Political history of the world

11666:, a bay, and means 'one who haunts a bay, creek or fjord'. In the 9th and 10th centuries it came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 'Viking,' but in such expressions as 'Viking civilisation,' 'the Viking Age,' 'the Viking movement,' 'Viking influence,' the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history... 5105: 7691: 3346: 4091: 2945: 4491: 7673: 588: 17000: 16484: 16473: 2351: 5607: 1400: 4774: 17012: 7655: 3251:. Additionally, Anatolia was devastated by repeated Persian invasions; the Empire's hold on its recently regained territories in the Caucasus, Syria, Mesopotamia, Palestine and Egypt was loosened by many years of Persian occupation. Neither empire was given any chance to recover, and according to George Liska, the "unnecessarily prolonged Byzantine–Persian conflict opened the way for Islam". 4118:, leading to commercial expansion, and greater patronage of culture, while their political and legal institutions were consolidated with an increasing degree of centralisation. The empires underwent a significant increase in per capita income and population, and a sustained pace of technological innovation. They stretched from 1332:

acted in the same way for Ancient China. Eurasia was advantaged in the development of agriculture by the natural occurrence of domesticable wild grass species and the east–west orientation of the landmass, allowing for the easy spread of domesticated crops. A similar advantage was given to it by half

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being partitioned without wars between European nations. As late as the 1870s, Europeans controlled approximately 10% of the African continent, with all their territories located near the coasts. The most important holdings were Angola and Mozambique, held by Portugal; the Cape Colony, held by Great

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forms of organization. Food surpluses made possible the development of a social elite who were not otherwise engaged in agriculture, industry or commerce, but dominated their communities by other means and monopolized decision-making. Nonetheless, larger societies made it more feasible for people to

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Quote: "Although the first two Timurid emperors and many of their noblemen were recent migrants to the subcontinent, the dynasty and the empire itself became indisputably Indian. The interests and futures of all concerned were in India, not in ancestral homelands in the Middle East or Central Asia.

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organisation emerged in Mesopotamia, followed within a few centuries by ones at the Indus and Yellow River Valleys. In the cities, the workforce could specialise as the whole population did not have to work for food production, while stored food allowed for large armies to create empires. The first

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until 710 BCE. In 853, the Assyrians fought and won a battle against a coalition of Babylon, Egypt, Persia, Israel, Aram, and ten other nations, with over 60,000 troops taking part according to contemporary sources. However, the empire was weakened by internal struggles for power, and was plunged

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and the sea. The country was well defended by natural barriers formed by the Sahara on both sides, though this also limited its ability to expand into a larger empire, mostly remaining a regional power along the Nile (except for a conquest of the Levant in the second millennium BCE). The lack of

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and an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Across all social strata in western Europe there was an enthusiastic popular response. Volunteers took a public vow to join the crusade. Historians now debate the combination of their motivations, which included the prospect of mass ascension into Heaven at

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systems. This new water infrastructure in turn required centralised administration with complex social organisation. However, there is archaeological evidence that shows similar successes with more egalitarian and decentralized complex societies. The first cities and systems of greater social

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Quote: "The realm so defined and governed was a vast territory of some 750,000 square miles , ranging from the frontier with Central Asia in northern Afghanistan to the northern uplands of the Deccan plateau, and from the Indus basin on the west to the Assamese highlands in the

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The Viking period is, therefore, best defined as the period when Scandinavians played a large role in the British Isles and western Europe as raiders and conquerors. It is also the period in which Scandinavians settled in many of the areas they conquered, and in the Atlantic

7138:. The wave of initial revolutions and protests faded by mid-2012, as many Arab Spring demonstrations met with violent responses from authorities, as well as from pro-government militias, counter-demonstrators, and militaries. Large-scale conflicts resulted: the 13549: 5315:

by the new government in March 1918, ending Russia's involvement in the war. One by one, the Central Powers quit: first Bulgaria (September 29), then the Ottoman Empire (October 31) and the Austro-Hungarian Empire (November 3). With its allies defeated,

6483:, were killed by armed militias. The most widely accepted scholarly estimates are around 500,000 to 662,000 Tutsi deaths. The genocide had lasting and profound effects. In 1996, the RPF-led Rwandan government launched an offensive into Zaire (now the 5804:

which forced the US to declare war against Japan; the European Axis powers declared war on the US in solidarity. Japan soon captured much of the western Pacific, but its advances were halted in 1942 after losing the critical

13739:... one finds as many local left-leaning governments as there are countries making up the so-called left turn, because they emerged from distinct institutional settings ... espoused distinct degrees of anti-Americanism ... 2472:

states, while the Zhou remained in the centre with largely ceremonial power. While the Zhao had an advantage at first, the Qin ended up defeating them in 260 with about half a million soldiers fighting on each side at the

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Howard-Johnston (2006), 9: " victories in the field over the following years and its political repercussions ... saved the main bastion of Christianity in the Near East and gravely weakened its old Zoroastrian

4149:(1520–1566), the Ottoman Empire marked the peak of its power and prosperity as well as the highest development of its government, social, and economic systems. Already controlling the Balkans, it was able to invade 6234:("reorganization", 1987) and ended Soviet involvement in Afghanistan. Pressures for national sovereignty grew stronger in Eastern Europe, and Gorbachev refused to militarily support their governments any longer. 1299:

was located next to the Himalayas (which were created by tectonic pressures) and the Indus and Ganges rivers, which deposit sediment from the mountains to produce fertile land. A similar dynamic existed in

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The functional importance of the Risorgimento to both Italian politics and Italian historiography has made this short period (1815–60) one of the most contested and controversial in modern Italian history

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Furthermore, the Mughal empire emerged from the Indian historical experience. It was the end product of a millennium of Muslim conquest, colonization, and state-building in the Indian subcontinent."

