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62:
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390:
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27:
5125:
630:
for geodetic surveying for which purpose they had developed the SECOR system. SECOR used ground-based transmitters from known locations that sent signals to satellite transponder in orbit. A fourth ground-based station, at an undetermined position, could then use those signals to fix its location
585:
737:
is a major concern in satellite communications, so geographic and meteorological factors play an important role in choosing teleports. Since some of the major military activities of the U.S. army are in foreign territories, the U.S. government needs to subcontract satellite services to foreign
634:
In 1978, the first experimental Block-I GPS satellite was launched and by
December 1993, GPS achieved initial operational capability (IOC), indicating a full constellation (24 satellites) was available and providing the Standard Positioning Service (SPS). Full Operational Capability (FOC) was
790:
is the United
Kingdom's most recent military communications satellite system. There are four Skynet satellites in orbit, with the latest launch completed in December 2012. The system is provided by a private contractor, Astrium, with the UK government paying service charges based on bandwidth
675:
solution launched from satellites. The satellites would have deployed a huge wire mesh to disable ICBMs during their early launch phase. The project floundered due to the lack of any mechanism to protect the satellites from attack resulting in the cancellation of
Defender in 1968.
3952:
3958:
1537:
461:
As of 2013, there are 950 satellites of all types in Earth orbit. It is not possible to identify the exact number of these that are military satellites partly due to secrecy and partly due to dual purpose missions such as
3152:
6624:
4090:
3875:
466:
satellites that serve both civilian and military purposes. As of
December 2018 there are 320 known military or dual-use satellites in the sky, half of which are owned by the US, followed by Russia, China and India.
5339:
498:, the first mission, was launched on 28 February 1959 although it didn't carry a payload being intended as a test flight to prove the technology. Corona was followed by other programs including
5940:
2527:
4095:
Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs
3430:
486:
In the United States the first formal military satellite programs, Weapon System 117L, was developed in the mid-1950s. Within this program a number of sub-programs were developed including
6269:
5857:
2510:
549:. Following Salyut 5, the Soviet Ministry of Defence judged in 1978 that the time consumed by station maintenance outweighed the benefits relative to automatic reconnaissance satellites.
2436:
2103:
1545:
3128:
5419:
5037:
3330:
3325:
2718:
3197:
537:) program in the early 1960s. This program involved placing space stations in Earth orbit as an alternative to satellites. Three stations were launched between 1973 and 1976:
5911:
2047:
6668:
3795:
6629:
3880:
691:
in Earth orbit. The treaty became effective on 10 October 1967 and, as of May 2013, 102 countries are parties to the treaty with a further 27 pending full ratification.
3192:
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2585:
6211:
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2426:
626:
to get an accurate fix of their positions before they launched their SLBMs. The USAF had requirements for a more accurate and reliable navigation system, as did the
4929:
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6614:
5852:
5626:
4005:
3994:
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3865:
2505:
757:
systems support high-bandwidth transfers. Protected systems offer more sophisticated security protection like antijam features and nuclear survivability, while
4852:
2958:
2464:
2123:
1306:
6279:
4884:
4757:
3900:
655:(DSP). The first launch of a DSP satellite was on 6 November 1970 with the 23rd and last launched 10 November 2007. This program has been superseded by the
2554:
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4297:
3252:
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5979:
5945:
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but this work was halted in 1967 following the ratification of international treaties banning the deployment of weapons of mass destruction in orbit.
5709:
4353:
3357:
3118:
2669:
2412:
1728:
6609:
5374:
4943:
3860:
3800:
1773:
1065:
749:. Six spacecraft were launched between 1994 and 2003, of which five are operational, with the sixth lost in a launch failure. They are deployed in
1463:"Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies"
490:. Satellites within the Corona program carried different code names. The first launches were code named Discoverer. This mission was a series of
3723:
3262:
2331:
618:, the nuclear threat was used to justify the cost of providing a more capable system. These developments led eventually to the deployment of the
6053:
5891:
5764:
5502:
5182:
4967:
2755:
2745:
2057:
2013:
6777:
6680:
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4048:
3823:
3778:
3362:
2612:
2396:
2018:
1466:
418:
3047:
2851:
2814:
5431:
5393:
5223:
2948:
2931:
2703:
2069:
2871:
1486:
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5369:
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4239:
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3750:
3594:
3084:
2906:
2261:
1511:
371:
6739:
6644:
5467:
5349:
4889:
4845:
4509:
4053:
3905:
3895:
3377:
3242:
2659:
1982:
1768:
6577:
5638:
5192:
5129:
5056:
4955:
4058:
3982:
3828:
3768:
3347:
3310:
2380:
2008:
6223:
4594:
4504:
4147:
3182:
1905:
1701:
6072:
2486:
1974:
680:
3639:
3617:
6727:
5848:
5783:
5218:
4784:
3367:
3157:
3133:
2735:
2501:
2113:
1130:
1748:
6594:
6587:
6017:
5745:
5187:
4838:
4779:
4073:
4000:
3988:
3845:
3838:
3745:
3589:
3467:
3079:
2431:
2256:
2108:
1721:
376:
6715:
6407:
6058:
5673:
5153:
4774:
1996:
679:
Since
October 1967 satellite based weapons systems have been limited by international treaty to conventional weapons only.
651:
systems designed to detect ICBMs during different flight phases. In the United States these satellites are operated by the
444:
5334:
4979:
4663:
3633:
2978:
1951:
733:
The US Armed Forces maintains international networks of satellites with ground stations located in various continents.
510:(stated by US Government sources to be extremely large). There have also been a number of subsequent programs including
5874:
5697:
5614:
5514:
5448:
5311:
4528:
4348:
3232:
2777:
2575:
2496:
2336:
2180:
1280:
588:
A simulation of the original design of the GPS space segment, with 24 GPS satellites (4 satellites in each of 6 orbits)
6284:
5816:
5354:
5068:
4861:
4727:
4415:
4159:
3788:
3693:
3382:
3372:
3342:
3222:
2988:
2694:
2145:
2118:
1945:
1436:
1409:
411:
366:
1912:
1371:
Hegarty, Christopher J.; Chatre, Eric (December 2008). "Evolution of the Global
Navigation SatelliteSystem (GNSS)".
1341:
734:
6453:
6448:
5921:
5906:
5820:
5292:
4789:
4571:
3612:
3573:
3064:
2647:
2074:
2035:
1714:
1612:
1317:
3202:
6005:
5916:
4169:
4038:
3138:
2374:
2063:
639:(AFSPC) in April 1995, signifying full availability of the military's secure Precise Positioning Service (PPS).
494:, designed to enter orbit, take high-resolution photographs and then return the payload to Earth via parachute.
