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frequency and severity. Common couple violence, on the other hand, is often a result of minor conflict, is less frequent and severe, and does not escalate over time. These definitions encompass the types of violence within a situation regarding a couple, both intimate terrorism and common couple violence. On a broader spectrum there is also domestic violence that regards all types of violence including emotional, physical, or sexual. But, instead of only in a couple situation, domestic violence is not limited to just that, it also defines situations with any family member or people who live together. This includes roommates as well and also includes different types of abuse such as child, elder, or marital abuse.
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their forehead together and rub their noses with each other. These greetings are seen as a social norm due to their geographic location, depending on the location these types of greeting and departure touches will not be seen as socially acceptable. There is also differences within geographic locations as well, it then comes down to the formality of a setting. In
America, it is common for people to greet friends with a hug, but in the setting of a job or an interview, one would normally have the greeting of a handshake instead. Socially dorms dictate much of the ritualistic behavior that is initiated.
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business handshake that usually occurs in job and formal settings. In the end-of-game embodied ritual, this usually has high fives in a post game line. There is also the traditional dap up in certain social settings, a different type of handshake that can also serve as a greeting, departure, or overall a symbol of friendship. The word dap serves as an acronym for dignity and pride and signifies that the two people shake hands are equals in regards to one another. This handshake originated within the
Vietnam War between black G.I.s as a way to combat the segregation faced within the war.
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641:: Like playful affection these touches are used to serve to lighten interaction, however, the play signal indicates aggression. These touches are initiated, rather than mutual. Since the playful aggression usually involves these antagonistic actions that from an outside perspective may be seen as serious, sometimes these playful actions can be categorized as violent. In a formal environment, this type of haptic communication may be frowned upon such as in schools or a work setting and could be prohibited.
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order to know if someone was touching more frequently than normal it would be necessary to first know what is normal in that culture. In high touch countries a kiss on the cheek is considered a polite greeting while in Sweden it may be considered presumptuous. Jandt relates that two men holding hands will in some countries be a sign of friendly affection, whereas in the United States the same tactile code would probably be interpreted as a symbol of homosexual love.
816:, the degree with which emotions are expressed. Cultural display rules also affect the degree to which individuals share their personal space, gaze and physical contact during interactions. In a High contact culture, such as South America, Latin America, Southern Europe, Africa, Russia, the Middle East and others, people tend to share more physical contact. High contact cultures communicate through long gazes, long hugs, and share a decrease in
462:, which may lead to love, is defined as a nonverbal message designed to attract sexual partners. During courtship, we exchange nonverbal communication gestures to tell each other to come nearer and nearer until we touch. Essential signals in the path to intimacy include facial nuzzles, kissing and caressing each other.
114:. A warm, loving touch can lead to positive outcomes while a violent touch can ultimately lead to a negative outcome. The sense of touch allows one to experience different sensations such as pleasure, pain, heat, or cold. One of the most significant aspects of touch is the ability to convey and enhance
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These touches can differ depending on the location the social interaction is taking place. For example, in Japan a common greeting and departure is to bow to someone when greeting them. For the Maori people, a tribe in New
Zealand, people often rub noses to initiate a greeting, where two people press
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is defined as the polite way to manage interaction with strangers by not engaging in any interpersonal communication or needing to respond to a stranger's touch. Goffman uses an elevator study to explain this phenomenon. It is uncommon for people to look at, talk to, or touch the person next to them.
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Walton stated in his book that touching is the ultimate expression of closeness or confidence between two people, but not seen often in business or formal relationships. Touching stresses how special the message is that is being sent by the initiator. "If a word of praise is accompanied by a touch on
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Frequency of touch also varies significantly between different cultures. Harper refers to several studies, one of which examined touching in coffee houses. During a one-hour sitting 180 touchings were observed for Puerto Ricans, 110 for French, none for
English and 2 for Americans. (Harper, 297). In
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Touching in intimate relationships may also be violent at times. McEwan and
Johnson categorize violent touch in relationships into two categories: intimate terrorism and common couple violence. Intimate terrorism is characterized by an escalating need to control or dominate a relationship with high
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The most common use of haptic touch in business is the handshake. A handshake in the business world is key to giving a good first impression. However, there are different forms of the handshake that can be given in an appropriate situation which include: a firm handshake (communicates confidence and
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is more likely to touch a subordinate, but the subordinate is not free to touch in kind. Touch is a powerful nonverbal communication tool and this different standard between a superior and subordinate can lead to confusion whether the touch is motivated by dominance or intimacy according to
Borisoff
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while communicating to subordinates, but need to be cautious and understand how touch can be misunderstood. A hand on the shoulder for one person may mean a supportive gesture, while it could mean a sexual advance to another person. Working with others and using touch to communicate, a manager needs
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Three areas of public touch between couples have been studied: the amount of touch between a couple in the initial stages of a romantic relationship; how much touching goes on between the couple, and the extent of touching with the amount of touch men and women displayed and who initiated the touch
