
9972:Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law
9042:Planetary Exploration of China
8866:Planetary protection principle
5508:Health threat from cosmic rays
4394:Haris Durrani (19 July 2019).
4096:Fogg, Martyn (November 1988).
3793:. NASA. 2009-03-17. p. 15
3719:
3704:
3663:
3624:
3597:
3580:
2968:and first aid; fire fighting;
2861:
2186:any further flights of Buran.
2075:Most current spaceflight uses
1722:
1297:plasma-bubble magnetic systems
602:
1:
11038:US-USSR Cooperation Agreement
10368:Launch of the Artemis program
10298:Redesign of the Orion program
10214:Aerospace Industry Commission
9910:Launch of the Mariner program
9635:European Southern Observatory
9335:Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)
6975:Private spaceflight companies
5918:Rocket and missile technology
4532:State Space Agency of Ukraine
4396:"Is Spaceflight Colonialism?"
4212:"SpaceX successfuly [
3631:Bond, Peter (April 7, 2003).
3573:
3245:
2851:private spaceflight companies
2832:potentially hazardous objects
2642:
2353:
2064:
2020:
1991:
951:, producing missiles such as
949:Army Ballistic Missile Agency
11947:Public-sector space agencies
11119:Extraterrestrial real estate
10659:Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
10559:Soviet crewed lunar programs
10468:Vehicular Technology Society
10458:Broadcast Technology Society
10233:Vision for Space Exploration
10150:Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
10108:Space Exploration Initiative
10054:Strategic Defense Initiative
10007:Launch of the Viking program
9920:Launch of the Apollo program
9915:Launch of the Gemini project
9767:Defence in a Competitive Age
9704:Start of the Ariel programme
9618:European Patent Organisation
6589:Earth observation satellites
6444:Cumulative spacewalk records
4946:Resources in other libraries
4606:. 2013-01-30. Archived from
4351:National Academy of Sciences
3954:Hoerr, David (May 5, 2008).
3080:Uncrewed spacefaring nations
3002:Spacefaring entities can be
2964:; dealing with emergencies;
2793:Earth observation satellites
2635:of satellites and vehicles (
2589:Environmental considerations
2443:
2238:carrying paying passengers (
1687:on April 12, 1961, on which
1651:Uncrewed resupply spacecraft
1393:In order to reach towards a
1021:Marshall Space Flight Center
871:This equation, known as the
21:Spaceflight (disambiguation)
7:
10936:Group on Earth Observations
10919:Committee on Space Research
10363:Creation of the Space Force
10283:Kennedy Space Center speech
9926:We choose to go to the Moon
9857:Introduction to Outer Space
9577:European Broadcasting Union
8644:Outline of the Solar System
8407:Interplanetary medium/space
7013:First satellites by country
5624:Self-replicating spacecraft
5460:International Space Station
3465:List of spaceflight records
3460:List of Solar System probes
3411:
3219:International Space Station
2697:to comply with Knowledge's
2252:commercial satellites into
2082:
1679:crew member stores samples.
1643:International Space Station
1496:
1064:International Space Station
1005:The first US satellite was
873:Tsiolkovsky rocket equation
519:International Space Station
368:List of space organizations
39:International Space Station
10:
13923:
11885:Space Exploration Alliance
11114:Common heritage of mankind
11032:Space Liability Convention
10804:North Korean space program
10730:2015 Creation of Roscosmos
10194:Launch of the X-37 program
10044:Citizens' Advisory Council
9138:European Data Relay System
9109:Concurrent Design Facility
8854:Space Debris Working Group
8360:Extraterrestrial materials
6704:Medium-lift launch vehicle
6505:Objects at Lagrange points
5138:Space Liability Convention
4528:"Launches of Ukrainian LV"
4063:10.3389/frspt.2022.1017442
3711:Lance K. Erickson (2010).
3590:God's Glory in the Heavens
3083:
3029:
3026:Crewed spacefaring nations
2865:
2769:
2646:
2592:
2521:
2482:In human spaceflight, the
2475:
2420:in weightless conditions.
2405:
2372:
2357:
2234:planned to begin reusable
2086:
2068:
2054:
2024:
1995:
1977:
1904:
1875:Interplanetary spaceflight
1866:Interplanetary spaceflight
1863:
1839:Apollo 6 heads into orbit.
1828:
1824:
1726:
1665:
1554:or robotic spacecraft are
1542:
1535:
1420:
1416:
1382:
1282:orbital maneuvering system
1272:
1211:
1165:
1078:
1035:, to the Moon and back on
653:
647:
643:
499:Human spaceflight programs
18:
13857:
13774:
13650:
13608:
13466:
13044:
12926:
12919:
12732:
12649:
12573:
12405:
12346:
12330:
12323:
12198:
12084:
12077:
11983:
11960:
11953:
11828:Space Frontier Foundation
11803:
11714:
11323:
11314:
11255:Launch market competition
11187:
11004:
10894:
10846:
10826:Ugandan space initiatives
10761:
10711:
10690:
10642:
10621:
10574:
10526:
10502:
10489:
10482:
10386:
10346:
10266:
10202:
10131:
10096:
10032:
10015:
9990:
9955:
9935:
9898:
9880:Launch of Project Mercury
9829:
9787:
9778:
9686:
9648:
9540:
9444:
9376:
9334:
9258:
9177:Ariane launcher programme
9116:European Astronaut Centre
9074:Europa launcher programme
9058:
9015:
9005:
8961:
8906:
8894:The Spaceguard Foundation
8829:
8680:Earth sciences portal
8639:
8594:
8531:
8402:Interplanetary dust cloud
8281:
8117:
8047:
7758:
7700:
7393:
7246:
7088:
6998:
6953:
6937:
6722:
6709:Heavy-lift launch vehicle
6699:Small-lift launch vehicle
6642:
6562:
6488:Landings on other planets
6466:
6419:
6291:
6263:
6235:
6175:
6123:
6080:
5935:
5926:
5878:
5865:
5794:
5761:
5714:
5666:
5552:
5501:Space adaptation syndrome
5488:
5393:
5313:
5304:
5192:
5026:
4961:Encyclopedia Astronautica
4941:Resources in your library
4785:forum.nasaspaceflight.com
4757:"Australian Space Agency"
4222:. Reuters. 31 March 2017.
3455:List of crewed spacecraft
2675:
2430:space adaptation syndrome
2368:
2153:was built to replace the
1942:, which is more than 100
1250:limiting the boil off of
1200:powered spaceplanes, and
1178:momentum exchange tethers
1143:is everything beyond the
1074:
1069:
911:. His application of the
810:) is the exhaust velocity
675:
11781:Reconnaissance satellite
11154:International Designator
10821:Philippine space program
10769:Australian space program
10421:Office of Space Commerce
10411:House Committee on Space
10323:Space Shuttle retirement
10278:2009 Augustine Committee
10113:1990 Augustine Committee
9259:Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)
8844:Space traffic management
8693:Local Interstellar Cloud
7411:other near-Earth objects
6990:Spacecraft manufacturers
6525:leaving the Solar System
5234:Communications satellite
4910:, Penguin Press, 2023),
3764:, Houston, Texas: Boeing
3692:Escape Velocity of Earth
3587:Leitch, William (1867).
2811:Communication satellites
2710:may contain suggestions.
2695:may need to be rewritten
2655:space traffic management
2226:has built its successor
2071:Expendable launch system
1956:nuclear pulse propulsion
1661:
1491:
1222:On some missions beyond
891:{\displaystyle \Delta v}
773:{\displaystyle \Delta v}
489:satellites and American
449:to fly objects, usually
37:capsule approaching the
11895:Space Force Association
11880:Lunar Explorers Society
11050:Registration Convention
11014:Partial Test Ban Treaty
10895:Other intergovernmental
10809:Pakistani space program
10774:Brazilian space program
10144:Faster, better, cheaper
9947:1967 Outer Space Treaty
9750:Space Industry Act 2018
9527:European Defence Agency
9183:Vega launcher programme
9126:Living Planet Programme
8849:Space debris management
8823:Politics of outer space
8656:Solar System portal
8382:Giant-impact hypothesis
7989:Trans-Neptunian objects
6404:timeline by nationality
5870:Timeline of spaceflight
5738:reusable launch systems
5355:Extravehicular activity
5266:Commercial use of space
5170:Militarisation of space
5143:Registration Convention
5059:Accidents and incidents
4860:Erik Gregerson (2010):
4580:. BBC. 12 December 2012
4183:, retrieved 2012-01-27.
3817:Fehse, Wigbert (2003).
3482: – 2000 video game
3223:Wallops Flight Facility
2772:Human presence in space
2737:province of all mankind
2394:was established in the
2117:Edwards AFB, California
1799:sub-orbital spaceflight
1782:was used for the first
1755:specific orbital energy
1751:sub-orbital spaceflight
1729:Sub-orbital spaceflight
1317:Ionized gas trail from
1301:gravitational slingshot
1194:Reaction Engines Skylon
1049:human presence in space
656:Timeline of spaceflight
565:suborbital trajectories
538:interplanetary missions
463:without humans on board
445:) is an application of
98:Timeline of spaceflight
11823:National Space Society
11724:Space domain awareness
10897:or inter-agency bodies
10799:Lebanese space program
10784:Japanese space program
10725:2014 Military doctrine
10703:2010 Military doctrine
10123:National Space Council
10118:Hubble Space Telescope
9890:Launch of X-15 program
9811:Aerobee rocket program
9761:2021 Integrated Review
9623:European Patent Office
9543:initiatives and bodies
8933:Billionaire space race
8859:Space Debris Committee
8544:Possible dwarf planets
8387:Gravitational collapse
8325:Circumstellar envelope
7130:
7023:Constellation missions
6650:Orbital launch systems
6542:Timeline of satellites
6483:Interplanetary voyages
5786:Mission control center
5748:Non-rocket spacelaunch
5182:Billionaire space race
4712:www.couriermail.com.au
4325:. NASA. Archived from
3264:suborbital spaceflight
2921:
2868:Wiktionary:spacefaring
2830:Protecting Earth from
2785:
2542:
2425:
2089:Reusable launch system
2007:
1870:Interplanetary mission
1840:
1746:
1743:Joe Walker (astronaut)
1680:
1533:
1519:
1379:Reaching space station
1246:
1168:Non-rocket spacelaunch
1155:high-altitude balloons
1087:non-rocket spacelaunch
892:
861:
834:
804:
774:
745:
671:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
650:History of spaceflight
523:Tiangong Space Station
515:Space Shuttle programs
402:Spaceflight portal
318:Non-rocket spacelaunch
88:History of spaceflight
72:
45:
11905:The Planetary Society
11734:Anti-satellite weapon
11129:ITU Radio Regulations
10779:Emirati space program
10510:Operation Osoaviakhim
10378:Executive Order 13959
10258:Operation Burnt Frost
10189:Decadal Planning Team
9671:Indian ASAT programme
9666:Space Activities Bill
9088:European Space Agency
9060:ESA Science Programme
8871:Post-detection policy
8753:Laniakea Supercluster
8370:Sample-return mission
7129:
6938:Launches by spaceport
6547:Sample-return mission
6061:Civilian spaceflight
5636:Spacecraft propulsion
5086:European Space Agency
4966:Basics of Spaceflight
4635:. ESA. Archived from
4496:TheFreeDictionary.com
4492:"space-faring nation"
3858:on September 22, 2011
3673:. Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
3604:Rogers, Lucy (2008).
