Interpersonal communication

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of feedback and expressions. Facial expression, a vital part of interpersonal communication as a support for verbal communication, is replaced in this form and reflected through emojis, acronyms, etc. Most of the non-verbal aspects, such as eye contact and posture, cannot be seen through the mediated forum; hence, some feedback is lost regarding our interest level. Usually, when someone is making eye contact, it shows a level of interest in the meditated format. Individuals may instead look at the pacing of the reply to suggest interest, which now does not factor in that life continues to happen around them; hence, there could be several reasons why the lines of communication could affect and not just that they may not be interested which could lead to miscommunication in the future.

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media takes a more diverse approach to the information provided, and sources depend on interactions. Social media provides a medium to see several viewpoints at the same time. Having multiple perspectives helps individuals find or formulate their perception of what is true. It will also allow individuals the opportunity to voice their opinions. Conversely, in an interpersonal setting, the ability to voice an opinion or formulate a decision may be more challenging with a limited pool of information. A study into the impact of social media and interpersonal communication on one's environmental perceptions found that both could influence the perceptions equally, and people could link both social media as a form of reinforcement to interpersonal communication.

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the expectations of their interpersonal communication and how they choose to display themselves when communicating. How men or women may communicate can stem from how they have developed based on cultural and societal factors, as there are distinctive factors in which men and women are characterized. Society and culture have placed certain expectations on men and women about how they communicate. Society tends to place men in a more assertive and dominant role. This expectation of a dominant nature is also related to men being associated with a lack of emotions. Conversely, women are expected to be more empathic with their communication style to create relationships.

1204:. At the same time, women are expected to be more supportive in their interactions. These suggested traits could be stereotypes or generalizations that exist. However, research has found that both diverge from and converge with these stereotypes and generalizations. A study of faculty members compares communication between male and female faculty members. The study found that male faculty were more talkative during the meetings and assertive when making their points. This study does diverge from the stereotype of women being considered the more talkative gender. At the same time, it converges with the generalization that men are more assertive when communicating. 1109:

communication is that it can be difficult to retain, recall, and organize the information that has been given in a verbal message, especially when copious amounts of data have been communicated in a short amount of time. Asynchronous messages can serve as reminders of what has been done and what needs to be done, which can prove beneficial in a fast-paced health care setting. However, the sender does not know when the other person will receive the message. When used appropriately, synchronous and asynchronous communication channels are both efficient ways to communicate. Mistakes in hospital contexts are often a result of communication problems.

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media sites facilitating communication. Later in the article, the impacts of media on interpersonal communication are discussed. Interpersonal communication over the years has been aimed at forming relationships and ending relationships. The world has become more reliant on a mediated form of communication, which in turn has become a part of interpersonal communication as it has become an avenue in which most humans have decided to communicate. While this form is not traditional to interpersonal communication, it does fit the cities within the definition of interpersonal communication, which is the exchange between two or more people.

901:. Links may be weighted by the content or frequency of interactions or the overall strength of the relationship. This treatment allows patterns or structures within the network to be identified and analyzed, and shifts the focus of interpersonal communication research from solely analyzing dyadic relationships to analyzing larger networks of connections among communicators. Instead of describing the personalities and communication qualities of an individual, individuals are described in terms of their relative location within a larger social network structure. Such structures both create and reflect a wide range of social phenomena. 91:

developed, humans found ways to transfer messages. Interpersonal communication was one such way. In a world where technologies were not available to communicate, humans used pictures and carvings, which later developed into words and expressions. Interpersonal communication is now seen in a more dyadic way; finding face-to-face interaction as a more distinct form. The dynamics of interpersonal communication began to shift at the break of the Industrial Revolution. The evolution of interpersonal communication is multifaceted and aligns with technological advancements, societal changes, and theories.

109: 364:'rules' for an interaction is not obvious. This depends on each communicator's previous beliefs and perceptions within a given context and how they can apply these rules to the current interaction. These "rules" of meaning "are always chosen within a context", and the context of a situation can be used as a framework for interpreting specific events. Contexts that an individual can refer to when interpreting a communicative event include the relationship context, the episode context, the self-concept context, and the archetype context. 82:

networks and the life of relationships, influence, conflict, computer-mediated communication, interpersonal skills, interpersonal communication in the workplace, intercultural perspectives on interpersonal communication, escalation and de-escalation of romantic or platonic relationships, family relationships, and communication across the life span. Factors such as one's self-concept and perception do have an impact on how humans choose to communicate. Factors such as gender and culture also affect interpersonal communication.

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thoughts, feelings and actions, and therefore affects communication. The more difference there is between the cultural backgrounds of two people, the more different their styles of communication will be. Therefore, it is important to be aware of a person's background, ideas and beliefs and consider their social, economic and political positions before attempting to decode the message accurately and respond appropriately. Five major elements related to culture affect the communication process:

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aspects of feedback, and we have worked in recent years to develop these forms of feedback through quick reply suggestions to keep the conversations going without a physical presence. Through this, social media has created an avenue in which people over extended geographical distances can still engage in interpersonal communication and continue the development of relationships.

1188:. Each individual has their own languages, beliefs and values that must be considered. Factors influencing nonverbal communication include the different roles of eye contact in different cultures. Touching as a form of greeting may be perceived as impolite in some cultures, but normal in others. Acknowledging and understanding these cultural differences improves communication. 174:

moments, they will become more vigilant and rely more on data available in the situation. A reduction in certainty leads to a loss of confidence in the initial plan, such that the individual may make contingency plans. The theory also says that higher levels of uncertainty create distance between people and that non-verbal expressiveness tends to help reduce uncertainty.

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costs, a pair of individuals will become increasingly intimate by sharing more and more personal information. The constructs of this theory include disclosure, relational expectations, and perceived rewards or costs in the relationship. In the context of marriage, the rewards within the relationship include emotional security and sexual fulfillment. Based on this theory

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develop, deteriorate, and dissolve as a consequence of an unfolding social-exchange process, which may be conceived as a bartering of rewards and costs both between the partners and between members of the partnership and others". Social exchange theory argues that the major force in interpersonal relationships is the satisfaction of both people's self-interest.

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tension with each other. Relational dialectics theory argues that these tensions are both inevitable and necessary. The meanings intended in our conversations may be interpreted, understood, or misunderstood. In this theory, all discourse, including internal discourse, has competing properties that relational dialectics theory aims to analyze.

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unintentional. For example, you are complaining about your unfortunate experience today in the corner of the school, but it happens that your friend overhears your complaint. Even if you do not want others to know about your experience from the bottom of your heart, but unintentionally, this also delivers message and forms communication.

290:, and totality, with influences from Hegel, Marx, and Bakhtin. The dialectical approach searches for understanding by exploring the tension of opposing arguments. Both internal and external dialectics function in interpersonal relationships, including separateness vs. connection, novelty vs. predictability, and openness vs. closedness. 705:

questions such as: Can the information be disclosed? When can the information be disclosed? To whom can the information be disclosed? And how much of the information can be disclosed? The negotiation of these rules can be complex, and the rules can be explicit as well as implicit; rules may also be violated.