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These touches are perceived as unintentional and have no meaning. They consist mainly of brushes. Research by Martin in a retailing context found that male and female shoppers who were accidentally touched from behind by other shoppers left a store earlier than people who had not been touched and
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Touching among family members has been found to affect the behavior of those involved. Touch is a way that a child can express positive emotion. For example, physical affection, like hugs, can serve as an overt display of love. Various factors are at work within a family setting. As a child grows
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It is more acceptable for women to touch than men in social or friendship settings, possibly because of the inherent dominance of the person touching over the person being touched. Women and girls are more commonly known for interacting with each other through touch than men and boys are. This is
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that shows others that one's partner is "taken". When a couple is holding hands or putting their arms around each other, this is a tie sign showing others that they are together. Tie signs are used more often by couples in the dating and courtship stages than between their married counterparts
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equally or differently between men and women. A nurse was told to touch patients for one minute while the patients looked at a pamphlet during a routine preoperative procedure. Females reacted positively to the touch, whereas males did not. It was surmised that males equated the touch to being
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A handshake is not only limited to a professional setting but as well an important aspect of youth's team sports. Hamilton wrote that the handshake represents the end-of-game as an embodied ritual, form of intimate touch, and legal gesture. These handshakes also vary in types, with the formal
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has been linked to touch deprivation in adults and research has established associations between touch deprivation and eating disorders. Men have been found more likely to experience touch deprivation than women due to stronger social prohibitions against same-sex touching among adult males.
183:, has been the target of much research. Human babies have been observed to have enormous difficulty surviving if they do not possess a sense of touch, even if they retain sight and hearing. Infants who can perceive through touch, even without sight and hearing, tend to fare much better.
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Recently, researchers have shown that touch communicates distinct emotions such as anger, fear, happiness, sympathy, love, and gratitude. Moreover, the accuracy with which subjects were capable of communicating the emotions were commensurate with facial and vocal displays of emotion.
833:, kissing a friend on the cheek is less common than in the Latin Americas. Remland and Jones studied groups of people communicating and found that in England (8%), France (5%) and the Netherlands (4%), touching was rare compared to the Italian (14%) and Greek (12.5%) samples.
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explaining to the predominantly male readership how handshakes differ from person to person and how they send nonverbal messages. He mentioned that holding the grip longer than two seconds will result in a stop in the verbal conversation, thus the nonverbal will override the
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Yarbrough designed a blueprint for how to touch. She designated the different body areas as to whether they are 'touchable' or not. Non-vulnerable body parts (NVBP) are the hand, arm, shoulder and upper back, and vulnerable body parts (VBP) are all other body regions.
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and a wire surrogate mother which held a bottle with food. It turns out that the rhesus monkeys spent most of their time with the terry cloth mother, over the wire surrogate with a bottle of food, which indicates that they preferred touch, warmth, and comfort over
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These touches serve to lighten an interaction. These touches communicate a double message since they always involve a play signal, either verbal or nonverbal, which indicates the behavior is not to be taken seriously. These touches can be further classified as
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These touches serve to direct the behavior, attitude, or feeling state of the recipient. The key feature of these touches is that almost all of the touches are initiated by the person who attempts influence. These touches can be further classified as
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Low contact cultures such as: The United States, Canada, Northern Europe, Australia, New
Zealand and Asia prefer infrequent touching, larger physical distance, indirect body orientations (during interaction) along with little share gazes. In the
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More common than the sequential touches are the individual or single touches. They must be read by using the total context of what was said, the nature of the relationship and what kind of social setting was involved when the person was touched.
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586:: Serve to nurture, reassure, or promise protection. These touches generally occur in situations which either virtually require or make it clearly preferable that one person show concern for another who is experiencing distress.
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Touch research conducted by Jones and
Yarbrough revealed 18 different meanings of touch, grouped in seven types: Positive affect (emotion), playfulness, control, ritual, hybrid (mixed), task-related, and accidental touch.
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Jones explained communication with touch as the most intimate and involving form which helps people to keep good relationships with others. His study with
Yarbrough covered touch sequences and individual touches.
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which provided a level of tactile stimulation and comfort, were considerably more emotionally stable as adults than those with a mere "wire mother". For his experiment, he presented the infants with a clothed
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DePaulo, B. M., & Friedman, H. S. (1998). Nonverbal communication. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology. (4th
Edition, Vol. 2, pp. 3–40). Boston:
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McEwan, B., and Johnson, S.L. Relational Violence: The Darkest Side of Haptic Communication. The Nonverbal Communication Reader. Ed. L.K. Guerrero and M.L. Hall. 3rd ed. Long Grove, IL: Waveland P, 2008.
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Touch sequences fall into two different types, repetitive and strategic. Repetitive is when one person touches and the other person reciprocates. The majority of these touches are considered positive.