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began in August 1998, little more than a year after the First Congo War, and involved some of the same issues, with nine African countries and around twenty-five armed groups involved in the war.

4758:(1798–1802). Initially confined to Europe, the fighting gradually assumed a global dimension. After a decade of constant warfare and aggressive diplomacy, France had conquered territories in the 3107:(1260–1264) and also dealt with challenges from the descendants of other sons of Genghis. Kublai successfully took power, but civil war ensued as he sought unsuccessfully to regain control of the 4259:

was recaptured in 1623. The expansion of Russia in the north eventually started to pose a threat. The Empire was finally defeated by and divided between the Ottomans and the Russians in 1722–23.

3193:. The Ilkhanate disintegrated in the period 1335–1353. The Golden Horde had broken into competing khanates by the end of the 15th century and was defeated and thrown out of Russia in 1480 by the 13192: 1467:. The prevailing north-east trade winds made it easier to sail up the river, thereby helping the unification of the state. The geopolitical environment of the Egyptians had them surrounded by 15941: 13300: 6927:". Under his leadership, the authorities also cracked down on social disturbances, ethnic minority protests, and dissident figures which also led to many controversial events such as the 7429:(RSS), a right-wing paramilitary organisation aligned with the Bharatiya Janata Party, which has also been said to advocate a neo-nationalist ideology. In Japan, The 63rd Prime Minister 5525:

in Italy, in addition to various smaller uprisings, protests and strikes, all of which proved abortive. The Bolsheviks sought to coordinate this new wave of revolution in the Soviet-led

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of different locations. These were all necessary for the development of highly organized societies. The locations of these early societies were near, or benefiting from, the edges of

4723:(1814). There were smaller upheavals in Switzerland, Russia, and Brazil. The revolutionaries in each country knew of the others and to some degree were inspired by or emulated them. 14657: 16373: 14725: 5129:

Britain; and Algeria, held by France. By 1914, only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent of European control, with the latter having strong connections to the United States.

4868:(1808–33), which were primarily fought between opposing groups of colonists and only secondarily against Spanish forces. At the same time, the Portuguese monarchy relocated to 14591: 7062:

was a series of anti-government protests, uprisings, and armed rebellions that spread across much of the Arab world in the early 2010s. It began in response to corruption and

1700:, who collected taxes and were typically local power brokers. The empire controlled about a third of the world's farm land and a quarter of its population. In 522, after King 14383: 6943:

in international relations and a corporate approach to diplomacy. Throughout Hu's tenure, China's influence in Africa, Latin America, and other developing regions increased.

6257:) overthrew almost all communist governments of the Eastern Bloc. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union itself lost control in the Soviet Union and was banned following an 6110:

between China and the Soviet Union complicate relations within the Communist sphere, while France, a Western Bloc state, began to demand greater autonomy of action. The USSR

2272:. He defended against Alexander's invasion from the West and received control of the Hindu Kush mountain passes in a peace treaty signed in 303. By the time of his grandson 14624: 7640:

and removed Hamas from power in the city. However, a week later, the Israeli military withdrew from the city, allowing Hamas to regain control militarily and politically.

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The empire began to split due to wars over succession, as the grandchildren of Genghis Khan disputed whether the royal line should follow from his son and initial heir

15934: 6123: 13301:"Commemoration of International Day of Reflection on the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda – Message of the UNOV/ UNODC Director-General/ Executive Director" 5986: 4213: 2397:

in 1046 BCE, with reportedly millions taking part in the fighting. The victors were however hit by internal unrest soon after. The main rivals of the Zhou were the

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As the cooling and drying of the climate by 3800 BCE caused drought in Mesopotamia, village farmers began co-operating and started creating larger settlements with

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However, the Ottomans began to face many challenges. The failure to conquer the Safavid Empire forced it to keep forces in the east, while the expansion of the

3838:, which ruled much of southern India as a federation. The Sultanate and the Empire engaged in continuous warfare without either being able to defeat the other. 15860: 14031: 5518: 14530: 13509: 3735:, a state which dated back to 27 BC and lasted nearly 1,500 years. The conquest of Constantinople and the fall of the Byzantine Empire was a key event of the 15927: 7621: 6661:

government in Afghanistan after the country had harboured the terrorists behind it. However, the US occupation of the country failed to quell the subsequent

5825:, and Allied offensives in the Pacific—cost the Axis powers their initiative and forced it into strategic retreat on all fronts. In 1944, the Western Allies 5700: 4220:

remained the only Greek island not conquered by the Ottomans. The Ottoman Empire still remained the largest power in the Mediterranean and the Middle East.

1652:

By 650, Assyria had started declining as a severe drought hit the Middle East and an alliance was formed against them. Eventually they were replaced by the

3787:(c. 730–760), who has defeated an Islamic invasion of northern India. The struggle between the four lasted for almost 200 years. By the ninth century, the 12264: 10875: 14113: 11163: 5577:

soared in political support after 1933, gaining representation in the Romanian government, and an Iron Guard member assassinated Romanian prime minister

3034:–1227), whom a council proclaimed as the ruler of all Mongols in 1206. The empire grew rapidly under his rule and that of his descendants, who sent out 2996:

of this country expanded, they were never as large as those of the Tang dynasty and were constantly being redefined due to attacks from the neighboring

13814:... the populous of Latin America are voting in the Pink Tide governments that struggle with reform while being prone to populism and authoritarianism. 7867: 6530:

from 21 July 1995 to 23 March 1996, leading the U.S. government responding by staging the biggest display of American military might in Asia since the

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undertook large-scale raiding, colonizing, conquest, and trading throughout Europe, and reached North America. Voyaging by sea from their homelands in

13240: 10816:"Temporal Inflection Points in Decorated Pottery: A Bayesian Refinement of the Late Formative Chronology in the Southern Lake Titicaca Basin, Bolivia" 6518:

in 1999 and improved its relations with the outside world, while the Communist Party maintained its tight control over the state. However, during the