6604:
5529:
5443:
5104:
4769:
4732:
4080:
3855:
3352:
3305:
3247:
3227:
3162:
2886:
2402:
2360:
1956:
795:
6703:
6498:
6372:
6274:
5950:
5726:
5685:
4523:
2630:
2549:
454:
The first military satellites were photographic reconnaissance missions. Some attempts were made to develop
6811:
4606:
4379:
4033:
3473:
3147:
3098:
3022:
2968:
2681:
2532:
1233:
1194:
1047:
1032:
404:
6360:
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6816:
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3578:
3069:
2840:
2771:
2491:
1857:
688:
656:
130:
95:
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4261:
4028:
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2326:
2232:
2052:
2023:
1840:
1793:
338:
5901:
5141:
5080:
4742:
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4309:
3740:
3277:
2030:
1808:
1798:
746:
699:
619:
118:
1515:
6556:
6235:
5042:
4695:
4285:
4135:
4068:
3735:
3708:
3335:
3237:
3093:
2997:
1887:
1758:
719:
491:
448:
293:
125:
105:
455:
6537:
6199:
6151:
5602:
4809:
4794:
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4123:
4103:
3964:
3928:
3688:
3584:
3315:
3074:
2664:
2602:
2441:
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2040:
1737:
703:
652:
636:
605:
328:
90:
4589:
4011:
3058:
6247:
6175:
5964:
5590:
5177:
4737:
4638:
3713:
3698:
3683:
3272:
3037:
3032:
2963:
2537:
2417:
2368:
2091:
1938:
1847:
1490:
310:
297:
100:
80:
73:
6310:
6163:
6108:
6041:
5886:
5165:
5013:
4924:
4912:
4819:
4653:
4648:
4043:
3424:
3292:
3172:
3167:
3103:
2973:
2891:
2580:
2316:
2002:
1899:
1893:
1877:
1785:
1104:
1083:
6783:
6751:
6479:
6419:
6334:
6187:
6137:
5797:
5721:
5543:
5297:
4559:
4547:
4463:
4439:
4211:
3818:
3728:
3703:
3405:
2789:
2730:
2636:
2407:
2220:
2201:
2193:
1780:
1172:
781:
761:
systems are intended for basic communications services that do not require high bandwidth.
711:
668:
593:
573:
557:
503:
436:
348:
150:
45:
1570:
8:
6259:
5933:
5778:
5740:
5524:
5479:
5407:
4675:
4273:
4201:
4191:
4164:
3207:
3027:
2804:
2782:
2713:
2570:
2446:
2306:
2239:
2186:
2086:
1822:
750:
597:
515:
343:
333:
232:
1218:
6467:
6084:
5759:
5519:
4583:
4427:
4023:
3970:
3934:
3496:
3212:
2861:
2346:
1441:
1388:
1166:
787:
769:
684:
671:
in the 1950s. In 1958, the United States initiated
Project Defender to develop an anti-
667:
In the United States, research into satellite based weapons was initiated by
President
627:
601:
511:
499:
487:
394:
189:
155:
1657:
4475:
4367:
4181:
3479:
2675:
2481:
2341:
2269:
1867:
608:
of five satellites and could provide a navigational fix approximately once per hour.
507:
223:
135:
1138:
5359:
4814:
4804:
4333:
4186:
3940:
3526:
3508:
3461:
2916:
2760:
2155:
1928:
1918:
1862:
1462:
1380:
773:
530:
257:
206:
61:
1392:
6510:
4685:
4487:
4218:
4206:
4017:
3520:
3448:
3282:
2824:
2794:
2653:
2618:
2275:
1988:
648:
305:
160:
475:
6298:
5960:
4830:
4719:
4601:
4482:
4142:
4111:
3453:
3320:
2921:
2834:
2829:
2765:
2590:
2137:
1835:
1384:
971:
765:
753:
and provide wideband, narrowband and protected military communication systems.
300:
552:
In 2015, United States military space units and commercial satellite operator
6805:
4705:
4630:
4613:
4535:
4494:
4176:
4154:
3287:
3217:
2301:
2292:
2097:
1349:
1162:
1042:
1037:
835:
518:, but these remain classified and therefore many details remain speculative.
247:
242:
237:
165:
140:
20:
1284:
6639:
4752:
4747:
4680:
4643:
3890:
2983:
2641:
1763:
1753:
1193:. Air & Space Conference and Technology Exposition 2010. Archived from
569:
522:
495:
276:
1706:
1413:
1258:
6789:
6763:
5869:
4410:
4398:
4386:
4249:
4196:
3976:
3502:
3108:
3002:
2799:
2624:
2476:
2281:
2128:
201:
53:
4700:
2528:
European
Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
2211:
1830:
1803:
758:
565:
288:
252:
178:
85:
6443:
6431:
6395:
6096:
5661:
5287:
5275:
4256:
3920:
3783:
3644:
3558:
2881:
2469:
1852:
623:
615:
556:
became concerned about apparent reconnaissance test maneuvers by the
283:
196:
2511:
European
Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
4458:
4422:
4304:
3652:
2437:
European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities
2226:
2150:
1962:
1683:
Squadron Leader KK Nair, "Space: The Frontiers of Modern Defence",
754:
612:
584:
553:
546:
542:
538:
440:
34:
479:
Image showing the recovery process for a Discoverer film canister.
5926:
5555:
4518:
4328:
3657:
2725:
2160:
2079:
954:
742:
723:
561:
31:
4542:
4470:
4434:
4362:
4316:
4280:
4268:
4130:
2896:
2321:
1066:
Why Isro's Gsat-7A launch is important for the Indian Air Force
920:
886:
869:
777:
715:
6656:
6542:
4566:
4554:
4446:
4374:
4292:
4118:
3773:
3514:
2613:
Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research
2311:
2048:
European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications
988:
937:
903:
852:
526:
483:
The first military use of satellites was for reconnaissance.
768:
also operates military communication satellites through its
6120:
5862:
5388:
5025:
4578:
4340:
3881:
International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board
2515:
1487:"Azerbaijan improves legal framework for space cooperation"
1108:
1005:
745:, is a constellation of military satellites managed by the
706:
applications. Typically military satellites operate in the
672:
572:, which are located only half a degree from one another in
26:
631:
precisely. The last SECOR satellite was launched in 1969.
622:(GPS). The US Navy required precise navigation to enable
3543:
2427:
Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications
707:
564:, launched in September 2014, when it maneuvered between
463:
738:
carriers headquartered in areas with favorable climate.
3995:
International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement
3886:
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
2506:
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
1307:"Release No: 65-333 : Project Geodetic Explorer-A"
2465:
AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe
1010:
993:
976:
959:
942:
925:
908:
891:
874:
857:
840:
4758:
Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
3901:
Regional African Satellite Communication Organization
1234:"Russian Satellite Maneuvers, Silence Worry Intelsat"
772:
system. This is currently operated with support from
470:
2555:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
1658:"Satellite Database | Union of Concerned Scientists"
694:
687:specifically prohibits signatories from installing
647:A number of nations have developed satellite based
4765:Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies
3876:International Space Exploration Coordination Group
2545:European Telecommunications Satellite Organization
2523:European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
1084:"Military Satellite Systems: A History — Part One"
37:reconnaissance satellite inside a Cosmos-3M rocket
4006:International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
3866:International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
800:
6803:
4860:
3861:Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee
1455:
1434:
1281:"Why Did the Department of Defense Develop GPS?"
