Ethics - Knowledge

2421: 713: 798:

parent has a special obligation to their child, while a stranger does not have this kind of obligation toward a child they do not know. Patient-centered theories, by contrast, focus on the people affected by actions and the rights they have. An example is the requirement to treat other people as ends and not merely as a means to an end. This requirement can be used to argue, for example, that it is wrong to kill a person against their will even if this act would save the lives of several others. Patient-centered deontological theories are usually agent-neutral, meaning that they apply equally to everyone in a situation, regardless of their specific role or position.

704: 642:

consequences of an act and its moral value. Rule consequentialism, by contrast, holds that an act is right if it follows a certain set of rules. Rule consequentialism determines the best rules by considering their outcomes at a community level. People should follow the rules that lead to the best consequences when everyone in the community follows them. This implies that the relation between an act and its consequences is indirect. For example, if telling the truth is one of the best rules, then according to rule consequentialism, a person should tell the truth even in specific cases where lying would lead to better consequences.

1925: 1636: 747:

that its focus on the intensity of pleasure promotes an immoral lifestyle centered around indulgence in sensory gratification. Mill responded to this criticism by distinguishing between higher and lower pleasures. He stated that higher pleasures, like the intellectual satisfaction of reading a book, are more valuable than lower pleasures, like the sensory enjoyment of food and drink, even if their intensity and duration are the same. Since its original formulation, many variations of utilitarianism have developed, including the difference between

813: 1484:

as non-moral facts: it is an objective fact whether there is an obligation to keep a promise just as it is an objective fact whether a thing is rectangular. Moral realism is often associated with the claim that there are universal ethical principles that apply equally to everyone. It implies that if two people disagree about a moral evaluation then at least one of them is wrong. This observation is sometimes taken as an argument against moral realism since moral disagreement is widespread in most fields.

646:

and intentioned acts are morally wrong if they inadvertently lead to negative outcomes. An alternative perspective states that what matters are not the actual consequences but the expected consequences. This view takes into account that when deciding what to do, people have to rely on their limited knowledge of the total consequences of their actions. According to this view, a course of action has positive moral value despite leading to an overall negative outcome if it had the highest

1115: 2688: 462:. It aims to discover and justify general answers to questions like "How should one live?" and "How should people act?", usually in the form of universal or domain-independent principles that determine whether an act is right or wrong. For example, given the particular impression that it is wrong to set a child on fire for fun, normative ethics aims to find more general principles that explain why this is the case, like the principle that one should not cause extreme 662:

requiring that people do significantly more than they are socially expected to. For example, if the best action for someone with a good salary would be to donate 70% of their income to charity, it would be morally wrong for them to only donate 65%. Satisficing consequentialism, by contrast, only requires that an act is "good enough" even if it is not the best possible alternative. According to this view, it is possible to do more than one is morally required to do.

1354: 220: 20294: 18199: 929: 1733: 1491:

persons, cultures, and historical periods. For example, moral statements like "Slavery is wrong" or "Suicide is permissible" may be true in one culture and false in another. Some moral relativists say that moral systems are constructed to serve certain goals such as social coordination. According to this view, different societies and different social groups within a society construct different moral systems based on their diverging purposes.

2130: 1502:

anything is allowed. A slightly different view emphasizes that moral nihilism is not itself a moral position about what is allowed and prohibited but the rejection of any moral position. Moral nihilism, like moral relativism, recognizes that people judge actions as right or wrong from different perspectives. However, it disagrees that this practice involves morality and sees it as just one type of human behavior.

1142:, which states that people actually follow their self-interest without claiming that they should do so. Ethical egoists may act in agreement with commonly accepted moral expectations and benefit other people, for example, by keeping promises, helping friends, and cooperating with others. However, they do so only as a means to promote their self-interest. Ethical egoism is often criticized as an immoral and 2614: 20281: 855:. This means that the person would want everyone to follow the same maxim as a universal law applicable to everyone. Another formulation states that one should treat other people always as ends in themselves and never as mere means to an end. This formulation focuses on respecting and valuing other people for their own sake rather than using them in the pursuit of personal goals. 1567:

all have a truth value: they are either true or false. Cognitivism claims that moral statements have a truth value but is not interested in which truth value they have. It is often seen as the default position since moral statements resemble other statements, like "Abortion is a medical procedure" or "Going to war is a political decision", which have a truth value.

952:. It aims to arrive at moral norms for pluralistic modern societies that encompass a diversity of viewpoints. A universal moral norm is seen as valid if all rational discourse participants do or would approve. This way, morality is not imposed by a single moral authority but arises from the moral discourse within society. This discourse should aim to establish an 2250:. An entity has intrinsic value if it is good in itself or good for its own sake. An entity has instrumental value if it is valuable as a means to something else, for example, by causing something that has intrinsic value. Further topics include what kinds of things have value and how valuable they are. For instance, axiological hedonists say that 2069:. It is a diverse field since different professions often have different responsibilities. Principles applying to many professions include that the professional has the required expertise for the intended work and that they have personal integrity and are trustworthy. Further principles are to serve the interest of their target group, follow 777:, and not intentionally harming others. Unlike consequentialists, deontologists hold that the validity of general moral principles does not directly depend on their consequences. They state that these principles should be followed in every case since they express how actions are inherently right or wrong. According to moral philosopher 1702:. Motivational externalists accept that people can judge an act to be morally required without feeling a reason to engage in it. This means that moral judgments do not always provide motivational force. A closely related question is whether moral judgments can provide motivation on their own or need to be accompanied by other 1949:. Animal rights theorists assert that animals have a certain moral status and that humans should respect this status when interacting with them. Examples of suggested animal rights include the right to life, the right to be free from unnecessary suffering, and the right to natural behavior in a suitable environment. 521:. These schools are usually presented as exclusive alternatives, but depending on how they are defined, they can overlap and do not necessarily exclude one another. In some cases, they differ in which acts they see as right or wrong. In other cases, they recommend the same course of action but provide different 885:. While all divine command theorists agree that morality depends on God, there are disagreements about the precise content of the divine commands, and theorists belonging to different religions tend to propose different moral laws. For example, Christian and Jewish divine command theorists may argue that the 1020:

that actualizing these potentials results in leading a good and happy life. Agent-based theories, by contrast, see happiness only as a side effect and focus instead on the admirable traits and motivational characteristics expressed while acting. This is often combined with the idea that one can learn from

691:

deny that these things have intrinsic value. Instead, they say that they have extrinsic value because they affect happiness and suffering. In this regard, they are desirable as a means but, unlike happiness, not as an end. The view that pleasure is the only thing with intrinsic value is called ethical or

1532:, like color and shape. Some moral naturalists hold that moral properties are a unique and basic type of natural property. Another view states that moral properties are real but not a fundamental part of reality and can be reduced to other natural properties, such as properties describing the causes of 564:

or disvalue, it is not included as a factor. Some consequentialists see this as a flaw, saying that all value-relevant factors need to be considered. They try to avoid this complication by including the act itself as part of the consequences. A related approach is to characterize consequentialism not

286:

require. As a rational and systematic field of inquiry, ethics studies practical reasons why people should act one way rather than another. Most ethical theories seek universal principles that express a general standpoint of what is objectively right and wrong. In a slightly different sense, the term

2386:

and empirical description without judging or justifying which practices are objectively right. For instance, the question of how nurses think about the ethical implications of abortion belongs to descriptive ethics. Another example is descriptive business ethics, which describes ethical standards in

1483:

accept the claim that there are objective moral facts. This view implies that moral values are mind-independent aspects of reality and that there is an absolute fact about whether a given action is right or wrong. A consequence of this view is that moral requirements have the same ontological status

1309:

that operates on a higher level of abstraction than normative ethics by investigating its underlying assumptions. Metaethical theories typically do not directly judge which normative ethical theories are correct. However, metaethical theories can still influence normative theories by examining their

637:

they cause. An alternative approach says that there are many different sources of value, which all contribute to one overall value. Before the 20th century, consequentialists were only concerned with the total of value or the aggregate good. In the 20th century, alternative views were developed that

1566:

The metaethical debate between cognitivism and non-cognitivism is about the meaning of moral statements and is a part of the study of semantics. According to cognitivism, moral statements like "Abortion is morally wrong" and "Going to war is never morally justified" are truth-apt, meaning that they

1543:

Non-naturalism argues that moral properties form part of reality and argues that moral features are not identical or reducible to natural properties. This view is usually motivated by the idea that moral properties are unique because they express what should be the case. Proponents of this position

1019:

is the original form of virtue theory developed in Ancient Greek philosophy and draws a close relation between virtuous behavior and happiness. It states that people flourish by living a virtuous life. Eudaimonist theories often hold that virtues are positive potentials residing in human nature and

690:

as the only source of intrinsic value. This means that an act is morally right if it produces "the greatest good for the greatest number" by increasing happiness and reducing suffering. Utilitarians do not deny that other things also have value, like health, friendship, and knowledge. However, they

661:

consequentialism. According to maximizing consequentialism, only the best possible act is morally permitted. This means that acts with positive consequences are wrong if there are alternatives with even better consequences. One criticism of maximizing consequentialism is that it demands too much by

501:

Some systems of normative ethics arrive at a single principle covering all possible cases. Others encompass a small set of basic rules that address all or at least the most important moral considerations. One difficulty for systems with several basic principles is that these principles may conflict

1728:

that examines concrete moral problems encountered in real-life situations. Unlike normative ethics, it is not concerned with discovering or justifying universal ethical principles. Instead, it studies how those principles can be applied to specific domains of practical life, what consequences they

1110:

of morality. It rejects the idea that there are objective moral principles that apply universally to all cultures and traditions. It asserts that there is no one coherent ethical code since morality itself is irrational and humans are morally ambivalent beings. Postmodern ethics instead focuses on

908:

about what rational people under ideal circumstances would agree on. For example, if they would agree that people should not lie then there is a moral obligation to refrain from lying. Because it relies on consent, contractualism is often understood as a patient-centered form of deontology. Famous

858:

In either case, Kant says that what matters is to have a good will. A person has a good will if they respect the moral law and form their intentions and motives in agreement with it. Kant states that actions motivated in such a way are unconditionally good, meaning that they are good even in cases

746:

to assess the value of consequences. Two key aspects of the hedonic calculus are the intensity and the duration of pleasure. According to this view, a pleasurable experience has a high value if it has a high intensity and lasts for a long time. A common criticism of Bentham's utilitarianism argued

645:

Another disagreement is between actual and expected consequentialism. According to the traditional view, only the actual consequences of an act affect its moral value. One difficulty of this view is that many consequences cannot be known in advance. This means that in some cases, even well-planned

544:

says that pleasure is good and that the action leading to the most overall pleasure is right. Consequentialism has been discussed indirectly since the formulation of classical utilitarianism in the late 18th century. A more explicit analysis of this view happened in the 20th century, when the term

1744:

One of the main challenges of applied ethics is to breach the gap between abstract universal theories and their application to concrete situations. For example, an in-depth understanding of Kantianism or utilitarianism is usually not sufficient to decide how to analyze the moral implications of a

1501:

deny the existence of moral facts. They reject the existence of both objective moral facts defended by moral realism and subjective moral facts defended by moral relativism. They believe that the basic assumptions underlying moral claims are misguided. Some moral nihilists conclude from this that

1490:

reject the idea that morality is an objective feature of reality. They argue instead that moral principles are human inventions. This means that a behavior is not objectively right or wrong but only subjectively right or wrong relative to a certain standpoint. Moral standpoints may differ between

1095:

focuses on the role of practice and holds that one of the key tasks of ethics is to solve practical problems in concrete situations. It has certain similarities to utilitarianism and its focus on consequences but concentrates more on how morality is embedded in and relative to social and cultural

830:(1724–1804) is one of the most well-known deontologists. He states that reaching outcomes that people desire, such as being happy, is not the main purpose of moral actions. Instead, he argues that there are universal principles that apply to everyone independent of their desires. He uses the term 581:

There are many different types of consequentialism. They differ based on what type of entity they evaluate, what consequences they take into consideration, and how they determine the value of consequences. Most theories assess the moral value of acts. However, consequentialism can also be used to

1578:

Non-cognitivism is the view that moral statements lack a truth value. According to this view, the statement "Murder is wrong" is neither true nor false. Some non-cognitivists claim that moral statements have no meaning at all. A different interpretation is that they have another type of meaning.

797:

they have. Agent-centered theories often focus on the motives and intentions behind people's actions, highlighting the importance of acting for the right reasons. They tend to be agent-relative, meaning that the reasons for which people should act depend on personal circumstances. For example, a

641:

There are disagreements about which consequences should be assessed. An important distinction is between act consequentialism and rule consequentialism. According to act consequentialism, the consequences of an act determine its moral value. This means that there is a direct relation between the

539:

Consequentialism, also called teleological ethics, says that morality depends on consequences. According to the most common view, an act is right if it brings the best future. This means that there is no alternative course of action that has better consequences. A key aspect of consequentialist

1944:

for fun. The situation is more complicated in cases where harm is inflicted on animals as a side effect of the pursuit of human interests. This happens, for example, during factory farming, when using animals as food, and for research experiments on animals. A key topic in animal ethics is the

431:

are usually used interchangeably but some philosophers distinguish between the two. According to one view, morality focuses on what moral obligations people have while ethics is broader and includes ideas about what is good and how to lead a meaningful life. Another difference is that codes of

1570:

There is a close relation between the semantic theory of cognitivism and the ontological theory of moral realism. Moral realists assert that moral facts exist. This can be used to explain why moral statements are true or false: a statement is true if it is consistent with the facts and false

568:

Most forms of consequentialism are agent-neutral. This means that the value of consequences is assessed from a neutral perspective, that is, acts should have consequences that are good in general and not just good for the agent. It is controversial whether agent-relative moral theories, like

2117:

and speech responsibility. Freedom of speech concerns the ability to articulate one's opinions and ideas without the threats of punishment and censorship. Speech responsibility is about being accountable for the consequences of communicative action and inaction. A closely related field is

1762:. This method does not start from universal principles but from moral intuitions about particular cases. It seeks to arrive at moral principles relevant to a specific domain, which may not be applicable to other domains. In either case, inquiry into applied ethics is often triggered by 781:, it is wrong to break a promise even if no harm comes from it. Deontologists are interested in which actions are right and often allow that there is a gap between what is right and what is good. Many focus on prohibitions and describe which acts are forbidden under any circumstances. 2276:. Some ethical theories, like consequentialism, stand very close to value theory by defining what is right in terms of what is good. But this is not true for ethics in general and deontological theories tend to reject the idea that what is good can be used to define what is right. 1819:, and personhood affect the moral status of entities. These differences concern, for example, how to treat non-living entities like rocks and non-sentient entities like plants in contrast to animals, and whether humans have a different moral status than other animals. According to 1666:, a person can flip a switch to redirect a trolley from one track to another, thereby sacrificing the life of one person to save five. This scenario explores how the difference between doing and allowing harm affects moral obligations. Another thought experiment, proposed by 2271:

is sometimes used for the discipline studying this overlap, that is, the part of ethics that studies values. The two disciplines are sometimes distinguished based on their focus: ethics is about moral behavior or what is right while value theory is about value or what is

1395:

are contrasting terms that can be defined through each other: to be obligated to do something means that one is not permitted not to do it and to be permitted to do something means that one is not obligated not to do it. Some theorists define obligations in terms of

2321:

as they understand moral principles first as fixed rules governing reward and punishment, then as conventional social norms, and later as abstract principles of what is objectively right across societies. A closely related question is whether and how people can be

1622:

say that there are no basic moral beliefs. They argue that beliefs form a complex network and mutually support and justify one another. According to this view, a moral belief can only amount to knowledge if it coheres with the rest of the beliefs in the network.

2258:

There are disagreements about the exact relation between value theory and ethics. Some philosophers characterize value theory as a subdiscipline of ethics while others see value theory as the broader term that encompasses other fields besides ethics, such as

2026:. A closely related topic is the question of whether corporations themselves, and not just their stakeholders, have moral agency. Business ethics further examines the role of honesty and fairness in business practices as well as the moral implications of 2208:. It governs questions of the circumstances under which they are permitted to kill enemies, destroy infrastructure, and put the lives of their own troops at risk. Additional topics are the recruitment, training, and discharge of military personnel. 1678:. In this scenario, the violinist dies if the connection is severed, similar to how a fetus dies in the case of abortion. The thought experiment explores whether it would be morally permissible to sever the connection within the next nine months. 2254:

is the only source of intrinsic value and that the magnitude of value corresponds to the degree of pleasure. Axiological pluralists, by contrast, hold that there are different sources of intrinsic value, such as happiness, knowledge, and beauty.

2014:, which is the responsibility of corporations to act in a manner that benefits society at large. Corporate social responsibility is a complex issue since many stakeholders are directly and indirectly involved in corporate decisions, such as the 1615:. A different foundationalist position focuses on particular observations rather than general intuitions. It says that if people are confronted with a concrete moral situation, they can perceive whether right or wrong conduct was involved. 477:

Theories in normative ethics state how people should act or what kind of behavior is correct. They do not aim to describe how people normally act, what moral beliefs ordinary people have, how these beliefs change over time, or what

85:. Metaethics explores the underlying assumptions and concepts of ethics. It asks whether there are objective moral facts, how moral knowledge is possible, and how moral judgments motivate people. Influential normative theories are 1753:

applies to a fetus or, from a utilitarian perspective, what the long-term consequences are in terms of the greatest good for the greatest number. This difficulty is particularly relevant to applied ethicists who employ a top-down

2187:

investigates moral problems of war and violent conflicts. According to just war theory, waging war is morally justified if it fulfills certain conditions. These conditions are commonly divided into requirements concerning the

552:

Consequentialists usually understand the consequences of an action in a very wide sense that includes the totality of its effects. This is based on the idea that actions make a difference in the world by bringing about a

2790:(1908–1986), by contrast, held that values are created by humans and explored the consequences of this view in relation to individual freedom, responsibility, and authenticity. This period also saw the emergence of 2387:

the context of business, including common practices, official policies, and employee opinions. Descriptive ethics also has a historical dimension by exploring how moral practices and beliefs have changed over time.

2660:(1770–1831) saw Kant's categorical imperative on its own as an empty formalism and emphasized the role of social institutions in providing concrete content to moral duties. According to the Christian philosophy of 1627:

say that people are unable to distinguish between right and wrong behavior, thereby rejecting the idea that moral knowledge is possible. A common objection by critics of moral skepticism asserts that it leads to

1012:, of knowing when, how, and which virtue to express. For example, a lack of practical wisdom may lead courageous people to perform morally wrong actions by taking unnecessary risks that should better be avoided. 2541:(384–322 BCE), a good life is associated with being happy by cultivating virtues and flourishing. Starting in the 4th century BCE, the close relation between right action and happiness was also explored by the 1063:. Aristotle held that virtuous action leads to happiness and makes people flourish in life. Stoicism emerged about 300 BCE and taught that, through virtue alone, people can achieve happiness characterized by a 2684:(1806–1873). According to the utilitarian doctrine, actions should promote happiness while reducing suffering and the right action is the one that produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people. 1005:

Virtue theorists usually say that the mere possession of virtues by itself is not sufficient. Instead, people should manifest virtues in their actions. An important factor is the practical wisdom, also called

1579:

Emotivism says that they articulate emotional attitudes. According to this view, the statement "Murder is wrong" expresses that the speaker has a negative moral attitude towards murder or disapproves of it.

2152:. Central topics in the ethics of technology include the risks associated with creating new technologies, their responsible use, and questions about human enhancement through technological means, such as 1897:. Medical ethics often addresses issues related to the start and end of life. It examines the moral status of fetuses, for example, whether they are full-fledged persons and whether abortion is a form of 1067:

free from emotional disturbances. The Stoics advocated rationality and self-mastery to achieve this state. In the 20th century, virtue ethics experienced a resurgence thanks to philosophers such as

672:

is one of the earliest forms of consequentialism. It arose in the 5th century BCE and argued that political action should promote justice as a means to increase the welfare of the people.

2526:) emphasized the importance of inquiry into what a good life is by critically questioning established ideas and exploring concepts like virtue, justice, courage, and wisdom. According to 2591:(980–1037 CE) synthesized ancient Greek philosophy with the ethical teachings of Islam while emphasizing the harmony between reason and faith. In medieval India, Hindu philosophers like 10143: 638:

additionally consider the distribution of value. One of them states that an equal distribution of goods is better than an unequal distribution even if the aggregate good is the same.

9829: 10300: 10573: 14433: 11471: 16443: 14882: 1758:

by starting from universal ethical principles and applying them to particular cases within a specific domain. A different approach is to use a bottom-up methodology, known as

978:

are expressed in actions. As such, it is neither directly interested in the consequences of actions nor in universal moral duties. Virtues are positive character traits like

2576:

ethics by claiming that ethical behavior consists in following the laws and order of nature, which he believed were created by God. In the Islamic world, philosophers like

557:

chain of events that would not have existed otherwise. A core intuition behind consequentialism is that the future should be shaped to achieve the best possible outcome.

17992: 2782:(1882–1950) built ethical systems based on the claim that values have objective reality that can be investigated using the phenomenological method. Existentialists like 73:

Normative ethics aims to find general principles that govern how people should act. Applied ethics examines concrete ethical problems in real-life situations, such as

1690:, there is a direct link between moral judgments and action. This means that every judgment about what is right motivates the person to act accordingly. For example, 14595: 9490: 16542: 14915: 14716: 13423: 9930: 9231: 2378:

Descriptive ethics, also called comparative ethics, studies existing moral codes, practices, and beliefs. It investigates and compares moral phenomena in different

844:

agents. According to Kant, to act morally is to act in agreement with reason as expressed by these principles while violating them is both immoral and irrational.

2406:. Its empirical outlook contrasts with the philosophical inquiry into normative questions, such as which ethical principles are correct and how to justify them. 2877:

A maxim is a rule that people can adopt to guide their action, like "If you want to make big money, you should go into sales" or "Thou shalt not commit murder".

1461:

A major debate in metaethics is about the ontological status of morality, questioning whether ethical values and principles are real. It examines whether moral

597:

Many types assess the value of consequences based on whether they promote happiness or suffering. But there are also alternative evaluative principles, such as

470:, which may itself be explained in terms of a more general principle. Many theories of normative ethics also aim to guide behavior by helping people make moral 97:. According to consequentialists, an act is right if it leads to the best consequences. Deontologists focus on acts themselves, saying that they must adhere to 21458: 2886:

Some ethicists state that contractualism is not a normative ethical theory but a metaethical theory because of its emphasis on how moral norms are justified.

1385:

that always accompany them. According to this view, someone has a duty to benefit another person if this other person has the right to receive that benefit.

2927:, which states that one cannot deduce a normative statement from a descriptive statement. The exact relation between these types of statements is disputed. 881:

Divine command theory says that God is the source of morality. It states that moral laws are divine commands and that to act morally is to obey and follow

1823:, only humans have a basic moral status. This suggests that all other entities possess a derivative moral status only insofar as they impact human life. 16712: 2652:, according to which the ethical value of actions depends on their conformity with moral laws independent of their outcome. These laws take the form of 2632:(1588–1679) identified self-interest as the primary drive of humans. He concluded that it would lead to "a war of every man against every man" unless a 2215:, which examines the moral dimensions of political decisions, educational ethics, which covers ethical issues related to proper teaching practices, and 2318: 2010:

Business ethics examines the moral implications of business conduct and how ethical principles apply to corporations and organizations. A key topic is

2440:

The history of ethics studies how moral philosophy has developed and evolved in the course of history. It has its origin in ancient civilizations. In

14164:

Handbook of Research on Biomedical Engineering Education and Advanced Bioengineering Learning: Interdisciplinary Concepts: Interdisciplinary Concepts

2246:

Value theory, also called axiology, is the philosophical study of value. It examines the nature and types of value. A central distinction is between

509:

Distinct theories in normative ethics suggest different principles as the foundation of morality. The three most influential schools of thought are

11845: 2073:, and respect and uphold the client's rights, such as informed consent. More precise requirements often vary between professions. A cornerstone of 1889:

based on whether the ethical problems relate to humans, other animals, or nature in general. Medical ethics is the oldest branch of bioethics. The

1271:, often emphasize the interconnectedness of all living beings and the environment while stressing the importance of living in harmony with nature. 13713: 773:

or principles. These norms describe the requirements that all actions need to follow. They may include principles like telling the truth, keeping

2644:, can motivate ethical actions while he saw reason not as a motivating factor but only as what anticipates the consequences of possible actions. 1698:

that it is evil. Weaker forms of motivational internalism say that people can act against their own moral judgments, for example, because of the

14560: 9318: 2734:(1917–1981) suggested that every moral statement is false since there are no moral facts. An influential argument for moral realism was made by 2672:(1844–1900) formulated criticisms of both Christian and Kantian morality. Another influential development in this period was the formulation of 540:

theories is that they provide a characterization of what is good and then define what is right in terms of what is good. For example, classical

9730: 1968:, this concerns the circumstances under which the vegetation of an area may be cleared to use it for farming and the implications of planting 11011: 10119: 7497: 1901:. Ethical issues also arise about whether a person has the right to end their life in cases of terminal illness or chronic suffering and if 1838:

Bioethics is relevant to various aspects of life and many professions. It covers a wide range of moral problems associated with topics like

17968: 13202:

Lazari-Radek, Katarzyna de; Singer, Peter (2017). "Parfit on Objectivity and 'The Profoundest Problem of Ethics'". In Singer, Peter (ed.).

2742:(1929–2003) agreed with the close relation between reasons and ethics but defended a subjective view instead that sees reasons as internal 16045: 13440: 9813: 9353: 5281: 896:

Contractualists reject the reference to God as the source of morality and argue instead that morality is based on an explicit or implicit

20331: 18235: 16810: 16775: 16602: 16418: 16211: 15396: 15234: 15020: 14354: 14279: 14235: 14177: 14099: 13814: 13781: 13388: 13319: 13302:"Moral Disobedience During the Lebanon War: What Can the Cognitive-Developmental Approach Learn from the Experience of Israeli Soldiers?" 12903: 12847: 12812: 12668: 12531: 12251: 12172: 11915: 11880: 11750: 11696: 11504: 11438: 10994: 10855: 10838: 10540: 10284: 10176: 10077: 9998: 9965: 8696: 16878: 16843: 16509: 16383: 16279: 16246: 16020: 15921: 15462: 15315: 14985: 14749: 14033: 13965: 13746: 13655: 13622: 13037: 12091: 11382: 11347: 11252: 10805: 10693: 10557: 10447: 10414: 10267: 9864: 9672: 9637: 9548: 19078: 16476: 15733: 15429: 14824: 14650: 14417: 13549: 12610: 12556: 12444: 12392: 12284: 10211: 9897: 2448:

was used as an ethical principle to guide behavior and maintain order by emphasizing the importance of truth, balance, and harmony. In

16304: 11455: 10042: 9275: 19356: 16435: 14874: 1318: 1294: 10102: 2738:(1942–2017), who argued that morality concerns objective features of reality that give people reasons to act in one way or another. 1575:, which combines cognitivism with moral nihilism by claiming that all moral statements are false because there are no moral facts. 15846: 15821: 15340: 13469: 12928: 12216: 12025: 10505: 2553:, which advocated living in tune with reason and virtue while practicing self-mastery and becoming immune to disturbing emotions. 1520:

A central disagreement among moral realists is between naturalism and non-naturalism. Naturalism states that moral properties are

18000: 14767:

The Miniature Guide to Understanding the Foundations of Ethical Reasoning: Based on "Critical Thinking Concepts & Principles"

14479: 11217: 2999:

There are disagreements in the academic literature about whether they are synonyms or whether one or the other is the wider term.

904:

to this contract is the source of moral norms and duties. To determine which duties people have, contractualists often rely on a

14049:

Miller, Christian B. (2023). "Overview of Contemporary Metaethics and Normative Ethical Theory". In Miller, Christian B. (ed.).

13141: 9851:

Jewish Ethics and the Care of End-of-life Patients: A Collection of Rabbinical, Bioethical, Philosophical, and Juristic Opinions

9399: 20969: 15600: 13680: 12635: 1736:

One of the difficulties of applied ethics is to determine how to apply general ethical principles to concrete situations, like

686:

The most well-known form of consequentialism is utilitarianism. In its classical form, it is an act consequentialism that sees

19993: 15650: 2665: 2148:

examines the moral issues associated with the creation and use of any artifact, from simple spears to high-tech computers and

1607:

through which they can know right from wrong. Intuitionists often argue that general moral truths, like "Lying is wrong", are

16903: 16872: 16837: 16804: 16749: 16706: 16596: 16536: 16503: 16470: 16412: 16377: 16341: 16273: 16240: 16205: 16182: 16154: 16091: 16070: 16014: 15981: 15948: 15915: 15894: 15802: 15781: 15762: 15727: 15556: 15533: 15512: 15456: 15423: 15390: 15367: 15309: 15228: 15172: 15066: 15047: 15014: 14979: 14909: 14851: 14818: 14797: 14774: 14743: 14710: 14677: 14644: 14589: 14541: 14506: 14427: 14381: 14348: 14327: 14260: 14229: 14171: 14093: 14060: 14027: 13959: 13896: 13808: 13775: 13740: 13707: 13649: 13616: 13586: 13543: 13506: 13450: 13417: 13369: 13346: 13313: 13213: 13135: 13107: 13064: 13031: 12897: 12876: 12841: 12806: 12785: 12766: 12695: 12662: 12604: 12583: 12525: 12490: 12469: 12438: 12417: 12386: 12365: 12311: 12278: 12245: 12197: 12166: 12128: 12085: 12052: 11961: 11942: 11909: 11874: 11785: 11744: 11721: 11690: 11669: 11639: 11583: 11562: 11541: 11498: 11465: 11432: 11411: 11376: 11341: 11318: 11279: 11246: 11198: 11152: 11131: 11075: 11042: 11021: 10988: 10955: 10909: 10888: 10865: 10832: 10799: 10758: 10730: 10687: 10627: 10567: 10534: 10474: 10441: 10408: 10385: 10364: 10294: 10261: 10205: 10170: 10137: 10071: 10023: 9992: 9959: 9924: 9891: 9858: 9823: 9699: 9666: 9631: 9573: 9542: 9519: 9484: 9426: 9380: 9347: 9312: 9256: 9212: 1055:

between two types of vices: excess and deficiency. For example, courage is a virtue that lies between the deficient state of

16097: 15575: 14857: 14683: 14066: 13244: 13219: 12739: 12058: 11048: 10961: 10480: 9705: 9432: 2197: 1893:

is one of the earliest texts to engage in medical ethics by establishes ethical guidelines for medical practitioners like a

565:

in terms of consequences but in terms of outcome, with the outcome being defined as the act together with its consequences.

1658:

and explore how people's intuitions of right and wrong change based on specific details in that situation. For example, in

14202: 11602: 10928: 1687: 960:

their different opinions without coercion but are at the same time required to justify them using rational argumentation.

18016: 17001: 14899: 9223: 4906: 2794:, which questions traditional ethical assumptions associated with a male perspective and puts alternative concepts, like 1940:

while arguing that humans should avoid or minimize the harm done to animals. There is wide agreement that it is wrong to

1495:

provides a different explanation, stating that morality arises from moral emotions, which are not the same for everyone.

15675: 9457: 2420: 1686:

On the level of psychology, metaethics is interested in how moral beliefs and experiences affect behavior. According to

847:

Kant provided several formulations of the categorical imperative. One formulation says that a person should only follow

20555: 18562: 16567: 3047:

Modern scholars have questioned these traditionally cited dates, suggesting that Ramanuja's life ran from 1077 to 1157.

2966: 121: 19619: 19644: 17116: 16677: 13282: 13186: 10014:

Braunack-Mayer, A. J.; Street, J. M.; Palmer, N. (1998). "Technology, Ethics Of: Overview". In Chadwick, Ruth (ed.).

3251: 2165: 1694:

defends a strong form of motivational internalism by holding that a person can only perform an evil deed if they are

1437:

is a special moral status that applies to cases in which the agent does more than is morally required of them. To be

998:

to feel, decide, and act in a certain manner by being wholeheartedly committed to this manner. Virtues contrast with

21528: 21448: 21428: 20176: 17028: 16652: 12973: 9796: 2247: 211:, and the consequences of actions. An influential development in the 20th century was the emergence of metaethics. 125: 21697: 20324: 20206: 18228: 16941: 15987: 15954: 14512: 13070: 12496: 12317: 11285: 11171: 11081: 10764: 3038:

The exact date for Daoism disputed and some theorists suggest a later date between the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE.

2049:

Professional ethics is a closely related field that studies ethical principles applying to members of a specific

2011: 1433:. An action is morally right if it is in tune with a person's obligations and morally wrong if it violates them. 19814: 12108: 9531:"Library Managers and Ethical Leadership: A Survey of Current Practices from the Perspective of Business Ethics" 3342: 1445:. If a person is morally responsible then it is appropriate to respond to them in certain ways, for example, by 144:

describes the dominant moral codes and beliefs in different societies and considers their historical dimension.

20232: 19392: 17984: 15118: 10598: 15700: 15487: 13566: 7359: 1952:

Environmental ethics deals with moral problems relating to the natural environment including animals, plants,

458:

Normative ethics is the philosophical study of ethical conduct and investigates the fundamental principles of

21418: 20929: 18806: 18391: 17801: 17218: 16694: 13876: 6547: 6460: 6411: 6393: 6375: 4660: 3012:

holds that the principles of right actions are distinct from the principles of value. He says that the terms

2657: 1777:, like moral problems posed by new technologies and duties toward future generations. Major branches include 11980: 9688:

Beaucham, Tom L. (2003). "The Nature of Applied Ethics". In Frey, R. G.; Wellman, Christopher Heath (eds.).

2746:

that may or may not reflect external reality. Another development in this period was the revival of ancient

1936:

Animal ethics examines how humans should treat other animals. This field often emphasizes the importance of

291:

can also refer to individual ethical theories in the form of a rational system of moral principles, such as

21488: 21357: 20211: 20116: 19764: 18481: 18048: 18008: 17921: 16627: 15625: 15280: 15093: 12714: 11106: 2290:

Moral psychology explores the psychological foundations and processes involved in moral behavior. It is an

1749:

like abortion. One reason is that it may not be clear how the Kantian requirement of respecting everyone's

1675: 1571:

otherwise. As a result, philosophers who accept one theory often accept the other as well. An exception is

522: 282:

Morality is about what people ought to do rather than what they actually do, what they want to do, or what

2313:

or the question of how morality develops on a psychological level from infancy to adulthood. According to

2081:

emphasizes the importance of respect for justice, personal integrity, and confidentiality. Key factors in

1587:. According to this view, stating that "Murder is wrong" expresses a command like "Do not commit murder". 1333:

side of metaethics discusses whether and how people can acquire moral knowledge. Metaethics overlaps with

1100:

than to conscious deliberation and understand morality as a habit that should be shaped in the right way.

948:

Discourse ethics also focuses on social agreement on moral norms but says that this agreement is based on

20790: 20015: 19729: 18358: 17680: 14400: 12375:

Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (2015). "Introduction to Value Theory". In Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (eds.).

2153: 1015:

Different types of virtue ethics differ on how they understand virtues and their role in practical life.

712: 231:

Ethics, also called moral philosophy, is the study of moral phenomena. It is one of the main branches of

11837: 2969:, which states that the magnitude of physical properties like mass, length, and duration depends on the 2628:

Moral philosophy in the modern period was characterized by a shift toward a secular approach to ethics.

1654:

in ethics to decide between competing theories. They usually present an imagined situation involving an

21671: 20317: 19882: 19551: 18857: 18633: 18221: 17976: 13697: 10252:. In Keating, Charles B.; Katina, Polinpapilinho F.; Jr, Charles W. Chesterman; Pyne, James C. (eds.). 9655:"Smudging, Yoga, Ethical Veganism: Exploring the Boundaries of Religious and Spiritual Practice in Law" 2771: 2201: 2173: 1969: 1441:

for an action usually means that the person possesses and exercises certain capacities or some form of

1264: 1255:

extends the importance of living in harmony to the whole world and teaches that people should practice

1029: 20934: 18267: 2537:), to lead a good life means that the different parts of the soul are in harmony with each other. For 1924: 58:

questions about what people ought to do or which behavior is morally right. Its main branches include

21558: 21508: 20438: 20088: 18300: 18290: 18167: 14552: 10944:

Darwall, Stephen L. (2003). "Theories of Ethics". In Frey, R. G.; Wellman, Christopher Heath (eds.).

9292: 2485: 2356:, for example, can provide benefits to group survival by improving cooperation. Some theorists, like 2267:. A different characterization sees the two disciplines as overlapping but distinct fields. The term 2157: 1977: 1651: 1612: 1381:

express requirements of what people ought to do. Duties are sometimes defined as counterparts of the

1060: 949: 941: 703: 654: 15751:"Righting Names: The Importance of Native American Philosophies of Naming for Environmental Justice" 9722: 132:

is a related empirical field and investigates psychological processes involved in morality, such as

21548: 21498: 21307: 20597: 20191: 19754: 19004: 18844: 18841: 18567: 18401: 18386: 18183: 17670: 17327: 17083: 14534:

Indigenous Knowledge and the Integration of Knowledge Systems: Towards a Philosophy of Articulation

2808: 2723: 2090: 1929: 1863: 1580: 1361:

Metaethics examines basic ethical concepts and their relations. Ethics is primarily concerned with

1052: 561: 16960: 16321: 7168: 3845: 3843: 1827:, by contrast, extends an inherent moral status to all sentient beings. Further positions include 21628: 20939: 19769: 19710: 19663: 19521: 19484: 18852: 18767: 18757: 18681: 18547: 18519: 16061:

Sorabji, Richard; Rodin, David (2007). "Introduction". In Sorabji, Richard; Rodin, David (eds.).

13087: 11521: 11122:

Delden, J. J. M. van (1998). "Euthanasia (Physician-Assisted Suicide)". In Chadwick, Ruth (ed.).

7142: 2956:, which occurs when factors outside a person's control influence the moral status of that person. 2360:, argue that morality is not limited to humans, meaning that some non-human animals act based on 1906: 1521: 1391: 31: 17: 21292: 16914: 16134: 13261: 11767: 11552: 6165:, Lead section, § 1. Varieties of Moral Skepticism, § 2. A Presumption Against Moral Skepticism? 5011: 2302:

forms, what sensitivity people have to moral evaluations, and how people attribute and react to

20914: 20826: 19902: 19834: 18914: 18752: 18330: 18305: 18295: 17660: 17261: 17213: 16037: 10710: 9335: 5167: 3840: 2653: 2070: 1894: 1515: 953: 832: 16792: 16767: 16584: 16400: 16193: 15378: 15218: 15002: 14577: 14338: 14271: 14219: 14159: 14083: 13798: 13763: 13380: 13357: 13301: 12887: 12864: 12829: 12796: 12652: 12513: 12233: 12154: 11934:

The Fear, the Trembling, and the Fire: Kierkegaard and Hasidic Masters on the Binding of Isaac

11897: 11862: 11732: 11680: 11657: 11573: 11488: 11422: 11399: 11310: 11188: 10978: 10899: 10876: 10822: 10522: 10160: 10059: 9982: 9947: 9880:

Boonin, David (2022). "1. Introduction: Sex, Ethics, and Philosophy". In Boonin, David (ed.).