616:. Socionics defines 16 types of relations, ranging from the most attractive and comfortable to disputed. This analysis gives insight into some features of interpersonal relations, including aspects of psychological and sexual compatibility, and ranks as one of the four most popular models of personality. 1220:

Misinterpretation: Without a physical face-to-face interaction, miscommunication can frequently occur when communicating through a mediated medium. Messages are sent verbally and non-verbally when using interpersonal communication—discerning one's attitudes when it is more complicated due to the lack

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is the study of language, and is divided into three broad aspects: the form of language, the meaning of language, and the context or function of language. Form refers to the words and sounds of language and how the words are used to make sentences. Meaning focuses on the significance of the words and

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Many interpersonal communication scholars have sought to define and understand interpersonal conflict, using varied definitions of conflict. In 2004, Barki and Hartwick consolidated several definitions across the discipline and defined conflict as "a dynamic process that occurs between interdependent

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Relational transgressions occur when individuals violate implicit or explicit relational rules. For instance, if the relationship is conducted on the assumption of sexual and emotional fidelity, violating this standard represents a relational transgression. Infidelity is a form of hurt that can have

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stage occurs at the beginning of an intercultural relationship when partners are beginning to explore their cultural differences. During this stage, each partner is attempting to determine what cultural identities they want in the relationship. At the trial stage, cultural differences are significant

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Established patterns of interaction are created when a trend occurs regarding how two people interact with each other. There are two patterns of particular importance to the theory. In symmetrical relationships, the pattern of interaction is defined by two people responding to one another in the same

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Symbolic interaction considers the world to be made up of social objects that are named and have socially determined meanings. When people interact over time, they come to shared meaning for certain terms and actions and thus come to understand events in particular ways. There are three main concepts

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falls under the symbolic interaction perspective. The theory describes, explains, and predicts when and why people reveal certain information about themselves to others. The social exchange theory uses Thibaut and Kelley's (1959) theory of interdependence. This theory states that "relationships grow,

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Traditionally, interpersonal communication is grounded in face-to-face communication between people. As technology changed, the interpersonal communication style adapted from face-to-face interaction to a mediated component. The tools added over the years include the telegraph, telephone, and several

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What Petronio refers to as "boundary turbulence" occurs when rules are not mutually understood by co-owners, and when a co-owner of information deliberately violates the rules. This is not uncommon and usually results in some kind of conflict. It often results in one party becoming more apprehensive

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Example: Jenny and Justin met for the first time at a wedding. Within minutes Jenny starts to tell Justin about her terrible ex-boyfriend and the misery he put her through. This is information that is typically shared at stage three or four, not stage one. Justin finds this off-putting, reducing the

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There is considerable variety in how this area of study is conceptually and operationally defined. Researchers in interpersonal communication come from many different research paradigms and theoretical traditions, adding to the complexity of the field. Interpersonal communication is often defined as

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can be defined as the combination of the social and physical environments in which something takes place. For example, a classroom, a military conflict, a supermarket checkout, and a hospital would be considered situational milieus. The season, weather, current physical location and environment are

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changes this picture. Social networking is conducted over electronic devices with no face-to-face interaction, resulting in an inability to access the behavior of the communicator and the nonverbal signals that facilitate communication. Side effects of using these technologies for communication may

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have added a new dimension to interpersonal communication. There are increasing claims that over-reliance on online communication affects the development of interpersonal communication skills, in particular nonverbal communication. Psychologists and communication experts argue that listening to and

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Observers making attributions about the behavior of others may overemphasize internal attributions and underestimate external attributions; this is known as the fundamental attribution error. Conversely, when an individual makes an attribution about their own behavior they may overestimate external

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The theory holds that when individuals encounter new information or new experiences, they categorize the information based on their preexisting attitudes, thoughts, and beliefs. If the new encounter does not fit their preexisting assumptions, then dissonance is likely to occur. Individuals are then

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When someone chooses to reveal private information to another person, they are making that person a co-owner of the information. Co-ownership comes with rules, responsibilities, and rights that must be negotiated between the discloser of the information and the receiver of it. The rules might cover

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Symmetrical exchanges occur when one partner's assertion is countered with a reflective response: a one-up assertion is met with a one-up response, or a one-down assertion is met with a one-down response. If symmetrical exchanges are frequent within a relationship it is likely that the relationship

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This theory is often known as the "onion theory". This analogy suggests that like an onion, personalities have "layers". The outside layer is what the public sees, and the core is one's private self. When a relationship begins to develop, the individuals in the relationship may undergo a process of

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Pearce and Cronen argue that these specific contexts exist in a hierarchical fashion. This theory assumes that the bottom level of this hierarchy consists of the communicative act. The relationship context is next in the hierarchy, then the episode context, followed by the self-concept context, and

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When one individual sends a message to the other the recipient must interpret the meaning of the interaction. Often, this can be done almost instantaneously because the interpretation rules that apply to the situation are immediate and simple. However, there are times when the interpretation of the

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According to the theory, human interaction is analogous to an economic transaction, in that an individual may seek to maximize rewards and minimize costs. Actions such as revealing information about oneself will occur when the cost-reward ratio is acceptable. As long as rewards continue to outweigh

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Unrepeatability arises from the fact that an act of communication can never be duplicated The reason is that the audience may be different, our mood at the time may be different, or our relationship may be in a different place. In person communication can be invigorating and is often memorable when

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Communication is a transactional communication—that is, a dynamic process created by the participants through their interaction with each other. In short, communication is an interactive process in which both parties need to participate. A metaphor is dancing. It is more like a process in which you

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Decision Making: Research found that social media and interpersonal communication are equally likely to impact one's perceptions. Both social media and interpersonal communication impact decision-making. Interpersonal communication takes a more personal approach, which helps to evoke trust. Social

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Gender is considered to be a socially and culturally constructed role assigned to an individual based on their perceived sex. Gender is the behavioral, cultural, or emotional traits typically associated with one's sex. These perceptions and roles humans are assigned and characterized by may impact

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causes of interference in a communication transaction. In the hospital setting, for example, external noise can include the sound made by medical equipment or conversations had by team members outside of patient's rooms, and internal noise could be a health care professional's thoughts about other

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Expectancy violations theory is part of the socio-psychological tradition, and addresses the relationship between non-verbal message production and the interpretations people hold for those non-verbal behaviors. Individuals hold certain expectations for non-verbal behavior that are based on social

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Identity management pays significant attention to intercultural relationships and how they affect the relational and individual identities of those involved, especially the different ways in which partners of different cultures negotiate with each other in an effort to satisfy desires for adequate

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The depth of penetration is the degree of intimacy a relationship has accomplished, measured relative to the stages above. Griffin defines depth as "the degree of disclosure in a specific area of an individual's life" and breadth as "the range of areas in an individual's life over which disclosure

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Constructs include the level of uncertainty, the nature of the relationship and ways to reduce uncertainty. Underlying assumptions include the idea that an individual will cognitively process the existence of uncertainty and take steps to reduce it. The boundary conditions for this theory are that

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Some communication is intentional and deliberate, for example, before you ask your boss to give you a promotion or a raise, you will do a lot of mental building and practice many times how to talk to your boss so that it will not cause embarrassment. But at the same time, communication can also be

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is an exchange of information between two or more people. It is also an area of research that seeks to understand how humans use verbal and nonverbal cues to accomplish several personal and relational goals. Communication includes utilizing communication skills within one's surroundings, including

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Relationship Enhancements: There are different modalities in which humans have developed to communicate. Communication is critical to letting the communicator know how to respond to a message. It is foundational to understand and interpret how a message has been received. Social media does entail

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particularly strong negative effects on relationships. The method by which the infidelity is discovered influences the degree of hurt: witnessing the partner's infidelity first hand is most likely to destroy the relationship, while partners who confess on their own are most likely to be forgiven.

