Value theory - Knowledge

1051:, value theorists face the challenge of measuring the evaluative outlook of individuals and groups. Specifically, they aim to determine personal value hierarchies, for example, whether a subject gives more weight to truth than to moral goodness or beauty. They distinguish between direct and indirect measurement methods. Direct methods involve asking people straightforward questions about what things they value and which value priorities they have. This approach assumes that people are aware of their evaluative outlook and able to articulate it accurately. Indirect methods do not share this assumption, asserting instead that values guide behavior and choices on an unconscious level. Consequently, they observe how people decide and act, seeking to infer the underlying value attitudes responsible for picking one course of action rather than another. 784:

people desire a variety of other things as well, like knowledge, achievement, and respect; additionally, desire satisfaction may not always result in pleasure. Some desire theorists hold that value is a property of desire satisfaction itself, while others say that it is a property of the objects that satisfy a desire. One debate in desire theory concerns whether any desire is a source of value. For example, if a person has a false belief that money makes them happy, it is questionable whether the satisfaction of their desire for money is a source of value. To address this consideration, some desire theorists say that a desire can only provide value if a fully informed and rational person would have it. This view excludes faulty desires.

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important. Many are pluralistic in recognizing a diverse array of human excellences, such as knowledge, creativity, health, beauty, free agency, and moral virtues like benevolence and courage. According to one suggestion, there are two main fields of human goods: theoretical abilities responsible for understanding the world and practical abilities responsible for interacting with it. Some perfectionists provide an ideal characterization of human nature, holding that human excellences are those aspects that promote the realization of this goal. This view is exemplified in

698:. For instance, the name "Bill" refers to an individual while the sentence "Bill is pleased" refers to a state of affairs. States of affairs are complex entities that combine other entities, like the individual "Bill" and the property "is pleased". Some value theorists hold that the value is a property directly of Bill while others contend that it is a property of the fact that Bill is pleased. This distinction affects various disputes in value theory. In some cases, a value is intrinsic according to one view and extrinsic according to the other. 438:, prescribe actions or other states by expressing what ought to be done or what is required. Evaluative terms have a wider scope because they are not limited to what people can control or are responsible for. For example, involuntary events like digestion and earthquakes can have a positive or negative value even if they are not right or wrong in a strict sense. Despite the distinction, evaluative and normative concepts are closely related. For example, the value of the consequences of an action may affect whether this action is right or wrong. 456:

desired end. For example, tools like microwaves or money have instrumental value thanks to the useful functions they perform. In some cases, the thing produced this way has itself instrumental value, like when using money to buy a microwave. This can result in a chain of instrumentally valuable things in which each link gets its value by causing the following link. Intrinsically valuable things stand at the endpoint of these chains and ground the value of all the links that come before them.

578:. One dilemma revolves around the question of whether an individual should murder an innocent person if this prevents the murder of two innocent people by a different perpetrator. The agent-neutral perspective tends to affirm this idea since one murder is preferable to two. The agent-relative perspective tends to reject this conclusion, arguing that the initial murder should be avoided since it negatively impacts the agent-relative value of the individual. 1236:. They usually understand values as subjective attitudes possessed by individuals and shared in social groups. According to this view, values are beliefs or priorities about goals worth pursuing that guide people to act in certain ways. This subjective conception of values as aspects of individuals and social groups contrasts with the objective conceptions of values more prominent in economics, which understands values as aspects of commodities. 566:, reject the existence of personal values, holding that all values are impersonal. Others have proposed theories about the relation between personal and impersonal value. The agglomerative theory says that impersonal value is nothing but the sum of all personal values. Another view understands impersonal value as a specific type of personal value taken from the perspective of the universe as a whole. 1092:

value considerations but not necessarily limited to them. Another view sees ethics as a subdiscipline of value theory. This outlook follows the idea that ethics is concerned with moral values affecting what people can control, whereas value theory examines a broader horizon of values, including those beyond anyone's control. Some perspectives contrast ethics and value theory, asserting that the

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a bad car lacks many. Formal axiology distinguishes between three fundamental value types: intrinsic values apply to people; extrinsic values apply to things, actions, and social roles; systemic values apply to conceptual constructs. Formal axiology examines how these value types form a hierarchy and how they can be measured.

1205:, the additional satisfaction gained from consuming one more unit of the commodity. Marginal utility often diminishes if many units have already been consumed, leading to a decrease in the exchange value of commodities that are abundantly available. Both the labor theory and the marginal theory were later challenged by the 523:. This view sees instrumental value as one type of extrinsic value based on causal relations. At the same time, it allows that there are other types of non-instrumental extrinsic value. Final value is understood as what is valued for its own sake, independent of whether intrinsic or extrinsic properties are responsible. 705:, which comes in various forms. In its strongest version, anti-realism rejects the existence of values in any form, claiming that value statements are meaningless. Between these two positions, there are various intermediary views. Some anti-realists accept that value claims have meaning but deny that they have a 1691:

as synonyms while others distinguish between them. According to the latter view, desire satisfaction is a subjective state involving a possibly false belief that a desire is satisfied. Desire fulfillment is an objective state present if the desired outcome actually exists, even if the person does not

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phenomena, focusing on how people should act or which behaviors are morally right. Value theory investigates the nature, sources, and types of values in general. Some philosophers understand value theory as a subdiscipline of ethics. This is based on the idea that what people should do is affected by

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to give an abstract definition of value, understanding it not as a property of things but as a property of concepts. Values measure the extent to which an entity fulfills its concept. For example, a good car has all the desirable qualities of cars, like a reliable engine and effective brakes, whereas

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are not only interested in the sum total of value but also in how the values are distributed. They argue that an outcome with a balanced advantage distribution is better than an outcome where some benefit a lot while others benefit little, even if the two outcomes have the same sum total. Axiological

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considers a total of 36 values divided into two groups: instrumental values, like honesty and capability, which serve as means to promote terminal values, such as freedom and family security. It asks participants to rank them based on their impact on the participants' lives, aiming to understand the

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is determined by the intrinsic values of its parts. According to the additivity principle, the intrinsic value of a whole is simply the sum of the intrinsic values of its parts. For example, if a virtuous person becomes happy then the intrinsic value of the happiness is simply added to the intrinsic

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Agent-relative value is sometimes contrasted with personal value as another person-specific limitation of the evaluative outlook. Agent-relative values affect moral considerations about what a person is responsible for or guilty of. For example, if Mei promises to pick Pedro up from the airport then

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since the word "good" modifies the meaning of another term. To be attributively good as a certain type means to possess certain qualities characteristic of that type. For example, a good knife is sharp and a good thief has the skill of stealing without getting caught. Attributive goodness contrasts

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Ethics is mainly focused on moral goods rather than natural goods, while economics has a concern in what is economically good for the society but not an individual person and is also interested in natural goods. However, both moral and natural goods are equally relevant to goodness and value theory,

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combines the perspectives of ethics and value theory, asserting that the rightness of an action depends on the value of its consequences. Consequentialists compare possible courses of action, saying that people should follow the one leading to the best overall consequences. The overall consequences

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of values. They closely examine emotional experiences, ranging from desire, interest, and preference to feelings in the form of love and hate. However, they do not limit their inquiry to these phenomena, asserting that values permeate experience at large. A key aspect of the phenomenological method

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Theories of value aggregation provide concrete principles for calculating the overall value of an outcome based on how positively or negatively each individual is affected by it. For example, if a government implements a new policy that affects some people positively and others negatively, theories

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distinguish them. According to this view, incommensurability means that there is no common measure to quantify values of different types. Incommensurable values may or may not be comparable. If they are, it is possible to say that one value is better than another, but it is not possible to quantify

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Radical pluralists reject this approach, putting more emphasis on diversity by holding that different types of values are not comparable with each other. This means that each value type is unique, making it impossible to determine which one is superior. Some value theorists use radical pluralism to

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Pluralists have proposed various accounts of how their view affects practical decisions. Rational decisions often rely on value comparisons to determine which course of action should be pursued. Some pluralists discuss a hierarchy of values reflecting the relative importance and weight of different

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Intrinsic and instrumental value are not exclusive categories. As a result, a thing can have both intrinsic and instrumental value if it is both good in itself while also leading to other good things. In a similar sense, a thing can have different instrumental values at the same time, both positive

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One motivation for value pluralism is the observation that people value diverse types of things, including happiness, friendship, success, and knowledge. This diversity becomes particularly prominent when people face difficult decisions between competing values, such as choosing between friendship

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theories of value assert that there is only a single source of intrinsic value. They agree that various things have value but maintain that all fundamentally good things belong to the same type. For example, hedonists hold that nothing but pleasure has intrinsic value, while desire theorists argue

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and the cultivation of characteristic human abilities as the source of intrinsic goodness. It covers capacities and character traits belonging to the bodily, emotional, volitional, cognitive, social, artistic, and religious fields. Perfectionists disagree about which human excellences are the most

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Other classifications of values have been proposed without a widely accepted main classification. Some focus on the types of entities that have value. They include distinct categories for entities like things, the environment, individuals, groups, and society. Another subdivision pays attention to

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goodness. The sentence "Pleasure is good" is an example since the word good is used as a predicate to talk about the unqualified value of pleasure. Attributive and predicative goodness can accompany each other, but this is not always the case. For instance, being a good thief is not necessarily a

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Desire theories offer a slightly different account, stating that desire satisfaction is the only source of value. This theory overlaps with hedonism because many people desire pleasure and because desire satisfaction is often accompanied by pleasure. Nonetheless, there are important differences:

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Many hedonists identify pleasure and pain as symmetric opposites, meaning that the value of pleasure balances out the disvalue of pain if they have the same intensity. However, some hedonists reject this symmetry and give more weight to avoiding pain than to experiencing pleasure. Although it is

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in a broad sense that covers all kinds of enjoyable experiences, including bodily pleasures of food and sex as well as more intellectual or abstract pleasures, like the joy of reading a book or being happy about a friend's promotion. Pleasurable experiences come in degrees, and hedonists usually

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A thing has intrinsic or final value if it is good in itself or good for its own sake. This means that it is good independent of external factors or outcomes. A thing has extrinsic or instrumental value if it is useful or leads to other good things. In other words, it is a means to bring about a

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Anthropology also studies human behavior and societies but does not limit itself to contemporary social structures, extending its focus to humanity both past and present. Similar to sociologists, many anthropologists understand values as social representations of goals worth pursuing. For them,

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Because instrumental value depends on other values, it is an open question whether it should be understood as a value in a strict sense. For example, the overall value of a chain of causes leading to an intrinsically valuable thing remains the same if instrumentally valuable links are added or

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At the general level, there is a difference between moral and natural goods. Moral goods are those that have to do with the conduct of persons, usually leading to praise or blame. Natural goods, on the other hand, have to do with objects, not persons. For example, the statement "Mary is a good

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is a modification of the Rokeach Value Survey that seeks to provide a more cross-cultural and universal assessment. It arranges the values in a circular manner to reflect that neighboring values are compatible with each other, such as tradition and security, while values on opposing sides may

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Shared values can help unite people in the pursuit of a common cause, fostering social cohesion. Value differences, by contrast, may divide people into antagonistic groups that promote conflicting projects. Some sociologists employ value research to predict how people will behave. Given the

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conceptualized values as enduring beliefs about what goals and conduct are preferable. He divided values into the categories of instrumental and terminal values. He thought that a central aspect of personality lies in how people prioritize the values within each category. Psychologist

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that examines which things are good and what it means for something to be good. It distinguishes different types of values and explores how they can be measured and compared. It also studies whether values are a fundamental aspect of reality and how they affect phenomena such as

562:, or is in their interest. For example, a poem written by a child may have personal value for the parents even if the poem lacks value for others. Impersonal value, by contrast, is good in general without restriction to any specific person or viewpoint. Some philosophers, like 1019:

is another method of inquiry. By examining terms and sentences used to talk about values, value theorists aim to clarify their meanings, uncover crucial distinctions, and formulate arguments for and against axiological theories. For example, a prominent dispute between

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reject this view but agree that values are real. They say that values differ significantly from empirical properties and belong to another realm of reality. According to one view, they are known through rational or emotional intuition rather than empirical observation.

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argued that if a vicious person becomes happy, this happiness, though good in itself, does not increase the overall value. On the contrary, it makes things worse, according to Kant, since viciousness should not be rewarded with happiness. This situation is known as an

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that imagines the valuable thing in isolation from everything else. In such a situation, purely instrumentally valuable things lose their value since they serve no purpose while purely intrinsically valuable things remain valuable. According to a common view,

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values are embedded in mental structures associated with culture and ideology about what is desirable. A slightly different approach in anthropology focuses on the practical side of values, holding that values are constantly created through human activity.

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reject this view, contending that a simple single-value system is too crude to capture the complexity of the sphere of values. They say that diverse sources of value exist independently of one another, each contributing to the overall value of the world.

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are usually used as synonyms but some philosophers distinguish between them. According to one characterization, axiology is a subfield of value theory that limits itself to theories about what things are valuable and how valuable they are. The term

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ranks values based on how enduring and fulfilling they are into the levels of pleasure, utility, vitality, culture, and holiness. He asserts that people should not promote lower values, like pleasure, if this comes at the expense of higher values.

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studying how goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed, both from the perspective of individual agents and societal systems. Economists view evaluations as a driving force underlying economic activity. They use the notion of

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of an action are the totality of its effects, or how it impacts the world by starting a causal chain of events that would not have occurred otherwise. Distinct versions of consequentialism rely on different theories of the sources of value.