9507: 9474: 9370: 9184: 9063: 8744: 8519: 8067: 8043: 8010: 8001: 7983: 7938: 7848: 7806: 7797: 7776: 7719: 7710: 7677: 7668: 7341: 7242: 7112: 6840: 6538: 6475: 6337: 6202: 6118: 6034: 5947: 5488: 5458: 5176: 5149: 5134: 5104: 4975: 4945: 4600: 4573: 4564: 4543: 4432: 4327: 4162: 4135: 4126: 3898: 3760: 3751: 3562: 3467: 956:

to ensure fairness and inclusivity. In particular, this means that discourse participants are

560:

The act itself is usually not seen as part of the consequences. This means that if an act has

21633: 21623: 21518: 21044: 20999: 20502: 20139: 20078: 20058: 19892: 19804: 19784: 19774: 19407: 19256: 18889: 18821: 18729: 18696: 18524: 18504: 18310: 18040: 18032: 17960: 17916: 17278: 17273: 17168: 16894:

Zimmerman, Michael J. (2015). "Value and Normativity". In Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (eds.).

16860: 16827: 16526: 16493: 16367: 16263: 16228: 16172: 16004: 15905: 15884: 15792: 15750: 15544: 15523: 15446: 15297: 14969: 14785: 14733: 14700: 14529: 14371: 14317: 14015: 13949: 13730: 13639: 13604: 13405: 13336: 13019: 12756: 12573: 12075: 11932: 11364: 11329: 11234: 11142: 10781: 10675: 10615: 10431: 10396: 10354: 10249: 9914: 9846: 9654: 9621: 9530: 8964: 8931: 8705: 8432: 8180: 8171: 8162: 8129: 8097: 8076: 8028: 7920: 7884: 7875: 7587: 7578: 7524: 7407: 7212: 7121: 7103: 7085: 7070: 7005: 6948: 6849: 6696: 6529: 6085: 5956: 5473: 5440: 5206: 5197: 5119: 5089: 5071: 5062: 5032: 5002: 4966: 4825: 4741: 4651: 4534: 4441: 4399: 4336: 4276: 4171: 4102: 4048: 3966:, § 1. Classic Utilitarianism, § 4. Which Consequences? Actual Vs. Expected Consequentialisms 3679: 3634: 3431: 3416: 3380: 3072: 2715: 2345: 2333: 2220: 2122:, which focuses on the moral implications of creating, controlling, disseminating, and using 1914: 1667: 1462: 1337:

because of its interest in how moral judgments motivate people to act. It also overlaps with

1236: 1188: 1138:

or that an action is morally right if the person acts for their own benefit. It differs from

918: 868: 296: 16729: 16460: 15717: 15413: 15357: 15037: 14808: 14632: 13533: 12989:

Kriegel, Uri (1999). "Normativity and Rationality: Bernard Williams on Reasons for Action".

12685: 12594: 12548: 12428: 12376: 12355: 12268: 11619: 10375: 10193: 9881: 8423: 7992: 7929: 7893: 7866: 7548: 7440: 7398: 7374: 7332: 7293: 7233: 6957: 6520: 6001: 4888: 4849: 4009: 3664: 3440: 3407: 3159: 3144: 3081: 2710:

was the emergence of metaethics. Significant early contributions to this field were made by

1729:

have in these fields, and whether additional domain-specific factors need to be considered.

21638: 21438: 20899: 20156: 20111: 20073: 20020: 19949: 19705: 19501: 19412: 19235: 19205: 18946: 18474: 18320: 18315: 18157: 17297: 17287: 17268: 17246: 17208: 17146: 17058: 17021: 16296: 15251: 10034: 9267: 2920: 2818: 2561: 2303: 2264: 2145: 2106: 2031: 1928:

Harm done to animals is a particular concern in animal ethics, for example, as a result of

1886: 1828: 1699: 1600: 1557: 1545: 1442: 1438: 1366: 1298: 1139: 1091:

There are many other schools of normative ethics in addition to the three main traditions.

441: 78: 21237: 21024: 20959: 17821: 9203:

Abelson, Raziel; Nielsen, Kai (2006). "Ethics, History of". In Borchert, Donald M. (ed.).

2661: 295:, and to a moral code that certain societies, social groups, or professions follow, as in 8: 21478: 21039: 20984: 20904: 20846: 20729: 20624: 20354: 20297: 20252: 20242: 20201: 20149: 20134: 20063: 20043: 20025: 19857: 19824: 19685: 19672: 19479: 19276: 19187: 19142: 19048: 18934: 18747: 18595: 18127: 18088: 18064: 17931: 17851: 17831: 17806: 17776: 17188: 17068: 15863: 14296: 10094: 8060:, Indian Philosophy: A Brief Historical Overview, The Ancient Period of Indian Philosophy 2823: 2767: 2707: 2703: 2669: 2329: 2005: 1786: 1362: 1293:

are right but in what it means for an action to be right and whether moral judgments are

1290: 1240: 1107: 752: 692: 292: 19009: 11454:

Elrod, Edwin M.; Smith, Martha M. (2005). "Information Ethics". In Mitcham, Carl (ed.).

2476:

originated in ancient India between the sixth and the fifth centuries BCE and advocated

1599:

views state that some moral beliefs are basic and do not require further justification.

622: 21598: 21257: 21222: 21132: 20659: 20492: 20443: 20247: 20216: 20196: 20144: 20126: 20101: 20096: 20048: 20035: 20002: 19897: 19799: 19734: 19690: 19634: 19474: 19303: 19197: 19105: 18909: 18788: 18779: 18742: 18737: 18643: 18638: 18615: 18534: 18348: 18275: 18122: 18117: 17952: 17891: 17761: 17349: 17256: 17241: 17193: 17141: 16347: 15838: 15813: 15332: 14956: 14141: 14116: 13863: 13498: 13461: 13410:

Handbook of Professional Ethics for Psychologists: Issues, Questions, and Controversies

13006: 12965: 12920: 12208: 12134: 12017: 10662: 10497: 10341: 9788: 9596: 2970: 2787: 2691: 2390:

Descriptive ethics is a multidisciplinary field that is covered by disciplines such as

2373: 2268: 2205: 2119: 2074: 2039: 2035: 2019: 1941: 1847: 1725: 1647: 1525: 1511: 1370: 1342: 1285:

Metaethics is the branch of ethics that examines the nature, foundations, and scope of

1150: 1076: 1068: 905: 852: 848: 748: 669: 483: 141: 101:, like telling the truth and keeping promises. Virtue ethics sees the manifestation of 21207: 14471: 11209: 2340:

is responsible for moral behavior and moral sensitivity. It interprets morality as an

1357:

The deontic square visualizes the relations between possible moral statuses of an act.

937: 650:, for example, because the negative outcome could not be anticipated or was unlikely. 21387: 21287: 21252: 21077: 21054: 21049: 20924: 20540: 20530: 20379: 20364: 20340: 20285: 20186: 20181: 20166: 20106: 20068: 20053: 20010: 19581: 19541: 19459: 19387: 19370: 19348: 18976: 18951: 18762: 18582: 18325: 18177: 18162: 18152: 18132: 17881: 17712: 17615: 17605: 17334: 17292: 16899: 16868: 16833: 16800: 16745: 16702: 16592: 16532: 16499: 16466: 16408: 16373: 16351: 16337: 16269: 16236: 16201: 16178: 16150: 16087: 16066: 16010: 15977: 15944: 15911: 15890: 15798: 15777: 15758: 15723: 15552: 15529: 15508: 15452: 15419: 15386: 15363: 15305: 15224: 15205: 15168: 15151: 15072: 15062: 15043: 15010: 14975: 14948: 14905: 14847: 14814: 14793: 14770: 14739: 14706: 14673: 14640: 14585: 14537: 14502: 14423: 14377: 14344: 14323: 14256: 14225: 14167: 14146: 14089: 14056: 14023: 14002: 13955: 13936: 13892: 13855: 13847: 13804: 13771: 13736: 13703: 13645: 13612: 13582: 13539: 13520: 13512: 13502: 13485:

Matsuba, M. Kyle; Murzyn, Theresa; Hart, Daniel (2011). "A Model of Moral Identity".

13446: 13413: 13365: 13342: 13309: 13288: 13209: 13131: 13125: 13103: 13060: 13027: 12998: 12957: 12893: 12872: 12837: 12802: 12781: 12762: 12691: 12658: 12600: 12579: 12521: 12486: 12465: 12434: 12413: 12382: 12361: 12334: 12307: 12274: 12241: 12193: 12162: 12138: 12124: 12120: 12081: 12048: 11957: 11938: 11905: 11870: 11781: 11740: 11717: 11686: 11665: 11635: 11579: 11558: 11537: 11494: 11461: 11428: 11407: 11372: 11337: 11328:

Dueñas, María del Pilar Muñoz; Lucia, Aiello; Rosario, Cabrita; Mauro, Gatti (2018).

11314: 11275: 11242: 11194: 11148: 11127: 11071: 11038: 11017: 10984: 10951: 10905: 10884: 10861: 10828: 10795: 10754: 10726: 10683: 10654: 10623: 10563: 10530: 10470: 10437: 10404: 10381: 10360: 10345: 10333: 10290: 10257: 10201: 10166: 10133: 10067: 10019: 9988: 9955: 9952:

Mithraic Studies: Proceedings of the First International Congress of Mithraic Studies

9920: 9887: 9854: 9819: 9780: 9695: 9662: 9627: 9608: 9600: 9569: 9538: 9515: 9480: 9422: 9391: 9376: 9343: 9308: 9252: 9208: 2910:

Ontology is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature and categories of being.

2813: 2613: 2415: 2349: 2337: 2314: 2310: 2291: 2114: 2082: 1746: 1737: 1268: 1184: 1092: 957: 770: 546: 283: 148: 21157: 20851: 15592: 14612: 13867: 13672: 12627: 6363:, Lead section, § 1. Applied Ethics as Distinct from Normative Ethics and Metaethics 21643: 21317: 21277: 21267: 21217: 21202: 21192: 21152: 21112: 21102: 20979: 20949: 20909: 20795: 20631: 20609: 20399: 20389: 20237: 20171: 20161: 19862: 19809: 19759: 19739: 19700: 19695: 19536: 19464: 19182: 19093: 18984: 18956: 18941: 18904: 18610: 18590: 18557: 18462: 18424: 18147: 18072: 18056: 17886: 17871: 17816: 17595: 17377: 17344: 17339: 17236: 17136: 17073: 17053: 17045: 16737: 16329: 16142: 15907:

Effortless Action: Wu-wei As Conceptual Metaphor and Spiritual Ideal in Early China

15642: 15195: 15143: 14960: 14940: 14136: 14128: 13994: 13926: 13884: 13839: 13578: 13574: 13494: 13095: 12116: 11824: 11773: 11627: 11529: 11306: 11301:

Dreier, James (2007). "Moral Relativism and Moral Nihilism". In Copp, David (ed.).

10787: 10718: 10646: 10325: 10228: 10125: 9592: 9300: 2987: 2783: 2779: 2739: 2681: 2621: 2549:, which recommended a simple lifestyle without indulging in sensory pleasures, and 2497: 2461: 2285: 2212: 1953: 1910: 1902: 1890: 1820: 1643:

is a thought experiment about the moral difference between doing and allowing harm.

1624: 1529: 1487: 1248: 1176: 1158: 933: 886: 876: 837: 743: 739: 725: 534: 510: 453: 268: 256: 248: 208: 129: 86: 59: 21312: 16333: 16229:"The Many Methods of Medical Ethics (Or, Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird)" 13998: 13888: 5391:, Lead section, § 6. Morals, Motives, and Reasons, § 7. Freedom and Responsibility 4754: 4752: 2204:. Military ethics is a closely related field that is interested in the conduct of 1325:, it asks what the meaning of moral terms are and whether moral statements have a 21692: 21593: 21588: 21352: 21297: 21282: 21262: 21242: 21197: 21172: 21082: 21034: 21019: 20919: 20879: 20770: 20765: 20592: 20480: 20394: 20369: 19943: 19912: 19877: 19842: 19720: 19571: 19469: 19427: 19338: 19326: 19311: 19286: 19261: 19031: 18899: 18894: 18811: 18796: 18469: 18353: 18202: 17936: 17675: 17630: 17590: 17538: 17483: 17473: 17397: 17372: 17354: 17307: 17198: 17131: 17126: 17014: 16979: 16081: 15567: 14841: 14667: 14495:

Norman, Richard (2005). "Moral Philosophy, History of". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).

14450: 14050: 13236: 13203: 13099: 12731: 12042: 11777: 11533: 11032: 10980:

The Paradigm of Justice: A Contemporary Debate Between John Rawls and Amartya Sen

10945: 10791: 10722: 10464: 9689: 9416: 9304: 6131: 6129: 5385:, Lead section, § 5. Psychology and Metaethics, 7. Anthropological Considerations 2791: 2633: 2557: 2473: 2323: 2299: 2295: 2294:

that studies how humans think and act in moral contexts. It is interested in how

2161: 2001: 1981: 1782: 1763: 1663: 1655: 1640: 1596: 1584: 1561: 1430: 1330: 1286: 1179:

puts less emphasis on following precise laws and teaches instead the practice of

1127: 1080: 1040: 897: 587: 503: 471: 437: 264: 196: 137: 133: 82: 19083: 16146: 15755:

Indigenous Resurgence: Decolonialization and Movements for Environmental Justice

12684:

Jackson, Elizabeth; Goldschmidt, Tyron; Crummett, Dustin; Chan, Rebecca (2021).

11369:

Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History

10556:

Christians, Clifford G. (2005). "Communication Ethics". In Mitcham, Carl (ed.).

2648:(1724–1804), by contrast, saw reason as the source of morality. He formulated a 1674:

by imagining a situation in which a person gets connected without their consent

1473:

rather than as subjective constructs or expressions of personal preferences and

889:

express God's will while Muslims may reserve this role for the teachings of the

621:, and self-perfection. Some forms of consequentialism hold that there is only a 432:

conduct in specific areas, such as business and environment, are usually termed

21648: 21538: 21468: 21367: 21342: 21212: 21182: 21142: 21107: 20964: 20889: 20874: 20869: 20760: 20750: 20460: 20411: 19852: 19847: 19715: 19680: 19612: 19586: 19422: 19271: 19210: 19123: 18966: 18862: 18605: 18285: 18172: 17926: 17826: 17811: 17786: 17781: 17665: 17555: 17493: 17412: 17402: 17392: 17302: 17183: 17178: 17163: 17103: 17088: 17063: 16988: 15503:

Sandler, R. (1998). "Environmental Ethics, Overview". In Chadwick, Ruth (ed.).

15163:

Rendtorff, J. D. (1998). "Business Ethics, Overview". In Chadwick, Ruth (ed.).

15007:

Integralism, Altruism and Reconstruction: Essays in Honor of Pitirim A. Sorokin

14194: 13931: 13914: 11594: 10920: 9747: 4749: 3822:, Lead section, § 3. What Is Good? Hedonistic Vs. Pluralistic Consequentialisms 2865: 2795: 2763: 2759: 2714:(1873–1958), who argued that moral values are essentially different from other 2695: 2677: 2673: 2569: 2565: 2512: 2361: 2177: 2169: 2149: 2133: 2058: 1985: 1973: 1937: 1878: 1859: 1770: 1719: 1498: 1434: 1397: 1111:

how moral demands arise in specific situations as one encounters other people.

1025: 872: 807: 735: 721: 681: 647: 626: 570: 541: 411: 300: 272: 244: 204: 168: 152: 63: 19293: 19068: 14944: 14132: 13843: 13292: 11828: 10329: 6126: 2105:

Many other fields of applied ethics are discussed in the academic literature.

21686: 21653: 21362: 21347: 21337: 21322: 21272: 21227: 21187: 21122: 21117: 21087: 20954: 20894: 20836: 20560: 20374: 19907: 19819: 19749: 19491: 19281: 19215: 19172: 19041: 18666: 18452: 18434: 17856: 17796: 17746: 17585: 17523: 17508: 17407: 17322: 17251: 17203: 17111: 17093: 16997: 16955: 15667: 15209: 15155: 15076: 14952: 14006: 13940: 13851: 13516: 13002: 12961: 10658: 10337: 10129: 9784: 9604: 9449: 2940: 2936: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2645: 2629: 2489: 2449: 2441: 2383: 2357: 2216: 2189: 2184: 2110: 1984:

and duties towards future generations. Environmental ethicists often promote

1946: 1882: 1871: 1867: 1812: 1789:. There are many other branches, and their domains of inquiry often overlap. 1774: 1703: 1659: 1595:

The epistemology of ethics studies whether or how one can know moral truths.

1480: 1154: 1143: 1135: 1103: 1072: 969: 910: 882: 836:

for these principles, saying that they have their source in the structure of

827: 816: 812: 518: 311: 200: 164: 160: 156: 94: 16970: 16741: 16559: 15147: 15059:

Der Begriff ēthos bei Homer: Beitrag zu einer philosophischen Interpretation

13800:

Understanding Contemporary Journalism: A Handbook of Principles and Practice

11631: 2477: 1724:

Applied ethics, also known as practical ethics, is the branch of ethics and

1212: 1119: 819:

formulated a deontological system based on universal laws that apply to all

21332: 21327: 21302: 21232: 21167: 21127: 21097: 21092: 21004: 20994: 20884: 20619: 20614: 20602: 20523: 20509: 20433: 19938: 19928: 19887: 19867: 19639: 19602: 19561: 19447: 19397: 19058: 19036: 19014: 18961: 18929: 18801: 18661: 18572: 18368: 18137: 18080: 17911: 17906: 17901: 17876: 17846: 17580: 17453: 17387: 17382: 17317: 17173: 17158: 16080:

Stecker, Robert (2010). "Ethics and Aesthetics". In Skorupski, John (ed.).

15200: 15184:"A Norm Compliance Approach for Open and Goal-Directed Intelligent Systems" 15183: 14898:

Peterson, Anna L. (2020). "4. Pragmatism and Ethics: The Path of Inquiry".

14150: 13859: 13524: 13092:

Communication Climate at Work: Fostering Friendly Friction in Organisations

12798:

Maat, the Moral Ideal in Ancient Egypt: A Study in Classical African Ethics

11208:

Doris, John; Stich, Stephen; Phillips, Jonathan; Walmsley, Lachlan (2020).

9612: 4491:, § 2. Good Will, Moral Worth and Duty, § 3. Duty and Respect for Moral Law 3029:

The first explicit discussions of Maat as a concept date to about 2100 BCE.

2735: 2731: 2624:

was partly responsible for the emergence of metaethics in the 20th century.

2592: 2546: 2493: 2391: 2364:. Others explore evolutionary precursors to morality in non-human animals. 2237: 2193: 2086: 2078: 2043: 2023: 1989: 1608: 1572: 1338: 1244: 1232: 1191:

constitute a basic framework of Muslim ethics and focus on the practice of

790: 487: 479: 263:

life. Some of its key questions are "How should one live?" and "What gives

180: 117: 16669: 15886:

A History of Western Thought: From Ancient Greece to the Twentieth Century

13178: 13053:

Kupperman, Joel J. (2005). "Axiological Ethics". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).

11867:

Culturally Sustainable Social Robotics: Proceedings of Robophilosophy 2020

11334:

Corporate Social Responsibility for Valorization of Cultural Organizations

21613: 21408: 21382: 21377: 21177: 21162: 21029: 21009: 20989: 20841: 20816: 20775: 20636: 20545: 20535: 20497: 20455: 20418: 20384: 19933: 19872: 19744: 19724: 19629: 19566: 19526: 19506: 19432: 19402: 19063: 18999: 18691: 18676: 18552: 18542: 18491: 18457: 18396: 17836: 17640: 17417: 17078: 16585:"Getting a Moral Thing into a Thought: Metasemantics for Non-Naturalists" 13830:

Mesoudi, Alex; Danielson, Peter (2008). "Ethics, Evolution and Culture".

11815:

Fitzpatrick, Simon (2017). "Animal morality: What is the debate about?".

10397:"The Priority of Phronesis: How to Rescue Virtue Theory From Its Critics" 9812:

Blum, Lawrence (2006). "Ethics and Morality". In Borchert, Donald (ed.).

2983: 2775: 2711: 2617: 2573: 2542: 2123: 1965: 1832: 1824: 1816: 1755: 1619: 1474: 1326: 1313:

Metaethics overlaps with various branches of philosophy. On the level of

1172: 995: 841: 820: 658: 252: 199:, ethical thought was strongly influenced by religious teachings. In the 55: 16644: 14085:

Thinking Through Technology: The Path Between Engineering and Philosophy

13124:

LaFollette, Hugh (2007). "Pragmatic Ethics". In LaFollette, Hugh (ed.).

13010: 12969: 12945: 11658:"Working from Both Ends: The Dual Role of Philosophy in Research Ethics" 9792: 9768: 5884: 5041: 3792:, Lead section, § 5. Consequences of What? Rights, Relativity, and Rules 1235:

and is about fulfilling social obligations, which may vary depending on

21618: 21578: 21147: 21137: 21014: 20944: 20831: 20800: 20780: 20724: 20719: 20674: 20569: 19779: 19607: 19556: 19546: 19417: 19321: 19266: 19073: 19053: 18919: 18686: 18600: 18429: 18376: 18340: 18244: 17896: 17866: 17861: 17841: 17791: 17702: 17560: 17503: 17463: 17458: 17228: 17151: 16992: 16983: 16974: 16265:

Ramanuja and Schleiermacher: Toward a Constructive Comparative Theology

16194:"'It's All in the Contract': Rethinking Feminist Critiques of Contract" 13982: 12159:

Consensus on Peirce's Concept of Habit: Before and Beyond Consciousness

9247:

Airaksinen, T. (1998). "Professional Ethics". In Chadwick, Ruth (ed.).

8155:, § 1b. Confucius (551-479 B.C.E.) of the Analects, § 1e. The Daodejing 4269:, § 1. Deontology's Foil: Consequentialism, § 2. Deontological Theories 3009: 2953: 2924: 2755: 2726:, which states that moral statements are commands that, unlike regular 2719: 2649: 2637: 2457: 2399: 2341: 2260: 2094: 2050: 1918: 1851: 1808: 1750: 1426: 1378: 1334: 1306: 1280: 1114: 1033: 1021: 1016: 991: 922: 914: 778: 764: 614: 583: 514: 371: 276: 240: 232: 110: 90: 67: 43: 15971: 15938: 14496: 13054: 12889:

Antithetical Arts: On the Ancient Quarrel Between Literature and Music

12480: 12301: 12267:

Hall, Edward; Sabl, Andrew (2022). Hall, Edward; Sabl, Andrew (eds.).

11898:"A Normative Framework for Addressing Peace and Related Global Issues" 11269: 11268:

Downie, R. S. (2005). "Ethics and Morality". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).

11163: 11065: 10748: 10747:

Crisp, Roger (2005). "Deontological Ethics". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).

10666: 9849:. In Hurwitz, Peter Joel; Picard, Jacques; Steinberg, Avraham (eds.). 3504:, § 1. Applied Ethics as Distinct from Normative Ethics and Metaethics 3329:, § 1. Applied Ethics as Distinct from Normative Ethics and Metaethics 2687: 21658: 21608: 21372: 21247: 20974: 20745: 20669: 20576: 20550: 20470: 19794: 19789: 19649: 19576: 19511: 19382: 19316: 19128: 19118: 19113: 19088: 18884: 18444: 18406: 18112: 18024: 17756: 17736: 17635: 17545: 17518: 17498: 17443: 17312: 17121: 13024:

Proportionality and the Rule of Law: Rights, Justification, Reasoning

10523:"28. Ethical Challenges for Global Education: A Buddhist Perspective" 3152:, § 1. Applied Ethics as Distinct from Normative Ethics and Metaethic 2577: 2538: 2395: 2379: 2137: 1957: 1798: 1778: 1759: 1695: 1604: 1492: 1322: 1056: 1048: 1008: 769:

Deontology assesses the moral rightness of actions based on a set of

687: 634: 610: 554: 491: 463: 224: 192: 171:. This period saw the emergence of ethical teachings associated with 20309: 19019: 14373:

Ethics for our Times: Essays in Gandhian Perspective: Second Edition

12654:

The Ethics of Subjectivity: Perspectives Since the Dawn of Modernity

11662:

Philosophy and Political Engagement: Reflection in the Public Sphere

10395:

Caro, Mario De; Marraffa, Massimo; Vaccarezza, Maria Silvia (2021).

5976:, § 1. What Is Moral Naturalism?, § 2. Descriptivism and Reductivism 5409:, Lead section, § 1.2 The Traditional Scheme and the Modal Analogies 2943:

describing the logical relations between these and similar concepts.

1773:, like right conduct in the family and close relationships, and the 1028:

are another form of virtue ethics. They emphasize the importance of

227:, how to lead a good life is one of the central questions of ethics. 219: 21583: 21059: 20785: 20755: 20714: 20709: 20475: 20450: 19624: 19531: 19496: 19454: 19442: 19230: 19024: 18924: 18867: 18671: 18625: 18509: 18142: 18107: 17741: 17726: 17650: 17645: 17610: 17600: 17513: 17448: 17422: 16403:. In Mower, Deborah; Robison, Wade L.; Vandenberg, Phyllis (eds.). 15479: 14735:

Journalism Ethics: Arguments and Cases for the Twenty-first Century

14115:

Monsó, Susana; Benz-Schwarzburg, Judith; Bremhorst, Annika (2018).

13022:. In Huscroft, Grant; Miller, Bradley W.; Webber, Grégoire (eds.). 13020:"Human Dignity and Proportionality: Deontic Pluralism in Balancing" 12991:

Iyyun: The Jerusalem Philosophical Quarterly / עיון: רבעון פילוסופי

11952:

Gillon, R. (1998). "Bioethics, Overview". In Chadwick, Ruth (ed.).

11400:"Postmodernism and Ethics Against the Metaphysics of Comprehension" 10650: 10466:

Introduction to Ethics: Concepts, Theories, and Contemporary Issues

2727: 2603: 2588: 2550: 2516: 2353: 2251: 2241: 2054: 1839: 1732: 1691: 1671: 1533: 1314: 1064: 1044: 987: 630: 602: 591: 467: 459: 236: 188: 176: 172: 74: 47: 15937:

Slote, Michael (2005). "Utilitarianism". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).

12479:

Hooker, Brad (2005). "Consequentialism". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).

12074:

Grenz, Stanley J.; Guretzki, David; Nordling, Cherith Fee (2010).

10283:

Campbell, Keith (2006). "Ontology". In Borchert, Donald M. (ed.).

4668:, § 3.3 The Principles of Discourse Ethics and Their Justification 3020:

mean different things and should not be confused with one another.

2656:, which are universal requirements that apply to every situation. 2504:, which teaches that human behavior should be in harmony with the 1988:

and policies directed at protecting and conserving ecosystems and

1972:. On a wider scale, environmental ethics addresses the problem of 1635: 1216: 1123: 928: 20821: 20684: 20465: 20423: 20406: 19251: 19225: 19220: 19162: 19157: 18989: 18877: 18872: 18831: 18653: 18499: 18381: 17766: 17655: 17620: 17575: 17570: 17565: 17478: 17468: 11972: 10854:

Cuneo, Terence (2020). "Teleological Suspension of the Ethical".

10680:

Problems in Value Theory: An Introduction to Contemporary Debates

10433:

Engineering Ethics: Peace, Justice, and the Earth, Second Edition

7637:, § 4. Ross's Distinctive Moral Framework: The Right and the Good 2641: 2403: 2066: 2027: 1855: 1843: 1629: 1528:. They are similar to the natural properties investigated by the 1470: 1353: 1220: 1192: 1163: 983: 979: 901: 774: 606: 495: 370:

and entered the English language in the 15th century through the

259:

people have, what behavior is right and wrong, and how to lead a

106: 16619: 16114: 15617: 15272: 15110: 15085: 13158: 12706: 11997: 11796: 11098: 10590: 10060:"Consequentialism, the Separateness of Persons, and Aggregation" 9476:

The Ethics Toolkit: A Compendium of Ethical Concepts and Methods

2136:

addresses the moral implications of nuclear technology, such as

1811:

disciplines. A key problem in bioethics is how features such as

1766:

in which a person is subject to conflicting moral requirements.

1039:

Influential schools of virtue ethics in ancient philosophy were

629:, which states that the moral value of acts only depends on the 20694: 20664: 20516: 20428: 20359: 19516: 19437: 19167: 18826: 18816: 18514: 17751: 17692: 17625: 17550: 17427: 15692: 12300:

Harrison, Ross (2005). "Meta-ethics". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).

11712:

Fotion, N. (1998). "Military Ethics". In Chadwick, Ruth (ed.).

10198:

Satisficing and Maximizing: Moral Theorists on Practical Reason

8737:, § 1.1 Scope of the Critique: Morality in the Pejorative Sense 2607: 2501: 2481: 2465: 2429: 2062: 1961: 1898: 1707: 1446: 1382: 1256: 1252: 1228: 1224: 975: 665: 618: 598: 415: 267:?". In contemporary philosophy, ethics is usually divided into 184: 102: 14392: 14114: 13696:

McNaughton, David; Rawling, Piers (1998). "Consequentialism".

12865:"Deriving the Supreme Moral Principle from Common Moral Ideas" 12683: 12234:"Duty & Obligation: Rights, Rules, and Respect for Nature" 11526:

Moral Strategy: An Introduction to the Ethics of Confrontation

10401:

Practical Wisdom: Philosophical and Psychological Perspectives

9583:

Baumann, Dieter (2007). "Military Ethics: A Task for Armies".

7823: 3155: 2990:, says that morality is based on a natural law created by God. 20704: 20699: 20679: 20487: 19332: 18994: 18280: 18213: 17731: 17721: 13205:

Does Anything Really Matter?: Essays on Parfit on Objectivity

6228:, § 3. The Trolley Problem and the Doing/Allowing Distinction 2896: 2527: 2469: 2453: 2425: 2129: 1450: 1219:

towards all sentient entities. A similar outlook is found in

1200: 1196: 1180: 1168: 1097: 890: 361: 355: 349: 323: 317: 315: 16865:

The Essence of Interstate Leadership: Debating Moral Realism

16528:

Desiring the Good: Ancient Proposals and Contemporary Theory

15970:

Slote, Michael (2005a). "Virtues". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).

15302:

Technology Ethics: A Philosophical Introduction and Readings

15003:"Sorokin and the Therapeutic of Love: A Critical Assessment" 9071:, § 4. Justice as Fairness: Justice Within a Liberal Society 7643:, § 6. Ross's Ethical Theory: Main Components and Principles 5343:, Lead section, § 4. Is/Ought and the Open Question Argument 2382:

and different groups within a society. It aims to provide a

1835:, which states that all of nature has a basic moral status. 1425:

Obligations are used to assess the moral status of actions,

482:

are upheld in certain social groups. These topics belong to

20689: 17993:

An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation

17771: 17687: 17533: 17528: 17488: 15415:

Applied Ethics: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide

14416:

Nagel, Thomas (2006). "Ethics". In Borchert, Donald (ed.).

14016:"Divine Command and Beyond: The Ethics of the Commandments" 13915:"Moral Education Through the Fostering of Reasoning Skills" 12155:"8. Is Ethical Normativity Similar to Logical Normativity?" 11902:

Spiritual and Political Dimensions of Nonviolence and Peace

9948:"The Idea of the Judgment of the Dead in Ancient Near East" 6935:, § 1. Preliminary Distinctions, § 3d. Environmental Ethics 2445: 2273: 1804: 1537: 1466: 1414: 1401: 1374: 1208: 1204: 1134:

Ethical egoism is the view that people should act in their

999: 794: 260: 155:

with the development of ethical principles and theories in

98: 16063:

The Ethics of War: Shared Problems in Different Traditions

14666:

Pappu, S. S. Rama Rao (2013). "Indian Philosophy of Law".

14530:"Indigenous Knowledge Systems and the African Renaissance" 11207: 10013: 7658: 7202: 7187: 6970: 6968: 6903:, § 1. Introduction: The Challenge of Environmental Ethics 6605:, Lead section, § 4. The Idea of Moral Status in Bioethics 5256:, Lead section, § 2. The Normative Relevance of Metaethics 2901:, which has the meaning of both 'virtue' and 'excellence'. 2606:(1017–1137 CE) saw the practice of spirituality to attain 19177: 17697: 17006: 14340:

Understanding the Times: A Survey of Competing Worldviews

12153:

Gustafsson, Juuso-Ville; Pietarinen, Ahti-Veikko (2016).

10316:

Campbell, Keith (1985). "Self-mastery and Stoic Ethics".

10286:

Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 7: Oakeshott – Presupposition

7661:, Lead section, § Introduction: What Is Moral Psychology? 5361:, Lead section, § 6. Epistemological Issues in Metaethics 2505: 2433: 2015: 1544:

often emphasize this uniqueness by claiming that it is a

1260: 410:. It was introduced into the English language during the 16495:

Islam: Its Origin and Spread in Words, Maps and Pictures

14901:

Works Righteousness: Material Practice in Ethical Theory

9984:

Striking a Balance: A Primer in Traditional Asian Values

9228:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

8137:, § 2. Classical Sources for Our Understanding of Daoism 3918:, 5. Consequences of What? Rights, Relativity, and Rules 1412:. When describing people and their intentions, the term 738:

at the end of the 18th century and further developed by

16196:. In Carney, Terry; Ramia, Gaby; Yeatman, Anna (eds.). 14580:. In Becker, Lawrence C.; Becker, Charlotte B. (eds.). 13573:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 609–614. 13094:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 101–110. 11863:"What Is Robot Ethics? ... And Can It Be Standardized?" 11327: 10881:

India Revisited: Conversations on Continuity and Change

9338:. In Becker, Lawrence C.; Becker, Charlotte B. (eds.). 7001: 6965: 6258:, § 1. Important Characteristics of Thought Experiments 900:

between humans. They state that actual or hypothetical

755:

and between maximizing and satisficing utilitarianism.

14319:

Politics, Ethics and Social Responsibility of Business

10399:. In Caro, Mario De; Vaccarezza, Maria Silvia (eds.). 10394: 5538:, § 1.2 The Traditional Scheme and the Modal Analogies 4737: 4245:, § 6c. Deontological Pluralism and Prima Facie Duties 4215:, § 6c. Deontological Pluralism and Prima Facie Duties 2855:

because it also covers certain forms of virtue ethics.

1548:

or to infer prescriptive from descriptive statements.

1289:, concepts, and values. It is not interested in which 1096:

contexts. Pragmatists tend to give more importance to

784: 21459:

The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

16765: 14020:

The Ten Commandments: The Reciprocity of Faithfulness

13874: 12236:. In Gardiner, Stephen Mark; Thompson, Allen (eds.). 12073: 11064:

Deigh, John (1999). "Ethics". In Audi, Robert (ed.).

10118:

Brun, Georg (2017). "Thought Experiments in Ethics".

7583: 7403: 7268:, Lead section, § 3. Jus Ad Bellum, § 4. Jus in Bello 6225: 5313:, Lead section, § 4. Ontological Issues in Metaethics 4656: 2640:(1711–1776) thought that only moral sentiments, like 2077:

is to protect public safety, health, and well-being.

1546:

fallacy to define ethics in terms of natural entities

1465:

exist as objective features independent of the human

1247:

places great emphasis on harmony in society and sees

734:

Classical utilitarianism was initially formulated by

728:

are the founding fathers of classical utilitarianism.