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To avoid dissonance, individuals may select their experiences in several ways: selective exposure, i.e. seeking only information that is consonant with one's current beliefs, thoughts, or actions; selective attention, i.e. paying attention only to information that is consonant with one's beliefs;

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An individual's private information is protected by the individual's boundaries. The permeability of these boundaries is ever changing, allowing selective access to certain pieces of information. This sharing occurs when the individual has weighed their need to share the information against their

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Symbolic interaction comes from the socio-cultural perspective in that it relies on the creation of shared meaning through interactions with others. This theory focuses on the ways in which people form meaning and structure in society through interactions. People are motivated to act based on the

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In a hospital environment, for example, urgent situations may require the immediacy of communication through synchronous channels. Benefits of synchronous communication include immediate message delivery, and fewer chances of misunderstandings and miscommunications. A disadvantage of synchronous

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In the context of an organization, there are two targets of conflicts: tasks, or interpersonal relationships. Conflicts over events, plans, behaviors, etc. are task issues, while conflict in relationships involves dispute over issues such as attitudes, values, beliefs, behaviors, or relationship

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Relational dialectics theory deals with how meaning emerges from the interplay of competing discourses. A discourse is a system of meaning that helps us to understand the underlying sense of a particular utterance. Communication between two parties invokes multiple systems of meaning that are in

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The theory argues that strangers, upon meeting, go through specific steps and checkpoints in order to reduce uncertainty about each other and form an idea of whether they like or dislike each other. During communication, individuals are making plans to accomplish their goals. At highly uncertain

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context. The retrospective context is everything that comes before a particular behavior that might help understand and interpret that behavior, while the emergent context refers to relevant events that come after the behavior. Context can include all aspects of social channels and situational

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is communication that inflicts psychological pain. According to Vangelisti (1994), words "have the ability to hurt or harm in every bit as real a way as physical objects. A few ill-spoken words (e.g. "You're worthless", "You'll never amount to anything", "I don't love you anymore") can strongly

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A person can feel devalued at the individual and relational level. Individuals can feel devalued when someone insults their intelligence, appearance, personality, or life decisions. At the relational level, individuals can feel devalued when they believe that their partner does not perceive the

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According to cognitive dissonance theory, there are three types of cognitive relationships: consonant relationships, dissonant relationships, and irrelevant relationships. Consonant relationships are when two elements, such as beliefs and actions, are in equilibrium with each other or coincide.

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People establish their identities (or faces), and their partners, through a process referred to as "facework". Everyone has a desired identity which they are constantly working towards establishing. This desired identity can be both threatened and supported by attempts to negotiate a relational

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Online communication seems to follow a different set of rules. Because much online communication occurs on an anonymous level, individuals have the freedom to forego the 'rules' of self disclosure. In on-line interactions personal information can be disclosed immediately and without the risk of

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For example, when a student fails a test an observer may choose to attribute that action to 'internal' causes, such as insufficient study, laziness, or having a poor work ethic. Alternatively the action might be attributed to 'external' factors such as the difficulty of the test, or real-world

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The theory states that a person's presence alone results in them, consciously or not, expressing things about themselves and their relationships with others (i.e., communicating). A person cannot avoid interacting, and even if they do, their avoidance may be read as a statement by others. This

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Uncertainty reduction theory, developed in 1975, comes from the socio-psychological perspective. It addresses the basic process of how we gain knowledge about other people. According to the theory, people have difficulty with uncertainty. You are not sure what is going to come next, so you are

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The detailed study of interpersonal communication dates back to the 1970s and was formalized based on aspects of communication that preceded it. Aspects of communication such as rhetoric, persuasion, and dialogue have become a part of interpersonal communication. As writing and language styles

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is a human concept that encompasses the beliefs, values, attitudes, and customs of groups of people. It is important in communication because of the help it provides in transmitting complex ideas, feelings, and specific situations from one person to another. Culture influences an individual's

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When a deviation of expectations occurs, there is an increased interest in the situation, also known as arousal. This may be either cognitive arousal, an increased mental awareness of expectancy deviations, or physical arousal, resulting in body actions and behaviors as a result of expectancy

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The coordinated management of meaning theory assumes that two individuals engaging in an interaction each construct their own interpretation and perception of what a conversation means, then negotiate a common meaning by coordinating with each other. This coordination involves the individuals

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Constructs for this theory include creation of meaning, social norms, human interactions, and signs and symbols. An underlying assumption for this theory is that meaning and social reality are shaped from interactions with others and that some kind of shared meaning is reached. For this to be

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There is growing interest in biological and physiological perspectives on interpersonal communication. Some of the concepts explored are personality, knowledge structures and social interaction, language, nonverbal signals, emotional experience and expression, supportive communication, social

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Social penetration theory is a conceptual framework that describes the development of interpersonal relationships. This theory refers to the reciprocity of behaviors between two people who are in the process of developing a relationship. These behaviors can include verbal/nonverbal exchange,

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An example of cognitive dissonance would be if someone holds the belief that maintaining a healthy lifestyle is important, but maintains a sedentary lifestyle and eats unhealthy food. They may experience dissonance between their beliefs and their actions. If there is a significant amount of

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stage, couples work through identity issues and draw on their past relational history while doing so. A strong relational identity has been established by this stage and couples have mastered dealing with cultural differences. It is at this stage that cultural differences become part of the

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Most individuals naturally desire that their interpersonal relationships involve close connections. However, relational dialectics theory argues that no relationship can be enduring unless the individuals involved within it have opportunities to be alone. An excessive reliance on a specific

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Context refers to environmental factors that influence the outcomes of communication. These include time and place, as well as factors like family relationships, gender, culture, personal interest and the environment. Any given situation may involve many interacting contexts, including the

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Although interpersonal communication is most often between pairs of individuals, it can also be extended to include small intimate groups such as the family. Interpersonal communication can take place in face-to-face settings, as well as through platforms such as social media. The study of

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Communication privacy management theory, from the socio-cultural tradition, is concerned with how people negotiate openness and privacy in relation to communicated information. This theory focuses on how people in relationships manage boundaries which separate the public from the private.

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The rise of social media has impacted communication as a whole. In this age of technology, Communication intended to feel so personal can seem impersonal. Social media can significantly affect how interpersonal communication occurs. Several social media platforms aim to enhance our

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Individuals enter communication with others having established expectations for their own behavior as well as the behavior of those they are communicating with. During the interaction these expectations may be reinforced, or new expectations may be established that will be used in future

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To understand the meaning of what is being communicated, context must be considered. Internal and external noise can have a profound effect on interpersonal communication. External noise consists of outside influences that distract from the communication. Internal noise is described as

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dissonance, they may be motivated to work out more or eat healthier foods. They may also be inclined to avoid situations that bring them face to face with the fact that their attitudes and beliefs are inconsistent, by avoiding the gym and avoiding stepping on their weighing scale.

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physical and psychological spaces. It is essential to see the visual/nonverbal and verbal cues regarding the physical spaces. In the psychological spaces, self-awareness and awareness of the emotions, cultures, and things that are not seen are also significant when communicating.

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Relational control refers to who is in control within a relationship. The pattern of behavior between partners over time, not any individual's behavior, defines the control within a relationship. Patterns of behavior involve individuals' responses to others' assertions.

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Pedagogical communication is a form of interpersonal communication that involves both verbal and nonverbal components. A teacher's nonverbal immediacy, clarity, and socio-communicative style has significant consequences for students' affective and cognitive learning.

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communication that takes place between people who are interdependent and have some knowledge of each other: for example, communication between a son and his father, an employer and an employee, two sisters, a teacher and a student, two lovers, two friends, and so on.

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Individuals desire a sense of assurance and predictability in their interpersonal relationships. However, they also desire variety, spontaneity and mystery in their relationships. Like repetitive work, relationships that become bland and monotonous are undesirable.

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Individuals also make attributions about their own behavior. The student who received a failing test score might make an internal attribution, such as "I just can't understand this material", or an external attribution, such as "this test was just too difficult."

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need to protect themselves. This risk assessment is used by couples when evaluating their relationship boundaries. The disclosure of private information to a partner may result in greater intimacy, but it may also result in the discloser becoming more vulnerable.

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way. This is a common pattern of interaction within power struggles. In complementary relationships, the participants respond to one another in opposing ways. An example of such a relationship would be when one person is argumentative while the other is quiet.