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facts determine what has value, irrespective of subjective beliefs and preferences. According to this view, the evaluative statement "That act is bad" is as objectively true or false as the empirical statement "That act causes distress".

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maintains that a thing is good if it is fitting to favor this thing, regardless of whether people actually favor it. The strongest form of realism says that value is a fundamental part of reality and cannot be reduced to other aspects.

1360:. It distinguishes between six personality types corresponding to the value spheres of theory, economy, aesthetics, society, politics, and religion. For example, people with theoretical personalities place special importance on the 1286:

followed this idea, suggesting that the cultural meaning systems in distinct societies differ in their value priorities. He argued that values are ordered hierarchically around a set of paramount values that trump all other values.

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defend anti-realism based on this view by stating that all value statements are false because there are no values. Another view accepts the existence of values but denies that they are mind-independent. According to this view, the

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in general rather than on the individual mind. A different position accepts that values are mind-independent but holds that they are reducible to other facts, meaning that they are not a fundamental part of reality. One form of

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Zhang Dainian, says that the value of truth belongs to knowledge, the value of goodness belongs to behavior, and the value of beauty belongs to art. This three-fold distinction also plays a central role in the philosophies of

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is the only intrinsic evil. According to this view, everything else only has instrumental value to the extent that it leads to pleasure or pain, including knowledge, health, and justice. Hedonists usually understand the term

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the type of benefit involved and encompasses material, economic, moral, social, political, aesthetic, and religious values. Classifications by the beneficiary of the value distinguish between self- and other-oriented values.

1186:. In its simplest form, it directly correlates exchange value to labor time. For example, if the time needed to hunt a deer is twice the time needed to hunt a beaver then one deer is worth two beavers. The philosopher 825:

and career success. Since monists accept only one source of intrinsic value, they explain this observation by holding that other items in this diversity have only instrumental value or, in some cases, no value at all.

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and behavior, psychology contrasts with sociology and anthropology by focusing more on the perspective of individuals than the broader social and cultural contexts. Psychologists tend to understand values as abstract

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as the nature and ideal state of human beings. Non-humanistic versions extend perfectionism to the natural world in general, arguing that excellence as a source of intrinsic value is not limited to the human realm.

182:. Its topic is relevant to many human endeavors because values are guiding principles that underlie the political, economic, scientific, and personal spheres. Value theory analyzes and evaluates phenomena such as 1223:

Sociology studies social behavior, relationships, institutions, and society at large. In their analyses and explanations of these phenomena, some sociologists use the concept of values to understand issues like

740:, who argued that values are human creations that endow the world with meaning. Subjectivist theories say that values are relative to each subject, whereas more objectivist outlooks hold that values depend on 515:. This practice has been questioned in the 20th century based on the idea that they are similar but not identical concepts. According to this view, a thing has intrinsic value if the source of its value is an 221:

is a catch-all label that encompasses all philosophical disciplines studying evaluative or normative topics. According to this view, value theory is one of the main branches of philosophy and includes

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an agent-relative value obligates Mei to drive to the airport. This obligation is in place even if it does not benefit Mei, in which case there is an agent-relative value without a personal value. In

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removed without affecting the intrinsically valuable thing. The observation that the overall value does not change is sometimes used as an argument that the things added or removed do not have value.

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Value theorists distinguish various types or categories of values. The different classifications overlap and are based on considerations like the source, beneficiary, and function of the value.

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are particularly concerned with the benefits of individuals who are worse off. They say that providing advantages to people in need has more value than providing the same advantages to others.

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claim that pleasure is the only source of intrinsic value. According to him, the thought experiment shows that the value of an authentic connection to reality is not reducible to pleasure.

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that can virtually simulate an ideal life. Based on his observation that people would not want to spend the rest of their lives in this pleasurable simulation, Nozick argues against the

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of valuable things. For example, stating that kindness is good asserts that kindness possesses the property of goodness. Value realists disagree about what type of property is involved.

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Anthropological value theorists use values to compare cultures. They can be employed to examine similarities as universal concerns present in every society. For example, anthropologist

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to understand the value of the relationship between humans and nature. According to this view, relational value is a unique type of value that is neither intrinsic nor instrumental.

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and negative ones. This is the case if some of its consequences are good while others are bad. The total instrumental value of a thing is the value balance of all its consequences.

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proposed a set of value orientations found in every culture. Values can also be used to analyze differences between cultures and value changes within a culture. Anthropologist

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The marginal theory of value focuses on consumption rather than production. It says that the utility a commodity is the source of its value. Specifically, it is interested in

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Chenneville, Tiffany (2017). "Ethics and Social Justice: A Review of Theoretical Frameworks and Pedagogical Considerations". In Liston, Delores D.; Rahimi, Regina (eds.).

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Various theories about the sources of value have been proposed. They aim to clarify what kinds of things are intrinsically good. The historically influential theory of

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One form of relative value is restricted to the type of an entity, expressed in sentences like "That is a good knife" or "Jack is a good thief". This form is known as

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De Haan, Daniel D. (2020). "Beauty and Aesthetic Perception in Thomas Aquinas". In Ramos, Daniel D. De Haan; Beauty and Aesthetic Perception in Thomas Aquinas (ed.).

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refined this approach by linking values to emotion and motivation. He explored how value rankings affect decisions in which the values of different options conflict.

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Traditionally, most value theorists see absolute value as the main topic of value theory and focus their attention on this type. Nonetheless, some philosophers, like

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is a subfield of ethics examining the nature and role of values from a moral perspective, with particular interest in determining which ends are worth pursuing.

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economists tend to believe that 'real wealth' needs an accrual-determined value as a measure of what things were needed to make an item or generate a service.

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and related evaluative concepts to understand decision-making processes, resource allocation, and the impact of policies. The economic value or benefit of a

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variable expressing the information or quantity that this variable carries. Value theory is only interested in the evaluative sense of the term about being

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Various counterexamples to the additivity principle have been proposed, suggesting that the relation between parts and wholes is more complex. For example,

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Economic theories of value are frameworks to explain how economic value arises and which factors influence it. Prominent frameworks include the classical

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Fatehi, Kamal; Priestley, Jennifer L; Taasoobshirazi, Gita (2020). "The Expanded View of Individualism and Collectivism: One, Two, or Four Dimensions?".

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say that value claims express emotional attitudes, similar to how exclamations like "Yay!" or "Boo!" express emotions rather than stating facts.

642:. Other suggested types of values include objective, subjective, potential, actual, contingent, necessary, inherent, and constitutive values. 7533:

Martin, John Levi (2016). "The Birth of the True, The Good, and The Beautiful: Toward an Investigation of the Structures of Social Thought".

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Holtug, Nils (2015). "Theories of Value Aggregation: Utilitarianism, Egalitarianism, Prioritarianism". In Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (eds.).

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Chan, Kai MA; Gould, Rachelle K; Pascual, Unai (2018). "Editorial overview: Relational values: what are they, and what's the fuss about?".

8109: 6548: 6306: 7660: 7154: 1182:—the proportion at which one commodity can be exchanged with another. It focuses on exchange value, which it says is determined by the 981:

to gain this type of understanding. Thought experiments are imagined scenarios that exemplify philosophical problems. Philosophers use

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in addition to philosophy. In a narrow sense, value theory is a subdiscipline of ethics that is particularly relevant to the school of

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Schwartz, S. H.; Cieciuch, J. (2016). "Values". In Leong, F. T. L.; Bartram, D.; Cheung, F. M.; Geisinger, K. F.; Iliescu, D. (eds.).

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Laskowski, Nicholas; Finlay, Stephen (2017). "34. Conceptual Analysis in Metaethics". In McPherson, Tristram; Plunkett, David (eds.).

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argue that value conflicts are inevitable, that the gain of one value cannot always compensate for the loss of another, and that some

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More specifically, this implies that one value is not better than the other, not worse than the other, and not as good as the other.

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The Moral Sense and its Foundational Significance: Self, Person, Historicity, Community: Phenomenological Praxeology and Psychiatry

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Economic Valuation of Water Resources in Agriculture: From the Sectoral to a Functional Perspective of Natural Resource Management

8402: 7475: 6891: 589:, have argued that the concept of absolute value by itself is meaningless and should be understood as one form of relative value. 241:. A similar broad characterization sees value theory as a multidisciplinary area of inquiry that covers research from fields like 8923: 732:

of individuals determine whether an object has value, for instance, because individuals desire it. A similar view is defended by

535:, is a form of unconditional value. A thing has relative value if its value is limited to certain considerations or viewpoints. 519:, meaning that the value does not depend on how the thing is related to other objects. Extrinsic value, by contrast, depends on 217:

The precise definition of value theory is disputed and some theorists rely on alternative characterizations. In a broad sense,

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In other fields, theories posit the importance of values as an analytical independent variable (including those put forward by

6929: 411:. Values are often understood as degrees that cover positive and negative magnitudes corresponding to good and bad. The terms 8853: 8832: 8811: 8790: 8769: 8748: 8727: 8685: 8664: 8643: 8622: 8601: 8580: 8531: 8489: 8468: 8383: 8335: 8314: 8293: 8232: 8211: 8184: 8161: 8140: 8119: 8064: 8045: 8024: 7968: 7947: 7926: 7905: 7807: 7786: 7765: 7703: 7670: 7649: 7628: 7607: 7523: 7502: 7456: 7435: 7393: 7374: 7326: 7305: 7284: 7242: 7221: 7202: 7135: 7114: 7093: 7072: 7053: 7034: 7002: 6981: 6872: 6851: 6830: 6811: 6770: 6735: 6714: 6674: 6646: 6615: 6575: 6542: 6498: 6438: 6417: 6375: 6354: 6333: 6300: 6259: 6238: 6217: 6175: 6077: 6056: 6035: 6014: 5993: 5972: 5926: 1206: 682:

and are studied by the natural sciences. This means that value is similar to other natural properties, like size and shape.

328:, this area of thought was only conceived as a distinct discipline in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when the term 9042: 7315:

Kinneging, Andreas (2011). "Hartmann's Platonic Ethics". In Poli, Roberto; Scognamiglio, Carlo; Tremblay, Frederic (eds.).

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of value aggregation can be used to determine whether the overall value of the policy is positive or negative. Axiological

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Grünberg, Ludwig (1990). "The Phenomenology of Value and the Value of Phenomenology". In Tymieniecka, Anna-Teresa (ed.).

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Value is the worth, usefulness, or merit of something. Many evaluative terms are employed to talk about value, including

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Serna, Cristina; Martínez, Isabel (2022). "Parenting and Adolescent Technological Addictions". In Selin, Helaine (ed.).

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Oddie, Graham (2017). "Desire and the Good: In Search of the Right Fit". In Lauria, Federico; Deonna, Julien A. (eds.).

6908: 1771: 1462: 904:, a whole whose intrinsic value differs from the sum of the intrinsic values of its parts. Another perspective, called 354: 152: 39: 916:

accepts the additivity principle, saying that the total value is simply the sum of all individual values. Axiological

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Another view sees axiology as the wider field and restricts value theory to questions concerning the nature of value.

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Various psychological theories of values establish a close link between an individual's evaluative outlook and their

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widely accepted that pleasure is valuable, the hedonist claim that it is the only source of value is controversial.

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Some desire theories aim to explain goodness in general while others restrict themselves to goodness for a person.

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Landau, Iddo (2012). "Foundationless Freedom and Meaninglessness of Life in Sartre's: Being and Nothingness".

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to assess evaluative claims. In this context, an intuition is an immediate apprehension or understanding of a

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said that it is often impossible to compare the values of career paths, like when choosing between becoming a

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Karp, David R. (2000). "Values Theory and Research". In Borgatta, Edgar F.; Montgomery, Rhonda J. V. (eds.).

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goals or general principles about what matters. From this perspective, values differ from specific plans and

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to evaluate the possible consequences and gain insight into the underlying problem. For example, philosopher

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value types to help people promote higher values when faced with difficult choices. For example, philosopher

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is an influential topic in cross-cultural value research. Individualism promotes values associated with the

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Another distinction relies on the contrast between absolute and relative value. Absolute value, also called

6471: 1302:, independence, and personal goals. Collectivism gives priority to group-related values, like cooperation, 1253: 1064: 1016: 8916: 7747: 7103:

Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (2015). "Introduction to Value Theory". In Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (eds.).

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Scanlon, Thomas (1993). "Value, Desire, and Quality of Life". In Nussbaum, Martha; Sen, Amartya (eds.).

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things and whether the object or subject of valuing is a person, idea, object, or anything else. Within

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Staiti, Andrea (2020). "Reduction". In Santis, Daniele De; Hopkins, Burt C.; Majolino, Claudio (eds.).

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Rønnow-Rasmussen, Toni (2015). "Intrinsic and Extrinsic Value". In Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (eds.).

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observation that someone values the environment, they may conclude that this person is more likely to

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Traditionally, philosophical investigations in value theory have sought to understand the concept of "

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Direk, Zeynep (2014). "Phenomenology and Ethics: From Value Theory to an Ethics of Responsibility:".

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In some places, Scheler talks about four levels instead of five: sensory, vital, spiritual, and holy.

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Heathwood, Chris (2015). "Monism and Pluralism about Value". In Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (eds.).

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Adler, Matthew D. (2015). "Value and Cost-Benefit Analysis". In Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (eds.).

1163: 1109: 107:). Classical examples of sociological traditions which deny or downplay the question of values are 7620:

Marx’s Theory of Value in Chapter 1 of Capital: A Critique of Heinrich’s Value-Form Interpretation

65:, recording what people do value and attempting to understand why they value it in the context of 9032: 1116:

for the greatest number of people. It combines a consequentialist outlook on right action with a

1021: 982: 690:

Another disagreement among realists is about whether the entity carrying the value is a concrete

675: 8864: 7597: 6971: 4785: 1096:

concepts examined by ethics are distinct from the evaluative concepts examined by value theory.

