Justice - Knowledge

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self-respect is not compatible with distribution. Iris Marion Young charges that distributive accounts of justice fail to provide an adequate way of conceptualizing political justice in that they fail to take into account many of the demands of ordinary life and that a relational view of justice grounded upon understanding the differences among social groups offers a better approach, one which acknowledges unjust power relations among individuals, groups, and institutional structures. Young Kim also takes a relational approach to the question of justice, but departs from Iris Marion Young's political advocacy of group rights and instead, he emphasizes the individual and moral aspects of justice. As to its moral aspects, he said that justice includes responsible actions based on rational and autonomous moral agency, with the individual as the proper bearer of rights and responsibilities. Politically, he maintains that the proper context for justice is a form of liberalism with the traditional elements of liberty and equality, together with the concepts of diversity and tolerance.

206: 1263:; but equally, they may not, depending on the facts about real consequences. Either way, what is important is those consequences, and justice is important, if at all, only as derived from that fundamental standard. Mill tries to explain our mistaken belief that justice is overwhelmingly important by arguing that it derives from two natural human tendencies: our desire to retaliate against those who hurt us, or the feeling of self-defense and our ability to put ourselves imaginatively in another's place, sympathy. So, when we see someone harmed, we project ourselves into their situation and feel a desire to retaliate on their behalf. If this process is the source of our feelings about justice, that ought to undermine our confidence in them. 1282: 969:, is about balance and harmony. It represents the right relationship between conflicting aspects within an individual or a community. He defines justice as everyone having and doing what they are responsible for or what belongs to them. In other words, a just person is someone who contributes to society according to their unique abilities and receives what is proportionate to their contribution. They are in the right place, always striving to do their best, and reciprocating what they receive in a fair and equitable manner. This applies both at the individual level and at the organizational and societal levels. 2053:. The result is that the world is better off in an absolute sense and no one is worse off. They say that respecting property rights maximizes the number of Pareto efficient transactions in the world and minimized the number of non-Pareto efficient transactions in the world (i.e. transactions where someone is made worse off). The result is that the world will have generated the greatest total benefit from the limited, scarce resources available in the world. Further, this will have been accomplished without taking anything away from anyone unlawfully. 973:

state's economy for all others' happiness which has the Form of "Good". Contrariwise, an example of Injustice would be a person whose nature is that of a cobbler (their nature), who lacks the virtue (wisdom) needed from the ruling class (social position), and is employed as head of state (occupation), doing that work poorly (expertise) – thus ruining the government, military, and economy which provide for the happiness of all citizens which fits within the Form of "Bad".

1167: 128: 1136: 10935: 784: 10868: 10176: 7075: 10878: 1928: 1380: 1588: 32: 1477: 10893: 10947: 7062: 1323:, the concept of 'justice' is always construed in logical or 'etymological' opposition to the concept of injustice. Such approaches cite various examples of injustice, as problems which a theory of justice must overcome. A number of post-World War II approaches do, however, challenge that seemingly obvious dualism between those two concepts. Justice can be thought of as distinct from 1820: 1026:, it goes as follows: "Is what is morally good commanded by the gods because it is morally good, or is it morally good because it is commanded by the gods?" The implication is that if the latter is true, then justice is beyond mortal understanding; if the former is true, then morality exists independently from the gods, and is therefore subject to the judgment of mortals. A 73: 981:, are the most ideal to govern because only they truly comprehend the nature of the good. Just like one would seek a doctor's expertise in matters of health rather than a farmer's, so should the city entrust its governance to someone knowledgeable about the good, rather than to politicians who might prioritize power over people's genuine needs. 1692:. Punishment might make "bad people" into "better" ones. For the utilitarian, all that "bad person" can mean is "person who's likely to cause unwanted things (like suffering)". So, utilitarianism could recommend punishment that changes someone such that they are less likely to cause bad things. Successful rehabilitation would reduce 2578:, communion and membership in a society. Victims experience a loss of perception of agency due to a loss of control, as well as a loss of communion if the offender is a member of their social group, but may also lose trust in others or institutions. It can shatter an individual's trust that they live in a 2196:

said that the concept of social justice was meaningless, saying that justice is a result of individual behavior and unpredictable market forces. Social justice is closely related to the concept of relational justice, which is about the just relationship with individuals who possess features in common

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In political theory, liberalism includes two traditional elements: liberty and equality. Most contemporary theories of justice emphasize the concept of equality, including Rawls' theory of justice as fairness. For Ronald Dworkin, a complex notion of equality is the sovereign political virtue. Dworkin

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later used the parable of the ship to illustrate this point: the unjust city is like a ship in open ocean, crewed by a powerful but drunken captain (the common people), a group of untrustworthy advisors who try to manipulate the captain into giving them power over the ship's course (the politicians),

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In a world where people are interconnected but they disagree, institutions are required to instantiate ideals of justice. These institutions may be justified by their approximate instantiation of justice, or they may be deeply unjust when compared with ideal standards – consider the institution

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raises the question of whether society is under a duty of justice to help those responsible for the fact that they need help. Complications arise in distinguishing matters of choice and matters of chance, as well as justice for future generations in the redistribution of resources that he advocates.

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According to the utilitarian, justice requires the maximization of the total or average welfare across all relevant individuals. This may require sacrifice of some for the good of others, so long as everyone's good is taken impartially into account. Utilitarianism, in general, says that the standard

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In one sense, theories of distributive justice may assert that everyone should get what they deserve. Theories vary on the meaning of what is "deserved". The main distinction is between theories that say the basis of just deserts ought to be held equally by everyone, and therefore derive egalitarian

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distribution. Egalitarians suggest justice can only exist within the coordinates of equality. Theories of retributive justice say justice is served by punishing wrongdoers, whereas restorative justice (also sometimes called "reparative justice") is an approach to justice that focuses on the needs of

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identifies positive and negative liberty in "Two Concepts of Liberty", subscribing to a view of negative liberty, in the form of freedom from governmental interference. He further extends the concept of negative liberty in endorsing John Stuart Mills' harm principle: "the sole end for which mankind

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An example of a Justice according to Plato's character "Socrates" would be a person is born to be a cobbler (their nature), who has the virtue (temperance) of the economic class (social position), employed as a cobbler (occupation), and doing their work well (expertise) – thus benefitting the

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So, the reason for punishment is the maximization of welfare, and punishment should be of whomever, and of whatever form and severity, are needed to meet that goal. This may sometimes justify punishing the innocent, or inflicting disproportionately severe punishments, when that will have the best

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Advocates of divine command theory say justice, and indeed the whole of morality, is the authoritative command of God. Murder is wrong and must be punished, for instance, because God says it so. Some versions of the theory assert that God must be obeyed because of the nature of God's relationship

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that denies us all knowledge of our personalities, social statuses, moral characters, wealth, talents and life plans, and then asks what theory of justice we would choose to govern our society when the veil is lifted, if we wanted to do the best that we could for ourselves. We do not know who in

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Restorative justice attempts to repair the harm that was done to the victims. It encourages active participation from victims and encourages offenders to take responsibility for their actions. Restorative justice fosters dialogue between victim and offender and shows the highest rates of victim

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Relational justice examines individual connections and societal relationships, focusing on normative and political aspects. Rawls' theory of justice aims to distribute social goods to benefit the poor, but does not consider power relations, political structures, or social meanings. Even Rawls'

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Some property rights theorists (such as Nozick) also take a consequentialist view of distributive justice and say that property rights based justice also has the effect of maximizing the overall wealth of an economic system. They explain that voluntary (non-coerced) transactions always have a

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to sleep under bridges, beg in the streets, and steal loaves of bread." With this saying, France illustrated the fundamental shortcoming of a theory of legal equality that remains blind to social inequality; the same law applied to all may have disproportionately harmful effects on the least

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Retributive justice argues that consequentialism is wrong, as it argues that all guilty individuals deserve appropriate punishment, based on the conviction that punishment should be proportional to the crime and for all the guilty. However, it is sometimes said that retributivism is merely

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To illustrate these ideas, Plato describes a person's as having three parts: reason, spirit, and desire. These parallel the three parts of a city in his philosophy, which he describes through the metaphor of a chariot: it functions effectively when the charioteer, representative of reason,

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to enforce a particular favored distribution, while property rights theorists say that there is no "favored distribution". Rather, distribution should be based simply on whatever distribution results from lawful interactions or transactions (that is, transactions which are not illicit).

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in 2008 have indicated that reactions to fairness are "wired" into the brain and that, "Fairness is activating the same part of the brain that responds to food in rats... This is consistent with the notion that being treated fairly satisfies a basic need". Research conducted in 2003 at

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accounts of distributive justice – and theories that say the basis of just deserts is unequally distributed on the basis of, for instance, hard work, and therefore derive accounts of distributive justice by which some should have more than others.

2215:, equity is seen as the concept connecting law to justice, since law cannot be applied without reference to justice. In that context, justice is seen as 'the rationale and the ethical foundation of equity'. One approach towards equity in justice is 2551:

research says that human perceptions of what is appropriate criminal justice are based on how to respond to crimes in the ancestral small-group environment and that these responses may not always be appropriate for today's societies.

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and (2) social and economic goods, i.e. wealth, income and power – and applies different distributions to them – equality between citizens for (1), equality unless inequality improves the position of the worst off for (2).

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Social justice encompasses the just relationship between individuals and their society, often considering how privileges, opportunities, and wealth ought to be distributed among individuals. Social justice is also associated with

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Two Treatises of Government: In The Former the False Principles and Foundation of Sir Robert Filmer and His Followers, are Detected and Overthrown. The Latter is An Essay Concerning the True Original Extent and End of Civil

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Fulham, L., Blais, J., Rugge, T., & Schultheis, E. A. (2023). The effectiveness of restorative justice programs: A meta-analysis of recidivism and other relevant outcomes. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 0(0).

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A society in which justice has been achieved would be one in which individuals receive what they "deserve". The interpretation of what "deserve" means draws on a variety of fields and philosophical branches including

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theory of justice that we should maximize welfare (see below) because of the risk that we might turn out to be someone whose own good is sacrificed for greater benefits for others. Instead, we would endorse Rawls's

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There has been research into victim's perspective of justice following crimes. Victims find respectful treatment, information and having a voice important for a sense of justice as well as the perception of a

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If the chain of events leading up to the person having something meets this criterion, they are entitled to it: that they possess it is just, and what anyone else does or does not have or need is irrelevant.