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A complementary exchange occurs when a partner asserts a one-up message which the other partner responds to with a one-down response. If complementary exchanges are frequent within a relationship it is likely that the relationship itself is complementary.

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Imahori, T. & Cupach, W. (1993). Identity management theory: communication competence in intercultural episodes and relationships. In Wiseman, R. L. & Koester, J., (Eds.), Intercultural Communication Competence (pp. 112 – 31). Newbury Park, CA:

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Ethics in personal relations. This considers a space of mutual responsibility between two individuals, including giving and receiving in a relationship. This theory is explored by Dawn J. Lipthrott in the article "What IS Relationship? What is Ethical

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Wimer, Jeremy. Manager of Admission Services, Bachelor of Arts in Organizational and Strategic Communication, Master of Science in Management of Organizational Leadership & Change, Colorado Technical University. Personal Email interview. 22 Mar.

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Ledbetter, Andrew M.; Mazer, Joseph P.; DeGroot, Jocelyn M.; Meyer, Kevin R.; Yuping Mao; Swafford, Brian (2010-09-10). "Attitudes Toward Online Social Connection and Self-Disclosure as Predictors of Facebook Communication and Relational Closeness".

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Attribution theory is part of the socio-psychological tradition and analyzes how individuals make inferences about observed behavior. Attribution theory assumes that we make attributions, or social judgments, as a way to clarify or predict behavior.

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excessive intimacy. For example, Facebook users post extensive personal information, pictures, information on hobbies, and messages. This may be due to the heightened level of perceived control within the context of the online communication medium.

203:. These extended theories give a broader conceptualization of how uncertainty operates in interpersonal communication as well as how uncertainty motivates individuals to seek information. The theory has also been applied to romantic relationships. 1005:

Conflict in couples. This focuses on the impact that social media has on relationships, as well as how to communicate through conflict. This theory is explored by Amanda Lenhart and Maeve Duggan in their paper, "Couples, the Internet, and Social

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Social penetration theory predicts that people decide to risk self-disclosure based on the costs and rewards of sharing information, which are affected by factors such as relational outcome, relational stability, and relational satisfaction.

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and your partner are constantly running in and working together. Two perfect dancers do not necessarily guarantee the absolute success of a dance, but the perfect cooperation of two not-so-excellent dancers can guarantee a successful dance.

994:. This theory follows the relationships that builds between a mother and child, and the impact it has on their relationships with others. It resulted from the combined work of John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth (Ainsworth & Bowlby, 1991). 736:

motivated to reduce the dissonance they experience by avoiding situations that generate dissonance. For this reason, cognitive dissonance is considered a drive state that generates motivation to achieve consonance and reduce dissonance.

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barriers to the relationship and it is critical for partners to avoid identity freezing and nonsupport. During this stage, individuals are more willing to risk face threats to establish a balance necessary for the relationship. The

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Deception in communication. This concept is based on the premise that everyone lies and considers how lying impacts relationships. James Hearn explores this theory in his article, "Interpersonal Deception Theory: Ten Lessons for

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Falling under the socio-cultural tradition, identity-management theory explains the establishment, development, and maintenance of identities within relationships, as well as changes to identities within relationships.

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stage occurs when a relational identity emerges with established common cultural features. During this stage, the couple becomes more comfortable with their collective identity and the relationship in general. In the

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selective interpretation, i.e. interpreting ambiguous information in a way that seems consistent with one's beliefs; and selective retention, i.e. remembering only information that is consistent with one's beliefs.

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reactions to perceived disagreements and interference with the attainment of their goals". They note three properties generally associated with conflict situations: disagreement, negative emotion, and interference.

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It has been argued that "companionship" is a useful metaphor for the role of "immediacy", the perception of physical, emotional, or psychological proximity created by positive communicative behaviors, in pedagogy.

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Social penetration theory recognizes five stages: orientation, exploratory affective exchange, affective exchange, stable exchange, and de-penetration. Not all of these stages happen in every relationship.

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Personal distance (18–48 inches). This is appropriate for close friends and acquaintances, such as significant others and close friends, e.g. sitting close to a friend or family member on the couch.

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When an expectation is not met, an individual may view the violation of expectations either positively or negatively, depending on their relationship to the violator and their feelings about the outcome.

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identity (the identity one shares with one's partner). Thus, a person's desired identity is directly influenced by their relationships, and their relational identity by their desired individual identity.

732:, part of the cybernetic tradition, argues that humans are consistency seekers and attempt to reduce their dissonance, or cognitive discomfort. The theory was developed in the 1950s by Leon Festinger. 3132:

Afifi, Walid A.; Falato, Wendy L.; Weiner, Judith L. (2001). "Identity Concerns Following a Severe Relational Transgression: The Role of Discovery Method for the Relational Outcomes of Infidelity".

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A crucial part of interpersonal communication is being able to talk and listen. Society expects men to communicate with a goal-oriented approach, which may negatively impact their effectiveness in

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Berson, Ilene R.; Berson, Michael J.; Ferron, John M. (2002). "Emerging Risks of Violence in the Digital Age: Lessons for Educators from an Online Study of Adolescent Girls in the United States".

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Dissonant relationships are when two elements are not in equilibrium and cause dissonance. In irrelevant relationships, the two elements do not possess a meaningful relationship with one another.

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Social media acts as an avenue for interpersonal communication. Some aspects of the communication form are altered to fit the technological space and make the space feel as personal as possible.

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norms, past experience and situational aspects of that behavior. When expectations are either met or violated, we make assumptions about the behaviors and judge them to be positive or negative.

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The process of Interpersonal Communication is irreversible, you can wish you had not said something and you can apologise for something you said and later regret - but you can not take it back.

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Robinson, Lawrence, Jeanne Segal, and Melinda Smith. "Effective Communication: Improving Communication Skills in Your Work and Personal Relationships." Help Guide. Mar. 2016. Web. 5 April 2016.

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argued that marriages will fail when the rewards of the relationship lessen, the barriers against leaving the spouse are weak, and the alternatives outside of the relationship are appealing.

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Regardless of expectations, some people will reflect, and some will reshape the expectations to fit their social and family interactions as shifts in ideological and societal values change.

1027:. Many studies have repeated this logic in investigating the effects of personal and mass communication, for example in election campaigns and health-related information campaigns. 850:

Intimate distance (0–18 inches). This is reserved for intimate relationships with significant others, or the parent-child relationship (hugging, cuddling, kisses, etc.)

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Affective exchange: there is a high amount of open communication between individuals. These relationships typically consist of close friends or even romantic or platonic partners.

302:

Relational dialectics theory assumes three different types of tensions in relationships: connectedness vs. separateness, certainty vs. uncertainty, and openness vs. closedness.

496:'s theory of communication, popularly known as the "Interactional View", interprets relational patterns of interaction in the context of five "axioms". The theory draws on the 1121:

sentences that human beings have put together. Function, or context, interprets the meaning of the words and sentences being said to understand why a person is communicating.

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Johnson, Chandra. "Face time vs. screen time: The technological impact on communication." national.deseretnews.com. Deseret Digital Media. 29 Aug. 2014. Web. 29 Mar. 2016.

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PARKS, MALCOLM R.; ADELMAN, MARA B. (September 1983). "COMMUNICATION NETWORKS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS An Expansion Of Uncertainty Reduction Theory".

261:

Self-image comes from interaction with others. A person makes sense of the world and defines their "self" through social interactions that indicate the value of the self.

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Mongeau, P., and M. Henningsen. "Stage theories of relationship development." Engaging theories in interpersonal communication: Multiple perspectives (2008): 363–375.

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Mongeau, P., and M. Henningsen. "Stage theories of relationship development." Engaging theories in interpersonal communication: Multiple perspectives (2008): 363-375.