8909: 8439: 1738: 1112:, a prominent form of consequentialism, says that moral actions produce the greatest amount of 1025: 817: 683: 547: 540: 238: 112: 8759: 8458: 8373: 8304: 8035: 8014: 7958: 7513: 6992: 6664: 6488: 6428: 6025: 6004: 5736: 5586: 5445: 5377: 5322: 5286: 5115: 5079: 5025: 4902: 4764: 4674: 4665: 4623: 4587: 4551: 4515: 4506: 4476: 4467: 4437: 4428: 4407: 4372: 4345: 4264: 4213: 4141: 4060: 4027: 4006: 3952: 3934: 3916: 3901: 3856: 3838: 3820: 3811: 3784: 3742: 3724: 3700: 3679: 3670: 3634: 3610: 3392: 2939: 2921: 2912: 2720: 2705: 2558: 2531: 2318: 2285: 2231: 2010: 8842:

Zimmerman, Michael J. (2015). "Value and Normativity". In Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (eds.).

8801: 8780: 8675: 8654: 8633: 8570: 8325: 8222: 8172: 7797: 7639: 7618: 7492: 7446: 7295: 7274: 7232: 7083: 6862: 6841: 6801: 6725: 6530: 6344: 6322:

Cullity, Garrett (2015). "Neutral and Relative Value". In Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (eds.).

6282: 6207: 5962: 5727: 5556: 5505: 5472: 5398: 5295: 5259: 5187: 4845: 4818: 4701: 4632: 4602: 4524: 4485: 4446: 4393: 4195: 4171: 4150: 3985: 3766: 3625: 3584: 3557: 3506: 3497: 3465: 3456: 3418: 3383: 3338:, Lead section, § Are Value Claims Truth Evaluable?, § Value Realism by Degrees: a Flow Chart 3315: 3276: 3237: 3140: 3092: 3065: 3044: 3029: 3020: 2999: 2957: 2867: 2846: 2831: 2780: 2738: 2648: 2627: 2618: 2591: 2504: 2495: 2450: 2393: 2354: 2339: 2240: 2127: 2112: 2061: 2040: 2031: 1881: 1872: 1851: 1600: 1472: 1427: 1159: 671: 667: 656: 128: 8843: 8822: 8738: 8717: 8612: 8591: 8521: 8479: 8151: 8130: 7937: 7916: 7895: 7776: 7364: 7316: 7192: 7171: 7146: 7125: 7104: 7024: 7013: 6626: 6365: 6323: 6228: 6165: 6046: 5983: 5916: 5763: 5577: 5463: 5250: 5241: 5220: 5211: 5100: 5070: 5061: 5052: 5016: 4983: 4578: 3577:, Lead section, § Are the Value Facts Irreducible?, § Value Realism by Degrees: a Flow Chart 3205: 2753: 2675: 2303: 2261: 2204: 2195: 2168: 2094: 2001: 1974: 1965: 1956: 1935: 1926: 1917: 1890: 1842: 1815: 854:, arguing that a gain in one cannot make up for a loss in the other. Similarly, philosopher 419:

are used to compare degrees, but it is controversial whether this is possible in all cases.

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Human Sciences and the Problem of Values / Les Sciences Humaines et le Problème des Valeurs

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Parenting Across Cultures: Childrearing, Motherhood and Fatherhood in Non-Western Cultures

19:

This article is about the generic concept of value. For its application in economics, see

8: 8590:

Tappolet, Christine (2015). "Values and Emotions". In Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (eds.).

6109: 1661:

is a closely related view holding that values are projections of emotions onto the world.

1492: 1447: 1029: 978: 762:

states that how people feel is the only source of value. More specifically, it says that

407:, provide more information by expressing other qualities besides the evaluation, such as 179: 8653:

Turner, R. Kerry; Georgiou, Stavros; Clark, Rebecca; Brouwer, Roy; Burke, Jacob (2004).

8372:

Silverstein, Matthew (2016). "Teleology and Normativity". In Shafer-Landau, Russ (ed.).

8986: 8394: 8016:

Redesigning Environmental Valuation: Mixing Methods Within Stated Preference Techniques

8004: 7979: 7467: 6883: 6776: 6448: 1728:

Moore's isolation test is another influential thought experiment about intrinsic value.

1497: 1397: 1361: 1152: 1097: 990: 679: 630: 610: 516: 460: 7555: 6762: 6565: 2584:, § 3. Is There Such a Thing As Intrinsic Value At All?, § 6. What Is Extrinsic Value? 1012:

to understand the essence of experiences as they present themselves to consciousness.

639: 104: 84:, value theory is separated into two types: donor-type value and receiver-type value. 8849: 8828: 8807: 8786: 8765: 8744: 8723: 8681: 8660: 8639: 8618: 8597: 8576: 8554: 8527: 8485: 8464: 8379: 8331: 8310: 8289: 8228: 8207: 8180: 8157: 8136: 8115: 8060: 8041: 8020: 7964: 7943: 7922: 7901: 7803: 7782: 7761: 7699: 7666: 7645: 7624: 7603: 7546: 7519: 7498: 7452: 7431: 7389: 7370: 7322: 7301: 7297:

Non-Western Perspectives on Human Communication: Implications for Theory and Practice

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or support pro-environmental legislation. One approach to this type of research uses

1233: 929: 622: 230: 8611:

Tiberius, Valerie (2015). "Prudential Value". In Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (eds.).

96: 8891: 8550: 8445: 8358: 8243: 8199: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7862: 7843: 7826: 7757: 7753: 7734: 7542: 7412: 7349: 6958: 6758: 6634: 6594: 6517: 6288: 6150: 6142: 6096: 5961:

Arneson, Pat (2009). "Axiology". In Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (eds.).

1587: 1574: 1349: 1202: 1104: 839: 737: 575: 571: 258: 8096: 8037:

Ethics, Self and the World: Exploring Metaphysical Foundations in Moral Philosophy

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Heathwood, Chris (2016). "11. Desire-fulfillment Theory". In Fletcher, Guy (ed.).

6684:

Frankena, William K. (2006). "Value and Valuation". In Borchert, Donald M. (ed.).

8449: 7847: 7692:

Norman, Richard (2005). "Moral Philosophy, History of". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).

6970:

Hart, James G. (1997). "Introduction". In Hart, James G.; Embree, Lester (eds.).

6430:

Beauty and the Good: Recovering the Classical Tradition from Plato to Duns Scotus

6292: 6146: 1604: 1558: 1477: 1374: 1311: 1307: 1279: 1275: 1229: 1225: 1190:

extended the labor theory of value in various ways. He introduced the concept of

1048: 1038:, in particular, whether its meaning can be analyzed through natural terms, like 922: 851: 710: 554:

Another type of relative value restricts goodness to a specific person. Known as

408: 100: 31: 8203: 7775:

Oddie, Graham (2015). "Value and Desire". In Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (eds.).

139:

person" uses 'good' very differently than in the statement "That is good food".

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since they are stable evaluative tendencies not bound to concrete situations.

776:

associate their intensity and duration with the magnitude of value they have.

678:

say that value is a natural property. Natural properties can be known through

9026: 8932: 6598: 6186: 1617: 1487: 1191: 1171: 986: 896: 843: 614: 586: 269: 58: 38:

involves various approaches that examine how, why, and to what degree humans

7416: 6638: 6406:

de Bres, Helena (2014). "Hedonism". In Mandle, Jon; Reidy, David A. (eds.).

887:

Several controversies surround the question of how the intrinsic value of a

459:

One way to distinguish between intrinsic and instrumental value relies on a

9011: 8970: 1658: 1541: 1482: 1432: 1422: 1402: 1357: 1356:, understands personality as a collection of aspects unified by a coherent 1283: 1265: 1245: 1055: 970: 791: 746: 729: 724: 702: 246: 7384:

Kupperman, Joel J. (2005). "Axiological Ethics". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).

6066:

Black, John; Hashimzade, Nigar; Myles, Gareth (2009). "Marginal Utility".

1087:

Ethics and value theory are overlapping fields of inquiry. Ethics studies

468:

is one of the sources of intrinsic value. Other suggested sources include

7425: 6746: 6167:

Promoting Social Justice through the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning

1467: 1345: 1093: 958: 941: 863: 830: 800: 706: 659:

is the view that values have mind-independent existence. This means that

606: 582: 563: 423: 132: 120: 7212:

Hurka, Thomas (2006a). "Intrinsic Value". In Borchert, Donald M. (ed.).

1764:

Freedom as a Value: A Critique of the Ethical Theory of Jean-Paul Sartre

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Formal axiology is a theory of value initially developed by philosopher

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The Routledge Handbook of Phenomenology and Phenomenological Philosophy

7817:

Oliveira, Luis R. G. (2016). "Rossian totalism about intrinsic value".

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Moritz, Manfred (1972). "Axiology and Analysis". In Kuypers, K. (ed.).

6155: 5549:, Lead section, § The Rokeach Tradition, § The Schwartz Scale of Values 1786: 1417: 1387: 1334: 1323: 1303: 1195: 1167: 1004: 875: 855: 691: 601:

A historically influential approach identifies three spheres of value:

250: 226: 183: 166: 124: 66: 43: 7738: 7693: 6346:

The Moral Epistemology of Intuitionism: Neuroethics and Seeming States

6249: 6248:

Crisp, Roger (2005). "Deontological Ethics". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).

1338: 1218: 1187: 1175: 1144: 1129: 974: 966: 888: 816:

that desire satisfaction is the only source of fundamental goodness.

796: 714: 485: 254: 242: 195: 92: 74: 70: 6962: 6750: 6227:

Cowan, Steven B. (2020). "Introduction". In Cowan, Steven B. (ed.).

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Rogers, Alisdair; Castree, Noel; Kitchin, Rob (2013). "Use Value".

2224:, § 1.2 Good, Better, Bad, § 2.3 Incommensurability/Incomparability 1636: 1442: 1295: 1194:, which goes beyond the time and resources invested to explain how 1117: 1113: 1088: 1040: 994: 763: 759: 465: 157: 51: 6800:

Grenz, Stanley J.; Guretzki, David; Nordling, Cherith Fee (2010).

1791:

Environmental Accounting: Emergy and Environmental Decision-making

1616:

If this position limits itself to the moral realm, it is known as

1577:

is a closely related concept signifying what is good for a person.

7875: 6230:

Problems in Value Theory: An Introduction to Contemporary Debates

1241: 847: 626: 618: 559: 558:, it expresses what benefits a particular person, promotes their 481: 397: 211: 203: 187: 171: 116: 85: 62: 8901: 7638:

Mukherjee, Sampat; Mukherjee, Mallinath; Ghose, Amitava (2013).

7191:

Hurka, Thomas (2006). "13. Value Theory". In Copp, David (ed.).

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The Good in the Right: A Theory of Intuition and Intrinsic Value

1068:

conflict with each other, such as tradition and self-direction.

961:

to conduct their inquiry, justify theories, and measure values.

1621: 1082: 1009: 859: 812: 477: 473: 222: 199: 191: 175: 47: 27: 8419: 8761:

Determining the Economic Value of Water: Concepts and Methods

8659:. Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 7960:

The Dimensions of Consequentialism: Ethics, Equality and Risk

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Hiles, David R. (2008). "Axiology". In Given, Lisa M. (ed.).

6864:

Many Layers of Ecocentrism: Revering Life, Revering the Earth

6755:

Thought Experiments in Methodological and Historical Contexts

6584: 5717: 1437: 1365: 945: 937: 602: 403: 299: 273: 261:

since it determines how to assess the value of consequences.

61:". Today, some work in value theory has trended more towards 8347:"A Thomistic Solution to the Deep Problem for Perfectionism" 7234:

Conservation Concepts: Rethinking Human–Nature Relationships

5606:, § Foundations of Value Theory, § A Third Approach to Value 1649:

This means that value statements are neither true nor false.

8948: 8943: 7659:

Nagel, Thomas (2006). "Ethics". In Borchert, Donald (ed.).

1545: 1329: 1120:

outlook on pleasure as the only source of intrinsic value.

1034: 977:

it from another observation. Value theorists often rely on

892:

value of the virtue, thereby increasing the overall value.

767: 741: 574:, agent-relative values are often discussed in relation to 469: 324:). Even though the roots of value theory reach back to the 207: 8652: 7939:

Max Scheler’s Concept of the Person: An Ethics Of Humanism

7065:

The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods: A-L

6994:

The Structure of Value: Foundations of Scientific Axiology

5291: 1256:, to measure the value outlook of individuals and groups. 1166:. The labor theory, initially developed by the economists 4928:, § The Rokeach tradition, § The Schwartz Scale of Values 1674:

to distinguish it from related theories under this label.

8635:

The Rhythm of Modernization: How Values Change over Time

8286:

The ITC International Handbook of Testing and Assessment

8265:"Supplement to Value Theory: Atomism/Holism about Value" 6087:

Bradley, Ben (2006). "Two Concepts of Intrinsic Value".

1737:

This problem is the main topic of Moore's controversial

7637: 6949:

Hart, Samuel L. (1971). "Axiology - Theory of Values".

5255: 874:

are often used as synonyms. However, philosophers like

6727:

Human Perfection, Transfiguration and Christian Ethics

1178:—the utility or satisfaction a commodity provides—and 973:

claim, meaning that its truth can be assessed without

7918:

Economics: An Introduction for South African Learners

7838:

Oliver, Alex (1998). "Value, Ontological Status of".