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and the Caribbean following the end of the Spanish–American War in 1898, after which the United States proceeded to conduct military interventions in

14795: 14456: 14156: 14061: 7751: 7167: 4817:. It produced a brief period of French domination over most of continental Europe. The wars stemmed from the unresolved disputes associated with the 4178: 4114:

empires as they flourished from the 16th century to the 18th century. These three empires were among the strongest and most stable economies of the

4024:. It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory in 1572 and colonization of the region as the 14692: 13485: 10272: 8633: 8569: 8478: 8099: 8005: 7946: 7396: 7279: 7106:) or major uprisings and social violence occurred including riots, civil wars, or insurgencies. Sustained street demonstrations also took place in 7027: 13140: 6379:

he advocated was different from traditional conceptions of socialism and said: "My kind of socialism is a set of values based around notions of

5998: 1522:. They faced competition from the mountainous areas to the north, strategically positioned above the Mesopotamian plains, with kingdoms such as 16107: 14324: 7299: 4181:. Some of these were later absorbed into the Ottoman Empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy over the course of centuries. 3231:

was plunged into several years of dynastic turmoil and civil war. The Sasanians were further weakened by economic decline, heavy taxation from

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in 1854–1856. It concentrated on internal industrial development and political reform, and building up its great international holdings, the

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Jerusalem, satisfying feudal obligations, opportunities for renown, and economic and political advantage. Initial successes established four

3481: 3087:. The Toluids prevailed after a bloody purge of Ögedeid and Chagataid factions, but disputes continued among the descendants of Tolui. After 2573: 1258:

in the 1830s. By the 1860s, it was embraced as a useful division of the "earliest history of mankind" in general and began to be applied in

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and turned towards Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945, Japan suffered reversals in mainland Asia, while the Allies crippled the

3157:. The Ming dynasty, the largest army in the world, with almost a million soldiers. It was therefore able to conduct military campaigns in 14647: 14361: 13963: 8324: 6175: 6162:

as a strategic counterweight to the USSR. A number of self-proclaimed Marxist regimes were formed in the second half of the 1970s in the

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included political unrest and revolts around the world inspired by the success of the Russian Revolution and the disorder created by the

5224: 4351: 1262:. The development of the now-conventional periodization in the archaeology of the Ancient Near East was developed in the 1920s to 1930s. 14715: 3903:

with 60,000 soldiers was defeated by 168 Spaniards, meanwhile. In both cases, the Spanish used deception to capture the heads of state.

3270:. In 631 Muhammad marched with 10,000 to Mecca and conquered it before dying the next year. His successors united most of Arabia in the 2964:, the government changed and expanded in its borders as the many separate bureaucracies unified under one banner. This evolved into the 2284:. The empire contained a population of 50 to 60 million, governed by a system of provinces ruled by governor-princes, with a capital in 1471:

in the smaller southern oases of the Nile unreachable by boat, as well as by Libyan warlords operating from the oases around modern-day

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Jhaveri, Ashka; Soltani, Amin; Parry, Andie; Braverman, Alexandra; Ganzeveld, Annika; Tyson, Kathryn; Mills, Peter (18 December 2023).

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took over the Mongol capital. The Genghisid rulers of the Yuan retreated to the Mongolian homeland and continued to rule there as the

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and the collapse of communist governments across much of Africa and Asia. The United States was left as the world's only superpower.

5869: 4991: 3922:) to Mexico. Two years later, in 1519, Cortés and his retinue set sail for Mexico. Cortés made alliances with tributary city-states ( 3220: 3216: 14581: 13404: 12944:

Daniels, Patrica S; Stephen G Hyslop; Douglas Brinkley; Esther Ferington; Lee Hassig; Dale-Marie Herring (2003). Toni Eugene (ed.).

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Daniels, Patrica S; Stephen G Hyslop; Douglas Brinkley; Esther Ferington; Lee Hassig; Dale-Marie Herring (2003). Toni Eugene (ed.).

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Daniels, Patrica S; Stephen G Hyslop; Douglas Brinkley; Esther Ferington; Lee Hassig; Dale-Marie Herring (2003). Toni Eugene (ed.).

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Daniels, Patrica S; Stephen G Hyslop; Douglas Brinkley; Esther Ferington; Lee Hassig; Dale-Marie Herring (2003). Toni Eugene (ed.).

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led to the premature end of several European national governments and influenced the outcome of many elections. Following the early

4385:'s grandson, his heir. Charles' decision was not well met by the British, who believed that Louis would use the opportunity to ally 2205:, located in modern-day India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, had formed. The civilization's boundaries extended to 600 km from the 16004: 15805: 13827: 7354: 5928: 5356: 2922:

quickly became dominant militarily. By the time the Spanish arrived in 1519, the lands of the Alliance were effectively ruled from

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into a decade of turmoil beginning with a plague in 763 BCE. Following revolts by cities and lesser kingdoms against the empire, a