3019:

McCroskey, Linda; Richmond, Virginia; McCroskey, James (2002-10-01). "The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning: Contributions from the Discipline of Communication".

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interactions. New expectations are created by new patterns of interaction, while reinforcement results from the continuation of established patterns of interaction.

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Make an attribution of cause, which may be internal (i.e. the cause is related to the person), or external (i.e. the cause of the action is external circumstances).

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uncertain how you should prepare for the upcoming event. To help predict behavior, they are motivated to seek information about the people with whom they interact.

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Jeong, Michelle; Bae, Rosie Eungyuhl (2018). "The Effect of Campaign-Generated Interpersonal Communication on Campaign-Targeted Health Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis".

1216:

communication by escaping geographical barriers. Researchers have identified both positive and negative impacts of mediated forms of interpersonal communication:

649:

autonomous identities and relational identities. Tensions within intercultural relationships can include stereotyping, or "identity freezing", and "nonsupport".

195:

Uncertainty reduction theory is most applicable to the initial interaction context. Scholars have extended the uncertainty framework with theories that describe

842:

One type of violation of expectations is the violation of the expectation of personal space. The study of proxemics focuses on the use of space to communicate.

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Applications of relational control include analysis of family interactions, and also the analysis of interactions such as those between teachers and students.

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happens during infancy and early childhood. The attributes for each level of development can be used to improve communication with individuals of these ages.

440:

De-penetration: when the relationship's costs exceed its benefits there may be a withdrawal of information, ultimately leading to the end of the relationship.

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Altman, Irwin; Taylor, Dalmas A. (1973). Social Penetration: The Development of Interpersonal Relationships, New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, p. 3,

1097:

Channels of communication also affect the effectiveness of interpersonal communication. Communication channels may be either synchronous or asynchronous.

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Valente, T. W.; Poppe, P. R.; Merritt, A. P. (1996). "Mass-media-generated interpersonal communication as sources of information about family planning".

115:

Human communication is a complex process with many components. And there are principles of communication that guide our understanding of communication.

4110:"A Comparative Study of the Role of Interpersonal Communication, Traditional Media and Social Media in Pro-Environmental Behavior: A China-Based Study" 3302: 3106: 2271: 1051: 409:

interpersonal perceptions, and interactions with the environment. The behaviors vary based on the different levels of intimacy in the relationship.

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A social network is made up of a set of individuals (or organizations) and the links among them. For example, each individual may be treated as a

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were known as the Palo Alto Group. Their work was highly influential in laying the groundwork for family therapy and the study of relationships.

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ubiquitous interaction leads to the establishment of "expectations" and "patterns" which are used to determine and explain relationship types.

1928:

Berger, C. R.; Calabrese, R. J. (1975). "Some Exploration in Initial Interaction and Beyond: Toward a Developmental Theory of Communication".

3966:

Samovar, L. A., Porter, R. E., & McDaniel, E. R. (2010). Communication between cultures. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, c2010

1382: 1429: 3108:

Social Networks and the Life of Relationships. In The SAGE Handbook of Interpersonal Communication, eds. Knapp, Mark L. and Daly, John A.

255:

Social acts (which create meaning) involve an initial gesture from one individual, a response to that gesture from another, and a result.

3984:

Muñoz, C. C., & Luckmann, J. (2005). Transcultural communication in nursing. Clifton Park, NY : Thomson/Delmar Learning, c2005.

3508:

Greenfield, Patricia; Yan, Zheng (2006). "Children, adolescents, and the Internet: A new field of inquiry in developmental psychology".

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Social distance (4–10 feet). This is appropriate for new acquaintances and for professional situations, such as interviews and meetings.

200: 389:

This context is essentially one's image of what his or her belief consists of regarding general truths within communicative exchanges.

4252:

Baack, Donald; Fogliasso, Christine; Harris, James (2000). "The Personal Impact of Ethical Decisions: A Social Penetration Theory".

2560:

Baack, Donald; Fogliasso, Christine; Harris, James (2000). "The Personal Impact of Ethical Decisions: A Social Penetration Theory".

1678: 1408: 3611: 681: 2783:

Weiss, Seth D.; Houser, Marian L. (2007-07-30). "Student Communication Motives and Interpersonal Attraction Toward Instructor".

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Bretherton, I., (1992) The Origins of Attachment Theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth, Developmental Psychology, 28, 759-775

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Interpersonal communication has been studied as a mediator for information flow from mass media to the wider population. The

4416:

White, Martha C. "The Real Reason New College Grads Can't Get Hired." time.com. EBSCOhost. 11 Nov. 2013. Web. 12 April 2016.

1879: 1073:, the cultural and linguistic backgrounds of the participants, and the developmental stage or maturity of the participants. 910: 272:

effective, there must be numerous people communicating and interacting and thus assigning meaning to situations or objects.

267:

The ability to use significant symbols makes thinking possible. One defines objects in terms of how one might react to them.

5041: 3702:

Costa, G.L.; Lacerda, A.B.; Marques, J. (2013). "Noise on the hospital setting: impact on nursing professionals' health".

4761: 4467: 3600:

Corbin, C. White, D. (2008). "Interpersonal Communication: A Cultural Approach." Sydney, NS. Cape Breton University Press

4413:

Tardanico, Susan. "Is Social Media Sabotaging Real Communication?" Forbes: Leadership, 30 April 2012. Web. 10 Mar. 2016.

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Interpersonal communication research addresses at least six categories of inquiry: 1) how humans adjust and adapt their

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In close interpersonal relationships, individuals may feel a pressure to reveal personal information, as described in

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Communication diagram showing types of communication between cultures, including verbal and non-verbal communication.

345: 74:

interpersonal communication addresses a variety of elements and uses both quantitative/social scientific methods and

2681:, Jackson, Don D. (First published as a Norton paperback 2011, reissued 2014 ed.). New York. pp. 120–121. 898: 859:

Public distance (10 feet or more). This is appropriate for a public setting, such as a public street or a park.

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Messages that hurt: In "The dark side of interpersonal communication" eds. Cupach, William R., Spitzberg, Brian H

1262: 982:

comprehending conversations plays a significant role in developing effective interpersonal communication skills.

63: 54:; 2) how messages are produced; 3) how uncertainty influences behavior and information-management strategies; 4) 1577:"A practitioner's guide to interpersonal communication theory: An overview and exploration of selected theories" 657:

Identity management is an ongoing process that Imahori and Cupach define as having three relational stages. The

357:

Constitutive rules are "rules of meaning used by communicators to interpret or understand an event or message".

5051: 5020: 4460: 3371: 3184: 2960: 2927: 2517: 2480: 1386: 1016: 354:

The rules that individuals can apply in any communicative situation include constitutive and regulative rules.

196: 55: 428:

Orientation stage: strangers exchange only impersonal information and are very cautious in their interactions.

286:

The dialectical approach to interpersonal communication revolves around the notions of contradiction, change,

4736: 2110: 1160: 5046: 4766: 4716: 4656: 2826:

Fink, Gerhard; Mayrhofer, Wolfgang (2009). "Cross-cultural competence and management – setting the stage".

1333: 810: 178:

there must be some kind of trigger, usually based on the social situation, and internal cognitive process.

164: 24: 4746: 4731: 4564: 4554: 3491:"Social Networking and Interpersonal Communication and Conflict Resolution Skills among College Freshmen" 1422: 474:

Penetration is rapid at the start but slows down quickly as the tightly wrapped inner layers are reached;

4671: 2597:

Griffin, E. (2012). A First Look at Communication Theory (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 115-117,

4519: 3689:

Adler, R.B., Rosenfeld, L.B., Proctor II, R.F., Winder, C. (2012). ocess of Interpersonal Communication

1323: 1306: 1102: 625: 444:

If the early stages take place too quickly, this may be negative for the progress of the relationship.

