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cultures. Those from Asian cultures typically use their entire hand to point to something. Other examples include, sticking your tongue out. In
Western countries, it can be seen as mockery, but in Polynesia it serves as a greeting and a sign of reverence. Clapping is a North American way of applauding, but in Spain is used to summon a waiter at a restaurant. Differences in nodding and shaking the head to indicate agreement and disagreement also exist. Northern Europeans nodding their heads up and down to say "yes", and shaking their head from side to side to say "no". But the Greeks have for at least three thousand years used the upward nod for disagreement and the downward nod for agreement." There are many ways of waving goodbye: Americans face the palm outward and move the hand side to side, Italians face the palm inward and move the fingers facing the other person, French and Germans face the hand horizontal and move the fingers toward the person leaving. Also, it is important to note that gestures are used in more informal settings and more often by children. People in the United States commonly use the "OK" hand gesture to give permission and allow an action. In Japan, however, the same sign means "money". It refers to "zero" or "nothing" in several cultures besides these two (Argentina, Belgium, French and the Portuguese). To Eastern European cultures that same "OK" sign is considered a vulgar swearing gesture. In certain Commonwealth cultures, the index and middle fingers only extended with the palm pointing outwards can be an insulting gesture, while in others it simply means the number "two" or the "
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and cues can contribute in surprisingly similar ways. Argyle, using video tapes shown to the subjects, analysed the communication of submissive/dominant attitude, (high and low context, high context resorting to more strict social classes and take a more short and quick response route to portray dominance, low context being the opposite by taking time to explain everything and putting a lot of importance on communication and building trust and respect with others in a submissive and relaxed manner), and found that non-verbal cues had 4.3 times the effect of verbal cues. The most important effect was that body posture communicated superior status (specific to culture and context said person grew up in) in a very efficient way. On the other hand, a study by Hsee et al. had subjects judge a person on the dimension happy/sad and found that words spoken with minimal variation in intonation had an impact about 4 times larger than face expressions seen in a film without sound. Therefore, when considering certain non-verbal mannerisms such as facial expressions and physical cues, they can conflict in meaning when compared to spoken language and emotions. Different set ups and scenarios would yield different responses and meanings when using both types of communication. In other ways they can complement each other, provided they are used together wisely during a conversation.
204:. These microexpressions are fleeting, involuntary facial movements that briefly reveal genuine feeling. They often occur in a fraction of a second, offering a brief insight into a person's genuine emotions, some of which may not be intentionally expressed and may diverge from their consciously stated feelings. While some cues might be universally understood, others hold culture-specific significance, necessitating careful interpretation to prevent misunderstandings. Understanding the tone, pitch, cultural connotations of touch, and environmental influences enriches nonverbal communication, shaping our interactions. Recognizing that cultural norms influence the appropriateness of tone and pitch is crucial, as outlined by display rules. This underscores the significance of being culturally sensitive when interpreting nonverbal cues. In the context of intercultural communication, a deeper understanding of context culture becomes essential. Context culture significantly shapes how individuals communicate emotions and convey meaning through nonverbal signals. Being aware of these cultural nuances is fundamental for facilitating successful cross-cultural interactions and ensuring the accurate interpretation of nonverbal expressions.
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master. Objects and materials become familiar to the child as the activities are a normal part of everyday life. Learning is done in an extremely contextualized environment rather than one specifically tailored to be instructional. For example, the direct involvement that
Mazahua children take in the marketplace is used as a type of interactional organization for learning without explicit verbal instruction. Children learn how to run a market stall, take part in caregiving, and also learn other basic responsibilities through non-structured activities, cooperating voluntarily within a motivational context to participate. Not explicitly instructing or guiding the children teaches them how to integrate into small coordinated groups to solve a problem through consensus and shared space. These Mazahua separate-but-together practices have shown that participation in everyday interaction and later learning activities establishes enculturation that is rooted in nonverbal social experience. As the children participate in everyday interactions, they are simultaneously learning the cultural meanings behind these interactions. Children's experience with nonverbally organized social interaction helps constitute the process of
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different aspects of nonverbal communication can be found in cultures all around the world. These differences can often lead to miscommunication between people of different cultures, who usually do not mean to offend. Differences can be based in preferences for mode of communication, like the
Chinese, who prefer silence over verbal communication. Differences can even be based on how cultures perceive the passage of time. Chronemics, how people handle time, can be categorized in two ways: polychronic which is when people do many activities at once and is common in Italy and Spain, or monochronic which is when people do one thing at a time which is common in America. Because nonverbal communication can vary across many axesβgestures, gaze, clothing, posture, direction, or even environmental cues like lightingβthere is a lot of room for cultural differences. In Japan, a country which prides itself on the best customer service, workers tend to use wide arm gestures to give clear directions to strangersβaccompanied by the ever-present bow to indicate respect. One of the main factors that differentiates nonverbal communication in cultures is
246:. In the book, Darwin argued that all mammals, both humans and animals, showed emotion through facial expressions. He posed questions such as: "Why do our facial expressions of emotions take the particular forms they do?" and "Why do we wrinkle our nose when we are disgusted and bare our teeth when we are enraged?" Darwin attributed these facial expressions to serviceable associated habits, which are behaviors that earlier in our evolutionary history had specific and direct functions. For example, a species that attacked by biting, baring the teeth was a necessary act before an assault and wrinkling the nose reduced the inhalation of foul odors. In response to the question asking why facial expressions persist even when they no longer serve their original purposes, Darwin's predecessors have developed a highly valued explanation. According to Darwin, humans continue to make facial expressions because they have acquired communicative value throughout evolutionary history. In other words, humans utilize facial expressions as external evidence of their internal state. Although
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gesturing broadly when saying a sad message. The author states that nonverbal communication is very important to be aware of, especially if comparing gestures, gaze, and tone of voice amongst different cultures. As Latin
American cultures embrace big speech gestures, Middle Eastern cultures are relatively more modest in public and are not expressive. Within cultures, different rules are made about staring or gazing. Women may especially avoid eye contact with men because it can be taken as a sign of sexual interest. In some cultures, gaze can be seen as a sign of respect. In Western culture, eye contact is interpreted as attentiveness and honesty. In Hispanic, Asian, Middle Eastern, and Native American cultures, eye contact is thought to be disrespectful or rude, and lack of eye contact does not mean that a person is not paying attention. Voice is a category that changes within cultures. Depending on whether or not the cultures is expressive or non-expressive, many variants of the voice can depict different reactions.
616:, the amount of space we maintain between ourselves and the persons with whom we are communicating shows the importance of the science of proxemics. In this process, it is seen how we feel towards the others at that particular time. Within American culture Hall defines four primary distance zones: (i) intimate (touching to eighteen inches ) distance, (ii) personal (eighteen inches to four feet, ) distance, (iii) social (four to twelve feet ) distance, and (iv) public (more than twelve feet ) distance. Intimate distance is considered appropriate for familiar relationships and indicates closeness and trust. Personal distance is still close but keeps another "at arm's length" and is considered the most comfortable distance for most of our interpersonal contact, while social distance is used for the kind of communication that occurs in business relationships and, sometimes, in the classroom. Public distance occurs in situations where two-way communication is not desirable or possible.
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consistently on verbal cues but this can hinder how well they detect deception. Those who are lying and those who are telling the truth possess different forms of nonverbal and verbal cues and this is important to keep in mind. In addition, it is important to note that understanding the cultural background of a person will influence how easily deception is detectable because nonverbal cues may differ depending on the culture. In addition to eye contact these nonverbal cues can consist of physiological aspects including pulse rate as well as levels of perspiration. In addition eye aversion can be predictive of deception. Eye aversion is the avoidance of eye contact. Eye contact and facial expressions provide important social and emotional information. Overall, as Pease states, "Give the amount of eye contact that makes everyone feel comfortable. Unless looking at others is a cultural no-no, lookers gain more credibility than non-lookers"
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With diverse functions, nonverbal communication acts as a substitute for verbal interaction in situations where verbalization is unnecessary or impossible. It adds clarity to communication by unveiling emotional states and articulating specific feelings. This is achieved through various nonverbal elements such as emblems, illustrators, regulators, adaptors, and vocalics. This system is shaped by component including paralinguistics, kinesics, tactile communication, and proxemics, influencing social, academic, and professional contexts. Despite frequently being overlooked, nonverbal cues possess the potential to convey up to 80% of a message, especially holding significance in interactions involving prelinguistic infants and individuals facing severe disabilities. The cultural nuances of these cues underscore the necessity for interpretation, emphasizing the contextual, signaling, and interpretative dimensions.
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allowed them to play with various objects including a purse with a sponge in it and a box with a sponge in it. After allowing the child to play with the objects for three minutes, the examiner told the child it was time to clean up and motioned by pointing to the objects. They measured the responses of the children by first pointing and not marking the gesture, to see the child's reaction to the request and if they reached for the objects to clean them up. After observing the child's response, the examiner then asked and pointed again, marking the gesture with facial expression, as to lead the child to believe the objects were supposed to be cleaned up. The results showed that three-year-old children were able to recognize the markedness, by responding to the gesture and cleaning the objects up as opposed to when the gesture was presented without being marked.
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intently observing adults. Nonverbal communication allows for continuous keen observation and signals to the learner when participation is needed. Culture plays an important role in nonverbal communication, and it is one aspect that helps to influence how learning activities are organized. In many
Indigenous American Communities, for example, there is often an emphasis on nonverbal communication, which acts as a valued means by which children learn. In a study on Children from both US Mexican (with presumed indigenous backgrounds) and European American heritages who watched a video of children working together without speaking found that the Mexican-heritage children were far more likely to describe the children's actions as collaborative, saying that the children in the video were "talking with their hands and with their eyes."
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Conflicting messages may occur for a variety of reasons often stemming from feelings of uncertainty, ambivalence, or frustration. When mixed messages occur, nonverbal communication becomes the primary tool people use to attain additional information to clarify the situation; great attention is placed on bodily movements and positioning when people perceive mixed messages during interactions. Definitions of nonverbal communication creates a limited picture in our minds but there are ways to create a clearer one. There are different dimensions of verbal and nonverbal communication that have been discovered. They are (1) structure versus non-structure, (2) linguistic versus non-linguistic, (3) continuous versus discontinuous, (4) learned versus innate, and (5) left versus right hemispheric processing.
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give the impression that they are truthful. Contrary to popular belief, a liar does not always avoid eye contact. In an attempt to be more convincing, liars deliberately made more eye contact with interviewers than those that were telling the truth. However, there are many cited examples of cues to deceit, delivered via nonverbal (paraverbal and visual) communication channels, through which deceivers supposedly unwittingly provide clues to their concealed knowledge or actual opinions. Most studies examining the nonverbal cues to deceit rely upon human coding of video footage (c.f. Vrij, 2008), although a recent study also demonstrated bodily movement differences between truth-tellers and liars using an automated body
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1157:, the amount of space we maintain between ourselves and the persons we communicate with shows the importance of the science of proxemics. In this process, it is seen how we feel towards others at that particular time. This resonates with proxemics and viewing it through the cultural lens, people use their space differently because of the meaning behind it as in a spectrum of cultures, ideologies differ. Within American culture, Hall defines four primary distance zones: (i) intimate (touching to eighteen inches) distance, (ii) personal (eighteen inches to four feet) distance, (iii) social (four to twelve feet) distance, and (iv) public (more than twelve feet) distance.