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Courtship has five phases which include the attention phase, recognition phase, conversation phase, touching phase, and the love-making phase. Haptics takes place more during the last two phases.
406:. Patterson indicated that men fulfilling this social role would touch more and after initial touch in casual relationships and as the relationship became more intimate during serious dating or
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Hertenstein M. J., Verkamp J., Kerestes A., Holmes R. (2006). "The communicative functions of touch in humans, non-human primates and rats: A review and synthesis of the empirical research".
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strength), a limp handshake (conveys weakness and dishonesty), a clasp (use of both hands displays a high level of respect), and a handshake with grip (displays intimidation and dominance).
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stimulation during foreplay known as the light or protopathic touch. Any feelings of fear or apprehension may be calmed through other touching like kissing, nuzzling, and a gentle massage.
485:: A nonverbal communication haptic code or cue is the intention behind it. Reaching your hand across the table to a somewhat unknown person is used as a way to show readiness to touch.
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Harper, R. G., Wiens, A. N., and Matarazzo J. D. Nonverbal communication: The State of the Art. Wiley Series on Personality Processes (1978). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Guerrero, L.K., DeVito, J.A., & Hecht, M.L. (Eds) (1999). The nonverbal communication reader: Classic and contemporary reading. (2nd ed.). Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.
473:: Is likely to be more "accidental" than premeditated by touching a neutral body part and where the recipient either accepts the touch or rejects it through body movement.
421:, women under stress showed signs of immediate relief by merely holding their husband's hand. This seemed to be effective when the woman was part of a satisfying marriage.
1438:"Children's expressions of positive emotion are sustained by smiling, touching, and playing with parents and siblings: A naturalistic observational study of family life"
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touching is a series of touching usually with an ulterior or hidden motive thus making them seem to be using touch as a game to get someone to do something for them.
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van Swol, Lyn M. (August 2003). "The Effects of Nonverbal Mirroring on Perceived Persuasiveness, Agreement with an Imitator, and Reciprocity in a Group Discussion".
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thought to be because same-sex touch is acceptable for women. Whitcher and Fisher conducted a study to see whether friendly touch in a healthcare setting reduced
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Burgoon, J. K. (1993). Nonverbal signals. In M. L. Knapp, & G. R. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal communication (2nd. ed., pp. 229–285). Sage.
635:: Serve to lighten interaction. The seriousness of the positive message is diminished by the play signal. These touches indicate teasing and are usually mutual.
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Remland, Martin S.; Jones, Tricia S.; Brinkman, Heidi (June 1995). "Interpersonal Distance, Body Orientation, and Touch: Effects of Culture, Gender, and Age".
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These touches communicate positive emotions and occur mostly between persons who have close relationships. These touches can be further classified as support,
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and dimensions that touch can interpret. These dimensions that many have described include intensity, duration, location, frequency, and instrument of touch.
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According to Givens, the process of nonverbal communication or negotiation is to send and receive messages in an attempt to gain someone's approval or love.
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older, the amount of touching by the parent decreases although it does continue to be an important social behavior for that child to communicate positive or
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Heslin, R. (1974, May) Steps toward a taxonomy of touching. Paper presented to the annual meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.
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These touches involve two or more of the meanings described above. These touches can be further classified as greeting/affection and departure/affection.
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Studies have also shown a difference between the sexes on who touches when. In the initial stages of a relationship, men often follow socially prescribed
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DeVito J., Guerrero, L. and Hecht, M.(1999). The nonverbal communication reader: classic and contemporary readings. (2nd ed). Illinois: Waveland Press.
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Similarly to infants, in chimpanzees the sense of touch is highly developed. As newborns they see and hear poorly but cling strongly to their mothers.
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While it may be so crowded that they 'touch' another person, they will often maintain an expressionless demeanor so not to affect those around them.
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Robles-De-La-Torre, Gabriel; Hayward, Vincent (26 July 2001). "Force can overcome object geometry in the perception of shape through active touch".
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Guerrero, L. (2004), Chicago Sun-Times, "Women like man's touch, but there's a catch. They prefer to see it on another man, research shows," 11–12.
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relationships, women would touch more. American culture still dictates that men "make the first move" in the context of dating and relationships.
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Hickson III, M. L. and Stacks, D. W. (2001). Nonverbal Communication: Studies and applications (4th edition). Roxbury Publishing Company.
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Burgoon, J. K. & Buller, D.B and Woodall, W.G. (1996). Nonverbal communications: The unspoken dialogue (Second edition). McGraw-Hill.
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491:: Moving in concert by turning heads to allow for the lips to touch is the final part of the fourth stage of courtship, the kiss.
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Holden, R. (1993). How to utilize the power of laughter, humour and a winning smile at work. Employee Counseling Today, 5, 17–21.
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Givens, David B. (2005). Love Signals: A Practical Field Guide to the Body Language of Courtship, St. Martin's Press, New York.