3538:Spacecraft propulsion
3144:European Space Agency
3084:Further information:
3030:Further information:
2997:Human mission to Mars
2989:European Space Agency
2877:
2866:Further information:
2779:
2770:Further information:
2745:European Space Agency
2741:women to fly to space
2531:
2415:
2224:The Spaceship Company
2208:suborbital spaceplane
2161:in January 1986. The
2027:Spacecraft propulsion
2005:
1887:Constellation program
1838:
1736:
1675:
1525:
1504:
1252:cryogenic propellants
1236:
1224:LEO (Low Earth Orbit)
1002:, on April 12, 1961.
893:
862:
860:{\displaystyle m_{f}}
835:
833:{\displaystyle m_{0}}
805:
803:{\displaystyle v_{e}}
775:
746:
71:
29:
13869:Soviet space program
11327:units and formations
11297:Project Harvest Moon
11044:Satellite Convention
10904:African Space Agency
10814:Space programme 2040
10794:Kenyan space program
10789:Kazakh space program
9722:Outer Space Act 1986
9710:Black Arrow launcher
9493:Copernicus programme
9466:EU/ESA Space Council
9094:EU/ESA Space Council
8985:Chinese ASAT program
8668:Astronomy portal
8569:Solar System objects
8315:Circumplanetary disk
6662:Sounding rocket list
6601:Geosynchronous orbit
6537:Missions to the Moon
6309:by year of selection
5261:Satellite navigation
3449:Aerial landscape art
3401:(September 19, 2020)
3395:(September 27, 2018)
3377:(September 29, 2004)
3317:(September 21, 1976)
2940:; programs to train
2821:Satellite navigation
2816:Satellite television
2760:space sustainability
2749:2022 astronaut group
2555:planetary atmosphere
2210:that carried pilots
1980:Intergalactic travel
1440:Landing and recovery
1339:return capsule by a
1261:(lowest point); see
924:was defeated by the
879:
844:
817:
787:
761:
689:
567:. If the mission is
473:, but also includes
19:For other uses, see
13019:Guiana Space Centre
11761:Kinetic bombardment
11287:Space manufacturing
11277:Space-based economy
11250:Private spaceflight
10670:Shuttle–Mir program
10238:Aldridge Commission
10160:Shuttle–Mir program
9868:Space Act Agreement
9799:Operation Paperclip
9656:Department of Space
9649:Indian space policy
9532:Europe by Satellite
9460:EU Satellite Centre
9172:Guiana Space Centre
8916:Cold War space race
8834:Spacefaring nations
8767:Observable universe
8564:Solar System models
8494:Protoplanetary disk
8417:Interstellar medium
8377:Frost/Ice/Snow line
6999:Other mission lists
6980:Rocket launch sites
6954:Agencies, companies
6250:Crewed Spaceflights
5908:Spaceflight records
5860:lists and timelines
5646:Electric propulsion
5333:Life-support system
5217:Imagery and mapping
5177:Private spaceflight
4913:Scientific American
4805:"Upcoming Launches"
4434:2023AcAau.207..445Y
4194:"SpaceX on Twitter"
4148:2013AcAau..89....1A
4114:1988JBIS...41..491F
4054:2022FrST....317442L
3497:Private spaceflight
3480:Orbiter (simulator)
3389:(November 30, 2009)
3371:(September 1, 2000)
3365:(December 15, 1998)
3323:(February 18, 1981)
3299:(November 21, 1962)
3293:(September 5, 1959)
3014:Global coordination
2847:Private spaceflight
2607:Spacecraft cemetery
2575:interstellar medium
2573:, and occasionally
2561:, magnetic fields,
2484:life support system
2478:Life support system
2236:private spaceflight
2015:Apollo Lunar Module
1907:Interstellar travel
1845:orbital spaceflight
1831:Orbital spaceflight
1739:North American X-15
1589:or the vicinity of
1552:Uncrewed spacecraft
1545:Uncrewed spacecraft
1538:Uncrewed spacecraft
1430:aerodynamic heating
1423:Atmospheric reentry
917:liquid-fuel rockets
546:crewed spaceflights
511:Apollo Moon landing
240:Apollo Lunar Module
11776:Military satellite
11614:Ranks and insignia
11109:Space jurisdiction
11056:Bogota Declaration
11020:Outer Space Treaty
10516:list of scientists
9804:list of scientists
9446:EU Space Programme
8747:Virgo Supercluster
8728:Milky Way subgroup
8559:Natural satellites
8442:Nebular hypothesis
8422:Interstellar space
8412:Interstellar cloud
8320:Circumstellar disc
7910:Near-Earth objects
7794:names and meanings
7131:
6899:Thor DM-21 Agena-B
6889:Thor DM-18 Agena-A
6802:Falcon 9 and Heavy
6498:artificial objects
6449:Longest spacewalks
6012:Vostok and Voskhod
5599:Robotic spacecraft
5525:Space and survival
5380:Space colonization
5276:Space architecture
5128:Outer Space Treaty
4514:www.spacetoday.org
4480:on March 26, 2005.
4345:2009-03-26 at the
4302:2019-07-13 at the
3987:on April 27, 2007.
3772:– via NASA,
3697:2007-07-13 at the
3515:Space colonization
3503:Space and survival
3426:Spaceflight portal
3407:(October 29, 2020)
3305:(October 27, 1967)
3227:San Marco Platform
2956:construction, and
2922:
2837:Space colonization
2801:weather satellites
2786:
2733:Outer Space Treaty
2543:
2512:safety engineering
2426:
2416:Astronauts on the
2390:In April 2004 the
2340:Falcon 9 Flight 20
2125:, followed by the
2008:
1841:
1747:
1681:
1534:
1520:
1434:Harry Julian Allen
1337:Discoverer 14
1247:
1243:(replica pictured)
1237:Launched in 1959,
888:
857:
830:
800:
770:
741:
561:multistage rockets
534:telecommunications
471:orbit around Earth
453:, into or through
197:Robotic spacecraft
73:
46:
13884:
13883:
13604:
13603:
12915:
12914:
12319:
12318:
12201:and the Caribbean
12073:
12072:
11913:
11912:
11799:
11798:
11791:Satellite jamming
11267:Space advertising
10757:
10756:
10753:
10752:
10638:
10637:
10478:
10477:
10098:George H. W. Bush
9567:Council of Europe
9488:Galileo programme
9440:
9439:
9427:Comet Interceptor
8953:Space competition
8789:
8788:
8634:
8633:
8630:
8629:
8607:Lagrangian points
8579:by discovery date
8177:Human spaceflight
8148:historical models
8041:
8040:
7666:S/2015 (136472) 1
7048:
7047:
6462:
6461:
5943:Crewed spacecraft
5928:Human spaceflight
5886:Space exploration
5824:
5823:
5771:Flight controller
5548:
5547:
5306:Human spaceflight
5281:Space exploration
5207:Earth observation
4927:Library resources
4900:Kelly Weinersmith
4870:978-1-61530-052-5
4834:"Successful fire"
4781:"Southern Launch"
4639:on March 14, 2016
4422:Acta Astronautica
4136:Acta Astronautica
3617:978-0-387-75377-5
3440:Technology portal
3032:Human spaceflight
2966:survival at space
2950:orbital mechanics
2806:Space exploration
2725:
2724:
2699:quality standards
2492:human spaceflight
2434:vestibular system
2360:Human spaceflight
2201:Scaled Composites
1811:over twenty hours
1787:human spaceflight
1761:was NASA's first
1668:Human spaceflight
1572:space observatory
1482:mid-air retrieval
1275:Orbital mechanics
1051:with a series of
945:Wernher von Braun
931:In the course of
903:Robert H. Goddard
739:
634:human spaceflight
620:space exploration
530:Earth observation
436:
435:
330:Spaceflight types
274:
273:
231:Crewed spacecraft
223:
222:
138:Earth observation
13914:
13867:Preceded by the
13847:
13846:
13845:
13835:
13834:
13833:
13823:
13822:
13821:
13811:
13810:
13809:
13799:
13798:
13797:
13787:
13786:
13785:
13764:
13763:
13762:
13752:
13751:
13750:
13740:
13739:
13738:
13640:
13639:
13638:
13621:
13620:
13619:
13594:
13593:
13592:
13582:
13581:
13580:
13563:
13562:
13561:
13551:
13550:
13549:
13527:
13526:
13525:
13515:
13514:
13513:
13503:
13502:
13501:
13491:
13490:
13489:
13479:
13478:
13477:
13456:
13455:
13454:
13444:
13443:
13442:
13432:
13431:
13430:
13418:
13417:
13416:
13406:
13405:
13404:
13394:
13393:
13392:
13382:
13381:
13380:
13343:
13342:
13341:
13331:
13330:
13329:
13319:
13318:
13317:
13307:
13306:
13305:
13295:
13294:
13293:
13283:
13282:
13281:
13271:
13270:
13269:
13259:
13258:
13257:
13247:
13246:
13245:
13235:
13234:
13233:
13216:
13215:
13214:
13204:
13203:
13202:
13192:
13191:
13190:
13180:
13179:
13178:
13168:
13167:
13166:
13156:
13155:
13154:
13137:
13136:
13135:
13125:
13124:
13123:
13113:
13112:
13111:
13101:
13100:
13099:
13089:
13088:
13087:
13075:
13074:
13073:
13063:
13062:
13061:
12970:
12969:
12968:
12924:
12923:
12900:
12899:
12898:
12881:
12880:
12879:
12862:
12861:
12860:
12843:
12842:
12841:
12824:
12823:
12822:
12805:
12804:
12803:
12793:
12792:
12791:
12781:
12780:
12779:
12769:
12768:
12767:
12757:
12756:
12755:
12745:
12744:
12743:
12722:
12721:
12720:
12710:
12709:
12708:
12698:
12697:
12696:
12686:
12685:
12684:
12674:
12673:
12672:
12662:
12661:
12660:
12639:
12638:
12637:
12627:
12626:
12625:
12598:
12597:
12596:
12586:
12585:
12584:
12563:
12562:
12561:
12551:
12550:
12549:
12527:
12526:
12525:
12515:
12514:
12513:
12503:
12502:
12501:
12491:
12490:
12489:
12472:
12471:
12470:
12418:
12417:
12416:
12395:
12394:
12393:
12371:
12370:
12369:
12359:
12358:
12357:
12328:
12327:
12302:
12301:
12300:
12290:
12289:
12288:
12261:
12260:
12259:
12249:
12248:
12247:
12237:
12236:
12235:
12225:
12224:
12223:
12213:
12212:
12211:
12188:
12187:
12186:
12176:
12175:
12174:
12164:
12163:
12162:
12152:
12151:
12150:
12140:
12139:
12138:
12121:
12120:
12119:
12109:
12108:
12107:
12097:
12096:
12095:
12082:
12081:
12063:
12062:
12061:
12051:
12050:
12049:
12039:
12038:
12037:
12027:
12026:
12025:
12008:
12007:
12006:
11996:
11995:
11994:
11958:
11957:
11940:
11933:
11926:
11917:
11916:
11900:Space Foundation
11890:Space Fellowship
11702:
11701:
11690:
11689:
11677:
11667:
11666:
11655:
11654:
11643:
11642:
11631:
11630:
11607:
11606:
11583:
11582:
11571:
11570:
11559:
11558:
11547:
11546:
11535:
11534:
11523:
11522:
11511:
11510:
11499:
11498:
11487:
11486:
11475:
11474:
11463:
11462:
11451:
11450:
11429:
11428:
11417:
11416:
11405:
11404:
11393:
11392:
11381:
11380:
11369:
11368:
11357:
11356:
11345:
11344:
11321:
11320:
11272:Space technology
11243:
11242:
11231:
11230:
11219:
11218:
11207:
11206:
11149:COSPAR standards
11026:Rescue Agreement
10649:
10648:
10500:
10499:
10487:
10486:
9846:Project Vanguard
9785:
9784:
9256:
9255:
9241:Aurora programme
9227:Mars and beyond
9018:
9017:
9008:
9007:
8979:Shuguang program
8948:Space propaganda
8875:Asteroid impact
8816:
8809:
8802:
8793:
8792:
8783:
8781:
8772:
8765:
8758:
8751:
8745:
8739:
8733:
8726:
8719:
8712:
8705:
8698:
8691:
8678:
8677:
8676:
8666:
8665:
8664:
8654:
8653:
8652:
8355:Exozodiacal dust
8045:
8044:
8011:Detached objects
7253:
7252:
7249:
7248:
7093:
7075:
7068:
7061:
7052:
7051:
6380:Space travelers
6376:Space scientists
6364:African American
5933:
5932:
5851:
5844:
5837:
5828:
5827:
5814:
5803:
5802:
5513:Space psychology
5338:Animals in space
5311:
5310:
5291:Space technology
5133:Rescue Agreement
5013:
5006:
4999:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4904:Zach Weinersmith
4848:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4811:. Archived from
4801:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4685:. Archived from
4675:
4669:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4629:"Vega Programme"
4625:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4476:. Archived from
4474:www.bartleby.com
4466:
4460:
4459:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4391:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4363:
4354:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4319:
4313:
4297:Super Spaceships
4294:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4242:. 12 April 2019.