3989:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement
2516:European Telecommunications Standards Institute
2390:European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010)
776:and provides near worldwide coverage with both
16:Artificial satellite used for military purposes
3273:Re-establishment of the National Space Council
2058:Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility
2014:European Cooperation for Space Standardization
6778:Timeline of first orbital launches by country
4846:
3824:Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
3796:Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
2631:Creation of the British National Space Centre
2019:European Space Research and Technology Centre
1929:
1919:
1722:
1568:
1467:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
1370:
1185:
1161:
412:
2070:European Space Security and Education Centre
60:
3911:Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization
3871:International Mobile Satellite Organization
3751:Politics of the International Space Station
2386:EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space
1736:
1078:
1076:
1074:
4853:
4839:
3906:Arab Satellite Communications Organization
3896:Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group
3243:Development of the Commercial Crew Program
2660:Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015
1983:European Launcher Development Organisation
1729:
1715:
741:Military Strategic and Tactical Relay, or
419:
405:
3983:Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space
3829:Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
3769:International Civil Aviation Organization
3311:International Traffic in Arms Regulations
3208:Launch of the Space Launch System program
3203:Cancellation of the Constellation program
1571:"UK's Skynet military satellite launched"
1564:
1562:
1404:
1402:
1225:
1105:"This Week in NASA History: Discoverer 1"
3363:Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society
1652:
1607:
1412:. U.S. Naval Observatory. Archived from
1410:"USNO NAVSTAR Global Positioning System"
1364:
1283:. Trimble Navigation Ltd. Archived from
1179:
1131:"Jonathan's Space Report : No. 369"
1071:
807:
642:
583:
579:
502:(seven launches between 1968 and 1977),
474:
25:
4012:Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol
3134:2002 National missile defense directive
2487:Council of European Aerospace Societies
2369:Western European Union Satellite Centre
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1428:
1188:"National Reconnaissance Office Update"
6804:
4785:International Astronautical Federation
3566:
3094:Launch of the Mars Exploration Program
2502:European Committee for Standardization
2114:Future Launchers Preparatory Programme
1702:Space: The Frontiers of Modern Defence
1559:
1399:
1059:
443:purpose. The most common missions are
4834:
4780:International Academy of Astronautics
4001:International Docking System Standard
3846:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
3839:International Planetary Data Alliance
3746:International Space Station programme
3468:Fractional Orbital Bombardment System
3378:Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society
2670:UK Global Navigation Satellite System
2432:European Union Aviation Safety Agency
2109:Space Situational Awareness Programme
1710:
1613:"Military Satellites by Country 2023"
1346:Mark Wade's Encyclopedia Astronautica
1231:
4775:Coalition for Deep Space Exploration
2790:Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest
1997:European Space Research Organisation
1629:
1584:
1437:"Star Wars Traced to Eisenhower Era"
1435:William J. Broad (28 October 1986).
662:
3634:United Rocket and Space Corporation
3288:Launch of the Lunar Gateway project
3168:Launch of the Constellation program
2892:Launch of the Space Shuttle Program
447:gathering, navigation and military
13:
4728:Air & Space Forces Association
3368:Antennas & Propagation Society
2576:Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
2497:European Civil Aviation Conference
1569:Jonathan Amos (19 December 2012).
1479:
1256:
471:Military reconnaissance satellites
14:
6833:
3801:General Assembly Fourth Committee
3789:Space Generation Advisory Council
3223:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
2397:EU Agency for the Space Programme
2146:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
2119:Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
1946:Chinese Lunar Exploration Program
1888:Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine
1691:
825:
695:Military communication satellites
604:, was tested in 1960. It used a
6757:
6745:
6733:
6721:
6709:
6697:
6674:
6662:
6650:
6550:
6531:
6504:
6492:
6473:
6461:
6437:
6425:
6413:
6401:
6389:
6366:
6354:
6342:
6328:
6316:
6304:
6292:
6253:
6241:
6229:
6217:
6205:
6193:
6181:
6169:
6157:
6145:
6126:
6114:
6102:
6090:
6078:
6066:
6047:
6035:
6023:
6011:
5999:
5985:
5973:
5880:
5810:
5791:
5772:
5753:
5734:
5715:
5703:
5691:
5679:
5667:
5655:
5632:
5620:
5608:
5596:
5584:
5572:
5549:
5537:
5508:
5496:
5473:
5461:
5437:
5425:
5413:
5401:
5382:
5328:
5305:
5281:
5269:
5212:
5200:
5171:
5159:
5147:
5135:
5123:
5098:
5086:
5074:
5062:
5050:
5031:
5019:
5007:
4973:
4961:
4949:
4937:
4918:
4906:
4790:International Astronomical Union
4612:
4600:
4588:
4577:
4565:
4553:
4541:
4517:
4493:
4481:
4469:
4457:
4445:
4433:
4421:
4409:
4397:
4385:
4373:
4361:
4339:
4327:
4315:
4303:
4291:
4279:
4267:
4255:
4153:
4141:
4129:
4117:
3613:Medvedev modernisation programme
3316:Full-spectrum dominance doctrine
2984:1985 anti-satellite missile test
2648:Space Innovation and Growth Team
2393:European GNSS Agency (2010–2021)
2075:European Space Operations Centre
2036:ESA Centre for Earth Observation
1259:"Navstar: GPS Satellite Network"
388:
4039:Astronomical naming conventions
2964:Strategy of Technology doctrine
2736:Establishment of Cape Canaveral
2654:Creation of the UK Space Agency
2104:European Space Policy Institute
2064:European Space Astronomy Centre
1530:
1504:
1334:
1299:
1273:
4770:British Interplanetary Society
4733:Alliance for Space Development
3856:Global Standards Collaboration
3779:Office for Outer Space Affairs
3306:China exclusion policy of NASA
2974:Space Station Freedom proposal
2887:Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law
1957:Planetary Exploration of China
1781:Planetary protection principle
1250:
1211:
1155:
1123:
1097:
1068:, Times of India, 19 Dec 2018.
801:Military satellites by country
796:X Band Satellite Communication
1:
3953:US-USSR Cooperation Agreement
3283:Launch of the Artemis program
3213:Redesign of the Orion program
3129:Aerospace Industry Commission
2825:Launch of the Mariner program
2550:European Southern Observatory
2250:Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)
1489:. 13 May 2013. Archived from
1053:
4862:Public-sector space agencies
4034:Extraterrestrial real estate
3574:Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
3474:Soviet crewed lunar programs
3383:Vehicular Technology Society
3373:Broadcast Technology Society
3148:Vision for Space Exploration
3065:Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
3023:Space Exploration Initiative
2969:Strategic Defense Initiative
2922:Launch of the Viking program
2835:Launch of the Apollo program
2830:Launch of the Gemini project
2682:Defence in a Competitive Age
2619:Start of the Ariel programme
2533:European Patent Organisation
1677:
1316:. 1965-10-29. Archived from
1219:"Riesige Lauscher am Himmel"
1186:Bruce Carlson (2010-09-13).