573:, should be considered as types of consequentialism. 16319: 14971:

What the Tortoise Taught Us: The Story of Philosophy

14788:. In Galston, A. W.; Peppard, Christiana Z. (eds.). 13670: 13306:

Moral Development: New Research in Moral Development

12625: 12152: 11735:. In Sunstein, Cass R.; Nussbaum, Martha C. (eds.). 7164: 5535: 5406: 4806: 4761: 4731: 4707: 4689: 3537: 3463: 1456: 16369:

Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations

16320:ten Have, Henk; Patrão Neves, Maria do Céu (2021). 14221:

Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview

14117:"Animal Morality: What It Means and Why It Matters" 13408:. In O'Donohue, William; Ferguson, Kyle E. (eds.). 12115:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–5. 2754:(1920–2010). In the field of political philosophy, 1995: 1769:Applied ethics covers issues belonging to both the 789:Agent-centered deontological theories focus on the 16231:. In Sugarman, Jeremy; Sulmasy, Daniel P. (eds.). 15379:"27. The Moral Psychology of Moral Responsibility" 14807:Pera, Silvia Angelina; Tonder, Susara Van (2005). 13406:"Philosophical Foundations of Professional Ethics" 13201: 12410:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology 11970: 11865:. In Nørskov, M.; Seibt, J.; Quick, O. S. (eds.). 11593:Finlayson, James Gordon; Rees, Dafydd Huw (2023). 8969: 6928: 6906: 6866: 6796: 6744: 6719: 6682: 6660: 6632: 6598: 6570: 6315:, Lead section, § 3. Moral Judgment and Motivation 6288:, Lead section, § 3. Moral Judgment and Motivation 5337:, Lead section, § 3. Semantic Issues in Metaethics 5319:, Lead section, § 3. Naturalism and Non-naturalism 3609: 2722:(1919–2002) followed this idea in formulating his 2694:explored moral philosophy from the perspective of 2085:include accuracy, truthfulness, independence, and 1976:and people's responsibility on the individual and 1551: 16774:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 16566:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 16303:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 15845:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 15836: 15820:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 15811: 15674:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 15649:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 15599:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 15574:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 15339:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 15056: 14769:(3. ed.). Foundation for Critical Thinking. 14478:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 14278:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 14201:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 13695: 13679:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 13569:. In Poff, Deborah C.; Michalos, Alex C. (eds.). 13484: 13468:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 13243:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 13185:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 12927:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 12738:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 12634:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 12555:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 12024:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 11995: 11737:Animal Rights: Current Debates and New Directions 11620:"Ethical Non-Naturalism and Normative Properties" 11601:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 11216:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 10927:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 10504:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 10289:(2 ed.). Thomson Gale, Macmillan Reference. 10101:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 10041:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 9659:New Spiritualities and the Cultures of Well-being 9398:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 9274:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 7742: 6611:, § 4a. Theories of Moral Standing and Personhood 6416: 6162: 4071: 3963: 3915: 3819: 3789: 3774: 3693: 3648: 3588: 3573: 3256: 2666:demands of ethical duties are sometimes suspended 1613:know them without relying on empirical experience 21684: 16912: 16766:Woollard, Fiona; Howard-Snyder, Frances (2022). 16401:"13 A Neo-Kohlbergian Tale of Two Sensitivities" 14873:Petersen, Thomas Søbirk; Ryberg, Jesper (2022). 13829: 13571:Encyclopedia of Business and Professional Ethics 13535:The Eudaimonist Ethics of al-Fārābī and Avicenna 12113:Encyclopedia of Business and Professional Ethics 10496:Chappell, Sophie-Grace; Smyth, Nicholas (2023). 7766: 7487: 7463: 4920:, § The Primacy of Habits, § Morality Is a Habit 2560:was strongly influenced by religious teachings. 2432:, humans should aim to live in harmony with the 1831:, which also covers non-sentient lifeforms, and 1803:Bioethics covers moral problems associated with 1505: 1297:and can be true at all. It further examines the 348:. This word gave rise to the Ancient Greek word 16921:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 16226: 16006:Exploring Environmental Ethics: An Introduction 15870:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 15258:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 14457:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 14303:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 13983:"Weakness of will and motivational internalism" 13671:McNamara, Paul; Van De Putte, Frederik (2022). 13268:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 12626:Hursthouse, Rosalind; Pettigrove, Glen (2023). 12341:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 12157:. In West, Donna E.; Anderson, Myrdene (eds.). 11900:. In Boersema, David; Brown, Katy Gray (eds.). 10637:Corbin, Arthur L. (1924). "Rights and Duties". 10527:Buddhist Approach to Global Education in Ethics 10235:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 9773:Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought 9754:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 7916: 7880: 3427: 1583:, by contrast, understands moral statements as 1106:ethics agrees with pragmatist ethics about the 859:where they result in undesirable consequences. 15296:Robson, Gregory J.; Tsou, Jonathan Y. (2023). 15134:Reilly, R. (1977). "Socrates' Moral Paradox". 14872: 13875:Metselaar, Suzanne; Widdershoven, Guy (2016). 13335:Lipson, Carol S.; Binkley, Roberta A. (2012). 13235:Legg, Catherine; Hookway, Christopher (2021). 12729: 11457:Encyclopedia of Science, Technology and Ethics 10559:Encyclopedia of Science, Technology and Ethics 10525:. In Thien, Thich Duc; Tu, Thich Nhat (eds.). 10254:Complex System Governance: Theory and Practice 10162:The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy 10121:The Routledge Companion to Thought Experiments 9745: 9265: 9202: 9152: 9146: 9107: 8891: 8855: 8806: 8791: 8662: 8626: 8590: 8554: 8377: 8341: 8311: 8287: 8251: 8215: 7955: 7610: 6715: 6713: 6366: 5916:, Lead section, § 1. What Is Moral Naturalism? 5699: 5697: 4620: 4590: 4488: 4413: 4377: 4362: 4350: 4317: 4293: 4266: 4194: 3993: 3939: 3870: 3849: 3825: 3624: 2965:This position can be understood by analogy to 1603:is one such view that says that humans have a 20325: 18229: 17022: 16861:"The Conception of Morality in Moral Realism" 16227:Sulmasy, Daniel P.; Sugarman, Jeremy (2010). 15882: 15590: 15521: 14731: 14218:Moreland, J. P.; Craig, William Lane (2017). 14217: 13728: 13334: 13281:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1889). 12516:. In Eggleston, Ben; Miller, Dale E. (eds.). 11592: 11144:Moral Philosophy: A Contemporary Introduction 10495: 10093:Brown, James Robert; Fehige, Yiftach (2019). 9652: 9528: 9414: 9389: 8999: 8024: 7871: 7117: 7099: 6667:, Lead section, § 1. Preliminary Distinctions 6234:, § 8. Moral Cognition and Moral Epistemology 6114: 5742: 5712: 5115: 4833:, Lead section, § 5. The Doctrine of the Mean 4821: 4665: 4623:, § 2.3 Contractualist Deontological Theories 4605: 4593:, § 2.3 Contractualist Deontological Theories 4167: 3412: 3376: 3297: 20567: 20521: 20507: 17969:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel 16913:Zimmerman, Michael J.; Bradley, Ben (2019). 16060: 15794:Psycho-Social Analysis of the Indian Mindset 15565: 15542: 15181: 13947: 13641:Managing Values and Beliefs in Organisations 13280: 13262:"Nietzsche's Moral and Political Philosophy" 12943: 12357:Stoicism and the Western Political Tradition 12353: 11031:Dehsen, Christian von (September 13, 2013). 10529:. Vietnam Buddhist University Publications. 9623:Christian Ethics in the Protestant Tradition 8927: 8506:, Lead section, § 4b. Rāmānuja's Soteriology 7824:Monsó, Benz-Schwarzburg & Bremhorst 2018 7271: 6525: 6279: 6168: 6144: 6081: 5880: 5412: 5388: 5364: 5340: 5316: 5259: 5235: 4845: 3247: 2492:in the 6th century BCE saw the emergence of 2219:, which addresses the moral implications of 375: 113:, as the fundamental principle of morality. 16797:Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society 16235:(2 ed.). Georgetown University Press. 15903: 15376: 15355: 14698: 14575: 14336: 13403: 13234: 12834:Rethinking Values and Ethics in Social Work 12374: 12238:The Oxford Handbook of Environmental Ethics 11814: 11617: 10462: 10092: 9472: 8167: 7829: 7673: 7544: 7436: 7394: 7081: 6953: 6710: 6534: 6333: 6255: 6198: 6192: 6141:, § 6. Epistemological Issues in Metaethics 5997: 5940:, § 1. Key Features of Natural Law Theories 5694: 5484: 5436: 5130: 4911: 4647: 4569: 4041:, § 1c. Mozi (c. 470-391 B.C.E.) and Mohism 2460:were composed as the foundational texts of 1960:. In its widest sense, it covers the whole 1032:and say that benevolence by caring for the 385: 365: 20332: 20318: 18236: 18222: 17029: 17015: 16863:. In Xuetong, Yan; Yuanyuan, Fang (eds.). 16727: 15356:Roser, Dominic; Seidel, Christian (2016). 15295: 15182:Ribino, Patrizia; Lodato, Carmelo (2019). 14806: 14532:. In Hoppers, Catherine Alum Odora (ed.). 13948:Meynell, Letitia; Paron, Clarisse (2023). 13487:Advances in Child Development and Behavior 13362:The Oxford Handbook of Medieval Philosophy 13123: 12832:. In Hugman, Richard; Carter, Jan (eds.). 12592: 12426: 11528:. Springer Netherlands. pp. 121–126. 11453: 11397: 10874: 10555: 9510:. In Gemes, Ken; Richardson, John (eds.). 9246: 8108: 7925: 7889: 7613:, § 1. Deontology's Foil: Consequentialism 7289: 7208: 7173: 7147: 7054: 7034: 6111:, § 3a. Cognitivism Versus Non-Cognitivism 6054:, § 3a. Cognitivism Versus Non-Cognitivism 4971: 4917: 4884: 3996:, § 1. Deontology's Foil: Consequentialism 3942:, § 1. Deontology's Foil: Consequentialism 3873:, § 1. Deontology's Foil: Consequentialism 3852:, § 1. Deontology's Foil: Consequentialism 3828:, § 1. Deontology's Foil: Consequentialism 3627:, § 1. Deontology's Foil: Consequentialism 3436: 3197:, § Why a Mini-Guide on Ethical Reasoning? 3077: 2194:way those violent activities are conducted 502:with each other in some cases and lead to 16893: 16790: 16736:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 47–76. 16591:. Vol. 15. Oxford University Press. 16491: 16458: 16170: 16141:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 36–50. 15640: 15477: 15381:. In Vargas, Manuel; Doris, John (eds.). 15199: 15162: 15035: 14931:Pick, Thomas (2004). "Moral Obligation". 14792:. Springer Science & Business Media. 14764: 14699:Parker, Christine; Evans, Adrian (2007). 14637:Maatian Ethics in a Communication Context 14610: 14390: 14140: 13930: 13381:"Chinese Philosophy: Overview of History" 13052: 13017: 12687:Applied Ethics: An Impartial Introduction 12518:The Cambridge Companion to Utilitarianism 12106: 11730: 11519: 11420: 11367:. In Curta, Florin; Holt, Andrew (eds.). 10820: 10520: 10380:. Springer Science & Business Media. 10033:Brennan, Andrew; Lo, Norva Y. S. (2022). 10032: 9980: 9912: 9766: 9653:Beaman, Lori G.; Strumos, Lauren (2022). 9266:Alexander, Larry; Moore, Michael (2021). 9221: 8158: 7616: 7559: 7514: 7481: 7457: 7430: 7388: 7229: 7016: 6977: 6900: 6882: 6836: 5508: 5262:, Lead section, § 1. General Observations 5172: 5145: 5100: 5085: 5037: 4791: 4785: 4767: 4332: 4098: 3894: 3747: 3723: 3338: 3274: 3212: 3194: 3140: 2500:by acting in agreement with virtues, and 2334:evolutionary processes have shaped ethics 2211:Further fields of applied ethics include 2034:, protection of investors and consumers, 1905:. Other topics in medical ethics include 1187:to "Love your neighbor as yourself". The 1024:what those characteristics are. Feminist 974:The main concern of virtue ethics is how 239:and the principles that govern the moral 187:, and contributions of philosophers like 120:, which studies the nature and types of 16191: 15748: 14933:Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 14897: 14369: 14250: 13980: 13605:"4. Beyond Objectivism and Subjectivism" 13602: 12862: 12650: 12299: 12266: 12040: 11660:. In Fives, Allyn; Breen, Keith (eds.). 11626:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 7–35. 11554:Business Ethics and Corporate Governance 11550: 11490:Psychology: An International Perspective 11404:The Cambridge Companion to Postmodernism 11210:"Moral Psychology: Empirical Approaches" 11140: 10620:The Cambridge Companion to Postmodernism 10429: 10352: 10315: 10282: 10158: 9687: 9473:Baggini, Julian; Fosl, Peter S. (2024). 9390:Ashford, Elizabeth; Mulgan, Tim (2018). 9207:. Vol. 3 (2. ed.). Macmillan. 9180: 9131: 9095: 9083: 9044: 9023: 8984: 8960: 8945: 8906: 8870: 8834: 8509: 8317: 8102: 7328: 7203:Braunack-Mayer, Street & Palmer 1998 7188:Braunack-Mayer, Street & Palmer 1998 7066: 6450: 6435: 6297: 5952: 5775:, Lead section, § 2. Forms and Arguments 5528: 5526: 5286: 5223: 5202: 5007: 4902: 4869: 4596: 4437: 4428: 4395: 3558: 3122: 2952:Some philosophers suggest that there is 2919:This contrast is closely related to the 2686: 2612: 2452:starting in the 2nd millennium BCE, the 2419: 2332:, a closely related field, explores how 2128: 1923: 1815:, being able to feel pleasure and pain, 1731: 1634: 1352: 1211:. Buddhists emphasize the importance of 1173:take responsibility for societal welfare 1113: 1002:, which are their harmful counterparts. 927: 811: 218: 18001:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals 16919:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 16791:Wu, Jiyun; Wokutch, Richard E. (2008). 16692: 16570:from the original on September 23, 2018 16564:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 16301:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 16294: 16132: 16079: 16035: 15868:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 15861: 15843:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 15818:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 15672:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 15647:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 15628:from the original on September 28, 2023 15597:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 15572:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 15545:"Introduction: The Many Moral Realisms" 15502: 15383:The Oxford Handbook of Moral Psychology 15337:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 15256:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 15108: 14839: 14783: 14765:Paul, Richard W.; Elder, Linda (2005). 14732:Patching, Roger; Hirst, Martin (2013). 14550: 14482:from the original on September 11, 2018 14476:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 14469: 14455:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 14301:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 14294: 14276:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 14205:from the original on September 18, 2018 14199:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 14081: 13677:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 13564: 13531: 13466:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 13266:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 13241:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 13183:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 13085: 12988: 12925:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 12827: 12794: 12736:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 12730:Johnson, Robert; Cureton, Adam (2022). 12632:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 12553:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 12339:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 12187: 12022:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 11930: 11682:Ethical Lessons of the Financial Crisis 11599:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 11486: 11311:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195325911.003.0010 11239:The Oxford Handbook of Consequentialism 11214:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 11186: 11009: 10943: 10925:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 10502:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 10373: 10233:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 10064:The Oxford Handbook of Consequentialism 10039:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 9945: 9752:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 9746:Bergoffen, Debra; Burke, Megan (2023). 9582: 9396:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 9272:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 9174: 9005: 8701: 8503: 8473: 8419: 8057: 8039: 7997: 7979: 7715: 7634: 7529: 7493: 7424: 7355: 7298: 7238: 7138: 6876: 6692: 6543: 6456: 6407: 6389: 6371: 6327: 5937: 5679: 5607: 5559: 5502: 5367:, Lead section, § 5. Moral Epistemology 4941: 4458: 4383: 4365:, § 2.4 Deontological Theories and Kant 3660: 3188: 2610:as the highest goal of human behavior. 1305:and other moral terms. Metaethics is a 14: 21685: 16881:from the original on December 30, 2023 16846:from the original on December 24, 2023 16730:"Professional Ethics and the Military" 16715:from the original on December 23, 2023 16655:from the original on November 30, 2023 16630:from the original on December 16, 2023 16605:from the original on December 20, 2023 16582: 16479:from the original on December 25, 2023 16433: 16386:from the original on December 18, 2023 16365: 16282:from the original on September 7, 2023 16268:. James Clarke & Company Limited. 16261: 16048:from the original on November 30, 2023 16023:from the original on December 24, 2023 15969: 15883:Skirbekk, Gunnar; Gilje, Nils (2017). 15771: 15736:from the original on December 28, 2023 15719:A Contemporary Look at Business Ethics 15665: 15465:from the original on December 18, 2023 15432:from the original on December 25, 2023 15411: 15330: 15318:from the original on December 26, 2023 15283:from the original on September 7, 2023 15136:The Southwestern Journal of Philosophy 15133: 15121:from the original on February 12, 2020 14967: 14918:from the original on December 31, 2023 14885:from the original on December 28, 2023 14752:from the original on December 26, 2023 14669:The Philosophy of Law: An Encyclopedia 14653:from the original on December 18, 2023 14563:from the original on December 30, 2023 14494: 14448: 14357:from the original on December 31, 2023 14337:Myers, Jeff; Noebel, David A. (2015). 14315: 14269: 14238:from the original on December 22, 2023 14157: 14102:from the original on December 25, 2023 14069:from the original on December 20, 2023 14048: 14036:from the original on December 31, 2023 14013: 13968:from the original on December 23, 2023 13817:from the original on December 26, 2023 13796: 13784:from the original on December 30, 2023 13761: 13749:from the original on December 27, 2023 13729:Medvecky, Fabien; Leach, Joan (2019). 13658:from the original on December 31, 2023 13637: 13625:from the original on December 26, 2023 13552:from the original on December 18, 2023 13378: 13355: 13341:. State University of New York Press. 13259: 13222:from the original on December 26, 2023 13018:Kumm, Mattias; Walen, Alec D. (2014). 12976:from the original on December 20, 2023 12931:from the original on November 10, 2022 12906:from the original on December 30, 2023 12850:from the original on December 31, 2023 12815:from the original on December 18, 2023 12717:from the original on December 19, 2023 12671:from the original on December 18, 2023 12571: 12546: 12511: 12478: 12459: 12287:from the original on December 26, 2023 12219:from the original on December 24, 2023 12077:Pocket Dictionary of Theological Terms 12015: 11951: 11918:from the original on December 26, 2023 11753:from the original on December 26, 2023 11711: 11699:from the original on December 31, 2023 11571: 11474:from the original on December 26, 2023 11350:from the original on December 25, 2023 11300: 11267: 11232: 11121: 11067:The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy 11030: 10997:from the original on December 26, 2023 10636: 10613: 10576:from the original on February 18, 2023 10450:from the original on December 24, 2023 10247: 10226: 10179:from the original on December 27, 2023 10105:from the original on November 21, 2017 9968:from the original on December 18, 2023 9916:The Virtues: A Very Short Introduction 9900:from the original on December 26, 2023 9883:The Palgrave Handbook of Sexual Ethics 9879: 9844: 9563: 9551:from the original on December 28, 2023 9505: 9460:from the original on December 31, 2023 9375:. American University in Cairo Press. 9368: 9290: 9119: 9029: 8921: 8885: 8849: 8822: 8785: 8770: 8758: 8740: 8734: 8719: 8697:Teleological Suspension of the Ethical 8677: 8656: 8641: 8620: 8605: 8584: 8569: 8548: 8533: 8479: 8458: 8446: 8404: 8392: 8371: 8356: 8335: 8305: 8281: 8266: 8245: 8230: 8209: 8194: 8152: 8134: 8093: 8006: 7961: 7844: 7574: 7370: 7313: 7108: 6821: 6806: 6772: 6626: 6580: 6516: 6501: 6489: 6465: 6354: 6312: 6291: 6285: 6102: 6075: 6057: 6030: 5943: 5898: 5874: 5859: 5844: 5823: 5808: 5784: 5772: 5661: 5637: 5613: 5586: 5571: 5565: 5514: 5469: 5454: 5430: 5067: 5028: 4998: 4992: 4962: 4935: 4713: 4683: 4530: 4512: 4272: 4158: 4122: 4038: 3999: 3981: 3957: 3933: 3921: 3888: 3864: 3831: 3795: 3741: 3717: 3675: 3630: 3600: 3496: 3347: 3303: 3098: 2636:is established to avoid this outcome. 20339: 20313: 19975: 18717: 18255: 18217: 17010: 16858: 16825: 16617: 16557: 16545:from the original on February 1, 2024 16446:from the original on February 1, 2024 16398: 16328:. Springer International Publishing. 16307:from the original on February 1, 2024 16065:(Repr ed.). Ashgate Publishing. 16002: 15990:from the original on January 29, 2021 15957:from the original on January 29, 2021 15936: 15790: 15653:from the original on February 1, 2024 15615: 15444: 15249: 15039:What is this Thing Called Philosophy? 14719:from the original on February 1, 2024 14665: 14630: 14598:from the original on February 1, 2024 14527: 14515:from the original on January 29, 2021 14415: 14297:"The Natural Law Tradition in Ethics" 14192: 13912: 13883:. Springer International Publishing. 13683:from the original on February 1, 2024 13609:Praxiology and the Reasons for Action 13426:from the original on February 1, 2024 13338:Rhetoric Before and Beyond the Greeks 13284:An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon 13176: 13127:The Blackwell Guide to Ethical Theory 13073:from the original on January 29, 2021 12946:"Moral Nihilism and Its Implications" 12918: 12775: 12754: 12742:from the original on February 1, 2024 12704: 12559:from the original on February 1, 2024 12499:from the original on January 29, 2021 12447:from the original on January 10, 2024 12320:from the original on January 29, 2021 12209:"Consequentialism and Utilitarianism" 12028:from the original on February 1, 2024 11983:from the original on October 27, 2023 11835: 11678: 11655: 11365:"Creation of Daoism (6th Century BC)" 11362: 11303:The Oxford Handbook of Ethical Theory 11288:from the original on January 29, 2021 11220:from the original on November 7, 2019 11109:from the original on January 23, 2024 11063: 10964:from the original on February 1, 2024 10931:from the original on January 27, 2022 10918: 10897: 10853: 10779: 10767:from the original on January 29, 2021 10746: 10708: 10673: 10303:from the original on January 29, 2021 10191: 10159:Bunnin, Nicholas; Yu, Jiyuan (2009). 10057: 9933:from the original on February 1, 2024 9913:Boyd, Craig A.; Timpe, Kevin (2021). 9708:from the original on February 1, 2024 9619: 9493:from the original on February 1, 2024 9402:from the original on November 9, 2020 9321:from the original on February 1, 2024 9068: 8692: 8515: 8497: 8428: 8176: 8125: 8072: 8063: 7988: 7898: 7760: 7736: 7664: 7604: 7520: 7265: 7259: 6944: 6845: 6471: 6024: 6006: 5802: 5778: 5523: 5292: 5193: 5058: 4830: 4560: 4539: 4482: 4464: 4389: 4299: 4260: 4236: 4218: 4188: 4152: 4116: 4089:, Lead section, § 2. Ethical Hedonism 4086: 4065: 4044: 4005: 3987: 3756: 3618: 3543: 3522: 3507: 3481: 3457: 3421: 3385: 3361: 3332: 3223: 3217: 3182: 3176: 3116: 3110: 3104: 2496:, which focuses on moral conduct and 2367: 1670:, examines the moral implications of 1149:Normative ethics has a central place 1036:of others is one of the key virtues. 16813:from the original on January 1, 2024 16778:from the original on October 5, 2023 16642: 16524: 16512:from the original on January 1, 2024 16421:from the original on January 3, 2024 16249:from the original on January 1, 2024 16214:from the original on January 3, 2024 16112: 16100:from the original on January 3, 2024 16042:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy 15715: 15399:from the original on January 3, 2024 15237:from the original on January 4, 2024 15216: 15096:from the original on January 3, 2024 15023:from the original on January 4, 2024 15000: 14988:from the original on January 1, 2024 14930: 14843:An Introduction to Indian Philosophy 14827:from the original on January 1, 2024 14557:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy 14436:from the original on August 24, 2018 14180:from the original on January 4, 2024 13981:Milevski, Voin (February 17, 2017). 13716:from the original on January 2, 2024 13699:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy 13472:from the original on October 2, 2019 13459: 13438: 13404:Lloyd, Andrew; Hansen, John (2003). 13322:from the original on January 3, 2024 13299: 13247:from the original on October 8, 2020 13040:from the original on January 3, 2024 12885: 12869:The Blackwell Guide to Kant's Ethics 12830:"13. Postmodern Ethics for Practice" 12613:from the original on January 1, 2024 12534:from the original on January 3, 2024 12430:The Common Good and Christian Ethics 12407: 12395:from the original on January 3, 2024 12332: 12254:from the original on January 3, 2024 12231: 12175:from the original on January 3, 2024 12094:from the original on January 3, 2024 11883:from the original on January 4, 2024 11860: 11842:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy 11769:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy 11765: 11507:from the original on January 3, 2024 11441:from the original on January 2, 2024 11255:from the original on January 2, 2024 11010:de Bres, Helena (2014). "Hedonism". 10841:from the original on January 3, 2024 10783:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy 10715:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy 10696:from the original on January 3, 2024 10588: 10543:from the original on January 1, 2024 10483:from the original on January 3, 2024 10417:from the original on January 3, 2024 10270:from the original on January 3, 2024 10214:from the original on January 2, 2024 10117: 10080:from the original on January 2, 2024 10001:from the original on January 1, 2024 9867:from the original on January 1, 2024 9811: 9799:from the original on January 1, 2024 9733:from the original on January 7, 2024 9727:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy 9675:from the original on January 1, 2024 9640:from the original on January 1, 2024 9529:Barsh, Adele; Lisewski, Amy (2013). 9435:from the original on January 6, 2024 9356:from the original on January 1, 2024 9333: 9297:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy 9234:from the original on January 6, 2024 9002:, § 5. Internal and External Reasons 7934: 7862: 7802: 7793: 7772: 7706: 6938: 6751:, Lead section, § 3b. Medical Ethics 6726:, Lead section, § 3b. Medical Ethics 6701: 6249: 6219: 6186: 5973: 5913: 5709:, Lead section, § 4a. Moral Realisms 5685: 5631: 5601: 5277: 5163: 4863: 4738:Caro, Marraffa & Vaccarezza 2021 4323: 4131: 4023: 3403: 3309: 3279: 3241: 3068: 2198:avoiding excessive harm to civilians 2190:cause to initiate violent activities 1373:, which are about what is the case. 18017:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 17002:Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project 16896:The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory 16772:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 16734:Torture and the Military Profession 16674:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 16649:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 16624:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 16262:Sydnor, Jon Paul (March 29, 2012). 16119:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 15824:from the original on August 6, 2019 15697:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 15690: 15678:from the original on March 24, 2022 15622:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 15603:from the original on April 23, 2020 15547:. In Sayre-McCord, Geoffrey (ed.). 15484:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 15277:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 15115:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 15090:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 15005:. In Aviñó, Elvira del Pozo (ed.). 14403:from the original on April 27, 2023 14397:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 14282:from the original on August 3, 2019 13385:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 13189:from the original on August 9, 2023 13163:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 12711:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 12378:The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory 12354:Hill, Lisa; Blazejak, Eden (2021). 12213:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 12002:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 11977:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 11895: 11801:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 11385:from the original on March 30, 2024 11168:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 11161: 11103:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 11084:from the original on April 14, 2021 10976: 10808:from the original on August 1, 2023 10595:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 10099:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 10045:from the original on August 4, 2019 9454:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 9159:: Bad Faith, the Appeal, the Artist 9059: 8813:: Bad Faith, the Appeal, the Artist 7640: 7584:Grenz, Guretzki & Nordling 2010 7404:Grenz, Guretzki & Nordling 2010 7337: 7039: 7010: 6983: 6803:, Lead section, § 3c. Animal Ethics 6766: 6738: 6654: 6608: 6564: 6360: 6282:, § 6. Morals, Motives, and Reasons 5847:, § 6. Metaethical Moral Relativism 5811:, § 6. Metaethical Moral Relativism 5544:, § 1. Standard Deontic Logic (SDL) 4995:, Lead section, § 2. Ethical Egoism 4242: 4212: 3501: 3326: 3149: 2986:ethics, an influential position in 2352:by offering a selective advantage. 2279: 1681: 1086: 785:Agent-centered and patient-centered 625:. The most prominent among them is 528: 447: 414:period through the Old French term 24: 16680:from the original on July 15, 2023 16667: 15973:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy 15940:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy 15924:from the original on June 13, 2023 15849:from the original on June 18, 2023 15837:Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter (2023). 15812:Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter (2019). 15703:from the original on June 20, 2019 15578:from the original on July 12, 2023 15343:from the original on July 16, 2023 14860:from the original on June 22, 2023 14686:from the original on June 22, 2023 14498:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy 13732:An Ethics of Science Communication 13499:10.1016/b978-0-12-386491-8.00005-0 13442:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy 13056:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy 12482:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy 12303:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy 12206: 11794: 11271:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy 11190:The Hindus: An Alternative History 11096: 11034:Philosophers and Religious Leaders 10750:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy 10601:from the original on June 27, 2019 10508:from the original on July 10, 2022 9720: 9597:10.7205/MILMED.173.Supplement_2.34 9447: 9278:from the original on June 20, 2023 6790: 6689:, Lead section, § 3a. Introduction 6273: 6138: 6108: 6051: 5979: 5919: 5838: 5766: 5748: 5727: 5706: 5541: 5382: 5358: 5334: 5310: 5253: 5229: 4632: 4506: 3927: 3813: 3699: 3594: 2100: 1590: 1263:. Indigenous belief systems, like 909:social contract theorists include 25: 21709: 16935: 16462:Roboethics: A Navigating Overview 16083:The Routledge Companion to Ethics 15490:from the original on June 4, 2022 15057:Proscurcin Junior, Pedro (2014). 14376:. Oxford University Press India. 14253:Classical Philosophical Questions 14052:The Bloomsbury Handbook of Ethics 13919:Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 13391:from the original on June 1, 2023 13156: 13144:from the original on May 16, 2023 12638:from the original on May 14, 2019 12061:from the original on July 3, 2023 11848:from the original on June 8, 2023 11605:from the original on July 8, 2023 11575:Moral Philosophy Through the Ages 11237:. In Portmore, Douglas W. (ed.). 11174:from the original on June 1, 2023 11051:from the original on May 28, 2023 10883:. Oxford University Press India. 10146:from the original on July 7, 2022 10062:. In Portmore, Douglas W. (ed.). 9832:from the original on June 7, 2023 9535:Ethics And Integrity In Libraries 6226:Woollard & Howard-Snyder 2022 5688:, Lead section, § 1. Introduction 5655: 4657:Metselaar & Widdershoven 2016 2895:The ancient Greeks used the word 2226: 2166:ethics of artificial intelligence 1713: 1618:In contrast to foundationalists, 1457:Realism, relativism, and nihilism 1348: 994:. They are usually understood as 675: 207:concerned with moral experience, 21529:The Closing of the American Mind 21449:Civilization and Its Discontents 21429:A Vindication of Natural Society 20293: 20292: 20279: 18198: 18197: 16587:. In Shafer-Landau, Russ (ed.). 