2601:. Justice is an ideal the world fails to live up to, sometimes due to deliberate opposition to justice despite understanding, which could be disastrous. The question of institutive justice raises issues of 1805:, suggested that we have a moral obligation to punish greater crimes more than lesser ones. However, so long as we adhere to that constraint then utilitarian ideals would play a significant secondary role. 1549:

This imagined choice justifies these principles as the principles of justice for us, because we would agree to them in a fair decision procedure. Rawls's theory distinguishes two kinds of goods – (1)

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in disguise. However, there are differences between retribution and revenge: the former is impartial and has a scale of appropriateness, whereas the latter is personal and potentially unlimited in scale.

2077:. In addition to equality, individual liberty serves as a core notion of classical liberalism. As to the liberty component, British social and political theorist, philosopher, and historian of ideas 2041:

On the basis of this theory of distributive justice, Nozick said that all attempts to redistribute goods according to an ideal pattern, without the consent of their owners, are theft. In particular,

2520:). Under some legal systems an award of damages involves some scope for retribution, denunciation and deterrence, by means of additional categories of damages beyond simple compensation, covering a 2082:

are warranted, individually and collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protection", which represents a classical liberal view of liberty.

10729: 2228: 3113: 2106: 2258:. It describes a state in which all people have approximately the same material wealth and income, or in which the general economic conditions of everyone's lives are alike. 1512:

argument to show that justice, and especially distributive justice, is a form of fairness: an impartial distribution of goods. Rawls asks us to imagine ourselves behind a

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Bailey, William C., J. David Martin, and Louis N. Gray. "Crime and deterrence: A correlation analysis." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 11.2 (1974): 124-143.

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According to the utilitarian, justice is the maximization of the total or average welfare across all relevant individuals. Utilitarianism fights crime in three ways:

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of punishment might lead people to make different choices; well-designed threats might lead people to make choices that maximize welfare. This matches some strong

2827:"Justice Principles, Empirical Beliefs, and Cognitive Biases: Reply to Buchanan's 'When Knowing What Is Just and Being Committed to Achieving it Is Not Enough'" 1086:: "No, for I have chosen him, that he may charge his children and his household after him to keep the way of the Lord by doing righteousness and justice;...." ( 1259:

caused). So, the proper principles of justice are those that tend to have the best consequences. These rules may turn out to be familiar ones such as keeping

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Advocates of the social contract say that justice is derived from the mutual agreement of everyone; or, in many versions, from what they would agree to under

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particular we are, and therefore can not bias the decision in our own favor. So, the decision-in-ignorance models fairness, because it excludes selfish

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Each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive total system of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all.

8958: 205: 3970: 946:. Distributive justice considers what is fair based on what goods are to be distributed, between whom they are to be distributed, and what is the 4751:, a series of 12 videos on the subject of justice by Harvard University's Michael Sandel, with reading materials and comments from participants. 977:

successfully controls the two horses, symbolizing spirit and desire. Continuing on these themes, Plato theorizes that those who love wisdom, or

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with humanity, others assert that God must be obeyed because God is goodness itself, and thus doing God's command would be best for everyone.

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suggested that the root of the concept of justice is that each person should receive rewards that are proportional to their contributions.

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claims that "Justice is the first virtue of social institutions, as truth is of systems of thought." In classical approaches, evident from

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argues that justice is the interest of the strong – merely a name for what the powerful or cunning ruler has imposed on the people.

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Western thinkers later advanced different theories about where the foundations of justice lie. In the 17th century, philosophers such as

7902: 7543: 5859: 4776: 812: 10906: 3413:, ed. Richard Madsen and Tracy B. Strong, Ethikon Series in Comparative Ethics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003), 61 ( 919:, says that justice derives from the mutual agreement of members of society to be governed in a political order. In the 19th century, 10987: 6137: 3121: 2181:, which is the idea that all people belong to a single global community with a shared morality. Social justice is also distinct from 3183:

Monahan, John. "Preface: Recidivism Risk Assessment in the 21st Century." Handbook of Recidivism Risk/Needs Assessment Tools (2017).

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them might maximize welfare by limiting their opportunities to cause harm and therefore the benefit lies within protecting society.

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live on television would be an effective deterrent to shoplifting, for instance). It also suggests that punishment might turn out

1038:, is that it is deductively valid to say that the existence of an objective morality implies the existence of God and vice versa. 10212: 9977: 8695: 7997: 4225:"Beyond retribution, restoration and procedural justice: the Big Two of communion and agency in victims' perspectives on justice" 1311:, with the question, 'What is Justice?' According to most contemporary theories of justice, justice is overwhelmingly important: 8116: 6774: 2314:-ruled process, and also the symbolic principal act connected to his function. The sentence can generally involve a decree of 8104: 4635: 4509: 4331: 3879: 3812: 3767: 3734: 2881: 1563: 4085:

Melcarne, Alessandro; Ramello, Giovanni B.; Spruk, Rok (2021). "Is justice delayed justice denied? An empirical approach".

2512:, or judgment, rather than a sentence. Civil cases are settled primarily by means of monetary compensation for harm done (" 1833: 2927: 10657: 10232: 9993: 8805: 8715: 4728: 8830: 10618: 7105: 5343: 4046: 4009: 3519: 3489: 6400: 1797:

Some modern philosophers have said that Utilitarian and Retributive theories are not mutually exclusive. For example,

1444: 9093: 6425: 4614: 4596: 3978: 3442: 3418: 3392: 2283: 1975: 1463: 1239:'. The absence of bias refers to an equal ground for all people involved in a disagreement (or trial in some cases). 680: 190: 172: 109: 59: 1957: 1416: 1251:, justice is not as fundamental as we often think. Rather, it is derived from the more basic standard of rightness, 10901: 10568: 9005: 8775: 7225: 6957: 828:, in its broadest sense, is the concept that individuals are to be treated in a manner that is equitable and fair. 286: 2363:, punishment is morally acceptable as a response that satisfies the aggrieved party, their intimates and society. 10323: 7731: 7582: 6987: 5009: 4647: 2622: 2109:'. The belief in equality before the law is called legal egalitarianism. In criticism of this belief, the author 1680:

about just punishment: that it should generally be proportional to the crime. Successful deterrence would reduce

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theories look back to particular acts of wrongdoing and attempt to match them with appropriate punishment, and

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Law, legislation and liberty : a new statement of the liberal principles of justice and political economy

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traditionally believe that justice is a present, real, right, and, specifically, governing concept along with

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Law raises important and complex issues about equality, fairness, and justice. There is an old saying that '

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involving capuchin monkeys demonstrated that other cooperative animals also possess such a sense and that "

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It has been said that 'systematic' or 'programmatic' political and moral philosophy in the West begins, in

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describes God as having "Righteousness and justice the foundation of throne;...." (Psalms 89:14, NRSV).

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This article is about the concept of moral fairness and administration of the law. For other uses, see

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A variety of philosophical and moral theories have been advanced to inform understanding of justice.

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conditions including equality and absence of bias. This account is considered further below, under '

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The Many and the One: Religious and Secular Perspectives on Ethical Pluralism in the Modern World

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said that justice is served by what creates the best outcomes for the greatest number of people.

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theories look at the needs of victims and society and seek to repair the harms from wrongdoing.

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to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged, consistent with the just savings principle, and

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James Konow (2003) "Which Is the Fairest One of All? A Positive Analysis of Justice Theories",

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attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity.

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Thacher, David (2001). "Equity and community policing: A new view of community partnerships".

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Offender is made incapable of committing further crime to protect society at large from crime

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Punishment imposed for no reason other than an offense being committed, on the basis that if

2174: 1493: 1176: 999: 916: 897: 505: 338: 8032: 3337:"Restorative justice conferencing for reducing recidivism in young offenders (aged 7 to 21)" 3210: 2014:) if and only if they came to have it by a history made up entirely of events of two kinds: 1255:: what is right is what has the best consequences (usually measured by the total or average 10784: 10724: 10523: 10428: 10134: 9274: 9264: 9245: 9223: 9185: 9123: 9035: 8998: 8725: 8605: 8374: 8181: 8022: 7949: 7641: 7602: 7587: 7121: 6937: 6892: 6854: 6801: 6730: 6486: 6282: 6193: 6016: 5986: 5727: 5255: 5101: 5096: 4904: 4808: 4708: 3311:

Corrections, Peacemaking and Restorative Justice: Transforming Individuals and Institutions

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said that distributive justice is not a matter of the whole distribution matching an ideal

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The equivalence of justice and fairness has been historically and culturally established.

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as having and displaying justice, often in comparison with God displaying and supporting

943: 939: 727: 637: 491: 393: 343: 281: 210: 10583: 7959: 5790: 4181:"Life History Predicts Perceptions of Procedural Justice and Crime Reporting Intentions" 2140:, which is usually understood as some combination of talent and hard work. According to 10677: 10667: 10438: 10343: 10099: 10094: 9929: 9868: 9738: 9326: 9233: 9218: 9170: 9118: 8927: 8922: 8905: 8900: 8369: 7877: 7814: 7028: 6997: 6977: 6925: 6907: 6882: 6877: 6829: 6816: 6783: 6678: 6580: 6515: 6471: 6415: 6255: 6084: 5978: 5886: 5690: 5569: 5560: 5523: 5518: 5424: 5419: 5396: 5315: 5129: 5056: 4838: 4720: 4619: 4369: 4256: 4202: 4163: 4112: 3852: 3701: 3693: 3361: 3336: 3082: 2854: 2610: 2568: 2536: 2525: 2457: 2385:

To the individual – the individual is deterred through fear of further punishment.

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Kruger, Daniel J.; Nedelec, Joseph L.; Reischl, Thomas M.; Zimmerman, Marc A. (2015).