1048:Strategic Defense Initiative
1033:Missile Defense Alarm System
7:
3851:Group on Earth Observations
3834:Committee on Space Research
3278:Creation of the Space Force
3198:Kennedy Space Center speech
2841:We choose to go to the Moon
2772:Introduction to Outer Space
2492:European Broadcasting Union
1685:Knowledge World Publishers,
1026:
1009:
992:
975:
958:
941:
924:
907:
890:
873:
856:
839:
689:weapons of mass destruction
657:Space-Based Infrared System
361:List of space organizations
10:
6838:
4800:Space Exploration Alliance
4029:Common heritage of mankind
3947:Space Liability Convention
3719:North Korean space program
3645:2015 Creation of Roscosmos
3109:Launch of the X-37 program
2959:Citizens' Advisory Council
2053:European Data Relay System
2024:Concurrent Design Facility
1769:Space Debris Working Group
1385:10.1109/JPROC.2008.2006090
1232:Gruss, Mike (2015-10-09).
1086:. MilsatMagazine. May 2008
810:
793:
18:
6772:
6689:
6565:
6523:
6381:
5959:
5841:
5834:
5647:
5564:
5488:
5320:
5261:
5245:
5238:
5113:
4999:
4992:
4898:
4875:
4868:
4743:Space Frontier Foundation
4718:
4629:
4238:
4229:
4170:Launch market competition
4102:
3919:
3809:
3761:
3741:Ugandan space initiatives
3676:
3626:
3605:
3557:
3536:
3489:
3441:
3417:
3404:
3397:
3301:
3261:
3181:
3117:
3046:
3011:
2947:
2930:
2905:
2870:
2850:
2813:
2795:Launch of Project Mercury
2744:
2702:
2693:
2601:
2563:
2455:
2359:
2291:
2249:
2173:
2092:Ariane launcher programme
2031:European Astronaut Centre
1989:Europa launcher programme
1973:
1930:
1920:
1876:
1821:
1809:The Spaceguard Foundation
1744:
1617:worldpopulationreview.com
1221:. Die Zeit. 28 July 1995.
747:United States Space Force
700:Communications satellites
620:Global Positioning System
534:
492:reconnaissance satellites
4696:Reconnaissance satellite
4069:International Designator
3736:Philippine space program
3684:Australian space program
3336:Office of Space Commerce
3326:House Committee on Space
3238:Space Shuttle retirement
3193:2009 Augustine Committee
3028:1990 Augustine Committee
2174:Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)
1759:Space traffic management
19:Not to be confused with
4810:Space Force Association
4795:Lunar Explorers Society
3965:Registration Convention
3929:Partial Test Ban Treaty
3810:Other intergovernmental
3724:Pakistani space program
3689:Brazilian space program
3059:Faster, better, cheaper
2862:1967 Outer Space Treaty
2665:Space Industry Act 2018
2442:European Defence Agency
2098:Vega launcher programme
2041:Living Planet Programme
1764:Space debris management
1738:Politics of outer space
1373:Proceedings of the IEEE
704:military communications
653:Defense Support Program
637:Air Force Space Command
456:satellite based weapons
91:Timeline of spaceflight
4738:National Space Society
4639:Space domain awareness
3812:or inter-agency bodies
3714:Lebanese space program
3699:Japanese space program
3640:2014 Military doctrine
3618:2010 Military doctrine
3038:National Space Council
3033:Hubble Space Telescope
2805:Launch of X-15 program
2726:Aerobee rocket program
2676:2021 Integrated Review
2538:European Patent Office
2458:initiatives and bodies
1848:Billionaire space race
1774:Space Debris Committee
589:
480:
395:Spaceflight portal
311:Non-rocket spacelaunch
81:History of spaceflight
65:
38:
4820:The Planetary Society
4649:Anti-satellite weapon
4044:ITU Radio Regulations
3694:Emirati space program
3425:Operation Osoaviakhim
3293:Executive Order 13959
3173:Operation Burnt Frost
3104:Decadal Planning Team
2586:Indian ASAT programme
2581:Space Activities Bill
2003:European Space Agency
1975:ESA Science Programme
1786:Post-detection policy
1171:. Doubleday. p.
794:Further information:
643:Early warning systems
587:
580:Navigation satellites
478:
64:
29:
6784:Soviet space program
4242:units and formations
4212:Project Harvest Moon
3959:Satellite Convention
3819:African Space Agency
3729:Space programme 2040
3709:Kenyan space program
3704:Kazakh space program
2637:Outer Space Act 1986
2625:Black Arrow launcher
2408:Copernicus programme
2381:EU/ESA Space Council
2009:EU/ESA Space Council
1900:Chinese ASAT program
782:Ultra high frequency
669:Dwight D. Eisenhower
594:satellite navigation
574:geosynchronous orbit
437:artificial satellite
6812:Military satellites
5934:Guiana Space Centre
4676:Kinetic bombardment
4202:Space manufacturing
4192:Space-based economy
4165:Private spaceflight
3585:Shuttle–Mir program
3153:Aldridge Commission
3075:Shuttle–Mir program
2783:Space Act Agreement
2714:Operation Paperclip
2571:Department of Space
2564:Indian space policy
2447:Europe by Satellite
2375:EU Satellite Centre
2087:Guiana Space Centre
1831:Cold War space race
1749:Spacefaring nations
1542:Satcom-airbusds.com
1416:on February 8, 2006
1352:on January 16, 2010
1287:on October 18, 2007
1257:Howell, Elizabeth.
822:Military satellites
751:geostationary orbit
730:) frequency bands.
233:Apollo Lunar Module
6822:Satellites by type
6817:Military equipment
4691:Military satellite
4529:Ranks and insignia
4024:Space jurisdiction
3971:Bogota Declaration
3935:Outer Space Treaty
3431:list of scientists
2719:list of scientists
2361:EU Space Programme
1700:For details, see
1442:The New York Times
1342:"SECOR Chronology"
1168:The Shadow Factory
1111:. 23 February 2007
685:Outer Space Treaty
628:United States Army
602:United States Navy
590:
481:
433:military satellite
190:Robotic spacecraft
66:
39:
6799:
6798:
6519:
6518:
5830:
5829:
5234:
5233:
5116:and the Caribbean
4988:
4987:
4828:
4827:
4714:
4713:
4706:Satellite jamming
4182:Space advertising
3672:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3553:
3552:
3393:
3392:
3013:George H. W. Bush
2482:Council of Europe
2403:Galileo programme
2355:
2354:
2342:Comet Interceptor
1868:Space competition
1538:"Skynet Coverage"
1379:(12): 1902–1917.