13998: 16737: 13576: 13459: 7415: 6710: 4853: 4814: 4406: 1133: 14614: 13224: 1046: 16383: 16324: 15994: 7406:" was described as an expression of new nationalism. It pride in the historic Chinese civilisation, embracing the teachings of 7291: 7206: 6891: 6155: 6111: 6006: 5785: 2981: 14283: 7341:, in which voters chose to leave the EU with 51.9 per cent of the vote share. This led to his resignation, his replacement by 3064:. The Mongol invasion halted China's economic development for over 150 years, decisively changing the balance of power in the 2489:, the dynasty initiated reforms such as establishing territorial administrative units, infrastructure projects (including the 14788: 14409: 14355: 13957: 13594: 13559: 13178: 13107: 13040: 12993: 12835: 12649: 12622: 12592: 12565: 12537: 12506: 12479: 12449: 12422: 12392: 12362: 12328: 12301: 12248: 12194: 12162: 12132: 12100: 12073: 12041: 12011: 11981: 11954: 11924: 11897: 11870: 11843: 11816: 11789: 11757: 11730: 11617: 11590: 11563: 11536: 11504: 11474: 11447: 11420: 11393: 11363: 11290: 11263: 11147: 10798: 10771: 10739: 10705: 10675: 10648: 10621: 10594: 10567: 10540: 10513: 10486: 10459: 10432: 10405: 10378: 10351: 10324: 10297: 10235: 10207: 10180: 10153: 10126: 10096: 10069: 10042: 10015: 9983: 9956: 9922: 9862: 9835: 9805: 9778: 9751: 9724: 9697: 9670: 9643: 9613: 9586: 9559: 9532: 9502: 9475: 9445: 9418: 9391: 9364: 9337: 9307: 9280: 9253: 9226: 9196: 9162: 9132: 9105: 9078: 9048: 9021: 8994: 8967: 8940: 8913: 8883: 8856: 8829: 8799: 8772: 8742: 8715: 8688: 8661: 8597: 8533: 8508: 8442: 8354: 8318: 8289: 8259: 8232: 8205: 8178: 8151: 8124: 8063: 7969: 7910: 7842: 7809: 7784: 6905: 6800: 5181: 4865: 3858: 6258: 1809:

in 334. After Asia Minor had been conquered, Alexander invaded Levant, Egypt, and Mesopotamia, defeating the Persians under

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da Cruz, Jose de Arimateia (2015). "Strategic Insights: From Ideology to Geopolitics: Russian Interests in Latin America".

7590: 7143: 6846:(EU), in terms of territory, number of states, and population took place on 1 May 2004 with the simultaneous accessions of 6768: 5736: 5634: 5478: 5185: 3957: 3868: 3696:. No Islamic power was able to hold Egypt, the Levant, Mesopotamia, and Persia at the same time again. In 1258, the Mongol 3453: 2501:, the empire started falling apart when the Chu and Han started fighting over a power vacuum left by a weak heir, with the 14135: 13914: 2833: 937: 849: 16398: 16334: 8279: 7774: 7370: 7198: 7179: 6033: 6002: 5990: 4987: 4394: 4217: 4169:(1560), the Ottomans also emerged as the dominant maritime power in the Mediterranean. A sailing voyage even reached the 4007: 3493: 2769:

that ruled the northern coast of Peru beginning around 850 and ending around 1470. Chimor was the largest kingdom in the

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following the downfall of the Kushan Empire. Gupta governance was similar to that of the Maurya. Following wars with the

1948: 1541:

A dry climate in the Iron Age caused turmoil as movements of people put pressure on the existing states resulting in the

1408: 15136: 13326: 12639: 12612: 12582: 12555: 12469: 12439: 12412: 12382: 12352: 12318: 12291: 12238: 12184: 12152: 12122: 12090: 12063: 12031: 12001: 11971: 11944: 11914: 11887: 11860: 11833: 11806: 11779: 11747: 11720: 11607: 11580: 11553: 11526: 11494: 11464: 11437: 11410: 11383: 11353: 11280: 11253: 11137: 10788: 10761: 10729: 10695: 10665: 10638: 10611: 10584: 10557: 10530: 10503: 10476: 10341: 10197: 10170: 10143: 10116: 10086: 9852: 9825: 9795: 9768: 9741: 9714: 9687: 9660: 9633: 9603: 9576: 9549: 9522: 9492: 9465: 9435: 9408: 9381: 9354: 9327: 9297: 9270: 9243: 9216: 9186: 9152: 9122: 9095: 9068: 9038: 8873: 8846: 8819: 8789: 4770:

in North America. French success in these conflicts ensured the spread of revolutionary principles over much of Europe.

3496:, becoming the first Europeans to reach North America. The Vikings founded several kingdoms and earldoms in Europe: the 2693:. By the 14th century, Kilwa had conquered most of the others. It also engaged in campaigns against the inland power of 16453: 16102: 13807: 13344: 7411: 7287: 6515: 6429: 6329: 6183: 6171: 5845: 5797: 4660: 4445: 2914:

defeated them in 1521. Despite the initial conception of the empire as an alliance of three self-governed city-states,

2623: 1932: 1023: 932: 16433: 16428: 16408: 16233: 14255: 12955: 12928: 12901: 12868: 12808: 12775: 12742: 12709: 12676: 11197: 11066: 11033: 10976: 10949: 10916: 9897: 8414: 8384: 7295: 7244: 6920: 6811: 6666: 5793: 5189: 4939: 3657: 3457: 484: 14023: 7471: 6842:

was signed in 2007 in order to salvage some of the reforms that had been envisaged in the constitution. The largest

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in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It took place in both the Americas and Europe. Following the

3731:

followed in 1453. The Fall of Constantinople marked the end of the Byzantine Empire, and effectively the end of the

17016: 16487: 16423: 15955: 15392: 14781: 14306: 13506: 7738:

The empire also temporarily gained authority over distant overseas lands through declarations of allegiance to the

7717: 7542: 7362: 7358: 7175: 7171: 7147: 6724: 6694: 6689:

emerged to oppose the occupying forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government. The United States also conducted a

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timber also made it too expensive to build a large navy for power projection across the Mediterranean or Red Seas.

1223:

around the same time (7,000-8,000 BCE) across various parts of the world, human societies started transitioning to

90: 14484: 13896: 12210: 7345:, and four years of negotiations with the EU on the terms of departure and on future relations, completed under a 6613: 6570:

to serve a full term in office. During his tenure, on 28 May 1998, a few weeks after India's second nuclear test (

1801:

to liberate Greeks in Asia Minor from the Persians, with 10,000 troops invading in 336. After his murder, his son

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However, these analytical and taxonomic efforts often led to new dichotomies ... democrats and authoritarians ...