371:

This context assumes that there are mutual expectations between individuals who are members of a group.

2675:

Pragmatics of human communication : a study of interactional patterns, pathologies, and paradoxes

4852: 4721: 4686: 1098: 869: 505: 403: 329: 4614: 4544: 4499: 3975:

Neuliep, J. (2009). Intercultural communication: A contextual approach (4th ed.). Los Angeles: Sage

1668:"Foundations of interpersonal communication (from Part I: Preliminaries to Interpersonal Messages)" 1328: 1301: 846:(1940-2017) theory of personal space defined four zones that carry different messages in the U.S.: 383:

This context involves one's sense of self, or an individual's personal 'definition' of him/herself.

51: 1967:

Foss, K. & Littlejohn, S. (2008). Theories of Human Communication, Ninth Edition. Belmont, CA.

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Littlejohn, S. (1996). Theories of human communication (Ed 5). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.

1375: 1181: 47: 4862: 608:'s theory of psychological types. Communication between types is described using the concept of 4957: 3208:

Barki, Henri; Hartwick, Jon (2004). "Conceptualizing the construct of interpersonal conflict".

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Thackray, R. I. (1981). "The stress of boredom and monotony: a consideration of the evidence".

1998:"Uncertain Outcome Values in Predicted Relationships Uncertainty Reduction Theory Then and Now" 609: 217: 212: 23:

Poster promoting better interpersonal communication in the workplace, late 1930s–early 1940s (

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Sibii, Razvan (2010). "Conceptualizing teacher immediacy through the 'companion' metaphor".

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takes place in real time, for example face-to-face discussions and telephone conversations.

431:

Exploratory affective stage: communication styles become somewhat more friendly and relaxed.

4992: 4791: 4741: 4706: 4696: 4691: 4180: 2678: 1296: 1250: 1177: 1055:

Understanding the context of a situation may lead to an awareness of necessary precautions.

953: 801:

attributions and underestimate internal attributions. This is called actor-observer bias.

729: 723: 613: 238: 75: 43: 8: 4937: 4912: 1184:. Culture influences verbal communication in a variety of ways, particularly by imposing 1165: 601: 28: 4184: 2145:

Levinger, George (1965). "Marital Cohesiveness and Dissolution: An Integrative Review".

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not always be apparent to the individual user, and may involve both benefits and risks.

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West, R., Turner, L.H. (2007). Introducing Communication Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.

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This context refers to a specific event in which the communicative act is taking place.

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Baxter, Leslie A. (2004-10-01). "A Tale of Two Voices: Relational Dialectics Theory".

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Manning, J. (2014). "A Constitutive Approach to Interpersonal Communication Studies".

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Berger, Charles R. (2008). "Interpersonal communication". In Wolfgang Donsbach (ed.).

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Communication for Nursing: How to Prevent Harmful Events and Promote Patient Safety

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Peripheral items are exchanged more frequently and sooner than private information;

360:

Regulative rules are "rules of action used to determine how to respond or behave".

287: 4857: 3929:

Bourque Bearskin, R. L. (2011). "A critical lens on culture in nursing practice".

3451: 2210: 1545: 4967: 4927: 4917: 4907: 4842: 4832: 4822: 4817: 4644: 4433: 3907: 3075: 1645: 888: 501: 493: 468: 417: 226: 2725:

PROPAGATIONS : thirty years of influence from the mental research institute

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Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self and society Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

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can be sent and received at different times, as with text messages and e-mails.

5002: 4997: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4922: 4897: 4882: 4872: 4867: 4812: 4371: 4168: 4024:"Book review: Leila Monaghan, Jane E Goodman and Jennifer Meta Robinson (eds), 4023: 3884:

Intercultural communication: A contextual approach (4th ed.). Los Angeles: Sage

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Interpersonal communications can lead to hurt in relationships. Categories of

897:, and each connection due to friendship or other relationship is treated as a 5035: 4952: 4947: 4887: 4847: 4827: 4756: 4701: 4589: 4529: 4135: 4051: 3942: 3848:"Nurse-patient interaction and communication: A systematic literature review" 3572: 3529: 3459: 3416: 3343:

Hearn, J., (2006) Interpersonal Deception Theory: Ten Lessons for Negotiators

3229: 3153: 3145: 3083: 3040: 2901: 2847: 2804: 2696: 2648: 2640: 2425: 2390: 2218: 2166: 2091: 2058: 2023: 1833: 1776: 1600: 1541: 1338: 1317: 19: 3408: 3381: 3364:

Do political campaigns matter? Campaign effects in elections and referendums

3194: 2937: 1978: 1019:

theory proposes that most people form their opinions under the influence of

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One-down responses are submissive to, or accepting of, another's assertions.

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include devaluation, relational transgressions, and hurtful communication.

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Active strategies: asking others about the person or looking up information

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Communication, action, and meaning : the creation of social realities

2433: 2313: 2302:"Relational Dialectics Theory: Crafting Meaning from Competing Discourses" 1815: 1758: 1047:

Understand the context of the situation so you can better execute the task

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is reciprocal, especially in the early stages of relationship development;

4942: 4549: 1518:"Interpersonal communication: Theoretical perspectives, future prospects" 1117: 497: 4452: 3846:

Fleischer, S.; Berg, A.; Zimmermann, M.; Wüste, K.; Behrens, J. (2009).

3303:"Improving Communication Skills in Your Work and Personal Relationships" 1249:

Communication skills develop throughout one's lifetime. The majority of

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Pie chart of verbal (20%) and non-verbal (80%) communication in infants.

1141: 795: 558:

One-up responses are in opposition to, or counter, another's assertions.

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Getting Past No: Negotiating Your Way from Confrontation to Cooperation

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Lenhart, A., Duggan, M., (2014) Couples, the Internet, and Social Media

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Engaging Theories in Interpersonal Communication: Multiple Perspectives

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issues that distract them from the current conversation with a client.

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It is not clear whether or how social networking through sites such as

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A Cultural Approach to Interpersonal Communication: Essential Readings

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Isa N. Engleberg; Dianna R. Wynn; Maria Roberts (17 February 2014).

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Social Penetration: The Development of Interpersonal Relationships

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Social penetration: the development of interpersonal relationships

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Stable exchange: continued open and personal types of interaction.

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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

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De-penetration is a gradual process of layer-by-layer withdrawal.

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Robinson, Lawrence; Segal, Jeanne; Smith, Melinda (2015-09-18).

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According to the theory, we reduce uncertainty in three ways:

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Anderson, Rob; Baxter, Leslie A.; Cissna, Kenneth N. (2004).

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relationship can result in the loss of individual identity.

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Choices & Connections: An Introduction to Communication

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Make judgments about the intention of a particular action.

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establishing rules for creating and interpreting meaning.

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Interactive strategies: asking questions, self-disclosure.

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THINK Interpersonal Communication, First Canadian Edition

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Difficult Conversations: How to Discuss What Matters Most

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Dialectical Approaches to Studying Personal Relationships

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about future revelations of information to the violator.

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affect individuals, interactions, and relationships."

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Boundaries of privacy : dialectics of disclosure

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Fundamental attribution error and actor-observer bias

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The theory explains the following key observations:

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meanings they assign to people, things, and events.