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Hamilton, Sheryl N. (2017-01-02). "Rituals of intimate legal touch: regulating the end-of-game handshake in pandemic culture".
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Whitcher, Sheryle J.; Fisher, Jeffrey D. (1979). "Multidimensional reaction to therapeutic touch in a hospital setting".
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In a high contact culture, many things are not verbally stated but are expressed through physical touch. For instance,
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The initial connection to another person in a professional setting usually starts off with a touch, specifically a
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These touches are directly associated with the performance of a task. These touches can be further classified as:
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892:"Tactile signing" refers to the mode or medium, i.e. signing (using some form of signed language or code), using
682:: Call attention to and emphasize a feeling state of initiator; implicitly requests affect response from another.
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is accepted as socially correct and polite. However, in the Midwest, this is not always an acceptable behavior.
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670:: Attempts to direct behavior of another person, and often, by implication, to influence attitudes or feelings.
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Touch is the most sophisticated and intimate of the five senses. Touch or haptics, from the ancient Greek word
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Robles-De-La-Torre, G. (July 2006). "The Importance of the Sense of Touch in Virtual and Real Environments".
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Hart, Jennifer L.; Tannock, Michelle T. (September 2013). "Playful Aggression in Early Childhood Settings".
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Hart, Jennifer L.; Tannock, Michelle T. (September 2013). "Playful Aggression in Early Childhood Settings".
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Hertenstein M. J., Keltner D., App B. Bulleit, Jaskolka A. (2006). "Touch communicates distinct emotions".
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303:. A person's handshake can speak volumes about them and their personality. Chiarella wrote an article for
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The intent of a touch is not always exclusive and touching can evolve to each one of Heslin's categories.
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Leathers, D. (1997). Successful nonverbal communication: Principles and applications. Allyn & Bacon.
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Patterson, M. L. (1988). "Functions of nonverbal behavior in close relationships". In Duck, Steve (ed.).
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and observed that monkeys reared with a "terry cloth mother", a wire feeding apparatus wrapped in softer
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touches. They serve no other function than to help make transitions in and out of focused interaction.
479:: The embrace is the most basic way of telling someone that you love them and possibly need them, too.
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Phyllis Davis: The Power of Touch – The Basis for Survival, Health, Intimacy, and Emotional Well-Being
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812:, but among Northern Europeans it is an uncommon form of greeting. Different cultures have different
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Jones, Stanley E.; Yarbrough, A. Elaine (2009). "A naturalistic study of the meanings of touch".
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175:, is vital for survival. Touch is the first sense to develop in the fetus. The development of an
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is touch. The amount of touching increases as a relationship moves from impersonal to personal.
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Carney R., Hall A, LeBeau L. (2005). "Beliefs about the nonverbal expression of social power".
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755:: Point out or inspect a body part or artefact referred to in a verbal comment about appearance
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896:. It does not indicate whether the signer is using a tactile form of a natural language (e.g.
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This article is about the study of touching communication and behaviour. For other uses, see
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evaluated brands more negatively, resulting in the Accidental Interpersonal Touch effect.
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541:: refers to the touch with other body parts like feet, lips, and other objects as well.
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110:. Touch can come in many different forms, some can promote physical and psychological
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Ashley Montagu: Touching: The Human Significance of the Skin, Harper Paperbacks, 1986
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The amount of touching that occurs within a culture is largely based on the relative
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Hamilton, LaMont. “Five on the Black Hand Side: Origins and Evolutions of the DAP.”
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179:'s haptic senses and how it relates to the development of the other senses, such as
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706:: Serve as part of the act of acknowledging another at the opening of an encounter.
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Harper, J. (2006), The Washington Times, "Men hold key to their wives' calm", A10.
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Morris, D. (1977), Manwatching: A field guide to human behavior. New York: Abrams.
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598:: Draw attention to the act of being together and suggest psychological closeness.
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BioRobotics Laboratory. Research on Stable Haptic Interaction and Teleoperation
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610:: Express generalized positive regard beyond mere acknowledgment of the other.
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Touching between married couples may help maintain good health. In a study by
118:. The sense of touch is the fundamental component of haptic communication for
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122:. Touch can be categorized in many terms such as positive, playful, control,
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Ting-Toomey, S. (1999). Communicating Across Cultures. The Guilford Press.
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Hertenstein M.J. (2002). "Touch: Its communicative functions in infancy".
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731:: Express affection and acknowledgement of the initiation of an encounter
676:: Serve to direct the touch recipient's perceptual focus toward something.
575:. Research has shown that hugging can reduce levels of the stress hormone
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1647:"Playful Aggression and the Situational Contexts That Affect Perceptions"
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Playful Aggression and the Situational Contexts That Affect Perceptions
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Hayward V, Astley OR, Cruz-Hernandez M, Grant D, Robles-De-La-Torre G.
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Bosson, Jennifer K.; Vandello, Joseph A.; Buckner, Camille E. (2018).