13622: 7613: 7155: 6843: 6747:,. Putin became during this time the second-longest serving contemporary European president after his close ally 6678: 6628: 6441: 6309: 6305: 6262: 6151: 5935:, began as an effort to forestall future hostilities, end pre-war enmities and forge a sense of common identity. 5908: 5704: 5428: 5336: 4174: 4064: 2785:. They were developed between 1150 and 1477, before the kingdoms disappeared due to the military conquest of the 2597: 7349:

government, with government control remaining with the Conservative Party in this period. In the United States,

7159: 5120:. In the last quarter of the 19th century, there were considerable political rivalries among the empires of the 5116:

of 1884, which regulated European colonization and trade in Africa, is usually accepted as the beginning of the

4825:. The wars are often categorised into five conflicts, each termed after the coalition that fought Napoleon: the 4692: 3223:

produced the cumulative effects of a century of almost continuous conflict, leaving both empires crippled. When

17054: 16393: 16150: 15838: 14688: 12268: 11696: 11655: 11167: 10883: 6764: 6425: 6167: 5857: 5748: 5396: 5300: 5173: 4995: 4708: 4700: 4453: 4270:. For some two centuries, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus basin in the west, northern 4032: 2003: 840: 609: 479: 257: 6024:

of the Cold War began shortly after the end of the Second World War in 1945. The United States and its allies

1255: 16797: 16651: 16513: 16304: 15772: 7483: 7319: 6971: 6966:

economic model at the start of the 21st century. The ideology of such governments was variously described as

6421: 6333: 6266: 6159: 5724: 5329: 5019: 4720: 4624: 4410: 3275: 3116: 1412: 494: 14747: 14221: 7887: 6083: 4334:

began to attack the coast, forcing co-operation with the Portuguese who established a trading settlement at

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which was first state level administration in Indian subcontinent. In 6th century BCE with the emergence of

1178:

systems that exist today. In parallel, political entities have expanded from vaguely defined frontier-type

1032: 16413: 15969: 15894: 15827: 15646: 15372: 7546: 7538: 7311: 7303: 7187: 6924: 6254: 6059: 5899:(UN) was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts, and the victorious 5885: 5768: 5435: 5015: 4891: 3354: 1818: 721: 243: 75: 46: 14053: 13530: 7007: 6915:, he presided over nearly a decade of consistent economic growth and development that cemented China as a 5466:

forces from a broad assortment of ideological factions fought against the Bolsheviks, particularly by the

2544:

conquered. The Chinese pressure on the Xiongnu forced them towards the west, leading to the exodus of the

1573:. By the late ninth century BCE, the Assyrian Empire controlled almost all of Mesopotamia and much of the 1004: 999: 16880: 16438: 16319: 16200: 16080: 15899: 15794: 14903: 14441: 9889: 7570: 7426: 7151: 6827: 6560: 6146:. By the 1970s, both sides had started making allowances for peace and security, ushering in a period of 5973:, which began following World War II. The Western Bloc was led by the United States as well as the other 5884:, the possibility of additional atomic bombings, and the Soviet entry into the war against Japan and its 5817:

in the Soviet Union. Key setbacks in 1943—including a series of German defeats on the Eastern Front, the

5810: 5684: 5153: 4830: 4755: 4552: 3550:). The Norse homelands were also unified into larger kingdoms during the Viking Age, and the short-lived 2828:, the abandonment of cities, and a northward shift of population. The Postclassic period saw the rise of 2304: 2140: 1834: 1826: 1790: 1126: 885: 547: 14680: 13481: 7243:

and far-right political parties in turn proved very successful throughout Europe in the late-2010s. The

17044: 16352: 16314: 16145: 15904: 15783: 11643: 11109:

Gregory G.Guzman "Were the barbarians a negative or positive factor in ancient and medieval history?",

7743: 6654: 6631: 6519: 6297: 5321: 5288: 5165: 4979: 4911: 4838: 4834: 4826: 4751: 4716: 4672: 4567:, with the first free settles arriving in 1793. Likewise New Zealand became a home for hunters seeking 2801: 687: 80: 51: 15919: 13132: 2147:(284–305) appointed three rulers for different parts of the empire. It was formally divided in 395 by 16905: 16857: 16447: 15871: 15063: 14852: 13454: 6690: 6605: 5818: 5541:

brought about an international surge of social unrest. In Germany, it contributed to the rise of the

5352: 5248: 5137: 4983: 4919: 4822: 4727: 4668: 4664: 3756: 3649: 3286:(633–651), the latter ending the Sasanian empire. In less than a decade after his death, the Islamic 3283: 2569: 2441: 2202: 2007: 1296: 602: 207: 5868:

by the Allies on 26 July 1945 and the refusal of Japan to surrender on its terms, the United States

3397:, being crowned Emperor of the Romans in 800 by the Pope, with this forming the basis for the later 3060:, allowing the dissemination and exchange of trade, technologies, commodities and ideologies across 1459:. Nevertheless, political competition continued within the country between centers of power such as 17004: 16900: 16709: 16656: 16506: 16299: 15849: 15282: 15088: 14507: 14188: 14083: 11678: 7550: 7337:

promised to hold a referendum if his government was re-elected. His government subsequently held a

7256: 7252: 6936: 6810:, with the introduction of symbols and institutions usually reserved for sovereign states, such as 6567: 6433: 6215: 6203: 6103: 6021: 5920: 5822: 5789: 5514: 5439: 5133: 4146: 3791:, a breakaway from the caliphate, arose after taking advantage of the others' internal weaknesses. 3279: 2778: 2770: 2433: 2244:, with Magadha dominating the rest by the mid-fifth century. The Magadha then transformed into the 2192: 1542: 1220: 923: 322: 212: 5796:

by 1937. In December 1941, Japan attacked American and British territories with near-simultaneous