1351:, of which it is one. Metaphysical justice has often been associated with concepts of 10951: 10886: 10877: 10647: 10498: 10468: 10285: 10265: 10250: 10154: 10139: 10129: 10109: 9858: 9689: 9592: 9582: 9311: 9269: 8890: 8835: 8675: 8464: 8126: 8052: 8027: 7829: 7631: 7066: 6967: 6962: 6947: 6887: 6849: 6834: 6791: 6362: 6322: 6240: 6168: 6151: 6129: 5757: 5732: 5543: 5363: 5106: 4879: 4714: 4631: 4610: 4592: 4505: 4327: 4260: 4206: 4042: 4021: 4005: 3974: 3938: 3875: 3856: 3844: 3840: 3808: 3773: 3763: 3740: 3730: 3705: 3602: 3515: 3485: 3438: 3414: 3406: 3388: 3366: 2877: 2858: 2846: 2618: 2091: 2074: 2050: 1798: 1572: 1513: 1437: 1360: 1332: 1114: 1023: 760: 434: 296: 291: 252: 225: 10503: 10363: 7944: 3086: 10967: 10749: 10393: 10290: 10124: 10049: 10033: 9863: 9848: 9793: 9572: 9354: 9321: 9316: 9213: 9113: 9050: 9030: 9022: 8895: 8825: 8595: 8514: 8509: 8434: 8409: 8354: 8344: 8334: 8304: 8284: 8274: 8141: 8136: 8094: 8037: 7834: 7517: 7512: 7487: 7432: 7407: 7018: 6952: 6942: 6643: 6590: 6540: 6520: 6481: 6476: 6317: 6245: 5963: 5874: 5765: 5737: 5722: 5685: 5391: 5371: 5338: 5243: 5205: 4965: 4919: 4894: 4869: 4541: 4399: 4246: 4236: 4192: 4094: 3930: 3836: 3800: 3685: 3592: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3072: 2838: 2735: 2660: 2655: 2521: 2330: 2186: 1681: 1568: 1328: 1276: 1272: 1252: 1248: 978: 924: 873: 710: 466: 320: 214: 8499: 4241: 4224: 3934: 1324: 10982: 10841: 10697: 10637: 10627: 10528: 10493: 10488: 10348: 10333: 10260: 10179: 9913: 9652: 9607: 9567: 9515: 9460: 9450: 9374: 9349: 9331: 9284: 9175: 9108: 9103: 8991: 8952: 8625: 8544: 8504: 8474: 8459: 8424: 8419: 8389: 8364: 8349: 8324: 8309: 8244: 8221: 8206: 8191: 8176: 8047: 8002: 7987: 7977: 7799: 7794: 7651: 7646: 7626: 7614: 6724: 6693: 6658: 6623: 6501: 6352: 6250: 6208: 6119: 6107: 6092: 6067: 6042: 5812: 5680: 5675: 5592: 5577: 5250: 5134: 4929: 4889: 4864: 4828: 4813: 4748: 4581: 4530: 4413: 3804: 3647:"egalitarianism | Definition of egalitarianism in English by Oxford Dictionaries" 3550:"social justice | Definition of social justice in English by Oxford Dictionaries" 3197: 3056: 2799: 2720: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2606: 2193: 2178: 2170: 2011: 1851: 1603: 1509: 1348: 1256: 1226: 1087: 912: 788: 770: 595: 580: 146: 5864: 10779: 10744: 10603: 10513: 10463: 10458: 10433: 10368: 10338: 10313: 10149: 9903: 9803: 9788: 9763: 9758: 9642: 9532: 9470: 9389: 9379: 9369: 9279: 9160: 9155: 9140: 9080: 9065: 9040: 8942: 8850: 8840: 8569: 8444: 8429: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8339: 8314: 8269: 8249: 8111: 8082: 8057: 8012: 7992: 7954: 7909: 7789: 7779: 7636: 7467: 7280: 6633: 6628: 6496: 6461: 6393: 6367: 6203: 6052: 5991: 5904: 5747: 5643: 5386: 5066: 4970: 4949: 4924: 4899: 4823: 4736: 4573: 4389: 4098: 2794: 2784: 2749: 2670: 2388:

To the general public – Potential offenders warned as to likely punishment

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deal primarily with United States and the Western world and do not represent a

10483: 6074: 5849: 4702: 4661: 4275: 4197: 4180: 3597: 3580: 3077: 3060: 1704:. Perhaps there are people who are irredeemable causers of bad things. If so, 10961: 10754: 10598: 10543: 10443: 10423: 10413: 10383: 10373: 10280: 10221: 9833: 9773: 9723: 9562: 9500: 9485: 9384: 9299: 9228: 9180: 9088: 9070: 8875: 8705: 8615: 8564: 8534: 8524: 8454: 8449: 8439: 8299: 8289: 8279: 8254: 8121: 8099: 8017: 7924: 7897: 7882: 7824: 7507: 6688: 6600: 6530: 6272: 6062: 5996: 5953: 5822: 5447: 5233: 5215: 4939: 4457: 4433: 4403: 3971:"Public Policy in the United States: At the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century" 3942: 3848: 3777: 3606: 3172: 2850: 2291: 2206: 2133: 2078: 1995: 1884: 1782: 1356: 1102: 1031: 849: 590: 568: 543: 373: 4981: 4679: 10852: 10808: 10573: 10518: 10388: 10308: 10242: 10114: 10057: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9853: 9823: 9557: 9430: 9364: 9359: 9294: 9150: 9135: 8855: 8539: 8529: 8519: 8384: 8379: 8319: 8294: 8264: 8259: 8166: 8161: 8007: 7887: 7621: 7557: 7427: 7417: 7412: 7331: 7321: 7265: 7155: 6719: 6709: 6668: 6648: 6420: 6383: 6342: 6228: 6178: 5839: 5817: 5795: 5742: 5710: 5582: 5442: 5353: 5149: 4934: 4467: 4350: 3744: 3370: 3322: 3278: 2774: 2544: 2303: 2287: 2277: 2212: 2173:, especially the ease with which individuals and families may move between 2070: 1735: 1721:

to be right, depending on the facts about what actual consequences it has.

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Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both

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Early theories of justice were set out by the Ancient Greek philosophers

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emphasizes the need for strong institutions in order to uphold justice.

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Edinburgh Companion to Contemporary Liberalism: Evidence and Experience

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and is used in some political discourse, often in contrast to the term

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such as nationality, or who are engaged in cooperation or negotiation.

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For advocates of the theory that justice is part of natural law (e.g.,

1073: 904: 747: 737: 732: 471: 333: 4251: 3697: 2528:(forfeit of any gain, even if no loss was caused to the other party). 10608: 10473: 10318: 10089: 10001: 9733: 9713: 9612: 9522: 9495: 9475: 9420: 9289: 9098: 8635: 8574: 8131: 7774: 7701: 7686: 7607: 7527: 7522: 7447: 7402: 7382: 7361: 7346: 7326: 7311: 7175: 7135: 6575: 6570: 6430: 6357: 6292: 6163: 6097: 5909: 5899: 5894: 5869: 5665: 5225: 5187: 4627: 4475: 3038:(Summer 2021 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 2764: 2591: 2327: 2224: 1865: 1677: 1080: 1019: 987: 878: 632: 530: 413: 368: 348: 10934: 5800: 3959:

ed. David McLellan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977): 564–70 .

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Distributive justice theorists generally do not answer questions of

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punitive effect, social disapprobation, and potentially, deterrence

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of justification for actions, institutions, or the whole world, is

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The Hebrew Bible describes God as saying about the Judeo-Christian

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and fairness. The state may be said to pursue justice by operating

845: 755: 715: 398: 383: 363: 232: 3501:(Ronald Dworkin, Sovereign Virtue (Harvard University Press, 2000) 2065:. Classical liberalism calls for equality before the law, not for 1587: 10408: 9743: 9632: 9597: 9552: 9547: 9455: 9445: 8947: 8860: 7748: 7716: 7706: 7477: 7437: 7270: 7195: 7160: 6032: 6006: 6001: 5943: 5938: 5770: 5658: 5653: 5612: 5434: 5280: 5162: 3725:(Rev. ed.). New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 3676:

Rubinstein, David (1988). "The Concept of Justice in Sociology".

3103:(revised edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 266. 2960:

ed. John Gray (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), Chapter 5.

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from each according to his ability, to each according to his need

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Theories of distributive justice need to answer three questions:

1785:

of the effectivity of restorative justice show no improvement in

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The Priority of Injustice: Locating Democracy in Critical Theory

3211:"The Project Gutenberg eBook of on Liberty, by John Stuart Mill" 3152: 3017:

The Priority of Injustice: Locating Democracy in Critical Theory

2903:

trans. Robin Waterfield (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984).

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Society expressing its disapproval reinforcing moral boundaries

1641:

theories look forward to the future consequences of punishment,

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trans. Robin Waterfield (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994)

4520:

Plato's Conception of Justice and the Question of Human Dignity

4410:(2nd edition, Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell, 2006), Part III 3409:, "Ethical Pluralism from a Classical Liberal Perspective", in 3335:

Livingstone, Nuala; MacDonald, Geraldine; Carr, Nicola (2013).

3294:"Victim-Centered Restorative Justice: An Essential Distinction" 2665: 2315: 1869: 1847: 1705: 1095: 833: 720: 662: 560: 4731:, on the relationship between informal/community justice, the 4355:

Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities

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Pemberton et al. proposed a "Big 2" model of justice in terms

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Instrumental theories of justice look at the consequences of

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An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation

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are they to be distributed? Humans (dead, living, future),

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Religious explanations of justice can be grouped under the

4527:

Crime, Guilt, and Punishment: A philosophical introduction

2999:(revised edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 3 2061:

Equality before the law is one of the basic principles of

1819: 1179:, 1556. Justitia carries symbolic items such as: a sword, 1056:, and that justice is ultimately derived from and held by 9674: 8983: 7290: 7185: 5958: 2645: 2640: 2113:

said in 1894, "In its majestic equality, the law forbids

1057: 841: 4552:(revised edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999) 4504:. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 4420:(Judicial institutions), Dalloz editor, 12 edition, 2013 3334: 1713:

consequences overall (perhaps executing a few suspected

3827:

Nagel, Thomas (2005). "The Problem of Global Justice".

16:

Concept of moral fairness and administration of the law

4168:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2021. 3192:

C.L. Ten, 'Crime and Punishment' in Peter Singer ed.,

2933:(3 ed.). London: Awnsham and John Churchill. 1698 2294:

enshrined. Higher quality justice tends to be speedy.

2286:" refers to the problem of slow justice. The right to 2029:, that is free gift, sale or other agreement, but not 1363:, i.e., with a life in accordance with a cosmic plan. 10923: 4489:

ed. John Gray (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991)

4222: 4464:(2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002) 4223:

Pemberton, A.; Aarten, P. G. M.; Mulder, E. (2017).