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Hall, E. T. The Silent Language (1959). New York: Anchor Books, 1990
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The Life of the Skin-Hungry: Can You Go Crazy from a Lack Of Touch?
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Burgoon, Judee K.; Buller, David B.; Woodall, William Gill (1996).
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1101:"Is Touch Beyond Infancy Important for Children's Mental Health?"
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292:. There are many areas in the United States where a touch on the
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Moving from one haptic category to another can become blurred by
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the shoulder, that's the gold star on the ribbon," wrote Walton.
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1323:"Five on the Black Hand Side: Origins and Evolutions of the Dap"
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770:: Accomplish a task in and out of itself i.e., a helping touch.
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761:: Occur as an unnecessary part of the accomplishment of a task
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The primary nonverbal behavior that has the biggest effect on
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107:
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Patra, P.; Prakash, Jyoti; Patra, B; Khanna, Puneet (2018).
1962:
1554:
Patra, P.; Prakash, Jyoti; Patra, B; Khanna, Puneet (2018).
1048:
Burgoon, Judee K.; Guerrero, Laura K.; Floyd, Kory (2010).
940:
151:
592:: Express gratitude for something another person has done.
2366:
2042:
1763:
Choices and Connections, An Introduction to Communication
1605:
Burgoon, Judee K; Guerrero, Laura K; Floyd, Kory (2010).
139:
2897:
Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
2201:
1553:
878:
is a common means of communication used by people with
2189:
Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage
1375:
1327:
Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage
517:: relates to how delicate or how strong the touch is.
1785:
1635:. Published 8 November 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
1604:
1493:
1200:
Conflict management: A communication skills approach
1047:
737:: Express affection and serve to close an encounter
712:: Serve as a part of the act of closing an encounter
1099:Montgomery, Marilyn J.; Whiddon, Melody A. (2011).
134:is one example that some perceived as sexual), and
2087:
1882:Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs
1435:
1225:Are you communicating? You can't manage without it
654:An Afghan police officer pats a child on the head.
529:: refers to the area where the person was touched.
523:: relates to how short or prolonged the touch was.
1949:. Published 7 April 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
1122:The Sense of Touch and How It Affects Development
1098:
604:: Express physical attraction or sexual interest.
3192:
2282:
1756:
1754:
663:, attention-getting, and announcing a response.
259:Managers should know the effectiveness of using
126:, task-related or unintentional. It can be both
535:: represents the number of touches that happen.
2204:"Intimate partner violence: Wounds are deeper"
1556:"Intimate partner violence: Wounds are deeper"
1496:Nonverbal Communication: The Unspoken Dialogue
1400:
1339:
1197:
264:to be aware of each person's touch tolerance.
2399:
2030:. Sensor Review 24(1), pp. 16–29 (2004).
1751:
494:The final phase, love-making, which includes
1997:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1922:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1865:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1403:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1198:Borisoff, Deborah; Victor, David A. (1989).
2413:
2145:
1663:
1072:Field, Tiffany. "The Importance of Touch."
399:according to Burgoon, Buller, and Woodall.
2406:
2392:
2221:10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_74_17
1573:10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_74_17
254:
190:conducted a controversial study involving
2924:Social (pragmatic) communication disorder
2229:
2219:
1834:
1760:
1581:
1571:
1518:
1461:
267:Henley's research found that a person in
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
2792:Basic interpersonal communicative skills
2116:
1320:
1277:
1227:. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Publishing.
649:
216:Heslin outlines five haptic categories:
87:
39:This article includes a list of general
2859:
2177:"5.2: Types of Nonverbal Communication"
1700:"5.2: Types of Nonverbal Communication"
1202:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
836:
808:is a very common method of greeting in
3193:
2174:
1723:
1321:Hamilton, LaMont (22 September 2014).
1247:
1222:
1133:
2858:
2780:
2654:High-context and low-context cultures
2425:
2387:
162:are forms of touch in the context of
3003:Computer processing of body language
2781:
1644:
845:
367:
345:
235:expresses idiosyncratic relationship
25:
3018:List of facial expression databases
3008:Emotion recognition in conversation
501:
13:
2247:
861:
554:
356:treated as inferior or dependent.
45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3222:
2902:Childhood disintegrative disorder
2343:
1085:Pediatrix Medical Group, editor.
443:
106:and interaction via the sense of
1788:The Journal of Social Psychology
1378:The Psychology of Sex and Gender
867:This section is an excerpt from
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283:
30:
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1271:
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1108:American Counseling Association
799:
740:
2426:
1645:Hart, Jennifer (May 1, 2015).
1248:Bailey, Britton (2018-04-01).
1191:
1182:
1127:
1114:
1092:
1079:
1066:
1041:
1017:
823:
686:
241:expresses emotional attachment
150:, pushing, pulling, pinching,
1:
2028:Haptic interfaces and devices
1965:Journal of Nonverbal Behavior
1956:
1800:10.1080/00224545.1995.9713958
1765:. Bedford. pp. 141–150.