3957: 3714: 3701: 3685: 3683: 3394: 3361: 2862: 2470: 1389:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 771: 747: 4357:Getting Past No: Negotiating with Difficult People 3839: 3832:Samovar, L.A. Porter, R.E. McDaniel, E.R. (2009). 3821:A Cultural Approach to Interpersonal Communication 3550: 3300: 2505: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2071: 1468: 1466: 1010: 922:relationship to be close, important, or valuable. 297: 128:Communication can be intentional and unintentional 4359:, Bantam, September, 1991, hardcover, 161 pages, 4317:Making Social Worlds: A Communication Perspective 4072: 3362:Farrell, David M.; Schmitt-Beck, Rüdiger (2002). 3131: 2299: 1884:Explore Our Extensive Counselling Article Library 1176:Communication between cultures may occur through 965:Technology and interpersonal communication skills 305: 118: 5033: 4329:Stone, Douglas; Patton, Bruce and Heen, Sheila. 3928: 3680: 3278:"Is Social Media Sabotaging Real Communication?" 3007:The International Encyclopedia of Communication. 2881: 2300:Baxter, Leslie A.; Braithwaite, Dawn O. (2008), 2269: 2242: 144: 136: 4369:Ury, William; Fisher, Roger and Patton, Bruce. 3769: 3641:(3. ed.). Thousand Oaks, Ca. : Sage Publ. 2448: 1927: 1475:The International Encyclopedia of Communication 1463: 804: 275: 158: 3609: 3495:Master of Social Work Clinical Research Papers 3009:Donsbach, Wolfgang (ed). Blackwell Publishing. 2922:. Albany: State University of New York Press. 1725: 1699: 1509: 717: 699: 672:relationship rather than a tension within it. 104:Interpersonal communication process principles 4468: 4309:. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 3799:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. 3507: 3207: 2825: 2475:. Cronen, Vernon E. New York, N.Y.: Praeger. 2308:, SAGE Publications, Inc., pp. 349–362, 1700:Edward, Craighead; Nemeroff, Charles (2004). 1503:Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies 619: 420:, progressing more deeply into the "layers". 4282:Interpersonal Communication: The Whole Story 4166: 3720: 3210:International Journal of Conflict Management 3134:Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 2884:Facework : bridging theory and practice 2503: 2036: 1211:Interpersonal Communication and Social Media 925: 863: 397: 314: 2987:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2782: 2749: 2074:Social Exchange in Developing Relationships 2030: 600:proposes a theory of relationships between 561:One-across responses are neutral in nature. 515: 4475: 4461: 3174: 2991:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2983:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2709:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2672: 2612: 2610: 2593: 2591: 2098: 1983:English Technical Reports and White Papers 1905:"Iowa State University Digital Repository" 1500: 634: 565: 533: 323: 4482: 4374:: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving in 4307:The psychology of Interpersonal Relations 4237:Altman, Irwin; Taylor, Dalmas A. (1973). 4192: 4143: 4125: 3836:. Boston, MA: Wadsworth CENGAGE Learning. 3746: 3636: 2539: 2537: 2504:Altman, Irwin; Taylor, Dalmas A. (1973). 2181: 2013: 1823: 1766: 1726:McCornack, Steven; Ortiz, Joseph (2022). 1608: 1449:Learn how and when to remove this message 1112: 946: 489:Relational patterns of interaction theory 248:in this theory: society, self, and mind. 206: 185:Passive strategies: observing the person. 99:Foundation of interpersonal communication 3488: 3437: 2512:. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 2403: 2144: 1797: 1740: 1240: 1140: 1050: 1042: 934: 653:Relational stages of identity management 574: 107: 18: 4076:Handbook of Interpersonal Communication 3772:Handbook of interpersonal communication 3664:Handbook of interpersonal communication 3639:Handbook of interpersonal communication 3250: 2758:Western Journal of Speech Communication 2607: 2588: 2108:(1958). "Social Behavior as Exchange". 1976: 1970: 1631: 1625: 682:Communication privacy management theory 676:Communication privacy management theory 232: 5034: 4207: 4017: 4015: 3721:Parker, Julie; Coiera, Enrico (2000). 3637:Knapp, Mark L.; Daly, John A. (2002). 2755: 2534: 2368: 2196: 2104: 1995: 1515: 1472: 708: 150:people are engaged and in the moment. 62:; and 6) social interactions that are 4456: 4107: 4021: 3893: 3275: 3104: 3061: 2913: 2911: 2668: 2666: 2553: 2295: 2293: 2238: 2236: 1996:BERGER, CHARLES R. (September 1986). 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1496: 1494: 1124: 1076: 756: 643: 542: 481:Computer-mediated social penetration 4293:A First Look at Communication Theory 4108:Han, Ruixia; Xu, Jian (March 2023). 3794: 3770:Thompson, T.L.; Parrott, R. (2002). 3691:. Don Mills: Oxford University Press 1387:adding citations to reliable sources 1358: 1023:, who in turn are influenced by the 551:There are three kinds of responses: 16:Exchange of information among people 4012: 3823:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. 3819:Monaghan, L. Goodman, J.E. (2007). 2951:Festinger, Leon, 1919-1989 (1962). 2918:Petronio, Sandra Sporbert. (2002). 788:stressors that led to distraction. 13: 4425: 4319:, Wiley-Blackwell, January, 2008, 2908: 2663: 2290: 2246:Relating: Dialogues and Dialectics 2233: 2051:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1983.tb00004.x 2015:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1986.tb00093.x 1942:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1975.tb00258.x 1708: 1688: 1534:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02680.x 1501:Watson, James; Hill, Anne (2015). 1491: 882: 500:tradition. Watzlawick, his mentor 14: 5063: 4208:Reilly, Abigail Peterson (1980). 1516:Berger, Charles R. (2005-09-01). 1287:Coordinated Management of Meaning 1237:Developmental Progress (maturity) 828: 587:Theory of intertype relationships 449:chances of a future relationship. 346:Coordinated management of meaning 340:Coordinated management of meaning 5016: 5015: 4670: 3105:Parks, Malcolm R. (2011-08-26). 2953:A theory of cognitive dissonance 2418:10.1097/00006842-198104000-00008 2383:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2004.00068.x 1581:Patient Education and Counseling 1363: 772:Steps to the attribution process 748:Types of cognitive relationships 201:motivated information management 4535:Computer-mediated communication 4355:; 1st edition under the title, 4230: 4201: 4160: 4101: 4066: 3987: 3978: 3969: 3922: 3887: 3878: 3826: 3813: 3788: 3763: 3695: 3655: 3630: 3610:McHugh Schuste, Pamela (2010). 3603: 3544: 3501: 3482: 3431: 3397:Journal of Health Communication 3388: 3355: 3346: 3337: 3328: 3319: 3294: 3269: 3251:Johnson, Chandra (2014-08-29). 3244: 3201: 3168: 3125: 3098: 3055: 3012: 2999: 2944: 2875: 2819: 2776: 2717: 2619: 2497: 2464: 2397: 2362: 2335: 2263: 2199:Journal of Family Communication 2190: 2138: 2065: 1989: 1897: 1872: 1848: 1798:Westerik, Henk (January 2009). 1791: 1741:Westerik, Henk (January 2009). 1734: 1374:needs additional citations for 1011:Relevance to mass communication 777:Observe the behavior or action. 524: 394:finally the archetype context. 298:The three relational dialectics 3834:Communication Between Cultures 2785:Communication Research Reports 2147:Journal of Marriage and Family 1979:"Uncertainty Reduction Theory" 1660: 1568: 1017:two-step flow of communication 916: 306:Connectedness vs. separateness 119:Communication is transactional 1: 3489:Drussell, John (2012-05-01). 3452:10.1080/10410236.2017.1331184 3175:Vangelisti, Anita L. (1994). 2211:10.1080/15267431.2004.9670130 2111:American Journal of Sociology 1398:"Interpersonal communication" 1354: 1161:Value (personal and cultural) 690: 145:Communication Is Unrepeatable 137:Communication Is Irreversible 4657:Text and conversation theory 4194:10.1051/e3sconf/202342601052 3908:10.1097/PSN.0000000000000059 3616:. USA: F. A. Davis Company. 3179:. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. 