4084: 1858:, opportunities or some combination of these things? 1014:

An early meditation on the divine command theory by

2876:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 32–49. 1582: 1404:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4462:Contemporary Political Philosophy: An introduction 3153:"Punishment | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" 1832:for "Law, justice, peace") on the pediment of the 4326:(Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2017), 3968: 3279:"Retribution vs Revenge - What's the difference?" 2617:, which are considered by legal theorists and by 2223:is a needs-based theory, expressed succinctly in 1076:to live by and apply God's standards of justice. 10959: 4384:An Introduction to Contemporary Political Theory 4282:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 3268:(London: Hutchinson & Co., 1969), Chapter 1. 994:Divine command and Religious Theories of Justice 4408:Contemporary Political Philosophy: An anthology 3790: 3471:, ed. John Gray (Oxford University Press, 1998) 954: 3955:Karl Marx, 'Critique of the Gotha Program' in 3619: 3581:"Social Justice: History, Purpose and Meaning" 3387:(Lebanon NH: Northeastern Univ. Press, 1976). 2022:, especially by working on unowned things; and 1891:, based on property rights and non-aggression? 1614:for wrongdoing, looking at questions such as: 1521:. Rawls said that each of us would reject the 10206: 8999: 7106: 5010: 4986: 4770: 4699:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entries: 4676:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy entries: 1734:, and only indirectly, if at all, to do with 806: 135:The examples and perspective in this article 9946:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel 7612: 4729:United Nations Rule of Law: Informal Justice 4273: 3469:John Stuart Mill on Liberty and Other Essays 3454:Isaiah Berlin, "Two Concepts of Liberty" in 2531: 2136:, should be distributed to match individual 1247:According to utilitarian thinkers including 900:, which holds that justice issues from God. 7548: 4603:The Function of Equity in International Law 4499: 3872:The Function of Equity in International Law 3793:"Concepts and Fields of Relational Justice" 3402: 3400: 2371:Sentence must be proportionate to the crime 1956:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1823: 1194: 930:Modern frameworks include concepts such as 60:Learn how and when to remove these messages 10213: 10199: 9006: 8992: 7113: 7099: 5017: 5003: 4777: 4763: 4024:, Justice and the Politics of Difference ( 3762:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 78. 3675: 3316: 2100: 1781:satisfaction and offender accountability. 813: 799: 4250: 4240: 4196: 4087:International Review of Law and Economics 3791:Poblet, Marta; Casanovas, Pompeu (2008), 3596: 3360: 3076: 1976:Learn how and when to remove this message 1868:beings, the members of a single society, 1464:Learn how and when to remove this message 1191:), justice inheres in the nature of man. 191:Learn how and when to remove this message 173:Learn how and when to remove this message 110:Learn how and when to remove this message 10730:Fundamental theory of Catholic canon law 7120: 3897:"International law in quest for justice" 3620:Kleingeld, Pauline; Brown, Eric (2014), 3578: 3429: 3427: 3397: 3385:Doing Justice: The Choice of Punishments 3328: 2069:. Classical liberalism opposes pursuing 1818: 1586: 1475: 1280: 1165: 204: 9978:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals 8696:Reflections on the Revolution in France 4438:Punishment: The supposed justifications 4379:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994) 3920: 3626:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3341:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3266:Punishment: The supposed justifications 3142:Nature 425, 297–299 (18 September 2003) 3036:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2462:Repayment to victim(s) or to community 2132:theories, goods, especially wealth and 2056: 1808: 1724: 10960: 4742:Justice: What's The Right Thing To Do? 4375:Anthony Duff & David Garland eds, 3718: 3579:Ornstein, Allan C. (1 December 2017). 3055: 2234: 1769: 1749: 1652: 915:theory, advocated by thinkers such as 10194: 8987: 7094: 6756: 5498: 5036: 4998: 4985: 4758: 4218: 4216: 4037:Young Kim, Justice as Right Actions ( 4000:Young Kim, Justice as Right Actions ( 3826: 3757: 3722:Social behavior; its elementary forms 3510:Young Kim, Justice as Right Actions ( 3480:Young Kim, Justice as Right Actions ( 3424: 3120:. UCLA. 21 April 2008. Archived from 3029: 2824: 2401:Long sentence as an example to others 2262: 2240:These paragraphs are an excerpt from 4784: 4078: 4052: 3914: 3894: 3869: 2895: 2893: 2871: 1954:adding citations to reliable sources 1921: 1402:adding citations to reliable sources 1373: 1242: 1130: 121: 66: 25: 10892: 10658:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 9994:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 8806:The End of History and the Last Man 8716:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 4280:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3874:. Oxford: Oxford university press. 3309:Michael Braswell, and John Fuller, 2973:(Routledge, 2013), pp. 4–10, 50–60. 2742: 2508:the decision is usually known as a 2490:Reflects blameworthiness of offense 1846:are to be distributed? Is it to be 1220: 1072:were created by God to require the 13: 4723:by Zachary Hoskins and Antony Duff 4570:(Oxford: Blackwell, 1993), Part IV 4316: 4299:United Nations and the Rule of Law 4213: 4185:Evolutionary Psychological Science 3895:Titi, Catharine (14 August 2023). 3467:John Stuart Mill, "On Liberty" in 3291: 2547:bases for the concept of justice. 2413:To reform the offender's behavior 2310:forms the final explicit act of a 2177:. Social justice is distinct from 1903: 1732:impartial welfare consequentialism 213:'s war crimes is presented at the 14: 10999: 10220: 4641: 4295:"Sustainable Development Goal 16" 4165:Morality and evolutionary biology 2890: 2825:Moore, Margaret (November 2021). 2284:Justice delayed is justice denied 2271: 2157: 1792: 1030:, popularized in two contexts by 681:Biology and political orientation 41:This article has multiple issues. 10988:Concepts in political philosophy 10945: 10933: 10891: 10876: 10867: 10866: 10175: 10174: 8776:The Open Society and Its Enemies 7074: 7073: 7060: 4292: 3841:10.1111/j.1088-4963.2005.00027.x 1926: 1583:Instrumental theories of justice 1378: 1134: 782: 126: 71: 30: 7583:Family as a model for the state 4396:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986) 4286: 4267: 4172: 4156: 4142: 4119: 4105: 4031: 4015: 3994: 3949: 3888: 3863: 3829:Philosophy & Public Affairs 3820: 3784: 3751: 3712: 3669: 3639: 3613: 3572: 3542: 3525: 3504: 3495: 3474: 3461: 3458:(Oxford University Press, 1969) 3448: 3437:(London: Routledge, 2001), 55 ( 3377: 3303: 3285: 3271: 3258: 3228: 3203: 3186: 3177: 3166: 3145: 3136: 3106: 3093: 3061:"Life, Chance and Life Chances" 3049: 3023: 3002: 2623:Sustainable Development Goal 16 2585: 1633:punishment should they receive? 1389:needs additional citations for 49:or discuss these issues on the 10688:Natural Law and Natural Rights 9962:The Theory of Moral Sentiments 9332:Value monism – Value pluralism 8933:Separation of church and state 8831:Collectivism and individualism 8786:The Origins of Totalitarianism 5024: 4449:Journal of Economic Literature 4418:La justice et ses institutions 4345:University of California Press 3719:Homans, George Caspar (1974). 3353:10.1002/14651858.CD008898.pub2 2989: 2976: 2963: 2946: 2919: 2906: 2865: 2818: 2676:International Court of Justice 2633: 2121: 1120: 1018:can be found in his dialogue, 676:Theories of political behavior 302:Political history of the world 1: 8973:Category:Political philosophy 8846:Critique of political economy 6757: 4590:Northwestern University Press 4274:David Miller (26 June 2017). 4242:10.1080/1068316X.2017.1298760 3935:10.1080/0731129X.2001.9992093 3870:Titi, Catharine (2021). "4". 3651:Oxford Dictionaries | English 3624:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 3554:Oxford Dictionaries | English 3034:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 2831:Journal of Applied Philosophy 2811: 2555: 2496:punishment reported to public 2297: 1290: 856:and enforcing their rulings. 691:Critique of political economy 10026:On the Genealogy of Morality 9986:Critique of Practical Reason 8871:Institutional discrimination 8866:History of political thought 7598:Negative and positive rights 6546:Ordinary language philosophy 5037: 4667:Resources in other libraries 4359:University of Michigan Press 3957:Karl Marx: Selected writings 3805:10.1007/978-3-540-85569-9_21 3797:Computable Models of the Law 2731:Rule according to higher law 2681:International Criminal Court 2107:All are equal before the law 1834:Supreme Court of Switzerland 955:Harmony and the early Greeks 272:Outline of political science 7: 10765:Libertarian theories of law 8881:Justification for the state 8666:Two Treatises of Government 6596:Contemporary utilitarianism 6511:Internalism and externalism 4692:Western Theories of Justice 4624:Rechtsphilosophie, §§ 11–22 4487:On Liberty and Other Essays 4229:Psychology, Crime & Law 3240:California State University 2958:On Liberty and Other Essays 2628: 2085: 1369: 1266: 149:, discuss the issue on the 10: 11004: 10276:International legal theory 9954:A Treatise of Human Nature 9013: 7551:Bellum omnium contra omnes 5860:Svatantrika and Prasangika 5499: 4494:Anarchy, State, and Utopia 4099:10.1016/j.irle.2020.105953 3969:Mark E. Rushefsky (2008). 2589: 2559: 2275: 2239: 2204: 2161: 2089: 1991:Anarchy, State, and Utopia 1907: 1812: 1773: 1753: 1656: 1552:the good of liberty rights 1491: 1270: 1224: 1213: 1124: 1003: 997: 958: 907:said justice derives from 859: 277:Index of politics articles 18: 10862: 10793: 10710: 10617: 10299: 10241: 10228: 10170: 10077: 9922: 9688: 9413: 9342: 9204: 9079: 9021: 8968: 8818: 8587: 8235: 7968: 7848: 7767: 7679: 7670: 7536: 7370: 7299: 7128: 7054: 7006: 6906: 6868: 6815: 6782: 6773: 6769: 6752: 6702: 6614: 6452: 6443: 6376: 6159: 6150: 6128: 6083: 6025: 5977: 5931: 5922: 5885: 5756: 5621: 5568: 5559: 5509: 5505: 5494: 5433: 5405: 5362: 5314: 5271: 5224: 5196: 5148: 5120: 5082:Philosophy of mathematics 5072:Philosophy of information 5047: 5043: 5032: 4992: 4987:Links to related articles 4958: 4857: 4793: 4662:Resources in your library 4561:Columbia University Press 4496:(Oxford: Blackwell, 1974) 4198:10.1007/s40806-015-0021-9 3598:10.1007/s12115-017-0188-8 3078:10.1162/daed.2008.137.1.5 3008:*See, e.g., Eric Heinze, 2532:Evolutionary perspectives 2200: 2033:(i.e. by force or fraud). 