15418:. Oxford University Press, USA. 15359:Climate Justice: An Introduction 15273:"Morality and Cognitive Science" 15270: 15083: 13881:Encyclopedia of Global Bioethics 13439:Lowe, E. J. (2005). "ontology". 12950:The Journal of Mind and Behavior 12121:10.1007/978-3-319-23514-1_1222-1 11766:Frey, R.G. (1998). "Bioethics". 11733:"Animals - Property or Persons?" 11618:FitzPatrick, William J. (2011). 10521:Chowdhury, Sanjoy Barua (2019). 9657:. In Mossière, Géraldine (ed.). 9512:The Oxford Handbook of Nietzsche 9165: 9137: 9125: 9113: 9101: 9089: 9077: 9050: 9038: 9014: 8990: 8978: 8951: 8939: 8912: 8900: 8876: 8864: 8840: 8828: 8816: 8800: 8776: 8764: 8752: 8725: 8713: 8683: 8671: 8647: 8635: 8611: 8599: 8575: 8563: 8539: 8527: 8488: 8464: 8452: 8440: 8410: 8398: 8386: 8362: 8350: 8326: 8296: 8272: 8260: 8236: 8224: 8200: 8188: 8143: 8116: 8084: 8048: 8033: 8018: 7970: 7946: 7907: 7853: 7838: 7814: 7784: 7751: 7727: 7697: 7691: 7685: 7649: 7625: 7595: 7565: 7553: 7538: 7505: 7490:, § 1. What Has Intrinsic Value? 7472: 7448: 7415: 7379: 7364: 7349: 7319: 7307: 7280: 7250: 7220: 7193: 7181: 7165:ten Have & Patrão Neves 2021 7155: 7129: 7090: 7075: 7060: 7048: 7025: 6992: 6919: 6891: 6857: 6827: 6815: 6781: 6757: 6729: 6673: 6645: 6617: 6589: 6555: 6507: 6495: 6483: 6441: 6429: 6398: 6383: 6357:, Lead section, § 1. Definitions 6345: 6318: 6306: 6276:, § 5. Psychology and Metaethics 6264: 6240: 6231: 6210: 6177: 6153: 6093: 6066: 6042: 6015: 5988: 5964: 5928: 5904: 5892: 5865: 5853: 5829: 5817: 5793: 5757: 5733: 5721: 5670: 5646: 5622: 5592: 5580: 5550: 5536:McNamara & Van De Putte 2022 5493: 5478: 5463: 5448: 5421: 5407:McNamara & Van De Putte 2022 5397: 4807:Hursthouse & Pettigrove 2023 4762:Hursthouse & Pettigrove 2023 4732:Hursthouse & Pettigrove 2023 4708:Hursthouse & Pettigrove 2023 4690:Hursthouse & Pettigrove 2023 3538:Hursthouse & Pettigrove 2023 3464:Gustafsson & Pietarinen 2016 3041: 3032: 3023: 3002: 2993: 2976: 2959: 2946: 2930: 2913: 2564:interpreted moral principles as 2317:, children go through different 2248:intrinsic and instrumental value 2192:, such as self-defense, and the 1996:Business and professional ethics 1404:. When used in a general sense, 1317:, it examines whether there are 1261:the natural flow of the universe 1051:(384–322 BCE), each virtue is a 963: 711: 702: 653:A further difference is between 126:intrinsic and instrumental value 16915:"Intrinsic Vs. Extrinsic Value" 15774:Famine, Affluence, and Morality 15543:Sayre-McCord, Geoffrey (1988). 14790:Expanding Horizons in Bioethics 14784:Peppard, Christiana Z. (2005). 14162:. In Abu-Faraj, Ziad O. (ed.). 14088:. University of Chicago Press. 14022:. Westminster John Knox Press. 11937:. University Press of America. 11578:. Mayfield Publishing Company. 10901:Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide 10879:. In Jahanbegloo, Ramin (ed.). 10780:Crisp, Roger (2011). "Ethics". 10124:. Routledge. pp. 195–210. 9954:. Manchester University Press. 9626:. Westminster John Knox Press. 9415:Athanassoulis, Nafsika (2012). 9372:Gods and Myths of Ancient Egypt 7743:Matsuba, Murzyn & Hart 2011 7694:, Lead section, § 1. What It Is 6423:, Lead section, § 2. Personhood 6027:, § 1. The Naturalistic Fallacy 5373: 5349: 5325: 5301: 5268: 5244: 5214: 5184: 5154: 5139: 5124: 5109: 5094: 5079: 5049: 5019: 4983: 4953: 4926: 4893: 4878: 4854: 4839: 4812: 4800: 4776: 4722: 4698: 4674: 4638: 4626: 4614: 4581: 4551: 4521: 4497: 4473: 4449: 4419: 4407: 4368: 4356: 4344: 4308: 4284: 4251: 4227: 4203: 4179: 4143: 4107: 4092: 4080: 4056: 4029: 4017: 3972: 3948: 3906: 3879: 3855: 3804: 3780: 3768: 3732: 3708: 3684: 3669: 3654: 3642: 3579: 3567: 3552: 3528: 3516: 3487: 3475: 3448: 3394: 3367: 3355: 2967:Einstein's theory of relativity 2904: 2889: 2880: 2871: 2858: 2841: 2336:. One of its key ideas is that 2231: 2012:corporate social responsibility 1895:prohibition to harm the patient 1552:Cognitivism and non-cognitivism 1369:to be the case, in contrast to 940:, moral norms are justified by 486:and are studied in fields like 235:and investigates the nature of 203:, this focus shifted to a more 116:Ethics is closely connected to 27:Philosophical study of morality 18243: 17985:The Theory of Moral Sentiments 17355:Value monism – Value pluralism 16701:(2 ed.). Academic Press. 16699:Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics 16326:Dictionary of Global Bioethics 16198:Contractualism and Citizenship 16177:. Cambridge University Press. 15753:. In Dhillon, Jaskiran (ed.). 15507:(2 ed.). Academic Press. 15505:Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics 15448:Muslim Ethics: Emerging Vistas 15377:Rudy-Hiller, Fernando (2022). 15167:(2 ed.). Academic Press. 15165:Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics 14846:. Cambridge University Press. 14705:. Cambridge University Press. 14255:(13 ed.). Prentice Hall. 14018:. In Brown, William P. (ed.). 13768:Mill's The Subjection of Women 13766:. In Morales, Maria H. (ed.). 13579:10.1007/978-3-030-22767-8_1323 13026:. Cambridge University Press. 12758:Governing China in the New Era 12520:. Cambridge University Press. 12462:Introduction to Applied Ethics 12433:. Cambridge University Press. 12273:. Princeton University Press. 11956:(2 ed.). Academic Press. 11954:Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics 11716:(2 ed.). Academic Press. 11714:Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics 11427:. Cambridge University Press. 11421:Edmundson, William A. (2004). 11406:. Cambridge University Press. 11126:(2 ed.). Academic Press. 11124:Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics 11070:. Cambridge University Press. 11016:. Cambridge University Press. 10622:. Cambridge University Press. 10200:. Cambridge University Press. 10018:(2 ed.). Academic Press. 10016:Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics 9981:Brannigan, Michael C. (2010). 9950:. In Hinnells, John R. (ed.). 9853:. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. 9251:(2 ed.). Academic Press. 9249:Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics 8970:Lazari-Radek & Singer 2017 8476:, 1. Rāmānuja's Life and Works 7619:, § 3. Relation to the Deontic 4770:, § 3. Virtue Ethical Theories 3317: 3288: 3265: 3232: 3203: 3167: 3131: 3089: 3059: 3008:For example, the deontologist 2923:problem, first articulated by 2730:, are neither true nor false. 2298:and judgments take place, how 2160:. Important subfields include 1877:Bioethics can be divided into 498:rather than normative ethics. 13: 1: 21419:Oration on the Dignity of Man 19976: 16459:Tzafestas, Spyros G. (2015). 16334:10.1007/978-3-030-54161-3_310 15591:Sayre-McCord, Geoff (2023a). 15522:Satyanarayana, Y. V. (2009). 15061:. Universitätsverlag Winter. 13999:10.1080/09515089.2016.1255317 13889:10.1007/978-3-319-09483-0_145 12593:Hursthouse, Rosalind (1999). 12514:"Utilitarianism and Fairness" 12107:Gustafson, Andrew B. (2020). 11520:Feibleman, James K. (2012) . 11460:. Vol. 3. Thomson Gale. 11371:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. 10947:A Companion to Applied Ethics 10678:. In Cowan, Steven B. (ed.). 10562:. Vol. 3. Thomson Gale. 10463:Chakraborti, Chhanda (2023). 10377:Consequentialism Reconsidered 9767:Blidstein, Gerald J. (1995). 9691:A Companion to Applied Ethics 4764:, § 2. Forms of Virtue Ethics 4353:, § 2. Deontological Theories 4320:, § 2. Deontological Theories 4296:, § 2. Deontological Theories 4197:, § 2. Deontological Theories 4074:, § 1. Classic Utilitarianism 3930:, § 1f. Rule Consequentialism 3651:, § 1. Classic Utilitarianism 3574:McNaughton & Rawling 1998 2847:According to some theorists, 2830: 2770:. In continental philosophy, 2658:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 2596: 2581: 2531: 2520: 2506:natural order of the universe 2470:consequences of one's actions 2434:natural order of the universe 1506:Naturalism and non-naturalism 1341:since it aims to explain how 1274: 801: 758: 384:originates in the Latin word 360:), which was translated into 214: 21489:The Society of the Spectacle 19765:Ordinary language philosophy 18256: 18049:On the Genealogy of Morality 18009:Critique of Practical Reason 16961:Resources in other libraries 16795:. In Kolb, Robert W. (ed.). 16728:Wolfendale, Jessica (2007). 16589:Oxford Studies in Metaethics 16492:Verhoeven, F. R. J. (2013). 16405:Developing Moral Sensitivity 16036:Smith, Barry; Thomas, Alan. 15904:Slingerland, Edward (2007). 15566:Sayre-McCord, Geoff (2023). 15551:. Cornell University Press. 14974:. Rowman & Littlefield. 14316:Murthy, K. V. Bhanu (2009). 14251:Mulvaney, Robert J. (2009). 13803:. African Books Collective. 13770:. Rowman & Littlefield. 13764:"The Marriage of True Minds" 13607:. In Makowski, Piotr (ed.). 13100:10.1007/978-3-031-28971-2_12 12867:. In Hill, Thomas E. (ed.). 12863:Kerstein, Samuel J. (2009). 12270:Political Ethics: A Handbook 12190:The Principles of New Ethics 11778:10.4324/9780415249126-L008-1 11534:10.1007/978-94-011-9321-4_10 11487:Eysenck, Michael W. (2004). 11141:DeNicola, Daniel R. (2018). 10792:10.4324/9780415249126-L132-2 10723:10.4324/9780415249126-N039-1 10430:Catalano, George D. (2022). 9987:. Rowman & Littlefield. 9305:10.4324/9780415249126-L005-1 8320:, § Epicureanism, § Stoicism 7767:Mesoudi & Danielson 2008 7488:Zimmerman & Bradley 2019 7464:Zimmerman & Bradley 2019 7316:, pp. 121, 123–124, 126 6913:, § 3d. Environmental Ethics 6873:, § 3d. Environmental Ethics 6639:, § 3d. Environmental Ethics 4710:, Lead section, § 1.1 Virtue 3220:, § 1. Ethics and Metaethics 3185:, § 1. Ethics and Metaethics 3113:, § 1. Ethics and Metaethics 3053: 2718:found in the natural world. 2702:An important development in 1913:, research on human beings, 1792: 436:rather than morality, as in 124:, like the contrast between 7: 19815:Contemporary utilitarianism 19730:Internalism and externalism 16898:. Oxford university press. 16697:. In Chadwick, Ruth (ed.). 16531:. Oxford University Press. 16147:10.1007/978-1-349-17607-6_4 16003:Smith, Kimberly K. (2018). 15976:. Oxford University Press. 15943:. Oxford University Press. 15910:. Oxford University Press. 15776:. Oxford University Press. 15528:. Pearson Education India. 15525:Ethics: Theory and Practice 15385:. Oxford University Press. 15009:. Universitat de València. 14904:. Oxford University Press. 14631:Ortiz, Melba Vélez (2020). 14501:. Oxford University Press. 14322:. Pearson Education India. 14014:Miller, Patrick D. (2004). 13603:McDonald, Fritz J. (2017). 13445:. Oxford University Press. 13364:. Oxford University Press. 13360:. In Marenbon, John (ed.). 13356:Lisska, Anthony J. (2015). 13208:. Oxford University Press. 13059:. Oxford University Press. 12944:Krellenstein, Marc (2017). 12892:. Oxford University Press. 12761:. Foreign Languages Press. 12599:. Oxford University Press. 12485:. Oxford University Press. 12412:. Oxford University Press. 12381:. Oxford University Press. 12306:. Oxford University Press. 12240:. Oxford University Press. 11931:Gellman, Jerome I. (1994). 11739:. Oxford University Press. 11731:Francione, Gary L. (2004). 11622:. In Brady, Michael (ed.). 11557:. Pearson Education India. 11402:. In Connor, Steven (ed.). 11398:Eaglestone, Robert (2004). 11305:. Oxford University Press. 11274:. Oxford University Press. 11241:. Oxford University Press. 11193:. Oxford University Press. 11013:The Cambridge Rawls Lexicon 10860:. Oxford University Press. 10827:. Oxford University Press. 10753:. Oxford University Press. 10248:Calida, Behnido Y. (2022). 10066:. Oxford University Press. 9919:. Oxford University Press. 9514:. Oxford University Press. 7917:Sulmasy & Sugarman 2010 7881:Sulmasy & Sugarman 2010 3576:, § 1. Act-consequentialism 3428:Sulmasy & Sugarman 2010 2801: 2319:stages of moral development 2202:legitimate military targets 2154:performance-enhancing drugs 2113:. Two key issues in it are 2109:covers moral principles of 1903:doctors may help them do so 1611:and that it is possible to 1059:and the excessive state of 1030:interpersonal relationships 10: 21714: 19079:Svatantrika and Prasangika 18718: 17977:A Treatise of Human Nature 17036: 16695:"Applied Ethics, Overview" 16525:Vogt, Katja Maria (2017). 16399:Thoma, Stephen J. (2015). 16192:Sullivan, Barbara (2001). 15749:Sinclair, Rebekah (2022). 15331:Rosati, Connie S. (2016). 15036:Pritchard, Duncan (2015). 14419:Encyclopedia of Philosophy 13932:10.1007/s10677-023-10367-3 12572:Hudson, W. Donald (1969). 12460:Holmes, Robert L. (2018). 12427:Hollenbach, David (2002). 10676:"Introduction to Part One" 10353:Cardwell, Charles (2015). 9946:Brandon, S. G. F. (1975). 9815:Encyclopedia of Philosophy 9369:Armour, Robert A. (2001). 9205:Encyclopedia of Philosophy 9195: 9153:Bergoffen & Burke 2023 9147:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 9108:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 8892:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 8856:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 8807:Bergoffen & Burke 2023 8792:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 8663:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 8627:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 8591:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 8555:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 8378:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 8342:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 8312:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 8288:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 8252:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 8216:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 7956:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 7611:Alexander & Moore 2021 7042:, § 5. Professional Ethics 6492:, § 2. Theory and Practice 6468:, § 2. Theory and Practice 6367:Petersen & Ryberg 2022 4788:, § 3c. The Ethics of Care 4621:Alexander & Moore 2021 4591:Alexander & Moore 2021 4489:Johnson & Cureton 2022 4414:Johnson & Cureton 2022 4378:Johnson & Cureton 2022 4363:Alexander & Moore 2021 4351:Alexander & Moore 2021 4318:Alexander & Moore 2021 4294:Alexander & Moore 2021 4267:Alexander & Moore 2021 4195:Alexander & Moore 2021 3994:Alexander & Moore 2021 3940:Alexander & Moore 2021 3871:Alexander & Moore 2021 3850:Alexander & Moore 2021 3826:Alexander & Moore 2021 3625:Alexander & Moore 2021 2464:and discussed the role of 2413: 2409: 2371: 2283: 2235: 1999: 1970:genetically modified crops 1796: 1717: 1555: 1509: 1345:affect moral assessments. 1343:cross-cultural differences 1278: 1265:Native American philosophy 967: 866: 805: 762: 679: 532: 451: 356: 324: 29: 21667: 21571: 21559:Intellectuals and Society 21509:The Culture of Narcissism 21400: 21068: 20860: 20809: 20738: 20652: 20645: 20585: 20347: 20273: 20225: 20125: 20087: 20034: 20001: 19992: 19988: 19971: 19921: 19833: 19671: 19662: 19595: 19378: 19369: 19347: 19302: 19244: 19196: 19150: 19141: 19104: 18975: 18840: 18787: 18778: 18728: 18724: 18713: 18652: 18624: 18581: 18533: 18490: 18443: 18415: 18367: 18339: 18301:Philosophy of mathematics 18291:Philosophy of information 18266: 18262: 18251: 18193: 18100: 17945: 17711: 17436: 17365: 17227: 17102: 17044: 16956:Resources in your library 16768:"Doing Vs. Allowing Harm" 16295:Talbert, Matthew (2019). 16233:Methods in Medical Ethics 16171:Suikkanen, Jussi (2020). 15862:Skelton, Anthony (2022). 15791:Sinha, Jai B. P. (2014). 15220:Encyclopedia of Evolution 15217:Rice, Stanley A. (2009). 15001:Post, Stephen G. (2011). 14945:10.1017/S1358246100008493 14618:. Oxford University Press 14616:Oxford English Dictionary 14528:Ntuli, P. Pitika (2002). 14470:Norlock, Kathryn (2019). 14422:(2 ed.). Macmillan. 14272:"Theological Voluntarism" 14158:Monzon, Jorge E. (2012). 14133:10.1007/s10892-018-9275-3 13844:10.1007/s12064-008-0027-y 13287:. Harper & Brothers. 12871:. John Wiley & Sons. 12795:Karenga, Maulana (2004). 12732:"Kant's Moral Philosophy" 12044:The History of Philosophy 11829:10.1007/s10539-017-9599-6 11679:Flynn, Eileen P. (2012). 11424:An Introduction to Rights 10950:. John Wiley & Sons. 10821:Cummiskey, David (1996). 10674:Cowan, Steven B. (2020). 10330:10.1017/S0031819100070170 10165:. John Wiley & Sons. 9818:(2 ed.). Macmillan. 9694:. John Wiley & Sons. 9479:. John Wiley & Sons. 9000:Chappell & Smyth 2023 8025:Lipson & Binkley 2012 7872:Barsh & Lisewski 2013 7118:Patching & Hirst 2013 7100:Medvecky & Leach 2019 6171:, § 5. Moral Epistemology 6147:, § 5. Moral Epistemology 6115:Moreland & Craig 2017 5841:, § 4b. Moral Relativisms 5769:, § 4b. Moral Relativisms 5745:, § 1. Moral Disagreement 5116:Beaman & Strumos 2022 4822:Skirbekk & Gilje 2017 4666:Finlayson & Rees 2023 4606:Ashford & Mulgan 2018 3413:Barsh & Lisewski 2013 3377:Barsh & Lisewski 2013 2572:(1224–1274 CE) developed 2309:One of its key topics is 1688:motivational internalists 1605:special cognitive faculty 1524:properties accessible to 1310:foundational principles. 1227:as its principal virtue. 950:communicative rationality 862: 742:. Bentham introduced the 21549:The Malaise of Modernity 21499:The History of Sexuality 20598:Catholic social teaching 17328:Universal prescriptivism 16583:Werner, Preston (2020). 16133:Stoljar, Samuel (1984). 15716:Sims, Ronald R. (2017). 15641:Schroeder, Mark (2021). 15478:Sander-Staudt, Maureen. 15362:. Taylor & Francis. 15304:. Taylor & Francis. 14840:Perrett, Roy W. (2016). 14813:. Juta and Company Ltd. 14449:Nelkin, Dana K. (2023). 14391:Athanassoulis, Nafsika. 14370:Nadkarni, M. V. (2011). 13987:Philosophical Psychology 13308:. Taylor & Francis. 13086:Kvalnes, Øyvind (2023). 12041:Grayling, A. C. (2019). 11896:Gay, William C. (2006). 11817:Biology & Philosophy 11797:"Social Contract Theory" 11551:Fernando, A. C. (2010). 11493:. Taylor & Francis. 11363:Dynes, Wayne R. (2016). 10824:Kantian Consequentialism 10130:10.4324/9781315175027-12 10058:Brink, David O. (2020). 9564:Bauman, Zygmunt (1993). 9533:. In Besnoy, Amy (ed.). 9508:"Nietzsche the Kantian?" 7739:, Abstract, lead section 7484:, § 2.2 Monism/Pluralism 7272:Sorabji & Rodin 2007 6526:Meynell & Paron 2023 5805:, § 2g. Moral Relativism 5413:Ribino & Lodato 2019 4846:Hill & Blazejak 2021 4734:, § 1.2 Practical Wisdom 3248:Liddell & Scott 1889 2835: 2809:Index of ethics articles 2174:ethics of nanotechnology 1980:, including topics like 1930:intensive animal farming 1864:intensive animal farming 1321:moral facts. Concerning 576: 21629:Philosophy of education 19770:Postanalytic philosophy 19711:Experimental philosophy 17117:Artificial intelligence 16832:. Infobase Publishing. 16742:10.1057/9780230592803_4 16693:Winkler, E. R. (1998). 16366:Thapar, Romila (1978). 15666:Shaver, Robert (2023). 15549:Essays on Moral Realism 15412:Ryberg, Jesper (2010). 15250:Ridge, Michael (2019). 15223:. Infobase Publishing. 15148:10.5840/swjphil19778110 14968:Porter, Burton (2010). 14576:O'Neill, Onora (2013). 13913:Meyer, Kirsten (2023). 13565:Maxwell, Bruce (2023). 13532:Mattila, Janne (2022). 13304:. In Puka, Bill (ed.). 12919:Kraut, Richard (2022). 12828:Kendall, Sacha (2017). 12549:"Rule Consequentialism" 12464:. Bloomsbury Academic. 12232:Hale, Benjamin (2017). 11632:10.1057/9780230294899_2 11624:New Waves in Metaethics 11187:Doniger, Wendy (2010). 10904:. Penguin Books India. 10614:Connor, Steven (2004). 10192:Byron, Michael (2004). 9591:(Supplement 2): 34–38. 9450:"Divine Command Theory" 9334:Ames, Roger T. (2013). 9291:Almond, Brenda (1998). 9157:The Ethics of Ambiguity 8811:The Ethics of Ambiguity 8218:, pp. 394–396, 398 7545:Hirose & Olson 2015 7460:, § 2.1 Intrinsic Value 7437:Hirose & Olson 2015 7395:Hirose & Olson 2015 7082:Parker & Evans 2007 6954:Roser & Seidel 2016 6256:Brown & Fehige 2019 6199:Baggini & Fosl 2024 6193:Brown & Fehige 2019 5437:Lloyd & Hansen 2003 4912:Legg & Hookway 2021 4570:Myers & Noebel 2015 2897: 2864:This state is known as 2668:when doing God's will. 2654:categorical imperatives 2556:Ethical thought in the 1907:medical confidentiality 1237:a person's social class 1231:is a central aspect of 1159:613 commandments of God 1022:exceptional individuals 416: 350: 316: 50:phenomena. Also called 32:Ethics (disambiguation) 21698:Branches of philosophy 20568: 20522: 20508: 19903:Social constructionism 18915:Hellenistic philosophy 18331:Theoretical philosophy 18306:Philosophy of religion 18296:Philosophy of language 16297:"Moral Responsibility" 15772:Singer, Peter (2016). 15252:"Moral Non-Naturalism" 14702:Inside Lawyers' Ethics 14582:Encyclopedia of Ethics 14295:Murphy, Mark (2019a). 14224:. InterVarsity Press. 14193:Moore, Andrew (2019). 14082:Mitcham, Carl (2022). 13797:Mentan, Tatah (2022). 13762:Mendus, Susan (2005). 13460:Lutz, Matthew (2023). 13260:Leiter, Brian (2021). 13088:"Communication Ethics" 12776:Kagan, Shelly (1998). 12690:. Hackett Publishing. 12188:Haiming, Wang (2021). 12080:. InterVarsity Press. 12016:Gowans, Chris (2021). 11996:Gordon, John-Stewart. 11971:Gordon, John-Stewart. 11861:Funk, Michael (2021). 11572:Fieser, James (2000). 10977:Das, Kantilal (2021). 10898:Dalal, Roshen (2010). 10857:A Dictionary of Ethics 10709:Craig, Edward (1998). 10591:"Environmental Ethics" 10359:. Hackett Publishing. 10035:"Environmental Ethics" 9847:"Jewish Religious Law" 9845:Bollag, David (2006). 9340:Encyclopedia of Ethics 9268:"Deontological Ethics" 7926:Pera & Tonder 2005 7890:Pera & Tonder 2005 7209:Robson & Tsou 2023 7174:Elrod & Smith 2005 7013:, § 2. Business Ethics 6986:, § 2. Business Ethics 6941:, § 2. Radical Ecology 6163:Sinnott-Armstrong 2019 5982:, § 4a. Moral Realisms 5922:, § 4a. Moral Realisms 5751:, § 4a. Moral Realisms 5730:, § 4a. Moral Realisms 4072:Sinnott-Armstrong 2023 3964:Sinnott-Armstrong 2023 3916:Sinnott-Armstrong 2023 3820:Sinnott-Armstrong 2023 3790:Sinnott-Armstrong 2023 3775:Sinnott-Armstrong 2023 3694:Sinnott-Armstrong 2023 3649:Sinnott-Armstrong 2023 3589:Sinnott-Armstrong 2023 3437:Pera & Tonder 2005 3257:Proscurcin Junior 2014 2758:(1921–2002) relied on 2699: 2625: 2568:originating from God. 2562:Christian philosophers 2437: 2141: 2071:client confidentiality 1933: 1741: 1644: 1371:descriptive statements 1358: 1205:fasting during Ramadan 1131: 1065:peaceful state of mind 954:ideal speech situation 945: 833:categorical imperative 824: 623:single source of value 386: 376: 366: 228: 21634:Philosophy of history 21624:Philosophy of culture 21519:A Conflict of Visions 20286:Philosophy portal 19805:Scientific skepticism 19785:Reformed epistemology 18311:Philosophy of science 18041:The Methods of Ethics 17279:Divine command theory 17274:Ideal observer theory 16440:Oxford Bibliographies 16434:Thomas, Alan (2022). 16139:An Analysis of Rights 16113:Stephens, William O. 15693:"Ross, William David" 15618:"Evolutionary Ethics" 14879:Oxford Bibliographies 14810:Ethics in Health Care 14578:"Duty and Obligation" 14270:Murphy, Mark (2019). 14121:The Journal of Ethics 13951:Applied Ethics Primer 13832:Theory in Biosciences 12651:Imafidon, E. (2015). 12547:Hooker, Brad (2023). 12512:Hooker, Brad (2014). 11836:Frowe, Helen (2021). 11656:Fives, Allyn (2016). 11233:Dorsey, Dale (2020). 10229:"The Concept of Evil" 10227:Calder, Todd (2022). 10095:"Thought Experiments" 9620:Beach, Waldo (1988). 9155:, Lead section, § 5. 8809:, Lead section, § 5. 8159:Boyd & Timpe 2021 6901:Brennan & Lo 2022 6883:Brennan & Lo 2022 5146:Wu & Wokutch 2008 4333:Kumm & Walen 2014 3603:, § 1. Utilitarianism 3195:Paul & Elder 2005 3179:, § What Is Morality? 2851:is a wider term than 2750:by philosophers like 2690: 2616: 2484:, and the pursuit of 2423: 2346:evolutionary pressure 2324:taught to act morally 2132: 2111:communicative conduct 1986:sustainable practices 1927: 1915:organ transplantation 1735: 1668:Judith Jarvis Thomson 1638: 1526:empirical observation 1356: 1189:Five Pillars of Islam 1117: 931: 919:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 869:Divine command theory 840:and are true for all 815: 525:for why it is right. 310:has its roots in the 297:Protestant work ethic 222: 136:and the formation of 21639:Political philosophy 21439:Democracy in America 19706:Critical rationalism 19413:Edo neo-Confucianism 19257:Acintya bheda abheda 19236:Renaissance humanism 18947:School of the Sextii 18321:Practical philosophy 18316:Political philosophy 18158:Political philosophy 16859:Zhang, Feng (2023). 16826:Yount, Lisa (2007). 16670:"Animals and Ethics" 16558:Wenar, Leif (2021). 16372:. Orient Blackswan. 16322:"Information Ethics" 16200:. Federation Press. 15864:"William David Ross" 15445:Sajoo, Amyn (2008). 15201:10.1155/2019/7895875 15109:Ranganathan, Shyam. 14536:. New Africa Books. 13638:McEwan, Tom (2001). 13567:"Educational Ethics" 13379:Littlejohn, Ronnie. 13177:Lazar, Seth (2020). 12921:"Aristotle's Ethics" 12886:Kivy, Peter (2011). 12801:. Psychology Press. 12408:Hoad, T. F. (1993). 12333:Heyd, David (2019). 10919:Dalal, Neil (2021). 10877:"Buddhism and India" 10639:The Yale Law Journal 10589:Cochrane, Alasdair. 10374:Carlson, E. (2013). 9748:"Simone de Beauvoir" 9506:Bailey, Tom (2013). 9132:Bunnin & Yu 2009 9096:Bunnin & Yu 2009 9084:Bunnin & Yu 2009 9045:Bunnin & Yu 2009 9024:Bunnin & Yu 2009 8985:Bunnin & Yu 2009 8946:Bunnin & Yu 2009 8907:Bunnin & Yu 2009 8871:Bunnin & Yu 2009 8835:Bunnin & Yu 2009 7832:, pp. 1151–1152 7329:Hall & Sabl 2022 4809:, § 1. Preliminaries 4461:, § 1. Kant's Ethics 4386:, § 1. Kant's Ethics 3559:Bunnin & Yu 2009 2819:Practical philosophy 2650:deontological theory 2304:moral responsibility 2265:political philosophy 2146:ethics of technology 2107:Communication ethics 2032:conflict of interest 1887:environmental ethics 1700:weakness of the will 1601:Ethical intuitionism 1363:normative statements 1140:psychological egoism 1126:are key elements of 442:environmental ethics 343:personal disposition 79:treatment of animals 30:For other uses, see 21479:One-Dimensional Man 19277:Nimbarka Sampradaya 19188:Korean Confucianism 18935:Academic Skepticism 18128:Evolutionary ethics 18089:Reasons and Persons 18065:A Theory of Justice 17219:Uncertain sentience 16643:Williams, Garrath. 16135:"Rights and Duties" 15086:"Moral Development" 13954:. Broadview Press. 13735:. Springer Nature. 13300:Linn, Ruth (1994). 12360:. Springer Nature. 11838:"The Ethics of War" 11522:"Rights and Duties" 11147:. Broadview Press. 10875:Dalai Lama (2007). 10469:. Springer Nature. 10436:. Springer Nature. 10256:. Springer Nature. 10250:"System Governance" 9886:. Springer Nature. 9661:. Springer Nature. 9448:Austin, Michael W. 8512:, Indian Philosophy 8105:, Indian Philosophy 4485:, § 5. Moral Theory 4467:, § 5. Moral Theory 4392:, § 5. Moral Theory 4119:, pp. 936, 938 4068:, pp. 936, 938 3156:Jackson et al. 2021 2849:teleological ethics 2824:Science of morality 2708:analytic philosophy 2704:20th-century ethics 2670:Friedrich Nietzsche 2330:Evolutionary ethics 2158:genetic enhancement 2006:Professional ethics 1964:. In the domain of 1787:professional ethics 1676:to an ill violinist 1648:Thought experiments 1439:morally responsible 1422:is often employed. 1209:pilgrimage to Mecca 1108:cultural relativity 936:, as formulated by 753:rule utilitarianism 693:evaluative hedonism 293:Aristotelian ethics 255:. It examines what 21599:Cultural pessimism 21594:Cultural criticism 20493:National character 19898:Post-structuralism 19800:Scientific realism 19755:Quinean naturalism 19735:Logical positivism 19691:Analytical Marxism 18910:Peripatetic school 18822:Chinese naturalism 18349:Aesthetic response 18276:Applied philosophy 18123:Ethics in religion 18118:Descriptive ethics 17953:Nicomachean Ethics 16645:"Praise and Blame" 16620:"Moral Relativism" 16618:Westacott, Emrys. 16436:"Normative Ethics" 15839:"Consequentialism" 15814:"Moral Skepticism" 15797:. Springer India. 15757:. Berghahn Books. 15691:Simpson, David L. 15616:Schroeder, Doris. 15333:"Moral Motivation" 14611:OED Staff (2002). 13877:"Discourse Ethics" 13462:"Moral Naturalism" 12780:. Westview Press. 12755:Junru, Li (2019). 12109:"Normative Ethics" 12018:"Moral Relativism" 10498:"Bernard Williams" 9222:AHD staff (2022). 9149:, pp. 426–428 9110:, pp. 421–422 9008:, pp. 281–282 8972:, pp. 282–283 8894:, pp. 429–430 8858:, pp. 418–419 8794:, pp. 412–414 8788:, pp. 624–625 8665:, pp. 414–415 8629:, pp. 410–412 8593:, pp. 408–409 8557:, pp. 404–406 8380:, pp. 403–404 8314:, pp. 399–400 8290:, pp. 397–398 8254:, pp. 396–398 7769:, pp. 229–230 7745:, pp. 181–182 7607:, pp. 200–201 7532:, pp. 525–526 7425:Smith & Thomas 7205:, pp. 323–326 7190:, pp. 321–322 7057:, pp. 617–620 7019:, pp. 365–366 7002:Dueñas et al. 2018 6980:, pp. 365–366 6879:, pp. 105–106 6824:, pp. 333–334 6809:, pp. 317–319 6775:, pp. 200–201 6629:, pp. 288–289 6583:, pp. 267–268 6504:, § 1. Definitions 6294:, pp. 101–102 6189:, pp. 195–196 5901:, pp. 241–242 5877:, pp. 240–241 5826:, pp. 240–241 5787:, pp. 240–241 5743:Sayre-McCord 2023a 5713:Sayre-McCord 2023a 5604:, pp. 159–160 5517:, pp. 501–502 5511:, pp. 121–122 5226:, pp. 588–589 4872:, pp. 327–328 4716:, pp. 947–948 4686:, pp. 947–948 4302:, pp. 200–201 4263:, pp. 200–201 4239:, pp. 200–201 4221:, pp. 200–201 4191:, pp. 200–201 4168:Satyanarayana 2009 3990:, pp. 938–939 3960:, pp. 162–164 3891:, pp. 162–164 3867:, pp. 162–164 3834:, pp. 162–164 3798:, pp. 162–164 3744:, pp. 162–164 3720:, pp. 162–164 3621:, pp. 200–201 3525:, pp. 200–201 3298:Athanassoulis 2012 3259:, pp. 162–168 3226:, pp. 284–285 3119:, pp. 284–285 2971:frame of reference 2788:Simone de Beauvoir 2768:a form of fairness 2700: 2692:Simone de Beauvoir 2626: 2535: 428–347 BCE 2524: 469–399 BCE 2438: 2374:Descriptive ethics 2368:Descriptive ethics 2269:axiological ethics 2206:military personnel 2200:in the pursuit of 2142: 2120:information ethics 2089:as well as proper 2075:engineering ethics 2040:ethical leadership 2020:board of directors 1934: 1848:stem cell research 1742: 1738:medical procedures 1726:applied philosophy 1645: 1359: 1167:duty found in the 1157:are to follow the 1132: 1077:Alasdair MacIntyre 1069:Elizabeth Anscombe 946: 942:rational discourse 906:thought experiment 825: 670:Chinese philosophy 484:descriptive ethics 284:social conventions 229: 209:reasons for acting 142:Descriptive ethics 83:business practices 54:, it investigates 21680: 21679: 21396: 21395: 20541:Spontaneous order 20531:Social alienation 20380:Cultural heritage 20341:Social philosophy 20307: 20306: 20269: 20268: 20265: 20264: 20261: 20260: 19967: 19966: 19963: 19962: 19959: 19958: 19686:Analytic feminism 19658: 19657: 19620:Kierkegaardianism 19582:Transcendentalism 19542:Neo-scholasticism 19388:Classical Realism 19365: 19364: 19137: 19136: 18952:Neopythagoreanism 18709: 18708: 18705: 18704: 18326:Social philosophy 18211: 18210: 18178:Social philosophy 18163:Population ethics 18153:Philosophy of law 18133:History of ethics 17616:Political freedom 17293:Euthyphro dilemma 17084:Suffering-focused 16942:Library resources 16905:978-0-19-995930-3 16874:978-1-5292-3263-9 16839:978-1-4381-3063-7 16806:978-1-4129-1652-3 16751:978-0-230-59280-3 16708:978-0-12-373932-2 16668:Wilson, Scott D. 16598:978-0-19-260331-9 16538:978-0-19-069248-3 16505:978-1-134-54091-4 16472:978-3-319-21714-7 16414:978-1-317-49841-4 16379:978-81-250-0808-8 16343:978-3-030-54161-3 16275:978-0-227-90035-2 16242:978-1-58901-623-1 16207:978-1-86287-366-7 16184:978-1-108-58711-2 16156:978-1-349-17607-6 16093:978-1-136-96421-3 16072:978-0-7546-5448-3 16016:978-3-319-77395-7 15983:978-0-19-926479-7 15950:978-0-19-926479-7 15917:978-0-19-987457-6 15896:978-1-135-22604-6 15804:978-81-322-1804-3 15783:978-0-19-021920-8 15764:978-1-80073-247-6 15729:978-1-68123-956-9 15558:978-0-8014-9541-0 15535:978-81-317-9287-2 15514:978-0-12-373932-2 15458:978-0-85771-495-4 15425:978-0-19-980865-6 15392:978-0-19-887171-2 15369:978-1-317-20953-9 15311:978-1-000-83023-1 15230:978-1-4381-1005-9 15174:978-0-12-373932-2 15068:978-3-8253-6339-0 15049:978-1-135-03746-8 15016:978-84-370-8362-9 14981:978-1-4422-0553-6 14911:978-0-19-753225-6 14853:978-0-521-85356-9 14820:978-0-7021-6679-2 14799:978-1-4020-3061-1 14776:978-0-944583-17-3 14745:978-1-317-96374-5 14712:978-1-139-46128-3 14679:978-1-135-58277-7 14646:978-1-000-04831-5 14591:978-1-135-35096-3 14543:978-1-919876-58-0 14508:978-0-19-926479-7 14472:"Feminist Ethics" 14429:978-0-02-865790-5 14383:978-0-19-908935-2 14350:978-0-7814-1378-7 14343:. David C. Cook. 14329:978-93-325-0649-7 14262:978-0-13-600652-7 14231:978-0-8308-8917-4 14173:978-1-4666-0123-9 14095:978-0-226-82539-7 14062:978-1-350-21790-4 14029:978-0-664-22323-6 13961:978-1-77048-899-1 13898:978-3-319-09483-0 13810:978-9956-552-91-7 13777:978-0-7425-3518-3 13742:978-3-030-32116-1 13709:978-0-415-25069-6 13651:978-0-273-64340-1 13644:. Prentice Hall. 13618:978-1-351-49716-9 13588:978-3-030-22767-8 13545:978-90-04-50691-6 13508:978-0-12-386491-8 13452:978-0-19-926479-7 13419:978-0-7619-1189-0 13371:978-0-19-024697-6 13348:978-0-7914-8503-3 13315:978-0-8153-1552-0 13215:978-0-19-108439-3 13137:978-0-631-20119-9 13109:978-3-031-28971-2 13066:978-0-19-926479-7 13033:978-1-139-95287-3 12899:978-0-19-161575-7 12878:978-1-4443-0849-5 12843:978-1-137-45503-1 12808:978-0-415-94753-4 12787:978-0-8133-0846-3 12768:978-7-119-11413-2 12697:978-1-64792-014-2 12664:978-1-137-47242-7 12606:978-0-19-823818-8 12585:978-1-349-15336-7 12575:Is-ought Question 12527:978-1-139-86748-1 12492:978-0-19-926479-7 12471:978-1-3500-2980-4 12440:978-0-521-89451-7 12419:978-0-19-283098-2 12388:978-0-19-022143-0 12367:978-981-16-2742-2 12313:978-0-19-926479-7 12280:978-0-691-23131-0 12247:978-0-19-994133-9 12207:Haines, William. 12199:978-1-138-33161-7 12168:978-3-319-45920-2 12130:978-3-319-23514-1 12087:978-0-8308-6707-3 12054:978-0-241-98086-6 11963:978-0-12-373932-2 11944:978-0-8191-9365-0 11911:978-90-420-2061-0 11876:978-1-64368-155-9 11795:Friend, Celeste. 