4230:
4224:
4223:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4133:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4047:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4012:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3960:The Space Review
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3935:on 8 August 2018
3934:
3927:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3906:
3904:
3898:NASA Spaceflight
3889:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3857:
3850:
3842:
3833:
3832:
3814:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3798:
3792:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3771:
3769:
3763:
3752:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3708:
3702:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3641:. Archived from
3628:
3622:
3621:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3584:
3486:Animals in space
3476:
3442:
3437:
3436:
3428:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3311:(April 16, 1969)
3287:(April 12, 1957)
3004:sovereign states
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2720:
2717:
2711:
2688:
2680:
2637:Kessler syndrome
2613:greenhouse gases
2533:Aurora australis
2458:cosmic radiation
2346:in December 2015
2336:
2321:
2302:
2294:
2278:
1948:Proxima Centauri
1879:planetary system
1784:privately funded
1488:spy satellites.
1403:space rendezvous
1385:Space rendezvous
1332:
1314:
897:
895:
894:
889:
866:
864:
863:
858:
856:
855:
839:
837:
836:
831:
829:
828:
809:
807:
806:
801:
799:
798:
779:
777:
776:
771:
750:
748:
747:
742:
740:
738:
737:
728:
727:
718:
710:
709:
678:
677:
638:cargo spacecraft
597:Kessler syndrome
588:graveyard orbits
575:and ignites the
428:
421:
414:
400:
399:
398:
225:
224:
214:Cargo spacecraft
191:
190:
48:
47:
13922:
13921:
13917:
13916:
13915:
13913:
13912:
13911:
13887:
13886:
13885:
13880:
13853:
13843:
13841:
13831:
13829:
13819:
13817:
13807:
13805:
13795:
13793:
13783:
13781:
13770:
13760:
13758:
13748:
13746:
13736:
13734:
13646:
13636:
13634:
13617:
13615:
13600:
13590:
13588:
13578:
13576:
13559:
13557:
13547:
13545:
13523:
13521:
13511:
13509:
13499:
13497:
13487:
13485:
13475:
13473:
13462:
13452:
13450:
13440:
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13428:
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13414:
13412:
13402:
13400:
13390:
13388:
13378:
13376:
13339:
13337:
13327:
13325:
13315:
13313:
13303:
13301:
13291:
13289:
13279:
13277:
13267:
13265:
13255:
13253:
13243:
13241:
13231:
13229:
13212:
13210:
13200:
13198:
13188:
13186:
13176:
13174:
13164:
13162:
13152:
13150:
13133:
13131:
13121:
13119:
13109:
13107:
13097:
13095:
13085:
13083:
13071:
13069:
13059:
13057:
13040:
12966:
12964:
12911:
12896:
12894:
12877:
12875:
12858:
12856:
12839:
12837:
12820:
12818:
12801:
12799:
12789:
12787:
12777:
12775:
12765:
12763:
12753:
12751:
12741:
12739:
12728:
12718:
12716:
12706:
12704:
12694:
12692:
12682:
12680:
12670:
12668:
12658:
12656:
12645:
12635:
12633:
12623:
12621:
12594:
12592:
12582:
12580:
12569:
12559:
12557:
12547:
12545:
12523:
12521:
12511:
12509:
12499:
12497:
12487:
12485:
12468:
12466:
12414:
12412:
12401:
12391:
12389:
12367:
12365:
12355:
12353:
12342:
12315:
12298:
12296:
12286:
12284:
12257:
12255:
12245:
12243:
12233:
12231:
12221:
12219:
12209:
12207:
12200:
12194:
12184:
12182:
12172:
12170:
12160:
12158:
12148:
12146:
12136:
12134:
12117:
12115:
12105:
12103:
12093:
12091:
12069:
12059:
12057:
12047:
12045:
12035:
12033:
12023:
12021:
12004:
12002:
11992:
11990:
11979:
11962:
11949:
11944:
11914:
11909:
11795:
11771:Missile defense
11710:
11696:
11684:
11661:
11649:
11637:
11625:
11601:
11577:
11565:
11553:
11541:
11529:
11517:
11505:
11493:
11481:
11469:
11457:
11445:
11423:
11411:
11399:
11387:
11375:
11363:
11351:
11339:
11326:
11310:
11304:Asteroid mining
11292:Lunar resources
11237:
11225:
11213:
11201:
11183:
11176:ISECG standards
11139:ODCWG standards
11134:CCSDS standards
11103:Artemis Accords
11000:
10896:
10890:
10842:
10749:
10707:
10686:
10634:
10617:
10570:
10565:Voskhod program
10534:Sputnik program
10522:
10494:
10492:
10483:USSR and Russia
10474:
10382:
10349:
10342:
10269:
10262:
10205:
10198:
10134:
10127:
10099:
10092:
10035:
10028:
10018:
10011:
9993:
9986:
9958:
9951:
9938:
9931:
9901:
9894:
9832:
9825:
9790:
9780:US space policy
9774:
9690:space programme
9689:
9682:
9644:
9542:
9536:
9503:EUSST programme
9498:EGNOS programme
9436:
9372:
9361:LISA Pathfinder
9330:
9272:Cassini–Huygens
9254:
9165:ESTRACK network
9054:
9037:Mars and beyond
8964:
8957:
8902:
8825:
8820:
8790:
8785:
8779:
8777:
8776:
8770:
8763:
8756:
8749:
8743:
8737:
8731:
8724:
8717:
8710:
8703:
8696:
8689:
8674:
8672:
8662:
8660:
8650:
8648:
8635:
8626:
8590:
8527:
8511:vs. Hill sphere
8437:Molecular cloud
8365:Sample curation
8345:Detached object
8284:
8277:
8121:
8113:
8050:
8037:
7982:Neptune trojans
7765:
7763:
7761:
7754:
7696:
7389:
7260:
7242:
7128:
7091:
7084:
7079:
7049:
7044:
7000:
6994:
6955:
6949:
6933:
6884:Thor DM-18 Able
6792:Delta IV Medium
6724:
6718:
6694:Sounding rocket
6638:
6565:
6558:
6469:
6458:
6415:
6389:by first flight
6287:
6259:
6231:
6171:
6119:
6076:
5922:
5874:
5861:
5855:
5825:
5820:
5790:
5757:
5729:Escape velocity
5710:
5662:
5629:Space telescope
5582:Reentry capsule
5544:
5484:
5389:
5360:Overview effect
5343:Bioastronautics
5300:
5188:
5022:
5017:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4923:
4857:
4855:Further reading
4852:
4851:
4842:
4840:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4818:
4816:
4809:Southern Launch
4803:
4802:
4798:
4789:
4787:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4765:
4763:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4741:
4739:
4736:Cosmos Magazine
4730:
4729:
4725:
4716:
4714:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4692:
4690:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4656:
4652:
4642:
4640:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4613:
4611:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4583:
4581:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4562:
4560:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4536:
4534:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4508:
4507:
4503:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4418:
4414:
4404:
4402:
4392:
4385:
4376:
4374:
4364:
4357:
4347:Wayback Machine
4338:
4334:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4304:Wayback Machine
4295:
4291:
4281:
4279:
4278:on 24 July 2012
4266:
4265:
4261:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4179:
4175:
4167:
4163:
4131:
4125:
4121:
4108:(11): 491–496.