6799: 2108: 8107: 7980:"The value of value theory for ecological economics" 6065: 5427: 5350: 1310:, whereas collectivism is more commonly observed in 1058:

have been proposed to measure value priorities. The

7366:

Brentano's Philosophical System: Mind, Being, Value

1540:has other meanings as well, such as the value of a 1003:provide a detailed first-person description of the 499:Traditionally, value theorists have used the terms 7046:The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Well-Being 6587:International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 1151:, often measured in terms of the money people are 1063:relative importance assigned to each of them. The 723:contend that value statements have a truth value. 629:aiming at beauty. A similar view, proposed by the 422:Evaluative terms are sometimes distinguished from 8697:"Perfectionism in Moral and Political Philosophy" 8401:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 8392: 7474:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 7153:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 6627:"Ethical Non-Naturalism and Normative Properties" 6116:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 5944:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 5201: 5156: 2797: 1368:. Influenced by Vernon and Allport, psychologist 1184:amount of labor required to produce the commodity 9024: 8896:Axiogenesis: An Essay in Metaphysical Optimalism 8862: 8736: 8283: 8149: 8128: 6132: 5894: 5870: 5846: 5822: 5786: 5759: 4919: 4892: 4862: 4697: 4691: 3750:, § 2.3 Other Arguments Against Ethical Hedonism 3040: 2749: 2608: 2587: 2581: 2548: 2521: 2467: 2446: 2440: 2422: 2398: 2389: 8871:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 8703:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 8507:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 8438:Smith, Barry; Thomas, Alan (1998). "Axiology". 8271:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 8250:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 8082:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 7583:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 7562:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 7423: 7178:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 6393:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 6193:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 6135:Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 6044: 5459: 4835: 4808: 1348:. An early theory, formulated by psychologists 7276:Desert and Virtue: A Theory of Intrinsic Value 7169: 6927: 6384: 5935: 5168: 4718: 4317: 4296:, § 4.1 Berlin’s Definition of Value Pluralism 4287: 4254: 4233: 4218: 4176: 4119: 3359: 3192:, Lead section, § 1. What Is Moral Naturalism? 1198:can profit from the labor of their employees. 8917: 8498: 8302: 7855:Ollig, Hans-Ludwig (1998). "Neo-Kantianism". 6906: 6662: 6490:Moral Philosophy: A Contemporary Introduction 6184: 6108:Brown, James Robert; Fehige, Yiftach (2019). 5732: 5582: 4568: 4293: 2138: 1232:, the norms and practices people follow, and 444: 375:as well as their negative counterparts, like 8863:Zimmerman, Michael J.; Bradley, Ben (2019). 8170: 6453:: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list ( 4122:, Lead section, § 4. Deliberation and Choice 3452: 1761: 1607:and considered fundamental aspects of being. 8757: 8737:Woodworth, Robert; Marquis, Donald (2014). 8716:Welch, Patrick J.; Welch, Gerry F. (2009). 8437: 8371: 8220: 7102: 6666:Ethics and Anthropology: Ideas and Practice 6624: 6564:Edwards, Rem B. (2021). "1. Introduction". 6385:Davis, Zachary; Steinbock, Anthony (2024). 6163: 6107: 5718:Fatehi, Priestley & Taasoobshirazi 2020 5282: 5207: 4979: 4973: 4637: 3201: 2701: 2491: 2200: 1961: 1811: 1805: 842:are irresolvable. For example, philosopher 650: 613:characterizes them as the highest goals of 8924: 8910: 8758:Young, Robert A.; Loomis, John B. (2014). 8715: 8568: 8523:Archaeology: The Science of the Human Past 8330:. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. 8262: 7448:Value Theory: A Research into Subjectivity 7170:Hsieh, Nien-hê; Andersson, Henrik (2021). 6843:The Mystery of Values: Studies in Axiology 6751:"On the Very Idea of a Thought Experiment" 5246: 5171:, § 1. Deontology's Foil: Consequentialism 4398: 2027: 8841: 8820: 8778: 8362: 8344: 8241: 8003: 7977: 7725:Oddie, G. (2001). "Axiological Atomism". 7451:. Springer Science & Business Media. 7383: 7353: 7314: 7043: 7022: 7012:Hearn, Thomas K. (1971). "Introduction". 6825:. Springer Science & Business Media. 6744: 6706:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics 6154: 5936:Alexander, Larry; Moore, Michael (2021). 5421: 5403: 5367: 5339: 5312: 5276: 5138: 5105: 5042: 5006: 4988: 4790: 4661: 4643: 4260: 4209: 4137: 4098: 4083: 4056: 4050: 4017: 4002: 3912: 3891: 3867: 3861: 3816: 3675: 3630: 3550:, § Are the Value Facts Mind Independent? 3490:, § Are the Value Facts Mind Independent? 3461: 3426:, § Quasi-Realism and Creeping Minimalism 3136: 3088: 3061: 3034: 2872: 2836: 2770: 2743: 2686: 2680: 2653: 2575: 2554: 2527: 2473: 2383: 2344: 2308: 2266: 2221: 2149: 2084: 1991: 1907: 1820: 605:, goodness, and beauty. For example, the 8987:See no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil 8610: 8589: 8477: 7956: 7816: 7749:The International Encyclopedia of Ethics 7335: 7272: 6951:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 6839: 6820: 6683: 6633:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 7–35. 6486: 6205: 6045:Bhushan, Vidya; Sachdeva, D. R. (2012). 5888: 5864: 5840: 5816: 5801: 5780: 5753: 5693: 5657: 5627: 5609: 5528: 5495: 4841: 4814: 4730: 4670: 4511: 4472: 4433: 4320:, § 1.2 Incommensurable or Incomparable? 4290:, § 1.2 Incommensurable or Incomparable? 4236:, § 1.2 Incommensurable or Incomparable? 4221:, § 1.2 Incommensurable or Incomparable? 3621: 3615: 3414: 3388: 3379: 3293: 3254: 3183: 3154: 3115: 2716: 2236: 2123: 2057: 1952: 1010:suspend preconceived ideas and judgments 526: 426:or deontic terms. Normative terms, like 151:Value theory is the systematic study of 8869:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 8799: 8701:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 8505:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 8399:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 8269:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 8248:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 8193: 8173:"Introduction: The Many Moral Realisms" 8094: 8080:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 8054: 8033: 7746:Oddie, Graham (2013). "Value Realism". 7616: 7581:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7560:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7472:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7362: 7338:"Axiological entanglement of economics" 7216:. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). Macmillan. 7176:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7151:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6990: 6688:. Vol. 9 (2 ed.). Macmillan. 6605: 6563: 6535:The Oxford Handbook of Consequentialism 6426: 6405: 6391:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6342: 6321: 6191:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6185:Cherniss, Joshua; Hardy, Henry (2023). 6086: 5960: 5942:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5681: 5663: 5633: 5603: 5394: 5132: 4628: 4598: 4547: 4541: 3873: 3789: 3648: 3320: 3287: 3248: 2995: 2935: 2917: 2908: 2902: 2887: 2842: 2773:, § 1.1.1 Good Simpliciter and Good For 2359: 2173: 2036: 807: 9025: 8673: 8631: 8572:A Dictionary of Philosophy of Religion 8519: 8456: 8323: 7935: 7837: 7691: 7595: 7532: 7511: 7490: 7402: 7211: 7144: 7123: 7081: 6913:The American Heritage Dictionary entry 6894:from the original on December 24, 2023 6803:Pocket Dictionary of Theological Terms 6703:Fraser, Ian (2009). "Exchange Value". 6702: 6528: 5573: 5552: 5501: 5468: 5345: 5183: 4943: 4781: 4760: 4619: 4583: 4520: 4502: 4481: 4463: 4442: 4424: 4191: 4167: 4146: 3589: 3529: 3502: 3470: 3449:, § Do Value Claims Have Truth Makers? 3429: 3397: 3216: 3166: 2989: 2971: 2809: 2500: 2416: 2377: 8905: 8540: 8101:The Open Encyclopedia of Anthropology 8073: 7854: 7795: 7774: 7745: 7724: 7712:from the original on January 29, 2021 7658: 7574: 7553: 7535:Current Perspectives in Social Theory 7194:The Oxford Handbook of Ethical Theory 7190: 7157:from the original on February 1, 2024 7062: 7011: 6884:"Consequentialism and Utilitarianism" 6860: 6507: 6474:from the original on January 23, 2024 6363: 6280: 6268:from the original on January 29, 2021 6247: 6226: 6209:What is this Thing Called Metaethics? 6120:from the original on 21 November 2017 6002: 5914: 5690:, § Introduction, § General Overviews 5687: 5639: 5441: 5373: 5318: 5256:Mukherjee, Mukherjee & Ghose 2013 5216: 5162: 5111: 5075: 5066: 5021: 4955: 4949: 4868: 4724: 4403: 4368: 4362: 4341: 4335: 4311: 4281: 4248: 4113: 4077: 4044: 4023: 4011: 3978:, § 1. Perfectionism and Value Theory 3960:, § 1. Perfectionism and Value Theory 3948: 3930: 3897: 3852: 3834: 3807: 3780: 3762: 3747: 3738: 3720: 3705: 3696: 3666: 3606: 3580: 3574: 3553: 3547: 3493: 3487: 3446: 3423: 3376:, § Are Value Claims Truth Evaluable? 3373: 3347: 3335: 3281: 3242: 3210: 3160: 3121: 3097: 3070: 2962: 2623: 2314: 2281: 2006: 1931: 1868: 932:. This approach treats axiology as a 645: 592: 507:interchangeably, just like the terms 345:is an older and less common synonym. 8694: 8441:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy 8345:Shea, Matthew; Kintz, James (2022). 8012: 7914: 7893: 7858:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7840:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7679:from the original on August 24, 2018 7478:from the original on October 2, 2019 7465: 7427:The Routledge Handbook of Metaethics 7251: 6969: 6948: 6787:from the original on 30 October 2021 6723: 6551:from the original on January 2, 2024 6284:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6023: 5981: 5964:Encyclopedia of Communication Theory 5711: 5546: 5522: 5489: 5237: 5096: 5057: 5048: 5012: 4925: 4898: 4874: 4736: 4574: 4389: 4314:, § 4. Pluralism and Rational Choice 4116:, § 4. Pluralism and Rational Choice 3981: 3975: 3957: 3906: 3311: 3272: 3233: 3189: 3025: 3016: 2863: 2827: 2776: 2734: 2671: 2644: 2350: 2299: 2257: 2227: 2191: 2164: 2090: 2066: 1997: 1970: 1922: 1913: 1886: 1838: 1561:, some works rely on the concept of 1071: 8845:The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory 8614:The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory 8593:The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory 8424:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 8175:. In Sayre-McCord, Geoffrey (ed.). 8153:The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory 7880:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7876:"Sartre, Jean Paul: Existentialism" 7778:The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory 7293: 7258:(2 ed.). Macmillan Reference. 7230: 7127:The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory 7106:The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory 7026:The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory 6973:Phenomenology of Values and Valuing 6888:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6468:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6325:The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory 6309:from the original on August 1, 2023 6114:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6006:The History and Future of Economics 5918:The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory 5723: 2614: 2109:Grenz, Guretzki & Nordling 2010 1147:is the advantage it provides to an 846:applied this idea to the values of 753: 16:Concept in sociology and philosophy 13: 8885: 8779:Zagzebski, Linda Trinkaus (2004). 8740:Psychology: A Study of Mental Life 8405:from the original on June 18, 2023 8393:Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter (2023). 7727:Australasian Journal of Philosophy 7695:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy 7444: 7386:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy 7318:The Philosophy of Nicolai Hartmann 6881: 6461: 6251:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy 5948:from the original on June 20, 2023 5714:, § Individualism and Collectivism 5428:Black, Hashimzade & Myles 2009 5351:Rogers, Castree & Kitchin 2013 4592: 4101:, § 2.2.2 Revisionary Commitments? 4080:, § 2. The Attraction of Pluralism 3195: 3037:, § 2.1.1 What is Intrinsic Value? 2953: 2803: 2335: 1877: 1847: 395:. Thick evaluative concepts, like 355:Value (ethics and social sciences) 14: 9054: 8931: 8417: 6763:10.1163/ej.9789004201767.i-233.35 6533:. In Portmore, Douglas W. (ed.). 6089:Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 4757:, § b. Phenomenological Reduction 4754: 4284:, § 4.4 Accepting Incomparability 4251:, § 4.4 Accepting Incomparability 1393:Anthropological theories of value 8034:Pradhan, Ramesh Chandra (2024). 7873: 7547:10.1108/S0278-120420160000035001 7342:Annales. Ethics in Economic Life 6934:The American Heritage Dictionary 6625:FitzPatrick, William J. (2011). 