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shown two clips simultaneously and were asked to point to the one that was expressing the target emotion. The results of the study revealed that of the four emotions being tested the 4-year-olds were only able to correctly identify sadness at a rate that was better than chance. The 5-year-olds performed better and were able to identify happiness, sadness and fear at better than chance levels. The 8-year-olds and adults could correctly identify all four emotions and there was very little difference between the scores of the two groups. Between the ages of 4 and 8, nonverbal communication and decoding skills improve dramatically.
382:. When someone wishes to avoid conflicting or embarrassing events during communication, it is considered proper and correct by the hypothesis to communicate attitudes towards others non-verbally instead of verbally. Along with this philosophy, Michael Argyle also found and concluded in 1988 that there are five main functions of nonverbal body behavior and gestures in human communications: self-presentation of one's whole personality, rituals and cultural greetings, expressing interpersonal attitudes, expressing emotions, and to accompany speech in managing the cues set in the interactions between the speaker and the listener.
1150:. Proxemics also play a big role in business as research shows that gender and invasion of customers' privacy without previous ties negatively affect the outcome of deals. Besides, in high contact cultures, people are generally more comfortable in closer proximity, whereas individuals in low contact cultures feel more comfortable with a greater amount of personal space. Hall concluded that proxemics could cause misunderstandings between cultures as cultures use of proxemics varies and what is customary in one culture may range from being confusing to being offensive to members of a different culture.
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socially well adjusted." Women who did not like to stand out in a crowd typically had more conservative and traditional views and beliefs. Clothing, although non-verbal, tells people what the individual's personality is. The way a person dresses is typically rooted in deeper internal motivations such as emotions, experiences, and culture. Clothing expresses who they are or who they want to be that day. It shows other people who they want to be associated with and where they fit in. Clothing can start relationships because they clue other people into the wearer.
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fluency." Nonverbal communication makes the difference between bringing cultures together in understanding one another, appearing authentic. Or it can push people farther away due to misunderstandings in how different groups see certain nonverbal cues or gestures. From birth, children in various cultures are taught the gestures and cues their culture defines as universal which is not the case for others, but some movements are universal. Evidence suggests neurotypical humans all smile when happy about something and frown when something is upsetting or bad.
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any nonverbal facial cues whatsoever. Because of the changes in levels of accuracy on the levels of nonverbal receptivity, the members of the research team hypothesized a biochemical site in the brain which was operative for reception of nonverbal cues. Because certain drugs enhanced ability while others diminished it, the neurotransmitters dopamine and endorphin were considered to be likely etiological candidate. Based on the available data, however, the primary cause and primary effect could not be sorted out on the basis of the paradigm employed.
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person is experiencing anxiety or feeling of discomfort, typical when the individual is not the one in control of the conversation or situation and therefore expresses this uneasiness subconsciously. Such behaviors are referred to as adapters. They may not be perceived as meaningfully related to the speech in which they accompany, but may serve as the basis for dispositional inferences of the speaker's emotion (nervous, uncomfortable, bored.) These types of movements are believed to express the unconscious thoughts and feelings of a person, or those
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cultures, the general belief is that it is unacceptable to show emotion openly." For people in
Westernized countries, laughter is a sign of amusement, but in some parts of Africa it is a sign of wonder or embarrassment. Emotional expression varies with culture. Native Americans tend to be more reserved and less expressive with emotions. Frequent touches are common for Chinese people; however, such actions like touching, patting, hugging or kissing in America are less frequent and not often publicly displayed.According to Rebecca Bernstein (from
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872:. Context relates to certain events and the meaning that is ultimately derived from it. "High-context" cultures rely mostly on nonverbal cues and gestures, using elements such as the closeness of the kind of the relationships they have with others, strict social hierarchies and classes and deep cultural tradition and widely known beliefs and rules. In contrast, "low-context" cultures depend largely on words and verbal communication, where communications are direct and social hierarchies are way less tense and more loose.
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paired with verbal communication, they can be used to stress certain syllables. An example of this would be pointing someone in the direction of an individual and saying, "That way." In this case, the "That" in the sentence would be stressed by the movements. Lexical movements are more complex, not rhythmic, or repetitive, but rather lengthy and varied. An example of this would be something like giving elaborate directions to somewhere and pairing that with various hands movements to signal the various turns to take.
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slot machine awaiting payoffs. The amount of this payoff was read by nonverbal transmission prior to reinforcement. This technique was developed by and the studies directed by psychologist Robert E. Miller and psychiatrist A. James
Giannini. These groups reported diminished receptive ability in heroin addicts and phencyclidine abusers, contrasted with increased receptivity in cocaine addicts. Men with major depression manifested significantly decreased ability to read nonverbal cues when compared with euthymic men.
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trustworthiness, competence, and aggressiveness." A first impression is a lasting non-verbal communicator. The way a person portrays themselves on the first encounter is non-verbal statement to the observer. Presentation can include clothing and other visible attributes such as facial expressions or facial traits in general. Negative impressions can also be based on presentation and on personal prejudice. First impressions, although sometimes misleading, can in many situations be an accurate depiction of others.
546:, more than anything, serve as a practical means of communication. With all the various muscles that precisely control mouth, lips, eyes, nose, forehead, and jaw, human faces are estimated to be capable of more than ten thousand different expressions. This versatility makes non-verbals of the face extremely efficient and honest, unless deliberately manipulated. In addition, many of these emotions, including happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust, shame, anguish and interest are universally
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distrustful. More eye contact was also found to be related to higher levels of likability and believability from those people interacted with. A real-life example of this is through service workers, in a study it was found that those workers who welcomed customers with smiles seemed like warmer individuals than those who did not smile. Customers reported that those without smiles and open body movements, such as waving or handshaking, were lacking warmth and deemed less friendly.
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managers in the United
Kingdom and found that height was a key factor in who was promoted. Height can have benefits and depressors too. "While tall people often command more respect than short people, height can also be detrimental to some aspects of one-to-one communication, for instance, where you need to 'talk on the same level' or have an 'eye-to-eye' discussion with another person and do not want to be perceived as too big for your boots."
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the cues like location and movement, every culture has their own set of gestures, some of which are unique only to a specific culture. For example, the phonological and lexical repository of D/HH individuals is highly dependent on their social background and richness of language. Very similar gestures can have very different meanings across cultures. Symbolic gestures are usually used in the absence of speech but can also accompany speech.
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victims were next tested. It was reported that women who had been raped on at least two occasions by different perpetrators had a highly significant impairment in their abilities to read these cues in either male or female senders. These results were troubling, indicating a predator-prey model. The authors did note that whatever the nature of these preliminary findings the responsibility of the rapist was in no manner or level diminished.
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1113:, a pat on the shoulder, and brushing an arm. Touching of oneself may include licking, picking, holding, and scratching. These behaviors are referred to as "adapters" or "tells" and may send messages that reveal the intentions or feelings of a communicator and a listener. The meaning conveyed from touch is highly dependent upon the culture, the context of the situation, the relationship between communicators, and the manner of touch.
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inaccurate and instead opted to explain it as nonverbal behaviors stemming from body movement. Research around this behavior provides some examples, such as someone casually smiling and leaning forward, as well as maintaining eye contact to radiate a non-dominating and intimate demeanor. In contrast, someone leaning back, a stoic facial expression, and no to little eye contact could emit an unfriendly and dominating demeanor.
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contrast, positive emotions are revealed by the loosening of the furrowed lines on the forehead, relaxation of the muscles around the mouth, and widening of the eye area. When individuals are truly relaxed and at ease, the head will also tilt to the side, exposing our most vulnerable area, the neck. This is a high-comfort display, often seen during courtship, that is nearly impossible to mimic when tense or suspicious.
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154:. The wrong message can also be established if the body language conveyed does not match a verbal message. Paying attention to both verbal and nonverbal communication may leave the listener with a feeling of being lost, due to not being able to breakdown both at the same time. However, ignoring nonverbal communication altogether would cause the listener to miss up to 60% of their communication, according to experts.
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standing so far from them. In addition, for Latin
Americans, the French, Italians, and Arabs the distance between people is much closer than the distance for Americans; in general for these close distance groups, 1 foot of distance is for lovers, 1.5β4 feet of distance is for family and friends, and 4β12 feet is for strangers. In the opposite way, most Native Americans value distance to protect themselves.
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individuals are interacting with friends. Social distance is the most common type of proximity as it is used when communicating with colleagues, classmates, acquaintances, or strangers. Public distance creates the greatest gap between the individual and the audience and is categorized as distances greater than 12 feet in distance and is often used for speeches, lectures, or formal occasions.
180:"Non-verbal communication is omnipresent." They are included in every single communication act. To have total communication, all non-verbal channels such as the body, face, voice, appearance, touch, distance, timing, and other environmental forces must be engaged during face-to-face interaction. Written communication can also have non-verbal attributes. E-mails, web chats, and the
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communication, given that words are not always necessary. When children are closely related to the context of the endeavor as active participants, coordination is based on a shared reference, which helps to allow, maintain, and promote nonverbal communication. The idea of "context-embeddedness" allows nonverbal communication to be a means of learning within Native
American
306:. The result remained unpublished, as it was enormous and unwieldy, but it was available on microfilm by 1971. The method involves transcribing filmed or videotaped behavior in excruciating detail, and was later used in studying the sequence and structure of human greetings, social behaviors at parties, and the function of posture during interpersonal interaction.
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in the form of nonverbal communication. Evidence of this can be observed in a case study where children are guided through the task of folding a paper figure by observing the posture and gaze of those who guide them through it. This is projected onto homes and communities, as children wait for certain cues from others to initiative cooperate and collaborate.
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colors, etc. bandanas worn around the head, shoulders, arms, or legs. Gang members frequently dress in hip-hop-inspired fashions, such as oversized pants worn below the waist (also known as "sagging"). Colored belts, colored shoes, and colored bandanas are all utilized as identifiers. Group colors and clothing are commonly used to represent affiliation.
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three-year-olds. This shows that this sort of nonverbal communication is learned at a young age, and is better recognized in three-year-old children than two-year-old children, making it easier for us to interpret that the ability to recognize markedness is learned in the early stages of development, somewhere between three and four years of age.
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encoded emotion and interpret its meanings accurately to what the sender intended. Encoding is the act of generating information such as facial expressions, gestures, and postures. Encoding information utilizes signals which we may think to be universal. Decoding is the interpretation of information from received sensations given by the encoder.
670:", defined as the ability to take this encoded emotion and interpret its meanings accurately to what the sender intended. Encoding is the act of generating information such as facial expressions, gestures, and postures. Some studies have demonstrated that people use their eyes to indicate interest. This includes frequently recognized actions of
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you go to see someone who is in a position of power over you, such as your supervisor, it is not uncommon to be kept waiting. However, you would probably consider it bad form to make a more powerful person wait for you. Indeed, the rule seems to be that the time of powerful people is more valuable than the time of less powerful people."
190:"Non-verbal behaviours may form a universal language system." Smiling, crying, pointing, caressing, and glaring are non-verbal behaviours that are used and understood by people regardless of nationality. Such non-verbal signals allow the most basic form of communication when verbal communication is not effective due to language barriers.