1024:
1023:
1018:
1017:
663:Satellite weapons
429:
428:
323:Spaceflight types
267:
266:
224:Crewed spacecraft
216:
215:
131:Earth observation
6829:
6782:Preceded by the
6762:
6761:
6760:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6738:
6737:
6736:
6726:
6725:
6724:
6714:
6713:
6712:
6702:
6701:
6700:
6679:
6678:
6677:
6667:
6666:
6665:
6655:
6654:
6653:
6555:
6554:
6553:
6536:
6535:
6534:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6497:
6496:
6495:
6478:
6477:
6476:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6442:
6441:
6440:
6430:
6429:
6428:
6418:
6417:
6416:
6406:
6405:
6404:
6394:
6393:
6392:
6371:
6370:
6369:
6359:
6358:
6357:
6347:
6346:
6345:
6333:
6332:
6331:
6321:
6320:
6319:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6246:
6245:
6244:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6222:
6221:
6220:
6210:
6209:
6208:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6186:
6185:
6184:
6174:
6173:
6172:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6150:
6149:
6148:
6131:
6130:
6129:
6119:
6118:
6117:
6107:
6106:
6105:
6095:
6094:
6093:
6083:
6082:
6081:
6071:
6070:
6069:
6052:
6051:
6050:
6040:
6039:
6038:
6028:
6027:
6026:
6016:
6015:
6014:
6004:
6003:
6002:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5978:
5977:
5976:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5839:
5838:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5796:
5795:
5794:
5777:
5776:
5775:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5696:
5695:
5694:
5684:
5683:
5682:
5672:
5671:
5670:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5601:
5600:
5599:
5589:
5588:
5587:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5542:
5541:
5540:
5513:
5512:
5511:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5406:
5405:
5404:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5274:
5273:
5272:
5243:
5242:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5067:
5066:
5065:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5012:
5011:
5010:
4997:
4996:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4873:
4872:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4832:
4831:
4815:Space Foundation
4805:Space Fellowship
4617:
4616:
4605:
4604:
4592:
4582:
4581:
4570:
4569:
4558:
4557:
4546:
4545:
4522:
4521:
4498:
4497:
4486:
4485:
4474:
4473:
4462:
4461:
4450:
4449:
4438:
4437:
4426:
4425:
4414:
4413:
4402:
4401:
4390:
4389:
4378:
4377:
4366:
4365:
4344:
4343:
4332:
4331:
4320:
4319:
4308:
4307:
4296:
4295:
4284:
4283:
4272:
4271:
4260:
4259:
4236:
4235:
4187:Space technology
4158:
4157:
4146:
4145:
4134:
4133:
4122:
4121:
4064:COSPAR standards
3941:Rescue Agreement
3564:
3563:
3415:
3414:
3402:
3401:
2761:Project Vanguard
2700:
2699:
2171:
2170:
2156:Aurora programme
2142:Mars and beyond
1933:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1894:Shuguang program
1863:Space propaganda
1790:Asteroid impact
1731:
1724:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1654:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1609:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1544:. Archived from
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1518:on April 2, 2012
1514:. Archived from
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1406:
1397:
1396:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1348:. Archived from
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1311:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1192:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1143:
1137:. Archived from
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1080:
1069:
1063:
1012:
995:
978:
961:
944:
927:
910:
893:
876:
859:
842:
827:
813:
812:
805:
804:
774:Astrium Services
536:
421:
414:
407:
393:
392:
391:
218:
217:
207:Cargo spacecraft
184:
183:
41:
40:
6837:
6836:
6832:
6831:
6830:
6828:
6827:
6826:
6802:
6801:
6800:
6795:
6768:
6758:
6756:
6746:
6744:
6734:
6732:
6722:
6720:
6710:
6708:
6698:
6696:
6685:
6675:
6673:
6663:
6661:
6651:
6649:
6561:
6551:
6549:
6532:
6530:
6515:
6505:
6503:
6493:
6491:
6474:
6472:
6462:
6460:
6438:
6436:
6426:
6424:
6414:
6412:
6402:
6400:
6390:
6388:
6377:
6367:
6365:
6355:
6353:
6343:
6341:
6329:
6327:
6317:
6315:
6305:
6303:
6293:
6291:
6254:
6252:
6242:
6240:
6230:
6228:
6218:
6216:
6206:
6204:
6194:
6192:
6182:
6180:
6170:
6168:
6158:
6156:
6146:
6144:
6127:
6125:
6115:
6113:
6103:
6101:
6091:
6089:
6079:
6077:
6067:
6065:
6048:
6046:
6036:
6034:
6024:
6022:
6012:
6010:
6000:
5998:
5986:
5984:
5974:
5972:
5955:
5881:
5879:
5826:
5811:
5809:
5792:
5790:
5773:
5771:
5754:
5752:
5735:
5733:
5716:
5714:
5704:
5702:
5692:
5690:
5680:
5678:
5668:
5666:
5656:
5654:
5643:
5633:
5631:
5621:
5619:
5609:
5607:
5597:
5595:
5585:
5583:
5573:
5571:
5560:
5550:
5548:
5538:
5536:
5509:
5507:
5497:
5495:
5484:
5474:
5472:
5462:
5460:
5438:
5436:
5426:
5424:
5414:
5412:
5402:
5400:
5383:
5381:
5329:
5327:
5316:
5306:
5304:
5282:
5280:
5270:
5268:
5257:
5230:
5213:
5211:
5201:
5199:
5172:
5170:
5160:
5158:
5148:
5146:
5136:
5134:
5124:
5122:
5115:
5109:
5099:
5097:
5087:
5085:
5075:
5073:
5063:
5061:
5051:
5049:
5032:
5030:
5020:
5018:
5008:
5006:
4984:
4974:
4972:
4962:
4960:
4950:
4948:
4938:
4936:
4919:
4917:
4907:
4905:
4894:
4877:
4864:
4859:
4829:
4824:
4710:
4686:Missile defense
4625:
4611:
4599:
4576:
4564:
4552:
4540:
4516:
4492:
4480:
4468:
4456:
4444:
4432:
4420:
4408:
4396:
4384:
4372:
4360:
4338:
4326:
4314:
4302:
4290:
4278:
4266:
4254:
4241:
4225:
4219:Asteroid mining
4207:Lunar resources
4152:
4140:
4128:
4116:
4098:
4091:ISECG standards
4054:ODCWG standards
4049:CCSDS standards
4018:Artemis Accords
3915:
3811:
3805:
3757:
3664:
3622:
3601:
3549:
3532:
3485:
3480:Voskhod program
3449:Sputnik program
3437:
3409:
3407:
3398:USSR and Russia
3389:
3297:
3264:
3257:
3184:
3177:
3120:
3113:
3049:
3042:
3014:
3007:
2950:
2943:
2933:
2926:
2908:
2901:
2873:
2866:
2853:
2846:
2816:
2809:
2747:
2740:
2705:
2695:US space policy
2689:
2605:space programme
2604:
2597:
2559:
2457:
2451:
2418:EUSST programme
2413:EGNOS programme
2351:
2287:
2276:LISA Pathfinder
2245:
2187:Cassini–Huygens
2169:
2080:ESTRACK network
1969:
1952:Mars and beyond
1879:
1872:
1817:
1740:
1735:
1694:
1680:
1675:
1666:
1664:
1656:
1655:
1630:
1621:
1619:
1611:
1610:
1585:
1576:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1551:
1549:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1496:
1494:
1493:on 13 June 2013
1485:
1484:
1480:
1471:
1469:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1447:
1445:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1255:
1251:
1242:
1240:
1230:
1226:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1160:
1156:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1029:
803:
798:
727:
722:(also known as
714:(also known as
697:
665:
645:
582:
473:
425:
389:
387:
382:
381:
362:
354:
353:
324:
316:
315:
306:Escape velocity
301:launch vehicles
279:
269:
268:
263:
262:
226:
212:
211:
192:
181:
171:
170:
121:
111:
110:
76:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6835:
6825:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6797:
6796:
6794:
6793:
6786:
6780:
6773:
6770:
6769:
6767:
6766:
6754:
6742:
6730:
6718:
6706:
6693:
6691:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6683:
6671:
6659:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6591:
6590:
6580:
6575:
6569:
6567:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6559:
6547:
6546:
6545:
6527:
6525:
6521:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6501:
6489:
6488:
6487:
6470:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6434:
6422:
6410:
6398:
6385:
6383:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6363:
6351:
6339:
6338:
6337:
6313:
6301:
6289:
6288:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6250:
6238:
6226:
6214:
6202:
6190:
6178:
6166:
6154:
6142:
6141:
6140:
6123:
6111:
6099:
6087:
6075:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6044:
6032:
6020:
6008:
5996:
5995:
5994:
5969:
5967:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5866:
5865:
5855:
5845:
5843:
5836:
5832:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5807:
5806:
5805:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5769:
5768:
5767:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5731:
5730:
5729:
5712:
5700:
5688:
5676:
5664:
5651:
5649:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5641:
5629:
5617:
5605:
5593:
5581:
5568:
5566:
5565:Southeast Asia
5562:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5546:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5505:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5470:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5434:
5422:
5410:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5342:
5324:
5322:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5278:
5265:
5263:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5249:
5247:
5240:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5209:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5168:
5156:
5144:
5132:
5119:
5117:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5095:
5083:
5071:
5059:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5028:
5016:
5003:
5001:
4994:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4970:
4958:
4946:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4915:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4881:
4879:
4870:
4866:
4865:
4858:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4835:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4730:
4724:
4722:
4720:Space advocacy
4716:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4646:
4641:
4635:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4609:
4607:United Kingdom
4597:
4586:
4574:
4562:
4550:
4536:Space commands
4533:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4490:
4488:United Kingdom
4478:
4466:
4454:
4442:
4430:
4418:
4406:
4394:
4382:
4370:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4336:
4324:
4312:
4300:
4288:
4276:
4264:
4246:
4244:
4233:
4231:Militarisation
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4204:
4199:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4150:
4148:United Kingdom
4138:
4126:
4112:Space industry
4108:
4106:
4104:Commercial use
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4074:IPDA standards
4071:
4061:
4059:CEOS standards
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4015:
4009:
4003:
3998:
3992:
3986:
3980:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3956:
3950:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3925:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3776:
3771:
3765:
3763:
3762:United Nations
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3677:Other policies
3674:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3653:MARS-500 study
3647:
3642:
3637:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3576:
3570:
3568:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3509:Salyut program
3506:
3500:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3462:Vostok program
3459:
3458:
3457:
3454:Sputnik crisis
3445:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3421:
3419:
3412:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3328:
3323:
3321:Budget of NASA
3318:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3253:2015 Space Act
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3187:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3139:Space Shuttle
3136:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3119:George W. Bush
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3099:1998 Space Act
3096:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3077:
3067:
3062:
3054:
3052:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2989:Space Shuttle
2986:
2981:
2979:1984 Space Act
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2955:
2953:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2768:
2766:Sputnik crisis
2763:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2710:
2708:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2673:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2609:
2607:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2591:Mission Shakti
2583:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2508:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2461:
2459:
2456:Other European
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2394:
2391:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2365:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2278:
2273:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2224:
2217:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2151:MARS-500 study
2148:
2140:
2138:ESA Television
2135:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2121:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2016:
2011:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1979:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1963:MARS-500 study
1960:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1926:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1897:
1891:
1884:
1882:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1836:Sputnik crisis
1827:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1801:
1796:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1693:
1692:External links
1690:
1689:
1688:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1662:www.ucsusa.org
1628:
1583:
1558:
1529:
1503:
1478:
1454:
1427:
1398:
1363:
1333:
1298:
1272:
1249:
1224:
1210:
1178:
1154:
1135:Planet4589.org
1122:
1096:
1070:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1003:
999:
998:
996:
991:
986:
982:
981:
979:
974:
972:United Kingdom
969:
965:
964:
962:
957:
952:
948:
947:
945:
940:
935:
931:
930:
928:
923:
918:
914:
913:
911:
906:
901:
897:
896:
894:
889:
884:
880:
879:
877:
872:
867:
863:
862:
860:
855:
850:
846:
845:
843:
838:
833:
829:
828:
823:
820:
817:
809:
808:
802:
799:
766:United Kingdom
735:Signal latency
725:
696:
693:
664:
661:
644:
641:
600:, used by the
581:
578:
472:
469:
449:communications
427:
426:
424:
423:
416:
409:
401:
398:
397:
384:
383:
380:
379:
374:
369:
367:Space agencies
363:
360:
359:
356:
355:
352:
351:
346:
341:
339:Interplanetary
336:
331:
325:
322:
321:
318:
317:
314:
313:
308:
303:
291:
286:
280:
275:
274:
271:
270:
265:
264:
261:
260:
255:
250:
248:Space stations
245:
240:
238:Space capsules
235:
230:
227:
222:
221:
214:
213:
210:
209:
204:
199:
193:
188:
187:
182:
177:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
126:Communications
122:
117:
116:
113:
112:
109:
108:
103:
101:Lunar missions
98:
93:
88:
83:
77:
72:
71:
68:
67:
57:
56:
50:
49:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6834:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6792:participation
6791:
6787:
6785:
6781:
6779:
6775:
6774:
6771:
6765:
6755:
6753:
6743:
6741:
6731:
6729:
6719:
6717:
6707:
6705:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6688:
6682:
6672:
6670:
6660:
6658:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6595:Cospas-Sarsat
6593:
6589:
6586:
6585:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6564:
6558:
6548:
6544:
6541:
6540:
6539:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6522:
6512:
6502:
6500:
6490:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6481:
6471:
6469:
6459:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6445:
6435:
6433:
6423:
6421:
6411:
6409:
6399:
6397:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6380:
6374:
6364:
6362:
6352:
6350:
6340:
6336:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6314:
6312:
6302:
6300:
6290:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6261:
6251:
6249:
6239:
6237:
6227:
6225:
6215:
6213:
6203:
6201:
6191:
6189:
6179:
6177:
6167:
6165:
6155:
6153:
6143:
6139:
6136:
6135:
6134:
6124:
6122:
6112:
6110:
6100:
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5114:Latin America
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5000:North America
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4669:United States
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4631:Space warfare
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4240:Space forces,
4237:
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4177:Space tourism
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4160:United States
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4114:
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4110:
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4094:
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4086:GEO standards
4084:
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4081:GSC standards
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3590:ISS programme
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3525:
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3521:Buran program
3519:
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3507:
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3501:
3498:
3497:Soyuz program
3495:
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3254:
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3249:
3248:2014 NASA Act
3246:
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3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3228:2010 NASA Act
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3218:Flexible path
3216:
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3211:
3209:
3206:
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3196:
3194:
3191:
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3180:
3174:
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3163:2005 NASA Act
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3080:ISS programme
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2998:Rogers Report
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2778:1958 NASA Act
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2302:Solar Orbiter
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2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
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2001:
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1995:
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1980:
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1972:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1954:
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1947:
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1939:Space station
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1911:
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1880:space program
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1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1572:
1565:
1563:
1548:on 2014-05-16
1547:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1522:September 16,
1517:
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1507:
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1378:
1374:
1367:
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1347:
1343:
1337:
1323:on 2013-09-22
1319:
1315:
1314:Ntrs.nasa.gov
1308:
1302:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1260:
1253:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1214:
1200:on 2010-12-06
1196:
1189:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1163:James Bamford
1158:
1144:on 2009-06-19
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1043:Spy satellite
1041:
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1038:Space warfare
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836:United States
834:
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830:
824:
821:
818:
815:
814:
811:
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792:
791:consumption.