2006:having the right kind of 1528:two principles of justice 10847:Rational-legal authority 10735:German historical school 10720:Analytical jurisprudence 9305:Universal prescriptivism 8756:The Revolt of the Masses 4428:The Concept of Injustice 3010:The Concept of Injustice 2971:The Concept of Injustice 2969:See, e.g., Eric Heinze, 2421:Community service orders 2418:Individualized sentences 1918:Constitutional economics 1195:Despotism and skepticism 209:Evidence about the Nazi 21:Justice (disambiguation) 10815:Judicial interpretation 9094:Artificial intelligence 8736:The Communist Manifesto 7662:Tyranny of the majority 7573:Consent of the governed 6551:Postanalytic philosophy 6492:Experimental philosophy 4694:, by Wayne P. Pomerleau 4607:Oxford University Press 4586:Perspectives on Justice 4127:"sentencing guidelines" 4026:Oxford University Press 3923:Criminal Justice Ethics 2648:(Arabic for Justice in 2256:equality of opportunity 2150:for them. According to 2101:Equality before the law 2043:redistributive taxation 1701:Security/Incapacitation 1600:Supreme Court of Canada 1480:J. L. Urban, statue of 1298:National Gallery of Art 1105:also describes God and 951:victims and offenders. 686:Political organisations 449:International relations 287:Politics by subdivision 86:for possible repetition 10902:WikiProject Philosophy 10256:Critical legal studies 7613: 7563:Clash of civilizations 7549: 6684:Social constructionism 5696:Hellenistic philosophy 5112:Theoretical philosophy 5087:Philosophy of religion 5077:Philosophy of language 4709:"Distributive Justice" 4682:, by Michael Allingham 4626:(6th edition, Munich: 4578:Constance Baker Motley 4377:A Reader on Punishment 3456:Four Essays on Liberty 2872:Hare, John E. (2015). 2805:Transformative justice 2780:Organizational justice 2770:Occupational injustice 2004:individual entitlement 1836: 1824: 1607: 1592:Walter Seymour Allward 1489: 1300: 1184: 965:Justice, according to 218: 10825:Law without the state 10018:The Methods of Ethics 9256:Divine command theory 9251:Ideal observer theory 7578:Divine right of kings 7067:Philosophy portal 6586:Scientific skepticism 6566:Reformed epistemology 5092:Philosophy of science 4747:27 April 2014 at the 4715:"Justice as a Virtue" 4568:A Companion to Ethics 3194:A Companion to Ethics 2760:Environmental justice 2701:Just-world hypothesis 2621:. The United Nations 2549:Biosocial criminology 2541:evolution of morality 1908:Further information: 1879:distribution? Equal, 1862:Between what entities 1822: 1590: 1494:Right to a fair trial 1484:at court building in 1479: 1284: 1271:Further information: 1214:Further information: 1177:Maarten van Heemskerk 1169: 1000:Divine command theory 923:philosophers such as 917:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 898:divine command theory 766:Political campaigning 506:Public administration 339:Collective leadership 208: 10785:Virtue jurisprudence 10725:Deontological ethics 10135:Political philosophy 8726:Democracy in America 8105:political philosophy 8088:political philosophy 7903:political philosophy 7732:political philosophy 7642:Separation of powers 7603:Night-watchman state 7588:Monopoly on violence 7122:Political philosophy 6487:Critical rationalism 6194:Edo neo-Confucianism 6038:Acintya bheda abheda 6017:Renaissance humanism 5728:School of the Sextii 5102:Practical philosophy 5097:Political philosophy 4680:Distributive Justice 4500:Amartya Sen (2011). 4442:Hutchinson & Co. 4386:(London: Sage, 2004) 4113:"laws rules justice" 3973:. M. E. Sharpe Inc. 3758:Hayek, F.A. (1976). 3198:Blackwell Publishing 3030:Wenar, Leif (2021), 2755:Distributive justice 2580:just and moral world 2493:punishment in public 2444:Long prison sentence 2427:vocational education 2349:Suitable punishment 2063:classical liberalism 2057:Classical liberalism 1950:improve this section 1815:Distributive justice 1809:Distributive justice 1725:Welfare-maximization 1398:improve this article 1285:Bonino da Campione, 1216:The Republic (Plato) 961:The Republic (Plato) 932:distributive justice 616:Separation of powers 487:Political psychology 462:Comparative politics 440:political scientists 427:Academic disciplines 307:Political philosophy 155:create a new article 147:improve this article 10105:Evolutionary ethics 10066:Reasons and Persons 10042:A Theory of Justice 9196:Uncertain sentience 8916:Right-wing politics 8796:A Theory of Justice 8766:The Road to Serfdom 8686:The Social Contract 7393:Christian democracy 6058:Nimbarka Sampradaya 5969:Korean Confucianism 5716:Academic Skepticism 4557:Elements of Justice 4550:A Theory of Justice 4502:The Idea of Justice 4394:Morals By Agreement 4341:Theories of Justice 4135:Library of Congress 3657:on 13 November 2018 3383:Andrew Von Hirsch, 3124:on 26 February 2010 3101:A Theory of Justice 3012:(Routledge, 2013). 2997:A Theory of Justice 2790:Retributive justice 2706:Justice (economics) 2619:philosophers of law 2537:Evolutionary ethics 2524:, and occasionally 2248:Equality of outcome 2242:Equality of outcome 2235:Equality of outcome 2115:rich and poor alike 2067:equality of outcome 1801:, in his 1976 book 1776:Restorative justice 1770:Restorative justice 1756:Retributive justice 1750:Retributive justice 1653:Utilitarian justice 1627:should be punished? 1598:(Justice), outside 1501:A Theory of Justice 1237:Justice as Fairness 1060:. According to the 944:restorative justice 940:retributive justice 789:Politics portal 638:Election commission 609:Government branches 492:Political sociology 344:Confessional system 282:Politics by country 211:Ernst Kaltenbrunner 10973:Concepts in ethics 10678:The Concept of Law 10668:Pure Theory of Law 10100:Ethics in religion 10095:Descriptive ethics 9930:Nicomachean Ethics 8928:Political violence 8923:Political theology 8906:Left-wing politics 8901:Political spectrum 6679:Post-structuralism 6581:Scientific realism 6536:Quinean naturalism 6516:Logical positivism 6472:Analytical Marxism 5691:Peripatetic school 5603:Chinese naturalism 5130:Aesthetic response 5057:Applied philosophy 4721:"Legal Punishment" 4688:, by Kevin Murtagh 4620:Reinhold Zippelius 4566:Peter Singer ed., 4518:Marek Piechowiak, 4481:John Stuart Mill, 3690:10.1007/BF00158887 3678:Theory and Society 3560:on 14 January 2017 3313:(Routledge, 2014). 2952:John Stuart Mill, 2843:10.1111/japp.12547 2473:Reparation Schemes 2447:Electronic tagging 2263:Relational justice 2217:community policing 2073:at the expense of 1914:Entitlement theory 1837: 1825:Lex, justitia, pax 1608: 1490: 1301: 1185: 1146:. You can help by 884:Nicomachean Ethics 472:Political analysis 404:Semi-parliamentary 219: 90:You can assist by 10978:Philosophy of law 10921: 10920: 10915: 10914: 10887:Philosophy portal 10648:The Spirit of Law 10286:Philosophy of law 10266:Economic analysis 10251:Constitutionalism 10188: 10187: 10155:Social philosophy 10140:Population ethics 10130:Philosophy of law 10110:History of ethics 9593:Political freedom 9270:Euthyphro dilemma 9061:Suffering-focused 8981: 8980: 8891:Philosophy of law 8836:Conflict theories 8676:The Spirit of Law 8583: 8582: 7632:Original position 7088: 7087: 7050: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7042: 7041: 6748: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6467:Analytic feminism 6439: 6438: 6401:Kierkegaardianism 6363:Transcendentalism 6323:Neo-scholasticism 6169:Classical Realism 6146: 6145: 5918: 5917: 5733:Neopythagoreanism 5490: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5107:Social philosophy 4979: 4978: 4648:Library resources 4636:978-3-406-61191-9 4511:978-0-674-06047-0 4430:(Routledge, 2013) 4364:Harry Brighouse, 4332:978-0-8203-5152-0 4150:"how court works" 4022:Iris Marion Young 3881:978-0-19-886800-2 3814:978-3-540-85568-2 3769:978-0-7100-8403-3 3736:978-0-15-581417-2 3622:"Cosmopolitanism" 3433:Mark Evans, ed., 3407:Chandran Kukathas 3281:. 9 October 2015. 3200:, 1993): 366–372. 2986:, Book I, 331b–c. 2883:978-0-19-960201-8 2502: 2501: 2092:Equal opportunity 2075:individual rights 2051:Pareto efficiency 1986: 1985: 1978: 1897:who has the right 1799:Andrew von Hirsch 1579:uniquely human". 1573:inequity aversion 1514:veil of ignorance 1474: 1473: 1466: 1448: 1361:Divine Providence 1243:Subordinate value 1164: 1163: 1024:Euthyphro dilemma 823: 822: 771:Political parties 711:Electoral systems 435:Political science 409:Semi-presidential 321:Political systems 297:Political history 292:Political economy 201: 200: 193: 183: 182: 175: 157:, as appropriate. 120: 119: 112: 64: 10995: 10950: 10949: 10948: 10938: 10937: 10929: 10895: 10894: 10880: 10870: 10869: 10750:Legal positivism 10703: 10693: 10683: 10673: 10663: 10653: 10643: 10633: 10291:Sociology of law 10215: 10208: 10201: 10192: 10191: 10178: 10177: 10125:Moral psychology 10070: 10062: 10054: 10050:Practical Ethics 10046: 10038: 10034:Principia Ethica 10030: 10022: 10014: 10006: 9998: 9990: 9982: 9974: 9966: 9958: 9950: 9942: 9938:Ethics (Spinoza) 9934: 9573:Moral imperative 9031:Consequentialism 9008: 9001: 8994: 8985: 8984: 8896:Political ethics 8886:Machiavellianism 8826:Authoritarianism 8811: 8801: 8791: 8781: 8771: 8761: 8751: 8741: 8731: 8721: 8711: 8701: 8691: 8681: 8671: 8661: 8651: 8641: 8631: 8621: 8611: 8601: 7677: 7676: 7618: 7554: 7544:Balance of power 7518:Social democracy 7513:Social Darwinism 7488:Multiculturalism 7433:Environmentalism 7408:Communitarianism 7115: 7108: 7101: 7092: 7091: 7077: 7076: 7065: 7064: 7063: 6780: 6779: 6771: 6770: 6754: 6753: 6644:Frankfurt School 6591:Transactionalism 6541:Normative ethics 6521:Legal positivism 6497:Falsificationism 6482:Consequentialism 6477:Communitarianism 6450: 6449: 6318:New Confucianism 6157: 6156: 5964:Neo-Confucianism 5929: 5928: 5738:Second Sophistic 5723:Middle Platonism 5566: 5565: 5507: 5506: 5496: 5495: 5339:Epiphenomenalism 5206:Consequentialism 5140:Institutionalism 5045: 5044: 5034: 5033: 5019: 5012: 5005: 4996: 4995: 4983: 4982: 4779: 4772: 4765: 4756: 4755: 4717:by Michael Slote 4711:by Julian Lamont 4601:Catharine Titi, 4555:David Schmidtz, 4515: 4472:State Punishment 4400:Robert E. Goodin 4382:Colin Farrelly, 4310: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4254: 4244: 4220: 4211: 4210: 4200: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4131: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4056: 4050: 4035: 4029: 4019: 4013: 4004:, 2015), ch.10 ( 3998: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3966: 3960: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3653:. Archived from 3643: 3637: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3600: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3556:. Archived from 3546: 3540: 3529: 3523: 3508: 3502: 3499: 3493: 3478: 3472: 3465: 3459: 3452: 3446: 3431: 3422: 3404: 3395: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3364: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3275: 3269: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3246:on 13 April 2021 3242:. Archived from 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3207: 3201: 3190: 3184: 3181: 3175: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3149: 3143: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3110: 3104: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3080: 3057:Daston, Lorraine 3053: 3047: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3027: 3021: 3006: 3000: 2993: 2987: 2980: 2974: 2967: 2961: 2950: 2944: 2943:via Google Books 2942: 2940: 2938: 2923: 2917: 2910: 2904: 2897: 2888: 2887: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2822: 2743:Types of justice 2736:Sociology of law 2661:Crime statistics 2656:Criminal justice 2368:Tariff sentences 2340: 2339: 2187:George C. Homans 2049:property called 1981: 1974: 1970: 1967: 1961: 1930: 1922: 1827: 1682:crime statistics 1637:In broad terms, 1569:Emory University 1488:, Czech Republic 1469: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1449: 1447: 1406: 1382: 1374: 1349:cardinal virtues 1295: 1292: 1277:Cardinal virtues 1273:Justice (virtue) 1253:consequentialism 1249:John Stuart Mill 1221:Mutual agreement 1207:, the character 1183:and a blindfold. 