11787:978-0-415-25069-6 11746:978-0-19-803473-5 11723:978-0-12-373932-2 11692:978-1-136-34312-4 11671:978-1-137-44587-2 11641:978-0-230-29489-9 11595:"Jürgen Habermas" 11585:978-0-7674-1298-8 11564:978-81-317-3462-9 11543:978-94-011-8559-2 11500:978-1-84169-361-3 11467:978-0-02-865834-6 11434:978-0-521-00870-9 11413:978-0-521-64840-0 11378:978-1-61069-566-4 11343:978-1-5225-3552-2 11320:978-0-19-989207-5 11281:978-0-19-926479-7 11248:978-0-19-090534-7 11200:978-0-19-959334-7 11164:"Ethics, Applied" 11154:978-1-4604-0660-1 11133:978-0-12-373932-2 11097:DeLapp, Kevin M. 11077:978-1-107-64379-6 11044:978-1-135-95102-3 11023:978-0-521-19294-1 10990:978-1-000-43681-5 10957:978-1-4051-7190-8 10911:978-0-14-341421-6 10890:978-0-19-908788-4 10867:978-0-19-183575-9 10834:978-0-19-509453-4 10801:978-0-415-25069-6 10760:978-0-19-926479-7 10732:978-0-415-25069-6 10689:978-1-350-14741-6 10629:978-0-521-64840-0 10569:978-0-02-865834-6 10536:978-604-89-7928-7 10476:978-981-99-0707-6 10443:978-3-031-02115-2 10410:978-1-000-40605-4 10387:978-94-015-8553-8 10366:978-1-62466-374-1 10296:978-0-02-865787-5 10263:978-3-030-93852-9 10207:978-0-521-01005-4 10172:978-1-4051-9112-8 10139:978-1-315-17502-7 10073:978-0-19-090533-0 10025:978-0-12-373932-2 9994:978-0-7391-3846-5 9961:978-0-7190-0536-7 9926:978-0-19-258407-6 9893:978-3-030-87786-6 9860:978-0-88125-921-6 9825:978-0-02-865790-5 9701:978-1-4051-7190-8 9668:978-3-031-06263-6 9633:978-0-8042-0793-5 9585:Military Medicine 9575:978-0-631-18693-9 9566:Postmodern Ethics 9544:978-1-317-99372-8 9521:978-0-19-953464-7 9486:978-1-119-89197-0 9428:978-1-4411-6287-8 9382:978-977-424-669-2 9349:978-1-135-35096-3 9314:978-0-415-25069-6 9258:978-0-12-373932-2 9230:. HarperCollins. 9214:978-0-02-866072-1 8928:Sayre-McCord 1988 7659:Doris et al. 2020 6280:Sayre-McCord 2023 6169:Sayre-McCord 2023 6145:Sayre-McCord 2023 6082:Sayre-McCord 1988 5881:Krellenstein 2017 5389:Sayre-McCord 2023 5365:Sayre-McCord 2023 5341:Sayre-McCord 2023 5317:Sayre-McCord 2023 5260:Sayre-McCord 2023 5236:Sayre-McCord 2023 3125:, pp. vii–xi 2814:Outline of ethics 2798:, at the center. 2664:(1813–1855), the 2662:Søren Kierkegaard 2600: 700–750 CE 2585: 878–950 CE 2444:, the concept of 2416:History of ethics 2338:natural selection 2315:Lawrence Kohlberg 2311:moral development 2292:empirical science 2115:freedom of speech 2083:journalism ethics 1978:collective levels 1954:natural resources 1747:medical procedure 1488:Moral relativists 1269:Ubuntu philosophy 1257:effortless action 1251:as a key virtue. 1185:Great Commandment 1161:according to the 1153:. Key aspects of 1151:in most religions 1118:The practices of 1093:Pragmatist ethics 547:G. E. M. Anscombe 306:The English word 149:history of ethics 16:(Redirected from 21705: 21644:Social criticism 21564: 21554: 21544: 21534: 21524: 21514: 21504: 21494: 21484: 21474: 21464: 21454: 21444: 21434: 21424: 21414: 20650: 20649: 20632:Frankfurt School 20610:Communitarianism 20573: 20527: 20513: 20334: 20327: 20320: 20311: 20310: 20296: 20295: 20284: 20283: 20282: 19999: 19998: 19990: 19989: 19973: 19972: 19863:Frankfurt School 19810:Transactionalism 19760:Normative ethics 19740:Legal positivism 19716:Falsificationism 19701:Consequentialism 19696:Communitarianism 19669: 19668: 19537:New Confucianism 19376: 19375: 19183:Neo-Confucianism 19148: 19147: 18957:Second Sophistic 18942:Middle Platonism 18785: 18784: 18726: 18725: 18715: 18714: 18558:Epiphenomenalism 18425:Consequentialism 18359:Institutionalism 18264: 18263: 18253: 18252: 18238: 18231: 18224: 18215: 18214: 18201: 18200: 18148:Moral psychology 18093: 18085: 18077: 18073:Practical Ethics 18069: 18061: 18057:Principia Ethica 18053: 18045: 18037: 18029: 18021: 18013: 18005: 17997: 17989: 17981: 17973: 17965: 17961:Ethics (Spinoza) 17957: 17596:Moral imperative 17054:Consequentialism 17031: 17024: 17017: 17008: 17007: 16980:Normative Ethics 16930: 16928: 16926: 16909: 16890: 16888: 16886: 16867:. Policy Press. 16855: 16853: 16851: 16822: 16820: 16818: 16787: 16785: 16783: 16762: 16760: 16758: 16724: 16722: 16720: 16689: 16687: 16685: 16664: 16662: 16660: 16639: 16637: 16635: 16614: 16612: 16610: 16579: 16577: 16575: 16554: 16552: 16550: 16521: 16519: 16517: 16488: 16486: 16484: 16455: 16453: 16451: 16430: 16428: 16426: 16395: 16393: 16391: 16362: 16360: 16358: 16316: 16314: 16312: 16291: 16289: 16287: 16258: 16256: 16254: 16223: 16221: 16219: 16188: 16167: 16165: 16163: 16129: 16127: 16125: 16109: 16107: 16105: 16076: 16057: 16055: 16053: 16032: 16030: 16028: 15999: 15997: 15995: 15966: 15964: 15962: 15933: 15931: 15929: 15900: 15879: 15877: 15875: 15858: 15856: 15854: 15833: 15831: 15829: 15808: 15787: 15768: 15745: 15743: 15741: 15712: 15710: 15708: 15687: 15685: 15683: 15662: 15660: 15658: 15637: 15635: 15633: 15612: 15610: 15608: 15587: 15585: 15583: 15562: 15539: 15518: 15499: 15497: 15495: 15474: 15472: 15470: 15441: 15439: 15437: 15408: 15406: 15404: 15373: 15352: 15350: 15348: 15327: 15325: 15323: 15292: 15290: 15288: 15271:Rini, Regina A. 15267: 15265: 15263: 15246: 15244: 15242: 15213: 15203: 15178: 15159: 15130: 15128: 15126: 15105: 15103: 15101: 15080: 15053: 15032: 15030: 15028: 14997: 14995: 14993: 14964: 14927: 14925: 14923: 14894: 14892: 14890: 14875:"Applied Ethics" 14869: 14867: 14865: 14836: 14834: 14832: 14803: 14780: 14761: 14759: 14757: 14728: 14726: 14724: 14695: 14693: 14691: 14662: 14660: 14658: 14627: 14625: 14623: 14607: 14605: 14603: 14572: 14570: 14568: 14553:"Kantian Ethics" 14551:O'Neill, Onora. 14547: 14524: 14522: 14520: 14491: 14489: 14487: 14466: 14464: 14462: 14445: 14443: 14441: 14412: 14410: 14408: 14387: 14366: 14364: 14362: 14333: 14312: 14310: 14308: 14291: 14289: 14287: 14266: 14247: 14245: 14243: 14214: 14212: 14210: 14189: 14187: 14185: 14154: 14144: 14127:(3–4): 283–310. 14111: 14109: 14107: 14078: 14076: 14074: 14045: 14043: 14041: 14010: 13977: 13975: 13973: 13944: 13934: 13909: 13907: 13905: 13871: 13826: 13824: 13822: 13793: 13791: 13789: 13758: 13756: 13754: 13725: 13723: 13721: 13692: 13690: 13688: 13667: 13665: 13663: 13634: 13632: 13630: 13599: 13597: 13595: 13561: 13559: 13557: 13528: 13481: 13479: 13477: 13456: 13435: 13433: 13431: 13400: 13398: 13396: 13375: 13352: 13331: 13329: 13327: 13296: 13277: 13275: 13273: 13256: 13254: 13252: 13231: 13229: 13227: 13198: 13196: 13194: 13173: 13171: 13169: 13153: 13151: 13149: 13120: 13118: 13116: 13082: 13080: 13078: 13049: 13047: 13045: 13014: 12985: 12983: 12981: 12940: 12938: 12936: 12915: 12913: 12911: 12882: 12859: 12857: 12855: 12824: 12822: 12820: 12791: 12778:Normative Ethics 12772: 12751: 12749: 12747: 12726: 12724: 12722: 12707:"Kant, Immanuel" 12705:Jankowiak, Tim. 12701: 12680: 12678: 12676: 12647: 12645: 12643: 12622: 12620: 12618: 12596:On Virtue Ethics 12589: 12568: 12566: 12564: 12543: 12541: 12539: 12508: 12506: 12504: 12475: 12456: 12454: 12452: 12423: 12404: 12402: 12400: 12371: 12350: 12348: 12346: 12335:"Supererogation" 12329: 12327: 12325: 12296: 12294: 12292: 12263: 12261: 12259: 12228: 12226: 12224: 12203: 12184: 12182: 12180: 12149: 12147: 12145: 12103: 12101: 12099: 12070: 12068: 12066: 12037: 12035: 12033: 12012: 12010: 12008: 11992: 11990: 11988: 11967: 11948: 11927: 11925: 11923: 11892: 11890: 11888: 11857: 11855: 11853: 11832: 11823:(6): 1151–1183. 11811: 11809: 11807: 11791: 11762: 11760: 11758: 11727: 11708: 11706: 11704: 11675: 11652: 11650: 11648: 11614: 11612: 11610: 11589: 11568: 11547: 11516: 11514: 11512: 11483: 11481: 11479: 11450: 11448: 11446: 11417: 11394: 11392: 11390: 11359: 11357: 11355: 11324: 11297: 11295: 11293: 11264: 11262: 11260: 11229: 11227: 11225: 11204: 11183: 11181: 11179: 11158: 11137: 11118: 11116: 11114: 11093: 11091: 11089: 11060: 11058: 11056: 11027: 11006: 11004: 11002: 10973: 10971: 10969: 10940: 10938: 10936: 10915: 10894: 10871: 10850: 10848: 10846: 10817: 10815: 10813: 10776: 10774: 10772: 10743: 10741: 10739: 10705: 10703: 10701: 10670: 10633: 10610: 10608: 10606: 10585: 10583: 10581: 10552: 10550: 10548: 10517: 10515: 10513: 10492: 10490: 10488: 10459: 10457: 10455: 10426: 10424: 10422: 10391: 10370: 10349: 10324:(233): 327–340. 10312: 10310: 10308: 10279: 10277: 10275: 10244: 10242: 10240: 10223: 10221: 10219: 10188: 10186: 10184: 10155: 10153: 10151: 10114: 10112: 10110: 10089: 10087: 10085: 10054: 10052: 10050: 10029: 10010: 10008: 10006: 9977: 9975: 9973: 9942: 9940: 9938: 9909: 9907: 9905: 9876: 9874: 9872: 9841: 9839: 9837: 9808: 9806: 9804: 9763: 9761: 9759: 9742: 9740: 9738: 9721:Belzer, Marvin. 9717: 9715: 9713: 9684: 9682: 9680: 9649: 9647: 9645: 9616: 9579: 9560: 9558: 9556: 9525: 9502: 9500: 9498: 9469: 9467: 9465: 9444: 9442: 9440: 9411: 9409: 9407: 9392:"Contractualism" 9386: 9365: 9363: 9361: 9330: 9328: 9326: 9293:"Applied Ethics" 9287: 9285: 9283: 9262: 9243: 9241: 9239: 9218: 9190: 9169: 9163: 9141: 9135: 9129: 9123: 9117: 9111: 9105: 9099: 9093: 9087: 9081: 9075: 9054: 9048: 9042: 9036: 9018: 9012: 8994: 8988: 8982: 8976: 8955: 8949: 8943: 8937: 8924:, pp. 14–15 8916: 8910: 8904: 8898: 8880: 8874: 8868: 8862: 8844: 8838: 8832: 8826: 8820: 8814: 8804: 8798: 8780: 8774: 8768: 8762: 8756: 8750: 8729: 8723: 8717: 8711: 8687: 8681: 8675: 8669: 8651: 8645: 8639: 8633: 8615: 8609: 8603: 8597: 8579: 8573: 8567: 8561: 8543: 8537: 8531: 8525: 8492: 8486: 8468: 8462: 8456: 8450: 8444: 8438: 8414: 8408: 8402: 8396: 8390: 8384: 8366: 8360: 8354: 8348: 8330: 8324: 8300: 8294: 8276: 8270: 8264: 8258: 8240: 8234: 8228: 8222: 8204: 8198: 8192: 8186: 8168:Slingerland 2007 8147: 8141: 8120: 8114: 8088: 8082: 8052: 8046: 8037: 8031: 8022: 8016: 7974: 7968: 7950: 7944: 7911: 7905: 7857: 7851: 7842: 7836: 7830:Fitzpatrick 2017 7818: 7812: 7788: 7782: 7755: 7749: 7731: 7725: 7701: 7695: 7689: 7683: 7674:Rudy-Hiller 2022 7653: 7647: 7629: 7623: 7599: 7593: 7569: 7563: 7562:, pp. 73–74 7557: 7551: 7542: 7536: 7509: 7503: 7476: 7470: 7452: 7446: 7419: 7413: 7383: 7377: 7368: 7362: 7353: 7347: 7323: 7317: 7311: 7305: 7301:, pp. 34–35 7284: 7278: 7254: 7248: 7224: 7218: 7197: 7191: 7185: 7179: 7159: 7153: 7133: 7127: 7094: 7088: 7079: 7073: 7064: 7058: 7052: 7046: 7029: 7023: 6996: 6990: 6972: 6963: 6923: 6917: 6895: 6889: 6861: 6855: 6831: 6825: 6819: 6813: 6785: 6779: 6769:, § 3. Bioethics 6761: 6755: 6741:, § 3. Bioethics 6733: 6727: 6717: 6708: 6677: 6671: 6657:, § 3. Bioethics 6649: 6643: 6621: 6615: 6593: 6587: 6567:, § 3. Bioethics 6559: 6553: 6535:Chakraborti 2023 6511: 6505: 6499: 6493: 6487: 6481: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6427: 6402: 6396: 6387: 6381: 6349: 6343: 6334:Chakraborti 2023 6322: 6316: 6310: 6304: 6268: 6262: 6244: 6238: 6214: 6208: 6181: 6175: 6157: 6151: 6133: 6124: 6105:, pp. 14–15 6097: 6091: 6078:, pp. 14–15 6070: 6064: 6060:, pp. 14–15 6046: 6040: 6019: 6013: 5998:FitzPatrick 2011 5992: 5986: 5968: 5962: 5932: 5926: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5869: 5863: 5857: 5851: 5833: 5827: 5821: 5815: 5797: 5791: 5761: 5755: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5701: 5692: 5674: 5668: 5650: 5644: 5626: 5620: 5610:, pp. 88–89 5596: 5590: 5584: 5578: 5562:, pp. 75–76 5554: 5548: 5530: 5521: 5505:, pp. 36–37 5497: 5491: 5482: 5476: 5467: 5461: 5452: 5446: 5425: 5419: 5401: 5395: 5377: 5371: 5353: 5347: 5329: 5323: 5305: 5299: 5289:, pp. 21–22 5272: 5266: 5248: 5242: 5218: 5212: 5188: 5182: 5158: 5152: 5143: 5137: 5131:Chakraborti 2023 5128: 5122: 5113: 5107: 5098: 5092: 5083: 5077: 5053: 5047: 5023: 5017: 4987: 4981: 4957: 4951: 4930: 4924: 4897: 4891: 4882: 4876: 4858: 4852: 4843: 4837: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4780: 4774: 4756: 4747: 4726: 4720: 4702: 4696: 4678: 4672: 4648:Chakraborti 2023 4642: 4636: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4585: 4579: 4555: 4549: 4525: 4519: 4501: 4495: 4477: 4471: 4453: 4447: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4312: 4306: 4288: 4282: 4255: 4249: 4231: 4225: 4207: 4201: 4183: 4177: 4147: 4141: 4111: 4105: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4060: 4054: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4002:, pp. 47–48 3976: 3970: 3952: 3946: 3910: 3904: 3883: 3877: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3838: 3808: 3802: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3736: 3730: 3712: 3706: 3688: 3682: 3673: 3667: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3613: 3607: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3556: 3550: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3510:, pp. 2, 11 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3452: 3446: 3398: 3392: 3388:, pp. 18–19 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3321: 3315: 3300:, pp. 22–27 3292: 3286: 3269: 3263: 3236: 3230: 3207: 3201: 3171: 3165: 3135: 3129: 3093: 3087: 3063: 3048: 3045: 3039: 3036: 3030: 3027: 3021: 3006: 3000: 2997: 2991: 2988:Christian ethics 2980: 2974: 2973:of the observer. 2963: 2957: 2950: 2944: 2934: 2928: 2921:is–ought problem 2917: 2911: 2908: 2902: 2900: 2893: 2887: 2884: 2878: 2875: 2869: 2862: 2856: 2853:consequentialism 2845: 2786:(1905–1980) and 2784:Jean-Paul Sartre 2780:Nicolai Hartmann 2778:(1874–1928) and 2772:phenomenologists 2740:Bernard Williams 2682:John Stuart Mill 2680:(1748–1832) and 2622:Principia Ethica 2601: 2598: 2586: 2583: 2536: 2533: 2525: 2522: 2498:self-cultivation 2462:Hindu philosophy 2428:'s teachings of 2286:Moral psychology 2280:Moral psychology 2213:political ethics 2042:, and corporate 1917:, and access to 1911:informed consent 1891:Hippocratic Oath 1821:anthropocentrism 1805:living organisms 1764:ethical dilemmas 1710:to act morally. 1682:Moral motivation 1530:natural sciences 1431:character traits 1267:and the African 1177:Christian ethics 1087:Other traditions 944:within society. 934:discourse ethics 887:Ten Commandments 877:Discourse ethics 838:practical reason 744:hedonic calculus 740:John Stuart Mill 726:John Stuart Mill 715: 706: 588:character traits 535:Consequentialism 529:Consequentialism 511:consequentialism 504:ethical dilemmas 454:Normative ethics 448:Normative ethics 419: 409: 406: 403: 399: 396: 393: 389: 379: 369: 359: 358: 353: 347: 344: 341: 337: 334: 331: 327: 326: 321: 269:normative ethics 249:character traits 205:secular approach 130:Moral psychology 87:consequentialism 60:normative ethics 52:moral philosophy 21: 21713: 21712: 21708: 21707: 21706: 21704: 21703: 21702: 21683: 21682: 21681: 21676: 21663: 21589:Critical theory 21567: 21562: 21552: 21542: 21532: 21522: 21512: 21502: 21492: 21482: 21472: 21462: 21452: 21442: 21432: 21422: 21412: 21392: 21070: 21064: 20862: 20856: 20805: 20734: 20641: 20593:Budapest School 20581: 20370:Cosmopolitanism 20343: 20338: 20308: 20303: 20280: 20278: 20257: 20221: 20121: 20083: 20030: 19984: 19983: 19955: 19944:Russian cosmism 19917: 19913:Western Marxism 19878:New Historicism 19843:Critical theory 19829: 19825:Wittgensteinian 19721:Foundationalism 19654: 19591: 19572:Social contract 19428:Foundationalism 19361: 19343: 19327:Illuminationism 19312:Aristotelianism 19298: 19287:Vishishtadvaita 19240: 19192: 19133: 19100: 18971: 18900:Megarian school 18895:Eretrian school 18836: 18797:Agriculturalism 18774: 18720: 18701: 18648: 18620: 18577: 18529: 18486: 18470:Incompatibilism 18439: 18411: 18363: 18335: 18258: 18247: 18242: 18212: 18207: 18189: 18096: 18091: 18083: 18075: 18067: 18059: 18051: 18043: 18035: 18027: 18019: 18011: 18003: 17995: 17987: 17979: 17971: 17963: 17955: 17941: 17714: 17707: 17631:Self-discipline 17591:Moral hierarchy 17539:Problem of evil 17484:Double standard 17474:Culture of life 17432: 17361: 17308:Non-cognitivism 17223: 17098: 17040: 17035: 16967: 16966: 16965: 16950: 16949: 16945: 16938: 16933: 16924: 16922: 16906: 16884: 16882: 16875: 16849: 16847: 16840: 16816: 16814: 16807: 16781: 16779: 16756: 16754: 16752: 16718: 16716: 16709: 16683: 16681: 16658: 16656: 16633: 16631: 16608: 16606: 16599: 16573: 16571: 16548: 16546: 16539: 16515: 16513: 16506: 16482: 16480: 16473: 16449: 16447: 16424: 16422: 16415: 16389: 16387: 16380: 16356: 16354: 16344: 16310: 16308: 16285: 16283: 16276: 16252: 16250: 16243: 16217: 16215: 16208: 16185: 16161: 16159: 16157: 16123: 16121: 16103: 16101: 16094: 16073: 16051: 16049: 16026: 16024: 16017: 15993: 15991: 15984: 15960: 15958: 15951: 15927: 15925: 15918: 15897: 15873: 15871: 15852: 15850: 15827: 15825: 15805: 15784: 15765: 15739: 15737: 15730: 15706: 15704: 15681: 15679: 15656: 15654: 15631: 15629: 15606: 15604: 15593:"Moral Realism" 15581: 15579: 15559: 15536: 15515: 15493: 15491: 15468: 15466: 15459: 15435: 15433: 15426: 15402: 15400: 15393: 15370: 15346: 15344: 15321: 15319: 15312: 15286: 15284: 15261: 15259: 15240: 15238: 15231: 15175: 15124: 15122: 15099: 15097: 15084:Puka, William. 15069: 15050: 15026: 15024: 15017: 14991: 14989: 14982: 14921: 14919: 14912: 14888: 14886: 14863: 14861: 14854: 14830: 14828: 14821: 14800: 14777: 14755: 14753: 14746: 14722: 14720: 14713: 14689: 14687: 14680: 14656: 14654: 14647: 14621: 14619: 14601: 14599: 14592: 14566: 14564: 14544: 14518: 14516: 14509: 14485: 14483: 14460: 14458: 14439: 14437: 14430: 14406: 14404: 14393:"Virtue Ethics" 14384: 14360: 14358: 14351: 14330: 14306: 14304: 14285: 14283: 14263: 14241: 14239: 14232: 14208: 14206: 14183: 14181: 14174: 14105: 14103: 14096: 14072: 14070: 14063: 14039: 14037: 14030: 13971: 13969: 13962: 13903: 13901: 13899: 13820: 13818: 13811: 13787: 13785: 13778: 13752: 13750: 13743: 13719: 13717: 13710: 13686: 13684: 13673:"Deontic Logic" 13661: 13659: 13652: 13628: 13626: 13619: 13593: 13591: 13589: 13555: 13553: 13546: 13509: 13475: 13473: 13453: 13429: 13427: 13420: 13394: 13392: 13372: 13349: 13325: 13323: 13316: 13271: 13269: 13250: 13248: 13225: 13223: 13216: 13192: 13190: 13167: 13165: 13157:Latus, Andrew. 13147: 13145: 13138: 13114: 13112: 13110: 13076: 13074: 13067: 13043: 13041: 13034: 12979: 12977: 12934: 12932: 12909: 12907: 12900: 12879: 12853: 12851: 12844: 12818: 12816: 12809: 12788: 12769: 12745: 12743: 12720: 12718: 12698: 12674: 12672: 12665: 12641: 12639: 12628:"Virtue Ethics" 12616: 12614: 12607: 12586: 12562: 12560: 12537: 12535: 12528: 12502: 12500: 12493: 12472: 12450: 12448: 12441: 12420: 12398: 12396: 12389: 12368: 12344: 12342: 12323: 12321: 12314: 12290: 12288: 12281: 12257: 12255: 12248: 12222: 12220: 12200: 12178: 12176: 12169: 12143: 12141: 12131: 12097: 12095: 12088: 12064: 12062: 12055: 12031: 12029: 12006: 12004: 11986: 11984: 11964: 11945: 11921: 11919: 11912: 11886: 11884: 11877: 11851: 11849: 11805: 11803: 11788: 11756: 11754: 11747: 11724: 11702: 11700: 11693: 11672: 11646: 11644: 11642: 11608: 11606: 11586: 11565: 11544: 11510: 11508: 11501: 11477: 11475: 11468: 11444: 11442: 11435: 11414: 11388: 11386: 11379: 11353: 11351: 11344: 11321: 11291: 11289: 11282: 11258: 11256: 11249: 11223: 11221: 11201: 11177: 11175: 11162:Dittmer, Joel. 11155: 11134: 11112: 11110: 11087: 11085: 11078: 11054: 11052: 11045: 11024: 11000: 10998: 10991: 10967: 10965: 10958: 10934: 10932: 10912: 10891: 10868: 10844: 10842: 10835: 10811: 10809: 10802: 10770: 10768: 10761: 10737: 10735: 10733: 10699: 10697: 10690: 10630: 10604: 10602: 10579: 10577: 10570: 10546: 10544: 10537: 10511: 10509: 10486: 10484: 10477: 10453: 10451: 10444: 10420: 10418: 10411: 10388: 10367: 10356:Hornbook Ethics 10306: 10304: 10297: 10273: 10271: 10264: 10238: 10236: 10217: 10215: 10208: 10182: 10180: 10173: 10149: 10147: 10140: 10108: 10106: 10083: 10081: 10074: 10048: 10046: 10026: 10004: 10002: 9995: 9971: 9969: 9962: 9936: 9934: 9927: 9903: 9901: 9894: 9870: 9868: 9861: 9835: 9833: 9826: 9802: 9800: 9757: 9755: 9736: 9734: 9723:"Deontic Logic" 9711: 9709: 9702: 9678: 9676: 9669: 9643: 9641: 9634: 9576: 9554: 9552: 9545: 9522: 9496: 9494: 9487: 9463: 9461: 9438: 9436: 9429: 9405: 9403: 9383: 9359: 9357: 9350: 9336:"Taoist Ethics" 9324: 9322: 9315: 9281: 9279: 9259: 9237: 9235: 9215: 9198: 9193: 9189: 9170: 9166: 9162: 9142: 9138: 9130: 9126: 9118: 9114: 9106: 9102: 9094: 9090: 9082: 9078: 9074: 9055: 9051: 9043: 9039: 9035: 9019: 9015: 9011: 8995: 8991: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8956: 8952: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8917: 8913: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8881: 8877: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8845: 8841: 8833: 8829: 8821: 8817: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8781: 8777: 8769: 8765: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8730: 8726: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8688: 8684: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8652: 8648: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8616: 8612: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8580: 8576: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8544: 8540: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8469: 8465: 8457: 8453: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8415: 8411: 8403: 8399: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8367: 8363: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8277: 8273: 8265: 8261: 8257: 8241: 8237: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8205: 8201: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109:Dalai Lama 2007 8089: 8085: 8081: 8053: 8049: 8038: 8034: 8023: 8019: 8015: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7901:, pp. 7–10 7858: 7854: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7702: 7698: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7570: 7566: 7558: 7554: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7384: 7380: 7369: 7365: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7324: 7320: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7290:Wolfendale 2007 7285: 7281: 7277: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7198: 7194: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7148:Christians 2005 7134: 7130: 7126: 7095: 7091: 7080: 7076: 7065: 7061: 7055:Airaksinen 1998 7053: 7049: 7045: 7035:Airaksinen 1998 7030: 7026: 7022: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6973: 6966: 6962: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6832: 6828: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6734: 6730: 6718: 6711: 6707: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6512: 6508: 6500: 6496: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6446: 6442: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6403: 6399: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6323: 6319: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6134: 6127: 6123: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6020: 6016: 6012: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5909: 5905: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5870: 5866: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5834: 5830: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5738: 5734: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5702: 5695: 5691: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5597: 5593: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5531: 5524: 5520: 5498: 5494: 5483: 5479: 5468: 5464: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5159: 5155: 5144: 5140: 5129: 5125: 5114: 5110: 5099: 5095: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5024: 5020: 5016: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4972:Eaglestone 2004 4958: 4954: 4950: 4938:, pp. 8–13 4931: 4927: 4923: 4918:LaFollette 2007 4898: 4894: 4885:Hursthouse 1999 4883: 4879: 4875: 4859: 4855: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4817: 4813: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4757: 4750: 4746: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4643: 4639: 4631: 4627: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4373: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4112: 4108: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4034: 4030: 4022: 4018: 4014: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3860: 3856: 3848: 3841: 3837: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3785: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3689: 3685: 3674: 3670: 3659: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3533: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3424:, pp. 7–10 3399: 3395: 3391: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3078:Hollenbach 2002 3064: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2981: 2977: 2964: 2960: 2951: 2947: 2935: 2931: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2872: 2863: 2859: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2804: 2792:feminist ethics 2634:social contract 2599: 2584: 2566:divine commands 2558:medieval period 2534: 2523: 2474:Buddhist ethics 2418: 2412: 2376: 2370: 2300:moral character 2296:moral reasoning 2288: 2282: 2244: 2236:Main articles: 2234: 2229: 2221:sexual behavior 2162:computer ethics 2103: 2101:Other subfields 2059:medical doctors 2036:worker's rights 2008: 2002:Business ethics 2000:Main articles: 1998: 1982:climate justice 1945:formulation of 1942:torture animals 1801: 1795: 1783:business ethics 1722: 1716: 1684: 1664:trolley problem 1656:ethical dilemma 1641:trolley problem 1597:Foundationalist 1593: 1591:Moral knowledge 1564: 1562:Non-cognitivism 1556:Main articles: 1554: 1518: 1510:Main articles: 1508: 1499:Moral nihilists 1459: 1408:contrasts with 1351: 1331:epistemological 1287:moral judgments 1283: 1277: 1217:loving-kindness 1128:Buddhist ethics 1124:loving-kindness 1089: 1081:Martha Nussbaum 1047:. According to 1041:Aristotelianism 972: 966: 938:Jürgen Habermas 898:social contract 879: 867:Main articles: 865: 810: 804: 791:person who acts 787: 767: 761: 732: 731: 730: 729: 718: 717: 716: 708: 707: 684: 678: 579: 562:intrinsic value 537: 531: 456: 450: 438:business ethics 407: 404: 401: 397: 394: 391: 345: 342: 339: 335: 332: 329: 265:meaning to life 217: 197:medieval period 151:started in the 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 21711: 21701: 21700: 21695: 21678: 21677: 21675: 21674: 21668: 21665: 21664: 21662: 21661: 21656: 21651: 21649:Social science 21646: 21641: 21636: 21631: 21626: 21621: 21616: 21611: 21606: 21601: 21596: 21591: 21586: 21581: 21575: 21573: 21569: 21568: 21566: 21565: 21555: 21545: 21539:Gender Trouble 21535: 21525: 21515: 21505: 21495: 21485: 21475: 21469:The Second Sex 21465: 21455: 21445: 21435: 21425: 21415: 21404: 21402: 21398: 21397: 21394: 21393: 21391: 21390: 21385: 21380: 21375: 21370: 21365: 21360: 21355: 21350: 21345: 21340: 21335: 21330: 21325: 21320: 21315: 21310: 21305: 21300: 21295: 21290: 21285: 21280: 21275: 21270: 21265: 21260: 21255: 21250: 21245: 21240: 21235: 21230: 21225: 21220: 21215: 21210: 21205: 21200: 21195: 21190: 21185: 21180: 21175: 21170: 21165: 21160: 21155: 21150: 21145: 21140: 21135: 21130: 21125: 21120: 21115: 21110: 21105: 21100: 21095: 21090: 21085: 21080: 21074: 21072: 21066: 21065: 21063: 21062: 21057: 21052: 21047: 21042: 21037: 21032: 21027: 21022: 21017: 21012: 21007: 21002: 20997: 20992: 20987: 20982: 20977: 20972: 20967: 20962: 20957: 20952: 20947: 20942: 20937: 20932: 20927: 20922: 20917: 20912: 20907: 20902: 20897: 20892: 20887: 20882: 20877: 20872: 20866: 20864: 20858: 20857: 20855: 20854: 20849: 20844: 20839: 20834: 20829: 20824: 20819: 20813: 20811: 20807: 20806: 20804: 20803: 20798: 20793: 20788: 20783: 20778: 20773: 20768: 20763: 20758: 20753: 20748: 20742: 20740: 20736: 20735: 20733: 20732: 20727: 20722: 20717: 20712: 20707: 20702: 20697: 20692: 20687: 20682: 20677: 20672: 20667: 20662: 20656: 20654: 20647: 20643: 20642: 20640: 20639: 20634: 20629: 20628: 20627: 20617: 20612: 20607: 20606: 20605: 20595: 20589: 20587: 20583: 20582: 20580: 20579: 20574: 20565: 20564: 20563: 20553: 20548: 20543: 20538: 20533: 20528: 20519: 20514: 20505: 20500: 20495: 20490: 20485: 20484: 20483: 20473: 20468: 20463: 20461:Invisible hand 20458: 20453: 20448: 20447: 20446: 20436: 20431: 20426: 20421: 20416: 20415: 20414: 20404: 20403: 20402: 20397: 20392: 20382: 20377: 20372: 20367: 20362: 20357: 20351: 20349: 20345: 20344: 20337: 20336: 20329: 20322: 20314: 20305: 20304: 20302: 20301: 20289: 20274: 20271: 20270: 20267: 20266: 20263: 20262: 20259: 20258: 20256: 20255: 20250: 20245: 20240: 20235: 20229: 20227: 20223: 20222: 20220: 20219: 20214: 20209: 20204: 20199: 20194: 20189: 20184: 20179: 20174: 20169: 20164: 20159: 20154: 20153: 20152: 20142: 20137: 20131: 20129: 20123: 20122: 20120: 20119: 20114: 20109: 20104: 20099: 20093: 20091: 20089:Middle Eastern 20085: 20084: 20082: 20081: 20076: 20071: 20066: 20061: 20056: 20051: 20046: 20040: 20038: 20032: 20031: 20029: 20028: 20023: 20018: 20013: 20007: 20005: 19996: 19986: 19985: 19982: 19981: 19977: 19969: 19968: 19965: 19964: 19961: 19960: 19957: 19956: 19954: 19953: 19946: 19941: 19936: 19931: 19925: 19923: 19919: 19918: 19916: 19915: 19910: 19905: 19900: 19895: 19890: 19885: 19880: 19875: 19870: 19865: 19860: 19855: 19853:Existentialism 19850: 19848:Deconstruction 19845: 19839: 19837: 19831: 19830: 19828: 19827: 19822: 19817: 19812: 19807: 19802: 19797: 19792: 19787: 19782: 19777: 19772: 19767: 19762: 19757: 19752: 19747: 19742: 19737: 19732: 19727: 19718: 19713: 19708: 19703: 19698: 19693: 19688: 19683: 19681:Applied ethics 19677: 19675: 19666: 19660: 19659: 19656: 19655: 19653: 19652: 19647: 19645:Nietzscheanism 19642: 19637: 19632: 19627: 19622: 19617: 19616: 19615: 19605: 19599: 19597: 19593: 19592: 19590: 19589: 19587:Utilitarianism 19584: 19579: 19574: 19569: 19564: 19559: 19554: 19549: 19544: 19539: 19534: 19529: 19524: 19519: 19514: 19509: 19504: 19499: 19494: 19489: 19488: 19487: 19485:Transcendental 19482: 19477: 19472: 19467: 19462: 19452: 19451: 19450: 19440: 19435: 19430: 19425: 19423:Existentialism 19420: 19415: 19410: 19405: 19400: 19395: 19390: 19385: 19379: 19373: 19367: 19366: 19363: 19362: 19360: 19359: 19353: 19351: 19345: 19344: 19342: 19341: 19336: 19329: 19324: 19319: 19314: 19308: 19306: 19300: 19299: 19297: 19296: 19291: 19290: 19289: 19284: 19279: 19274: 19269: 19264: 19259: 19248: 19246: 19242: 19241: 19239: 19238: 19233: 19228: 19223: 19218: 19213: 19211:Augustinianism 19208: 19202: 19200: 19194: 19193: 19191: 19190: 19185: 19180: 19175: 19170: 19165: 19160: 19154: 19152: 19145: 19139: 19138: 19135: 19134: 19132: 19131: 19126: 19124:Zoroastrianism 19121: 19116: 19110: 19108: 19102: 19101: 19099: 19098: 19097: 19096: 19091: 19086: 19081: 19076: 19071: 19066: 19061: 19056: 19046: 19045: 19044: 19039: 19029: 19028: 19027: 19022: 19017: 19012: 19007: 19002: 18997: 18992: 18981: 18979: 18973: 18972: 18970: 18969: 18967:Church Fathers 18964: 18959: 18954: 18949: 18944: 18939: 18938: 18937: 18932: 18927: 18922: 18912: 18907: 18902: 18897: 18892: 18887: 18882: 18881: 18880: 18875: 18870: 18865: 18860: 18849: 18847: 18838: 18837: 18835: 18834: 18829: 18824: 18819: 18814: 18809: 18804: 18799: 18793: 18791: 18782: 18776: 18775: 18773: 18772: 18771: 18770: 18765: 18760: 18755: 18750: 18740: 18734: 18732: 18722: 18721: 18711: 18710: 18707: 18706: 18703: 18702: 18700: 18699: 18694: 18689: 18684: 18679: 18674: 18669: 18664: 18658: 18656: 18650: 18649: 18647: 18646: 18641: 18636: 18630: 18628: 18622: 18621: 18619: 18618: 18613: 18608: 18603: 18598: 18593: 18587: 18585: 18579: 18578: 18576: 18575: 18570: 18565: 18560: 18555: 18550: 18545: 18539: 18537: 18531: 18530: 18528: 18527: 18522: 18517: 18512: 18507: 18502: 18496: 18494: 18488: 18487: 18485: 18484: 18482:Libertarianism 18479: 18478: 18477: 18467: 18466: 18465: 18455: 18449: 18447: 18441: 18440: 18438: 18437: 18432: 18427: 18421: 18419: 18413: 18412: 18410: 18409: 18404: 18399: 18394: 18389: 18384: 18379: 18373: 18371: 18365: 18364: 18362: 18361: 18356: 18351: 18345: 18343: 18337: 18336: 18334: 18333: 18328: 18323: 18318: 18313: 18308: 18303: 18298: 18293: 18288: 18286:Metaphilosophy 18283: 18278: 18272: 18270: 18260: 18259: 18249: 18248: 18241: 18240: 18233: 18226: 18218: 18209: 18208: 18206: 18205: 18194: 18191: 18190: 18188: 18187: 18180: 18175: 18173:Secular ethics 18170: 18168:Rehabilitation 18165: 18160: 18155: 18150: 18145: 18140: 18135: 18130: 18125: 18120: 18115: 18110: 18104: 18102: 18098: 18097: 18095: 18094: 18086: 18078: 18070: 18062: 18054: 18046: 18038: 18033:Utilitarianism 18030: 18022: 18014: 18006: 17998: 17990: 17982: 17974: 17966: 17958: 17949: 17947: 17943: 17942: 17940: 17939: 17934: 17929: 17924: 17919: 17914: 17909: 17904: 17899: 17894: 17889: 17884: 17879: 17874: 17869: 17864: 17859: 17854: 17849: 17844: 17839: 17834: 17829: 17824: 17819: 17814: 17809: 17804: 17799: 17794: 17789: 17784: 17779: 17774: 17769: 17764: 17759: 17754: 17749: 17744: 17739: 17734: 17729: 17724: 17718: 17716: 17709: 17708: 17706: 17705: 17700: 17695: 17690: 17685: 17684: 17683: 17678: 17673: 17663: 17658: 17653: 17648: 17643: 17638: 17633: 17628: 17623: 17618: 17613: 17608: 17603: 17598: 17593: 17588: 17583: 17578: 17573: 17568: 17563: 17558: 17553: 17548: 17543: 17542: 17541: 17536: 17531: 17521: 17516: 17511: 17506: 17501: 17496: 17491: 17486: 17481: 17476: 17471: 17466: 17461: 17456: 17451: 17446: 17440: 17438: 17434: 17433: 17431: 17430: 17425: 17420: 17415: 17410: 17405: 17400: 17395: 17393:Existentialist 17390: 17385: 17380: 17375: 17369: 17367: 17363: 17362: 17360: 17359: 17358: 17357: 17347: 17342: 17337: 17332: 17331: 17330: 17325: 17320: 17315: 17305: 17300: 17295: 17290: 17288:Constructivism 17285: 17284: 17283: 17282: 17281: 17276: 17266: 17265: 17264: 17262:Non-naturalism 17259: 17244: 17239: 17233: 17231: 17225: 17224: 17222: 17221: 17216: 17211: 17206: 17201: 17196: 17191: 17186: 17181: 17176: 17171: 17166: 17161: 17156: 17155: 17154: 17144: 17139: 17134: 17129: 17124: 17119: 17114: 17108: 17106: 17100: 17099: 17097: 17096: 17091: 17089:Utilitarianism 17086: 17081: 17076: 17071: 17066: 17061: 17056: 17050: 17048: 17042: 17041: 17034: 17033: 17026: 17019: 17011: 17005: 17004: 16995: 16989:Applied Ethics 16986: 16977: 16964: 16963: 16958: 16952: 16951: 16940: 16939: 16937: 16936:External links 16934: 16932: 16931: 16910: 16904: 16891: 16873: 16856: 16838: 16823: 16805: 16793:"Confucianism" 16788: 16763: 16750: 16725: 16707: 16690: 16665: 16640: 16615: 16597: 16580: 16555: 16537: 16522: 16504: 16489: 16471: 16456: 16431: 16413: 16396: 16378: 16363: 16342: 16317: 16292: 16274: 16259: 16241: 16224: 16206: 16189: 16183: 16174:Contractualism 16168: 16155: 16130: 16115:"Stoic Ethics" 16110: 16092: 16077: 16071: 16058: 16033: 16015: 16000: 15982: 15967: 15949: 15934: 15916: 15901: 15895: 15880: 15859: 15834: 15809: 15803: 15788: 15782: 15769: 15763: 15746: 15728: 15713: 15688: 15663: 15643:"Value Theory" 15638: 15613: 15588: 15563: 15557: 15540: 15534: 15519: 15513: 15500: 15475: 15457: 15451:. Bloomsbury. 15442: 15424: 15409: 15391: 15374: 15368: 15353: 15328: 15310: 15298:"Introduction" 15293: 15268: 15247: 15229: 15214: 15179: 15173: 15160: 15142:(1): 101–107. 15131: 15106: 15081: 15067: 15054: 15048: 15033: 15015: 14998: 14980: 14965: 14928: 14910: 14895: 14870: 14852: 14837: 14819: 14804: 14798: 14786:"Introduction" 14781: 14775: 14762: 14744: 14729: 14711: 14696: 14678: 14663: 14645: 14628: 14613:"Morality, n." 14608: 14590: 14573: 14548: 14542: 14525: 14507: 14492: 14467: 14446: 14428: 14413: 14388: 14382: 14367: 14349: 14334: 14328: 14313: 14292: 14267: 14261: 14248: 14230: 14215: 14190: 14172: 14166:. IGI Global. 14155: 14112: 14094: 14079: 14061: 14055:. Bloomsbury. 14046: 14028: 14011: 13993:(1–2): 44–57. 13978: 13960: 13945: 13910: 13897: 13872: 13838:(3): 229–240. 