789:
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760:
756:
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748:
744:
739:
736:
731:
729:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
702:are used for
701:
692:
690:
686:
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677:
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660:
658:
654:
650:
649:early warning
640:
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632:
629:
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621:
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606:constellation
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349:Intergalactic
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106:Mars missions
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36:
33:
30:A model of a
28:
22:
21:spy satellite
6788:Preceded by
6640:Intersputnik
6485:TÜBİTAK UZAY
5946:EUTELSAT IGO
5842:Pan-European
5803:TÜBİTAK UZAY
5262:Central Asia
4878:and pan-Arab
4753:Moon Society
4748:Mars Society
4690:
4681:Kill vehicle
4644:Space weapon
4250:Space forces
3891:Intersputnik
3527:Apollo–Soyuz
3265:space policy
3185:space policy
3140:
3121:space policy
3057:
3050:space policy
3015:space policy
2990:
2951:space policy
2934:space policy
2917:Apollo–Soyuz
2909:space policy
2882:Moon landing
2874:space policy
2854:space policy
2817:space policy
2770:
2748:space policy
2706:space policy
2680:
2642:Project Juno
2280:
2268:
2238:
2231:
2219:
2213:
2192:
2185:
1985:(1960–1975)
1754:Space policy
1697:
1684:
1665:. Retrieved
1661:
1620:. Retrieved
1616:
1575:. Retrieved
1550:. Retrieved
1546:the original
1541:
1532:
1520:. Retrieved
1516:the original
1506:
1495:. Retrieved
1491:the original
1481:
1470:. Retrieved
1457:
1446:. Retrieved
1440:
1430:
1418:. Retrieved
1414:the original
1376:
1372:
1366:
1354:. Retrieved
1350:the original
1345:
1336:
1325:. Retrieved
1318:the original
1313:
1301:
1289:. Retrieved
1285:the original
1275:
1265:February 14,
1263:. Retrieved
1252:
1241:. Retrieved
1237:
1227:
1213:
1202:. Retrieved
1195:the original
1181:
1167:
1157:
1146:. Retrieved
1139:the original
1134:
1125:
1113:. Retrieved
1099:
1088:. Retrieved
1061:
786:
763:
740:
732:
698:
678:
666:
646:
635:declared by
633:
610:
591:
570:Intelsat 901
551:
523:Soviet Union
520:
496:Discoverer 1
485:
482:
460:
453:
445:intelligence
432:
430:
372:Space forces
344:Interstellar
277:Space launch
145:
119:Applications
96:Space probes
6790:Interkosmos
6764:Interkosmos
5870:Eurocontrol
5520:Antrix Corp
4876:Pan-African
4416:North Korea
4404:New Zealand
4392:Netherlands
4197:Space trade
3977:Moon Treaty
3636:(2013–2015)
3546:(1986–2001)
3523:(1974–1993)
3517:(1973–1977)
3511:(1971–1986)
3505:(1967–1991)
3503:Interkosmos
3482:(1964–1966)
3476:(1961–1976)
3470:(1960–1982)
3464:(1960–1963)
3003:Ride Report
2800:Missile gap
2672:(2018–2020)
2650:(2009–2010)
2627:(1964–1971)
2477:Eurocontrol
2371:(1992–2002)
2295:(2015–2025)
2282:BepiColombo
2129:Space Rider
2060:(1983–2010)
1999:(1964–1975)
1991:(1962–1973)
1913:Project 921
1896:(1966–1972)
1890:(1966–1976)
1823:Space races
1356:January 19,
1291:January 13,
1261:. SPACE.com
1115:November 2,
611:During the
439:used for a
329:Sub-orbital
253:Spaceplanes
202:Space probe
136:Exploration
54:Spaceflight
6806:Categories
6776:See also:
5489:South Asia
5093:USSPACECOM
4701:Spaceplane
3442:Khrushchev
2991:Challenger
2746:Eisenhower
2207:Cluster II
1804:Spaceguard
1794:Prediction
1687:New Delhi.
1667:2023-12-29
1622:2023-12-29
1577:2014-04-11
1552:2016-02-27
1497:2013-05-18
1472:2013-04-18
1448:2014-02-06
1420:January 7,
1327:2016-02-27
1243:2016-01-20
1204:2010-11-25
1148:2016-02-27
1090:2014-01-21
1054:References
784:services.
759:narrowband
624:submarines
592:The first
566:Intelsat 7
560:satellite
525:began the
294:Expendable
289:Launch pad
179:Spacecraft
161:Telescopes
156:Settlement
151:Navigation
86:Space Race
6444:Roscosmos
6432:KazCosmos
6396:ArmCosmos
6097:DTU Space
6059:BIRA-IASB
6006:EU SatCen
5765:KACST-SRI
5662:ArmCosmos
5648:West Asia
5321:East Asia
5288:Roscosmos
5276:KazCosmos
5246:Pan-Asian
4510:Structure
4262:Australia
3921:Space law
3784:UN-SPIDER
3559:Roscosmos
3537:Gorbachev
2470:Eurospace
1906:2007 test
1853:Mars race
1799:Avoidance
1678:Resources
1512:"Defence"
1238:SpaceNews
659:(SBIRS).
616:arms race
377:Companies
284:Spaceport
197:Satellite
141:Espionage
6669:UNCOPUOS
5980:DG DEFIS
5941:EUMETSAT
4993:Americas
4899:National
4464:Thailand
4428:Pakistan
4310:Colombia
3606:Medvedev
3595:Politics
3581:(1993–)
3490:Brezhnev
3233:Title 51
3143:disaster
3141:Columbia
3085:Politics
2993:disaster
2399:(2021–)
2317:EnVision
2262:Politics
2233:Herschel
2227:INTEGRAL
2005:(1975–)
1931:Tiangong
1921:Shenzhou
1915:(1992–)
1902:(1964–)
1841:Timeline
1165:(2008).