1159: 1156: 1138: 1131: 925:John Stuart Mill 815: 808: 801: 787: 786: 577: 522: 477:Political theory 467:Election science 457: 443: 221: 220: 215:Nuremberg trials 196: 189: 178: 171: 167: 164: 158: 130: 129: 122: 115: 108: 104: 101: 95: 75: 74: 67: 56: 34: 33: 26: 11003: 11002: 10998: 10997: 10996: 10994: 10993: 10992: 10958: 10957: 10956: 10946: 10944: 10932: 10924: 10922: 10917: 10916: 10911: 10897:WikiProject Law 10858: 10842:Question of law 10789: 10706: 10701: 10691: 10681: 10671: 10661: 10651: 10641: 10638:Treatise on Law 10631: 10613: 10295: 10261:Comparative law 10237: 10224: 10219: 10189: 10184: 10166: 10073: 10068: 10060: 10052: 10044: 10036: 10028: 10020: 10012: 10004: 9996: 9988: 9980: 9972: 9964: 9956: 9948: 9940: 9932: 9918: 9691: 9684: 9608:Self-discipline 9568:Moral hierarchy 9516:Problem of evil 9461:Double standard 9451:Culture of life 9409: 9338: 9285:Non-cognitivism 9200: 9075: 9017: 9012: 8982: 8977: 8964: 8953:Totalitarianism 8814: 8809: 8799: 8789: 8779: 8769: 8759: 8749: 8739: 8729: 8719: 8709: 8699: 8689: 8679: 8669: 8659: 8649: 8639: 8629: 8626:Treatise on Law 8619: 8609: 8599: 8579: 8237: 8231: 7970: 7964: 7850: 7844: 7763: 7666: 7652:State of nature 7647:Social contract 7627:Ordered liberty 7615:Noblesse oblige 7532: 7366: 7295: 7124: 7119: 7089: 7084: 7061: 7059: 7038: 7002: 6902: 6864: 6811: 6765: 6764: 6736: 6725:Russian cosmism 6698: 6694:Western Marxism 6659:New Historicism 6624:Critical theory 6610: 6606:Wittgensteinian 6502:Foundationalism 6435: 6372: 6353:Social contract 6209:Foundationalism 6142: 6124: 6108:Illuminationism 6093:Aristotelianism 6079: 6068:Vishishtadvaita 6021: 5973: 5914: 5881: 5752: 5681:Megarian school 5676:Eretrian school 5617: 5578:Agriculturalism 5555: 5501: 5482: 5429: 5401: 5358: 5310: 5267: 5251:Incompatibilism 5220: 5192: 5144: 5116: 5039: 5028: 5023: 4988: 4980: 4975: 4954: 4853: 4789: 4783: 4749:Wayback Machine 4705:by David Miller 4673: 4672: 4671: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4582:James Feibleman 4531:Clarendon Press 4512: 4492:Robert Nozick, 4414:Serge Guinchard 4322:Clive Barnett, 4319: 4317:Further reading 4314: 4313: 4303: 4301: 4291: 4287: 4272: 4268: 4221: 4214: 4177: 4173: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4129: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4083: 4079: 4069: 4067: 4058: 4057: 4053: 4039:Lexington Books 4036: 4032: 4020: 4016: 4002:Lexington Books 3999: 3995: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3967: 3963: 3954: 3950: 3919: 3915: 3905: 3903: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3868: 3864: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3789: 3785: 3770: 3756: 3752: 3737: 3717: 3713: 3674: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3631: 3629: 3618: 3614: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3561: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3530: 3526: 3514:, 2015), ch.7 ( 3512:Lexington Books 3509: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3484:, 2015), p.79 ( 3482:Lexington Books 3479: 3475: 3466: 3462: 3453: 3449: 3432: 3425: 3405: 3398: 3382: 3378: 3347:(2): CD008898. 3333: 3329: 3321: 3317: 3308: 3304: 3296: 3290: 3286: 3277: 3276: 3272: 3264:Ted Honderich, 3263: 3259: 3249: 3247: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3167: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3098: 3094: 3054: 3050: 3041: 3039: 3028: 3024: 3007: 3003: 2994: 2990: 2981: 2977: 2968: 2964: 2951: 2947: 2936: 2934: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2914:Law's Blindfold 2911: 2907: 2898: 2891: 2884: 2870: 2866: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2800:Spatial justice 2745: 2740: 2721:Napoleonic Code 2696:Just war theory 2691:Judicial review 2686:Judicial reform 2636: 2631: 2594: 2588: 2564: 2558: 2534: 2424:moral education 2395:Prison Sentence 2300: 2280: 2274: 2265: 2260: 2259: 2245: 2237: 2209: 2203: 2194:Friedrich Hayek 2179:cosmopolitanism 2171:social mobility 2166: 2160: 2124: 2103: 2094: 2088: 2059: 1982: 1971: 1965: 1962: 1947: 1931: 1920: 1906: 1904:Property rights 1887:, according to 1883:, according to 1817: 1811: 1795: 1778: 1772: 1758: 1752: 1727: 1672:. The credible 1661: 1655: 1604:Ottawa, Ontario 1585: 1510:social contract 1496: 1470: 1459: 1453: 1450: 1407: 1405: 1395: 1383: 1372: 1293: 1279: 1269: 1245: 1229: 1227:Social contract 1223: 1218: 1197: 1160: 1154: 1151: 1144:needs expansion 1129: 1123: 1008: 1002: 996: 963: 957: 913:Social contract 862: 819: 781: 776: 775: 706: 705: 696: 695: 653: 652: 643: 642: 611: 610: 601: 600: 596:Public interest 581:Domestic policy 571: 564: 563: 552: 551: 516: 509: 508: 497: 496: 458: 451: 444: 437: 429: 428: 419: 418: 324: 323: 312: 311: 267: 266: 257: 226:Politics series 197: 186: 185: 184: 179: 168: 162: 159: 144: 131: 127: 116: 105: 99: 96: 89: 76: 72: 35: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11001: 10991: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10955: 10954: 10942: 10919: 10918: 10913: 10912: 10910: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10889: 10884: 10874: 10863: 10860: 10859: 10857: 10856: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10805: 10797: 10795: 10791: 10790: 10788: 10787: 10782: 10780:Utilitarianism 10777: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10745:Legal moralism 10742: 10740:Interpretivism 10737: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10716: 10714: 10708: 10707: 10705: 10704: 10694: 10684: 10674: 10664: 10654: 10644: 10634: 10623: 10621: 10615: 10614: 10612: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10305: 10303: 10297: 10296: 10294: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10247: 10245: 10239: 10238: 10236: 10235: 10229: 10226: 10225: 10218: 10217: 10210: 10203: 10195: 10186: 10185: 10183: 10182: 10171: 10168: 10167: 10165: 10164: 10157: 10152: 10150:Secular ethics 10147: 10145:Rehabilitation 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10081: 10079: 10075: 10074: 10072: 10071: 10063: 10055: 10047: 10039: 10031: 10023: 10015: 10010:Utilitarianism 10007: 9999: 9991: 9983: 9975: 9967: 9959: 9951: 9943: 9935: 9926: 9924: 9920: 9919: 9917: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9695: 9693: 9686: 9685: 9683: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9661: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9519: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9417: 9415: 9411: 9410: 9408: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9370:Existentialist 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9346: 9344: 9340: 9339: 9337: 9336: 9335: 9334: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9308: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9265:Constructivism 9262: 9261: 9260: 9259: 9258: 9253: 9243: 9242: 9241: 9239:Non-naturalism 9236: 9221: 9216: 9210: 9208: 9202: 9201: 9199: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9132: 9131: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9085: 9083: 9077: 9076: 9074: 9073: 9068: 9066:Utilitarianism 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9027: 9025: 9019: 9018: 9011: 9010: 9003: 8996: 8988: 8979: 8978: 8976: 8975: 8969: 8966: 8965: 8963: 8962: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8943:Social justice 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8919: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8851:Egalitarianism 8848: 8843: 8841:Contractualism 8838: 8833: 8828: 8822: 8820: 8816: 8815: 8813: 8812: 8802: 8792: 8782: 8772: 8762: 8752: 8742: 8732: 8722: 8712: 8702: 8692: 8682: 8672: 8662: 8652: 8642: 8632: 8622: 8612: 8602: 8591: 8589: 8585: 8584: 8581: 8580: 8578: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8241: 8239: 8233: 8232: 8230: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8108: 8107: 8097: 8092: 8091: 8090: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7974: 7972: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7906: 7905: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7854: 7852: 7846: 7845: 7843: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7771: 7769: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7735: 7734: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7683: 7681: 7674: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7637:Overton window 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7546: 7540: 7538: 7534: 7533: 7531: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7468:Libertarianism 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7374: 7372: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7303: 7301: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7132: 7130: 7126: 7125: 7118: 7117: 7110: 7103: 7095: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7082: 7070: 7055: 7052: 7051: 7048: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7010: 7008: 7004: 7003: 7001: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6934: 6933: 6923: 6918: 6912: 6910: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6874: 6872: 6870:Middle Eastern 6866: 6865: 6863: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6821: 6819: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6788: 6786: 6777: 6767: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6758: 6750: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6634:Existentialism 6631: 6629:Deconstruction 6626: 6620: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6462:Applied ethics 6458: 6456: 6447: 6441: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6433: 6428: 6426:Nietzscheanism 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6397: 6396: 6386: 6380: 6378: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6368:Utilitarianism 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6266:Transcendental 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6204:Existentialism 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6160: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6140: 6134: 6132: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6122: 6117: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6089: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6077: 6072: 