5879: 5855: 5831: 5807: 5795: 5771: 5744: 5702: 5672: 5648: 5618: 5594: 5564: 5537: 5513: 5480: 5450: 5435: 5412: 5385: 5358: 5330: 5303: 5267: 5228: 5192: 5177: 5147: 5123: 5087: 5033: 4997: 4964: 4934: 4910: 4883: 4853: 4826: 4799: 4772: 4745: 4709: 4682: 4652: 4610: 4559: 4532: 4493: 4454: 4415: 4380: 4353: 4326: 4302: 4272: 4239: 4227: 4200: 4185: 4158: 3523: 2470:, § 1. What Has Intrinsic Value? 1731: 1722: 1713: 1704: 1586:Consequentialism is a theory in 451:Instrumental and intrinsic value 143:which is more general in scope. 8865:"Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Value" 8375:Oxford Studies in Metaethics 11 8324:Sharma, Rajendra Kumar (1996). 8221:Schellekens, Elisabeth (2010). 8171:Sayre-McCord, Geoffrey (1988). 8129:Rønnow-Rasmussen, Toni (2011). 8111:A Dictionary of Human Geography 7518:(3 ed.). Broadview Press. 6663:Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (2013). 6606:Findlay, John Niemeyer (1970). 6567:Formal Axiology and Its Critics 6281:Crisp, Roger (2011). "Ethics". 6027:Axiology: The Science of Values 5684:, § Foundations of Value Theory 5666:, § Foundations of Value Theory 5636:, § Foundations of Value Theory 5525:, Lead section, § Social Values 4694:, § 2. What Is Intrinsic Value? 4128: 4104: 4092: 4068: 4035: 3993: 3966: 3939: 3924: 3882: 3843: 3828: 3798: 3771: 3756: 3729: 3714: 3687: 3657: 3642: 3597: 3565: 3538: 3514: 3478: 3437: 3405: 3364: 3353: 3341: 3329: 3302: 3263: 3224: 3174: 3145: 3130: 3106: 3079: 3052: 3007: 2980: 2944: 2929: 2893: 2881: 2854: 2818: 2788: 2761: 2725: 2710: 2695: 2662: 2635: 2599: 2566: 2551:, § 6. What Is Extrinsic Value? 2539: 2524:, § 6. What Is Extrinsic Value? 2512: 2482: 2458: 2443:, § 2. What Is Intrinsic Value? 2431: 2425:, § 6. What Is Extrinsic Value? 2407: 2368: 2326: 2290: 2275: 2248: 2212: 2182: 2155: 2143: 2132: 2117: 2102: 2075: 2048: 1695: 1677: 1664: 1652: 1643: 1627: 1610: 1593: 1580: 1568: 1551: 1530: 1521: 1463:Pirsig's Metaphysics of Quality 1259: 957:Value theorists employ various 766:is the only intrinsic good and 8821:Zimmerman, Michael J. (2001). 8806:. Cambridge University Press. 8785:. Cambridge University Press. 8719:Economics: Theory and Practice 8555:10.1093/obo/9780199766567-0138 8499:Stratton-Lake, Philip (2020). 8481:Interdisciplinary Value Theory 7996:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106790 7963:. Cambridge University Press. 7758:10.1002/9781444367072.wbiee588 6730:. Cambridge University Press. 6412:. Cambridge University Press. 5988:. Princeton University Press. 5108:, § 3. Relation to the Deontic 2609:Chan, Gould & Pascual 2018 2311:, § 3. Relation to the Deontic 2269:, § 3. Relation to the Deontic 2018: 1982: 1943: 1898: 1859: 1829: 1796: 1780: 1755: 1670:This view is sometimes called 1633:This view is sometimes called 1292:individualism and collectivism 790:identifies the realization of 1: 8824:The Nature of Intrinsic Value 8677:The Intrinsic Value of Nature 8575:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. 8103:. Cambridge University Press. 8040:. Springer Nature Singapore. 7867:10.4324/9780415249126-DC055-1 6997:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. 5204:, § 1. Classic Utilitarianism 2839:, § 3.3 Agent-Relative Value? 2347:, § 1.1 Varieties of Goodness 1683:Some theorists use the terms 1620:, an influential position in 1509: 1408:Cultural Institutions Studies 1317: 1015:The analysis of concepts and 701:Value realism contrasts with 146: 8827:. Rowman & Littlefield. 8569:Taliaferro, Charles (2010). 8450:10.4324/9780415249126-L120-1 8179:. Cornell University Press. 8057:Introduction to Value Theory 7848:10.4324/9780415249126-N066-1 7515:The Philosopher's Dictionary 7405:Sartre Studies International 7279:. Rowman & Littlefield. 6991:Hartman, Robert S. (2011) . 6487:DeNicola, Daniel R. (2019). 6293:10.4324/9780415249126-L132-2 6170:. Indiana University Press. 6147:10.1016/j.cosust.2018.11.003 5895:Schwartz & Cieciuch 2016 5871:Schwartz & Cieciuch 2016 5847:Schwartz & Cieciuch 2016 5823:Schwartz & Cieciuch 2016 5787:Schwartz & Cieciuch 2016 5760:Woodworth & Marquis 2014 4958:, § 1. Ethics and Metaethics 4920:Schwartz & Cieciuch 2016 4893:Schwartz & Cieciuch 2016 4863:Schwartz & Cieciuch 2016 4692:Zimmerman & Bradley 2019 2582:Zimmerman & Bradley 2019 2549:Zimmerman & Bradley 2019 2522:Zimmerman & Bradley 2019 2468:Zimmerman & Bradley 2019 2441:Zimmerman & Bradley 2019 2423:Zimmerman & Bradley 2019 2399:Zimmerman & Bradley 2019 1748: 1548:or bad in a certain respect. 1212: 1123: 7: 9043:Theory of value (economics) 8848:. Oxford University Press. 8617:. Oxford University Press. 8596:. Oxford University Press. 8378:. Oxford University Press. 8288:. Oxford University Press. 8204:10.1093/0198287976.003.0015 8156:. Oxford University Press. 8135:. Oxford University Press. 8114:. Oxford University Press. 8019:. Edward Elgar Publishing. 7802:. Oxford University Press. 7781:. Oxford University Press. 7698:. Oxford University Press. 7497:. Oxford University Press. 7388:. Oxford University Press. 7369:. Oxford University Press. 7197:. Oxford University Press. 7130:. Oxford University Press. 7109:. Oxford University Press. 7088:. Oxford University Press. 7029:. Oxford University Press. 6709:. Oxford University Press. 6629:. In Brady, Michael (ed.). 6537:. Oxford University Press. 6409:The Cambridge Rawls Lexicon 6328:. Oxford University Press. 6254:. Oxford University Press. 6072:. Oxford University Press. 6051:. Pearson Education India. 5921:. Oxford University Press. 5498:, pp. 33–34, 37, 39–40 5460:Bhushan & Sachdeva 2012 4836:Laskowski & Finlay 2017 4809:Laskowski & Finlay 2017 3526:, §6c. An Ethical Dimension 1380: 21:Theory of value (economics) 10: 9059: 8478:Steinert, Steffen (2023). 8055:Rescher, Nicholas (1969). 7662:Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7644:. Prentice-Hall of India. 7512:Martin, Robert M. (2002). 7355:10.18778/1899-2226.20.5.03 7273:Kershnar, Stephen (2010). 7214:Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7018:. Appleton-Century-Crofts. 6686:Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6206:Chrisman, Matthew (2016). 5907: 5169:Alexander & Moore 2021 4719:Davis & Steinbock 2024 4318:Hsieh & Andersson 2021 4288:Hsieh & Andersson 2021 4255:Hsieh & Andersson 2021 4234:Hsieh & Andersson 2021 4219:Hsieh & Andersson 2021 4177:Davis & Steinbock 2024 4120:Hsieh & Andersson 2021 2875:, § 1.1.2 Attributive Good 1321: 1263: 1216: 1127: 1080: 952: 448: 445:Intrinsic and instrumental 352: 300: 274: 18: 8957: 8939: 8722:. John Wiley & Sons. 8364:10.1017/S0953820822000346 8327:Fundamentals of Sociology 8263:Schroeder, Mark (2021a). 8227:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 7957:Peterson, Martin (2013). 7900:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 7831:10.1007/s11098-015-0597-8 7665:(2 ed.). Macmillan. 7336:Klimczak, Bożena (2017). 7255:Encyclopedia of Sociology 7015:Studies in Utilitarianism 6840:Grünberg, Ludwig (2000). 6522:10.5840/studphaen20141418 6367:Ethics Without Principles 6349:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 6343:Dabbagh, Hossein (2022). 6233:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 6101:10.1007/s10677-006-9009-7 6069:A Dictionary of Economics 6048:Fundamentals of Sociology 6003:Ayres, Robert U. (2023). 5733:Serna & Martínez 2022 4294:Cherniss & Hardy 2023 3870:, § 3.2 Fitting Attitudes 1766:. Open Court Publishing. 1076: 882: 383:. Some value terms, like 8782:Divine Motivation Theory 8520:Sutton, Mark Q. (2021). 8501:"Intuitionism in Ethics" 8242:Schroeder, Mark (2021). 7978:Pirgmaier, Elke (2021). 7921:. Juta and Company Ltd. 7894:Orsi, Francesco (2015). 7602:. Springer Netherlands. 7237:. Taylor & Francis. 7172:"Incommensurable Values" 6976:. Springer Netherlands. 6867:. Taylor & Francis. 6599:10.1177/1470595820913077 6364:Dancy, Jonathan (2004). 6212:. Taylor & Francis. 6024:Bahm, Archie J. (1993). 5612:, pp. 53–54, 56, 58 4721:, § 3. Value Personalism 4179:, § 3. Value Personalism 4086:, § 2.2 Monism/Pluralism 4053:, § 2.2 Monism/Pluralism 4020:, § 2.2 Monism/Pluralism 1514: 1298:of individuals, such as 1254:Schwartz Scale of Values 1207:Sraffian theory of value 1174:, distinguishes between 1164:marginal theory of value 1110:Classical utilitarianism 1065:Schwartz Scale of Values 983:counterfactual reasoning 670:often analyze values as 651:Realism and anti-realism 625:aiming at goodness, and 393:thin evaluative concepts 348: 8224:Aesthetics and Morality 8177:Essays on Moral Realism 8074:Ridge, Michael (2019). 7417:10.3167/ssi.2012.180101 7363:Kriegel, Uriah (2018). 7147:"Rule Consequentialism" 6928:HarperCollins (2022a). 6639:10.1057/9780230294899_2 6631:New Waves in Metaethics 6510:Studia Phaenomenologica 5283:Young & Loomis 2014 4980:Hirose & Olson 2015 4974:Smith & Thomas 1998 4646:, pp. 165, 168–169 4638:Brown & Fehige 2019 4257:, § 3.2 Moral Dilemmas? 3708:, § 2. Ethical Hedonism 3290:, pp. 111–112, 115 2578:, § 2.1 Intrinsic Value 2476:, § 2.1 Intrinsic Value 2386:, § 2.1 Intrinsic Value 2201:Hirose & Olson 2015 1962:Hirose & Olson 2015 1812:Hirose & Olson 2015 1806:Smith & Thomas 1998 879:how much better it is. 8674:Vilkka, Leena (2021). 8095:Robbins, Joel (2023). 8076:"Moral Non-Naturalism" 8013:Powe, Neil A. (2007). 7623:. Palgrave Macmillan. 7617:Moseley, Fred (2023). 7575:Moore, Andrew (2019). 7554:Mason, Elinor (2023). 7491:Mander, W. J. (2016). 7466:Lutz, Matthew (2023). 6907:HarperCollins (2022). 6806:. InterVarsity Press. 5938:"Deontological Ethics" 5247:Welch & Welch 2009 5202:Sinnott-Armstrong 2023 5157:Sinnott-Armstrong 2023 3198:, § 4a. Moral Realisms 2798:Sinnott-Armstrong 2023 2746:, § 1. Basic Questions 2683:, § 1. Basic Questions 2656:, § 1. Basic Questions 2152:, § 1. Basic Questions 1739:open question argument 1162:and the neo-classical 1103:The ethical theory of 709:, a position known as 332:was coined. The terms 268:has its origin in the 239:philosophy of religion 165:, it is the branch of 113:historical materialism 46:, it is also known as 8803:Rethinking Punishment 8800:Zaibert, Leo (2018). 8695:Wall, Steven (2021). 8632:Tormos, Raül (2019). 8547:Oxford Bibliographies 8541:Sykes, Karen (2016). 7819:Philosophical Studies 7752:(1 ed.). Wiley. 7321:. Walter de Gruyter. 7294:Kim, Min-Sun (2002). 7145:Hooker, Brad (2023). 7082:Hirose, Iwao (2015). 7067:. Vol. 1. Sage. 6861:Gupta, Abhik (2024). 6529:Dorsey, Dale (2020). 6110:"Thought Experiments" 5982:Audi, Robert (2004). 5967:. SAGE Publications. 4698:Rønnow-Rasmussen 2015 4644:Goffi & Roux 2011 3892:Shea & Kintz 2022 3041:Rønnow-Rasmussen 2015 2974:, pp. 3–5, 42–43 2812:, § 1. Utilitarianism 2750:Rønnow-Rasmussen 2011 2588:Rønnow-Rasmussen 2015 2447:Rønnow-Rasmussen 2015 2390:Rønnow-Rasmussen 2015 1762:David Detmer (1988). 1601:scholastic philosophy 1473:Rationality and power 1428:Labor theory of value 1290:The contrast between 1160:labor theory of value 680:empirical observation 527:Absolute and relative 129:postmodern philosophy 9038:Axiological theories 8743:. Psychology Press. 7984:Ecological Economics 7936:Perrin, Ron (1991). 7799:The Nature of Desire 6724:Gill, Robin (2024). 5804:, pp. 14, 19–20 5531:, pp. 39–40, 47 3000:96–97, 149, 253, 288 2905:, pp. 15–16, 18 2362:, pp. 13–14, 18 1672:axiological hedonism 1603:, they are known as 1458:Practical philosophy 1250:Rokeach Value Survey 1060:Rokeach Value Survey 1054:Various catalogs or 808:Monism and pluralism 235:political philosophy 135:-oriented theories. 127:-oriented theories, 82:ecological economics 8977:Lesser of two evils 8484:. Springer Nature. 8309:. Springer Nature. 8198:. Clarendon Press. 8196:The Quality of Life 7915:Pape, John (2000). 7874:Onof, Christian J. 7445:Li, Deshun (2014). 6493:. Broadview Press. 6370:. Clarendon Press. 6009:. Springer Nature. 5819:, pp. 4, 11–12 5696:, pp. 3, 61–62 4865:, pp. 106, 108 4793:, § Basic Questions 4739:, pp. 1–2, 6–7 4365:, pp. 313, 318 4338:, pp. 313, 318 3618:, § 1. Introduction 3360:HarperCollins 2022a 3296:, § 1. Introduction 3257:, § 1. Introduction 1685:desire satisfaction 1493:Ultimate importance 1448:Friedrich Nietzsche 1030:conceptual analysis 979:thought experiments 631:Chinese philosopher 8898:. Lexington Books. 8395:"Consequentialism" 7468:"Moral Naturalism" 7231:Jax, Kurt (2023). 6757:. Brill: 165–191. 6745:Goffi, Jean-Yves; 6669:. AltaMira Press. 