13827: 13809: 13794: 13776: 13759: 13741: 13726: 13708: 13693: 13668: 13650: 13635: 13617: 13600: 13587: 13562: 13544: 13529: 13507: 13482: 13457: 13451: 13436: 13418: 13401: 13376: 13370: 13353: 13347: 13332: 13314: 13297: 13278: 13257: 13232: 13214: 13199: 13174: 13154: 13136: 13121: 13108: 13083: 13065: 13050: 13032: 13015: 12986: 12941: 12916: 12898: 12883: 12877: 12860: 12842: 12836:. Bloomsbury. 12825: 12807: 12792: 12786: 12773: 12767: 12752: 12727: 12702: 12696: 12681: 12663: 12648: 12623: 12605: 12590: 12584: 12569: 12544: 12526: 12509: 12491: 12476: 12470: 12457: 12439: 12424: 12418: 12405: 12387: 12372: 12366: 12351: 12330: 12312: 12297: 12279: 12264: 12246: 12229: 12204: 12198: 12185: 12167: 12150: 12129: 12104: 12086: 12071: 12053: 12047:. Penguin UK. 12038: 12013: 11993: 11968: 11962: 11949: 11943: 11928: 11910: 11893: 11875: 11858: 11833: 11812: 11792: 11786: 11763: 11745: 11728: 11722: 11709: 11691: 11676: 11670: 11653: 11640: 11615: 11590: 11584: 11569: 11563: 11548: 11542: 11517: 11499: 11484: 11466: 11451: 11433: 11418: 11412: 11395: 11377: 11360: 11342: 11336:. IGI Global. 11325: 11319: 11298: 11280: 11265: 11247: 11235:"Consequences" 11230: 11205: 11199: 11184: 11159: 11153: 11138: 11132: 11119: 11094: 11076: 11061: 11043: 11028: 11022: 11007: 10989: 10974: 10956: 10941: 10916: 10910: 10895: 10889: 10872: 10866: 10851: 10833: 10818: 10800: 10777: 10759: 10744: 10731: 10706: 10688: 10682:. Bloomsbury. 10671: 10651:10.2307/788021 10645:(5): 501–527. 10634: 10628: 10616:"Introduction" 10611: 10586: 10568: 10553: 10535: 10518: 10493: 10475: 10460: 10442: 10427: 10409: 10392: 10386: 10371: 10365: 10350: 10313: 10295: 10280: 10262: 10245: 10224: 10206: 10194:"Introduction" 10189: 10171: 10156: 10138: 10115: 10090: 10072: 10055: 10030: 10024: 10011: 9993: 9978: 9960: 9943: 9925: 9910: 9892: 9877: 9859: 9842: 9824: 9809: 9764: 9743: 9718: 9700: 9685: 9667: 9650: 9632: 9617: 9580: 9574: 9561: 9543: 9526: 9520: 9503: 9485: 9470: 9445: 9427: 9421:. Bloomsbury. 9412: 9387: 9381: 9366: 9348: 9331: 9313: 9288: 9263: 9257: 9244: 9219: 9213: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9191: 9188: 9187: 9178: 9177:, Lead section 9171: 9164: 9161: 9160: 9150: 9143: 9136: 9124: 9112: 9100: 9088: 9076: 9073: 9072: 9066: 9056: 9049: 9037: 9034: 9033: 9027: 9020: 9013: 9010: 9009: 9003: 8996: 8989: 8977: 8974: 8973: 8967: 8957: 8950: 8938: 8935: 8934: 8925: 8918: 8911: 8899: 8896: 8895: 8889: 8882: 8875: 8863: 8860: 8859: 8853: 8846: 8839: 8827: 8815: 8799: 8796: 8795: 8789: 8782: 8775: 8763: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8738: 8731: 8724: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8699: 8689: 8682: 8670: 8667: 8666: 8660: 8653: 8646: 8634: 8631: 8630: 8624: 8617: 8610: 8598: 8595: 8594: 8588: 8581: 8574: 8562: 8559: 8558: 8552: 8545: 8538: 8526: 8523: 8522: 8513: 8507: 8501: 8500:, Lead section 8494: 8487: 8484: 8483: 8477: 8470: 8463: 8451: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8426: 8416: 8409: 8397: 8385: 8382: 8381: 8375: 8368: 8361: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8339: 8332: 8325: 8322: 8321: 8315: 8309: 8302: 8295: 8292: 8291: 8285: 8278: 8271: 8259: 8256: 8255: 8249: 8242: 8235: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8213: 8206: 8199: 8187: 8184: 8183: 8174: 8165: 8156: 8149: 8142: 8139: 8138: 8132: 8122: 8115: 8112: 8111: 8106: 8100: 8090: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8070: 8061: 8054: 8047: 8032: 8017: 8014: 8013: 8004: 7995: 7986: 7976: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7959: 7952: 7945: 7942: 7941: 7932: 7923: 7913: 7906: 7903: 7902: 7896: 7887: 7878: 7869: 7859: 7852: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7827: 7820: 7813: 7810: 7809: 7800: 7790: 7783: 7780: 7779: 7770: 7764: 7763:, Lead section 7757: 7750: 7747: 7746: 7740: 7733: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7713: 7703: 7696: 7684: 7681: 7680: 7671: 7662: 7655: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7638: 7631: 7624: 7621: 7620: 7617:Schroeder 2021 7614: 7608: 7601: 7594: 7591: 7590: 7581: 7571: 7564: 7560:Kupperman 2005 7552: 7537: 7534: 7533: 7527: 7518: 7517:, Lead section 7515:Schroeder 2021 7511: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7491: 7485: 7482:Schroeder 2021 7478: 7471: 7468: 7467: 7466:, Lead section 7461: 7458:Schroeder 2021 7454: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7434: 7433:, Lead section 7431:Schroeder 2021 7428: 7427:, Lead section 7421: 7414: 7411: 7410: 7401: 7392: 7391:, Lead section 7389:Schroeder 2021 7385: 7378: 7363: 7348: 7345: 7344: 7335: 7325: 7318: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7296: 7286: 7279: 7276: 7275: 7274:, pp. 2–3 7269: 7263: 7262:, Lead section 7256: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7236: 7230:Tzafestas 2015 7226: 7219: 7216: 7215: 7206: 7199: 7192: 7180: 7177: 7176: 7171: 7161: 7154: 7151: 7150: 7145: 7135: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7115: 7106: 7096: 7089: 7074: 7059: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7037: 7031: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7017:Rendtorff 1998 7014: 7008: 6998: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6981: 6978:Rendtorff 1998 6974: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6951: 6942: 6936: 6925: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6904: 6897: 6890: 6887: 6886: 6885:, Lead section 6880: 6874: 6863: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6843: 6837:Francione 2004 6833: 6826: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6804: 6794: 6793:, Lead section 6787: 6780: 6777: 6776: 6770: 6763: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6742: 6735: 6728: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6704:, Lead section 6699: 6690: 6679: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6658: 6651: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6630: 6623: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6606: 6595: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6578: 6577:, Lead section 6568: 6561: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6541: 6532: 6523: 6513: 6506: 6494: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6469: 6463: 6454: 6453:, pp. 7–9 6447: 6440: 6438:, pp. 7–9 6428: 6425: 6424: 6414: 6404: 6397: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6369: 6364: 6358: 6351: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6331: 6324: 6317: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6295: 6289: 6283: 6277: 6270: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6253: 6246: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6216: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6196: 6195:, Lead section 6190: 6183: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6166: 6159: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6142: 6135: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6112: 6106: 6099: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6079: 6072: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6055: 6048: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6028: 6021: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6009:, Lead section 6004: 5994: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5977: 5970: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5950: 5941: 5934: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5878: 5871: 5864: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5842: 5835: 5828: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5806: 5799: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5782: 5781:, Lead section 5776: 5770: 5763: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5746: 5739: 5732: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5715:, Lead section 5710: 5703: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5683: 5682:, Lead section 5676: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5664:, Lead section 5659: 5658:, Lead section 5652: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5640:, pp. 5–6 5635: 5634:, Lead section 5628: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5616:, pp. 5–6 5611: 5605: 5598: 5591: 5589:, pp. 4–5 5579: 5576: 5575: 5574:, Lead section 5569: 5568:, pp. 4–5 5563: 5556: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5539: 5532: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5512: 5509:Feibleman 2012 5506: 5499: 5492: 5477: 5462: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5434: 5433:, pp. 1–4 5427: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5410: 5403: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5386: 5379: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5362: 5355: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5338: 5331: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5314: 5307: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5295:, Lead section 5290: 5284: 5274: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5257: 5250: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5238:, Lead section 5233: 5232:, Lead section 5227: 5220: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5200: 5190: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5173:Brannigan 2010 5170: 5160: 5153: 5138: 5123: 5108: 5101:Chowdhury 2019 5093: 5086:Verhoeven 2013 5078: 5075: 5074: 5065: 5055: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5038:Blidstein 1995 5035: 5025: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5005: 4996: 4989: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4969: 4959: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4939: 4932: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4915: 4914:, § 6.2 Ethics 4909: 4899: 4892: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4867: 4866:, Lead section 4860: 4853: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4828: 4818: 4811: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4794:, Lead section 4789: 4782: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4765: 4758: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4735: 4728: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4711: 4704: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4692:, Lead section 4687: 4680: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4663: 4654: 4644: 4637: 4635:, Lead section 4625: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4608:, Lead section 4603: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4567: 4557: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4537: 4527: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4515:, Lead section 4510: 4509:, Lead section 4503: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4486: 4479: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4462: 4455: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4435: 4425: 4418: 4416:, Lead section 4406: 4403: 4402: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4380:, Lead section 4374: 4367: 4355: 4343: 4340: 4339: 4330: 4321: 4314: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4297: 4290: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4270: 4264: 4257: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4240: 4233: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4216: 4209: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4192: 4185: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4165: 4156: 4149: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4129: 4120: 4113: 4106: 4099:Suikkanen 2020 4091: 4079: 4076: 4075: 4069: 4062: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4042: 4035: 4028: 4026:, Lead section 4016: 4013: 4012: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3985: 3978: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3961: 3954: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3924:, Lead section 3919: 3912: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3895:Cummiskey 1996 3892: 3885: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3868: 3861: 3854: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3816:, Lead section 3810: 3803: 3800: 3799: 3793: 3786: 3779: 3777:, Lead section 3767: 3764: 3763: 3754: 3748:Edmundson 2004 3745: 3738: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3724:Zimmerman 2015 3721: 3714: 3707: 3704: 3703: 3702:, Lead section 3697: 3696:, Lead section 3690: 3683: 3668: 3653: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3628: 3622: 3615: 3608: 3605: 3604: 3598: 3597:, Lead section 3592: 3591:, Lead section 3585: 3578: 3566: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3541: 3540:, Lead section 3534: 3527: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3486: 3484:, pp. 2–3 3474: 3471: 3470: 3461: 3454: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3434: 3425: 3419: 3410: 3400: 3393: 3390: 3389: 3383: 3373: 3366: 3364:, pp. 1–3 3354: 3351: 3350: 3345: 3339:Gustafson 2020 3336: 3335:, pp. 1–2 3330: 3323: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3307: 3301: 3294: 3287: 3284: 3283: 3277: 3275:OED Staff 2002 3271: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3254: 3245: 3238: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3213:AHD staff 2022 3209: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3192: 3191:, pp. 1–2 3186: 3180: 3173: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3153: 3147: 3141:Pritchard 2015 3137: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3107:, Lead section 3102: 3095: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3075: 3065: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3049: 3040: 3031: 3022: 3001: 2992: 2975: 2958: 2945: 2929: 2912: 2903: 2888: 2879: 2870: 2866:supererogation 2857: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2764:social justice 2760:Kantian ethics 2724:prescriptivism 2696:existentialism 2678:Jeremy Bentham 2674:utilitarianism 2570:Thomas Aquinas 2513:ancient Greece 2414:Main article: 2411: 2408: 2372:Main article: 2369: 2366: 2362:moral emotions 2348:that augments 2284:Main article: 2281: 2278: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2227:Related fields 2225: 2178:nuclear ethics 2170:machine ethics 2150:nanotechnology 2134:Nuclear ethics 2102: 2099: 1997: 1994: 1974:global warming 1938:animal welfare 1879:medical ethics 1860:animal testing 1797:Main article: 1794: 1791: 1771:private sphere 1720:Applied ethics 1718:Main article: 1715: 1714:Applied ethics 1712: 1683: 1680: 1650:are used as a 1625:Moral skeptics 1592: 1589: 1581:Prescriptivism 1553: 1550: 1516:Non-naturalism 1507: 1504: 1481:Moral realists 1475:cultural norms 1458: 1455: 1435:Supererogation 1350: 1349:Basic concepts 1347: 1279:Main article: 1276: 1273: 1183:, such as the 1088: 1085: 1026:ethics of care 968:Main article: 965: 962: 873:Contractualism 864: 861: 808:Kantian ethics 806:Main article: 803: 800: 786: 783: 763:Main article: 760: 757: 736:Jeremy Bentham 722:Jeremy Bentham 720: 719: 710: 709: 701: 700: 699: 698: 697: 682:Utilitarianism 680:Main article: 677: 676:Utilitarianism 674: 648:expected value 627:utilitarianism 601:satisfaction, 578: 575: 571:ethical egoism 545:was coined by 542:utilitarianism 533:Main article: 530: 527: 523:justifications 452:Main article: 449: 446: 412:Middle English 301:medical ethics 273:applied ethics 216: 213: 153:ancient period 64:applied ethics 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 21710: 21699: 21696: 21694: 21691: 21690: 21688: 21673: 21670: 21669: 21666: 21660: 21657: 21655: 21654:Social theory 21652: 21650: 21647: 21645: 21642: 21640: 21637: 21635: 21632: 21630: 21627: 21625: 21622: 21620: 21617: 21615: 21612: 21610: 21607: 21605: 21602: 21600: 21597: 21595: 21592: 21590: 21587: 21585: 21582: 21580: 21577: 21576: 21574: 21570: 21561: 21560: 21556: 21551: 21550: 21546: 21541: 21540: 21536: 21531: 21530: 21526: 21521: 21520: 21516: 21511: 21510: 21506: 21501: 21500: 21496: 21491: 21490: 21486: 21481: 21480: 21476: 21471: 21470: 21466: 21461: 21460: 21456: 21451: 21450: 21446: 21441: 21440: 21436: 21431: 21430: 21426: 21421: 21420: 21416: 21411: 21410: 21406: 21405: 21403: 21399: 21389: 21386: 21384: 21381: 21379: 21376: 21374: 21371: 21369: 21366: 21364: 21361: 21359: 21356: 21354: 21351: 21349: 21346: 21344: 21341: 21339: 21336: 21334: 21331: 21329: 21326: 21324: 21321: 21319: 21316: 21314: 21311: 21309: 21308:Radhakrishnan 21306: 21304: 21301: 21299: 21296: 21294: 21291: 21289: 21286: 21284: 21281: 21279: 21276: 21274: 21271: 21269: 21266: 21264: 21261: 21259: 21256: 21254: 21251: 21249: 21246: 21244: 21241: 21239: 21236: 21234: 21231: 21229: 21226: 21224: 21221: 21219: 21216: 21214: 21211: 21209: 21206: 21204: 21201: 21199: 21196: 21194: 21191: 21189: 21186: 21184: 21181: 21179: 21176: 21174: 21171: 21169: 21166: 21164: 21161: 21159: 21156: 21154: 21151: 21149: 21146: 21144: 21141: 21139: 21136: 21134: 21131: 21129: 21126: 21124: 21121: 21119: 21116: 21114: 21111: 21109: 21106: 21104: 21101: 21099: 21096: 21094: 21091: 21089: 21086: 21084: 21081: 21079: 21076: 21075: 21073: 21069:20th and 21st 21067: 21061: 21058: 21056: 21053: 21051: 21048: 21046: 21043: 21041: 21038: 21036: 21033: 21031: 21028: 21026: 21023: 21021: 21018: 21016: 21013: 21011: 21008: 21006: 21003: 21001: 20998: 20996: 20993: 20991: 20988: 20986: 20983: 20981: 20978: 20976: 20973: 20971: 20968: 20966: 20963: 20961: 20958: 20956: 20953: 20951: 20948: 20946: 20943: 20941: 20938: 20936: 20933: 20931: 20928: 20926: 20923: 20921: 20918: 20916: 20913: 20911: 20908: 20906: 20903: 20901: 20898: 20896: 20893: 20891: 20888: 20886: 20883: 20881: 20878: 20876: 20873: 20871: 20868: 20867: 20865: 20861:18th and 19th 20859: 20853: 20850: 20848: 20845: 20843: 20840: 20838: 20835: 20833: 20830: 20828: 20825: 20823: 20820: 20818: 20815: 20814: 20812: 20808: 20802: 20799: 20797: 20794: 20792: 20789: 20787: 20784: 20782: 20779: 20777: 20774: 20772: 20769: 20767: 20764: 20762: 20759: 20757: 20754: 20752: 20749: 20747: 20744: 20743: 20741: 20737: 20731: 20728: 20726: 20723: 20721: 20718: 20716: 20713: 20711: 20708: 20706: 20703: 20701: 20698: 20696: 20693: 20691: 20688: 20686: 20683: 20681: 20678: 20676: 20673: 20671: 20668: 20666: 20663: 20661: 20658: 20657: 20655: 20651: 20648: 20644: 20638: 20635: 20633: 20630: 20626: 20623: 20622: 20621: 20618: 20616: 20613: 20611: 20608: 20604: 20601: 20600: 20599: 20596: 20594: 20591: 20590: 20588: 20584: 20578: 20575: 20572: 20571: 20566: 20562: 20559: 20558: 20557: 20554: 20552: 20549: 20547: 20544: 20542: 20539: 20537: 20534: 20532: 20529: 20526: 20525: 20520: 20518: 20515: 20512: 20511: 20506: 20504: 20501: 20499: 20496: 20494: 20491: 20489: 20486: 20482: 20479: 20478: 20477: 20474: 20472: 20469: 20467: 20464: 20462: 20459: 20457: 20454: 20452: 20449: 20445: 20442: 20441: 20440: 20437: 20435: 20432: 20430: 20427: 20425: 20422: 20420: 20417: 20413: 20410: 20409: 20408: 20405: 20401: 20398: 20396: 20393: 20391: 20388: 20387: 20386: 20383: 20381: 20378: 20376: 20373: 20371: 20368: 20366: 20363: 20361: 20358: 20356: 20353: 20352: 20350: 20346: 20342: 20335: 20330: 20328: 20323: 20321: 20316: 20315: 20312: 20300: 20299: 20290: 20288: 20287: 20276: 20275: 20272: 20254: 20251: 20249: 20246: 20244: 20241: 20239: 20236: 20234: 20231: 20230: 20228: 20226:Miscellaneous 20224: 20218: 20215: 20213: 20210: 20208: 20205: 20203: 20200: 20198: 20195: 20193: 20190: 20188: 20185: 20183: 20180: 20178: 20175: 20173: 20170: 20168: 20165: 20163: 20160: 20158: 20155: 20151: 20148: 20147: 20146: 20143: 20141: 20138: 20136: 20133: 20132: 20130: 20128: 20124: 20118: 20115: 20113: 20110: 20108: 20105: 20103: 20100: 20098: 20095: 20094: 20092: 20090: 20086: 20080: 20077: 20075: 20072: 20070: 20067: 20065: 20062: 20060: 20057: 20055: 20052: 20050: 20047: 20045: 20042: 20041: 20039: 20037: 20033: 20027: 20024: 20022: 20019: 20017: 20014: 20012: 20009: 20008: 20006: 20004: 20000: 19997: 19995: 19991: 19987: 19979: 19978: 19974: 19970: 19952: 19951: 19947: 19945: 19942: 19940: 19937: 19935: 19932: 19930: 19927: 19926: 19924: 19922:Miscellaneous 19920: 19914: 19911: 19909: 19908:Structuralism 19906: 19904: 19901: 19899: 19896: 19894: 19893:Postmodernism 19891: 19889: 19886: 19884: 19883:Phenomenology 19881: 19879: 19876: 19874: 19871: 19869: 19866: 19864: 19861: 19859: 19856: 19854: 19851: 19849: 19846: 19844: 19841: 19840: 19838: 19836: 19832: 19826: 19823: 19821: 19820:Vienna Circle 19818: 19816: 19813: 19811: 19808: 19806: 19803: 19801: 19798: 19796: 19793: 19791: 19788: 19786: 19783: 19781: 19778: 19776: 19773: 19771: 19768: 19766: 19763: 19761: 19758: 19756: 19753: 19751: 19750:Moral realism 19748: 19746: 19743: 19741: 19738: 19736: 19733: 19731: 19728: 19726: 19722: 19719: 19717: 19714: 19712: 19709: 19707: 19704: 19702: 19699: 19697: 19694: 19692: 19689: 19687: 19684: 19682: 19679: 19678: 19676: 19674: 19670: 19667: 19665: 19661: 19651: 19648: 19646: 19643: 19641: 19638: 19636: 19633: 19631: 19628: 19626: 19623: 19621: 19618: 19614: 19611: 19610: 19609: 19606: 19604: 19601: 19600: 19598: 19594: 19588: 19585: 19583: 19580: 19578: 19575: 19573: 19570: 19568: 19565: 19563: 19560: 19558: 19555: 19553: 19552:Phenomenology 19550: 19548: 19545: 19543: 19540: 19538: 19535: 19533: 19530: 19528: 19525: 19523: 19520: 19518: 19515: 19513: 19510: 19508: 19505: 19503: 19500: 19498: 19495: 19493: 19492:Individualism 19490: 19486: 19483: 19481: 19478: 19476: 19473: 19471: 19468: 19466: 19463: 19461: 19458: 19457: 19456: 19453: 19449: 19446: 19445: 19444: 19441: 19439: 19436: 19434: 19431: 19429: 19426: 19424: 19421: 19419: 19416: 19414: 19411: 19409: 19406: 19404: 19401: 19399: 19396: 19394: 19391: 19389: 19386: 19384: 19381: 19380: 19377: 19374: 19372: 19368: 19358: 19357:Judeo-Islamic 19355: 19354: 19352: 19350: 19346: 19340: 19337: 19335: 19334: 19333:ʿIlm al-Kalām 19330: 19328: 19325: 19323: 19320: 19318: 19315: 19313: 19310: 19309: 19307: 19305: 19301: 19295: 19292: 19288: 19285: 19283: 19282:Shuddhadvaita 19280: 19278: 19275: 19273: 19270: 19268: 19265: 19263: 19260: 19258: 19255: 19254: 19253: 19250: 19249: 19247: 19243: 19237: 19234: 19232: 19229: 19227: 19224: 19222: 19219: 19217: 19216:Scholasticism 19214: 19212: 19209: 19207: 19204: 19203: 19201: 19199: 19195: 19189: 19186: 19184: 19181: 19179: 19176: 19174: 19171: 19169: 19166: 19164: 19161: 19159: 19156: 19155: 19153: 19149: 19146: 19144: 19140: 19130: 19127: 19125: 19122: 19120: 19117: 19115: 19112: 19111: 19109: 19107: 19103: 19095: 19092: 19090: 19087: 19085: 19082: 19080: 19077: 19075: 19072: 19070: 19067: 19065: 19062: 19060: 19057: 19055: 19052: 19051: 19050: 19047: 19043: 19040: 19038: 19035: 19034: 19033: 19030: 19026: 19023: 19021: 19018: 19016: 19013: 19011: 19008: 19006: 19003: 19001: 18998: 18996: 18993: 18991: 18988: 18987: 18986: 18983: 18982: 18980: 18978: 18974: 18968: 18965: 18963: 18960: 18958: 18955: 18953: 18950: 18948: 18945: 18943: 18940: 18936: 18933: 18931: 18928: 18926: 18923: 18921: 18918: 18917: 18916: 18913: 18911: 18908: 18906: 18903: 18901: 18898: 18896: 18893: 18891: 18888: 18886: 18883: 18879: 18876: 18874: 18871: 18869: 18866: 18864: 18861: 18859: 18856: 18855: 18854: 18851: 18850: 18848: 18846: 18843: 18839: 18833: 18830: 18828: 18825: 18823: 18820: 18818: 18815: 18813: 18810: 18808: 18805: 18803: 18800: 18798: 18795: 18794: 18792: 18790: 18786: 18783: 18781: 18777: 18769: 18766: 18764: 18761: 18759: 18756: 18754: 18751: 18749: 18746: 18745: 18744: 18741: 18739: 18736: 18735: 18733: 18731: 18727: 18723: 18716: 18712: 18698: 18695: 18693: 18690: 18688: 18685: 18683: 18680: 18678: 18675: 18673: 18670: 18668: 18667:Conceptualism 18665: 18663: 18660: 18659: 18657: 18655: 18651: 18645: 18642: 18640: 18637: 18635: 18632: 18631: 18629: 18627: 18623: 18617: 18614: 18612: 18609: 18607: 18604: 18602: 18599: 18597: 18596:Particularism 18594: 18592: 18589: 18588: 18586: 18584: 18580: 18574: 18571: 18569: 18566: 18564: 18563:Functionalism 18561: 18559: 18556: 18554: 18551: 18549: 18548:Eliminativism 18546: 18544: 18541: 18540: 18538: 18536: 18532: 18526: 18523: 18521: 18518: 18516: 18513: 18511: 18508: 18506: 18503: 18501: 18498: 18497: 18495: 18493: 18489: 18483: 18480: 18476: 18473: 18472: 18471: 18468: 18464: 18461: 18460: 18459: 18456: 18454: 18453:Compatibilism 18451: 18450: 18448: 18446: 18442: 18436: 18433: 18431: 18428: 18426: 18423: 18422: 18420: 18418: 18414: 18408: 18405: 18403: 18400: 18398: 18395: 18393: 18392:Particularism 18390: 18388: 18385: 18383: 18380: 18378: 18375: 18374: 18372: 18370: 18366: 18360: 18357: 18355: 18352: 18350: 18347: 18346: 18344: 18342: 18338: 18332: 18329: 18327: 18324: 18322: 18319: 18317: 18314: 18312: 18309: 18307: 18304: 18302: 18299: 18297: 18294: 18292: 18289: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18279: 18277: 18274: 18273: 18271: 18269: 18265: 18261: 18254: 18250: 18246: 18239: 18234: 18232: 18227: 18225: 18220: 18219: 18216: 18204: 18196: 18195: 18192: 18186: 18185: 18181: 18179: 18176: 18174: 18171: 18169: 18166: 18164: 18161: 18159: 18156: 18154: 18151: 18149: 18146: 18144: 18141: 18139: 18136: 18134: 18131: 18129: 18126: 18124: 18121: 18119: 18116: 18114: 18111: 18109: 18106: 18105: 18103: 18099: 18090: 18087: 18082: 18079: 18074: 18071: 18066: 18063: 18058: 18055: 18050: 18047: 18042: 18039: 18034: 18031: 18026: 18023: 18018: 18015: 18010: 18007: 18002: 17999: 17994: 17991: 17986: 17983: 17978: 17975: 17970: 17967: 17962: 17959: 17954: 17951: 17950: 17948: 17944: 17938: 17935: 17933: 17930: 17928: 17925: 17923: 17920: 17918: 17915: 17913: 17910: 17908: 17905: 17903: 17900: 17898: 17895: 17893: 17890: 17888: 17885: 17883: 17880: 17878: 17875: 17873: 17870: 17868: 17865: 17863: 17860: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17850: 17848: 17845: 17843: 17840: 17838: 17835: 17833: 17830: 17828: 17825: 17823: 17820: 17818: 17815: 17813: 17810: 17808: 17805: 17803: 17800: 17798: 17795: 17793: 17790: 17788: 17785: 17783: 17780: 17778: 17775: 17773: 17770: 17768: 17765: 17763: 17760: 17758: 17755: 17753: 17750: 17748: 17745: 17743: 17740: 17738: 17735: 17733: 17730: 17728: 17725: 17723: 17720: 17719: 17717: 17715: 17710: 17704: 17701: 17699: 17696: 17694: 17691: 17689: 17686: 17682: 17679: 17677: 17674: 17672: 17669: 17668: 17667: 17664: 17662: 17659: 17657: 17654: 17652: 17649: 17647: 17644: 17642: 17639: 17637: 17634: 17632: 17629: 17627: 17624: 17622: 17619: 17617: 17614: 17612: 17609: 17607: 17604: 17602: 17599: 17597: 17594: 17592: 17589: 17587: 17586:Moral courage 17584: 17582: 17579: 17577: 17574: 17572: 17569: 17567: 17564: 17562: 17559: 17557: 17554: 17552: 17549: 17547: 17544: 17540: 17537: 17535: 17532: 17530: 17527: 17526: 17525: 17524:Good and evil 17522: 17520: 17517: 17515: 17512: 17510: 17509:Family values 17507: 17505: 17502: 17500: 17497: 17495: 17492: 17490: 17487: 17485: 17482: 17480: 17477: 17475: 17472: 17470: 17467: 17465: 17462: 17460: 17457: 17455: 17452: 17450: 17447: 17445: 17442: 17441: 17439: 17435: 17429: 17426: 17424: 17421: 17419: 17416: 17414: 17411: 17409: 17406: 17404: 17401: 17399: 17396: 17394: 17391: 17389: 17386: 17384: 17381: 17379: 17376: 17374: 17371: 17370: 17368: 17364: 17356: 17353: 17352: 17351: 17348: 17346: 17343: 17341: 17338: 17336: 17333: 17329: 17326: 17324: 17323:Quasi-realism 17321: 17319: 17316: 17314: 17311: 17310: 17309: 17306: 17304: 17301: 17299: 17296: 17294: 17291: 17289: 17286: 17280: 17277: 17275: 17272: 17271: 17270: 17267: 17263: 17260: 17258: 17255: 17254: 17253: 17250: 17249: 17248: 17245: 17243: 17240: 17238: 17235: 17234: 17232: 17230: 17226: 17220: 17217: 17215: 17212: 17210: 17207: 17205: 17202: 17200: 17197: 17195: 17192: 17190: 17187: 17185: 17182: 17180: 17177: 17175: 17172: 17170: 17167: 17165: 17162: 17160: 17157: 17153: 17150: 17149: 17148: 17147:Environmental 17145: 17143: 17140: 17138: 17135: 17133: 17130: 17128: 17125: 17123: 17120: 17118: 17115: 17113: 17110: 17109: 17107: 17105: 17101: 17095: 17092: 17090: 17087: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17077: 17075: 17072: 17070: 17069:Particularism 17067: 17065: 17062: 17060: 17057: 17055: 17052: 17051: 17049: 17047: 17043: 17039: 17032: 17027: 17025: 17020: 17018: 17013: 17012: 17009: 17003: 16999: 16996: 16994: 16990: 16987: 16985: 16981: 16978: 16976: 16972: 16969: 16968: 16962: 16959: 16957: 16954: 16953: 16948: 16943: 16920: 16916: 16911: 16907: 16901: 16897: 16892: 16880: 16876: 16870: 16866: 16862: 16857: 16845: 16841: 16835: 16831: 16830: 16829:Animal Rights 16824: 16812: 16808: 16802: 16798: 16794: 16789: 16777: 16773: 16769: 16764: 16753: 16747: 16743: 16739: 16735: 16731: 16726: 16714: 16710: 16704: 16700: 16696: 16691: 16679: 16675: 16671: 16666: 16654: 16650: 16646: 16641: 16629: 16625: 16621: 16616: 16604: 16600: 16594: 16590: 16586: 16581: 16569: 16565: 16561: 16556: 16544: 16540: 16534: 16530: 16529: 16523: 16511: 16507: 16501: 16498:. Routledge. 16497: 16496: 16490: 16478: 16474: 16468: 16464: 16463: 16457: 16445: 16441: 16437: 16432: 16420: 16416: 16410: 16407:. Routledge. 16406: 16402: 16397: 16385: 16381: 16375: 16371: 16370: 16364: 16353: 16349: 16345: 16339: 16335: 16331: 16327: 16323: 16318: 16306: 16302: 16298: 16293: 16281: 16277: 16271: 16267: 16266: 16260: 16248: 16244: 16238: 16234: 16230: 16225: 16213: 16209: 16203: 16199: 16195: 16190: 16186: 16180: 16176: 16175: 16169: 16158: 16152: 16148: 16144: 16140: 16136: 16131: 16120: 16116: 16111: 16099: 16095: 16089: 16086:. Routledge. 16085: 16084: 16078: 16074: 16068: 16064: 16059: 16047: 16043: 16039: 16034: 16022: 16018: 16012: 16008: 16007: 16001: 15989: 15985: 15979: 15975: 15974: 15968: 15956: 15952: 15946: 15942: 15941: 15935: 15923: 15919: 15913: 15909: 15908: 15902: 15898: 15892: 15889:. Routledge. 15888: 15887: 15881: 15869: 15865: 15860: 15848: 15844: 15840: 15835: 15823: 15819: 15815: 15810: 15806: 15800: 15796: 15795: 15789: 15785: 15779: 15775: 15770: 15766: 15760: 15756: 15752: 15747: 15735: 15731: 15725: 15721: 15720: 15714: 15702: 15698: 15694: 15689: 15677: 15673: 15669: 15664: 15652: 15648: 15644: 15639: 15627: 15623: 15619: 15614: 15602: 15598: 15594: 15589: 15577: 15573: 15569: 15564: 15560: 15554: 15550: 15546: 15541: 15537: 15531: 15527: 15526: 15520: 15516: 15510: 15506: 15501: 15489: 15485: 15481: 15480:"Care Ethics" 15476: 15464: 15460: 15454: 15450: 15449: 15443: 15431: 15427: 15421: 15417: 15416: 15410: 15398: 15394: 15388: 15384: 15380: 15375: 15371: 15365: 15361: 15360: 15354: 15342: 15338: 15334: 15329: 15317: 15313: 15307: 15303: 15299: 15294: 15282: 15278: 15274: 15269: 15257: 15253: 15248: 15236: 15232: 15226: 15222: 15221: 15215: 15211: 15207: 15202: 15197: 15193: 15189: 15185: 15180: 15176: 15170: 15166: 15161: 15157: 15153: 15149: 15145: 15141: 15137: 15132: 15120: 15116: 15112: 15107: 15095: 15091: 15087: 15082: 15078: 15074: 15070: 15064: 15060: 15055: 15051: 15045: 15042:. Routledge. 15041: 15040: 15034: 15022: 15018: 15012: 15008: 15004: 14999: 14987: 14983: 14977: 14973: 14972: 14966: 14962: 14958: 14954: 14950: 14946: 14942: 14938: 14934: 14929: 14917: 14913: 14907: 14903: 14902: 14896: 14884: 14880: 14876: 14871: 14859: 14855: 14849: 14845: 14844: 14838: 14826: 14822: 14816: 14812: 14811: 14805: 14801: 14795: 14791: 14787: 14782: 14778: 14772: 14768: 14763: 14751: 14747: 14741: 14738:. Routledge. 14737: 14736: 14730: 14718: 14714: 14708: 14704: 14703: 14697: 14685: 14681: 14675: 14672:. Routledge. 14671: 14670: 14664: 14652: 14648: 14642: 14639:. Routledge. 14638: 14634: 14629: 14617: 14614: 14609: 14597: 14593: 14587: 14584:. Routledge. 14583: 14579: 14574: 14562: 14558: 14554: 14549: 14545: 14539: 14535: 14531: 14526: 14514: 14510: 14504: 14500: 14499: 14493: 14481: 14477: 14473: 14468: 14456: 14452: 14447: 14435: 14431: 14425: 14421: 14420: 14414: 14402: 14398: 14394: 14389: 14385: 14379: 14375: 14374: 14368: 14356: 14352: 14346: 14342: 14341: 14335: 14331: 14325: 14321: 14320: 14314: 14302: 14298: 14293: 14281: 14277: 14273: 14268: 14264: 14258: 14254: 14249: 14237: 14233: 14227: 14223: 14222: 14216: 14204: 14200: 14196: 14191: 14179: 14175: 14169: 14165: 14161: 14156: 14152: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14134: 14130: 14126: 14122: 14118: 14113: 14101: 14097: 14091: 14087: 14086: 14080: 14068: 14064: 14058: 14054: 14053: 14047: 14035: 14031: 14025: 14021: 14017: 14012: 14008: 14004: 14000: 13996: 13992: 13988: 13984: 13979: 13967: 13963: 13957: 13953: 13952: 13946: 13942: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13924: 13920: 13916: 13911: 13900: 13894: 13890: 13886: 13882: 13878: 13873: 13869: 13865: 13861: 13857: 13853: 13849: 13845: 13841: 13837: 13833: 13828: 13816: 13812: 13806: 13802: 13801: 13795: 13783: 13779: 13773: 13769: 13765: 13760: 13748: 13744: 13738: 13734: 13733: 13727: 13715: 13711: 13705: 13702:. Routledge. 13701: 13700: 13694: 13682: 13678: 13674: 13669: 13657: 13653: 13647: 13643: 13642: 13636: 13624: 13620: 13614: 13611:. Routledge. 13610: 13606: 13601: 13590: 13584: 13580: 13576: 13572: 13568: 13563: 13551: 13547: 13541: 13537: 13536: 13530: 13526: 13522: 13518: 13514: 13510: 13504: 13500: 13496: 13492: 13488: 13483: 13471: 13467: 13463: 13458: 13454: 13448: 13444: 13443: 13437: 13425: 13421: 13415: 13411: 13407: 13402: 13390: 13386: 13382: 13377: 13373: 13367: 13363: 13359: 13358:"Natural Law" 13354: 13350: 13344: 13340: 13339: 13333: 13321: 13317: 13311: 13307: 13303: 13298: 13294: 13290: 13286: 13285: 13279: 13267: 13263: 13258: 13246: 13242: 13238: 13233: 13221: 13217: 13211: 13207: 13206: 13200: 13188: 13184: 13180: 13175: 13164: 13160: 13155: 13143: 13139: 13133: 13130:. Blackwell. 13129: 13128: 13122: 13111: 13105: 13101: 13097: 13093: 13089: 13084: 13072: 13068: 13062: 13058: 13057: 13051: 13039: 13035: 13029: 13025: 13021: 13016: 13012: 13008: 13004: 13000: 12996: 12992: 12987: 12975: 12971: 12967: 12963: 12959: 12955: 12951: 12947: 12942: 12930: 12926: 12922: 12917: 12905: 12901: 12895: 12891: 12890: 12884: 12880: 12874: 12870: 12866: 12861: 12849: 12845: 12839: 12835: 12831: 12826: 12814: 12810: 12804: 12800: 12799: 12793: 12789: 12783: 12779: 12774: 12770: 12764: 12760: 12759: 12753: 12741: 12737: 12733: 12728: 12716: 12712: 12708: 12703: 12699: 12693: 12689: 12688: 12682: 12670: 12666: 12660: 12656: 12655: 12649: 12637: 12633: 12629: 12624: 12612: 12608: 12602: 12598: 12597: 12591: 12587: 12581: 12577: 12576: 12570: 12558: 12554: 12550: 12545: 12533: 12529: 12523: 12519: 12515: 12510: 12498: 12494: 12488: 12484: 12483: 12477: 12473: 12467: 12463: 12458: 12446: 12442: 12436: 12432: 12431: 12425: 12421: 12415: 12411: 12406: 12394: 12390: 12384: 12380: 12379: 12373: 12369: 12363: 12359: 12358: 12352: 12340: 12336: 12331: 12319: 12315: 12309: 12305: 12304: 12298: 12286: 12282: 12276: 12272: 12271: 12265: 12253: 12249: 12243: 12239: 12235: 12230: 12218: 12214: 12210: 12205: 12201: 12195: 12192:. Routledge. 