6071: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6029: 6027: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5992:Augustinianism 5989: 5983: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5935: 5933: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5912: 5907: 5905:Zoroastrianism 5902: 5897: 5891: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5879: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5827: 5826: 5825: 5820: 5810: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5762: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5750: 5748:Church Fathers 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5630: 5628: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5574: 5572: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5553: 5552: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5521: 5515: 5513: 5503: 5502: 5492: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5439: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5411: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5368: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5320: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5277: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5265: 5263:Libertarianism 5260: 5259: 5258: 5248: 5247: 5246: 5236: 5230: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5202: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5154: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5126: 5124: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5067:Metaphilosophy 5064: 5059: 5053: 5051: 5041: 5040: 5030: 5029: 5022: 5021: 5014: 5007: 4999: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4945:Transformative 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4834:Organizational 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4800: 4798: 4791: 4790: 4782: 4781: 4774: 4767: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4739: 4737:United Nations 4726: 4725: 4724: 4718: 4712: 4706: 4697: 4696: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4670: 4669: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4642:External links 4640: 4639: 4638: 4617: 4599: 4574:Telford Taylor 4571: 4564: 4553: 4546: 4534: 4523: 4516: 4510: 4497: 4490: 4483:Utilitarianism 4479: 4465: 4455: 4445: 4431: 4421: 4411: 4397: 4390:David Gauthier 4387: 4380: 4373: 4362: 4348: 4334: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4285: 4266: 4235:(7): 682–698. 4212: 4191:(3): 183–194. 4171: 4155: 4141: 4118: 4104: 4077: 4051: 4047:978-1498516518 4030: 4014: 4010:978-1498516518 3993: 3979: 3961: 3948: 3913: 3887: 3880: 3862: 3835:(2): 113–147. 3819: 3813: 3783: 3768: 3750: 3735: 3711: 3684:(4): 527–550. 3668: 3638: 3612: 3591:(6): 541–548. 3571: 3541: 3524: 3520:978-1498516518 3503: 3494: 3490:978-1498516518 3473: 3460: 3447: 3423: 3396: 3376: 3327: 3315: 3302: 3284: 3270: 3257: 3227: 3202: 3185: 3176: 3165: 3144: 3135: 3105: 3092: 3048: 3022: 3020: 3019: 3015:Clive Barnett 3001: 2988: 2975: 2962: 2954:Utilitarianism 2945: 2918: 2905: 2889: 2882: 2864: 2837:(5): 736–741. 2816: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2795:Social justice 2792: 2787: 2785:Poetic justice 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2750:Design justice 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2671:Global justice 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2643: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2615:interpretation 2590:Main article: 2587: 2584: 2569:fair procedure 2557: 2554: 2533: 2530: 2500: 2499: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2486: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2475: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2463: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2452: 2451: 2450:Banning orders 2448: 2445: 2440: 2437: 2435:Incapacitation 2431: 2430: 2429: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2414: 2411: 2409:Rehabilitation 2405: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2391: 2390: 2389: 2386: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2373: 2372: 2369: 2364: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2347: 2346:Aim of theory 2344: 2299: 2296: 2276:Main article: 2273: 2272:Speedy justice 2270: 2264: 2261: 2246: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2205:Main article: 2202: 2199: 2183:egalitarianism 2164:Social justice 2162:Main article: 2159: 2158:Social justice 2156: 2123: 2120: 2111:Anatole France 2102: 2099: 2090:Main article: 2087: 2084: 2058: 2055: 2035: 2034: 2023: 2012:property right 2002:, but of each 1984: 1983: 1934: 1932: 1925: 1910:Libertarianism 1905: 1902: 1893: 1892: 1873: 1859: 1813:Main article: 1810: 1807: 1794: 1793:Mixed theories 1791: 1774:Main article: 1771: 1768: 1754:Main article: 1751: 1748: 1726: 1723: 1710: 1709: 1697: 1689:Rehabilitation 1685: 1659:Utilitarianism 1657:Main article: 1654: 1651: 1635: 1634: 1628: 1622: 1584: 1581: 1547: 1546: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1535: 1492:Main article: 1472: 1471: 1386: 1384: 1377: 1371: 1368: 1268: 1265: 1244: 1241: 1225:Main article: 1222: 1219: 1196: 1193: 1162: 1161: 1141: 1139: 1125:Main article: 1122: 1119: 1006:Divine command 998:Main article: 995: 992: 959:Main article: 956: 953: 936:egalitarianism 871:, in his work 861: 858: 821: 820: 818: 817: 810: 803: 795: 792: 791: 778: 777: 774: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 752: 751: 735: 730: 725: 724: 723: 713: 707: 703: 702: 701: 698: 697: 694: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 660: 654: 651:Related topics 650: 649: 648: 645: 644: 641: 640: 635: 630: 625: 619: 618: 612: 608: 607: 606: 603: 602: 599: 598: 593: 588: 586:Foreign policy 583: 578: 565: 559: 558: 557: 554: 553: 550: 549: 548: 547: 533: 528: 523: 510: 504: 503: 502: 499: 498: 495: 494: 489: 484: 482:Policy studies 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 447: 445: 433: 430: 426: 425: 424: 421: 420: 417: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 325: 319: 318: 317: 314: 313: 310: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 268: 265:Primary topics 264: 263: 262: 259: 258: 256: 255: 250: 245: 239: 236: 235: 229: 228: 199: 198: 181: 180: 163:September 2023 141:of the subject 139:worldwide view 134: 132: 125: 118: 117: 100:September 2023 79: 77: 70: 65: 39: 38: 36: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11000: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10965: 10963: 10953: 10943: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10930: 10927: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10873: 10865: 10864: 10861: 10855: 10854: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10837: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10810: 10806: 10804: 10803: 10799: 10798: 10796: 10792: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10755:Legal realism 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10717: 10715: 10713: 10709: 10700: 10699: 10695: 10690: 10689: 10685: 10680: 10679: 10675: 10670: 10669: 10665: 10660: 10659: 10655: 10650: 10649: 10645: 10640: 10639: 10635: 10630: 10629: 10625: 10624: 10622: 10620: 10616: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10306: 10304: 10302: 10298: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10281:Legal history 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10248: 10246: 10244: 10240: 10234: 10231: 10230: 10227: 10223: 10222:Jurisprudence 10216: 10211: 10209: 10204: 10202: 10197: 10196: 10193: 10181: 10173: 10172: 10169: 10163: 10162: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10082: 10080: 10076: 10067: 10064: 10059: 10056: 10051: 10048: 10043: 10040: 10035: 10032: 10027: 10024: 10019: 10016: 10011: 10008: 10003: 10000: 9995: 9992: 9987: 9984: 9979: 9976: 9971: 9968: 9963: 9960: 9955: 9952: 9947: 9944: 9939: 9936: 9931: 9928: 9927: 9925: 9921: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9696: 9694: 9692: 9687: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9645: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9563:Moral courage 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9503: 9502: 9501:Good and evil 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9486:Family values 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9418: 9416: 9412: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9347: 9345: 9341: 9333: 9330: 9329: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9300:Quasi-realism 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9287: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9248: 9247: 9244: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9231: 9230: 9227: 9226: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9211: 9209: 9207: 9203: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9130: 9127: 9126: 9125: 9124:Environmental 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9086: 9084: 9082: 9078: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9046:Particularism 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9028: 9026: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9009: 9004: 9002: 8997: 8995: 8990: 8989: 8986: 8974: 8971: 8970: 8967: 8961: 8960: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8903: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8876:Jurisprudence 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8823: 8821: 8817: 8808: 8807: 8803: 8798: 8797: 8793: 8788: 8787: 8783: 8778: 8777: 8773: 8768: 8767: 8763: 8758: 8757: 8753: 8748: 8747: 8743: 8738: 8737: 8733: 8728: 8727: 8723: 8718: 8717: 8713: 8708: 8707: 8706:Rights of Man 8703: 8698: 8697: 8693: 8688: 8687: 8683: 8678: 8677: 8673: 8668: 8667: 8663: 8658: 8657: 8653: 8648: 8647: 8643: 8638: 8637: 8633: 8628: 8627: 8623: 8618: 8617: 8616:De re publica 8613: 8608: 8607: 8603: 8598: 8597: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8586: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8242: 8240: 8236:20th and 21st 8234: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8106: 8103: 8102: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8089: 8086: 8085: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7969:18th and 19th 7967: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7904: 7901: 7900: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7847: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7825:Nizam al-Mulk 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7766: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7733: 7730: 7729: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7669: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7535: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7508:Republicanism 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7369: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7298: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7116: 7111: 7109: 7104: 7102: 7097: 7096: 7093: 7081: 7080: 7071: 7069: 7068: 7057: 7056: 7053: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7007:Miscellaneous 