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desire to increase, limit, or avoid interaction with another person. Studies investigating the impact of posture on interpersonal relationships suggest that mirror-image congruent postures, where one person's left side is parallel to the other person's right side, leads to favorable perception of communicators and positive
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other hand, nonverbal communication has no formal structure when it comes to communicating. Nonverbal communication occurs without even thinking about it. The same behavior can mean different things, such as crying of sadness or of joy. Therefore, these cues need to be interpreted carefully to get their correct meaning.
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slouching, towering, legs spread, jaw thrust, shoulders forward, and arm crossing. The posture or bodily stance exhibited by individuals communicates a variety of messages whether good or bad. A study, for instance, identified around 200 postures that are related to maladjustment and withholding of information.
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Boone and Cunningham conducted a study to determine at which age children begin to recognize emotional meaning (happiness, sadness, anger and fear) in expressive body movements. The study included 29 adults and 79 children divided into age groups of four-, five- and eight-year-olds. The children were
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McDaniel et al. assessed touch as a form of communication among people from different nations under the lens of culture, relationships, and a number of body areas touched. Latin Americans are known to have a high degree of tactile activity in contrast to Asians who are considered a no-contact culture
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Touching is treated differently from one country to another and socially acceptable levels of touching vary from one culture to another (Remland, 2009). In Thai culture, for example, touching someone's head may be thought rude. Remland and Jones (1995) studied groups of people communicating and found
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Nonverbal communication plays a crucial role in effectively transmitting messages. Beginning from birth and persisting throughout one's life, it undergoes a developmental progression encompassing three phases, ranging from initial dyadic exchanges to the integration of both verbal and nonverbal cues.
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are highly developed systems of symbolic gesture. Some educators that work with deaf learners use a combination of cued speech and lip speaking and reading that helps deaf and hard hearing individuals (D/HH) to code and decode words based on their phonetics. In addition to the supplementary aspect of
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Aside from communicating a person's beliefs and nationality, clothing can be used as a nonverbal cue to attract others. Men and women may shower themselves with accessories and high-end fashion to attract partners interested. In this case, clothing is a form of self-expression where people can flaunt
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Posture is a nonverbal cue that is associated with positioning and that these two are used as sources of information about individual's characteristics, attitudes, and feelings about themselves and other people. There are many different types of body positioning to portray certain postures, including
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In terms of culture, collectivists have a harder time changing their first impressions because they emphasize a lot more context and need additional time when faced with new clues as each view may be correct in some contexts. Moreover, Fang et al., acknowledged that first impression is less likely to
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Despite the introduction of nonverbal communication in the 1800s, the emergence of behaviorism in the 1920s paused further research on nonverbal communication. Behaviorism is defined as the theory of learning that describes people's behavior as acquired through conditioning. Behaviorists such as B.F.
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When communicating face-to-face with someone, it is sometimes hard to differentiate which parts of conversing are communicated via verbally or non-verbally. Other studies done on the same subject have concluded that in more relaxed and natural settings of communication, verbal and non-verbal signals
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is defined as the use of space as a form of communication, and includes how far or near you position yourself from others; it can be influenced by culture, race/ethnicity, gender, and age. Edward T. Hall invented the term when he realized that culture influences how people use space in communication
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In some Indigenous communities of the Americas, children reported one of their main reasons for working in their home was to build unity within the family, the same way they desire to build solidarity within their own communities. Most indigenous children learn the importance of putting in this work
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Many speech-independent gestures are made with the hand, the "ring" gesture usually comes across as asking someone if they are okay. There are several that could be performed through the face. For example, a nose wrinkle could universally mean disapproval or disgust. Nodding your head up and down or
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are examples of speech-independent gestures. Speech-related gestures are used in parallel with verbal speech; this form of nonverbal communication is used to emphasize the message that is being communicated. Speech-related gestures are intended to provide supplemental information to a verbal message
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Posture can be used to determine a participant's degree of attention or involvement, the difference in status between communicators, and the level of fondness a person has for the other communicator, depending on body "openness". It can also be effectively used as a way for an individual to convey a
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The understanding of tone, pitch, and cultural contexts in verbal communication complements nonverbal cues, offering a holistic grasp of interpersonal dynamics. The harmony or discrepancy between verbal and nonverbal signals significantly impacts message clarity. In cultures where nonverbal cues are
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Obese women and women with premenstrual syndrome were found to also possess diminished abilities to read these cues. In contradistinction, men with bipolar disorder possessed increased abilities. A woman with total paralysis of the nerves of facial expression was found unable to transmit or receive
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This type of processing involves the neurophysiological approach to nonverbal communication. It explains that the right hemisphere processes nonverbal stimuli such as those involving spatial, pictorial, and gestalt tasks while the left hemisphere involves the verbal stimuli involving analytical and
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Verbal communication is a highly structured form of communication with set rules of grammar. The rules of verbal communication help to understand and make sense of what other people are saying. For example, foreigners learning a new language can have a hard time making themselves understood. On the
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Accurate interpretation of messages is made easier when nonverbal and verbal communication complement each other. Nonverbal cues can be used to elaborate on verbal messages to reinforce the information sent when trying to achieve communicative goals; messages have been shown to be remembered better
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Touch is the earliest sense to develop in the fetus. Human babies have been observed to have enormous difficulty surviving if they do not possess a sense of touch, even if they retain sight and hearing. Babies who can perceive through touch, even without sight and hearing, tend to fare much better.
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Touch is an extremely important sense for humans; as well as providing information about surfaces and textures it is a component of nonverbal communication in interpersonal relationships, and vital in conveying physical intimacy. It can be both sexual (such as kissing) and platonic (such as hugging
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Chronemics is the way time is used. Our use of time can communicate and send messages, nonverbally. The way we use time and give or do not give our time to others can communicate different messages. Chronemics can send messages to others about what we value and also send messages about power. "When
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As much of (neurotypical) communication is nonverbal, learning a language without learning its corresponding pragmatics can lead to miscommunication. "This can lead to intercultural conflict (according to Marianna Pogosyan Ph.D.), misunderstandings and ambiguities in communication, despite language
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through stylized hand gestures in colloquial communication, verbal and nonverbal emotional self-containment, and less movement of the lower face to structure attention on the eyes during face-to-face engagement. Therefore, children's approach to social situations within a reservation classroom, for
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communities. By observing various family and community social interactions, social engagement is dominated through nonverbal communication. For example, when children elicit thoughts or words verbally to their elders, they are expected to structure their speech carefully. This demonstrates cultural
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According to Matsumoto and Juang, the nonverbal motions of different people indicate important channels of communication. Nonverbal actions should match and harmonize with the message being portrayed, otherwise confusion will occur. For instance, an individual would normally not be seen smiling and
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Other hand movements are gestures. They are movements with specific, conventionalized meanings called symbolic gestures. They are the exact opposite of adaptors, since their meanings are intended to be communicated and they have a specific meaning for the person who gives the gesture and the person
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in common situations like attracting a partner or in a business interview: impressions are on average formed within the first four seconds of contact. First encounters or interactions with another person strongly affect a person's perception. When the other person or group is absorbing the message,
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In the second study in which the same experiment was performed on two-year-olds, the results were different. For the most part, the children did not recognize the difference between the marked and unmarked gesture by not responding more prevalently to the marked gesture, unlike the results of the
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From 1977 to 2004, the influence of disease and drugs on receptivity of nonverbal communication was studied by teams at three separate medical schools using a similar paradigm. Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh, Yale University and Ohio State University had subjects observe gamblers at a
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Learned non-verbal cues require a community or culture for their reinforcement. For example, table manners are not innate capabilities upon birth. Dress code is a non-verbal cue that must be established by society. Hand symbols, whose interpretation can vary from culture to culture, are not innate
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In chimpanzees, the sense of touch is highly developed. As newborns, they see and hear poorly but cling strongly to their mothers. Harry Harlow conducted a controversial study involving rhesus monkeys and observed that monkeys reared with a "terry cloth mother," a wire feeding apparatus wrapped in
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There are a few types of conversational gestures, specifically motor and lexical movements. Motor movements are those which are rhythmical and repetitive, do not have to be accompanied by anything spoken due to their simple meaning, and the speaker's hand usually sticks to one position. When
515:. Although the study of gesture is still in its infancy, some broad categories of gestures have been identified by researchers. The most familiar are the so-called emblems or quotable gestures. These are conventional, culture-specific gestures that can be used as replacement for words, such as the
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Along with gestures, phenotypic traits can also convey certain messages in nonverbal communication, for instance, eye color, hair color and height. Research into height has generally found that taller people are perceived as being more impressive. Melamed and Bozionelos (1992) studied a sample of
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It is important to note that while nonverbal communication is more prevalent in Indigenous American Communities, verbal communication is also used. Preferably, verbal communication does not substitute one's involvement in an activity, but instead acts as additional guidance or support towards the
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Nonverbal communication is commonly used to facilitate learning in indigenous American communities. Nonverbal communication is pivotal for collaborative participation in shared activities, as children from indigenous American communities will learn how to interact using nonverbal communication by
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of the interviews, or audio tape recordings, or video recordings. The more clues that were available to those watching, the larger was the trend that interviewees who actually lied were judged to be truthful. That is, people that are clever at lying can use tone of voice and facial expressions to
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When it comes to the clothing that they wear, nonverbal communication with gangs is very common. Gang members typically wear 2β3 colors to signify that they are representing a particular neighborhood. Baseball caps and hats with specific gang names and initials, worn backwards, tilted, in certain
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Nonverbal communication involves the conscious and unconscious processes of encoding and decoding. Encoding is defined as our ability to express emotions in a way that can be accurately interpreted by the receiver(s). Decoding is called "nonverbal sensitivity", defined as the ability to take this
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In the same way that speech incorporates nonverbal components, collectively referred to as paralanguage and encompassing voice quality, rate, pitch, loudness, and speaking style, nonverbal communication also encompasses facets of one's voice. Elements such as tone, inflection, emphasis, and other
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as he noticed the interactions between animals such as lions, tigers, dogs etc. and realized they also communicated by gestures and expressions. For the first time, nonverbal communication was studied and its relevance questioned. Today, scholars argue that nonverbal communication can convey more
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In the study, two and three-year-old toddlers were tested on their recognition of markedness within gestures. The experiment was conducted in a room with an examiner and the test subjects, which for the first study were three-year-olds. The examiner sat across from each child individually, and
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Intimate space is any distance less than 18 inches, and is most commonly used by individuals when they are engaging with someone with whom they feel very comfortable, such as a spouse, partner, friend, child, or parent. Personal space is a distance of 18 inches to 4 feet and is usually used when
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is defined as movements, more specifically the study of our movements involving our hands, body, and face. This form of nonverbal communication is powerful in the messages it sends to those witnessing them. The term was first coined by Ray Birdwhistell, who considered the term body language
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One aspect of nonverbal communication that aids in conveying these precise and symbolic meanings is "context-embeddedness." The idea that many children in Indigenous American Communities are closely involved in community endeavors, both spatially and relationally, which help to promote nonverbal
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Gestures vary widely across cultures in how they are used and what they mean. A common example is pointing. In the United States, pointing is the gesture of a finger or hand to indicate or "come here please" when beckoning a dog. But pointing with one finger is also considered to be rude by some
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plays a very important part in nonverbal communication. Things like tempo, volume, inflection, pauses, and pitch all communicate emotion and attitude without using specific words. Vocalics also have emblems, or sounds with clear meaning, like saying βburrβ when you are cold or βhmmβ when you are
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Mastery of nonverbal signals extends beyond mere word comprehension, promoting cultural awareness and smoother interactions across diverse settings. Proficiency in interpreting these cues not only aids in accurate understanding but also bolsters cross-cultural connections, enabling more profound
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A byproduct of the work of the Pittsburgh/Yale/Ohio State team was an investigation of the role of nonverbal facial cues in heterosexual nondate rape. Males who were serial rapists of adult women were studied for nonverbal receptive abilities. Their scores were the highest of any subgroup. Rape
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definition. Although there is differences in nonverbal gestures across cultures, speech-independent gestures must have an agreeable understanding among people affiliated with that culture or subculture on what that gesture's interpretation is. As most humans use gestures to better clarify their
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Some hand movements are not considered to be gestures. They consist of manipulations either of the person or some object (e.g. clothing, pencils, eyeglasses)βthe kinds of scratching, fidgeting, rubbing, tapping, and touching that people often do with their hands. These behaviors can show that a
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Posture can be situation-relative, that is, people will change their posture depending on the situation they are in. This can be demonstrated in the case of relaxed posture when an individual is within a nonthreatening situation and the way one's body tightens or become rigid when under stress.