12191: 12186: 12174: 12170: 12164: 12160: 12156: 12151: 12140: 12136: 12132: 12126: 12122: 12118: 12114: 12110: 12105: 12093: 12089: 12083: 12079: 12078: 12072: 12060: 12056: 12050: 12046: 12045: 12039: 12027: 12023: 12019: 12014: 12003: 11999: 11994: 11982: 11978: 11974: 11969: 11965: 11959: 11955: 11950: 11946: 11940: 11936: 11935: 11929: 11917: 11913: 11907: 11903: 11899: 11894: 11882: 11878: 11872: 11869:. IOS Press. 11868: 11864: 11859: 11847: 11843: 11839: 11834: 11830: 11826: 11822: 11818: 11813: 11802: 11798: 11793: 11789: 11783: 11779: 11775: 11772:. Routledge. 11771: 11770: 11764: 11752: 11748: 11742: 11738: 11734: 11729: 11725: 11719: 11715: 11710: 11698: 11694: 11688: 11685:. Routledge. 11684: 11683: 11677: 11673: 11667: 11663: 11659: 11654: 11643: 11637: 11633: 11629: 11625: 11621: 11616: 11604: 11600: 11596: 11591: 11587: 11581: 11577: 11576: 11570: 11566: 11560: 11556: 11555: 11549: 11545: 11539: 11535: 11531: 11527: 11523: 11518: 11506: 11502: 11496: 11492: 11491: 11485: 11473: 11469: 11463: 11459: 11458: 11452: 11440: 11436: 11430: 11426: 11425: 11419: 11415: 11409: 11405: 11401: 11396: 11384: 11380: 11374: 11370: 11366: 11361: 11349: 11345: 11339: 11335: 11331: 11326: 11322: 11316: 11312: 11308: 11304: 11299: 11287: 11283: 11277: 11273: 11272: 11266: 11254: 11250: 11244: 11240: 11236: 11231: 11219: 11215: 11211: 11206: 11202: 11196: 11192: 11191: 11185: 11173: 11169: 11165: 11160: 11156: 11150: 11146: 11145: 11139: 11135: 11129: 11125: 11120: 11108: 11104: 11100: 11095: 11083: 11079: 11073: 11069: 11068: 11062: 11050: 11046: 11040: 11037:. Routledge. 11036: 11035: 11029: 11025: 11019: 11015: 11014: 11008: 10996: 10992: 10986: 10983:. Routledge. 10982: 10981: 10975: 10963: 10959: 10953: 10949: 10948: 10942: 10930: 10926: 10922: 10917: 10913: 10907: 10903: 10902: 10896: 10892: 10886: 10882: 10878: 10873: 10869: 10863: 10859: 10858: 10852: 10840: 10836: 10830: 10826: 10825: 10819: 10807: 10803: 10797: 10793: 10789: 10786:. Routledge. 10785: 10784: 10778: 10766: 10762: 10756: 10752: 10751: 10745: 10734: 10728: 10724: 10720: 10717:. Routledge. 10716: 10712: 10707: 10695: 10691: 10685: 10681: 10677: 10672: 10668: 10664: 10660: 10656: 10652: 10648: 10644: 10640: 10635: 10631: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10612: 10600: 10596: 10592: 10587: 10575: 10571: 10565: 10561: 10560: 10554: 10542: 10538: 10532: 10528: 10524: 10519: 10507: 10503: 10499: 10494: 10482: 10478: 10472: 10468: 10467: 10461: 10449: 10445: 10439: 10435: 10434: 10428: 10416: 10412: 10406: 10403:. Routledge. 10402: 10398: 10393: 10389: 10383: 10379: 10378: 10372: 10368: 10362: 10358: 10357: 10351: 10347: 10343: 10339: 10335: 10331: 10327: 10323: 10319: 10314: 10302: 10298: 10292: 10288: 10287: 10281: 10269: 10265: 10259: 10255: 10251: 10246: 10234: 10230: 10225: 10213: 10209: 10203: 10199: 10195: 10190: 10178: 10174: 10168: 10164: 10163: 10157: 10145: 10141: 10135: 10131: 10127: 10123: 10122: 10116: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10091: 10079: 10075: 10069: 10065: 10061: 10056: 10044: 10040: 10036: 10031: 10027: 10021: 10017: 10012: 10000: 9996: 9990: 9986: 9985: 9979: 9967: 9963: 9957: 9953: 9949: 9944: 9932: 9928: 9922: 9918: 9917: 9911: 9899: 9895: 9889: 9885: 9884: 9878: 9866: 9862: 9856: 9852: 9848: 9843: 9831: 9827: 9821: 9817: 9816: 9810: 9798: 9794: 9790: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9774: 9770: 9769:"Tikkun Olam" 9765: 9753: 9749: 9744: 9732: 9729:. Routledge. 9728: 9724: 9719: 9707: 9703: 9697: 9693: 9692: 9686: 9674: 9670: 9664: 9660: 9656: 9651: 9639: 9635: 9629: 9625: 9624: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9598: 9594: 9590: 9586: 9581: 9577: 9571: 9568:. Blackwell. 9567: 9562: 9550: 9546: 9540: 9537:. Routledge. 9536: 9532: 9527: 9523: 9517: 9513: 9509: 9504: 9492: 9488: 9482: 9478: 9477: 9471: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9446: 9434: 9430: 9424: 9420: 9419: 9418:Virtue Ethics 9413: 9401: 9397: 9393: 9388: 9384: 9378: 9374: 9373: 9367: 9355: 9351: 9345: 9342:. Routledge. 9341: 9337: 9332: 9320: 9316: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9294: 9289: 9277: 9273: 9269: 9264: 9260: 9254: 9250: 9245: 9233: 9229: 9225: 9220: 9216: 9210: 9206: 9201: 9200: 9186: 9182: 9181:Imafidon 2015 9179: 9176: 9173: 9172: 9168: 9158: 9154: 9151: 9148: 9145: 9144: 9140: 9133: 9128: 9122:, p. 168 9121: 9116: 9109: 9104: 9098:, p. 296 9097: 9092: 9086:, p. 620 9085: 9080: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9061: 9058: 9057: 9053: 9047:, p. 589 9046: 9041: 9032:, p. 627 9031: 9028: 9026:, p. 262 9025: 9022: 9021: 9017: 9007: 9004: 9001: 8998: 8997: 8993: 8987:, p. 737 8986: 8981: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8962: 8961:McDonald 2017 8959: 8958: 8954: 8948:, p. 504 8947: 8942: 8933: 8929: 8926: 8923: 8920: 8919: 8915: 8909:, p. 406 8908: 8903: 8893: 8890: 8888:, p. 626 8887: 8884: 8883: 8879: 8873:, p. 294 8872: 8867: 8857: 8854: 8852:, p. 626 8851: 8848: 8847: 8843: 8837:, p. 443 8836: 8831: 8825:, p. 626 8824: 8819: 8812: 8808: 8803: 8793: 8790: 8787: 8784: 8783: 8779: 8773:, p. 132 8772: 8767: 8760: 8755: 8746: 8742: 8739: 8736: 8733: 8732: 8728: 8722:, p. 144 8721: 8716: 8707: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8694: 8691: 8690: 8686: 8680:, p. 110 8679: 8674: 8664: 8661: 8659:, p. 625 8658: 8655: 8654: 8650: 8643: 8638: 8628: 8625: 8623:, p. 625 8622: 8619: 8618: 8614: 8608:, p. 105 8607: 8602: 8592: 8589: 8587:, p. 624 8586: 8583: 8582: 8578: 8571: 8566: 8556: 8553: 8551:, p. 624 8550: 8547: 8546: 8542: 8535: 8530: 8521: 8517: 8514: 8511: 8510:Grayling 2019 8508: 8505: 8502: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8491: 8481: 8478: 8475: 8472: 8471: 8467: 8461:, p. 160 8460: 8455: 8449:, p. 175 8448: 8443: 8434: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8413: 8406: 8401: 8394: 8389: 8379: 8376: 8374:, p. 623 8373: 8370: 8369: 8365: 8359:, p. 185 8358: 8353: 8344:, p. 401 8343: 8340: 8338:, p. 623 8337: 8334: 8333: 8329: 8319: 8318:Grayling 2019 8316: 8313: 8310: 8308:, p. 623 8307: 8304: 8303: 8299: 8289: 8286: 8284:, p. 623 8283: 8280: 8279: 8275: 8268: 8263: 8253: 8250: 8248:, p. 623 8247: 8244: 8243: 8239: 8233:, p. 156 8232: 8227: 8217: 8214: 8212:, p. 623 8211: 8208: 8207: 8203: 8197:, p. 178 8196: 8191: 8182: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8160: 8157: 8154: 8151: 8150: 8146: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8119: 8110: 8107: 8104: 8103:Grayling 2019 8101: 8099: 8095: 8092: 8091: 8087: 8078: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8065: 8062: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8051: 8045: 8041: 8036: 8030: 8026: 8021: 8012: 8008: 8005: 8003: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7981: 7978: 7977: 7973: 7964:, p. 622 7963: 7960: 7958:, p. 394 7957: 7954: 7953: 7949: 7940: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7918: 7915: 7914: 7910: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7856: 7850: 7846: 7841: 7831: 7828: 7826:, p. 283 7825: 7822: 7821: 7817: 7808: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7795: 7792: 7791: 7787: 7778: 7774: 7771: 7768: 7765: 7762: 7759: 7758: 7754: 7744: 7741: 7738: 7735: 7734: 7730: 7721: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7708: 7705: 7704: 7700: 7693: 7688: 7679: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7666: 7663: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7652: 7642: 7639: 7636: 7633: 7632: 7628: 7618: 7615: 7612: 7609: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7598: 7589: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7568: 7561: 7556: 7550: 7546: 7541: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7522: 7519: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7508: 7499: 7495: 7492: 7489: 7486: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7475: 7465: 7462: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7451: 7442: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7429: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7418: 7409: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7396: 7393: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7382: 7376: 7372: 7367: 7361: 7357: 7352: 7343: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7330: 7327: 7326: 7322: 7315: 7310: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7283: 7273: 7270: 7267: 7264: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7253: 7244: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7231: 7228: 7227: 7223: 7214: 7210: 7207: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7196: 7189: 7184: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7166: 7163: 7162: 7158: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7132: 7123: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7093: 7087: 7083: 7078: 7072: 7068: 7067:Catalano 2022 7063: 7056: 7051: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7032: 7028: 7018: 7015: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6995: 6985: 6982: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6971: 6969: 6959: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6946: 6943: 6940: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6927: 6926: 6922: 6912: 6910: 6905: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6894: 6884: 6881: 6878: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6865: 6864: 6860: 6851: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6830: 6823: 6818: 6808: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6795: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6784: 6774: 6771: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6760: 6750: 6748: 6743: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6732: 6725: 6723: 6716: 6714: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6694: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6681: 6680: 6676: 6666: 6664: 6659: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6648: 6638: 6636: 6631: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6620: 6610: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6597: 6596: 6592: 6582: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6569: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6558: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6510: 6503: 6498: 6491: 6486: 6477: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6458: 6455: 6452: 6451:Beaucham 2003 6449: 6448: 6444: 6437: 6436:Beaucham 2003 6432: 6422: 6420: 6415: 6413: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6401: 6395: 6391: 6386: 6377: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6362: 6359: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6348: 6339: 6335: 6332: 6329: 6326: 6325: 6321: 6314: 6309: 6299: 6298:Milevski 2017 6296: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6281: 6278: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6267: 6257: 6254: 6252:, p. 195 6251: 6248: 6247: 6243: 6233: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6222:, p. 195 6221: 6218: 6217: 6213: 6204: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6191: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6180: 6170: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6156: 6146: 6143: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6132: 6130: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6096: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6069: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6045: 6036: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6018: 6008: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5991: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5958: 5954: 5953:DeNicola 2018 5951: 5949: 5945: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5931: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5907: 5900: 5895: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5862:, p. 241 5861: 5856: 5846: 5843: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5832: 5825: 5820: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5796: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5777: 5774: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5760: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5729: 5724: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5700: 5698: 5687: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5663: 5660: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5639: 5636: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5625: 5615: 5612: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5588: 5583: 5573: 5570: 5567: 5564: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5529: 5527: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5486: 5481: 5475: 5471: 5466: 5460: 5456: 5451: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5424: 5414: 5411: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5366: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5352: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5287:Campbell 2006 5285: 5283: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5271: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5247: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5225: 5224:Harrison 2005 5222: 5221: 5217: 5208: 5204: 5203:Sinclair 2022 5201: 5199: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5187: 5178: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5157: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5136: 5132: 5127: 5121: 5117: 5112: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5091: 5087: 5082: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5043: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5022: 5013: 5009: 5008:Fernando 2010 5006: 5004: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4977: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4903:Peterson 2020 4901: 4900: 4896: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4871: 4870:Campbell 1985 4868: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4808: 4803: 4793: 4792:Sander-Staudt 4790: 4787: 4786:Athanassoulis 4784: 4783: 4779: 4769: 4768:Athanassoulis 4766: 4763: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4753: 4743: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4641: 4634: 4629: 4622: 4617: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4597:Sullivan 2001 4595: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4545: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4443: 4439: 4438:Cardwell 2015 4436: 4434: 4430: 4429:Kerstein 2009 4427: 4426: 4422: 4415: 4410: 4401: 4397: 4396:Nadkarni 2011 4394: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4364: 4359: 4352: 4347: 4338: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4278: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4254: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4157: 4155:, p. 938 4154: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4088: 4083: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4050: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4020: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3984:, p. 164 3983: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3951: 3941: 3938: 3936:, p. 164 3935: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3900: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3846: 3844: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3771: 3762: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3650: 3645: 3636: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3570: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3519: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3483: 3478: 3469: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3358: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3311: 3308: 3306:, p. 271 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3282:, p. 300 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3272: 3268: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3246: 3244:, p. 156 3243: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3161: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3124: 3123:Mulvaney 2009 3121: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3101:, p. 622 3100: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3083: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3044: 3035: 3026: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3005: 2996: 2989: 2985: 2982:For example, 2979: 2972: 2968: 2962: 2955: 2949: 2942: 2941:formal system 2938: 2937:Deontic logic 2933: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2907: 2899: 2892: 2883: 2874: 2867: 2861: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2840: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2752:Philippa Foot 2749: 2748:virtue ethics 2745: 2744:mental states 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2646:Immanuel Kant 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2630:Thomas Hobbes 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2594: 2590: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2529: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2490:Ancient China 2487: 2486:enlightenment 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2450:ancient India 2447: 2443: 2442:ancient Egypt 2435: 2431: 2427: 2424:According to 2422: 2417: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2385: 2384:value-neutral 2381: 2375: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2358:Mark Rowlands 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2287: 2277: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2243: 2239: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2217:sexual ethics 2214: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2185:ethics of war 2181: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2007: 2003: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1947:animal rights 1943: 1939: 1931: 1926: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1883:animal ethics 1880: 1875: 1873: 1872:air pollution 1869: 1868:nuclear waste 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1813:consciousness 1810: 1806: 1800: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1775:public sphere 1772: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1721: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1704:mental states 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1660:Philippa Foot 1657: 1653: 1649: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1576: 1574: 1568: 1563: 1559: 1549: 1547: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1517: 1513: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1355: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1282: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1259:by following 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1241:stage of life 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1181:selfless love 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1155:Jewish ethics 1152: 1147: 1145: 1144:contradictory 1141: 1137: 1136:self-interest 1129: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1099: 1094: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1073:Philippa Foot 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1010: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 971: 970:Virtue ethics 964:Virtue ethics 961: 959: 958:free to voice 955: 951: 943: 939: 935: 932:According to 930: 926: 924: 920: 916: 912: 911:Thomas Hobbes 907: 903: 899: 894: 892: 888: 884: 878: 874: 870: 860: 856: 854: 853:universalized 850: 845: 843: 839: 835: 834: 829: 828:Immanuel Kant 822: 818: 817:Immanuel Kant 814: 809: 799: 796: 792: 782: 780: 776: 772: 766: 756: 754: 750: 745: 741: 737: 727: 723: 714: 705: 696: 694: 689: 683: 673: 671: 667: 663: 660: 656: 651: 649: 643: 639: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 595: 593: 590:, rules, and 589: 585: 574: 572: 566: 563: 558: 556: 550: 548: 543: 536: 526: 524: 520: 519:virtue ethics 516: 512: 507: 505: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 480:ethical codes 475: 473: 469: 465: 461: 455: 445: 443: 439: 435: 430: 426: 421: 418: 413: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 352: 320: 319: 313: 312:Ancient Greek 309: 304: 302: 298: 294: 290: 285: 280: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 226: 223:According to 221: 212: 210: 206: 202: 201:modern period 198: 195:. During the 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 157:ancient Egypt 154: 150: 145: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 114: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 95:virtue ethics 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 71: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 44:philosophical 41: 37: 33: 19: 21603: 21557: 21547: 21537: 21527: 21517: 21507: 21497: 21487: 21477: 21467: 21457: 21447: 21437: 21427: 21417: 21407: 20827:Guicciardini 20810:Early modern 20646:Philosophers 20620:Conservatism 20615:Confucianism 20603:Distributism 20536:Social norms 20524:Sittlichkeit 20510:Ressentiment 20456:Institutions 20434:Human nature 20291: 20277: 19948: 19939:Postcritique 19929:Kyoto School 19888:Posthumanism 19868:Hermeneutics 19723: / 19664:Contemporary 19640:Newtonianism 19603:Cartesianism 19562:Reductionism 19398:Conservatism 19393:Collectivism 19331: 19059:Sarvāstivadā 19037:Anekantavada 18962:Neoplatonism 18930:Epicureanism 18863:Pythagoreans 18802:Confucianism 18768:Contemporary 18758:Early modern 18662:Anti-realism 18616:Universalism 18573:Subjectivism 18416: 18369:Epistemology 18182: 18138:Human rights 18081:After Virtue 17807:Schopenhauer 17581:Moral agency 17454:Common sense 17350:Universalism 17318:Expressivism 17298:Intuitionism 17269:Subjectivism 17214:Terraforming 17189:Professional 17037: 16946: 16923:. Retrieved 16918: 16895: 16883:. Retrieved 16864: 16850:December 27, 16848:. Retrieved 16828: 16815:. Retrieved 16796: 16782:September 7, 16780:. Retrieved 16771: 16757:December 27, 16755:. Retrieved 16733: 16719:December 27, 16717:. Retrieved 16698: 16684:December 24, 16682:. Retrieved 16673: 16657:. Retrieved 16648: 16634:December 19, 16632:. Retrieved 16623: 16609:December 22, 16607:. Retrieved 16588: 16574:December 26, 16572:. Retrieved 16563: 16560:"John Rawls" 16547:. Retrieved 16527: 16514:. Retrieved 16494: 16483:December 27, 16481:. Retrieved 16465:. Springer. 16461: 16450:December 28, 16448:. Retrieved 16439: 16423:. Retrieved 16404: 16390:December 19, 16388:. Retrieved 16368: 16357:December 27, 16355:. Retrieved 16325: 16309:. Retrieved 16300: 16286:September 7, 16284:. Retrieved 16264: 16251:. Retrieved 16232: 16216:. Retrieved 16197: 16173: 16160:. Retrieved 16138: 16122:. Retrieved 16118: 16102:. Retrieved 16082: 16062: 16050:. Retrieved 16041: 16027:December 27, 16025:. Retrieved 16009:. Springer. 16005: 15994:December 19, 15992:. Retrieved 15972: 15961:December 19, 15959:. Retrieved 15939: 15928:December 19, 15926:. Retrieved 15906: 15885: 15872:. Retrieved 15867: 15853:December 28, 15851:. Retrieved 15842: 15828:December 21, 15826:. Retrieved 15817: 15793: 15773: 15754: 15738:. Retrieved 15718: 15705:. Retrieved 15696: 15682:December 31, 15680:. Retrieved 15671: 15655:. Retrieved 15646: 15630:. Retrieved 15621: 15607:December 19, 15605:. Retrieved 15596: 15582:December 19, 15580:. Retrieved 15571: 15568:"Metaethics" 15548: 15524: 15504: 15494:December 31, 15492:. Retrieved 15483: 15469:December 19, 15467:. Retrieved 15447: 15436:December 27, 15434:. Retrieved 15414: 15401:. Retrieved 15382: 15358: 15347:December 21, 15345:. Retrieved 15336: 15322:December 27, 15320:. Retrieved 15301: 15287:September 7, 15285:. Retrieved 15276: 15262:December 20, 15260:. Retrieved 15255: 15239:. Retrieved 15219: 15191: 15187: 15164: 15139: 15135: 15125:December 18, 15123:. Retrieved 15114: 15098:. Retrieved 15089: 15058: 15038: 15025:. Retrieved 15006: 14990:. Retrieved 14970: 14936: 14932: 14920:. Retrieved 14900: 14889:December 23, 14887:. Retrieved 14878: 14862:. Retrieved 14842: 14829:. Retrieved 14809: 14789: 14766: 14756:December 27, 14754:. Retrieved 14734: 14723:December 27, 14721:. Retrieved 14701: 14688:. Retrieved 14668: 14657:December 19, 14655:. Retrieved 14636: 14620:. Retrieved 14615: 14600:. Retrieved 14581: 14567:December 30, 14565:. Retrieved 14556: 14533: 14519:December 19, 14517:. Retrieved 14497: 14486:December 18, 14484:. Retrieved 14475: 14459:. Retrieved 14454: 14451:"Moral Luck" 14438:. Retrieved 14418: 14407:December 31, 14405:. Retrieved 14396: 14372: 14359:. Retrieved 14339: 14318: 14305:. Retrieved 14300: 14286:December 31, 14284:. Retrieved 14275: 14252: 14242:December 22, 14240:. Retrieved 14220: 14209:December 31, 14207:. Retrieved 14198: 14182:. Retrieved 14163: 14124: 14120: 14106:December 27, 14104:. Retrieved 14084: 14073:December 22, 14071:. Retrieved 14051: 14038:. Retrieved 14019: 13990: 13986: 13972:December 27, 13970:. Retrieved 13950: 13922: 13918: 13902:. Retrieved 13880: 13835: 13831: 13821:December 27, 13819:. Retrieved 13799: 13786:. Retrieved 13767: 13753:December 27, 13751:. Retrieved 13731: 13718:. Retrieved 13698: 13685:. Retrieved 13676: 13660:. Retrieved 13640: 13629:December 26, 13627:. Retrieved 13608: 13594:December 27, 13592:. Retrieved 13570: 13556:December 19, 13554:. Retrieved 13534: 13490: 13486: 13476:December 20, 13474:. Retrieved 13465: 13441: 13428:. Retrieved 13409: 13393:. Retrieved 13384: 13361: 13337: 13324:. Retrieved 13305: 13283: 13270:. Retrieved 13265: 13251:December 31, 13249:. Retrieved 13240: 13237:"Pragmatism" 13226:December 26, 13224:. Retrieved 13204: 13193:December 25, 13191:. Retrieved 13182: 13166:. Retrieved 13162: 13159:"Moral Luck" 13146:. Retrieved 13126: 13115:December 27, 13113:. Retrieved 13091: 13077:December 19, 13075:. Retrieved 13055: 13042:. Retrieved 13023: 12994: 12990: 12980:December 22, 12978:. Retrieved 12956:(1): 75–90. 12953: 12949: 12933:. Retrieved 12924: 12908:. Retrieved 12888: 12868: 12852:. Retrieved 12833: 12819:December 19, 12817:. Retrieved 12797: 12777: 12757: 12746:December 30, 12744:. Retrieved 12735: 12721:December 30, 12719:. Retrieved 12710: 12686: 12675:December 19, 12673:. Retrieved 12657:. Springer. 12653: 12642:December 31, 12640:. Retrieved 12631: 12615:. Retrieved 12595: 12578:. Springer. 12574: 12563:December 29, 12561:. Retrieved 12552: 12536:. Retrieved 12517: 12503:December 19, 12501:. Retrieved 12481: 12461: 12449:. Retrieved 12429: 12409: 12397:. Retrieved 12377: 12356: 12343:. Retrieved 12338: 12324:December 19, 12322:. Retrieved 12302: 12291:December 27, 12289:. Retrieved 12269: 12256:. Retrieved 12237: 12223:December 28, 12221:. Retrieved 12212: 12189: 12177:. Retrieved 12161:. Springer. 12158: 12142:. Retrieved 12112: 12096:. Retrieved 12076: 12063:. Retrieved 12043: 12032:December 19, 12030:. Retrieved 12021: 12005:. Retrieved 12001: 11987:December 23, 11985:. Retrieved 11976: 11953: 11933: 11922:December 27, 11920:. Retrieved 11901: 11885:. Retrieved 11866: 11852:December 25, 11850:. Retrieved 11841: 11820: 11816: 11804:. Retrieved 11800: 11768: 11757:December 27, 11755:. Retrieved 11736: 11713: 11701:. Retrieved 11681: 11664:. Springer. 11661: 11647:December 22, 11645:. Retrieved 11623: 11609:December 31, 11607:. Retrieved 11598: 11574: 11553: 11525: 11509:. Retrieved 11489: 11478:December 27, 11476:. Retrieved 11456: 11443:. Retrieved 11423: 11403: 11387:. Retrieved 11368: 11354:December 27, 11352:. Retrieved 11333: 11302: 11292:December 19, 11290:. Retrieved 11270: 11257:. Retrieved 11238: 11222:. Retrieved 11213: 11189: 11178:December 23, 11176:. Retrieved 11167: 11143: 11123: 11113:December 19, 11111:. Retrieved 11102: 11099:"Metaethics" 11086:. Retrieved 11066: 11053:. Retrieved 11033: 11012: 11001:December 26, 10999:. Retrieved 10979: 10968:December 27, 10966:. Retrieved 10946: 10935:December 18, 10933:. Retrieved 10924: 10900: 10880: 10856: 10843:. Retrieved 10823: 10810:. Retrieved 10782: 10771:December 19, 10769:. Retrieved 10749: 10736:. Retrieved 10714: 10698:. Retrieved 10679: 10642: 10638: 10619: 10605:December 24, 10603:. Retrieved 10594: 10580:December 27, 10578:. Retrieved 10558: 10545:. Retrieved 10526: 10510:. Retrieved 10501: 10487:December 27, 10485:. Retrieved 10465: 10454:December 27, 10452:. Retrieved 10432: 10419:. Retrieved 10400: 10376: 10355: 10321: 10317: 10305:. Retrieved 10285: 10272:. Retrieved 10253: 10237:. Retrieved 10232: 10216:. Retrieved 10197: 10181:. Retrieved 10161: 10148:. Retrieved 10120: 10107:. Retrieved 10098: 10082:. Retrieved 10063: 10049:December 24, 10047:. Retrieved 10038: 10015: 10003:. Retrieved 9983: 9972:December 19, 9970:. Retrieved 9951: 9937:December 19, 9935:. Retrieved 9915: 9904:December 27, 9902:. Retrieved 9882: 9869:. Retrieved 9850: 9834:. Retrieved 9814: 9801:. Retrieved 9776: 9772: 9756:. Retrieved 9751: 9735:. Retrieved 9726: 9712:December 27, 9710:. Retrieved 9690: 9677:. Retrieved 9658: 9642:. Retrieved 9622: 9588: 9584: 9565: 9553:. Retrieved 9534: 9511: 9495:. Retrieved 9475: 9464:December 31, 9462:. Retrieved 9453: 9437:. Retrieved 9417: 9404:. Retrieved 9395: 9371: 9358:. Retrieved 9339: 9325:December 23, 9323:. Retrieved 9296: 9282:December 30, 9280:. Retrieved 9271: 9248: 9236:. Retrieved 9227: 9204: 9175:Norlock 2019 9167: 9156: 9139: 9134:, p. 74 9127: 9115: 9103: 9091: 9079: 9052: 9040: 9016: 9006:Kriegel 1999 8992: 8980: 8953: 8941: 8914: 8902: 8878: 8866: 8842: 8830: 8818: 8810: 8802: 8778: 8766: 8761:, p. 25 8754: 8727: 8715: 8702:Gellman 1994 8685: 8673: 8649: 8644:, p. 82 8637: 8613: 8601: 8577: 8572:, p. 91 8565: 8541: 8536:, p. 88 8529: 8490: 8482:, p. 20 8466: 8454: 8442: 8420:Mattila 2022 8412: 8407:, p. 19 8400: 8395:, p. 63 8388: 8364: 8352: 8328: 8298: 8274: 8269:, p. 13 8262: 8238: 8226: 8202: 8190: 8145: 8118: 8086: 8058:Perrett 2016 8050: 8040:Doniger 2010 8035: 8020: 7998:Karenga 2004 7980:Brandon 1975 7972: 7948: 7909: 7855: 7840: 7816: 7786: 7753: 7729: 7716:Eysenck 2004 7699: 7687: 7651: 7635:Skelton 2022 7627: 7597: 7567: 7555: 7540: 7530:Stecker 2010 7507: 7494:de Bres 2014 7474: 7450: 7417: 7381: 7366: 7356:Maxwell 2023 7351: 7321: 7309: 7299:Baumann 2007 7282: 7252: 7239:Mitcham 2022 7222: 7195: 7183: 7157: 7139:Kvalnes 2023 7131: 7092: 7077: 7062: 7050: 7027: 6994: 6930: 6921: 6908: 6893: 6877:Sandler 1998 6868: 6859: 6829: 6817: 6798: 6783: 6759: 6746: 6731: 6721: 6693:Peppard 2005 6684: 6675: 6662: 6647: 6634: 6619: 6600: 6591: 6572: 6557: 6544:Winkler 1998 6509: 6497: 6485: 6457:Winkler 1998 6443: 6431: 6418: 6408:Winkler 1998 6400: 6390:Winkler 1998 6385: 6372:Winkler 1998 6347: 6330:, p. 17 6328:Darwall 2003 6320: 6308: 6266: 6242: 6212: 6179: 6155: 6095: 6068: 6044: 6017: 5990: 5966: 5938:Murphy 2019a 5930: 5906: 5894: 5867: 5855: 5831: 5819: 5795: 5759: 5735: 5723: 5680:Talbert 2019 5672: 5648: 5624: 5608:Haiming 2021 5594: 5582: 5560:Haiming 2021 5552: 5503:Stoljar 1984 5495: 5485:O'Neill 2013 5480: 5465: 5450: 5423: 5399: 5375: 5351: 5327: 5303: 5270: 5246: 5216: 5186: 5156: 5141: 5126: 5111: 5096: 5081: 5051: 5021: 4985: 4976:182, 186–187 4955: 4942:Kendall 2017 4928: 4895: 4880: 4856: 4841: 4814: 4802: 4778: 4724: 4700: 4676: 4640: 4628: 4616: 4583: 4553: 4523: 4499: 4475: 4451: 4421: 4409: 4370: 4358: 4346: 4310: 4286: 4253: 4229: 4205: 4181: 4145: 4109: 4094: 4082: 4058: 4031: 4019: 3974: 3950: 3908: 3881: 3857: 3806: 3782: 3770: 3734: 3726:, p. 17 3710: 3686: 3671: 3661:Carlson 2013 3656: 3644: 3611: 3581: 3569: 3554: 3546:, p. 11 3530: 3518: 3489: 3477: 3450: 3396: 3369: 3357: 3319: 3290: 3267: 3234: 3205: 3189:Haiming 2021 3169: 3133: 3091: 3061: 3043: 3034: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3004: 2995: 2978: 2961: 2948: 2932: 2915: 2906: 2891: 2882: 2873: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2736:Derek Parfit 2732:J. L. Mackie 2701: 2627: 2593:Adi Shankara 2555: 2547:Epicureanism 2510: 2494:Confucianism 2482:non-violence 2439: 2392:anthropology 2389: 2377: 2328: 2308: 2289: 2257: 2245: 2238:Value theory 2232:Value theory 2210: 2182: 2143: 2104: 2087:impartiality 2079:Legal ethics 2048: 2044:philanthropy 2024:shareholders 2009: 1990:biodiversity 1951: 1935: 1876: 1837: 1802: 1768: 1743: 1723: 1706:, such as a 1685: 1646: 1620:coherentists 1617: 1609:self-evident 1594: 1577: 1573:error theory 1569: 1565: 1542: 1519: 1497: 1486: 1479: 1460: 1424: 1419: 1418:rather than 1413: 1409: 1405: 1390: 1386: 1360: 1339:anthropology 1312: 1302: 1284: 1245:Confucianism 1233:Hindu ethics 1225:non-violence 1223:, which has 1162: 1148: 1133: 1102: 1090: 1061:recklessness 1038: 1014: 1007: 1004: 996:dispositions 973: 947: 895: 880: 857: 851:that can be 846: 831: 826: 788: 768: 733: 685: 664: 652: 644: 640: 596: 580: 567: 559: 551: 538: 508: 500: 488:anthropology 476: 457: 433: 428: 424: 422: 381: 307: 305: 288: 281: 253:institutions 230: 181:Confucianism 146: 118:value theory 115: 72: 51: 39: 38: 36: 21614:Historicism 21443:(1835–1840) 21409:De Officiis 21133:de Beauvoir 21103:Baudrillard 21055:Vivekananda 21045:Tocqueville 20960:Kierkegaard 20776:Ibn Khaldun 20746:Alpharabius 20637:Personalism 20546:Stewardship 20503:Reification 20498:Natural law 20419:Familialism 20385:Culturalism 19934:Objectivism 19873:Neo-Marxism 19835:Continental 19745:Meta-ethics 19725:Coherentism 19630:Hegelianism 19567:Rationalism 19527:Natural law 19507:Materialism 19433:Historicism 19403:Determinism 19294:Navya-Nyāya 19069:Sautrāntika 19064:Pudgalavada 19000:Vaisheshika 18853:Presocratic 18753:Renaissance 18692:Physicalism 18677:Materialism 18583:Normativity 18568:Objectivism 18553:Emergentism 18543:Behaviorism 18492:Metaphysics 18458:Determinism 18397:Rationalism 17956:(c. 322 BC) 17822:Kierkegaard 17641:Stewardship 17418:Rousseauian 17335:Rationalism 17247:Cognitivism 17194:Programming 17169:Meat eating 17142:Engineering 16971:Meta-Ethics 16549:January 10, 14939:: 159–185. 14160:"Bioethics" 13493:: 181–207. 12997:: 281–292. 12451:January 10, 11973:"Bioethics" 10109:October 29, 9779:(2): 5–43. 