7005: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6932: 6929: 6928: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6905: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6871: 6867: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6814: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6760: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6733: 6732: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6703:Miscellaneous 6701: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6689:Structuralism 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6674:Postmodernism 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6664:Phenomenology 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6613: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6601:Vienna Circle 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6531:Moral realism 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6442: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6333:Phenomenology 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6273:Individualism 6271: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6237: 6234: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6149: 6139: 6138:Judeo-Islamic 6136: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6115: 6114:ʿIlm al-Kalām 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6082: 6076: 6073: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6063:Shuddhadvaita 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6024: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5997:Scholasticism 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5921: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5828: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5811: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5620: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5493: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5448:Conceptualism 5446: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5377:Particularism 5375: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5344:Functionalism 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5329:Eliminativism 5327: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5270: 5264: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5252: 5249: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5234:Compatibilism 5232: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5223: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5173:Particularism 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5119: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5020: 5015: 5013: 5008: 5006: 5001: 5000: 4997: 4991: 4984: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4875:Environmental 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4819:Interactional 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4780: 4775: 4773: 4768: 4766: 4761: 4760: 4757: 4750: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4727: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4615:9780198868002 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4598: 4597:0-8101-0453-9 4594: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4565: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4503: 4498: 4495: 4491: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4459: 4458:Will Kymlicka 4456: 4454: 4453:pp. 1188–1239 4450: 4446: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4434:Ted Honderich 4432: 4429: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4405: 4404:Philip Pettit 4401: 4398: 4395: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4320: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4217: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4167: 4166: 4159: 4151: 4145: 4137: 4136: 4128: 4122: 4114: 4108: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4065: 4064:Sw. U. L. 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Called the 1021: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1001: 991: 989: 984: 980: 974: 970: 968: 962: 952: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 901: 899: 894: 892: 891: 886: 885: 880: 876: 875: 870: 865: 857: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 829: 827: 816: 811: 809: 804: 802: 797: 796: 794: 793: 790: 785: 780: 779: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 749: 745: 741: 740: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 722: 719: 718: 717: 714: 712: 709: 708: 700: 699: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 668: 664: 661: 659: 656: 655: 647: 646: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 620: 617: 614: 613: 605: 604: 597: 594: 592: 591:Civil society 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 575: 570: 569:Public policy 567: 566: 562: 556: 555: 545: 541: 537: 536: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 520: 515: 512: 511: 507: 501: 500: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 455: 450: 446: 441: 436: 432: 431: 423: 422: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 389:Parliamentary 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 374:Hybrid regime 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 326: 322: 316: 315: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 269: 261: 260: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 240: 238: 237: 234: 231: 230: 227: 223: 222: 216: 212: 207: 203: 195: 192: 177: 174: 166: 156: 152: 148: 142: 140: 133: 124: 123: 114: 111: 103: 93: 87: 85: 80:This article 78: 69: 68: 63: 61: 54: 53: 48: 47: 42: 37: 28: 27: 22: 10853:Usul al-Fiqh 10851: 10834: 10830:Legal system 10819: 10807: 10800: 10698:Law's Empire 10696: 10686: 10676: 10666: 10656: 10646: 10636: 10626: 10301:Philosophers 10243:Legal theory 10159: 10115:Human rights 10058:After Virtue 9784:Schopenhauer 9558:Moral agency 9542: 9431:Common sense 9327:Universalism 9295:Expressivism 9275:Intuitionism 9246:Subjectivism 9191:Terraforming 9166:Professional 8957: 8856:Elite theory 8804: 8794: 8784: 8774: 8764: 8754: 8744: 8734: 8724: 8714: 8704: 8694: 8684: 8674: 8664: 8654: 8644: 8634: 8624: 8614: 8604: 8594: 7893:Guicciardini 7849:Early modern 7672:Philosophers 7622:Open society 7558:Body politic 7428:Distributism 7418:Conservatism 7413:Confucianism 7332:Gerontocracy 7322:Dictatorship 7276:Sovereignty‎ 7266:Ruling class 7180: 7156:Emancipation 7141:Citizenship‎ 7072: 7058: 6729: 6720:Postcritique 6710:Kyoto School 6669:Posthumanism 6649:Hermeneutics 6504: / 6445:Contemporary 6421:Newtonianism 6384:Cartesianism 6343:Reductionism 6179:Conservatism 6174:Collectivism 6112: 5840:Sarvāstivadā 5818:Anekantavada 5743:Neoplatonism 5711:Epicureanism 5644:Pythagoreans 5583:Confucianism 5549:Contemporary 5539:Early modern 5443:Anti-realism 5397:Universalism 5354:Subjectivism 5150:Epistemology 4905:Reproductive 4809:Distributive 4786: 4652: 4623: 4602: 4585: 4567: 4556: 4549: 4548:John Rawls, 4540: 4526: 4519: 4501: 4493: 4486: 4482: 4471: 4468:Nicola Lacey 4461: 4448: 4437: 4427: 4417: 4407: 4393: 4383: 4376: 4370:Polity Press 4368:(Cambridge: 4365: 4357:(Ann Arbor: 4354: 4351:Gad Barzilai 4340: 4323: 4304:25 September 4302:. Retrieved 4298: 4293:Doss, Eric. 4288: 4279: 4269: 4232: 4228: 4188: 4184: 4174: 4164: 4158: 4144: 4133: 4121: 4107: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4068:. Retrieved 4063: 4054: 4033: 4017: 3996: 3984:. Retrieved 3964: 3956: 3951: 3926: 3922: 3916: 3904:. Retrieved 3900: 3890: 3871: 3865: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3796: 3786: 3759: 3753: 3721: 3714: 3681: 3677: 3671: 3659:. Retrieved 3655:the original 3650: 3641: 3630:, retrieved 3625: 3615: 3588: 3584: 3574: 3562:. Retrieved 3558:the original 3553: 3544: 3533:The Red Lily 3532: 3527: 3506: 3497: 3476: 3468: 3463: 3455: 3450: 3434: 3410: 3384: 3379: 3344: 3340: 3330: 3318: 3310: 3305: 3287: 3273: 3265: 3260: 3248:. Retrieved 3244:the original 3239: 3236:"Punishment" 3230: 3218:. Retrieved 3214: 3205: 3193: 3188: 3179: 3168: 3156:. Retrieved 3147: 3138: 3126:. 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Ten, 4252:1887/70580 4093:: 105953. 3128:15 January 2930:Government 2812:References 2711:Law reform 2603:legitimacy 2560:See also: 2556:Psychology 2458:Reparation 2398:Heavy Fine 2379:Deterrence 2326:against a 2298:Sentencing 2252:ideologies 2192:Economist 2118:powerful. 2045:is theft. 1844:What goods 1787:recidivism 1694:recidivism 1678:intuitions 1669:Deterrence 1612:punishment 1506:John Rawls 1424:newspapers 1345:compassion 1341:generosity 1313:John Rawls 1189:John Locke 1074:Israelites 1070:Mosaic Law 1046:Christians 1004:See also: 905:John Locke 748:Governance 738:Government 733:Federalism 334:City-state 92:editing it 46:improve it 10642:(c. 1270) 10524:Pufendorf 10459:Llewellyn 10319:Aristotle 10090:Casuistry 10002:Either/Or 9909:Korsgaard 9904:Azurmendi 9869:MacIntyre 9809:Nietzsche 9739:Augustine 9734:Confucius 9714:Aristotle 9690:Ethicists 9648:Intrinsic 9613:Suffering 9523:Happiness 9496:Free will 9476:Etiquette 9421:Authority 9365:Epicurean 9360:Confucian 9355:Christian 9290:Emotivism 9114:Discourse 9051:Pragmatic 9023:Normative 8656:Leviathan 8636:Monarchia 8630:(c. 1274) 8465:Oakeshott 8410:Mansfield 8405:Luxemburg 8390:Kropotkin 8285:Bernstein 8238:centuries 8152:Nietzsche 8095:Jefferson 8023:Condorcet 7971:centuries 7950:Pufendorf 7815:Marsilius 7702:Confucius 7687:Aristotle 7680:Antiquity 7608:Noble lie 7528:Third Way 7523:Socialism 7448:Feudalism 7403:Communism 7383:Anarchism 7362:Theocracy 7347:Oligarchy 7327:Democracy 7312:Autocracy 7226:Pluralism 7211:Obedience 7176:Hierarchy 7136:Authority 6893:Pakistani 6855:Taiwanese 6802:Ethiopian 6775:By region 6761:By region 6576:Scientism 6571:Systemics 6431:Spinozism 6358:Socialism 6293:Modernism 6256:Objective 6164:Anarchism 6098:Averroism 5987:Christian 5939:Neotaoism 5910:Zurvanism 5900:Mithraism 5895:Mazdakism 5666:Cyrenaics 5593:Logicians 5226:Free will 5188:Solipsism 5135:Formalism 4785:Types of 4703:"Justice" 4630:, 2011), 4628:C.H. Beck 4609:, 2021), 4529:(Oxford: 4476:Routledge 4474:(London: 4440:(London: 4276:"Justice" 4261:151982079 4207:142324638 4041:, 2015) ( 3943:0731-129X 3857:144307058 3849:1088-4963 3778:769281087 3706:143622666 3607:1936-4725 3531:(France, 3250:12 August 3196:(Oxford: 3158:5 October 2859:245448304 2851:0264-3758 2765:Injustice 2607:procedure 2592:Judiciary 2331:convicted 2328:defendant 1937:does not 1413:"Justice" 1261:contracts 1081:patriarch 1020:Euthyphro 988:navigator 881:, in his 879:Aristotle 728:Unitarism 716:Elections 704:Subseries 633:Judiciary 628:Executive 531:Adhocracy 414:Theocracy 369:Feudalism 349:Democracy 151:talk page 52:talk page 10872:Category 10794:Concepts 10760:Legalism 10712:Theories 10599:Voegelin 10569:Scaevola 10529:Radbruch 10504:Perelman 10489:Nussbaum 10434:Jellinek 10399:Habermas 10394:Gurvitch 10364:Durkheim 10334:Beccaria 10180:Category 10120:Ideology 10085:Axiology 9914:Nussbaum 9864:Frankena 9859:Anscombe 9849:Williams 9804:Sidgwick 9724:Valluvar 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