6608:Axiological Ethics 5897:, pp. 107–108 5873:, pp. 106–107 5789:, pp. 106–107 5583:Fluehr-Lobban 2013 5292:Turner et al. 2004 5165:, pp. 200–201 4922:, pp. 109–113 4895:, pp. 106–107 4838:, pp. 537–539 4811:, pp. 537–539 4733:, pp. 199–201 4727:, pp. 371–372 4569:Stratton-Lake 2020 3876:, pp. 186–187 3864:, pp. 138–140 3792:, pp. 186–187 3323:, pp. 111–112 3251:, pp. 111–112 2419:, pp. 719–720 2380:, pp. 719–720 2139:HarperCollins 2022 1689:desire fulfillment 1498:Value-added theory 1398:Axiological ethics 1362:value of knowledge 1098:Axiological ethics 991:experience machine 906:holism about value 872:incommensurability 646:Schools of thought 611:Wilhelm Windelband 593:Other distinctions 521:external relations 517:intrinsic property 513:instrumental value 461:thought experiment 63:empirical sciences 9020: 9019: 8855:978-0-19-022143-0 8834:978-0-7425-1263-4 8813:978-1-108-58261-2 8792:978-0-521-53576-2 8771:978-1-135-04052-9 8750:978-1-317-66144-3 8729:978-0-470-45009-3 8687:978-90-04-49510-4 8666:978-92-5-105190-0 8645:978-90-04-41191-3 8624:978-0-19-022143-0 8603:978-0-19-022143-0 8582:978-1-4411-8504-4 8533:978-1-000-35113-2 8491:978-3-031-10733-7 8470:978-1-000-17042-9 8385:978-0-19-878464-7 8337:978-81-7156-645-7 8316:978-3-031-15359-4 8295:978-0-19-935694-2 8234:978-1-4411-2298-8 8213:978-0-19-152136-2 8186:978-0-8014-9541-0 8163:978-0-19-022143-0 8142:978-0-19-960378-7 8121:978-0-19-959986-8 8066:978-0-13-500751-8 8059:. Prentice-Hall. 8047:978-981-97-3496-2 8026:978-1-84720-711-1 7970:978-1-107-03303-0 7949:978-1-349-21399-3 7928:978-0-7021-5206-1 7907:978-1-4725-2408-9 7809:978-0-19-067961-3 7788:978-0-19-022143-0 7767:978-1-4051-8641-4 7739:10.1080/713659262 7705:978-0-19-926479-7 7672:978-0-02-865790-5 7651:978-81-203-2318-6 7630:978-3-031-13210-0 7609:978-94-010-2424-2 7556:"Value Pluralism" 7525:978-1-55111-494-1 7504:978-0-19-106570-5 7458:978-3-642-25617-2 7437:978-1-351-81791-2 7395:978-0-19-926479-7 7376:978-0-19-879148-5 7328:978-3-11-025418-1 7307:978-0-7619-2351-0 7286:978-0-7391-3936-3 7244:978-1-000-99354-7 7223:978-0-02-866072-1 7204:978-0-19-514779-7 7137:978-0-19-022143-0 7116:978-0-19-022143-0 7095:978-0-19-993368-6 7085:Moral Aggregation 7074:978-1-4129-4163-1 7055:978-1-317-40264-0 7036:978-0-19-022143-0 7004:978-1-7252-3067-5 6983:978-94-017-2608-5 6882:Haines, William. 6874:978-1-040-03034-9 6853:978-90-420-0670-6 6832:978-94-009-0555-9 6813:978-0-8308-6707-3 6772:978-90-04-20177-4 6737:978-1-009-47674-4 6716:978-0-19-920780-0 6676:978-0-7591-2188-1 6648:978-0-230-29489-9 6617:978-0-333-00269-8 6577:978-90-04-49596-8 6544:978-0-19-090534-7 6500:978-1-77048-704-8 6462:DeLapp, Kevin M. 6440:978-0-8132-3353-6 6419:978-0-521-19294-1 6377:978-0-19-927002-6 6356:978-1-350-29758-6 6335:978-0-19-022143-0 6302:978-0-415-25069-6 6261:978-0-19-926479-7 6240:978-1-350-14740-9 6219:978-1-315-43832-0 6177:978-0-253-03132-7 6079:978-0-19-923704-3 6058:978-81-317-9967-3 6037:978-90-5183-519-9 6016:978-3-031-26208-1 5995:978-1-4008-2607-0 5974:978-1-4129-5937-7 5928:978-0-19-022143-0 5315:, pp. 1, 8–9 5135:, pp. 1–2, 4 4571:, § 1.1 Intuition 3507:§ 2.3 An Overview 3453:Sayre-McCord 1988 3186:, p. 639–640 3157:, p. 639–640 3118:, p. 639–640 1503:Value engineering 1453:Normative science 1413:Graded absolutism 1364:and discovery of 1300:self-directedness 1234:collective action 1072:In various fields 1017:ordinary language 930:Robert S. Hartman 621:aiming at truth, 533:value simpliciter 231:social philosophy 9050: 8926: 8919: 8912: 8903: 8902: 8892:Nicholas Rescher 8880: 8878: 8876: 8859: 8838: 8817: 8796: 8775: 8754: 8733: 8712: 8710: 8708: 8691: 8670: 8649: 8628: 8607: 8586: 8565: 8563: 8561: 8537: 8516: 8514: 8512: 8495: 8474: 8453: 8434: 8432: 8430: 8414: 8412: 8410: 8389: 8368: 8366: 8341: 8320: 8299: 8280: 8278: 8276: 8259: 8257: 8255: 8238: 8217: 8190: 8167: 8146: 8125: 8104: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8070: 8051: 8030: 8009: 8007: 7974: 7953: 7932: 7911: 7890: 7888: 7886: 7870: 7851: 7834: 7813: 7792: 7771: 7742: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7688: 7686: 7684: 7655: 7634: 7613: 7592: 7590: 7588: 7571: 7569: 7567: 7550: 7529: 7508: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7462: 7441: 7420: 7399: 7380: 7359: 7357: 7332: 7311: 7290: 7269: 7248: 7227: 7208: 7187: 7185: 7183: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7141: 7120: 7099: 7078: 7059: 7040: 7019: 7008: 6987: 6966: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6878: 6857: 6836: 6817: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6741: 6720: 6699: 6680: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6621: 6602: 6581: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6525: 6504: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6458: 6452: 6444: 6423: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6381: 6360: 6339: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6244: 6223: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6181: 6160: 6158: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6104: 6083: 6062: 6041: 6020: 5999: 5978: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5932: 5901: 5891:, pp. 13–15 5883: 5877: 5867:, pp. 12–13 5859: 5853: 5843:, pp. 11–12 5835: 5829: 5811: 5805: 5799: 5793: 5775: 5769: 5748: 5742: 5706: 5700: 5676: 5670: 5652: 5646: 5642:, § Introduction 5630:, pp. 3, 55 5622: 5616: 5598: 5592: 5568: 5562: 5541: 5535: 5517: 5511: 5484: 5478: 5454: 5448: 5439: 5433: 5416: 5410: 5389: 5383: 5362: 5356: 5334: 5328: 5307: 5301: 5271: 5265: 5232: 5226: 5208:Chenneville 2017 5196: 5190: 5181: 5175: 5151: 5145: 5141:, pp. 73–74 5127: 5121: 5091: 5085: 5037: 5031: 5001: 4995: 4968: 4962: 4938: 4932: 4914: 4908: 4887: 4881: 4857: 4851: 4830: 4824: 4803: 4797: 4776: 4770: 4749: 4743: 4713: 4707: 4686: 4680: 4656: 4650: 4614: 4608: 4563: 4557: 4552:104–105, 305–306 4536: 4530: 4497: 4491: 4458: 4452: 4419: 4413: 4384: 4378: 4357: 4351: 4330: 4324: 4306: 4300: 4276: 4270: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4204: 4198: 4189: 4183: 4172:69, 73–74, 76–80 4162: 4156: 4132: 4126: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4072: 4066: 4039: 4033: 4007:136–137, 139–140 3997: 3991: 3970: 3964: 3943: 3937: 3928: 3922: 3886: 3880: 3847: 3841: 3832: 3826: 3802: 3796: 3775: 3769: 3760: 3754: 3733: 3727: 3718: 3712: 3691: 3685: 3661: 3655: 3646: 3640: 3601: 3595: 3569: 3563: 3542: 3536: 3518: 3512: 3482: 3476: 3441: 3435: 3409: 3403: 3368: 3362: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3306: 3300: 3267: 3261: 3228: 3222: 3202:FitzPatrick 2011 3178: 3172: 3149: 3143: 3134: 3128: 3110: 3104: 3083: 3077: 3056: 3050: 3011: 3005: 2984: 2978: 2948: 2942: 2933: 2927: 2897: 2891: 2890:, pp. 13–14 2885: 2879: 2858: 2852: 2822: 2816: 2792: 2786: 2765: 2759: 2729: 2723: 2714: 2708: 2702:Silverstein 2016 2699: 2693: 2689:, pp. 13–14 2666: 2660: 2639: 2633: 2611:, pp. A1–A2 2603: 2597: 2570: 2564: 2543: 2537: 2516: 2510: 2492:Schellekens 2010 2486: 2480: 2462: 2456: 2435: 2429: 2411: 2405: 2372: 2366: 2330: 2324: 2294: 2288: 2279: 2273: 2252: 2246: 2216: 2210: 2186: 2180: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2136: 2130: 2121: 2115: 2106: 2100: 2079: 2073: 2052: 2046: 2022: 2016: 1986: 1980: 1947: 1941: 1902: 1896: 1863: 1857: 1833: 1827: 1800: 1794: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1759: 1742: 1735: 1729: 1726: 1720: 1717: 1711: 1708: 1702: 1699: 1693: 1681: 1675: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1647: 1641: 1631: 1625: 1614: 1608: 1597: 1591: 1588:normative ethics 1584: 1578: 1575:Prudential value 1572: 1566: 1563:relational value 1555: 1549: 1534: 1528: 1525: 1350:Philip E. Vernon 1330:mental phenomena 1328:As the study of 1312:Eastern cultures 1308:Western cultures 1278:and sociologist 1203:marginal utility 1105:consequentialism 1056:scales of values 1001:Phenomenologists 840:ethical dilemmas 754:Sources of value 738:Jean-Paul Sartre 696:state of affairs 576:ethical dilemmas 572:consequentialism 409:character traits 323: 320: 317: 313: 310: 307: 304:(logos, meaning 303: 302: 297: 294: 291: 287: 284: 281: 278:(axios, meaning 277: 276: 259:consequentialism 178:, decision, and 163:theory of values 109:institutionalism 9058: 9057: 9053: 9052: 9051: 9049: 9048: 9047: 9023: 9022: 9021: 9016: 8953: 8935: 8930: 8888: 8886:Further reading 8883: 8874: 8872: 8856: 8835: 8814: 8793: 8772: 8751: 8730: 8706: 8704: 8688: 8667: 8646: 8625: 8604: 8583: 8559: 8557: 8534: 8510: 8508: 8492: 8471: 8428: 8426: 8420:"Phenomenology" 8408: 8406: 8386: 8338: 8317: 8296: 8274: 8272: 8253: 8251: 8235: 8214: 8187: 8164: 8143: 8122: 8085: 8083: 8067: 8048: 8027: 7971: 7950: 7929: 7908: 7884: 7882: 7810: 7789: 7768: 7715: 7713: 7706: 7682: 7680: 7673: 7652: 7631: 7610: 7586: 7584: 7565: 7563: 7526: 7505: 7494:Idealist Ethics 7481: 7479: 7459: 7438: 7396: 7377: 7329: 7308: 7287: 7266: 7245: 7224: 7205: 7181: 7179: 7160: 7158: 7138: 7117: 7096: 7075: 7056: 7037: 7005: 6984: 6963:10.2307/2105883 6939: 6937: 6936:. HarperCollins 6918: 6916: 6915:. HarperCollins 6897: 6895: 6875: 6854: 6833: 6814: 6790: 6788: 6773: 6738: 6717: 6696: 6677: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6618: 6578: 6554: 6552: 6545: 6501: 6477: 6475: 6446: 6445: 6441: 6420: 6396: 6394: 6378: 6357: 6336: 6312: 6310: 6303: 6271: 6269: 6262: 6241: 6220: 6196: 6194: 6187:"Isaiah Berlin" 6178: 6123: 6121: 6080: 6059: 6038: 6017: 5996: 5975: 5951: 5949: 5929: 5910: 5905: 5904: 5900: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5812: 5808: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5455: 5451: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5197: 5193: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4399:Schroeder 2021a 4385: 4381: 4377: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4244: 4240: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4205: 4201: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4109: 4105: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4040: 4036: 4032: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3944: 3940: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3848: 3844: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3776: 3772: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3734: 3730: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3662: 3658: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3369: 3365: 3358: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3150: 3146: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2949: 2945: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2898: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2730: 2726: 2715: 2711: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2295: 2291: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2160: 2156: 2148: 2144: 2137: 2133: 2122: 2118: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2028:Taliaferro 2010 2023: 2019: 2015: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1801: 1797: 1785: 1781: 1774: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1745: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1682: 1678: 1669: 1665: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1632: 1628: 1615: 1611: 1605:transcendentals 1598: 1594: 1585: 1581: 1573: 1569: 1559:social sciences 1556: 1552: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1478:Social contract 1383: 1375:Shalom Schwartz 1326: 1320: 1280:Fred Strodtbeck 1276:Clyde Kluckhohn 1268: 1262: 1226:social cohesion 1221: 1215: 1134:Economics is a 1132: 1126: 1085: 1079: 1074: 1049:social sciences 1026:non-naturalists 955: 885: 868:incomparability 810: 756: 734:existentialists 725:Error theorists 713:. For example, 711:non-cognitivism 684:Non-naturalists 653: 648: 640:Jürgen Habermas 595: 529: 509:extrinsic value 501:intrinsic value 453: 447: 357: 351: 321: 318: 315: 311: 308: 305: 295: 292: 289: 285: 282: 279: 149: 105:Jürgen Habermas 101:Talcott Parsons 32:social sciences 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9056: 9046: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9033:Value (ethics) 9018: 9017: 9015: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8982:Necessary evil 8979: 8974: 8967: 8961: 8959: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8951: 8946: 8940: 8937: 8936: 8929: 8928: 8921: 8914: 8906: 8900: 8899: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8881: 8860: 8854: 8839: 8833: 8818: 8812: 8797: 8791: 8776: 8770: 8755: 8749: 8734: 8728: 8713: 8692: 8686: 8671: 8665: 8650: 8644: 8629: 8623: 8608: 8602: 8587: 8581: 8566: 8538: 8532: 8517: 8496: 8490: 8475: 8469: 8454: 8435: 8415: 8390: 8384: 8369: 8342: 8336: 8321: 8315: 8300: 8294: 8281: 8260: 8244:"Value Theory" 8239: 8233: 8218: 8212: 8191: 8185: 8168: 8162: 8147: 8141: 8132:Personal Value 8126: 8120: 8105: 8092: 8071: 8065: 8052: 8046: 8031: 8025: 8010: 7975: 7969: 7954: 7948: 7933: 7927: 7912: 7906: 7891: 7871: 7852: 7835: 7814: 7808: 7793: 7787: 7772: 7766: 7743: 7722: 7704: 7689: 7671: 7656: 7650: 7641:Microeconomics 7635: 7629: 7614: 7608: 7593: 7572: 7551: 7530: 7524: 7509: 7503: 7488: 7463: 7457: 7442: 7436: 7421: 7400: 7394: 7381: 7375: 7360: 7333: 7327: 7312: 7306: 7291: 7285: 7270: 7264: 7249: 7243: 7228: 7222: 7209: 7203: 7188: 7167: 7142: 7136: 7121: 7115: 7100: 7094: 7079: 7073: 7060: 7054: 7041: 7035: 7020: 7009: 7003: 6988: 6982: 6967: 6946: 6925: 6904: 6879: 6873: 6858: 6852: 6837: 6831: 6818: 6812: 6797: 6771: 6742: 6736: 6721: 6715: 6700: 6694: 6681: 6675: 6660: 6647: 6622: 6616: 6603: 6582: 6576: 6561: 6543: 6531:"Consequences" 6526: 6505: 6499: 6484: 6459: 6439: 6424: 6418: 6403: 6382: 6376: 6361: 6355: 6340: 6334: 6319: 6301: 6278: 6260: 6245: 6239: 6224: 6218: 6203: 6182: 6176: 6161: 6130: 6105: 6084: 6078: 6063: 6057: 6042: 6036: 6021: 6015: 6000: 5994: 5979: 5973: 5958: 5933: 5927: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5892: 5885: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5868: 5861: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5849:, pp. 106 5844: 5837: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5825:, pp. 106 5820: 5813: 5806: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5784: 5783:, pp. 7–8 5777: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5757: 