4094:
4090:
4075:
4071:
4024:
4020:
4010:
4008:
3996:
3992:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3964:
3962:
3952:
3948:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3902:
3900:
3890:
3886:
3878:
3874:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3815:
3808:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3753:
3746:
3736:
3734:
3733:on 8 March 2017
3725:
3724:
3720:
3709:
3705:
3699:Wayback Machine
3690:
3686:
3676:
3674:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3638:The Independent
3629:
3625:
3618:
3602:
3598:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:Kardashev scale
3527:Space logistics
3491:Plants in space
3474:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3359:(April 6, 1998)
3329:(March 1, 1981)
3281:(June 20, 1944)
3248:
3088:
3082:
3034:
3028:
3016:
2920:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2864:
2774:
2768:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2702:
2689:
2678:
2651:
2645:
2609:
2603:Graveyard orbit
2593:Main articles:
2591:
2583:Low Earth orbit
2526:
2520:
2480:
2474:
2454:solar radiation
2450:Van Allen belts
2446:
2410:
2404:
2377:
2371:
2366:
2358:Main articles:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2322:
2314:
2313:
2298:
2295:
2287:
2286:
2279:
2254:low Earth orbit
2232:Virgin Galactic
2206:was a reusable
2191:SpaceX Dragon 2
2091:
2085:
2073:
2067:
2059:
2053:
2029:
2023:
2000:
1994:
1986:science fiction
1982:
1976:
1968:Dynamic soaring
1909:
1903:
1872:
1864:Main articles:
1862:
1852:required for a
1833:
1827:
1795:
1731:
1725:
1670:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1548:
1540:
1514:measurement of
1499:
1494:
1442:
1425:
1419:
1391:
1383:Main articles:
1381:
1353:
1351:Transfer energy
1348:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1333:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1277:
1271:
1220:
1214:Escape velocity
1212:Main articles:
1210:
1170:
1164:
1137:
1083:
1077:
1072:
976:nuclear weapons
922:first World War
913:de Laval nozzle
880:
877:
876:
851:
847:
845:
842:
841:
824:
820:
818:
815:
814:
794:
790:
788:
785:
784:
762:
759:
758:
733:
729:
723:
719:
717:
705:
701:
690:
687:
686:
659:
652:
646:
630:Space transport
605:
521:and to China's
432:
396:
394:
389:
388:
369:
361:
360:
331:
323:
322:
313:Escape velocity
308:launch vehicles
286:
276:
275:
270:
269:
233:
219:
218:
199:
188:
178:
177:
128:
118:
117:
83:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
13920:
13910:
13909:
13904:
13899:
13882:
13881:
13879:
13878:
13871:
13865:
13858:
13855:
13854:
13852:
13851:
13839:
13827:
13815:
13803:
13791:
13778:
13776:
13772:
13771:
13769:
13768:
13756:
13744:
13732:
13727:
13722:
13717:
13712:
13707:
13702:
13697:
13692:
13687:
13682:
13677:
13676:
13675:
13665:
13660:
13654:
13652:
13648:
13647:
13645:
13644:
13632:
13631:
13630:
13612:
13610:
13606:
13605:
13602:
13601:
13599:
13598:
13586:
13574:
13573:
13572:
13555:
13543:
13542:
13541:
13536:
13519:
13507:
13495:
13483:
13470:
13468:
13464:
13463:
13461:
13460:
13448:
13436:
13424:
13423:
13422:
13398:
13386:
13374:
13373:
13372:
13367:
13362:
13357:
13352:
13335:
13323:
13311:
13299:
13287:
13275:
13263:
13251:
13239:
13227:
13226:
13225:
13208:
13196:
13184:
13172:
13160:
13148:
13147:
13146:
13129:
13117:
13105:
13093:
13081:
13080:
13079:
13054:
13052:
13042:
13041:
13039:
13038:
13033:
13028:
13023:
13022:
13021:
13016:
13015:
13014:
13004:
12999:
12994:
12989:
12984:
12979:
12962:
12957:
12952:
12951:
12950:
12940:
12930:
12928:
12921:
12917:
12916:
12913:
12912:
12910:
12909:
12892:
12891:
12890:
12873:
12872:
12871:
12854:
12853:
12852:
12835:
12834:
12833:
12816:
12815:
12814:
12797:
12785:
12773:
12761:
12749:
12736:
12734:
12730:
12729:
12727:
12726:
12714:
12702:
12690:
12678:
12666:
12653:
12651:
12650:Southeast Asia
12647:
12646:
12644:
12643:
12631:
12619:
12618:
12617:
12612:
12607:
12590:
12577:
12575:
12571:
12570:
12568:
12567:
12555:
12543:
12542:
12541:
12536:
12519:
12507:
12495:
12483:
12482:
12481:
12464:
12463:
12462:
12457:
12452:
12451:
12450:
12447:
12442:
12437:
12427:
12409:
12407:
12403:
12402:
12400:
12399:
12387:
12386:
12385:
12380:
12363:
12350:
12348:
12344:
12343:
12341:
12340:
12334:
12332:
12325:
12321:
12320:
12317:
12316:
12314:
12313:
12312:
12311:
12294:
12282:
12281:
12280:
12275:
12270:
12253:
12241:
12229:
12217:
12204:
12202:
12196:
12195:
12193:
12192:
12180:
12168:
12156:
12144:
12132:
12131:
12130:
12113:
12101:
12088:
12086:
12079:
12075:
12074:
12071:
12070:
12068:
12067:
12055:
12043:
12031:
12019:
12018:
12017:
12000:
11987:
11985:
11981:
11980:
11978:
11977:
11972:
11966:
11964:
11955:
11951:
11950:
11943:
11942:
11935:
11928:
11920:
11911:
11910:
11908:
11907:
11902:
11897:
11892:
11887:
11882:
11877:
11872:
11867:
11862:
11857:
11852:
11847:
11846:
11845:
11840:
11835:
11830:
11825:
11815:
11809:
11807:
11805:Space advocacy
11801:
11800:
11797:
11796:
11794:
11793:
11788:
11783:
11778:
11773:
11768:
11763:
11758:
11757:
11756:
11751:
11746:
11741:
11731:
11726:
11720:
11718:
11712:
11711:
11709:
11708:
11707:
11706:
11694:
11692:United Kingdom
11682:
11671:
11659:
11647:
11635:
11621:Space commands
11618:
11617:
11616:
11611:
11599:
11598:
11597:
11592:
11575:
11573:United Kingdom
11563:
11551:
11539:
11527:
11515:
11503:
11491:
11479:
11467:
11455:
11443:
11442:
11441:
11436:
11421:
11409:
11397:
11385:
11373:
11361:
11349:
11331:
11329:
11318:
11316:Militarisation
11312:
11311:
11309:
11308:
11307:
11306:
11301:
11300:
11299:
11289:
11284:
11274:
11269:
11264:
11259:
11258:
11257:
11252:
11247:
11235:
11233:United Kingdom
11223:
11211:
11197:Space industry
11193:
11191:
11189:Commercial use
11185:
11184:
11182:
11181:
11178:
11173:
11168:
11163:
11162:
11161:
11159:IPDA standards
11156:
11146:
11144:CEOS standards
11141:
11136:
11131:
11126:
11121:
11116:
11111:
11106:
11100:
11094:
11088:
11083:
11077:
11071:
11065:
11059:
11053:
11047:
11041:
11035:
11029:
11023:
11017:
11010:
11008:
11002:
11001:
10999:
10998:
10993:
10988:
10983:
10978:
10973:
10968:
10963:
10958:
10953:
10948:
10943:
10938:
10933:
10928:
10927:
10926:
10916:
10911:
10906:
10900:
10898:
10892:
10891:
10889:
10888:
10883:
10878:
10877:
10876:
10871:
10861:
10856:
10850:
10848:
10847:United Nations
10844:
10843:
10841:
10840:
10839:
10838:
10828:
10823:
10818:
10817:
10816:
10806:
10801:
10796:
10791:
10786:
10781:
10776:
10771:
10765:
10763:
10762:Other policies
10759:
10758:
10755:
10754:
10751:
10750:
10748:
10747:
10746:
10745:
10740:
10738:MARS-500 study
10732:
10727:
10722:
10715:
10713:
10709:
10708:
10706:
10705:
10700:
10694:
10692:
10688:
10687:
10685:
10684:
10683:
10682:
10677:
10672:
10661:
10655:
10653:
10646:
10640:
10639:
10636:
10635:
10633:
10632:
10625:
10623:
10619:
10618:
10616:
10615:
10609:
10603:
10597:
10594:Salyut program
10591:
10585:
10578:
10576:
10572:
10571:
10569:
10568:
10562:
10556:
10550:
10547:Vostok program
10544:
10543:
10542:
10539:Sputnik crisis
10530:
10528:
10524:
10523:
10521:
10520:
10519:
10518:
10506:
10504:
10497:
10484:
10480:
10479:
10476:
10475:
10473:
10472:
10471:
10470:
10465:
10460:
10455:
10450:
10440:
10435:
10430:
10425:
10424:
10423:
10413:
10408:
10406:Budget of NASA
10403:
10398:
10393:
10387:
10384:
10383:
10381:
10380:
10375:
10370:
10365:
10360:
10354:
10352:
10344:
10343:
10341:
10340:
10338:2015 Space Act
10335:
10330:
10325:
10320:
10315:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10290:
10285:
10280:
10274:
10272:
10264:
10263:
10261:
10260:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10235:
10230:
10224:Space Shuttle
10221:
10216:
10210:
10208:
10204:George W. Bush
10200:
10199:
10197:
10196:
10191:
10186:
10184:1998 Space Act
10181:
10176:
10175:
10174:
10173:
10172:
10162:
10152:
10147:
10139:
10137:
10129:
10128:
10126:
10125:
10120:
10115:
10110:
10104:
10102:
10094:
10093:
10091:
10090:
10085:
10080:
10074:Space Shuttle
10071:
10066:
10064:1984 Space Act
10061:
10056:
10051:
10046:
10040:
10038:
10030:
10029:
10027:
10026:
10023:
10021:
10013:
10012:
10010:
10009:
10004:
9998:
9996:
9988:
9987:
9985:
9984:
9979:
9974:
9969:
9963:
9961:
9953:
9952:
9950:
9949:
9943:
9941:
9933:
9932:
9930:
9929:
9922:
9917:
9912:
9906:
9904:
9896:
9895:
9893:
9892:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9872:
9871:
9870:
9860:
9853:
9851:Sputnik crisis
9848:
9843:
9837:
9835:
9827:
9826:
9824:
9823:
9818:
9813:
9808:
9807:
9806:
9795:
9793:
9782:
9776:
9775:
9773:
9772:
9771:
9770:
9758:
9752:
9747:
9742:
9736:
9730:
9724:
9719:
9713:
9707:
9701:
9694:
9692:
9684:
9683:
9681:
9680:
9679:
9678:
9676:Mission Shakti
9668:
9663:
9658:
9652:
9650:
9646:
9645:
9643:
9642:
9637:
9632:
9627:
9626:
9625:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9604:
9603:
9593:
9584:
9579:
9574:
9569:
9564:
9559:
9558:
9557:
9546:
9544:
9541:Other European
9538:
9537:
9535:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9508:
9507:
9506:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9479:
9476:
9468:
9463:
9457:
9450:
9448:
9442:
9441:
9438:
9437:
9435:
9434:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9383:
9381:
9374:
9373:
9371:
9370:
9363:
9358:
9351:
9350:
9349:
9338:
9336:
9332:
9331:
9329:
9328:
9321:
9314:
9309:
9302:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9283:
9282:
9268:
9262:
9260:
9253:
9252:
9251:
9250:
9249:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9236:MARS-500 study
9233:
9225:
9223:ESA Television
9220:
9219:
9218:
9217:
9216:
9206:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9180:
9174:
9169:
9168:
9167:
9157:
9152:
9146:
9140:
9135:
9130:
9129:
9128:
9118:
9113:
9112:
9111:
9101:
9096:
9085:
9079:
9078:
9077:
9064:
9062:
9056:
9055:
9053:
9052:
9051:
9050:
9048:MARS-500 study
9045:
9034:
9028:
9027:
9026:
9021:
9011:
8995:
8994:
8993:
8982:
8976:
8969:
8967:
8959:
8958:
8956:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8929:
8928:
8923:
8921:Sputnik crisis
8912:
8910:
8904:
8903:
8901:
8900:
8899:
8898:
8897:
8896:
8886:
8881:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8862:
8861:
8856:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8830:
8827:
8826:
8819:
8818:
8811:
8804:
8796:
8787:
8786:
8683:
8682:
8670:
8658:
8646:
8640:
8637:
8636:
8632:
8631:
8628:
8627:
8625:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8598:
8596:
8592:
8591:
8589:
8588:
8583:
8582:
8581:
8576:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8535:
8533:
8529:
8528:
8526:
8525:
8523:Scattered disc
8520:
8515:
8514:
8513:
8503:
8498:
8497:
8496:
8491:
8490:
8489:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8373:
8372:
8367:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8311:
8310:
8308:Excretion disk
8303:Accretion disk
8300:
8295:
8293:Star formation
8289:
8287:
8279:
8278:
8276:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8239:
8238:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8217:
8216:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8195:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8182:space stations
8174:
8173:
8172:
8167:
8157:
8156:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8135:
8129:
8127:
8115:
8114:
8112:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8055:
8053:
8042:
8039:
8038:
8036:
8035:
8030:
8029:
8028:
8023:
8021:Scattered disc
8018:
8013:
8008:
8007:
8006:
8001:
7986:
7985:
7984:
7979:
7969:
7968:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7906:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7889:
7888:
7883:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7853:
7852:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7808:
7803:
7802:
7801:
7796:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7770:
7768:
7756:
7755:
7753:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7712:
7706:
7704:
7698:
7697:
7695:
7694:
7693:
7692:
7682:
7681:
7680:
7670:
7669:
7668:
7658:
7657:
7656:
7646:
7645:
7644:
7639:
7629:
7628:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7597:
7596:
7595:
7585:
7584:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7558:
7557:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7521:
7520:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7464:
7463:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7432:
7431:
7430:
7425:
7415:
7414:
7413:
7408:
7399:
7397:
7391:
7390:
7388:
7387:
7386:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7335:
7334:
7333:
7332:
7331:
7326:
7316:
7315:
7314:
7309:
7294:
7293:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7266:
7264:
7247:
7244:
7243:
7241:
7240:
7233:
7226:
7219:
7212:
7205:
7198:
7191:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7089:
7086:
7085:
7078:
7077:
7070:
7063:
7055:
7046:
7045:
7043:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7026:
7025:
7015:
7010:
7004:
7002:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6992:
6987:
6985:Space agencies
6982:
6977:
6972:
6971:
6970:
6959:
6957:
6956:and facilities
6951:
6950:
6948:
6947:
6941:
6939:
6935:
6934:
6932:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6874:Thor and Delta
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6815:
6814:
6809:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6787:Delta IV Heavy
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6728:
6726:
6725:by rocket type
6720:
6719:
6717:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6685:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6664:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6646:
6644:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6620:Magnetospheric
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6597:
6596:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6570:
6568:
6564:Earth-orbiting
6560:
6559:
6557:
6556:
6555:
6554:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6533:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6507:
6502:
6501:
6500:
6495:
6485:
6480:
6474:
6472:
6464:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6425:
6423:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6413:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6394:by nationality
6391:
6386:
6378:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6295:
6293:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6269:
6267:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6241:
6239:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6213:
6212:
6207:
6199:
6198:
6197:
6192:
6181:
6179:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6158:
6157:
6152:
6144:
6143:
6142:
6131:
6129:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6106:
6105:
6100:
6092:
6086:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6074:
6073:
6072:
6067:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5998:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5957:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5939:
5937:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5882:
5880:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5872:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5854:
5853:
5846:
5839:
5831:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5818:
5807:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5776:Ground station
5773:
5767:
5765:
5763:Ground segment
5759:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5731:
5726:
5720:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5696:Interplanetary
5693:
5692:
5691:
5689:Geosynchronous
5686:
5676:
5670:
5668:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5656:Gravity assist
5653:
5648:
5643:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5596:
5591:
5590:
5589:
5587:Service module
5584:
5579:
5577:Orbital module
5569:
5564:
5562:Launch vehicle
5558:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5540:Space sexology
5537:
5532:
5530:Space medicine
5527:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5510:
5505:
5504:
5503:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5445:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5397:
5395:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5365:Weightlessness
5362:
5357:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5317:
5315:
5308:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5286:Space research
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5222:Reconnaissance
5219:
5214:
5204:
5198:
5196:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5091:European Union
5088:
5083:
5078:
5068:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5036:
5030:
5028:
5024:
5023:
5016:
5015:
5008:
5001:
4993:
4987:
4986:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:External links
4919:
4918:
4917:
4889:
4873:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4825:
4796:
4772:
4748:
4723:
4699:
4683:www.t-minus.nl
4670:
4650:
4620:
4591:
4569:
4544:
4519:
4501:
4483:
4461:
4447:
4412:
4383:
4355:
4332:
4329:on 2008-09-21.
4314:
4289:
4259:
4245:
4225:
4203:
4185:
4173:
4161:
4119:
4088:
4069:
4018:
3990:
3972:
3946:
3914:
3884:
3872:
3834:
3828:978-0521824927
3827:
3806:
3779:
3744:
3718:
3703:
3684:
3662:
3648:
3623:
3616:
3596:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3535:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3509:Space advocacy
3506:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3468:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3429:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3353:(May 12, 1994)
3348:
3342:
3341:(June 1, 1989)
3336:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3247:
3244:
3235:United Kingdom
3204:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3138:United Kingdom
3135:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3027:
3024:
3015:
3012:
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2803:
2797:spy satellites
2767:
2764:
2723:
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2683:
2677:
2674:
2647:Main article:
2644:
2641:
2590:
2587:
2571:interplanetary
2522:Main article:
2519:
2516:
2476:Main article:
2473:
2470:
2445:
2442:
2438:deconditioning
2408:Weightlessness
2406:Main article:
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2402:Weightlessness
2400:
2373:Main article:
2370:
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2355:
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2344:Landing Zone 1
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2296:
2289:
2288:
2280:
2273:
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2240:space tourists
2220:Ansari X Prize
2087:Main article:
2084:
2081:
2069:Main article:
2066:
2063:
2057:Launch vehicle
2055:Main article:
2052:
2051:Launch systems
2049:
2025:Main article:
2022:
2019:
1996:Main article:
1993:
1990:
1978:Main article:
1975:
1972:
1905:Main article:
1902:
1899:
1861:
1860:Interplanetary
1858:
1829:Main article:
1826:
1823:
1794:
1793:Point-to-point
1791:
1727:Main article:
1724:
1721:
1666:Main article:
1663:
1660:
1655:space stations
1564:remote control
1549:
1541:
1536:Main article:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1441:
1438:
1421:Main article:
1418:
1415:
1380:
1377:
1365:launch vehicle
1352:
1349:
1334:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1316:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1293:magnetic sails
1273:Main article:
1270:
1267:
1228:launch windows
1209:
1206:
1174:space elevator
1166:Main article:
1163:
1160:
1151:Rocket engines
1136:
1135:Reaching space
1133:
1122:Space Shuttle
1110:launch windows
1079:Main article:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1053:space stations
1029:Neil Armstrong
980:Sergey Korolev
887:
884:
869:
868:
854:
850:
827:
823:
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781:
769:
766:
736:
732:
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667:William Leitch
648:Main article:
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542:space stations
434:
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391:
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108:Lunar missions
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15:
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6:
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2:
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13898:
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13877:participation
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12345:
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12264:
12254:
12252:
12242:
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12218:
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12206:
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12203:
12199:Latin America
12197:
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12179:
12169:
12167:
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12133:
12129:
12126:
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12090:
12089:
12087:
12085:North America
12083:
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12066:
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12044:
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12016:
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11999:
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11782:
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11769:
11767:
11764:
11762:
11759:
11755:
11754:United States
11752:
11750:
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11740:
11737:
11736:
11735:
11732:
11730:
11727:
11725:
11722:
11721:
11719:
11717:
11716:Space warfare
11713:
11705:
11704:United States
11700:
11695:
11693:
11688:
11683:
11681:
11676:
11672:
11670:
11665:
11660:
11658:
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11636:
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11615:
11612:
11610:
11605:
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11593:
11591:
11588:
11587:
11586:
11585:United States
11581:
11576:
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11562:
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11552:
11550:
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11533:
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11362:
11360:
11355:
11350:
11348:
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11336:
11333:
11332:
11330:
11328:
11325:Space forces,
11322:
11319:
11317:
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11298:
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11294:
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11268:
11265:
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11262:Space tourism
11260:
11256:
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11245:United States
11241:
11236:
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11205:
11200:
11199:
11198:
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11192:
11190:
11186:
11179:
11177:
11174:
11172:
11171:GEO standards
11169:
11167:
11166:GSC standards
11164:
11160:
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11147:
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11137:
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10979:
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10907:
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10875:
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10815:
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10792:
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10777:
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10772:
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10704:
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10676:
10675:ISS programme
10673:
10671:
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10662:
10660:
10657:
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10650:
10647:
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10630:
10627:
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10624:
10620:
10613:
10610:
10607:
10606:Buran program
10604:
10601:
10598:
10595:
10592:
10589:
10586:
10583:
10582:Soyuz program
10580:
10579:
10577:
10573:
10566:
10563:
10560:
10557:
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10548:
10545:
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10409:
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10397:
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10371:
10369:
10366:
10364:
10361:
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10353:
10351:
10345:
10339:
10336:
10334:
10333:2014 NASA Act
10331:
10329:
10326:
10324:
10321:
10319:
10316:
10314:
10313:2010 NASA Act
10311:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10303:Flexible path
10301:
10299:
10296:
10294:
10291:
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10279:
10276:
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10265:
10259:
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10248:2005 NASA Act
10246:
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10241:
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10236:
10234:
10231:
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10220:
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10209:
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10195:
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10190:
10187:
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10177:
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10168:
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10166:
10165:ISS programme
10163:
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10105:
10103:
10101:
10095:
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10083:Rogers Report
10081:
10079:
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9869:
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9865:
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9863:1958 NASA Act
9861:
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9777:
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9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9477:
9474:
9473:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9461:
9458:
9455:
9452:
9451:
9449:
9447:
9443:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9387:Solar Orbiter
9385:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9378:Cosmic Vision
9375:
9369:
9368:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9356:
9352:
9348:
9345:
9344:
9343:
9342:ISS programme
9340:
9339:
9337:
9333:
9327:
9326:
9322:
9320:
9319:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9307:
9303:
9301:
9300:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9281:
9280:
9276:
9275:
9274:
9273:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9263:
9261:
9257:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9232:
9229:
9228:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9215:
9212:
9211:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9201:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9184:
9181:
9178:
9175:
9173:
9170:
9166:
9163:
9162:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9150:
9147:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9127:
9124:
9123:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9110:
9107:
9106:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9083:
9080:
9075:
9072:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9065:
9063:
9061:
9057:
9049:
9046:
9043:
9040:
9039:
9038:
9035:
9032:
9029:
9025:
9024:Space station
9022:
9020:
9012:
9010:
9002:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8992:
8989:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8980:
8977:
8974:
8971:
8970:
8968:
8966:
8965:space program
8960:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8918:
8917:
8914:
8913:
8911:
8909:
8905:
8895:
8892:
8891:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8876:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8852:
8851:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8831:
8828:
8824:
8817:
8812:
8810:
8805:
8803:
8798:
8797:
8794:
8784:
8775:
8768:
8761:
8754:
8748:
8742:
8736:
8729:
8722:
8715:
8708:
8701:
8694:
8687:
8681:
8671:
8669:
8659:
8657:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8641:
8638:
8623:
8622:Tidal locking
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8602:Double planet
8600:
8599:
8597:
8593:
8587:
8584:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8571:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8554:Minor planets
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8536:
8534:
8530:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8512:
8509:
8508:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8495:
8492:
8488:
8487:Merging stars
8485:
8484:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8459:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8362:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8309:
8306:
8305:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8290:
8288:
8286:
8280:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8237:
8234:
8233:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8215:
8212:
8211:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8179:
8178:
8175:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8162:
8161:
8158:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8140:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8120:
8116:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8089:Subsatellites
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8056:
8054:
8052:
8049:Hypothetical
8046:
8043:
8034:
8031:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7996:
7995:
7992:
7991:
7990:
7987:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7974:
7973:
7970:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7922:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7915:Asteroid belt
7913:
7911:
7908:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7878:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7858:
7857:
7854:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7811:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7791:
7790:
7789:Minor planets
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7771:
7769:
7767:
7757:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7720:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7707:
7705:
7703:
7699:
7691:
7688:
7687:
7686:
7683:
7679:
7676:
7675:
7674:
7671:
7667:
7664:
7663:
7662:
7659:
7655:
7652:
7651:
7650:
7647:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7634:
7633:
7630:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7602:
7601:
7598:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7589:
7586:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7563:
7562:
7559:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7526:
7525:
7522:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7469:
7468:
7465:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7437:
7436:
7433:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7420:
7419:
7416:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7403:
7401:
7400:
7398:
7396:
7392:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7340:
7339:
7336:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7321:
7320:
7317:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7304:
7303:
7300:
7299:
7298:
7295:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7272:
7271:
7268:
7267:
7265:
7263:
7258:
7254:
7251:
7250:
7245:
7239:
7238:
7234:
7232:
7231:
7227:
7225:
7224:
7220:
7218:
7217:
7213:
7211:
7210:
7206:
7204:
7203:
7199:
7197:
7196:
7192:
7190:
7189:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7162:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7087:
7083:
7076:
7071:
7069:
7064:
7062:
7057:
7056:
7053:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7024:
7021:
7020:
7019:
7018:NASA missions
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7001:and timelines
6997:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6969:
6966:
6965:
6964:
6961:
6960:
6958:
6952:
6946:
6945:Satish Dhawan
6943:
6942:
6940:
6936:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6804:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6721:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6656:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6641:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6567:
6561:
6553:
6550:
6549:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6490:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6465:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6422:
6418:
6412:
6409:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6370:
6369:Ibero-America
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6290:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6262:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6238:
6234:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6201:Spaceflights
6200:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6178:
6174:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6146:Spaceflights
6145:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6122:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6094:Spaceflights
6093:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6083:
6079:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5958:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5925:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5877:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5864:
5859:
5852:
5847:
5845:
5840:
5838:
5833:
5832:
5829:
5817:
5813:
5808:
5806:
5797:
5796:
5793:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5760:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5724:Direct ascent
5722:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5707:
5706:Intergalactic
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5641:Rocket engine
5639:
5638:
5637:
5634:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5572:Space capsule
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5551:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5535:Space nursing
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5489:Health issues
5487:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5443:Space Shuttle
5441:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5392:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5375:Space tourism
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5331:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5303:
5297:
5296:Space weather
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5175:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5160:Space command
5158:
5157:
5156:
5155:Space warfare
5153:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5124:
5121:
5117:
5116:United States
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5034:Astrodynamics
5032:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5014:
5009:
5007:
5002:
5000:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4974:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4892:Rebecca Boyle
4890:
4887:
4886:contamination
4883:
4879:
4874:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4858:
4839:
4835:
4829:
4815:on 2020-11-23
4814:
4810:
4806:
4800:
4786:
4782:
4776:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4737:
4733:
4727:
4713:
4709:
4703:
4689:on 2020-10-01
4688:
4684:
4680:
4674:
4667:
4666:3-8118-4341-9
4663:
4659:
4654:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4624:
4610:on 2013-02-04
4609:
4605:
4604:xinhuanet.com
4601:
4595:
4579:
4573:
4558:
4554:
4548:
4533:
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4515:
4511:
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4497:
4493:
4487:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4465:
4457:
4451:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4416:
4401:
4397:
4390:
4388:
4373:
4369:
4362:
4360:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4341:
4336:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4293:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4255:
4249:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4229:
4221:
4217:
4215:
4207:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4182:
4177:
4170:
4165:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4092:
4084:
4080:
4073:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4022:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3994:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3961:
3957:
3950:
3931:
3924:
3918:
3911:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3876:
3869:
3854:
3847:
3841:
3839:
3830:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3811:
3803:
3789:
3783:
3776:
3760:
3759:
3751:
3749:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3688:
3672:
3666:
3658:
3652:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3627:
3619:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3600:
3593:. A. Strahan.
3592:
3591:
3583:
3579:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3521:Human outpost
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3430:
3427:
3416:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3347:(May 8, 1991)
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3243:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3102:United States
3100:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3067:United States
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3042:United States
3039:
3033:
3023:
3021:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2958:space docking
2955:
2951:
2947:
2946:space weather
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2826:Space tourism
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2719:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2693:This section
2691:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2586:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2524:Space weather
2518:Space weather
2515:
2513:
2509:
2508:life-critical
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2423:
2422:Michael Foale
2419:
2414:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2376:
2365:
2361:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2326:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2301:
2300:Space Shuttle
2293:
2284:
2277:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2099:Space Shuttle
2096:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2004:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1981:
1974:Intergalactic
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1960:time dilation
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1889:and Russia's
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1850:orbital speed
1846:
1837:
1832:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1713:Space Shuttle
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1531:
1530:
1524:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1470:Space Shuttle
1467:
1463:
1459:
1458:splashed down
1456:capsules all
1455:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:space station
1390:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1320:
1313:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1276:
1269:Astrodynamics
1266:
1264:
1263:Oberth effect
1260:
1255:
1253:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1218:Parking orbit
1215:
1208:Leaving orbit
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:rocket launch
1088:
1082:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
968:Joseph Stalin
965:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
927:
923:
918:
914:
910:
909:
904:
899:
885:
874:
852:
848:
825:
821:
812:
795:
791:
782:
767:
756:
755:
754:
751:
734:
730:
724:
720:
714:
711:
706:
702:
698:
695:
684:
682:
672:
668:
664:
657:
651:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
625:
621:
617:
616:space mission
612:
610:
600:
598:
593:
589:
585:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
429:
424:
422:
417:
415:
410:
409:
407:
406:
403:
393:
392:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
365:
364:
357:
356:Intergalactic
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
333:
327:
326:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
285:
280:
279:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
250:Space Shuttle
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
235:
232:
227:
226:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
201:
198:
193:
192:
187:
182:
181:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
130:
127:
122:
121:
114:
113:Mars missions
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
85:
82:
77:
76:
70:
66:
65:
62:
59:
58:
54:
50:
49:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
22:
13907:Astronautics
13897:Solar System
13873:Preceded by
13725:Intersputnik
13570:TÜBİTAK UZAY
13031:EUTELSAT IGO
12927:Pan-European
12888:TÜBİTAK UZAY
12347:Central Asia
11963:and pan-Arab
11838:Moon Society
11833:Mars Society
11766:Kill vehicle
11729:Space weapon
11335:Space forces
10976:Intersputnik
10612:Apollo–Soyuz
10350:space policy
10270:space policy
10225:
10206:space policy
10142:
10135:space policy
10100:space policy
10075:
10036:space policy
10019:space policy
10002:Apollo–Soyuz
9994:space policy
9967:Moon landing
9959:space policy
9939:space policy
9902:space policy
9855:
9833:space policy
9791:space policy
9765:
9727:Project Juno
9365:
9353:
9323:
9316:
9304:
9298:
9277:
9270:
9070:(1960–1975)
8839:Space policy
8778:Each arrow (
8700:Local Bubble
8686:Solar System
8684:
8477:Planetesimal
8432:Kuiper cliff
8160:Space probes
8133:Colonization
7972:Kirkwood gap
7893:Saturn Moons
7806:Planetesimal
7270:Terrestrials
7235:
7228:
7221:
7214:
7207:
7200:
7193:
7186:
7159:
7082:Solar System
6689:Upper stages
6530:lunar probes
6468:Solar System
6454:Spacewalkers
6439:2015–present
6399:billionaires
6124:
5995:2021–present
5960:Spaceflights
5857:
5716:Space launch
5701:Interstellar
5667:Destinations
5436:Apollo–Soyuz
5385:Space diving
5370:Space toilet
5194:Applications
5111:Soviet Union
5071:Space policy
5066:Space launch
5019:
4979:. Retrieved
4931:
4911:
4907:
4861:
4841:. Retrieved
4837:
4828:
4817:. Retrieved
4813:the original
4808:
4799:
4788:. Retrieved
4784:
4775:
4764:. Retrieved
4760:
4751:
4740:. Retrieved
4738:. 2020-09-14
4735:
4726:
4715:. Retrieved
4711:
4702:
4691:. Retrieved
4687:the original
4682:
4673:
4657:
4653:
4643:February 10,
4641:. Retrieved
4637:the original
4632:
4623:
4612:. Retrieved
4608:the original
4603:
4594:
4582:. Retrieved
4572:
4561:. Retrieved
4559:. 2012-02-03
4556:
4547:
4535:. Retrieved
4531:
4522:
4513:
4504:
4495:
4486:
4478:the original
4473:
4464:
4450:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4403:. Retrieved
4399:
4375:. Retrieved
4372:the Guardian
4371:
4335:
4327:the original
4317:
4307:
4292:
4280:. Retrieved
4276:the original
4271:
4262:
4248:
4237:
4228:
4220:The Guardian
4219:
4213:
4206:
4197:
4188:
4176:
4164:
4139:
4135:
4122:
4105:
4101:
4091:
4082:
4079:The Futurist
4078:
4072:
4035:
4031:
4021:
4009:. Retrieved
4005:ScienceAlert
4003:
3993:
3985:the original
3975:
3963:. Retrieved
3959:
3949:
3937:. Retrieved
3930:the original
3917:
3908:
3901:. Retrieved
3897:
3887:
3875:
3866:
3860:. Retrieved
3853:the original
3818:
3801:
3795:. Retrieved
3782:
3773:
3766:, retrieved
3757:
3735:. Retrieved
3731:the original
3721:
3712:
3706:
3687:
3675:. Retrieved
3665:
3651:
3643:the original
3636:
3626:
3606:
3599:
3589:
3582:
3383: (2007)
3339:South Africa
3327:West Germany
3285:East Germany
3279:Nazi Germany
3249:
3208:
3205:
3096:Soviet Union
3089:
3057:Soviet Union
3035:
3017:
3008:corporations
3001:
2978:
2970:life support
2962:spacewalking
2954:microgravity
2938:astronautics
2925:
2923:
2871:
2845:
2841:
2787:
2766:Applications
2756:space debris
2753:
2729:Global South
2726:
2713:
2704:You can help
2694:
2663:
2652:
2629:space debris
2625:
2617:
2610:
2599:Space debris
2579:
2544:
2537:
2514:techniques.