5625:

claimed as many as 200,000 members although following coup attempts it faced a crackdown from the

2556:. The end of the Han dynasty in 220 CE came following internal upheavals, with its split into the 1018: 1013: 830: 16601: 16190: 16130: 16055: 15347: 14872: 13693: 13099: 11688: 7554: 7393: 7330: 7283: 7091: 6507: 5888:, Japan announced its intention to surrender on 15 August, then signed the surrender document on 5732: 5566: 5526: 5312: 5027: 4864:

to question their allegiance to Spain, stoking independence movements that culminated in various

4730:

were a series of sweeping military conflicts lasting from 1792 until 1802 and resulting from the

4704: 3883:. The major empires of the American continents were defeated by much smaller Spanish forces. The 3697: 3598: 2984:

with vague borders. Fifty-three years after the separation of the Tang Empire, China entered the

2889: 2816:, became powerful. The period also saw the intrusive intervention of the central Mexican city of 895: 252: 7239:

alternatives. In Europe, the share of votes for such parties was at its 70-year lowest in 2015.

7034:. Some pink tide governments have been varyingly characterized by some of its critics as being " 6487:), home to exiled leaders of the former Rwandan government and many Hutu refugees, starting the 4777:

The French colonial empire was the second largest empire in the world behind the British Empire.

4696: 17049: 16636: 15141: 15078: 15073: 6736: 6556: 6453: 6437: 5924: 5919:. In the wake of European devastation, the influence of its great powers waned, triggering the 5889: 5841: 5834: 5801: 5760: 5642: 5582: 5376: 4767: 4192:

territories. Meanwhile, Western powers began to overtake their maritime capabilities, with the

4158: 3961: 3818:

invaded the northern parts of the subcontinent 1175 to 1186, conquering much of them. In 1206,

3728: 3406: 3108: 2647: 2241: 1489: 1386: 1119: 877: 811: 633: 489: 431: 377: 14345: 13947: 13032: 12527: 10265: 8626: 8562: 8471: 8306: 8092: 8023: 7998: 7939: 6409: 4884:, remained in Brazil and in 1822 successfully declared himself emperor of a newly independent 16749: 16692: 16586: 16571: 16195: 16155: 16019: 15984: 15951: 15754: 15252: 14988: 7633: 7507: 7495: 7015: 6670: 6617: 6511: 6399: 6352: 6337: 6325: 6289: 6278: 6199: 6131: 6119: 6067: 6025: 5861: 5853: 5830: 5676: 5618: 5610: 5467: 5412: 5368: 5256: 5232: 5220: 5149: 5046:

process was precipitated by the revolutions of 1848. It reached completion in 1871, when the

4735: 4644: 4636: 3977: 3465: 3194: 3174: 3154: 2969: 2894:

and its former tributary provinces. These three city-states ruled the area in and around the

2821: 2437: 1991: 1967: 1940: 1892: 1661: 1394: 1370: 709: 309: 142: 13020: 12496: 7868:"The Origins of Sex Differences in Human Behavior: Evolved Dispositions Versus Social Roles" 7302:. In April 2014, Russian separatists in eastern Ukraine proclaimed the establishment of the 7022:

into other countries of the region, establishing and seating regional organisations such as

3960:

had its final victory on 13 August 1521, when a coalition army of Spanish forces and native

3323: 2781:, after the fall of the Tiwanaku Empire, whose societies were geographically located in the 2477:. The other states tried to form an alliance against the Qin but were defeated. In 221, the 994: 16732: 16250: 16185: 16095: 16085: 15387: 15048: 13221: 13004:

is the name given to the process that ended with the political unification of Italy in 1871

7461: 7194: 6748: 6744: 6719:

also engaged on its own, largely internally focused, counter-terrorism campaign during the

6646: 6581:

becoming the seventh country in the world to successfully develop and test nuclear weapons.

6552: 6395: 6391: 6384: 6179: 6135: 6099: 6071: 5932: 5814: 5764: 5626: 5506: 4712: 4620: 4612: 4520: 4494: 4425: 3981: 3864: 3610: 3602: 3497: 2630:

amongst mainly hunter-gatherers. The Olmecs were limited by the dense forests and the long

2453: 2152: 1971: 1920: 1794: 1657: 984: 914: 835: 821: 697: 693: 419: 290: 280: 265: 192: 110: 13783:

The wrong left, by contrast, was said to be populist, old-fashioned, and irresponsible ...

13578:

The Origins of Dominant Parties: Building Authoritarian Institutions in Post-Soviet Russia

4227:

from 1501 to 1722 (experiencing a brief restoration from 1729 to 1736). It ruled from the

3940:, a former partner in the Aztec Triple Alliance. Other city-states also joined, including 3907: 2805: 1451:. This process of consolidation was driven by the crowding of migrants from the expanding 8: 16985: 16754: 16742: 16699: 16309: 16267: 16221: 16135: 16075: 15816: 15432: 15257: 15131: 15068: 15053: 14557:"Russian-Occupied Kherson Names New Leadership Amid Pro-Ukraine Protests, Rocket Attacks" 13800:

The Paradox of Democracy in Latin America: Ten Country Studies of Division and Resilience

7574: 7526: 7236: 7067: 7063: 6940: 6928: 6534:, while on May 7, 1999, during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, U.S. guided bombs hit the 6527: 6406: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6139: 5895:

World War II changed the political alignment and social structure of the globe. The

5865: 5692: 5486: 5447: 5372: 5292: 5276: 5157: 5145: 5117: 5058: 5043: 4967: 4931: 4915: 4810: 4782: 4688: 4648: 4640: 4516: 4502: 4457: 4429: 4374: 4299: 4142: 4115: 4025: 4021: 3937: 3835: 3827: 3780: 3760: 3677: 3566: 3473: 3386: 3366: 2873: 2702: 2490: 2474: 2265: 2253: 1928: 1880: 1814: 1802: 1779: 1591: 1358: 1201: 979: 863: 796: 531: 441: 295: 197: 147: 85: 14582:"Has Israel invaded Gaza? The military has been vague, even if its objectives are clear" 7294:

moved into Ukraine's Crimea and took control of strategic positions and infrastructure,

4676: 4154: 2432:

Beginning in the eighth century BCE China fell into chaos for five centuries during the

16950: 16289: 16277: 16272: 16228: 16178: 16035: 16014: 16009: 15543: 15362: 15287: 15058: 14847: 14837: 14619: 13993: 13988: 13666: 13641:

Torre, Carlos de la (10 April 2017). "Hugo Chávez and the diffusion of Bolivarianism".