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It takes just one-tenth of a second for someone to judge and make their first impression. According to a study from Princeton University, this short amount of time is enough for a person to determine several attributes about an individual. These attributes included "attractiveness, likeability,
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Nonverbal communication encompasses a diverse range of signals that go beyond spoken language, such as gestures, facial expressions, body language, and vocal nuances like tone and rhythm. These cues carry subtle meanings critical to effective communication. For example, facial expressions are a
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A key characteristic of this type of nonverbal learning is that children have the opportunity to observe and interact with all parts of an activity. Many Indigenous American children are in close contact with adults and other children who are performing the activities that they will eventually
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can also be observed in a person. Hogan states "when someone is being deceptive their eyes tend to blink a lot more. Eyes act as leading indicator of truth or deception," Both nonverbal and verbal cues are useful when detecting deception. It is typical for people who are detecting lies to rely
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Displays of emotions can generally be categorized into two groups: negative and positive. Negative emotions usually manifest as increased tension in various muscle groups: tightening of jaw muscles, furrowing of forehead, squinting eyes, or lip occlusion (when the lips seemingly disappear). In
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Verbal communication is based on discontinuous units whereas nonverbal communication is continuous. Communicating nonverbally cannot be stopped unless one would leave the room, but even then, the intrapersonal processes still take place (individuals communicating with themselves). Without the
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the acceptable distance is much shorter than what most Europeans and Americans feel comfortable with. This is why an American or a European might wonder why the other person is invading their personal space by standing so close, while the other person might wonder why the American/European is
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The way one chooses to dress tells a lot about one's personality. The University of North Carolina studied how undergraduate women chose to dress and their personality types. The study showed that women dressed "primarily for comfort and practicality were more self-controlled, dependable, and
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The final target of study for this group was the medical students they taught. Medical students at Ohio State University, Ohio University and Northeast Ohio Medical College were invited to serve as subjects. Students indicating a preference for the specialties of family practice, psychiatry,
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In some subjects tested for ability to read nonverbal cues, intuitive paradigms were apparently employed while in others a cause and effect approach was used. Subjects in the former group answered quickly and before reinforcement occurred. They could not give a rationale for their particular
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There are only a few assigned symbols in the system of nonverbal communication. Nodding the head is one symbol that indicates agreement in some cultures, but in others, it means disagreement. On the other hand, verbal communication has a system of symbols that have specific meanings to them.
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Additional research expresses that eye contact is an important part of nonverbal communication involved in kinesics, as longer and appropriate levels of eye contact give an individual credibility. The opposite is said for those who do not maintain eye contact, as they are likely to be deemed
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are a key factor in nonverbal communication. Just as gestures and other hand movements vary across cultures, so does the way people display their emotions. For example, "In many cultures, such as the Arab and Iranian cultures, people express grief openly. They mourn out loud, while in Asian
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While not traditionally thought of as "talk," nonverbal communication has been found to contain highly precise and symbolic meanings, similar to verbal speech. However the meanings in nonverbal communication are conveyed through the use of gesture, posture changes, and timing. Nuances across
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communities, nonverbal cues and silence hold immense importance in deciphering the meaning of messages. In such cultures, the context, relationship dynamics, and subtle nonverbal cues play a pivotal role in communication and interpretation, impacting how learning activities are organized and
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vocal characteristics contribute significantly to nonverbal communication, adding layers of meaning and nuance to the conveyed message. However, much of the study of nonverbal communication has focused on interaction between individuals, where it can be classified into three principal areas:
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An increased emphasis on gestures exists when intonations or facial expression are used. "Speakers often anticipate how recipients will interpret their utterances. If they wish some other, less obvious interpretation, they may "mark" their utterance (e.g. with special intonations or facial
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Innate non-verbal cues are "built-in" features of human behavior. Generally, these innate cues are universally prevalent and regardless of culture. For example, smiling, crying, and laughing do not require teaching. Similarly, some body positions, such as the fetal position, are universally
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presence of someone else, the body still manages to undergo nonverbal communication. For example, there are no other words being spoken after a heated debate, but there are still angry faces and cold stares being distributed. This is an example of how nonverbal communication is continuous.
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Conflicting verbal and nonverbal messages within the same interaction can sometimes send opposing or conflicting messages. A person verbally expressing a statement of truth while simultaneously fidgeting or avoiding eye contact may convey a mixed message to the receiver in the interaction.
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exchanges. Adeptness in nonverbal communication is crucial for navigating social situations, decoding nuanced human behaviors, and establishing meaningful connections in various contexts, underlining the interconnectedness and importance of both verbal and nonverbal forms of communication.
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According to Latin culture, a wink was a display or invitation of romantic pursuit. The Yoruba (Nigeria) have taught their children to follow certain nonverbal commands, such as winking, which tells them it is time to leave the room. To the Chinese it comes off as an offensive gesture.
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humility and respect as excessive acts of speech when conversational genre shifts reveal weakness and disrespect. This careful self-censorship exemplifies traditional social interaction of Athapaskin and Cherokee Native Americans who are mostly dependent on nonverbal communication.
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reasoning tasks. It is important to know the implications in processing the differences between verbal and nonverbal communication messages. It is possible that individuals may not use the correct hemisphere at appropriate times when it comes to interpreting a message or meaning.
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Furthermore, in a study highlighted by Pearce and Conklin, they found that changing the vocalics of an audio recording of the same speech gave different results of liking. When the speaker gave his speech as more conversational instead of dynamic, he was deemed more trust worthy.
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Infants heavily rely on nonverbal vocalics to communicate their needs. As caregivers talk with their baby, the baby can pick up intonation as well start to mimic and use it themselves. As they go on, babies can pick up more and learn how to develop their own voices and vocalics.
701:, nonverbal communication makes it easier to lie without being revealed. This is the conclusion of a study where people watched made-up interviews of persons accused of having stolen a wallet. The interviewees lied in about 50% of the cases. People had access to either written
79:), physical environments/appearance, and use of objects. When communicating, we utilize nonverbal channels as means to convey different messages or signals, whereas others can interpret these message. The study of nonverbal communication started in 1872 with the publication of
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is where the action is...because it is the part of the brain that reacts to the world around us reflexively and instantaneously, in real time, and without thought." There is evidence that the nonverbal cues made from person-to-person do not entirely have something to do with
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side to side indicate an understanding or lack of when the speaker is talking. Just because speech-independent speech does not need actual speech for understanding the gesture, it still needs context. Using your middle finger is a gesture that could be used within different
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that touching was rare among the English (8%), the French (5%) and the Dutch (4%) compared to Italians (14%) and Greeks (12.5%). Striking, pushing, pulling, pinching, kicking, strangling and hand-to-hand fighting are forms of touch in the context of physical abuse. In the
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According to Eckman, "Eye contact (also called mutual gaze) is another major channel of nonverbal communication. The duration of eye contact is its most meaningful aspect." Generally speaking, the longer there is established eye contact between two people, the greater the
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Nonverbal behavior is sometimes used as the sole channel for communication of a message. People learn to identify facial expressions, body movements, and body positioning as corresponding with specific feelings and intentions. Nonverbal signals can be used without
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pediatrics and obstetrics-gynecology achieved significantly higher levels of accuracy than those students who planned to train as surgeons, radiologists, or pathologists. Internal medicine and plastic surgery candidates scored at levels near the mean.
686:, and blink rate are all important cues in nonverbal communication. According to Descroix et al., the context of conversations does not produce long blinks between the emitter and the recipient. "Liking generally increases as mutual gazing increases."
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is the instance when two people look at each other's eyes at the same time; it is the primary nonverbal way of indicating engagement, interest, attention and involvement. Nonverbal communication involves the conscious and unconscious processes of
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When seeking to communicate effectively, it is important that the nonverbal conversation supports the verbal conversation, and vice versa. If the nonverbal cues converge with what we are saying verbally, then our message is further reinforced.
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is one technique that can help improve our awareness of NVC. If we become more mindful and present to how our body is moving, then we can better control our external nonverbal communication, which results in more effective communication.
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used in western cultures for "hello" and "goodbye". A single emblematic gesture can have a very different significance in different cultural contexts, ranging from complimentary to highly offensive. For a list of emblematic gestures, see
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was not one of Darwin's most successful books in terms of its quality and overall impact in the field, his initial ideas started the abundance of research on the types, effects, and expressions of nonverbal communication and behavior.
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partners. Using the sense of smell as an instrument paved a way for smell to become a platform of nonverbal communication. Smell also has a significant influence on social interactions. Through their branch of olfaction research, the
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Rosenthal, Robert & Bella M. DePaulo (1979). "Sex differences in accommodation in nonverbal communication". In R. Rosenthal. Skill in nonverbal communication: Individual difference. Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain. pp.
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example, may act as a barrier to a predominantly verbal learning environment. Most Warm Springs children benefit from a learning model that suits a nonverbal communicative structure of collaboration, traditional gesture,
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to outwardly communicate their religious belief. Similarly, clothing can communicate what nationality a person or group is; for example, in traditional festivities Scottish men often wear kilts to specify their culture.
447:. The types of clothing that an individual wears convey nonverbal cues about their personality, background and financial status, and how others will respond to them. An individual's clothing style can demonstrate their
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soft terry cloth that provided a level of tactile stimulation and comfort, the monkey who had the real parent were considerably more emotionally stable as adults than those with a mere wire mother (Harlow, 1958).
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pivotal, incongruence between verbal and nonverbal elements can create confusion, while in cultures emphasizing explicit verbal communication, alignment between the two is essential for effective understanding.
813:, the part of the brain that discriminates and enhances certain odors. Typically, women will prefer men whose natural odor is similar to their own, while heterosexual men are attracted to females with high
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to receive it. Familiar symbolic gestures include the "raised fist," "bye-bye," and "thumbs up." In contrast to adapters, symbolic gestures are used intentionally and serve a clear communicative function.