1292:10.1080/17458927.2017.1268821
774:
211:
2208:Indian Journal of Psychiatry
1733:Journal of Consumer Research
1724:Martin, Brett A. S. (2012).
1560:Indian Journal of Psychiatry
1089:2015. Accessed 11 Apr. 2017.
1087:"How Babies' Sense Develop."
394:Public touch can serve as a
391:and when they initiated it.
229:expresses ritual interaction
7:
3206:Interpersonal relationships
2919:Nonverbal learning disorder
2497:Speech-independent gestures
2470:Facial Action Coding System
2175:Grothe, Tom (22 May 2020).
908:
545:
424:
385:interpersonal relationships
120:interpersonal relationships
10:
3227:
2659:Interpersonal relationship
2460:Body-to-body communication
1937:What is touch deprivation?
1761:McCornack, Steven (2017).
1609:. Pearson Education, Inc.
1052:. Pearson Education, Inc.
866:
783:
645:
614:
447:
428:
371:
223:expresses task-orientation
18:
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1977:10.1007/s10919-005-2743-z
1845:10.1037/1528-3542.6.3.528
1523:. Wiley. pp. 41–56.
1415:10.1037/0022-3514.37.1.87
1354:10.1080/03637758509376094
720:
691:These touches consist of
3074:Behavioral communication
2350:Touch Research Institute
2131:10.1177/0093650203253318
1442:Developmental Psychology
1342:Communication Monographs
1155:10.1177/0957154X10370909
1010:
92:A boy laughing as he is
3201:Nonverbal communication
2514:Interpersonal synchrony
2415:Nonverbal communication
1894:10.3200/mono.132.1.5-94
1607:Nonverbal Communication
1223:Walton, Donald (1989).
1050:Nonverbal Communication
902:manually coded language
364:later in their future.
255:Functional/professional
247:expresses sexual intent
220:Functional/professional
104:nonverbal communication
60:more precise citations.
16:Communication via touch
3211:Intimate relationships
3111:Monastic sign lexicons
2802:Emotional intelligence
2119:Communication Research
1280:The Senses and Society
1134:Vicedo, Marga (2010),
898:American Sign Language
759:Instrumental ancillary
655:
435:Common couple violence
415:University of Virginia
96:
3101:Impression management
2379:Touch and Emotion Lab
2181:Social Sci LibreTexts
1704:Social Sci LibreTexts
1380:. SAGE Publications.
1143:History of Psychiatry
963:Human sexual activity
886:or another system of
680:Announcing a response
653:
454:Sexual response cycle
91:
3116:Verbal communication
3069:Animal communication
2987:Targeted advertising
2504:Haptic communication
2102:10.1109/MMUL.2006.69
904:, or something else.
888:manual communication
837:Internal differences
310:verbal communication
100:Haptic communication
3125:Non-verbal language
3013:Gesture recognition
2860:Further information
2750:Emotion recognition
2701:Silent service code
2355:Touch and sexuality
2160:10.1017/cha.2013.14
2057:2001Natur.412..445R
1678:10.1017/cha.2013.14
985:Personal boundaries
882:. It is based on a
735:Departure/affection
539:Instrument of touch
468:The touching phase:
3151:Art and literature
3106:Meta-communication
3094:Passive-aggressive
3023:Sentiment analysis
2724:Non-verbal leakage
2372:2012-05-14 at the
2360:2012-04-02 at the
2148:Children Australia
1942:2018-07-15 at the
1666:Children Australia
729:Greeting/affection
656:
639:Playful aggression
506:There are various
483:Intention to touch
97:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3175:
2882:Asperger syndrome
2850:
2849:
2832:Social competence
2772:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2574:Emotional prosody
2480:Subtle expression
2465:Facial expression
2297:10.1159/000048154
2285:Human Development
2051:(6845): 445–448.
1772:978-1-319-04352-0
1530:978-0-471-91491-4
1505:978-0-07-008995-2
1387:978-1-5443-1039-8
925:Physical intimacy
920:Haptic perception
846:Emotion and touch
674:Attention-getting
633:Playful affection
431:Domestic violence
374:Physical intimacy
368:Love and intimacy
362:negative emotions
346:Friendship/warmth
339:Civil inattention
232:Friendship/warmth
158:and hand-to-hand
116:physical intimacy
86:
85:
78:
3218:
3062:
3061:
3039:Ray Birdwhistell
2867:
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2782:Broader concepts
2778:
2777:
2755:First impression
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990:Cultural studies
796:of the culture.
502:Context of touch
305:Esquire magazine
201:surrogate mother
81:
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56:this article by
47:inline citations
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2822:Social behavior
2783:
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2719:Microexpression
2705:
2689:One-bit message
2668:
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2555:
2475:Microexpression
2430:
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2374:Wayback Machine
2362:Wayback Machine
2346:
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2248:Further reading
2090:IEEE MultiMedia
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1498:. McGraw-Hill.