2481:
2472:Life support
2462:solar flares
2447:
2427:
2389:
2386:
2378:
2325:SpaceShipOne
2305:
2258:
2250:Orbcomm OG-2
2244:
2228:SpaceShipTwo
2216:Brian Binnie
2212:Mike Melvill
2204:SpaceShipOne
2199:
2188:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2162:
2157:, which was
2154:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2106:
2103:Yuri Gagarin
2092:
2074:
2060:
2030:
2012:
2009:
1983:
1951:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1918:Solar System
1913:New Horizons
1911:
1910:
1901:Interstellar
1883:Solar System
1873:
1854:closed orbit
1842:
1796:
1780:SpaceShipOne
1768:
1748:
1717:SpaceShipOne
1692:Yuri Gagarin
1682:
1610:
1608:
1581:rather than
1576:
1550:
1527:
1505:
1478:
1472:land like a
1443:
1426:
1407:
1392:
1354:
1335:Recovery of
1299:, and using
1286:
1278:
1256:
1248:
1242:
1221:
1190:launch loops
1171:
1162:Alternatives
1149:
1138:
1123:
1114:
1107:
1084:
1081:Space launch
1057:
1045:
1016:Friendship 7
1014:
1004:
996:Yuri Gagarin
984:R-7 Semyorka
964:Soviet Union
961:
941:Nazi Germany
933:World War II
930:
906:
900:
870:
752:
685:
680:
660:
629:
628:
615:
613:
606:
581:
577:second stage
558:
536:satellites,
527:
501:include the
475:space probes
447:astronautics
443:space flight
442:
438:
437:
379:Space forces
351:Interstellar
284:Space launch
126:Applications
103:Space probes
60:
13902:Spaceflight
13875:Interkosmos
13849:Interkosmos
12955:Eurocontrol
12605:Antrix Corp
11961:Pan-African
11501:North Korea
11489:New Zealand
11477:Netherlands
11282:Space trade
11062:Moon Treaty
10721:(2013–2015)
10631:(1986–2001)
10608:(1974–1993)
10602:(1973–1977)
10596:(1971–1986)
10590:(1967–1991)
10588:Interkosmos
10567:(1964–1966)
10561:(1961–1976)
10555:(1960–1982)
10549:(1960–1963)
10088:Ride Report
9885:Missile gap
9757:(2018–2020)
9735:(2009–2010)
9712:(1964–1971)
9562:Eurocontrol
9456:(1992–2002)
9380:(2015–2025)
9367:BepiColombo
9214:Space Rider
9145:(1983–2010)
9084:(1964–1975)
9076:(1962–1973)
8998:Project 921
8981:(1966–1972)
8975:(1966–1976)
8908:Space races
8741:Local Sheet
8735:Local Group
8518:Rubble pile
8506:Roche limit
8501:Ring system
8452:Outer space
8427:Kuiper belt
8397:Hill sphere
8392:Hills cloud
8340:Debris disk
8335:Cosmic dust
8119:Exploration
8074:Planet Nine
8059:Fifth giant
8033:Hills cloud
7994:Kuiper belt
7965:exceptional
7881:Trojan camp
6824:H-II and H3
6767:Delta DM-19
6757:Black Brant
6470:exploration
6245:Expeditions
6185:Expeditions
6135:Expeditions
6090:Expeditions
5858:Spaceflight
5674:Sub-orbital
5609:Space probe
5475:New Shepard
5453:Shuttle–Mir
5212:Archaeology
5165:Space force
5148:Moon Treaty
5020:Spaceflight
4932:Spaceflight
4888:." (p. 28.)
4658:Peenemünde,
4633:www.esa.int
4584:12 December
4428:: 445–454.
4085:(5): 29–33.
3965:November 5,
3903:January 29,
3737:28 December
3677:November 5,
3399:Netherlands
3387:New Zealand
3335:(June 1984)
3303:Switzerland
3258:, with the
3252:Kármán line
3192:New Zealand
3186:South Korea
3180:North Korea
2934:aeronautics
2926:spacefaring
2862:Spacefaring
2716:August 2024
2670:imperialist
2620:perchlorate
2547:outer space
2396:Netherlands
2077:multi-stage
1771:Kármán line
1763:space probe
1723:Sub-orbital
1711:. The U.S.
1709:Crew Dragon
1579:telerobotic
1466:Spaceplanes
1411:robotic arm
1409:by using a
1361:first stage
1289:solar sails
1145:Kármán line
1141:outer space
1099:launch pads
1055:, from the
1033:Buzz Aldrin
609:outer space
603:Terminology
573:first stage
509:, the past
479:telerobotic
455:outer space
439:Spaceflight
336:Sub-orbital
260:Spaceplanes
209:Space probe
143:Exploration
61:Spaceflight
43:Earth orbit
35:Crew Dragon
13891:Categories
13861:See also:
12574:South Asia
12178:USSPACECOM
11786:Spaceplane
10527:Khrushchev
10076:Challenger
9831:Eisenhower
9292:Cluster II
8889:Spaceguard
8879:Prediction
8760:Local Hole
8707:Gould Belt
8447:Oort cloud
8283:Formation,
8273:Deep space
8109:Vulcanoids
8026:Oort cloud
7950:first 1000
7886:Greek camp
7784:Meteoroids
7779:Damocloids
7725:Charikloan
6968:comparison
6894:Thor DM-18
6879:Thor-Agena
6834:Long March
6752:Atlas LV3C
6747:Atlas LV3B
6667:Spacecraft
6655:Comparison
6584:PocketQube
6566:satellites
6344:Cosmonauts
6299:Astronauts
6255:Spacewalks
6217:Spacewalks
6162:Spacewalks
6110:Spacewalks
6070:Suborbital
5953:by program
5913:Space Race
5903:Spacecraft
5743:Launch pad
5734:Expendable
5684:Geocentric
5651:Solar sail
5594:Spaceplane
5554:Spacecraft
5348:Space suit
5326:commercial
5254:Television
5049:Space Race
4981:2011-04-15
4843:2020-09-19
4819:2020-09-19
4790:2020-09-19
4766:2020-09-19
4742:2020-09-19
4717:2020-09-19
4693:2020-09-19
4614:2013-02-10
4563:2014-01-01
4400:The Nation
4377:2022-05-05
4045:2211.14643
4011:6 December
3862:2011-03-04
3797:2011-03-04
3574:References
3260:V-2 rocket
3246:Suborbital
3210:Alouette 1
3036:Currently
2942:astronauts
2930:spacecraft
2643:Regulation
2631:caused by
2565:and other
2541:, May 1991
2354:Challenges
2183:spaceplane
2155:Challenger
2128:Challenger
2113:Boeing 747
2108:Enterprise
2065:Expendable
2041:ion drives
2037:propulsion
2021:Propulsion
1998:Spacecraft
1992:Spacecraft
1964:propulsion
1934:Pioneer 11
1930:Pioneer 10
1843:A minimal
1641:, and the
1617:satellites
1568:autonomous
1556:spacecraft
1510:takes its
1373:spacecraft
1369:kick motor
1182:rotovators
1117:launch pad
1011:John Glenn
1007:Explorer 1
970:developed
673:'s work, "
556:missions.
550:scientific
497:missions.
483:autonomous
467:satellites
451:spacecraft
301:Expendable
296:Launch pad
186:Spacecraft
168:Telescopes
163:Settlement
158:Navigation
93:Space Race
13529:Roscosmos
13517:KazCosmos
13481:ArmCosmos
13182:DTU Space
13144:BIRA-IASB
13091:EU SatCen
12850:KACST-SRI
12747:ArmCosmos
12733:West Asia
12406:East Asia
12373:Roscosmos
12361:KazCosmos
12331:Pan-Asian
11595:Structure
11347:Australia
11006:Space law
10869:UN-SPIDER
10644:Roscosmos
10622:Gorbachev
9555:Eurospace
8991:2007 test
8938:Mars race
8884:Avoidance
8721:Milky Way
8714:Orion Arm
8482:Formation
8467:Migration
8462:Disrupted
8330:Coatlicue
8298:Accretion
8285:evolution
8231:Asteroids
8143:astronomy
8138:Discovery
7999:Cubewanos
7920:Asteroids
7750:Quaoarian
7740:Neptunian
7730:Chironean
7715:Saturnian
7497:Enceladus
6914:V-2 tests
6812:2020–2022
6807:2010–2019
6782:Delta III
6434:2000–2014
6429:1965–1999
6283:Rollbacks
6047:Gaganyaan
5990:2011–2020
5985:2001–2010
5980:1991–2000
5975:1981–1990
5970:1971–1980
5965:1961–1970
5753:Spaceport
5604:Satellite
5321:Astronaut
5249:Telephone
5202:Astronomy
5123:Space law
5076:Australia
4878:radiation
4557:space.com
4405:2 October
4282:3 January
4239:Space.com
3375:Indonesia
3309:Argentina
3120:Australia
2974:seafaring
2708:talk page
2666:space law
2659:liability
2649:Space law
2563:radiation
2553:within a
2538:Discovery
2444:Radiation
2179:Snowstorm
2151:Endeavour
2146:Endeavour
2134:Discovery
1952:Voyager 1
1939:Voyager 1
1926:Voyager 2
1922:Voyager 1
1759:Pioneer 1
1689:cosmonaut
1529:MESSENGER
1516:Yogi Rock
1507:Sojourner
1468:like the
1303:effects.
1259:periapsis
1095:spaceport
1041:N1 rocket
1037:Apollo 11
992:Sputnik 1
988:satellite
974:to carry
883:Δ
765:Δ
715:
693:Δ
457:, either
384:Companies
291:Spaceport
204:Satellite
148:Espionage
13754:UNCOPUOS
13065:DG DEFIS
13026:EUMETSAT
12078:Americas
11984:National
11549:Thailand
11513:Pakistan
11395:Colombia
10691:Medvedev
10680:Politics
10666:(1993–)
10575:Brezhnev
10318:Title 51
10228:disaster
10226:Columbia
10170:Politics
10078:disaster
9484:(2021–)
9402:EnVision
9347:Politics
9318:Herschel
9312:INTEGRAL
9090:(1975–)
9016:Tiangong
9006:Shenzhou
9000:(1992–)
8987:(1964–)
8926:Timeline
8774:Universe
8612:Moonlets
8192:programs
8165:timeline
8153:timeline
8084:Planet X
8079:Planet V
8016:Sednoids
8004:Plutinos
7977:Centaurs
7955:families
7690:Dysnomia
7678:Xiangliu
7673:Gonggong
7661:Makemake
7620:Kerberos
7507:Hyperion
7445:Callisto
7440:Ganymede
7373:Gonggong
7368:Makemake
7223:Gonggong
7216:Makemake
6869:Starship
6839:Minotaur
6797:Delta IV
6777:Delta II
6762:Electron
6723:Launches
6682:heaviest
6672:uncrewed
6643:Vehicles
6579:CubeSats
6520:orbiters
6478:Timeline
6339:European
6278:Missions
6237:Tiangong
6227:Deployed
6222:Visitors
6210:uncrewed
6195:Visiting
6167:Visitors
6155:uncrewed
6115:Visitors
6103:uncrewed
6052:Spacelab
6042:Shenzhou
5948:timeline
5896:timeline
5805:Category
5470:Tiangong
5465:Shenzhou
5394:Programs
5239:Internet
5044:Timeline
4882:microbes
4537:20 April
4343:Archived
4300:Archived
3939:15 April
3880:Vostok 1
3768:31 March
3695:Archived
3412:See also
3357:Pakistan
3272:missiles
3063:) (1961)
2855:Falcon 9
2795:such as
2782:Skylab 3
2633:spalling
2382:Delta II
2306:Columbia
2265:Starship
2166:broke up
2163:Columbia
2140:Atlantis
2122:Columbia
2083:Reusable
1897:tandem.
1819:Starship
1705:Shenzhou
1685:Vostok 1
1635:Salyut 7
1558:without
1518:on Mars.