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In 1970, Argyle hypothesized that although spoken language is used for communicating the meaning about events external to the person communicating, the nonverbal codes are used to create and strengthen
187:"Non-verbal behaviours are multifunctional." Many different non-verbal channels are engaged at the same time in communication acts and allow the chance for simultaneous messages to be sent and received.
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change in Asian culture because they value cohesiveness and consensus, thus will not destroy their group cohesiveness at the expense of changing their first impression when they reached a consensus.
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were among those who joined one of the small research teams continuing research once the year at CASBS ended. The project analyzed a film made by Bateson, using an analytic method called at the time
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of children at a young age into their cultural practices. Children in these communities learn through observing and pitching in through which nonverbal communication is a key aspect of observation.
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829:, and scented lotions. When a person covers their natural body odor with a pleasant smell, they are communicating their desire to be attractive either emotionally, sexually, or romantically.
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and movements of the eyebrows. Disinterest is highly noticeable when little or no eye contact is made in a social setting. When an individual is interested, however, the pupils will dilate.
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Gestures can also be categorized as either speech independent or speech related. Speech-independent gestures are dependent upon culturally accepted interpretation and have a direct verbal
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responses. Subjects in the latter category delayed their response and could offer reasons for their choice. The level of accuracy between the two groups did not vary nor did handedness.
918:. It could be comical or derogatory. The only way to know is if one analyzes the other behaviors surrounding it and depending on who the speaker is and who the speaker is addressing.
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Giannini AJ, Barringer ME, Giannini MC, Loiselle RH (1984). "Lack of relationship between handedness and intuitive and intellectual (rationalistic) modes of information processing".
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During communication, nonverbal messages can interact with verbal messages in six ways: repeating, conflicting, complementing, substituting, regulating and accenting/moderating.
320:, for example, studied the relationship between eye contact and conversational distance. Ralph V. Exline examined patterns of looking while speaking and looking while listening.
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studied the nonverbal cues of liking and immediacy. By the 1970s, a number of scholarly volumes in psychology summarized the growing body of research, such as Shirley Weitz's
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thinking about something. These are not specific words, but noises that further convey a personβs message. These sounds are often accompanied by another nonverbal cue.
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discovered that expectations made by teachers and researchers can influence their outcomes, and that subtle, nonverbal cues may play an important role in this process.
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Paradise R, MejΓa-Arauz R, Silva KG, Dexter AL, Rogoff B (2014). "One, two, three, eyes on me! Adults attempting control versus guiding in support of initiative".
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The middle ground between adapters and symbolic gestures is occupied by conversational gestures. These gestures do not refer to actions or words but do accompany
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expressions)." This specific emphasis known as 'marking' can be spotted as a learned form of non-verbal communication in toddlers. A groundbreaking study from
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Giannini AJ, Folts DJ, Melemis SM, Giannini MC, Loiselle RH (October 1995). "Depressed men's lower ability to interpret nonverbal cues: a preliminary study".
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McCornack S (2019). Choices & Connections: an Introduction to Communication (2nd ed.). Boston: Bedford Books St Martin's. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-319-04352-0.
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This gesture is accepted by Dutch people as meaning "brilliant", but varies greatly in other cultures around the world, and is ubiquitous in emoji culture.
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have options to change text font colours, stationery, add emoticons, capitalization, and pictures in order to capture non-verbal cues into a verbal medium.
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Argyle M, Salter V, Nicholson H, Williams M, Burgess P (1970). "The communication of inferior and superior attitudes by verbal and non-verbal signals".
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is one of the most common forms of non-verbal communication. The study of clothing and other objects as a means of non-verbal communication is known as
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Craighead WE, Nemeroff CB (2004). "Nonverbal Communication". The Concise Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science. ISBN 9780471604150.
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levels. Gaze comprises the actions of looking while talking and listening. The length of a gaze, the frequency of glances, patterns of fixation, pupil
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researchers were exploring behaviorism, the study of nonverbal communication as recorded on film began in 1955β56 at the Center for Advanced Study in
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Wong S, Bond M, Rodriguez Mosquera PM (2008). "The Influence of Cultural Value Orientations on Self-Reported Emotional Expression across Cultures".
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Grammer K, Renninger L, Fischer B (February 2004). "Disco clothing, female sexual motivation, and relationship status: is she dressed to impress?".
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Giannini AJ, Daood J, Giannini MC, Boniface R, Rhodes PG (1977). "Intellect vs IntuitionβA dichotomy in the reception of nonverbal communication".
596:. Conversational gestures are hand movements that accompany speech and are related to the speech they accompany. Though they do accompany speech,
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Burgoon JK, Blair JP, Strom RE (2008). "Cognitive biases and nonverbal cue availability in detecting deception. Human communication research".
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is the study of touching as nonverbal communication, and haptic communication refers to how people and other animals communicate via touching.
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conditions where communication takes place, physical characteristics of the communicators, and behaviors of communicators during interaction.
282:(these last two withdrew by the end of 1955, and did not participate in the major group project). In their place, two other anthropologists,
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Boone RT, Cunningham JG (September 1998). "Children's decoding of emotion in expressive body movement: the development of cue attunement".
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Mann S, Vrij A, Leal S, Granhag P, Warmelink L, Forester D (5 May 2012). "Windows to the Soul? Deliberate Eye Contact as a Cue to Deceit".
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Remland MS, Jones TS, Brinkman H (June 1995). "Interpersonal distance, body orientation, and touch: effects of culture, gender, and age".
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to convey messages; when nonverbal behavior does not effectively communicate a message, verbal methods are used to enhance understanding.
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plays an important role in nonverbal communication, and it is one aspect that helps to influence how we interact with each other. In many
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Hsee CK, Hatfield E, Chemtob C (1992). "Assessments of the emotional states of others: Conscious judgments versus emotional contagion".
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around them, meaning the other person uses all five senses in the interaction: 83% sight, 11% hearing, 3% smell, 2% touch and 1% taste.
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has a significant effect on how interested they will be when conversing with people of a different sex. This process is possible with
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Giannini AJ, Tamulonis D, Giannini MC, Loiselle RH, Spirtos G (March 1984). "Defective response to social cues in MΓΆbius' syndrome".
270:. The initial participants included two psychiatrists, Frieda Fromm-Reichman and Henry Brosin, two linguists, Norman A. McQuown and
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Liebal K, Carpenter M, Tomasello M (September 2011). "Young children's understanding of markedness in non-verbal communication".
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associated with weakness. Due to their universality, the ability to comprehend these cues is not limited to individual cultures.
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Giannini AJ, Fellows KW (April 1986). "Enhanced interpretation of nonverbal facial cues in male rapistsβa preliminary study".
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their power, wealth, sex appeal, or creativity. A study of the clothing worn by women attending discothèques, carried out in
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were correlated with aspects of their clothing, especially the amount of skin displayed and the presence of sheer clothing.
424:; a person who displays a forward lean or decreases a backward lean also signifies positive sentiment during communication.
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Giannini AJ, DiRusso L, Folts DJ, Cerimele G (1990). "Nonverbal communication in moderately obese females. A pilot study".
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Giannini AJ, Bowman RK, Giannini JD (August 1999). "Perception of nonverbal facial cues in chronic phencyclidine abusers".
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speech, speech-independent gestures do not rely on speech for their meaning. Usually they transpire into a single gesture.
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Giannini AJ, Folts DJ, Fielder RC (September 1990). "Enhanced encoding of nonverbal cues in bipolar illness in males".
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Herring RD (1985). A Cross-Cultural Review of Nonverbal Communication with an Emphasis on the Native American (Report).
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4131:"Sociocultural Conventions in Avatar-Mediated Nonverbal Communication: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Virtual Proxemics"
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Giannini AJ, Giannini JD, Bowman RK (June 2000). "Measurement of nonverbal receptive abilities in medical students".
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2963:"When the sense of smell meets emotion: anxiety-state-dependent olfactory processing and neural circuitry adaptation"
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de Leon L (2000). "The Emergent Participant: Interactive Patterns in the Socialization of Tzotzil (Mayan) Infants".
2915:. Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.
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Skinner trained pigeons to engage in various behaviors to demonstrate how animals engage in behaviors with rewards.
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Giannini AJ (December 1995). "Suggestions for studies of substance abusers' responses to nonverbal facial cues".
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Miller RE, Giannini AJ, Levine JM (1977). "Nonverbal communication in men with a cooperative conditioning task".
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The acceptable physical distance is another major difference in the nonverbal communication between cultures. In
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468:. It showed that in certain groups of women (especially women who were without their partners), motivation for
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3107:, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States: SAGE Publications, Inc., pp. 93β108,
666:. Encoding is defined as our ability to express emotions in a way that the receiver(s). Decoding is called "
294:, known more generally as a human communication theorist, both joined the team in 1956. Albert Scheflen and
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Mehrabian A, Ferris SR (June 1967). "Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels".
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has concluded that the act of marking a gesture is recognized by three-year-olds but not by two-year-olds.
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Correa-ChΓ‘vez M, Roberts A (2012). "A cultural analysis is necessary in understanding intersubjectivity".
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455:, level of confidence, interests, age, authority, and values/beliefs. For instance, Jewish men may wear a
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According to Judee K. Burgoon et al., further reasons for the importance of non-verbal communication are:
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Giannini AJ, Price WA, Kniepple JL (1986). "Decreased interpretation of nonverbal cues in rape victims".
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Speech-independent gestures are nonverbal cues that communicate a word or an expression, most commonly a
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may be made with the hands, arms or body, and also include movements of the head, face and eyes, such as
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821:. An entire industry has been developed to provide people with personal smell-masking products, such as
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Scientific research on nonverbal communication and behavior was started in 1872 with the publication of
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on nonverbal communication rocketed during the mid-1960s by a number of psychologists and researchers.
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3409:
3291:
3105:The Handbook of Communication Science
3094:
3092:
2925:
2833:
2558:
1855:
1853:
1095:is an example of communicative touch.
6736:Computer processing of body language
6514:
5474:KΓΆrpersprache β Eine neue Sicht
5471:
5418:The Definitive Book of Body Language
5316:. California: Sage Publications Inc.
5312:Gudykunst WB, Ting-Toomey S (1988).
5114:
5059:. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot Press.
4337:
4095:
3842:
3553:
3474:Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
2895:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
2890:
2677:
2319:
2294:
2098:Princeton University Library Catalog
2048:Kendon A, Harris RM, Key MR (1975).
1880:Krauss RM, Chen Y, Chawla P (2000).
1756:from the original on 4 February 2021
1710:The Definitive Book of Body Language
938:
6751:List of facial expression databases
6741:Emotion recognition in conversation
5274:. New York, NY: St. Martins Press.
4406:. New York: Newbery Award Records.
3925:
3916:
3802:10.1146/annurev.an.15.100186.001115
3024:(4th ed.). Los Angeles: Sage.
2744:Weiten W, Dunn D, Hammer E (2009).
2607:
2020:The Natural History of an Interview
1859:
1835:
1805:10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103145
1780:
1515:10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103145
1270:
1165:In relation to verbal communication
385:
94:meaning than verbal communication.
24:
5411:. Kansas State: Thomson Wadsworth.
5292:The nonverbal communication reader
5187:. New York, NY: Crown Publishers.