3076:10.1080/13562517.2010.491908 3064:Teaching in Higher Education 2471:Pearce, W. Barnett. (1980). 2039:Human Communication Research 2002:Human Communication Research 1977:Redmond, Mark (2015-01-01). 1930:Human Communication Research 1646:10.1080/10510974.2014.927294 1334:Organizational communication 837: 811:Expectancy violations theory 805:Expectancy violations theory 276:Relational dialectics theory 165:Uncertainty reduction theory 159:Uncertainty reduction theory 25:Work Projects Administration 7: 5042:Interpersonal communication 4286:bibliographical information 4022:Lewis, Marilyn (Feb 2014). 2072:Burgess, Robert L. (2013). 1505:(9th ed.). Bloomsbury. 1268:Interpersonal communication 1256: 1103:Asynchronous communications 952:parties as they experience 718:Cognitive dissonance theory 700:Co-ownership of information 153: 36:Interpersonal communication 10: 5068: 4284:, New York: McGraw-Hill. ( 4254:Journal of Business Ethics 3739:10.1136/jamia.2000.0070453 3553:Journal of School Violence 3522:10.1037/0012-1649.42.3.391 2562:Journal of Business Ethics 1324:Interpersonal relationship 1307:Friedemann Schulz von Thun 1129: 1038: 886: 867: 819: 808: 760: 721: 679: 626:Identity management theory 623: 620:Identity management theory 590: 401: 343: 279: 236: 210: 162: 85: 52:face-to-face communication 5011: 4800: 4679: 4668: 4508: 4490: 4044:10.1177/1461445613510812d 3864:10.1007/s10389-008-0238-1 2882:Domenici, Kathy. (2006). 2840:10.1504/EJCCM.2009.026733 2797:10.1080/08824090701439091 2770:10.1080/10570319009374362 2673:Watzlawick, Paul (2014). 1677:. Pearson. Archived from 1593:10.1016/j.pec.2011.10.006 1277:Resources in your library 1191: 1099:Synchronous communication 985: 926:Relational transgressions 870:Pedagogical communication 864:Pedagogical communication 506:Mental Research Institute 404:Social penetration theory 398:Social penetration theory 330:social penetration theory 315:Certainty vs. uncertainty 4615:Nonviolent communication 4545:History of communication 3943:10.1177/0969733011408048 3896:Plastic Surgical Nursing 3852:Journal of Public Health 3797:Communication in nursing 3510:Developmental Psychology 3146:10.1177/0265407501182007 2955:. Stanford, California. 2641:10.1177/0093650210365537 1522:Journal of Communication 1329:Nonviolent Communication 1302:Face-to-face interaction 516:Ubiquitous communication 4610:Nonverbal communication 4600:Models of communication 4266:10.1023/a:1006016113319 3999:www.merriam-webster.com 3409:10.1080/108107396128040 3021:Communication Education 2574:10.1023/a:1006016113319 1730:. Bedford/St. Martin's. 1565:Knapp & Daly, 2011) 1182:nonverbal communication 904: 635:Establishing identities 566:Complementary exchanges 534:Patterns of interaction 504:and the members of the 324:Openness vs. closedness 56:deceptive communication 48:nonverbal communication 4210:The Communication Game 4173:E3S Web of Conferences 4127:10.3390/ijerph17061883 3995:"Definition of GENDER" 3033:10.1080/03634520216521 2629:Communication Research 2406:Psychosomatic Medicine 2371:Personal Relationships 1704:(3rd ed.). Wiley. 1675:Interpersonal Messages 1246: 1146: 1113:Linguistic backgrounds 1056: 1048: 947:Interpersonal conflict 610:information metabolism 218:Social exchange theory 213:Social exchange theory 207:Social exchange theory 197:uncertainty management 112: 64:mediated by technology 32: 5052:Communication studies 4762:Mediated cross-border 4484:Communication studies 4438:. Pearson Education. 4280:Floyd, Kory. (2009). 4085:10.1515/9783110211399 4079:. Mouton de Gruyter. 3565:10.1300/J202v01n02_04 3366:. London: Routledge. 2679:Bavelas, Janet Beavin 2314:10.4135/9781483329529 1860:www.skillsyouneed.com 1816:10.1515/comm.2009.007 1759:10.1515/comm.2009.007 1634:Communication Studies 1244: 1144: 1054: 1046: 969:Technologies such as 940:Hurtful communication 935:Hurtful communication 580:is also symmetrical. 575:Symmetrical exchanges 282:Relational dialectics 111: 60:relational dialectics 22: 4697:Communication theory 4692:Communication design 4291:Griffin, E. (2012). 3795:Kron, Thora (1972). 3440:Health Communication 2276:. Psychology Press. 1383:improve this article 1297:Decision downloading 1251:language development 1178:verbal communication 730:cognitive dissonance 724:Cognitive dissonance 380:Self-concept context 368:Relationship context 239:Symbolic interaction 233:Symbolic interaction 44:verbal communication 5047:Human communication 4305:Heider, F. (1958). 4185:2023E3SWC.42601052C 3111:SAGE Publications. 2727:. ROUTLEDGE. 2016. 1166:Social organization 709:Boundary turbulence 602:psychological types 76:qualitative methods 29:Library of Congress 27:Poster Collection, 4727:Discourse analysis 4652:Telecommunications 4595:Meta-communication 3276:Tardanico, Susan. 2249:. Guilford Press. 1909:lib.dr.iastate.edu 1684:on August 7, 2015. 1247: 1147: 1125:Culture and Gender 1082:Situational milieu 1077:Situational milieu 1057: 1049: 954:negative emotional 763:Attribution theory 757:Attribution theory 644:Cultural influence 543:Relational control 113: 33: 5029: 5028: 4445:978-0-205-99284-3 4333:, Penguin, 1999, 4315:Pearce, Barnett. 4301:978-0-07-353430-5 4219:978-0-931562-05-1 4094:978-3-11-018830-1 4032:Discourse Studies 3806:978-0-7216-5521-5 3781:978-0-7619-2160-8 3673:978-0-7619-2160-8 3648:978-0-7619-2160-8 2603:978-0-07-353430-5 2106:Homans, George C. 1484:978-1-4051-3199-5 1459: 1458: 1451: 1433: 1263:Library resources 1186:language barriers 992:Attachment theory 386:Archetype context 5059: 5019: 5018: 4674: 4625:Public relations 4520:Biocommunication 4477: 4470: 4463: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4277: 4224: 4223: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4147: 4129: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4019: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4006: 3991: 3985: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3967: 3964: 3955: 3954: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3891: 3885: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3843: 3837: 3830: 3824: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3750: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3678: 3677: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3585: 3584: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3344: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3326: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3313: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3288: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3263: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3222:10.1108/eb022913 3205: 3199: 3198: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3016: 3010: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2982: 2974: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2915: 2906: 2905: 2879: 2873: 2869: 2860: 2859: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2708: 2700: 2670: 2661: 2660: 2623: 2617: 2614: 2605: 2595: 2586: 2585: 2557: 2551: 2541: 2532: 2531: 2511: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2468: 2462: 2459: 2446: 2445: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2297: 2288: 2287: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2240: 2231: 2230: 2205:(3–4): 181–192. 2194: 2188: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2102: 2096: 2095: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2034: 2028: 2027: 2017: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1974: 1968: 1965: 1954: 1953: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1916: 1915: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1892: 1891: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1867: 1866: 1852: 1846: 1845: 1827: 1795: 1789: 1788: 1770: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1723: 1706: 1705: 1697: 1686: 1685: 1683: 1672: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1629: 1623: 1622: 1612: 1572: 1566: 1563: 1557: 1556: 1554: 1553: 1544:. 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