13282: 12943: 12796: 11054: 10937: 10847: 10253: 9877: 7248: 7232: 7103: 6967: 6932: 6796: 6720: 6662: 6457: 6321: 5978: 5903:—China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States—became the 5881: 5716: 5668: 5455: 5304: 5284: 5121: 5086: 5082: 5039: 4971: 4935: 4743: 4684: 4680: 4616: 4485: 4433: 4201: 4068: 4060: 4010: 3915: 3867:

in the Caribbean and gaining control over more territory for over three centuries, the

3673: 3661: 3641: 3625: 3573: 3394: 3315: 3287: 3206: 3065: 2989: 2909: 2508:

Under the Han, the population of China rose to 50 million, with 400,000 in the capital

2494: 2300: 2180: 2176: 2084: 1783: 1727: 1037: 909: 740: 569: 162: 13600: 13449: 13400: 6983: 6908:

from a generation younger than the founders of the republic. Along with his colleague

6506:'s leadership, China experienced substantial economic growth with the continuation of 3266:

from it to the city of Medina in 622, from where he began spreading his new religion,

3112: 1974:(91–88) was caused by neighbouring cities trying to secure themselves the benefits of 16852: 16832: 16777: 16329: 16284: 16260: 16243: 16140: 16125: 16090: 16040: 15708: 15671: 15602: 15553: 15427: 15156: 14867: 14648:"Can Hamas actually be eliminated? This is what military and security analysts think" 14351: 14275: 14251: 14196: 14164: 13953: 13878: 13861: 13853: 13803: 13777: 13760: 13752: 13733: 13716: 13708: 13670: 13658: 13590: 13555: 13286: 13274: 13103: 13036: 13021: 12989: 12951: 12924: 12897: 12864: 12831: 12804: 12771: 12738: 12705: 12672: 12645: 12618: 12588: 12561: 12533: 12502: 12475: 12445: 12418: 12388: 12358: 12324: 12297: 12244: 12190: 12158: 12128: 12096: 12069: 12037: 12007: 11977: 11950: 11920: 11893: 11866: 11839: 11812: 11785: 11753: 11726: 11692: 11651: 11613: 11586: 11559: 11532: 11500: 11470: 11443: 11416: 11389: 11359: 11286: 11259: 11193: 11143: 11062: 11029: 10972: 10945: 10912: 10851: 10794: 10767: 10735: 10701: 10671: 10644: 10617: 10590: 10563: 10536: 10509: 10482: 10455: 10428: 10401: 10374: 10347: 10320: 10293: 10241: 10231: 10203: 10176: 10149: 10122: 10092: 10065: 10038: 10011: 9979: 9952: 9928: 9918: 9893: 9858: 9831: 9801: 9774: 9747: 9720: 9693: 9666: 9639: 9609: 9582: 9555: 9528: 9498: 9471: 9441: 9414: 9387: 9360: 9333: 9303: 9276: 9249: 9222: 9192: 9158: 9128: 9101: 9074: 9044: 9017: 8990: 8963: 8936: 8909: 8879: 8852: 8825: 8795: 8768: 8738: 8711: 8684: 8657: 8614: 8603: 8593: 8550: 8539: 8529: 8504: 8459: 8448: 8438: 8410: 8380: 8350: 8314: 8285: 8255: 8228: 8201: 8174: 8147: 8120: 8080: 8069: 8059: 7986: 7975: 7965: 7927: 7916: 7906: 7848: 7838: 7815: 7805: 7780: 7578: 7534: 7514: 7449: 7271: 7220: 6784: 6772: 6760: 6682: 6464: 6413: 6313: 6219: 6211: 6143: 6107: 6051: 5826: 5778: 5752: 5708: 5594: 5558: 5388: 5380: 5252: 5219:

World War I saw the continent of Europe split into two major opposing alliances; the

5177: 5125: 5113: 5062: 4951: 4947: 4923: 4881: 4818: 4802: 4759: 4739: 4731: 4652: 4632: 4606: 4414: 4327: 4193: 4162: 4099: 4085: 4048: 4003: 3872: 3819: 3685: 3637: 3629: 3606: 3570: 3537: 3529: 3513: 3505: 3485: 3398: 3349:

The Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne around 800 CE, with modern borders in orange

3335: 3311: 3303: 3243:

was also severely affected, with its financial reserves exhausted by the war and the

3051: 2840:

colonised the Mesoamerican region, and a lengthy series of campaigns saw the fall of

2793: 2698: 2613: 2370: 2281: 2104: 2045: 2033: 1975: 1959: 1896: 1846: 1830: 1798: 1766:

as the main sea power, while Sparta remained the dominant land-force. In 499, in the

1677: 1647: 1435:, the kingdom's boundaries being based around the Nile and stretching to areas where 1420: 1390: 1354: 1285: 1158:

throughout their existence and the way these states define their borders. Throughout

900: 854: 564: 238: 100: 95: 56: 29: 19: 6620: 5630: 5622: 4036: 2627: 2481:

was established with a population of about 40 million, with a capital of 350,000 in