3763:Journal of Linguistic Anthropology
3306:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1979.tb02482.x
3089:
2144:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1970.tb00668.x
1850:
1490:
1083:Haptics: touching in communication
857:
89:. Darwin began to study nonverbal
25:
6945:
6635:Childhood disintegrative disorder
5482:
2746:Psychology Applied to Modern Life
2521:"What Your Clothes Say About You"
2426:"What your clothes say about you"
2052:. The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton.
1742:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
1563:
838:While it may seem contradictory,
587:
302:, and later, mostly by Scheflen,
6101:
6100:
5755:
5263:Successful Meetings (October) 51
4945:
4902:
4859:
4824:
4781:
4738:
4724:10.1097/00005053-198403000-00008
4703:
4668:
4633:
4606:
4579:
4552:
4517:
4474:
4447:
4248:Journal of Consulting Psychology
4016:The Journal of Social Psychology
2786:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2008.00333.x
1231:Linguistic versus non-linguistic
1199:
719:This section is an excerpt from
362:How to Read a Person Like a Book
274:, and also two anthropologists,
136:two-thirds of all communications
5620:Computer-mediated communication
5137:, Guerrero LK, Floyd K (2011).
5004:(2nd ed.). Waveland Press.
4992:
4420:
4357:
4331:
4304:
4274:
4239:
4204:
4169:
4122:
4042:
4007:
3985:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.10.004
3964:
3928:BUSINESS: The Ultimate Resource
3891:
3808:
3781:
3754:
3719:
3684:
3601:
3562:
3547:
3514:
3436:
3149:
2954:
2919:
2899:
2884:
2849:
2827:
2765:
2752:
2737:
2686:
2552:
2539:
2388:
2366:International Journal of Design
2353:
2328:
2313:
2288:
2261:
2160:
2150:
2086:
2056:
2041:
2026:
2011:
1996:
1862:BUSINESS: The Ultimate Resource
1729:
1720:
1208:
995:Warm Springs Indian Reservation
268:Natural History of an Interview
162:they are focused on the entire
6159:
5244:Communication Miracles at Work
4689:10.1080/00223980.1990.10543248
4468:10.1080/00223980.1985.10542915
3670:10.1525/aeq.1994.25.2.05x0907w
3587:10.1525/aeq.1994.25.2.05x0907w
3443:Levine DR, Adelman MB (1993).
3414:. Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
2979:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1835-13.2013
2940:10.1080/21674086.1932.11925133
2870:10.1080/00332747.1969.11023575
1657:
1632:
1578:
1554:
1545:
1367:Doctrine of mental reservation
1222:Structure versus non-structure
1190:
1182:
1131:Journal of Nonverbal Behavior,
619:
13:
1:
5420:. New York, NY: Bantam Books.
5223:Floyd K, Guerrero LK (2006).
5143:. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
4654:10.1080/00223980.1988.9915533
4615:Annals of Clinical Psychiatry
4600:10.1080/00221309.1984.9921094
4588:Journal of General Psychology
4573:10.1080/00221309.1978.9920890
4561:Journal of General Psychology
4441:10.1080/00224545.1977.9713300
4115:10.1525/aa.1963.65.5.02a00020
4028:10.1080/00224545.1995.9713958
3946:Journal of Services Marketing
3790:Annual Review of Anthropology
3521:Matsumoto D, Juang L (2008).
2909:The bodily movements of liars
2801:Journal of Nonverbal Behavior
2635:10.1080/08856257.2019.1581399
2268:Eaves M, Leathers DG (2017).
2187:10.1080/10919392.2020.1713686
1901:10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60241-5
1483:
1275:
1043:
875:
392:First impression (psychology)
118:
5742:Text and conversation theory
5501:Center for Nonverbal Studies
5429:. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
5334:Hargie O, Dickson D (2004).
4429:Journal of Social Psychology
4147:10.1080/17475759.2012.728764
3355:Point Park University Online
2928:The Psychoanalytic Quarterly
2774:Human Communication Research
1664:Demarais A, White V (2004).
1417:Neuro-linguistic programming
1397:Metacommunicative competence
1240:Continuous and discontinuous
1137:
7:
6652:Nonverbal learning disorder
6230:Speech-independent gestures
6203:Facial Action Coding System
5327:University of Chicago Press
5208:. New York, NY: Owl Books.
5183:You Say More Than You Think
4966:10.2466/pms.2000.90.3c.1145
4954:Perceptual and Motor Skills
4923:10.2190/V9VP-EEGE-XDKM-JKJ4
4868:Archives of Sexual Behavior
4845:10.1037/0012-1649.34.5.1007
4747:Perceptual and Motor Skills
4526:Perceptual and Motor Skills
4483:Perceptual and Motor Skills
3900:Interpersonal Communication
3209:Annual Review of Psychology
2967:The Journal of Neuroscience
2498:. 12 March 1981. p. 38
1939:Hecht MA, Ambady N (1999).
1793:Annual Review of Psychology
1503:Annual Review of Psychology
1334:
1066:
1022:
1010:completion of an activity.
901:Speech-independent gestures
862:
833:
803:National Science Foundation
607:
573:
560:
487:
431:
380:interpersonal relationships
10:
6950:
6392:Interpersonal relationship
6193:Body-to-body communication
5353:Knapp ML, Hall JA (2007).
5119:. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
4325:10.1521/jscp.1992.11.2.119
3877:The Business Communication
2372:(2): 31β40. Archived from
2299:. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
1842:Pochhacker, Franz (2015).
1673:. New York: Bantam Books.
1605:Hogan K, Stubbs R (2003).
1570:Pochhacker, Franz (2015).
1062:Movement and body position
796:food and to locate potent
731:Sharing the sense of smell
718:
623:
408:
404:
389:
344:and Marianne LaFrance and
6883:
6857:
6797:
6790:
6764:
6728:
6692:
6665:
6602:
6598:
6587:
6520:
6509:
6465:
6442:
6405:
6357:
6292:
6171:
6167:
6154:
6096:
5885:
5764:
5753:
5593:
5575:
5416:Pease B, Pease A (2004).
4802:10.1017/S0305000910000383
4790:Journal of Child Language
4759:10.2466/pms.1995.81.3.881
4677:The Journal of Psychology
4627:10.3109/10401239009149557
4538:10.2466/pms.1995.81.2.555
4365:"Nonverbal Communication"
3958:10.1108/08876040010341008
3775:10.1525/jlin.1998.8.2.131
3262:US-China Foreign Language
3174:10.1080/03637757109375715
3064:10.3389/fnins.2021.764520
3051:Frontiers in Neuroscience
2813:10.1007/s10919-012-0132-y
2748:. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
2682:. New York: Anchor Books.
2591:What Every Body is Saying
2565:. New York: Times Books.
2459:10.1080/00224490409552214
1970:10.1080/15456879909367364
1789:"Nonverbal Communication"
1716:. New York: Bantam Books.
1707:Pease B, Pease A (2004).
1499:"Nonverbal Communication"
1467:Unconscious communication
1304:Journal of Child Language
352:. Popular books included
6807:Behavioral communication
5700:Nonviolent communication
5630:History of communication
5494:Online Nonverbal Library
5453:Simpson-Giles C (2001).
5388:(inactive 26 June 2024).
5386:10.2466/PR0.71.6.587-593
4833:Developmental Psychology
4495:10.2466/pms.1999.89.1.72
4282:"So You're an American?"
3622:10.1177/1354067X11427471
3610:Culture & Psychology
3569:Paradise R (June 1994).
3486:10.1177/0022022107313866
3141:: CS1 maint: location (
3113:10.4135/9781412982818.n6
2078:Birdwhistell RL (1970).
2005:Introduction to Kinesics
2003:Birdwhistell RL (1952).
1382:Intercultural competence
1357:Behavioral communication
999:Native American religion
713:
142:. Body signals comprise
18:Non-verbal communication
6934:Nonverbal communication
6247:Interpersonal synchrony
6148:Nonverbal communication
5695:Nonverbal communication
5685:Models of communication
5407:Ottenheimer HJ (2007).
5140:Nonverbal communication
4403:Nonverbal communication
4102:American Anthropologist
3319:Morain GG (June 1978).
3294:Modern Language Journal
2447:Journal of Sex Research
2221:Nonverbal Communication
1641:Nonverbal communication
1437:Regulatory focus theory
1362:Chinese number gestures
1006:and shared references.
758:through their sense of
342:Nonverbal Communication
45:Nonverbal communication
6844:Monastic sign lexicons
6535:Emotional intelligence
3926:Law, Jonathan (2011).
3525:Culture and psychology
1860:Law, Jonathan (2011).
1777:(Burgoon et al., p. 4)
1096:
1004:observational learning
885:
748:Olfactic communication
744:
732:
721:Olfactic communication
651:
497:
240:The Expression of the
231:
195:Practical applications
131:
41:
6834:Impression management
5847:Mediated cross-border
5569:Communication studies
5374:Psychological Reports
5089:How to be a Gentleman
4960:(3 Pt 2): 1145β1150.
4642:Journal of Psychology
4456:Journal of Psychology
4067:10.1300/j073v18n03_05
2324:. New York: MJF Book.
2256:Knapp & Hall 2007
1988:Sanderson CA (2010).
1249:Learned versus innate
1090:
883:
738:
730:
668:nonverbal sensitivity
633:
495:
472:and levels of sexual
374:was founded in 1976.
224:Charles Darwin wrote
223:
126:
35:
6849:Verbal communication
6802:Animal communication
6720:Targeted advertising
6237:Haptic communication
5782:Communication theory
5777:Communication design
5073:on 24 September 2015
5034:Bodily Communication
5015:. Alpha Publishing.
3015:"The Nonverbal Code"
2219:Mehrabian A (1972).
2033:Scheflen AE (1973).
1342:Animal communication
1216:verbal communication
1053:Essential components
897:" in some cultures.
870:high and low-context
819:menstrual secretions
411:Posture (psychology)
6858:Non-verbal language
6746:Gesture recognition
6593:Further information
6483:Emotion recognition
6434:Silent service code
5534:by Mehrabian Albert
5519:23 May 2010 at the
5425:Remland MS (2009).
5338:. Hove: Routledge.
5158:Campbell S (2005).
5117:Posture and Gesture
5009:Andersen P (2004).
5000:Andersen P (2007).
4753:(3 Pt 1): 881β882.
4400:Malandro L (1989).
4292:on 10 December 2018
3652:Paradise R (1994).
3013:Neuliep JW (2009).
2973:(39): 15324β15332.
2762:, pp. 153β155)
2680:The Silent Language
2297:Posture and gesture
1447:Silent service code
1422:Nonverbal influence
1293:Child comprehension
1148:The Silent Language
983:Alaskan Athabaskans
922:Displays of emotion
772:is one of the most
326:Scientific American
264:Behavioral Sciences
216:History of research
112:Indigenous American
6884:Art and literature
6839:Meta-communication
6827:Passive-aggressive
6756:Sentiment analysis
6457:Non-verbal leakage
5812:Discourse analysis
5737:Telecommunications
5680:Meta-communication
5504:by David B. Givens
5242:Gilbert M (2002).
5161:Saying What's Real
5086:Bridges J (1998).
5053:Brehove A (2011).
4880:10.1007/BF01542222
4190:10.1111/famp.12196
3819:. Waveland Press.
3815:Philips S (1992).
2589:Navarro J (2008).
2424:Learnvest (2012).
2335:Zastrow C (2009).
2018:McQuown N (1971).