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915:Consoling touch
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876:Tactile signing
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869:Tactile signing
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862:Tactile signing
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571:or intent, and
569:sexual interest
557:
555:Positive affect
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2798:
2797:Communication
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2779:
2775:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:Multi-faceted
2731:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2644:Display rules
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2615:
2614:Voice quality
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2575:
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2570:
2567:
2566:
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2532:
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2527:
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2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
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2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2451:Body language
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2404:
2402:
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2348:
2347:
2338:
2337:1-57230-445-6
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2330:
2328:
2327:0-205-26230-9
2324:
2320:
2318:
2317:1-891487-20-5
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2306:
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2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2278:
2277:1-57766-040-4
2274:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2262:0-07-008995-7
2259:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1925:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1868:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1755:
1746:
1742:
1739:(1): 174–84.
1738:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1618:
1616:9780205525003
1612:
1608:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1540:
1532:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1507:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1448:(1): 88–101.
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1389:
1383:
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1328:
1324:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1260:on 2019-12-03
1259:
1255:
1254:Honors Theses
1251:
1244:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1185:
1172:
1168:
1164:
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1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1117:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1082:
1075:
1069:
1061:
1059:9780205525003
1055:
1051:
1044:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1016:
1006:
1003:
1001:
1000:Bertram Raven
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
979:
976:
974:
971:
970:
969:Other touch:
968:
964:
961:
957:
954:
953:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
931:Holding hands
929:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
912:
903:
899:
895:
891:
889:
885:
884:sign language
881:
880:deafblindness
877:
870:
859:
856:
852:
843:
834:
832:
821:
819:
815:
814:display rules
811:
810:Latin America
807:
806:Cheek kissing
797:
795:
791:
781:
769:
768:
765:Instrumental
763:
760:
757:
754:
753:
750:Reference to
748:
747:
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665:
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634:
631:
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627:
623:
609:
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603:
600:
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594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
581:
580:
578:
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570:
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562:
552:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
512:
511:
509:
499:
497:
492:
490:
486:
484:
480:
478:
474:
472:
466:
463:
461:
455:
451:
441:
436:
432:
422:
420:
417:psychologist
416:
411:
409:
405:
400:
397:
392:
388:
386:
379:Healthy touch
375:
365:
363:
357:
354:
343:
340:
336:
332:
328:
326:
321:
317:
313:
311:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
284:Social/polite
281:
277:
273:
270:
265:
262:
252:
246:
243:
240:
238:Love/intimacy
237:
234:
231:
228:
226:Social/polite
225:
222:
219:
218:
217:
209:
207:
202:
197:
193:
189:
184:
182:
178:
174:
173:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
95:
90:
80:
77:
69:
66:November 2008
59:
55:
49:
48:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
2967:Cold reading
2960:Applications
2934:Neuroanatomy
2579:Paralanguage
2503:
2291:(2): 70–94.
2288:
2284:
2268:McGraw-Hill.
2211:
2207:
2195:
2188:
2180:
2151:
2147:
2122:
2118:
2096:(3): 24–30.
2093:
2089:
2048:
2044:
1993:cite journal
1968:
1964:
1946:
1932:
1918:cite journal
1885:
1881:
1875:
1861:cite journal
1826:
1822:
1816:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1762:
1736:
1732:
1719:
1708:. Retrieved
1706:. 2020-05-22
1703:
1694:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1650:
1640:
1632:
1625:
1606:
1600:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1539:
1520:
1514:
1495:
1489:
1480:
1445:
1441:
1431:
1409:(1): 87–96.
1406:
1402:
1396:
1377:
1371:
1362:
1348:(1): 19–56.
1345:
1341:
1335:
1326:
1316:
1286:(1): 53–68.
1283:
1279:
1273:
1262:. Retrieved
1258:the original
1253:
1243:
1224:
1218:
1199:
1193:
1184:
1174:, retrieved
1146:
1142:
1129:
1121:
1116:
1107:
1094:
1081:
1073:
1068:
1049:
1043:
1032:. Retrieved
1028:
1019:
893:
874:
853:
849:
840:
831:Thai culture
827:
803:
800:High contact
790:high context
787:
778:
764:
758:
749:
744:
741:Task-related
734:
733:
728:
727:
724:
715:
709:
703:
690:
679:
673:
667:
657:
638:
632:
622:affectionate
618:
607:
601:
595:
590:Appreciation
589:
583:
561:appreciation
558:
549:
538:
532:
526:
520:
514:
505:
493:
488:
487:
482:
481:
476:
475:
470:
467:
464:
457:
438:
412:
404:gender roles
401:
393:
389:
382:
358:
349:
337:
333:
329:
322:
318:
314:
298:
287:
278:
274:
272:and Victor.