5750: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5730: 5721: 5720:, pp. 7–9 5715: 5708: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5678: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5661: 5654: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5624: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5607: 5600: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5580: 5570: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5550: 5543: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5526: 5519: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5499: 5493: 5492:, Lead section 5486: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5466: 5456: 5449: 5434: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5422:Pirgmaier 2021 5418: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5406:, pp. 7–8 5404:Pirgmaier 2021 5401: 5391: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5371: 5370:, pp. 2–3 5368:Pirgmaier 2021 5364: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5340:Pirgmaier 2021 5336: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5316: 5313:Pirgmaier 2021 5309: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5289: 5280: 5277:Pirgmaier 2021 5273: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5253: 5244: 5234: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5214: 5205: 5198: 5191: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5159:, Lead section 5153: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5139:Kupperman 2005 5136: 5129: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5109: 5106:Schroeder 2021 5103: 5093: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5073: 5064: 5055: 5046: 5045:, Lead section 5043:Schroeder 2021 5039: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5019: 5010: 5009:, Lead section 5007:Schroeder 2021 5003: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4991:, Lead section 4989:Schroeder 2021 4986: 4977: 4976:, Lead section 4970: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4953: 4952:, Lead section 4947: 4940: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4923: 4916: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4896: 4889: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4877:, Lead section 4872: 4866: 4859: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4839: 4832: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4812: 4805: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4791:Schroeder 2021 4788: 4778: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4758: 4751: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4715: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4695: 4688: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4668: 4662:Heathwood 2015 4658: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4641: 4640:, Lead Section 4635: 4626: 4616: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4596: 4595:, pp. 4–5 4590: 4581: 4572: 4565: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4545: 4544:, pp. 2–4 4538: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4518: 4509: 4499: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4479: 4470: 4460: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4440: 4431: 4421: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4401: 4396: 4386: 4379: 4376: 4375: 4366: 4359: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4339: 4332: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4315: 4308: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4278: 4271: 4268: 4267: 4261:Heathwood 2015 4258: 4252: 4245: 4238: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4216: 4210:Heathwood 2015 4206: 4199: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4174: 4164: 4157: 4154: 4153: 4144: 4138:Kinneging 2011 4134: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4117: 4110: 4103: 4099:Schroeder 2021 4091: 4088: 4087: 4084:Schroeder 2021 4081: 4074: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4057:Heathwood 2015 4054: 4051:Schroeder 2021 4048: 4047:, Lead section 4041: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4021: 4018:Schroeder 2021 4015: 4014:, Lead section 4009: 4003:Heathwood 2015 3999: 3992: 3989: 3988: 3979: 3972: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3955: 3945: 3938: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3913:Heathwood 2015 3910: 3909:, Lead section 3904: 3895: 3888: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3871: 3868:Schroeder 2021 3865: 3862:Heathwood 2016 3859: 3849: 3842: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3817:Heathwood 2015 3814: 3804: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3787: 3777: 3770: 3755: 3752: 3751: 3745: 3735: 3728: 3713: 3710: 3709: 3703: 3693: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3676:Heathwood 2015 3673: 3663: 3656: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3631:Heathwood 2015 3628: 3619: 3613: 3603: 3596: 3593: 3592: 3587: 3578: 3571: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3551: 3544: 3537: 3534: 3533: 3532:, pp. 1–2 3527: 3520: 3513: 3510: 3509: 3500: 3491: 3484: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3468: 3462:Zagzebski 2004 3459: 3450: 3443: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3427: 3421: 3411: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3395: 3386: 3377: 3370: 3363: 3352: 3340: 3328: 3325: 3324: 3318: 3316:35–36, 130–131 3308: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3284:, Lead section 3279: 3269: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3245:, Lead section 3240: 3230: 3223: 3220: 3219: 3214: 3213:, Lead section 3208: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3180: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3164: 3163:, Lead section 3158: 3151: 3144: 3137:Zagzebski 2004 3129: 3126: 3125: 3124:, Lead section 3119: 3112: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3100:, Lead section 3095: 3089:Zagzebski 2004 3085: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3073:, Lead section 3068: 3062:Zagzebski 2004 3058: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3038: 3035:Schroeder 2021 3032: 3023: 3013: 3006: 3003: 3002: 2993: 2992:, pp. 4–5 2986: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2969: 2960: 2950: 2943: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2915: 2906: 2899: 2892: 2880: 2877: 2876: 2873:Schroeder 2021 2870: 2860: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2840: 2837:Schroeder 2021 2834: 2824: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2807: 2806:, Lead section 2801: 2800:, Lead section 2794: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2774: 2771:Schroeder 2021 2767: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2747: 2744:Schroeder 2021 2741: 2731: 2724: 2709: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2687:Zimmerman 2015 2684: 2681:Schroeder 2021 2678: 2668: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2654:Schroeder 2021 2651: 2641: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2621: 2612: 2605: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2585: 2579: 2576:Schroeder 2021 2572: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2555:Zimmerman 2001 2552: 2545: 2538: 2535: 2534: 2528:Zimmerman 2001 2525: 2518: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2498: 2488: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2474:Schroeder 2021 2471: 2464: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2444: 2437: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2420: 2413: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2401:, Lead section 2396: 2387: 2384:Schroeder 2021 2381: 2374: 2367: 2364: 2363: 2357: 2348: 2345:Schroeder 2021 2342: 2332: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2312: 2309:Schroeder 2021 2306: 2296: 2289: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2267:Schroeder 2021 2264: 2254: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2234: 2225: 2222:Schroeder 2021 2218: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2198: 2188: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2171: 2161: 2154: 2150:Schroeder 2021 2142: 2131: 2116: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2088: 2087:, Lead section 2085:Schroeder 2021 2081: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2064: 2054: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2034: 2024: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2004: 1995: 1994:, Lead section 1992:Schroeder 2021 1988: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1968: 1959: 1949: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1929: 1920: 1911: 1910:, Lead section 1908:Schroeder 2021 1904: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1884: 1875: 1865: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1845: 1835: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1823:, Lead section 1821:Schroeder 2021 1818: 1809: 1808:, Lead section 1802: 1795: 1779: 1773:978-0812690835 1772: 1753: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1730: 1721: 1712: 1703: 1694: 1692:know about it. 1676: 1663: 1651: 1642: 1626: 1609: 1592: 1579: 1567: 1550: 1529: 1519: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1370:Milton Rokeach 1354:Gordon Allport 1322:Main article: 1319: 1316: 1264:Main article: 1261: 1258: 1248:, such as the 1217:Main article: 1214: 1211: 1180:exchange value 1153:willing to pay 1149:economic agent 1141:economic value 1136:social science 1128:Main article: 1125: 1122: 1081:Main article: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1028:hinges on the 954: 951: 934:formal science 914:utilitarianism 884: 881: 809: 806: 755: 752: 652: 649: 647: 644: 636:Franz Brentano 594: 591: 556:personal value 528: 525: 449:Main article: 446: 443: 353:Main article: 350: 347: 326:ancient period 194:, human life, 155:. Also called 148: 145: 97:Émile Durkheim 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9055: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9030: 9028: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8972: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8962: 8960: 8956: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8941: 8938: 8934: 8933:Good and evil 8927: 8922: 8920: 8915: 8913: 8908: 8907: 8904: 8897: 8893: 8890: 8889: 8870: 8866: 8861: 8857: 8851: 8847: 8846: 8840: 8836: 8830: 8826: 8825: 8819: 8815: 8809: 8805: 8804: 8798: 8794: 8788: 8784: 8783: 8777: 8773: 8767: 8764:. Routledge. 8763: 8762: 8756: 8752: 8746: 8742: 8741: 8735: 8731: 8725: 8721: 8720: 8714: 8702: 8698: 8693: 8689: 8683: 8679: 8678: 8672: 8668: 8662: 8658: 8657: 8651: 8647: 8641: 8637: 8636: 8630: 8626: 8620: 8616: 8615: 8609: 8605: 8599: 8595: 8594: 8588: 8584: 8578: 8574: 8573: 8567: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8539: 8535: 8529: 8526:. Routledge. 8525: 8524: 8518: 8506: 8502: 8497: 8493: 8487: 8483: 8482: 8476: 8472: 8466: 8463:. Routledge. 8462: 8461: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8444:. Routledge. 8443: 8442: 8436: 8425: 8421: 8418:Smith, Joel. 8416: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8391: 8387: 8381: 8377: 8376: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8343: 8339: 8333: 8329: 8328: 8322: 8318: 8312: 8308: 8307: 8301: 8297: 8291: 8287: 8282: 8270: 8266: 8261: 8249: 8245: 8240: 8236: 8230: 8226: 8225: 8219: 8215: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8192: 8188: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8169: 8165: 8159: 8155: 8154: 8148: 8144: 8138: 8134: 8133: 8127: 8123: 8117: 8113: 8112: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8093: 8081: 8077: 8072: 8068: 8062: 8058: 8053: 8049: 8043: 8039: 8038: 8032: 8028: 8022: 8018: 8017: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7976: 7972: 7966: 7962: 7961: 7955: 7951: 7945: 7941: 7940: 7934: 7930: 7924: 7920: 7919: 7913: 7909: 7903: 7899: 7898: 7892: 7881: 7877: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7861:. Routledge. 7860: 7859: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7842:. Routledge. 7841: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7815: 7811: 7805: 7801: 7800: 7794: 7790: 7784: 7780: 7779: 7773: 7769: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7750: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7723: 7711: 7707: 7701: 7697: 7696: 7690: 7678: 7674: 7668: 7664: 7663: 7657: 7653: 7647: 7643: 7642: 7636: 7632: 7626: 7622: 7621: 7615: 7611: 7605: 7601: 7600: 7594: 7582: 7578: 7573: 7561: 7557: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7531: 7527: 7521: 7517: 7516: 7510: 7506: 7500: 7496: 7495: 7489: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7464: 7460: 7454: 7450: 7449: 7443: 7439: 7433: 7430:. Routledge. 7429: 7428: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7401: 7397: 7391: 7387: 7382: 7378: 7372: 7368: 7367: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7334: 7330: 7324: 7320: 7319: 7313: 7309: 7303: 7299: 7298: 7292: 7288: 7282: 7278: 7277: 7271: 7267: 7265:9780028648538 7261: 7257: 7256: 7250: 7246: 7240: 7236: 7235: 7229: 7225: 7219: 7215: 7210: 7206: 7200: 7196: 7195: 7189: 7177: 7173: 7168: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7143: 7139: 7133: 7129: 7128: 7122: 7118: 7112: 7108: 7107: 7101: 7097: 7091: 7087: 7086: 7080: 7076: 7070: 7066: 7061: 7057: 7051: 7048:. Routledge. 