1452:Statement analysis
1097:
886:
817:levels and strong
756:social interaction
745:
733:
652:
544:Facial expressions
513:rolling one's eyes
498:
280:David M. Schneider
244:in Man and Animals
232:
132:
42:
6921:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6909:
6908:
6615:Asperger syndrome
6583:
6582:
6565:Social competence
6505:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6307:Emotional prosody
6213:Subtle expression
6198:Facial expression
6114:
6113:
5445:978-0-8058-2179-6
5364:978-0-15-506372-3
5321:Hanna JL (1987).
5270:Givens D (2005).
5205:Emotions Revealed
5179:Driver J (2010).
5126:978-0-08-031332-0
5045:978-0-416-38140-5
5030:Argyle M (1988).
4413:978-0-394-36526-8
3909:978-0-07-131513-5
3740:10.1159/000356769
3728:Human Development
3705:10.1159/000356768
3693:Human Development
3451:. Prentice Hall.
3421:978-1-133-31159-1
3410:Knapp ML (2014).
3386:on 13 March 2016.
3162:Speech Monographs
3122:978-1-4129-1813-8
3031:978-1-4129-6770-9
2644:20.500.12153/3179
2306:978-0-08-031332-0
2063:Kendon A (1977).
1990:Social Psychology
1749:978-1-5275-1696-0
1667:First Impressions
1462:Twilight language
939:Nonverbal actions
144:physical features
16:(Redirected from
6941:
6795:
6794:
6772:Ray Birdwhistell
6600:
6599:
6589:
6588:
6515:Broader concepts
6511:
6510:
6488:First impression
6169:
6168:
6156:
6155:
6141:
6134:
6127:
6118:
6117:
6104:
6103:
5759:
5710:Public relations
5605:Biocommunication
5562:
5555:
5548:
5539:
5538:
5477:
5468:
5455:How to Be a Lady
5449:
5430:
5421:
5412:
5403:
5397:
5389:
5368:
5349:
5330:
5317:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5285:
5266:
5257:
5238:
5219:
5202:Ekman P (2003).
5198:
5186:
5175:
5154:
5130:
5115:Bull PE (1987).
5111:
5109:
5107:
5101:
5094:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5069:. Archived from
5049:
5037:
5026:
5005:
4986:
4985:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4839:(5): 1007β1016.
4828:
4822:
4821:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4583:
4577:
4576:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4397:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4288:. Archived from
4278:
4272:
4271:
4260:10.1037/h0024648
4243:
4237:
4236:
4225:10.1037/h0024532
4208:
4202:
4201:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4096:Hall ET (1963).
4093:
4087:
4086:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4011:
4005:
4004:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3941:
3932:
3931:
3923:
3914:
3913:
3898:Floyd K (2011).
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3879:. 3 October 2013
3869:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3849:Psychology Today
3840:
3831:
3830:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3734:(2β3): 131β149.
3723:
3717:
3716:
3699:(2β3): 116β130.
3688:
3682:
3681:
3649:
3634:
3633:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3528:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3498:
3497:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3450:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3407:
3388:
3387:
3376:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3347:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3325:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3289:
3270:
3269:
3257:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3237:
3231:. Archived from
3206:
3197:
3186:
3185:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3140:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3096:
3087:
3086:
3076:
3066:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3019:
3010:
3001:
3000:
2990:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2769:
2763:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2707:10.2307/30147101
2690:
2684:
2683:
2678:Hall ET (1959).
2675:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2646:
2614:
2605:
2604:
2586:
2577:
2576:
2559:Ekman P (2003).
2556:
2550:
2547:Ottenheimer 2007
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2496:Sarasota Journal
2488:
2479:
2478:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2295:Bull PE (1987).
2292:
2286:
2285:
2265:
2259:
2252:
2235:
2234:
2216:
2207:
2206:
2172:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2127:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2104:on 5 August 2020
2100:. Archived from
2090:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1985:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1945:
1936:
1915:
1914:
1886:
1877:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1704:
1685:
1684:
1672:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1602:
1585:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1494:
1477:Nonverbal autism
1392:Albert Mehrabian
1271:Clinical studies
774:phylogenetically
741:rubbing her head
648:physical contact
522:List of gestures
386:First impression
338:Albert Mehrabian
334:Robert Rosenthal
318:Janet Dean Fodor
304:context analysis
284:Ray Birdwhistell
202:microexpressions
146:, conscious and
137:
21:
6949:
6948:
6944:
6943:
6942:
6940:
6939:
6938:
6924:
6923:
6922:
6905:
6896:Mimoplastic art
6879:
6870:Tactile signing
6853:
6786:
6760:
6724:
6688:
6661:
6594:
6579:
6555:Social behavior
6516:
6497:
6461:
6452:Microexpression
6438:
6422:One-bit message
6401:
6353:
6288:
6208:Microexpression
6163:
6150:
6145:
6115:
6110:
6092:
5881:
5760:
5751:
5598:
5596:
5589:
5571:
5566:
5521:Wayback Machine
5485:
5480:
5472:Zysk W (2004).
5465:
5446:
5391:
5390:
5365:
5346:
5302:
5300:
5282:
5254:
5235:
5216:
5195:
5172:
5151:
5127:
5105:
5103:
5102:on 16 June 2015
5099:
5092:
5076:
5074:
5067:
5046:
5023:
4995:
4990:
4989:
4950:
4946:
4907:
4903:
4864:
4860:
4829:
4825:
4786:
4782:
4743:
4739:
4708:
4704:
4673:
4669:
4638:
4634:
4611:
4607:
4584:
4580:
4557:
4553:
4522:
4518:
4479:
4475:
4452:
4448:
4425:
4421:
4414:
4398:
4383:
4373:
4371:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4348:
4346:
4336:
4332:
4309:
4305:
4295:
4293:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4244:
4240:
4209:
4205:
4174:
4170:
4127:
4123:
4094:
4090:
4047:
4043:
4012:
4008:
3969:
3965:
3942:
3935:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3880:
3871:
3870:
3863:
3853:
3851:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3813:
3809:
3786:
3782:
3759:
3755:
3724:
3720:
3689:
3685:
3650:
3637:
3606:
3602:
3567:
3563:
3554:Stoy A (2010).
3552:
3548:
3541:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3470:
3466:
3459:
3447:Beyond Language
3441:
3437:
3422:
3408:
3391:
3378:
3377:
3370:
3360:
3358:
3357:. 28 March 2017
3349:
3348:
3339:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3313:
3290:
3273:
3258:
3251:
3241:
3239:
3238:on 16 June 2016
3235:
3204:
3198:
3189:
3154:
3150:
3134:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3097:
3090:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3017:
3011:
3004:
2959:
2955:
2924:
2920:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2891:Vrij A (2008).
2889:
2885:
2854:
2850:
2840:
2838:
2832:
2828:
2797:
2793:
2770:
2766:
2757:
2753:
2742:
2738:
2691:
2687:
2676:
2667:
2657:
2655:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2557:
2553:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2528:
2519:
2518:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2443:
2439:
2422:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2402:on 10 June 2016
2394:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2333:
2329:
2320:Fast J (1970).
2318:
2314:
2307:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2266:
2262:
2253:
2238:
2231:
2217:
2210:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2151:
2128:
2117:
2107:
2105:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2076:
2072:
2061:
2057:
2046:
2042:
2031:
2027:
2016:
2012:
2001:
1997:
1986:
1977:
1961:10.1.1.324.3485
1943:
1937:
1918:
1911:
1884:
1878:
1869:
1858:
1851:
1840:
1836:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1750:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1705:
1688:
1681:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1603:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1402:Microexpression
1337:
1324:
1295:
1278:
1273:
1264:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1185:
1167:
1140:
1085:
1069:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1025:
1016:
962:
941:
924:
903:
878:
865:
860:
858:Across cultures
836:
831:
830:
811:olfactory bulbs
724:
716:
628:
622:
610:
590:
576:
563:
490:
466:Vienna, Austria
434:
413:
407:
394:
388:
300:natural history
292:Gregory Bateson
276:Clyde Kluckhohn
272:Charles Hockett
218:
197:
135:
121:
65:social distance
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6947:
6937:
6936:
6919:
6918:
6915:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6907:
6906:
6904:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6887:
6885:
6881:
6880:
6878:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6861:
6859:
6855:
6854:
6852:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6830:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6804:
6798:
6792:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6784:
6779:
6777:Charles Darwin
6774:
6768:
6766:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6732:
6730:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6696:
6694:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6686:
6681:
6671:
6669:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6643:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6606:
6604:
6596:
6595:
6585:
6584:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6521:
6518:
6517:
6507:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6496:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6473:Affect display
6469:
6467:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6459:
6454:
6448:
6446:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6436:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6419:
6409:
6407:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6363:
6361:
6359:Social context
6355:
6354:
6352:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6309:
6304:
6298:
6296:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6270:
6269:
6267:Pupil dilation
6264:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6227:
6217:
6216:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6195:
6190:
6181:
6175:
6173:
6165:
6164:
6152:
6151:
6144:
6143:
6136:
6129:
6121:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6108:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5889:
5887:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5852:Organizational
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5802:Cross-cultural
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5761:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5733:
5732:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5650:Intrapersonal
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5601:
5599:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5582:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5565:
5564:
5557:
5550:
5542:
5536:
5535:
5529:
5528:by Hank Martin
5523:
5511:
5510:by Joe Navarro
5505:
5497:
5491:
5484:
5483:External links
5481:
5479:
5478:
5469:
5463:
5450:
5444:
5431:
5422:
5413:
5404:
5380:(6): 587β593.
5369:
5363:
5350:
5344:
5331:
5318:
5309:
5299:on 5 July 2007
5286:
5280:
5267:
5258:
5252:
5239:
5233:
5220:
5215:978-0805072754
5214:
5199:
5193:
5176:
5171:978-1932073126
5170:
5155:
5149:
5131:
5125:
5112:
5083:
5065:
5050:
5044:
5027:
5022:978-1592572489
5021:
5006:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4944:
4917:(4): 389β393.
4901:
4874:(2): 153β156.
4858:
4823:
4796:(4): 888β903.
4780:
4737:
4718:(3): 174β175.
4702:
4683:(5): 557β562.
4667:
4648:(6): 591β594.
4632:
4621:(2): 111β113.
4605:
4578:
4551:
4532:(2): 555β560.
4516:
4473:
4462:(5): 455β459.
4446:
4435:(1): 101β108.
4419:
4412:
4381:
4356:
4330:
4319:(2): 119β128.
4303:
4273:
4254:(3): 248β252.
4238:
4219:(1): 109β114.
4203:
4178:Family Process
4168:
4141:(3): 238β259.
4121:
4108:(5): 1003β26.
4088:
4041:
4022:(3): 281β297.
4006:
3979:(2): 246β259.
3963:
3952:(5): 378β391.
3933:
3915:
3908:
3890:
3861:
3832:
3825:
3807:
3780:
3769:(2): 131β161.
3753:
3718:
3683:
3664:(2): 156β172.
3635:
3600:
3581:(2): 156β172.
3561:
3546:
3539:
3513:
3499:
3464:
3457:
3435:
3420:
3389:
3368:
3337:
3311:
3300:(8): 416β423.
3271:
3249:
3215:(1): 175β203.
3187:
3168:(3): 235β241.