266:
258:
250:
215:
188:Harry Harlow
185:
170:
168:
99:
98:
72:
63:
44:
2946:Limbic lobe
2711:Unconscious
2694:Missed call
2664:Social norm
2639:Conventions
2529:Eye contact
1888:(1): 5–94.
973:Frotteurism
824:Low contact
794:low context
687:Ritualistic
471:First touch
196:terry cloth
124:ritualistic
58:introducing
3195:Categories
3079:Aggressive
3049:Paul Ekman
3032:Key people
2996:Technology
2982:Poker tell
2827:Social cue
2634:Chronemics
2584:Intonation
2428:Modalities
1971:(2): 118.
1957:References
1710:2023-12-04
1264:2019-12-03
1234:007068054X
1209:0205272940
1176:2019-11-19
1034:2019-11-20
946:Making out
855:Depression
775:Accidental
752:appearance
668:Compliance
661:compliance
626:aggressive
429:See also:
212:Categories
206:sustenance
156:strangling
112:well-being
41:references
3084:Assertive
2892:Fragile X
2877:Aprosodia
2870:Disorders
2817:Semiotics
2745:Deception
2551:Proxemics
2541:Olfaction
2524:Oculesics
2509:Imitation
2168:143474235
2139:220415615
1831:CiteSeerX
1686:143474235
1308:152146274
1300:1745-8927
818:proxemics
767:intrinsic
710:Departure
697:departure
608:Affection
596:Inclusion
573:affection
565:inclusion
533:Frequency
515:Intensity
460:Courtship
325:Strategic
301:handshake
144:handshake
138:(such as
2914:Dyssemia
2760:Intimacy
2680:Emoticon
2589:Loudness
2519:Laughter
2455:Kinesics
2446:Blushing
2439:Physical
2370:Archived
2358:Archived
2305:11106073
2240:30581217
2110:16153497
2073:11473320
1985:17249924
1940:Archived
1902:17345871
1853:16938094
1592:30581217
1472:26524382
1171:38140414
1163:21877372
936:Tickling
909:See also
704:Greeting
693:greeting
577:cortisol
546:Meanings
527:Location
521:Duration
508:contexts
425:Violence
419:Jim Coan
408:marriage
396:tie sign
172:haptikos
160:fighting
148:Striking
136:platonic
3168:Subtext
3089:Passive
3058:Related
2649:Habitus
2594:Prosody
2546:Posture
2487:Gesture
2231:6278226
2081:4413295
2053:Bibcode
1910:6699845
1823:Emotion
1808:7650932
1583:6278226
1544:232-39.
1463:4695297
978:Groping
951:Massage
941:Kissing
784:Culture
646:Control
615:Playful
584:Support
496:tactile
489:Kissing
477:Hugging
353:anxiety
294:forearm
290:culture
152:kicking
140:hugging
132:kissing
94:tickled
54:improve
21:Haptics
3142:Tadoma
2887:Autism
2842:Unsaid
2807:Nunchi
2684:Smiley
2604:Stress
2599:Rhythm
2569:Affect
2561:Speech
2335:
2325:
2315:
2303:
2275:
2260:
2238:
2228:
2166:
2137:
2108:
2079:
2071:
2045:Nature
1983:
1947:enotes
1908:
1900:
1851:
1833:
1806:
1769:
1684:
1613:
1590:
1580:
1527:
1502:
1470:
1460:
1423:458550
1421:
1384:
1306:
1298:
1231:
1206:
1169:
1161:
1056:
1005:Negiah
721:Hybrid
602:Sexual
181:vision
177:infant
128:sexual
43:, but
2673:Other
2301:S2CID
2164:S2CID
2135:S2CID
2106:S2CID
2077:S2CID
1981:S2CID
1906:S2CID
1729:(PDF)
1682:S2CID
1304:S2CID
1167:S2CID
1139:(PDF)
1104:(PDF)
1011:Notes
894:touch
269:power
261:touch
142:or a
108:touch
3158:Mime
2609:Tone
2492:List
2333:ISBN
2323:ISBN
2313:ISBN
2273:ISBN
2258:ISBN
2236:PMID
2069:PMID
1999:link
1924:link
1898:PMID
1867:link
1849:PMID
1804:PMID
1767:ISBN
1651:UNLV
1633:VICE
1611:ISBN
1588:PMID
1525:ISBN
1500:ISBN
1468:PMID
1419:PMID
1382:ISBN
1296:ISSN
1229:ISBN
1204:ISBN
1159:PMID
1054:ISBN
695:and
624:and
452:and
433:and
2293:doi
2226:PMC
2216:doi
2156:doi
2127:doi
2098:doi
2061:doi
2049:412
1973:doi
1890:doi
1886:132
1841:doi
1796:doi
1792:135
1741:doi
1674:doi
1578:PMC
1568:doi
1458:PMC
1450:doi
1411:doi
1350:doi
1288:doi
1151:doi
792:or
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102:is
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