1027:See also
788:Skynet 5
755:Wideband
613:Cold War
596:system,
554:Intelsat
547:Salyut 5
543:Salyut 3
539:Salyut 2
504:Aquacade
441:military
298:reusable
146:Military
46:a series
44:Part of
35:SAR-Lupe
6630:ISS MCB
6524:Oceania
6299:PTSPACE
6265:CBK PAN
5927:ESTRACK
5853:CENELEC
5556:SUPARCO
5503:SPARRSO
5340:SASTIND
5057:FAA/AST
4890:Arabsat
4524:Vietnam
4505:History
4334:Germany
3658:ExoMars
3567:Yeltsin
3499:(1967–)
3427:(1946)
3410:program
3348:FAA/AST
3048:Clinton
2852:Johnson
2815:Kennedy
2756:WS-117L
2603:British
2377:(2002–)
2221:Rosetta
2202:Cluster
2194:Huygens
2161:ExoMars
2100:(1998–)
2094:(1973–)
2066:(2005–)
1959:(2016–)
1948:(2003–)
1934:program
1924:program
1878:Chinese
1858:Records
955:Germany
819:Country
743:Milstar
683:of the
598:Transit
562:Olymp-K
558:Russian
531:Russian
516:Trumpet
334:Orbital
166:Tourism
74:History
6690:Former
6681:UNOOSA
6583:COSPAR
6054:BELSPO
5835:Europe
5627:GISTDA
5603:PhilSA
5468:SaTReC
5370:PLAASF
5038:NESDIS
4968:NASRDA
4885:RASCOM
4869:Africa
4664:Russia
4593:
4548:France
4476:Turkey
4440:Russia
4368:Israel
4322:France
4286:Canada
4274:Brazil
4136:Russia
4020:(2020)
4014:(2012)
4008:(1999)
3997:(1998)
3991:(1988)
3985:(1981)
3979:(1979)
3973:(1976)
3967:(1975)
3961:(1974)
3955:(1972)
3949:(1972)
3943:(1968)
3937:(1967)
3931:(1963)
3529:(1975)
3456:(1957)
3418:Stalin
3406:Soviet
3331:NESDIS
2949:Reagan
2932:Carter
2897:Skylab
2704:Truman
2656:(2010)
2644:(1991)
2633:(1985)
2621:(1962)
2615:(1958)
2332:ATHENA
2322:CHEOPS
2307:Euclid
2240:Planck
2214:Newton
1393:838848
1391:
921:Israel
887:France
870:Russia
778:X band
770:Skynet
716:X-band
681:Art.IV
512:Magnum
500:Canyon
488:Corona
435:is an
258:Vostok
32:German
6740:NASDA
6657:ITU-R
6645:ODCWG
6625:ISECG
6615:ICSMD
6573:CCSDS
6566:World
6543:CSIRO
6382:Other
6275:KRRiT
6260:POLSA
6030:BEREC
5992:EUSPA
5912:ECSAT
5907:ESRIN
5897:ESTEC
5821:MBRSC
5817:UAESA
5710:NEHSA
5698:IRIAF
5579:LAPAN
5375:CASIC
5364:CGWIC
5253:APSCO
5154:CONAE
4980:SANSA
4956:GSSTC
4944:ESSTI
4930:NARSS
4659:India
4654:China
4595:NORAD
4572:Italy
4560:India
4452:Spain
4380:Japan
4345:Iran
4298:China
4124:India
3774:ITU-R
3649:Mars
3627:Putin
3515:Almaz
3408:space
3263:Trump
3183:Obama
2872:Nixon
2347:SMILE
2327:JUICE
2312:ARIEL
2124:PRIDE
1573:. BBC
1389:S2CID
1321:(PDF)
1310:(PDF)
1198:(PDF)
1191:(PDF)
1142:(TXT)
989:Spain
938:India
904:Italy
853:China
718:) or
535:Алмаз
527:Almaz
508:Orion
6716:KCST
6704:BNSC
6635:ITSO
6620:IMSO
6610:IADC
6588:IPDA
6578:CEOS
6557:NZSA
6511:UKSA
6499:SSAU
6454:VVKO
6408:MAKA
6373:SNSA
6323:INTA
6311:ROSA
6248:NOSA
6224:SRON
6121:CNES
6073:SRTI
6018:EASA
5963:and
5922:ESOC
5917:ESAC
5892:ECSS
5875:ECAC
5863:ETSI
5858:CEPT
5784:GORS
5746:NCSR
5727:ISRC
5686:NSSA
5674:MAKA
5639:VNSC
5615:SSTL
5591:MYSA
5530:NRSC
5515:ISRO
5480:TASA
5454:KASI
5449:KARI
5444:KASA
5432:NATA
5420:NICT
5394:ISAS
5389:JAXA
5355:CAST
5350:CALT
5345:CASC
5335:CNSA
5312:TNSA
5239:Asia
5224:IVIC
5219:ABAE
5188:INPE
5183:DCTA
5130:ALCE
5081:USSF
5026:NASA
4925:EgSA
4913:ASAL
4584:NATO
4354:IRGC
3358:IEEE
3158:ESAS
2907:Ford
2731:RAND
2337:LISA
2270:Gaia
2212:XMM-
2181:SOHO
1524:2011
1422:2011
1358:2010
1293:2010
1267:2013
1117:2022
1109:NASA
1006:Iran
826:Ref.
816:Rank
780:and
764:The
728:band
673:ICBM
568:and
545:and
521:The
514:and
506:and
296:and
6752:SSP
6728:NAL
6605:GSC
6600:GEO
6538:ASA
6480:TUA
6468:SSO
6449:SRI
6420:BSA
6361:AEE
6349:EAE
6335:AEC
6285:ULC
6280:ORO
6270:UKE
6236:NSO
6212:LSO
6200:LSA
6188:ASI
6176:HSO
6164:HSA
6152:DLR
6138:CdE
6133:AAE
6109:ESO
6085:CSO
6042:ALR
5965:EEA
5951:ESO
5902:EAC
5887:ESA
5849:CEN
5798:TUA
5779:SSA
5760:SSA
5741:ISA
5722:ISA
5544:DSA
5525:DoS
5408:JSS
5360:CCF
5293:SRI
5207:CCE
5193:ITA
5178:AEB
5166:ABE
5142:AEM
5105:NRO
5069:FCC
5043:OSC
5014:CSA
4349:AJA
3579:ISS
3544:Mir
3353:NRO
3343:FCC
3070:ISS
1698:N-1
1381:doi
1173:176
875:105
858:140
841:239
720:EHF
712:SHF
708:UHF
464:GPS
6808::
5961:EU
5298:VK
1660:.
1631:^
1615:.
1586:^
1561:^
1540:.
1465:.
1439:.
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1375:.
1344:.
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1073:^
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