3148:
3121:
3088:
3037:
3030:
3002:
2953:
2918:
2898:
2883:
2848:
2826:
2807:(3): 205β215.
2791:
2780:(4): 572β599.
2764:
2751:
2736:
2701:(4): 222β225.
2685:
2665:
2629:(2): 156β171.
2606:
2600:978-0061438295
2599:
2578:
2572:978-0805072754
2571:
2551:
2549:, p. 130)
2538:
2527:. 4 March 2012
2509:
2480:
2437:
2413:
2387:
2376:on 5 July 2012
2352:
2346:978-0495506423
2345:
2327:
2312:
2305:
2287:
2281:978-1134881253
2280:
2260:
2236:
2230:978-0202309668
2229:
2208:
2159:
2149:
2138:(3): 222β231.
2115:
2085:
2070:
2055:
2040:
2025:
2010:
1995:
1975:
1916:
1909:
1895:(2): 389β450.
1867:
1849:
1834:
1799:(1): 271β294.
1779:
1767:
1748:
1728:
1719:
1686:
1680:978-0553803204
1679:
1656:
1650:978-0205525003
1649:
1631:
1618:978-1589800755
1617:
1586:
1577:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1509:(1): 271β294.
1488:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1407:Desmond Morris
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1347:Asemic writing
1344:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1323:
1320:
1302:et al. in the
1294:
1291:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1166:
1163:
1155:Edward T. Hall
1139:
1136:
1117:or tickling).
1084:
1081:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1012:
961:
958:
940:
937:
923:
920:
902:
899:
877:
874:
864:
861:
859:
856:
835:
832:
754:and engage in
725:
717:
715:
712:
708:motion capture
697:In concealing
624:Main article:
621:
618:
614:Edward T. Hall
609:
606:
598:conversational
589:
588:Conversational
586:
581:Sign languages
575:
572:
562:
559:
535:. A wave or a
526:shoulder shrug
489:
486:
433:
430:
409:Main article:
406:
403:
390:Main article:
387:
384:
314:Michael Argyle
236:Charles Darwin
217:
214:
196:
193:
192:
191:
188:
185:
152:personal space
120:
117:
87:Charles Darwin
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6946:
6935:
6932:
6931:
6929:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6888:
6886:
6882:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6865:Sign language
6863:
6862:
6860:
6856:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6809:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6799:
6796:
6793:
6789:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6769:
6767:
6763:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6733:
6731:
6727:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6710:Freudian slip
6708:
6706:
6705:Lie detection
6703:
6701:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6691:
6685:
6684:Mirror neuron
6682:
6680:
6676:
6675:Limbic system
6673:
6672:
6670:
6668:
6664:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6641:
6640:Rett syndrome
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6590:
6586:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6570:Social skills
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6545:People skills
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6530:Communication
6528:
6526:
6523:
6522:
6519:
6512:
6508:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6466:Multi-faceted
6464:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6445:
6441:
6435:
6432:
6428:
6425:
6424:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6408:
6404:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6377:Display rules
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6360:
6356:
6348:
6347:Voice quality
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6295:
6291:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6222:
6221:
6218:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6185:
6184:Body language
6182:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6142:
6137:
6135:
6130:
6128:
6123:
6122:
6119:
6107:
6099:
6098:
6095:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5842:Media studies
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5832:International
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5817:Environmental
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5807:Developmental
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5787:Communicology
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5763:
5758:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5675:Media ecology
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5645:Interpersonal
5643:
5641:
5640:Intercultural
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5615:Communication
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5592:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5574:
5570:
5563:
5558:
5556:
5551:
5549:
5544:
5543:
5540:
5533:
5530:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5515:
5512:
5509:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5498:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5475:
5470:
5466:
5464:9781558539396
5460:
5456:
5451:
5447:
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5437:
5432:
5428:
5423:
5419:
5414:
5410:
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5401:
5395:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5370:
5366:
5360:
5356:
5351:
5347:
5345:9780415227193
5341:
5337:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5319:
5315:
5310:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5287:
5283:
5281:9780312315054
5277:
5273:
5268:
5264:
5259:
5255:
5253:9781573248020
5249:
5245:
5240:
5236:
5234:9780805843972
5230:
5226:
5221:
5217:
5211:
5207:
5206:
5200:
5196:
5194:9780307453976
5190:
5185:
5184:
5177:
5173:
5167:
5163:
5162:
5156:
5152:
5150:9780205525003
5146:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5122:
5118:
5113:
5098:
5091:
5090:
5084:
5072:
5068:
5066:9781599219493
5062:
5058:
5057:
5051:
5047:
5041:
5036:
5035:
5028:
5024:
5018:
5014:
5013:
5007:
5003:
4998:
4997:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
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4948:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4905:
4897:
4893:
4889:
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4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4862:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4827:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4784:
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4752:
4748:
4741:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
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4698:
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4682:
4678:
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4655:
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4636:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
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4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4582:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4555:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4520:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4477:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4450:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4423:
4415:
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4405:
4404:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4370:
4369:www.issup.net
4366:
4360:
4345:
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4334:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4307:
4291:
4287:
4286:www.state.gov
4283:
4277:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4242:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4172:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4125:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4092:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4045:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4010:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3940:
3938:
3929:
3922:
3920:
3911:
3905:
3901:
3894:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3866:
3850:
3846:
3839:
3837:
3828:
3826:9780881336948
3822:
3818:
3811:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3757:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3722:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3616:(1): 99β108.
3615:
3611:
3604:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3557:
3550:
3542:
3540:9780495097877
3536:
3532:
3527:
3526:
3517:
3506:
3504:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3460:
3458:9780130948557
3454:
3449:
3448:
3439:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3413:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3373:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3322:
3315:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3254:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3144:
3138:
3124:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3093:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3033:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3007:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2911:
2910:
2902:
2894:
2887:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2864:(1): 88β106.
2863:
2859:
2852:
2837:
2834:Drewnicky A.
2830:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2755:
2747:
2740:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2681:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2611:
2602:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2583:
2574:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2555:
2548:
2542:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2420:
2418:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2348:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2283:
2277:
2274:. Routledge.
2273:
2272:
2264:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2232:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2213:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2163:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2081:
2074:
2066:
2059:
2051:
2044:
2036:
2029:
2021:
2014:
2006:
1999:
1991:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1912:
1910:9780120152285
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1863:
1856:
1854:
1845:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1774:
1772:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1732:
1723:
1712:
1711:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1682:
1676:
1669:
1668:
1660:
1652:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1620:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1581:
1573:
1566:
1557:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1489:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1432:People skills
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1387:Ishin-denshin
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1377:Forgetfulness
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1332:
1328:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1268:
1259:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1217:
1206:
1200:Complementing
1197:
1188:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1153:According to
1151:
1149:
1144:
1135:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1094:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1059:
1050:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1020:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1000:
996:
991:
988:
984:
978:
974:
972:
971:enculturation
966:
957:
954:
950:
949:Latin America
945:
936:
933:
928:
919:
917:
911:
908:
898:
896:
892:
891:V for Victory
882:
873:
871:
855:
852:
848:
844:
841:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
799:
795:
791:
789:
785:
782:
778:
775:
771:
768:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
742:
737:
729:
722:
711:
709:
704:
700:
695:
692:
687:
685:
681:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
649:
645:
641:
637:
632:
627:
617:
615:
612:According to
605:
601:
599:
595:
585:
582:
571:
569:
558:
555:
551:
549:
545:
541:
538:
534:
529:
527:
523:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
494:
485:
481:
477:
475:
471:
467:
461:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
429:
425:
423:
417:
412:
402:
398:
393:
383:
381:
375:
373:
372:
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:Body Language
351:
350:Moving Bodies
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:Robert Sommer
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
252:
249:
245:
243:
237:
229:
228:
222:
213:
209:
205:
203:
189:
186:
183:
179:
178:
177:
174:
172:
167:
165:
160:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
130:
125:
116:
113:
109:
103:
101:
100:environmental
95:
92:
91:communication
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
57:body language
54:
50:
46:
39:
34:
30:
19:
6700:Cold reading
6693:Applications
6667:Neuroanatomy
6312:Paralanguage
6147:
5694:
5625:Conversation
5610:Broadcasting
5500:
5473:
5454:
5435:
5426:
5417:
5408:
5394:cite journal
5377:
5373:
5354:
5335:
5322:
5313:
5303:19 September
5301:. Retrieved
5297:the original
5291:
5272:Love Signals
5271:
5262:
5243:
5224:
5204:
5182:
5160:
5139:
5116:
5104:. Retrieved
5097:the original
5088:
5075:. Retrieved
5071:the original
5055:
5033:
5011:
5001:
4993:Bibliography
4957:
4953:
4947:
4914:
4910:
4904:
4871:
4867:
4861:
4836:
4832:
4826:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4750:
4746:
4740:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4680:
4676:
4670:
4645:
4641:
4635:
4618:
4614:
4608:
4594:(1): 31β37.
4591:
4587:
4581:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4529:
4525:
4519:
4489:(1): 72β78.
4486:
4482:
4476:
4459:
4455:
4449:
4432:
4428:
4422:
4402:
4372:. Retrieved
4368:
4359:
4347:. Retrieved
4343:
4338:Beheshti N.
4333:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4294:. Retrieved
4290:the original
4285:
4276:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4181:
4177:
4171:
4138:
4134:
4124:
4105:
4101:
4091:
4061:(3): 49β61.
4058:
4054:
4044:
4019:
4015:
4009:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3949:
3945:
3927:
3899:
3893:
3881:. Retrieved
3876:
3852:. Retrieved
3848:
3843:Pogosyan M.
3816:
3810:
3793:
3789:
3783:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3661:
3657:
3613:
3609:
3603:
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3574:
3564:
3549:
3524:
3516:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3446:
3438:
3411:
3384:the original
3359:. Retrieved
3354:
3328:. Retrieved
3314:
3297:
3293:
3265:
3261:
3240:. Retrieved
3233:the original
3212:
3208:
3165:
3161:
3151:
3126:, retrieved
3104:
3054:
3050:
3040:
3021:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2908:
2901:
2892:
2886:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2839:. Retrieved
2829:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2754:
2745:
2739:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2679:
2656:. Retrieved
2626:
2622:
2590:
2561:
2554:
2541:
2529:. Retrieved
2524:
2500:. Retrieved
2495:
2453:(1): 66β74.
2450:
2446:
2440:
2429:
2404:. Retrieved
2400:the original
2390:
2378:. Retrieved
2374:the original
2369:
2365:
2355:
2336:
2330:
2321:
2315:
2296:
2290:
2270:
2263:
2220:
2181:(1): 51β66.
2178:
2174:
2162:
2152:
2135:
2131:
2106:. Retrieved
2102:the original
2097:
2088:
2079:
2073:
2064:
2058:
2049:
2043:
2034:
2028:
2019:
2013:
2004:
1998:
1989:
1951:
1947:
1892:
1888:
1861:
1843:
1837:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1758:. Retrieved
1738:
1731:
1722:
1709:
1666:
1659:
1640:
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1607:
1580:
1571:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1329:
1325:
1316:
1312:
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1303:
1296:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1265:
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1252:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1212:
1209:Substituting
1203:
1194:
1186:
1172:
1168:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1141:
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1127:
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1026:
1017:
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