7047: 7042: 7038: 7032: 7028: 7027: 7021: 7017: 7016: 7010: 7006: 7000: 6996: 6995: 6989: 6985: 6979: 6975: 6974: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6947: 6935: 6931: 6930:"Truth Value" 6926: 6914: 6910: 6905: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6880: 6876: 6870: 6866: 6865: 6859: 6855: 6849: 6845: 6844: 6838: 6834: 6828: 6824: 6819: 6815: 6809: 6805: 6804: 6798: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6743: 6739: 6733: 6729: 6728: 6722: 6718: 6712: 6708: 6707: 6701: 6697: 6695:0-02-865789-6 6691: 6687: 6682: 6678: 6672: 6668: 6667: 6661: 6650: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6623: 6619: 6613: 6610:. Macmillan. 6609: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6583: 6579: 6573: 6569: 6568: 6562: 6550: 6546: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6506: 6502: 6496: 6492: 6491: 6485: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6460: 6456: 6450: 6442: 6436: 6433:. CUA Press. 6432: 6431: 6425: 6421: 6415: 6411: 6410: 6404: 6392: 6388: 6387:"Max Scheler" 6383: 6379: 6373: 6369: 6368: 6362: 6358: 6352: 6348: 6347: 6341: 6337: 6331: 6327: 6326: 6320: 6308: 6304: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6287:. Routledge. 6286: 6285: 6279: 6267: 6263: 6257: 6253: 6252: 6246: 6242: 6236: 6232: 6231: 6225: 6221: 6215: 6211: 6210: 6204: 6192: 6188: 6183: 6179: 6173: 6169: 6168: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6131: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6085: 6081: 6075: 6071: 6070: 6064: 6060: 6054: 6050: 6049: 6043: 6039: 6033: 6029: 6028: 6022: 6018: 6012: 6008: 6007: 6001: 5997: 5991: 5987: 5986: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5966: 5965: 5959: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5920: 5919: 5913: 5912: 5896: 5893: 5890: 5889:Steinert 2023 5887: 5886: 5882: 5872: 5869: 5866: 5865:Steinert 2023 5863: 5862: 5858: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5841:Steinert 2023 5839: 5838: 5834: 5824: 5821: 5818: 5817:Steinert 2023 5815: 5814: 5810: 5803: 5802:Steinert 2023 5798: 5788: 5785: 5782: 5781:Steinert 2023 5779: 5778: 5774: 5765: 5761: 5758: 5755: 5754:Steinert 2023 5752: 5751: 5747: 5738: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5695: 5694:Steinert 2023 5692: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5658:Steinert 2023 5656: 5655: 5651: 5641: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5629: 5628:Steinert 2023 5626: 5625: 5621: 5611: 5610:Steinert 2023 5608: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5588: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5567: 5558: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5530: 5529:Steinert 2023 5527: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5516: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5496:Steinert 2023 5494: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5483: 5474: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5447: 5443: 5438: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5415: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5388: 5379: 5375: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5361: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5324: 5320: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5306: 5297: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5270: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5231: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5195: 5189: 5185: 5180: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5117: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5095: 5094: 5090: 5081: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5027: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4946:, p. 622 4945: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4913: 4904: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4876: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4856: 4847: 4843: 4842:Chrisman 2016 4840: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4829: 4820: 4816: 4815:Chrisman 2016 4813: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4802: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4775: 4766: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4752: 4748: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4731:Grünberg 1990 4729: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4703: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4685: 4676: 4672: 4671:Tiberius 2015 4669: 4667: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4645: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4604: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4553: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4535: 4526: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4512:Peterson 2013 4510: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4487: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4473:Peterson 2013 4471: 4469: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4434:Peterson 2013 4432: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4418: 4409: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4374: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4347: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4309: 4305: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4266: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4235: 4230: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4152: 4151:69, 73–74, 76 4148: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4095: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4062: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4042: 4038: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4004: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3987: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3936: 3932: 3927: 3918: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3896: 3894:, p. 461 3893: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3822: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3681: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3636: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3623: 3622:Kershnar 2010 3620: 3617: 3616:Oliveira 2016 3614: 3612: 3608: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3559: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3508: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3416: 3415:Tappolet 2015 3413: 3412: 3408: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3389:DeNicola 2019 3387: 3385: 3381: 3380:Tappolet 2015 3378: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3361: 3356: 3349: 3344: 3337: 3332: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3295: 3294:Oliveira 2016 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3255:Oliveira 2016 3253: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3184:Frankena 2006 3182: 3181: 3177: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3155:Frankena 2006 3153: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3116:Frankena 2006 3114: 3113: 3109: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3063: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3046: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3001: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2923: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2889: 2884: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2848: 2844: 2841: 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950: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 926: 924: 923:prioritarians 919: 915: 909: 907: 903: 902:organic unity 898: 897:Immanuel Kant 893: 890: 880: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 844:Isaiah Berlin 841: 835: 832: 826: 822: 819: 814: 805: 802: 798: 793: 789: 788:Perfectionism 785: 781: 777: 774: 769: 765: 761: 751: 748: 743: 739: 735: 731: 730:mental states 726: 722: 718: 716: 712: 708: 704: 699: 697: 693: 688: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 662: 658: 643: 641: 637: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 615:consciousness 612: 608: 604: 599: 590: 588: 587:Philippa Foot 584: 579: 577: 573: 567: 565: 561: 557: 552: 549: 544: 542: 536: 534: 524: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 497: 493: 489: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 462: 457: 452: 442: 439: 437: 433: 429: 425: 420: 418: 414: 410: 406: 405: 400: 399: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 356: 346: 344: 339: 335: 331: 327: 271: 270:ancient Greek 267: 262: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 215: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 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The terms 836: 827: 823: 811: 799:'s focus on 792:human nature 786: 782: 778: 772: 757: 747:reductionism 721:Cognitivists 719: 703:anti-realism 700: 689: 666: 654: 609:philosopher 600: 596: 580: 568: 555: 553: 551:good thing. 539: 537: 532: 530: 512: 508: 504: 500: 498: 494: 490: 458: 454: 440: 435: 431: 427: 421: 416: 412: 402: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 358: 342: 337: 334:value theory 333: 329: 265: 263: 247:anthropology 219:value theory 218: 216: 162: 156: 150: 141: 137: 131:and various 90: 79: 56: 36:value theory 35: 25: 8707:6 September 8409:28 December 8086:20 December 7885:5 September 7587:8 September 7566:6 September 7482:20 December 7182:6 September 7161:29 December 6940:8 September 6898:28 December 6478:19 December 6397:8 September 6197:9 September 6156:10810/47635 5952:30 December 5756:, p. 4 5574:Sutton 2021 5555:, pp. 5553:Tormos 2019 5502:Tormos 2019 5469:Sharma 1996 5424:, p. 3 5346:Fraser 2009 5342:, p. 2 5186:, pp. 5184:Dorsey 2020 5114:, pp. 5078:, pp. 5069:, pp. 4982:, pp. 4944:Norman 2005 4784:, pp. 4782:Moritz 1972 4763:, pp. 4761:Staiti 2020 4700:, pp. 4673:, pp. 4664:, pp. 4631:, pp. 4620:Martin 2002 4584:Martin 2002 4550:, pp. 4523:, pp. 4521:Hirose 2015 4503:Holtug 2015 4484:, pp. 4482:Hirose 2015 4464:Holtug 2015 4445:, pp. 4443:Hirose 2015 4427:, pp. 4425:Holtug 2015 4263:, pp. 4212:, pp. 4194:, pp. 4192:Perrin 1991 4170:, pp. 4168:Perrin 1991 4149:, pp. 4147:Perrin 1991 4140:, pp. 4026:, pp. 4005:, pp. 3951:, pp. 3855:, pp. 3837:, pp. 3810:, pp. 3699:, pp. 3651:, pp. 3590:Oliver 1998 3530:Landau 2012 3503:Mander 2016 3471:Oliver 1998 3430:Oliver 1998 3398:Oliver 1998 3217:Oliver 1998 3204:, pp. 3167:Oliver 1998 3139:, pp. 3043:, pp. 3019:, pp. 2998:, pp. 2990:Martin 2016 2972:Martin 2016 2956:, pp. 2866:, pp. 2845:, pp. 2830:, pp. 2810:Hooker 2023 2779:, pp. 2752:, pp. 2737:, pp. 2674:, pp. 2647:, pp. 2590:, pp. 2501:Vilkka 2021 2449:, pp. 2417:Hurka 2006a 2392:, pp. 2378:Hurka 2006a 2317:, pp. 2284:, pp. 2230:, pp. 2203:, pp. 2194:, pp. 2176:, p. 1 2126:, pp. 2060:, pp. 2039:, pp. 1973:, pp. 1964:, pp. 1934:, pp. 1889:, pp. 1880:, pp. 1871:, pp. 1850:, pp. 1841:, pp. 1814:, pp. 1468:Rationality 1346:personality 1196:capitalists 1022:naturalists 942:mathematics 864:clarinetist 831:Max Scheler 801:rationality 707:truth value 676:Naturalists 607:neo-Kantian 583:Peter Geach 564:G. E. Moore 548:predicative 541:attributive 505:final value 133:Objectivist 121:behaviorism 115:(including 9027:Categories 8992:Immorality 7683:January 7, 7577:"Hedonism" 6846:. Rodopi. 6555:January 3, 6313:January 7, 6124:29 October 6030:. 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T. Odum 1510:References 1418:Illegalism 1388:Aesthetics 1339:intentions 1324:Psychology 1318:Psychology 1304:conformity 1168:Adam Smith 1005:experience 967:intuitions 944:. It uses 936:, akin to 876:Ruth Chang 856:Joseph Raz 818:Pluralists 715:emotivists 692:individual 672:properties 436:obligation 398:courageous 251:psychology 227:aesthetics 184:well-being 167:philosophy 147:Definition 86:Ecological 67:psychology 44:philosophy 8875:29 August 8680:. Brill. 8638:. Brill. 8275:26 August 8254:26 August 6919:28 August 6781:260640180 6570:. Brill. 6449:cite book 5712:Karp 2000 5547:Karp 2000 5523:Karp 2000 5490:Karp 2000 5238:Pape 2000 5097:Orsi 2015 5058:Bahm 1993 5049:Orsi 2015 5013:Orsi 2015 4926:Karp 2000 4899:Powe 2007 4875:Karp 2000 4737:Hart 1997 4575:Audi 2004 4390:Orsi 2015 3982:Gill 2024 3976:Wall 2021 3958:Wall 2021 3907:Wall 2021 3312:Orsi 2015 3273:Orsi 2015 3234:Orsi 2015 3190:Lutz 2023 3026:Bahm 1993 3017:Orsi 2015 2868:45–46, 61 2864:Orsi 2015 2828:Orsi 2015 2777:Orsi 2015 2735:Orsi 2015 2672:Orsi 2015 2645:Orsi 2015 2351:Orsi 2015 2300:Orsi 2015 2258:Orsi 2015 2228:Orsi 2015 2192:Orsi 2015 2165:Orsi 2015 2091:Orsi 2015 2067:Hart 1971 1998:Orsi 2015 1971:Bahm 1993 1923:Bahm 1993 1914:Orsi 2015 1887:Bahm 1993 1839:Bahm 1993 1749:Citations 1536:The term 1219:Sociology 1213:Sociology 1188:Karl Marx 1176:use value 1145:commodity 1130:Economics 1124:Economics 1094:normative 975:inferring 797:Aristotle 661:objective 486:knowledge 424:normative 373:excellent 319:theory of 264:The word 255:economics 243:sociology 196:knowledge 125:pragmatic 93:Max Weber 75:economics 71:sociology 9007:Altruism 8997:Morality 8958:Theories 8894:. 2010. 8403:Archived 8351:Utilitas 8097:"Values" 7710:Archived 7677:Archived 7541:: 3–56. 7476:Archived 7300:. 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