1497:Uncrewed
1343:airplane
1198:scramjet
1186:skyhooks
1124:Columbia
1000:Vostok 1
640:flight.
513:and the
507:Shenzhou
495:Vanguard
491:Explorer
305:reusable
153:Military
53:a series
51:Part of
13715:ISS MCB
13609:Oceania
13384:PTSPACE
13350:CBK PAN
13012:ESTRACK
12938:CENELEC
12641:SUPARCO
12588:SPARRSO
12425:SASTIND
12142:FAA/AST
11975:Arabsat
11609:Vietnam
11590:History
11419:Germany
10743:ExoMars
10652:Yeltsin
10584:(1967–)
10512:(1946)
10495:program
10433:FAA/AST
10133:Clinton
9937:Johnson
9900:Kennedy
9841:WS-117L
9688:British
9462:(2002–)
9306:Rosetta
9287:Cluster
9279:Huygens
9246:ExoMars
9185:(1998–)
9179:(1973–)
9151:(2005–)
9044:(2016–)
9033:(2003–)
9019:program
9009:program
8963:Chinese
8943:Records
8595:Related
8574:by size
8263:Neptune
8248:Jupiter
8199:Mercury
8124:outline
8069:Phaeton
8064:Nemesis
8051:objects
7903:Neptune
7876:Jupiter
7856:Trojans
7849:Neptune
7834:Jupiter
7814:Mercury
7745:Haumean
7735:Uranian
7717: (
7637:Hiʻiaka
7571:Proteus
7561:Neptune
7549:Miranda
7539:Umbriel
7529:Titania
7517:all 146
7482:Iapetus
7435:Jupiter
7329:Neptune
7307:Jupiter
7275:Mercury
7257:Planets
7182:Neptune
7167:Jupiter
7140:Mercury
6909:Tsyklon
6772:Delta 1
6737:Antares
6384:by name
6329:Chinese
6324:Mercury
6304:by name
6265:Shuttle
6065:Orbital
6057:Artemis
6022:Mercury
6007:Russian
5936:General
5891:outline
5879:General
5679:Orbital
5480:Artemis
5411:Voskhod
5406:Mercury
5314:General
5054:Records
5039:History
5027:General
4872:(eBook)
4838:Twitter
4761:Twitter
4430:Bibcode
4272:Congrex
4198:Twitter
4144:Bibcode
4110:Bibcode
4050:Bibcode
3659:. NASA.
3297:Lebanon
3268:rockets
3256:Germany
3194:(2018)★
3188:(2013)★
3170:(1992)*
3164:(1991)*
3162:Ukraine
3122:(1967)★
3116:(1967)★
3050:nations
2551:weather
2195:CST-100
2045:delta-v
2033:rockets
1825:Orbital
1694:of the
1645:module
1629:animals
1621:landers
1612:Sputnik
1603:Neptune
1591:Jupiter
1446:Mercury
1417:Reentry
1321:reentry
1319:Shuttle
1062:to the
1060:program
840:) and (
753:Where:
663:rockets
644:History
584:deorbit
569:orbital
554:tourist
487:Sputnik
341:Orbital
173:Tourism
81:History
13775:Former
13766:UNOOSA
13668:COSPAR
13139:BELSPO
12920:Europe
12712:GISTDA
12688:PhilSA
12553:SaTReC
12455:PLAASF
12123:NESDIS
12053:NASRDA
11970:RASCOM
11954:Africa
11749:Russia
11678:
11633:France
11561:Turkey
11525:Russia
11453:Israel
11407:France
11371:Canada
11359:Brazil
11221:Russia
11105:(2020)
11099:(2012)
11093:(1999)
11082:(1998)
11076:(1988)
11070:(1981)
11064:(1979)
11058:(1976)
11052:(1975)
11046:(1974)
11040:(1972)
11034:(1972)
11028:(1968)
11022:(1967)
11016:(1963)
10614:(1975)
10541:(1957)
10503:Stalin
10491:Soviet
10416:NESDIS
10034:Reagan
10017:Carter
9982:Skylab
9789:Truman
9741:(2010)
9729:(1991)
9718:(1985)
9706:(1962)
9700:(1958)
9417:ATHENA
9407:CHEOPS
9392:Euclid
9325:Planck
9299:Newton
8769:
8762:
8755:
8730:
8723:
8716:
8709:
8702:
8695:
8688:
8617:Syzygy
8539:Comets
8472:System
8457:Planet
8350:EXCEDE
8258:Uranus
8253:Saturn
8243:Comets
8236:mining
8214:mining
8104:Vulcan
7945:active
7940:Hygiea
7935:Pallas
7898:Uranus
7844:Uranus
7839:Saturn
7774:Comets
7766:bodies
7764:System
7710:Jovian
7654:Weywot
7649:Quaoar
7642:Namaka
7632:Haumea
7605:Charon
7581:all 16
7576:Nereid
7566:Triton
7554:all 28
7534:Oberon
7524:Uranus
7512:Phoebe
7492:Tethys
7467:Saturn
7460:all 95
7455:Europa
7428:Deimos
7423:Phobos
7402:Earth
7363:Quaoar
7358:Haumea
7338:Dwarfs
7324:Uranus
7312:Saturn
7297:Giants
7262:dwarfs
7209:Quaoar
7202:Haumea
7177:Uranus
7172:Saturn
6924:Vulcan
6844:Proton
6829:Kosmos
6732:Ariane
6677:crewed
6616:Kosmos
6515:active
6510:Probes
6493:rovers
6354:Muslim
6319:Gemini
6314:Apollo
6292:People
6205:crewed
6150:crewed
6098:crewed
6082:Salyut
6037:Skylab
6032:Apollo
6027:Gemini
6002:Soviet
5816:Portal
5809:
5798:
5614:Lander
5567:Rocket
5431:Skylab
5426:Apollo
5416:Gemini
5401:Vostok
5106:Russia
4929:about
4868:
4664:
4353:, 1997
4256:. CNN.
3868:power.
3825:
3614:
3405:Turkey
3393:Norway
3363:Taiwan
3345:Sweden
3315:Brazil
3291:Canada
3240:WRESAT
3182:(2012)
3176:(2009)
3168:Russia
3158:(1988)
3156:Israel
3152:(1980)
3146:(1979)
3140:(1971)
3134:(1970)
3128:(1970)
3110:(1965)
3108:France
3104:(1958)
3098:(1957)
3075:(2003)
3069:(1961)
3061:Russia
3040:, the
3038:Russia
2924:To be
2917:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2706:. The
2676:Access
2605:, and
2567:matter
2559:plasma
2369:Safety
2246:SpaceX
2149:. The
2143:, and
1891:Kliper
1815:SpaceX
1807:Sydney
1803:London
1707:, and
1625:rovers
1601:, and
1599:Uranus
1595:Saturn
1583:crewed
1560:people
1486:Corona
1474:glider
1454:Apollo
1452:, and
1450:Gemini
1357:energy
1239:Luna 1
1176:, and
1075:Launch
1070:Phases
1058:Salyut
1025:Saturn
966:under
953:Juno I
592:debris
544:, and
265:Vostok
31:SpaceX
13825:NASDA
13742:ITU-R
13730:ODCWG
13710:ISECG
13700:ICSMD
13658:CCSDS
13651:World
13628:CSIRO
13467:Other
13360:KRRiT
13345:POLSA
13115:BEREC
13077:EUSPA
12997:ECSAT
12992:ESRIN
12982:ESTEC
12906:MBRSC
12902:UAESA
12795:NEHSA
12783:IRIAF
12664:LAPAN
12460:CASIC
12449:CGWIC
12338:APSCO
12239:CONAE
12065:SANSA
12041:GSSTC
12029:ESSTI
12015:NARSS
11744:India
11739:China
11680:NORAD
11657:Italy
11645:India
11537:Spain
11465:Japan
11430:Iran
11383:China
11209:India
10859:ITU-R
10734:Mars
10712:Putin
10600:Almaz
10493:space
10348:Trump
10268:Obama
9957:Nixon
9432:SMILE
9412:JUICE
9397:ARIEL
9209:PRIDE
8532:Lists
8268:Pluto
8226:Ceres
8204:Venus
8099:Tyche
8094:Theia
7930:Vesta
7925:Ceres
7866:Earth
7861:Venus
7824:Earth
7819:Venus
7799:moons
7762:Solar
7760:Small
7719:Rhean
7702:Rings
7615:Hydra
7600:Pluto
7593:Vanth
7588:Orcus
7544:Ariel
7502:Mimas
7487:Dione
7472:Titan
7395:Moons
7383:Sedna
7353:Pluto
7348:Orcus
7343:Ceres
7285:Earth
7280:Venus
7237:Sedna
7195:Pluto
7188:Orcus
7161:Ceres
7150:Earth
7145:Venus
6929:Zenit
6904:Titan
6859:Scout
6742:Atlas
6349:women
6334:Asian
6273:Crews
6017:Soyuz
5619:Rover
5421:Soyuz
5244:Radio
5101:Japan
5096:India
5081:China
4976:(PDF)
4132:(PDF)
4040:arXiv
3933:(PDF)
3926:(PDF)
3856:(PDF)
3849:(PDF)
3791:(PDF)
3762:(PDF)
3369:Syria
3351:Yemen
3321:Spain
3150:India
3132:China
3126:Japan
3114:Italy
3073:China
3046:China
2995:(see
2981:Earth
2500:water
2311:STS-1
2303:
2174:Buran
1895:Parom
1749:On a
1701:Soyuz
1662:Human
1647:Zarya
1587:Venus
1492:Types
1462:Soyuz
1399:orbit
1371:to a
1363:of a
1341:C-119
1180:like
1129:STS-1
1127:, on
1103:ICBMs
957:Atlas
503:Soyuz
13801:KCST
13789:BNSC
13720:ITSO
13705:IMSO
13695:IADC
13673:IPDA
13663:CEOS
13642:NZSA
13596:UKSA
13584:SSAU
13539:VVKO
13493:MAKA
13458:SNSA
13408:INTA
13396:ROSA
13333:NOSA
13309:SRON
13206:CNES
13158:SRTI
13103:EASA
13048:and
13007:ESOC
13002:ESAC
12977:ECSS
12960:ECAC
12948:ETSI
12943:CEPT
12869:GORS
12831:NCSR
12812:ISRC
12771:NSSA
12759:MAKA
12724:VNSC
12700:SSTL
12676:MYSA
12615:NRSC
12600:ISRO
12565:TASA
12539:KASI
12534:KARI
12529:KASA
12517:NATA
12505:NICT
12479:ISAS
12474:JAXA
12440:CAST
12435:CALT
12430:CASC
12420:CNSA
12397:TNSA
12324:Asia
12309:IVIC
12304:ABAE
12273:INPE
12268:DCTA
12215:ALCE
12166:USSF
12111:NASA
12010:EgSA
11998:ASAL
11669:NATO
11439:IRGC
10443:IEEE
10243:ESAS
9992:Ford
9816:RAND
9422:LISA
9355:Gaia
9297:XMM-
9266:SOHO
8221:Mars
8209:Moon
8187:list
8170:list
7871:Mars
7829:Mars
7685:Eris
7625:Styx
7477:Rhea
7418:Mars
7406:Moon
7378:Eris
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