9120:Dehsen 2013 9062:, pp. 9030:Norman 2005 8963:, pp. 8922:Miller 2023 8886:Norman 2005 8850:Norman 2005 8823:Norman 2005 8786:Norman 2005 8771:Dehsen 2013 8759:Dehsen 2013 8741:Bailey 2013 8735:Leiter 2021 8720:Dehsen 2013 8678:Dehsen 2013 8657:Norman 2005 8642:Dehsen 2013 8621:Norman 2005 8606:Dehsen 2013 8585:Norman 2005 8570:Dehsen 2013 8549:Norman 2005 8534:Dehsen 2013 8504:Ranganathan 8480:Sydnor 2012 8474:Ranganathan 8459:Dehsen 2013 8447:Dehsen 2013 8405:Dehsen 2013 8393:Dehsen 2013 8372:Norman 2005 8357:Dehsen 2013 8336:Norman 2005 8306:Norman 2005 8282:Norman 2005 8267:Dehsen 2013 8246:Norman 2005 8231:Dehsen 2013 8210:Norman 2005 8195:Dehsen 2013 8094:Thapar 1978 8075:, pp. 8007:Armour 2001 8000:, pp. 7962:Norman 2005 7845:Monzon 2012 7718:, pp. 7667:, pp. 7577:, pp. 7575:Calida 2022 7547:, pp. 7523:, pp. 7496:, pp. 7439:, pp. 7397:, pp. 7371:Boonin 2022 7358:, pp. 7331:, pp. 7314:Fotion 1998 7292:, pp. 7211:, pp. 7141:, pp. 7109:Mentan 2022 7084:, pp. 7004:, pp. 6839:, pp. 6822:Holmes 2018 6807:Holmes 2018 6773:Delden 1998 6627:Holmes 2018 6581:Gillon 1998 6546:, pp. 6517:Ryberg 2010 6502:Almond 1998 6490:Almond 1998 6466:Almond 1998 6459:, pp. 6410:, pp. 6392:, pp. 6374:, pp. 6355:Almond 1998 6336:, pp. 6313:Rosati 2016 6300:, p. 3 6292:Reilly 1977 6286:Rosati 2016 6103:Miller 2023 6076:Miller 2023 6058:Miller 2023 6031:Werner 2020 6000:, pp. 5944:Lisska 2015 5899:Dreier 2007 5883:, pp. 5875:Dreier 2007 5860:Dreier 2007 5845:Gowans 2021 5824:Dreier 2007 5809:Gowans 2021 5785:Dreier 2007 5773:Gowans 2021 5662:Nelkin 2023 5638:Miller 2023 5614:Miller 2023 5587:Miller 2023 5572:Calder 2022 5566:Miller 2023 5515:Corbin 1924 5487:, pp. 5472:, pp. 5470:Hudson 1969 5455:Fieser 2000 5431:Miller 2023 5415:, p. 3 5205:, pp. 5196:, pp. 5068:Porter 2010 5040:, pp. 5031:, pp. 5029:Bollag 2006 4999:McEwan 2001 4993:Shaver 2023 4974:, pp. 4963:Connor 2004 4944:, pp. 4936:Bauman 1993 4905:, pp. 4740:, pp. 4714:Slote 2005a 4684:Slote 2005a 4659:, pp. 4531:Miller 2004 4513:Murphy 2019 4273:Murthy 2009 4159:Hooker 2014 4123:Mendus 2005 4000:Singer 2016 3982:Hooker 2005 3958:Hooker 2005 3934:Hooker 2005 3922:Hooker 2023 3897:, pp. 3889:Hooker 2005 3865:Hooker 2005 3832:Hooker 2005 3796:Hooker 2005 3742:Hooker 2005 3718:Hooker 2005 3678:, pp. 3676:Dorsey 2020 3631:Murthy 2009 3601:Hooker 2023 3497:Thomas 2022 3466:, pp. 3460:, p. 2 3348:Thomas 2022 3341:, pp. 3304:Downie 2005 3158:, pp. 3099:Norman 2005 3071:, pp. 2984:natural law 2939:provides a 2776:Max Scheler 2762:to analyze 2712:G. E. Moore 2618:G. E. Moore 2574:natural law 2545:schools of 2543:Hellenistic 2124:information 2091:attribution 1966:agriculture 1833:ecocentrism 1829:biocentrism 1825:Sentientism 1817:rationality 1756:methodology 1558:Cognitivism 1400:or what is 1379:obligations 1365:about what 1327:truth value 1249:benevolence 1053:golden mean 1017:Eudaimonism 668:in ancient 659:satisficing 380:. The term 328:), meaning 257:obligations 215:Definition 21687:Categories 21619:Humanities 21579:Agnotology 21238:Kołakowski 20801:Ibn Tufayl 20781:Maimonides 20725:Thucydides 20720:Tertullian 20675:Lactantius 20570:Volksgeist 20551:Traditions 20365:Convention 20233:Amerindian 20140:Australian 20079:Vietnamese 20059:Indonesian 19608:Kantianism 19557:Positivism 19547:Pragmatism 19522:Naturalism 19502:Liberalism 19480:Subjective 19418:Empiricism 19322:Avicennism 19267:Bhedabheda 19151:East Asian 19074:Madhyamaka 19054:Abhidharma 18920:Pyrrhonism 18687:Nominalism 18682:Naturalism 18611:Skepticism 18601:Relativism 18591:Absolutism 18520:Naturalism 18430:Deontology 18402:Skepticism 18387:Naturalism 18377:Empiricism 18341:Aesthetics 18245:Philosophy 17852:Bonhoeffer 17561:Immorality 17504:Eudaimonia 17464:Conscience 17459:Compassion 17345:Skepticism 17340:Relativism 17257:Naturalism 17237:Absolutism 17209:Technology 17059:Deontology 16993:PhilPapers 16984:PhilPapers 16975:PhilPapers 16925:January 3, 16885:January 3, 16817:January 3, 16659:January 7, 16516:January 3, 16425:January 4, 16311:January 7, 16253:January 3, 16218:January 3, 16162:January 7, 16104:January 4, 16052:January 3, 16038:"Axiology" 15740:January 3, 15707:January 3, 15657:January 3, 15632:January 4, 15403:January 4, 15241:January 4, 15188:Complexity 15111:"Ramanuja" 15100:January 3, 15027:January 4, 14992:January 3, 14922:January 3, 14831:January 3, 14602:January 7, 14440:January 7, 14361:January 3, 14195:"Hedonism" 14184:January 4, 14040:January 3, 13904:January 3, 13788:January 3, 13720:January 3, 13687:January 7, 13662:January 3, 13430:January 7, 13326:January 4, 13293:1146511662 13148:January 3, 13044:January 3, 12935:January 1, 12910:January 3, 12854:January 3, 12617:January 3, 12538:January 3, 12399:January 4, 12345:January 7, 12258:January 3, 12179:January 3, 12144:January 3, 12098:January 4, 11998:"Abortion" 11904:. Rodopi. 11887:January 4, 11703:January 3, 11511:January 4, 11445:January 3, 11259:January 3, 11224:January 3, 11088:January 7, 10845:January 3, 10812:January 7, 10711:"Ontology" 10700:January 4, 10547:January 3, 10512:January 8, 10421:January 3, 10318:Philosophy 10274:January 4, 10239:January 7, 10218:January 3, 10183:January 3, 10150:January 7, 10084:January 3, 10005:January 3, 9871:January 3, 9836:January 7, 9803:January 3, 9737:January 7, 9679:January 3, 9644:January 3, 9555:January 3, 9497:January 7, 9439:January 7, 9406:January 3, 9360:January 3, 9238:January 6, 9183:, p. 9069:Wenar 2021 8930:, p. 8743:, p. 8704:, p. 8693:Cuneo 2020 8518:, p. 8516:Dalal 2010 8498:Dalal 2021 8431:, p. 8429:Sajoo 2008 8422:, p. 8179:, p. 8177:Junru 2019 8170:, p. 8161:, p. 8153:Littlejohn 8135:Littlejohn 8128:, p. 8126:Dynes 2016 8096:, p. 8073:Sinha 2014 8066:, p. 8064:Pappu 2013 8042:, p. 8027:, p. 8009:, p. 7989:Ortiz 2020 7982:, p. 7937:, p. 7928:, p. 7919:, p. 7899:Kagan 1998 7892:, p. 7883:, p. 7874:, p. 7865:, p. 7847:, p. 7805:, p. 7796:, p. 7775:, p. 7737:Meyer 2023 7709:, p. 7676:, p. 7665:Thoma 2015 7605:Crisp 2005 7586:, p. 7521:Cowan 2020 7406:, p. 7373:, p. 7340:, p. 7266:Lazar 2020 7260:Frowe 2021 7241:, p. 7232:, p. 7167:, p. 7120:, p. 7111:, p. 7102:, p. 7069:, p. 6956:, p. 6947:, p. 6945:Smith 2018 6848:, p. 6846:Yount 2007 6695:, p. 6537:, p. 6528:, p. 6519:, p. 6474:, p. 6472:Fives 2016 6201:, p. 6117:, p. 6084:, p. 6033:, p. 6025:Ridge 2019 6007:Ridge 2019 5955:, p. 5946:, p. 5457:, p. 5439:, p. 5293:Craig 1998 5280:, p. 5194:Ntuli 2002 5175:, p. 5166:, p. 5148:, p. 5133:, p. 5118:, p. 5103:, p. 5088:, p. 5070:, p. 5061:, p. 5059:Beach 1988 5010:, p. 5001:, p. 4965:, p. 4887:, p. 4848:, p. 4831:Kraut 2022 4824:, p. 4650:, p. 4599:, p. 4572:, p. 4563:, p. 4561:Flynn 2012 4542:, p. 4540:Flynn 2012 4533:, p. 4440:, p. 4431:, p. 4398:, p. 4335:, p. 4326:, p. 4300:Crisp 2005 4275:, p. 4261:Crisp 2005 4237:Crisp 2005 4219:Crisp 2005 4189:Crisp 2005 4170:, p. 4161:, p. 4153:Slote 2005 4134:, p. 4125:, p. 4117:Slote 2005 4101:, p. 4087:Moore 2019 4066:Slote 2005 4047:, p. 4045:Zhang 2023 4039:Littlejohn 4008:, p. 4006:Byron 2004 3988:Slote 2005 3759:, p. 3757:Brink 2020 3750:, p. 3663:, p. 3633:, p. 3619:Crisp 2005 3561:, p. 3544:Kagan 1998 3523:Crisp 2005 3508:Kagan 1998 3482:Kagan 1998 3458:Kagan 1998 3439:, p. 3430:, p. 3422:Kagan 1998 3415:, p. 3406:, p. 3386:Kagan 1998 3379:, p. 3362:Kagan 1998 3333:Kagan 1998 3250:, p. 3224:Deigh 1999 3218:Crisp 2011 3183:Crisp 2011 3177:Nagel 2006 3143:, p. 3117:Deigh 1999 3111:Crisp 2011 3105:Nagel 2006 3080:, p. 3010:David Ross 2954:moral luck 2925:David Hume 2831:References 2756:John Rawls 2720:R. M. Hare 2716:properties 2638:David Hume 2608:liberation 2478:compassion 2458:Upanishads 2456:and later 2400:psychology 2342:adaptation 2261:aesthetics 2196:, such as 2138:atom bombs 2095:plagiarism 2051:profession 2022:, and the 1958:ecosystems 1919:healthcare 1852:euthanasia 1809:biological 1751:personhood 1632:behavior. 1512:Naturalism 1463:properties 1392:permission 1387:Obligation 1335:psychology 1307:metatheory 1281:Metaethics 1275:Metaethics 1213:compassion 1146:position. 1120:compassion 1104:Postmodern 1034:well-being 992:compassion 923:John Rawls 915:John Locke 883:God's will 823:creatures. 802:Kantianism 779:David Ross 765:Deontology 759:Deontology 655:maximizing 615:friendship 515:deontology 423:The terms 390:, meaning 372:Old French 277:metaethics 241:evaluation 233:philosophy 111:compassion 91:deontology 68:metaethics 21659:Sociology 21609:Historism 21318:Santayana 21288:Oakeshott 21258:MacIntyre 21243:Kropotkin 21218:Heidegger 21071:centuries 20985:Nietzsche 20950:Jefferson 20935:Helvétius 20900:Condorcet 20863:centuries 20847:Montaigne 20670:Confucius 20660:Augustine 20577:Worldview 20471:Modernity 20444:Formation 20112:Pakistani 20074:Taiwanese 20021:Ethiopian 19994:By region 19980:By region 19795:Scientism 19790:Systemics 19650:Spinozism 19577:Socialism 19512:Modernism 19475:Objective 19383:Anarchism 19317:Averroism 19206:Christian 19158:Neotaoism 19129:Zurvanism 19119:Mithraism 19114:Mazdakism 18885:Cyrenaics 18812:Logicians 18445:Free will 18407:Solipsism 18354:Formalism 18113:Casuistry 18025:Either/Or 17932:Korsgaard 17927:Azurmendi 17892:MacIntyre 17832:Nietzsche 17762:Augustine 17757:Confucius 17737:Aristotle 17713:Ethicists 17671:Intrinsic 17636:Suffering 17546:Happiness 17519:Free will 17499:Etiquette 17444:Authority 17388:Epicurean 17383:Confucian 17378:Christian 17313:Emotivism 17137:Discourse 17074:Pragmatic 17046:Normative 16352:241302927 15210:1099-0526 15156:0038-481X 15077:891609972 14953:1755-3555 14633:"Preface" 14007:1465-394X 13941:1572-8447 13925:: 41–55. 13852:1611-7530 13538:. Brill. 13517:0065-2407 13003:0021-3306 12962:0271-0137 12139:243173997 11330:"Preface" 10921:"Śaṅkara" 10659:0044-0094 10346:144863967 10338:1469-817X 10307:March 21, 9785:0041-0608 9605:1930-613X 7935:Funk 2021 7863:Sims 2017 7803:Post 2011 7794:Rice 2009 7773:Rice 2009 7761:Schroeder 7707:Linn 1994 6931:Bioethics 6929:Gordon, " 6909:Bioethics 6907:Gordon, " 6869:Bioethics 6867:Gordon, " 6799:Bioethics 6797:Gordon, " 6747:Bioethics 6745:Gordon, " 6722:Bioethics 6720:Gordon, " 6702:Frey 1998 6685:Bioethics 6683:Gordon, " 6663:Bioethics 6661:Gordon, " 6635:Bioethics 6633:Gordon, " 6601:Bioethics 6599:Gordon, " 6573:Bioethics 6571:Gordon, " 6417:Gordon, " 6250:Brun 2017 6220:Brun 2017 6187:Brun 2017 5974:Lutz 2023 5914:Lutz 2023 5803:Westacott 5779:Westacott 5632:Heyd 2019 5602:Pick 2004 5278:Lowe 2005 5164:Ames 2013 4483:Jankowiak 4465:Jankowiak 4390:Jankowiak 4324:Hale 2017 4132:Kivy 2011 4024:Heyd 2019 3404:Sims 2017 3310:Blum 2006 3280:Hoad 1993 3242:Hoad 1993 3069:Vogt 2017 3054:Citations 2728:judgments 2578:Al-Farabi 2539:Aristotle 2396:sociology 2380:societies 2093:to avoid 2055:engineers 1799:Bioethics 1793:Bioethics 1779:bioethics 1760:casuistry 1493:Emotivism 1323:semantics 1319:objective 1295:objective 1057:cowardice 1049:Aristotle 1009:phronesis 688:happiness 635:suffering 611:knowledge 582:evaluate 492:sociology 472:decisions 464:suffering 405:character 333:character 225:Aristotle 193:Aristotle 138:character 134:reasoning 56:normative 46:study of 21672:Category 21584:Axiology 21572:See also 21363:Voegelin 21353:Spengler 21328:Shariati 21283:Nussbaum 21268:Maritain 21228:Irigaray 21208:Habermas 21173:Foucault 21158:Durkheim 21060:Voltaire 21025:de Staël 21000:Rousseau 20925:Franklin 20786:Muhammad 20771:Gelasius 20756:Avempace 20739:Medieval 20715:Polybius 20710:Plutarch 20476:Morality 20451:Ideology 20439:Identity 20348:Concepts 20298:Category 20253:Yugoslav 20243:Romanian 20150:Scottish 20135:American 20064:Japanese 20044:Buddhist 20026:Africana 20016:Egyptian 19858:Feminist 19780:Rawlsian 19775:Quietism 19673:Analytic 19625:Krausism 19532:Nihilism 19497:Kokugaku 19460:Absolute 19455:Idealism 19443:Humanism 19231:Occamism 19198:European 19143:Medieval 19089:Yogacara 19049:Buddhist 19042:Syādvāda 18925:Stoicism 18890:Cynicism 18878:Sophists 18873:Atomists 18868:Eleatics 18807:Legalism 18748:Medieval 18672:Idealism 18626:Ontology 18606:Nihilism 18510:Idealism 18268:Branches 18257:Branches 18203:Category 18143:Ideology 18108:Axiology 17937:Nussbaum 17887:Frankena 17882:Anscombe 17872:Williams 17827:Sidgwick 17747:Valluvar 17742:Diogenes 17727:Socrates 17651:Theodicy 17646:Sympathy 17611:Pacifism 17601:Morality 17514:Fidelity 17494:Equality 17449:Autonomy 17437:Concepts 17398:Feminist 17373:Buddhist 17303:Nihilism 17242:Axiology 17199:Research 17132:Computer 17127:Business 16879:Archived 16844:Archived 16811:Archived 16799:. Sage. 16776:Archived 16713:Archived 16678:Archived 16653:Archived 16628:Archived 16603:Archived 16568:Archived 16543:Archived 16510:Archived 16477:Archived 16444:Archived 16419:Archived 16384:Archived 16305:Archived 16280:Archived 16247:Archived 16212:Archived 16124:June 15, 16098:Archived 16046:Archived 16021:Archived 15988:Archived 15955:Archived 15922:Archived 15874:July 28, 15847:Archived 15822:Archived 15734:Archived 15701:Archived 15676:Archived 15668:"Egoism" 15651:Archived 15626:Archived 15601:Archived 15576:Archived 15488:Archived 15463:Archived 15430:Archived 15397:Archived 15341:Archived 15316:Archived 15281:Archived 15235:Archived 15194:: 1–20. 15119:Archived 15094:Archived 15021:Archived 14986:Archived 14916:Archived 14883:Archived 14858:Archived 14825:Archived 14750:Archived 14717:Archived 14690:June 10, 14684:Archived 14651:Archived 14596:Archived 14561:Archived 14513:Archived 14480:Archived 14434:Archived 14401:Archived 14355:Archived 14280:Archived 14236:Archived 14203:Archived 14178:Archived 14151:30930677 14100:Archived 14067:Archived 14034:Archived 13966:Archived 13868:18643499 13860:18357481 13815:Archived 13782:Archived 13747:Archived 13714:Archived 13681:Archived 13656:Archived 13623:Archived 13550:Archived 13525:21887962 13470:Archived 13424:Archived 13412:. Sage. 13395:June 12, 13389:Archived 13320:Archived 13245:Archived 13220:Archived 13187:Archived 13142:Archived 13071:Archived 13038:Archived 13011:23352588 12974:Archived 12970:44631529 12929:Archived 12904:Archived 12848:Archived 12813:Archived 12740:Archived 12715:Archived 12669:Archived 12636:Archived 12611:Archived 12557:Archived 12532:Archived 12497:Archived 12445:Archived 12393:Archived 12318:Archived 12285:Archived 12252:Archived 12217:Archived 12173:Archived 12092:Archived 12059:Archived 12026:Archived 12007:June 24, 11981:Archived 11916:Archived 11881:Archived 11846:Archived 11806:July 22, 11751:Archived 11697:Archived 11603:Archived 11505:Archived 11472:Archived 11439:Archived 11389:April 4, 11383:Archived 11348:Archived 11286:Archived 11253:Archived 11218:Archived 11172:Archived 11107:Archived 11082:Archived 11049:Archived 10995:Archived 10962:Archived 10929:Archived 10839:Archived 10806:Archived 10765:Archived 10738:June 17, 10694:Archived 10599:Archived 10574:Archived 10541:Archived 10506:Archived 10481:Archived 10448:Archived 10415:Archived 10301:Archived 10268:Archived 10212:Archived 10177:Archived 10144:Archived 10103:Archived 10078:Archived 10043:Archived 9999:Archived 9966:Archived 9931:Archived 9898:Archived 9865:Archived 9830:Archived 9797:Archived 9793:23260803 9758:June 23, 9731:Archived 9706:Archived 9673:Archived 9638:Archived 9613:18214134 9549:Archived 9491:Archived 9458:Archived 9433:Archived 9400:Archived 9354:Archived 9319:Archived 9276:Archived 9232:Archived 9224:"Ethics" 9060:Das 2021 7338:Gay 2006 7143:101, 105 6939:Cochrane 6419:Abortion 5686:Williams 5489:423–424 4864:Stephens 2802:See also 2774:such as 2620:'s book 2604:Ramanuja 2589:Avicenna 2551:Stoicism 2517:Socrates 2468:and the 2354:Altruism 2252:pleasure 2242:Axiology 2067:teachers 1840:abortion 1692:Socrates 1672:abortion 1585:commands 1534:pleasure 1447:praising 1315:ontology 1303:morality 1045:Stoicism 988:kindness 842:rational 821:rational 793:and the 775:promises 631:pleasure 603:autonomy 592:policies 468:innocent 460:morality 429:morality 417:moralité 382:morality 237:morality 189:Socrates 177:Buddhism 173:Hinduism 75:abortion 21413:(44 BC) 21343:Sombart 21338:Skinner 21323:Scruton 21303:Polanyi 21278:Niebuhr 21263:Marcuse 21198:Gramsci 21193:Gentile 21153:Du Bois 21143:Deleuze 21113:Benoist 21083:Agamben 21040:Thoreau 21030:Stirner 21020:Spencer 20970:Le Play 20920:Fourier 20905:Emerson 20890:Carlyle 20875:Bentham 20852:Müntzer 20822:Erasmus 20796:Plethon 20791:Photios 20751:Aquinas 20685:Mencius 20653:Ancient 20586:Schools 20466:Loyalty 20424:History 20412:Counter 20407:Culture 20375:Customs 20248:Russian 20217:Spanish 20212:Slovene 20202:Maltese 20197:Italian 20177:Finland 20145:British 20127:Western 20117:Turkish 20102:Islamic 20097:Iranian 20049:Chinese 20036:Eastern 20003:African 19950:more... 19635:Marxism 19465:British 19408:Dualism 19304:Islamic 19262:Advaita 19252:Vedanta 19226:Scotism 19221:Thomism 19163:Tiantai 19106:Persian 19094:Tibetan 19084:Śūnyatā 19025:Cārvāka 19015:Ājīvika 19010:Mīmāṃsā 18990:Samkhya 18905:Academy 18858:Ionians 18832:Yangism 18789:Chinese 18780:Ancient 18743:Western 18738:Ancient 18697:Realism 18654:Reality 18644:Process 18525:Realism 18505:Dualism 18500:Atomism 18382:Fideism 18101:Related 17847:Tillich 17812:Bentham 17787:Spinoza 17782:Aquinas 17767:Mencius 17681:Western 17656:Torture 17621:Precept 17576:Loyalty 17571:Liberty 17566:Justice 17479:Dignity 17469:Consent 17413:Kantian 17403:Islamic 17366:Schools 17252:Realism 17184:Nursing 17179:Medical 17164:Machine 17104:Applied 17000:at the 15722:. IAP. 14961:1105915 14864:June 9, 14622:May 15, 14461:May 15, 14307:May 16, 14142:6404642 13272:May 15, 13168:May 15, 12065:May 24, 11055:May 28, 9196:Sources 9064:118–119 8002:175–176 7993:Preface 7720:586–588 7669:230–231 7641:Simpson 7498:336–338 7360:609–610 7040:Dittmer 7011:Dittmer 6984:Dittmer 6841:115–116 6767:Dittmer 6739:Dittmer 6655:Dittmer 6609:Dittmer 6565:Dittmer 6548:174–175 6461:176–117 6412:175–176 6394:175–176 6376:174–175 6361:Dittmer 6338:619–620 4946:195–196 4661:895–896 4459:O'Neill 4384:O'Neill 4243:Simpson 4213:Simpson 3899:157–158 3502:Dittmer 3468:125–126 3327:Dittmer 3150:Dittmer 2642:empathy 2410:History 2404:history 2350:fitness 2063:lawyers 2053:, like 2028:bribery 1856:suicide 1844:cloning 1696:unaware 1630:immoral 1522:natural 1471:culture 1451:blaming 1443:control 1427:motives 1299:meaning 1291:actions 1221:Jainism 1201:charity 1171:and to 1164:Mitzvah 984:courage 980:honesty 976:virtues 902:consent 607:freedom 584:motives 496:history 466:to the 395:manners 387:moralis 377:éthique 351:ēthikós 245:conduct 107:courage 105:, like 103:virtues 42:is the 18:Ethical 21693:Ethics 21604:Ethics 21563:(2010) 21553:(1991) 21543:(1990) 21533:(1987) 21523:(1987) 21513:(1979) 21503:(1976) 21493:(1967) 21483:(1964) 21473:(1949) 21463:(1935) 21453:(1930) 21433:(1756) 21423:(1486) 21368:Walzer 21358:Taylor 21348:Sowell 21333:Simmel 21298:Pareto 21293:Ortega 21203:Guénon 21188:Gehlen 21183:Gandhi 21138:Debord 21123:Butler 21118:Berlin 21108:Bauman 21098:Badiou 21088:Arendt 21078:Adorno 21010:Ruskin 20965:Le Bon 20940:Herder 20915:Fichte 20910:Engels 20880:Bonald 20870:Arnold 20842:Milton 20837:Luther 20817:Calvin 20695:Origen 20665:Cicero 20625:Social 20561:Family 20556:Values 20517:Rights 20481:Public 20429:Honour 20360:Anomie 20355:Agency 20207:Polish 20187:German 20182:French 20167:Danish 20157:Canada 20107:Jewish 20069:Korean 20054:Indian 19596:People 19517:Monism 19470:German 19438:Holism 19371:Modern 19349:Jewish 19272:Dvaita 19245:Indian 19168:Huayan 19020:Ajñana 18977:Indian 18842:Greco- 18827:Taoism 18817:Mohism 18763:Modern 18730:By era 18719:By era 18634:Action 18515:Monism 18435:Virtue 18417:Ethics 18092:(1984) 18084:(1981) 18076:(1979) 18068:(1971) 18060:(1903) 18052:(1887) 18044:(1874) 18036:(1861) 18028:(1843) 18020:(1820) 18012:(1788) 18004:(1785) 17996:(1780) 17988:(1759) 17980:(1740) 17972:(1726) 17964:(1677) 17922:Taylor 17907:Parfit 17902:Singer 17877:Mackie 17752:Cicero 17693:Virtue 17626:Rights 17551:Honour 17408:Jewish 17204:Sexual 17112:Animal 17094:Virtue 17038:Ethics 16998:Ethics 16947:Ethics 16944:about 16902: 16871: 16836: 16803: 16748: 16705: 16595: 16535: 16502: 16469: 16411: 16376: 16350: 16340: 16272: 16239: 16204: 16181: 16153: 16090: 16069: 16013: 15980: 15947: 15914: 15893: 15801: 15780: 15761: 15726: 15555: 15532: 15511: 15455: 15422: 15389: 15366: 15308: 15227: 15208: 15171: 15154: 15075: 15065: 15046: 15013: 14978: 14959: 14951: 14908: 14850: 14817: 14796: 14773: 14742: 14709: 14676: 14643: 14588: 14540: 14505: 14426: 14380: 14347: 14326: 14259: 14228: 14170: 14149: 14139: 14092: 14059: 14026: 14005: 13958: 13939: 13895: 13866: 13858: 13850: 13807: 13774: 13739: 13706: 13648: 13615: 13585: 13542: 13523: 13515: 13505: 13449: 13416: 13368: 13345: 13312: 13291: 13212: 13134: 13106: 13063: 13030: 13009: 13001: 12968: 12960: 12896: 12875: 12840: 12805: 12784: 12765: 12694: 12661: 12603: 12582: 12524: 12489: 12468: 12437: 12416: 12385: 12364: 12310: 12277: 12244: 12196: 12165: 12137: 12127: 12084: 12051: 11960: 11941: 11908: 11873: 11784: 11743: 11720: 11689: 11668: 11638: 11582: 11561: 11540: 11497: 11464: 11431: 11410: 11375: 11340: 11317: 11278: 11245: 11197: 11151: 11130: 11074: 11041: 11020: 10987: 10954: 10908: 10887: 10864: 10831: 10798: 10757: 10729: 10686: 10667:788021 10665: 10657: 10626: 10566: 10533: 10473: 10440: 10407: 10384: 10363: 10344: 10336: 10293: 10260: 10204: 10169: 10136: 10070: 10022: 9991: 9958: 9923: 9890: 9857: 9822: 9791: 9783: 9698: 9665: 9630: 9611: 9603: 9572: 9541: 9518: 9483: 9425: 9379: 9346: 9311: 9255: 9211: 7006:xv–xvi 6791:Wilson 6274:DeLapp 6139:DeLapp 6109:DeLapp 6052:DeLapp 5980:DeLapp 5920:DeLapp 5839:DeLapp 5767:DeLapp 5749:DeLapp 5728:DeLapp 5707:DeLapp 5542:Belzer 5383:DeLapp 5359:DeLapp 5335:DeLapp 5311:DeLapp 5254:DeLapp 5230:DeLapp 4633:Friend 4507:Austin 3928:Haines 3814:Haines 3700:Haines 3595:Haines 2602:) and 2587:) and 2502:Daoism 2430:Daoism 2402:, and 2176:, and 2065:, and 2018:, the 1962:cosmos 1956:, and 1899:murder 1885:, and 1870:, and 1785:, and 1708:desire 1652:method 1453:them. 1429:, and 1398:values 1383:rights 1375:Duties 1329:. The 1253:Taoism 1207:, and 1197:prayer 1098:habits 1079:, and 990:, and 921:, and 875:, and 863:Others 849:maxims 795:duties 666:Mohism 619:beauty 599:desire 555:causal 517:, and 494:, and 434:ethics 425:ethics 367:ethica 357:ἠθικός 308:ethics 289:ethics 275:, and 251:, and 185:Daoism 169:Greece 167:, and 99:duties 93:, and 81:, and 66:, and 40:Ethics 21401:Works 21388:Žižek 21373:Weber 21313:Röpke 21273:Negri 21253:Lasch 21223:Hoppe 21178:Fromm 21168:Evola 21148:Dewey 21128:Camus 21035:Taine 21015:Smith 21005:Royce 20995:Renan 20930:Hegel 20895:Comte 20885:Burke 20832:Locke 20766:Dante 20761:Bruni 20730:Xunzi 20705:Plato 20700:Philo 20680:Laozi 20488:Mores 20400:Multi 20390:Inter 20238:Aztec 20192:Greek 20172:Dutch 20162:Czech 20011:Bantu 19448:Anti- 18995:Nyaya 18985:Hindu 18845:Roman 18639:Event 18281:Logic 18184:Index 17946:Works 17917:Adams 17912:Nagel 17867:Dewey 17862:Rawls 17842:Barth 17837:Moore 17802:Hegel 17777:Xunzi 17732:Plato 17722:Laozi 17703:Wrong 17676:Japan 17666:Value 17661:Trust 17556:Ideal 17423:Stoic 17174:Media 17159:Legal 16348:S2CID 14957:S2CID 13864:S2CID 13179:"War" 13007:JSTOR 12966:JSTOR 12135:S2CID 10663:JSTOR 10342:S2CID 9789:JSTOR 8965:95–96 8077:81–82 7579:77–79 7525:17–18 7294:47–78 7213:16–17 7086:22–23 6697:xviii 5885:75–90 5656:Latus 5474:11–13 5207:96–97 5198:58–60 5033:15–16 4907:65–66 4742:31–33 3680:97–98 3073:42–43 3018:right 2898:arête 2836:Notes 2528:Plato 2454:Vedas 2426:Laozi 1367:ought 1193:faith 1169:Torah 1000:vices 891:Quran 771:norms 577:Types 374:term 362:Latin 318:êthos 314:word 165:China 161:India 122:value 48:moral 21383:Zinn 21378:Weil 21248:Land 21233:Kirk 21093:Aron 21050:Vico 20990:Owen 20980:Mill 20975:Marx 20955:Kant 20945:Hume 20690:Mozi 20395:Mono 19339:Sufi 19173:Chan 19032:Jain 19005:Yoga 18535:Mind 18475:Hard 18463:Hard 17897:Hare 17857:Foot 17817:Mill 17797:Kant 17792:Hume 17772:Mozi 17688:Vice 17606:Norm 17534:Evil 17529:Good 17489:Duty 17229:Meta 17152:Land 17079:Role 17064:Care 16927:2024 16900:ISBN 16887:2024 16869:ISBN 16852:2023 16834:ISBN 16819:2024 16801:ISBN 16784:2023 16759:2023 16746:ISBN 16721:2023 16703:ISBN 16686:2023 16661:2024 16636:2023 16611:2023 16593:ISBN 16576:2023 16551:2024 16533:ISBN 16518:2024 16500:ISBN 16485:2023 16467:ISBN 16452:2023 16427:2024 16409:ISBN 16392:2023 16374:ISBN 16359:2023 16338:ISBN 16313:2024 16288:2023 16270:ISBN 16255:2024 16237:ISBN 16220:2024 16202:ISBN 16179:ISBN 16164:2024 16151:ISBN 16126:2024 16106:2024 16088:ISBN 16067:ISBN 16054:2024 16029:2023 16011:ISBN 15996:2023 15978:ISBN 15963:2023 15945:ISBN 15930:2023 15912:ISBN 15891:ISBN 15876:2024 15855:2023 15830:2023 15799:ISBN 15778:ISBN 15759:ISBN 15742:2024 15724:ISBN 15709:2024 15684:2023 15659:2024 15634:2024 15609:2023 15584:2023 15553:ISBN 15530:ISBN 15509:ISBN 15496:2023 15471:2023 15453:ISBN 15438:2023 15420:ISBN 15405:2024 15387:ISBN 15364:ISBN 15349:2023 15324:2023 15306:ISBN 15289:2023 15264:2023 15243:2024 15225:ISBN 15206:ISSN 15192:2019 15169:ISBN 15152:ISSN 15127:2023 15102:2024 15073:OCLC 15063:ISBN 15044:ISBN 15029:2024 15011:ISBN 14994:2024 14976:ISBN 14949:ISSN 14924:2024 14906:ISBN 14891:2023 14866:2023 14848:ISBN 14833:2024 14815:ISBN 14794:ISBN 14771:ISBN 14758:2023 14740:ISBN 14725:2023 14707:ISBN 14692:2023 14674:ISBN 14659:2023 14641:ISBN 14624:2024 14604:2024 14586:ISBN 14569:2023 14538:ISBN 14521:2023 14503:ISBN 14488:2023 14463:2024 14442:2024 14424:ISBN 14409:2023 14378:ISBN 14363:2024 14345:ISBN 14324:ISBN 14309:2024 14288:2023 14257:ISBN 14244:2023 14226:ISBN 14211:2023 14186:2024 14168:ISBN 14147:PMID 14108:2023 14090:ISBN 14075:2023 14057:ISBN 14042:2024 14024:ISBN 14003:ISSN 13974:2023 13956:ISBN 13937:ISSN 13906:2024 13893:ISBN 13856:PMID 13848:ISSN 13823:2023 13805:ISBN 13790:2024 13772:ISBN 13755:2023 13737:ISBN 13722:2024 13704:ISBN 13689:2024 13664:2024 13646:ISBN 13631:2023 13613:ISBN 13596:2023 13583:ISBN 13558:2023 13540:ISBN 13521:PMID 13513:ISSN 13503:ISBN 13478:2023 13447:ISBN 13432:2024 13414:ISBN 13397:2023 13366:ISBN 13343:ISBN 13328:2024 13310:ISBN 13289:OCLC 13274:2024 13253:2023 13228:2023 13210:ISBN 13195:2023 13170:2024 13150:2024 13132:ISBN 13117:2023 13104:ISBN 13079:2023 13061:ISBN 13046:2024 13028:ISBN 12999:ISSN 12982:2023 12958:ISSN 12937:2024 12912:2024 12894:ISBN 12873:ISBN 12856:2024 12838:ISBN 12821:2023 12803:ISBN 12782:ISBN 12763:ISBN 12748:2023 12723:2023 12692:ISBN 12677:2023 12659:ISBN 12644:2023 12619:2024 12601:ISBN 12580:ISBN 12565:2023 12540:2024 12522:ISBN 12505:2023 12487:ISBN 12466:ISBN 12453:2024 12435:ISBN 12414:ISBN 12401:2024 12383:ISBN 12362:ISBN 12347:2024 12326:2023 12308:ISBN 12293:2023 12275:ISBN 12260:2024 12242:ISBN 12225:2023 12194:ISBN 12181:2024 12163:ISBN 12146:2024 12125:ISBN 12100:2024 12082:ISBN 12067:2023 12049:ISBN 12034:2023 12009:2024 11989:2023 11958:ISBN 11939:ISBN 11924:2023 11906:ISBN 11889:2024 11871:ISBN 11854:2023 11808:2024 11782:ISBN 11759:2023 11741:ISBN 11718:ISBN 11705:2024 11687:ISBN 11666:ISBN 11649:2023 11636:ISBN 11611:2023 11580:ISBN 11559:ISBN 11538:ISBN 11513:2024 11495:ISBN 11480:2023 11462:ISBN 11447:2024 11429:ISBN 11408:ISBN 11391:2024 11373:ISBN 11356:2023 11338:ISBN 11315:ISBN 11294:2023 11276:ISBN 11261:2024 11243:ISBN 11226:2024 11195:ISBN 11180:2023 11149:ISBN 11128:ISBN 11115:2023 11090:2024 11072:ISBN 11057:2023 11039:ISBN 11018:ISBN 11003:2023 10985:ISBN 10970:2023 10952:ISBN 10937:2023 10906:ISBN 10885:ISBN 10862:ISBN 10847:2024 10829:ISBN 10814:2024 10796:ISBN 10773:2023 10755:ISBN 10740:2024 10727:ISBN 10702:2024 10684:ISBN 10655:ISSN 10624:ISBN 10607:2023 10582:2023 10564:ISBN 10549:2024 10531:ISBN 10514:2024 10489:2023 10471:ISBN 10456:2023 10438:ISBN 10423:2024 10405:ISBN 10382:ISBN 10361:ISBN 10334:ISSN 10309:2024 10291:ISBN 10276:2024 10258:ISBN 10241:2024 10220:2024 10202:ISBN 10185:2024 10167:ISBN 10152:2024 10134:ISBN 10111:2021 10086:2024 10068:ISBN 10051:2023 10020:ISBN 10007:2024 9989:ISBN 9974:2023 9956:ISBN 9939:2023 9921:ISBN 9906:2023 9888:ISBN 9873:2024 9855:ISBN 9838:2024 9820:ISBN 9805:2024 9781:ISSN 9760:2024 9739:2024 9714:2023 9696:ISBN 9681:2024 9663:ISBN 9646:2024 9628:ISBN 9609:PMID 9601:ISSN 9570:ISBN 9557:2024 9539:ISBN 9516:ISBN 9499:2024 9481:ISBN 9466:2023 9441:2024 9423:ISBN 9408:2024 9377:ISBN 9362:2024 9344:ISBN 9327:2023 9309:ISBN 9284:2023 9253:ISBN 9240:2024 9209:ISBN 7692:Puka 6232:Rini 5168:1681 3016:and 3014:good 2796:care 2466:duty 2446:Maat 2274:good 2263:and 2240:and 2183:The 2156:and 2144:The 2004:and 1807:and 1639:The 1560:and 1538:pain 1536:and 1514:and 1469:and 1467:mind 1415:evil 1406:good 1402:good 1389:and 1377:and 1239:and 1229:Duty 1215:and 1122:and 1043:and 751:and 724:and 657:and 633:and 440:and 427:and 400:and 338:and 325:ἦθος 299:and 261:good 191:and 147:The 109:and 21213:Han 21163:Eco 19613:Neo 19178:Zen 17698:Vow 17428:Tao 17122:Bio 16991:at 16982:at 16973:at 16738:doi 16330:doi 16143:doi 15196:doi 15144:doi 14941:doi 14137:PMC 14129:doi 13995:doi 13927:doi 13885:doi 13840:doi 13836:127 13575:doi 13495:doi 13096:doi 12117:doi 11825:doi 11774:doi 11628:doi 11530:doi 11307:doi 10788:doi 10719:doi 10647:doi 10326:doi 10126:doi 9593:doi 9589:172 9301:doi 9185:211 8745:147 8520:465 8068:400 8044:103 8011:134 7984:474 7939:175 7849:208 7807:118 7798:153 7777:153 7711:330 7678:509 7549:1–2 7441:1–2 7399:1–2 7342:189 7333:1–2 7243:101 7169:633 7113:280 6539:620 6476:171 6203:284 6119:417 6035:148 6002:7–8 5948:635 5459:159 5282:671 5177:145 5150:404 5135:122 5105:494 5042:5–6 5012:2.6 4601:118 4574:241 4565:167 4544:167 4433:128 4328:216 4163:281 4136:238 4127:141 3761:382 3752:158 3563:134 3343:1–2 3252:349 3160:1–2 2766:as 2706:in 2676:by 2511:In 2344:to 2016:CEO 1662:'s 1449:or 1420:bad 1410:bad 1301:of 749:act 364:as 243:of 21689:: 16917:. 16877:. 16842:. 16809:. 16770:. 16744:. 16732:. 16711:. 16676:. 16672:. 16651:. 16647:. 16626:. 16622:. 16601:. 16562:. 16541:. 16508:. 16475:. 16442:. 16438:. 16417:. 16382:. 16346:. 16336:. 16324:. 16299:. 16278:. 16245:. 16210:. 16149:. 16137:. 16117:. 16096:. 16044:. 16040:. 16019:. 15986:. 15953:. 15920:. 15866:. 15841:. 15816:. 15732:. 15699:. 15695:. 15670:. 15645:. 15624:. 15620:. 15595:. 15570:. 15486:. 15482:. 15461:. 15428:. 15395:. 15335:. 15314:. 15300:. 15279:. 15275:. 15254:. 15233:. 15204:. 15190:. 15186:. 15150:. 15138:. 15117:. 15113:. 15092:. 15088:. 15071:. 15019:. 14984:. 14955:. 14947:. 14937:54 14935:. 14914:. 14881:. 14877:. 14856:. 14823:. 14748:. 14715:. 14682:. 14649:. 14635:. 14594:. 14559:. 14555:. 14511:. 14474:. 14453:. 14432:. 14399:. 14395:. 14353:. 14299:. 14274:. 14234:. 14197:. 14176:. 14145:. 14135:. 14125:22 14123:. 14119:. 14098:. 14065:. 14032:. 14001:. 13991:30 13989:. 13985:. 13964:. 13935:. 13923:27 13921:. 13917:. 13891:. 13879:. 13862:. 13854:. 13846:. 13834:. 13813:. 13780:. 13745:. 13712:. 13675:. 13654:. 13621:. 13581:. 13548:. 13519:. 13511:. 13501:. 13491:40 13489:. 13464:. 13422:. 13387:. 13383:. 13318:. 13264:. 13239:. 13218:. 13181:. 13161:. 13140:. 13102:. 13090:. 13069:. 13036:. 13005:. 12995:48 12993:. 12972:. 12964:. 12954:38 12952:. 12948:. 12923:. 12902:. 12846:. 12811:. 12734:. 12713:. 12709:. 12667:. 12630:. 12609:. 12551:. 12530:. 12495:. 12443:. 12391:. 12337:. 12316:. 12283:. 12250:. 12215:. 12211:. 12171:. 12133:. 12123:. 12111:. 12090:. 12057:. 12020:. 12000:. 11979:. 11975:. 11914:. 11879:. 11844:. 11840:. 11821:32 11819:. 11799:. 11780:. 11749:. 11695:. 11634:. 11597:. 11536:. 11524:. 11503:. 11470:. 11437:. 11381:. 11346:. 11332:. 11313:. 11284:. 11251:. 11212:. 11170:. 11166:. 11105:. 11101:. 11080:. 11047:. 10993:. 10960:. 10923:. 10837:. 10804:. 10794:. 10763:. 10725:. 10713:. 10692:. 10661:. 10653:. 10643:33 10641:. 10618:. 10597:. 10593:. 10572:. 10539:. 10500:. 10479:. 10446:. 10413:. 10340:. 10332:. 10322:60 10320:. 10299:. 10266:. 10231:. 10210:. 10196:. 10175:. 10142:. 10132:. 10097:. 10076:. 10037:. 9997:. 9964:. 9929:. 9896:. 9863:. 9828:. 9795:. 9787:. 9777:29 9775:. 9771:. 9750:. 9725:. 9704:. 9671:. 9636:. 9607:. 9599:. 9587:. 9547:. 9489:. 9456:. 9452:. 9431:. 9394:. 9352:. 9317:. 9307:. 9299:. 9295:. 9270:. 9226:. 8932:10 8706:45 8695:, 8433:60 8181:87 8172:77 8163:64 8130:60 8098:48 8029:80 7991:, 7921:11 7885:11 7876:29 7588:18 7408:18 7122:69 7104:35 7071:17 6967:^ 6949:36 6850:26 6712:^ 6530:11 6128:^ 6086:10 5957:66 5696:^ 5525:^ 5441:21 5120:76 5090:27 5072:73 5063:36 5003:87 4967:15 4826:81 4751:^ 4652:39 4535:13 4442:85 4400:20 4337:81 4277:74 4172:76 4103:24 4049:96 3842:^ 3635:74 3432:11 3417:29 3381:29 2597:c. 2582:c. 2532:c. 2521:c. 2515:, 2508:. 2488:. 2480:, 2472:. 2398:, 2394:, 2326:. 2306:. 2223:. 2180:. 2172:, 2168:, 2164:, 2126:. 2097:. 2061:, 2057:, 2046:. 2038:, 2030:, 1992:. 1921:. 1909:, 1881:, 1874:. 1866:, 1862:, 1858:, 1854:, 1850:, 1846:, 1842:, 1781:, 1540:. 1477:. 1243:. 1203:, 1199:, 1195:, 1175:. 1083:. 1075:, 1071:, 986:, 982:, 925:. 917:, 913:, 893:. 871:, 695:. 617:, 613:, 609:, 605:, 594:. 586:, 549:. 513:, 506:. 490:, 474:. 444:. 420:. 303:. 279:. 271:, 247:, 183:, 179:, 175:, 163:, 159:, 140:. 128:. 89:, 77:, 70:. 62:, 20333:e 20326:t 20319:v 18237:e 18230:t 18223:v 17030:e 17023:t 17016:v 16929:. 16908:. 16889:. 16854:. 16821:. 16786:. 16761:. 16740:: 16723:. 16688:. 16663:. 16638:. 16613:. 16578:. 16553:. 16520:. 16487:. 16454:. 16429:. 16394:. 16361:. 16332:: 16315:. 16290:. 16257:. 16222:. 16187:. 16166:. 16145:: 16128:. 16108:. 16075:. 16056:. 16031:. 15998:. 15965:. 15932:. 15899:. 15878:. 15857:. 15832:. 15807:. 15786:. 15767:. 15744:. 15711:. 15686:. 15661:. 15636:. 15611:. 15586:. 15561:. 15538:. 15517:. 15498:. 15473:. 15440:. 15407:. 15372:. 15351:. 15326:. 15291:. 15266:. 15245:. 15212:. 15198:: 15177:. 15158:. 15146:: 15140:8 15129:. 15104:. 15079:. 15052:. 15031:. 14996:. 14963:. 14943:: 14926:. 14893:. 14868:. 14835:. 14802:. 14779:. 14760:. 14727:. 14694:. 14661:. 14626:. 14606:. 14571:. 14546:. 14523:. 14490:. 14465:. 14444:. 14411:. 14386:. 14365:. 14332:. 14311:. 14290:. 14265:. 14246:. 14213:. 14188:. 14153:. 14131:: 14110:. 14077:. 14044:. 14009:. 13997:: 13976:. 13943:. 13929:: 13908:. 13887:: 13870:. 13842:: 13825:. 13792:. 13757:. 13724:. 13691:. 13666:. 13633:. 13598:. 13577:: 13560:. 13527:. 13497:: 13480:. 13455:. 13434:. 13399:. 13374:. 13351:. 13330:. 13295:. 13276:. 13255:. 13230:. 13197:. 13172:. 13152:. 13119:. 13098:: 13081:. 13048:. 13013:. 12984:. 12939:. 12914:. 12881:. 12858:. 12823:. 12790:. 12771:. 12750:. 12725:. 12700:. 12679:. 12646:. 12621:. 12588:. 12567:. 12542:. 12507:. 12474:. 12455:. 12422:. 12403:. 12370:. 12349:. 12328:. 12295:. 12262:. 12227:. 12202:. 12183:. 12148:. 12119:: 12102:. 12069:. 12036:. 12011:. 11991:. 11966:. 11947:. 11926:. 11891:. 11856:. 11831:. 11827:: 11810:. 11790:. 11776:: 11761:. 11726:. 11707:. 11674:. 11651:. 11630:: 11613:. 11588:. 11567:. 11546:. 11532:: 11515:. 11482:. 11449:. 11416:. 11393:. 11358:. 11323:. 11309:: 11296:. 11263:. 11228:. 11203:. 11182:. 11157:. 11136:. 11117:. 11092:. 11059:. 11026:. 11005:. 10972:. 10939:. 10914:. 10893:. 10870:. 10849:. 10816:. 10790:: 10775:. 10742:. 10721:: 10704:. 10669:. 10649:: 10632:. 10609:. 10584:. 10551:. 10516:. 10491:. 10458:. 10425:. 10390:. 10369:. 10348:. 10328:: 10311:. 10278:. 10243:. 10222:. 10187:. 10154:. 10128:: 10113:. 10088:. 10053:. 10028:. 10009:. 9976:. 9941:. 9908:. 9875:. 9840:. 9807:. 9762:. 9741:. 9716:. 9683:. 9648:. 9615:. 9595:: 9578:. 9559:. 9524:. 9501:. 9468:. 9443:. 9410:. 9385:. 9364:. 9329:. 9303:: 9286:. 9261:. 9242:. 9217:. 8424:2 7930:7 7894:7 7867:6 7375:1 7234:2 6958:i 6933:" 6911:" 6871:" 6801:" 6749:" 6724:" 6687:" 6665:" 6637:" 6603:" 6575:" 6521:3 6421:" 4889:3 4850:4 4010:9 3665:1 3441:7 3408:6 3145:5 3082:3 2868:. 2698:. 2595:( 2580:( 2530:( 2519:( 2436:. 2140:. 1932:. 1740:. 1130:. 408:' 402:' 398:' 392:' 354:( 346:' 340:' 336:' 330:' 322:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.