1742:

in 632, for example. There were many wars between the cities as well, including the

1587: 16912: 16759: 16727: 16704: 16540: 16294: 16255: 16216: 15718: 15573: 15262: 15242: 15176: 15146: 15121: 15083: 14862: 14586: 13873: 13772: 13728: 13650: 13582: 13375: 13266: 11647: 11098: 10837: 10827: 9879: 7879: 7602: 7217: 7139: 6901: 6839: 6823: 6792: 6740: 6624: 6571: 6496: 6468: 6301: 5849: 5806: 5740: 5538: 5498: 5384: 5280: 5240: 5104: 5054: 4975: 4885: 4579: 4420:

Less than 50 years later, in 1740, war broke out again, sparked by the invasion of

4378: 4197: 4166: 3953: 3911: 3847: 3811: 3736: 3669: 3633: 3594: 3551: 3410: 3310:. At its height, the Umayaads ruled a third of the world's population. In 750, the 3240: 3124: 3104: 3035: 2973: 2895: 2714: 2706: 2666: 2593: 2577: 2277: 2156: 2136: 2112: 2072: 1944: 1900: 1810: 1763: 1751: 1705: 1493: 1313: 1243: 1065: 726: 514: 270: 124: 13654: 13270: 7835:

The origins of political order : from prehuman times to the French Revolution

7802:

The origins of political order : from prehuman times to the French Revolution

5743:

in mid-1940, the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the

5659:

World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, when

2980:, up north into the Tang Empire. The Tang Empire fell apart in 907 and split into 2766: 2111:. Migrating peoples started exerting pressure on the borders of the empire in the 16975: 16965: 16922: 16872: 16822: 16817: 16812: 16682: 16677: 16621: 16611: 16550: 16545: 16238: 16173: 16045: 15558: 15312: 15292: 15247: 15033: 14720: 13513: 13087: 12945: 12918: 12891: 12858: 12825: 12798: 12765: 12732: 12699: 12666: 11682: 11056: 11023: 10999: 10966: 10939: 10906: 10449: 10422: 10395: 10368: 10314: 10287: 10059: 10032: 10005: 9973: 9946: 9883: 9011: 8984: 8957: 8930: 8903: 8762: 8732: 8705: 8678: 8651: 8498: 8404: 8374: 8344: 8249: 8222: 8195: 8168: 8141: 8114: 7739: 7677: 7606: 7594: 7438: 7366: 7264: 7228: 7095: 6776: 6732: 6702: 6609: 6601: 6488: 6207: 6047: 5728: 5712: 5546: 5343:

by Western powers such as Britain and France, and saw the creation of the modern

5268: 5244: 5214: 5169: 5066: 5050: 5007: 4955: 4943: 4903: 4869: 4861: 4806: 4583: 4548: 3876: 3823: 3645: 3586: 3382: 3378: 3327: 3291: 3228: 2825: 2774: 2742: 2686: 2635: 2498: 2249: 2217:

were abandoned around 1900 BCE, no political power is known to have replaced it.

2179:

in 410. The final collapse of the Western Empire came in 476 with the deposal of

2108: 2088: 2064:

became the other borders of the empire. The population reached about 60 million.

2041: 2037: 1952: 1854: 1838: 1755: 1673: 1507: 1476: 1374: 1289: 1271: 1232: 1213: 1163: 1082: 764: 592: 574: 399: 384: 14531:"Russian forces disperse pro-Ukraine rally, tighten control in occupied Kherson" 13254: 8311:

Cambridge history of the Native peoples of the Americas: South America, Volume 3

7690: 7278:

and the Revolution of Dignity, which broke out after his decision to reject the

6806:

In the 2000s, there was an active movement towards further consolidation of the

2661:

contained a string of trading cities connected to kingdoms in the interior. The

1943:

beat him and then sent troops against Carthage itself, defeating it in 202. The

1672:

their influence rose, and in 553 they rose against the Medians. By the death of

1276:

The early distribution of political power was determined by the availability of

16960: 16929: 16917: 16885: 16827: 16792: 16787: 16719: 16581: 16576: 16529: 16050: 15989: 15979: 15974: 15728: 15723: 15607: 15377: 15302: 15206: 15171: 14822: 14329: 13922: 7883: 7659: 7586: 7522: 7499: 7479: 7464: 7326: 7315: 7307: 7210: 6851: 6819: 6807: 6756: 6728: 6417: 6380: 6368: 6348: 6127: 5896: 5744: 5672: 5603:

in Paris against the French government resulting in major political violence.

5590: 5470: 5443: 5296: 5272: 5260: 5236: 5094: 4927: 4857: 4849: 4747: 4656: 4576: 4563:

began in 1788 when Britain began to utilize the country for the deportation of

4441: 4437: 4343: 4291: 4185: 4170: 4119: 4103: 4044: 3965: 3831: 3815: 3807: 3772: 3712: 3704: 3665: 3653: 3652:

killed half the population 1237 to 1241. The resulting power vacuum helped the

3546: 3541: 3418: 3374: 3362: 3345: 3162: 2929: 2837: 2726: 2722: 2710: 2694: 2670: 2662: 2394: 2328: 2308: 2261: 1987: 1983: 1876: 1775: 1743: 1723: 1717: 1665: 1570: 1460: 1333:

of the world's large mammal species living there, which could be domesticated.

1324:

depositing sediments from the East African highlands of its origins, while the

1281: 801: 470: 389: 343: 285: 10245: 9932: 9882:; Esther Ferington; Lee Hassig; Dale-Marie Herring (2003). Toni Eugene (ed.). 8607: 8543: 8452: 8073: 7979: 7920: 7852: 7819: 6975: 3609:. The crusader presence remained in the region in some form until the city of 3088: 3072: 1581:. Meanwhile, Egypt was weakened, eventually breaking apart after the death of 17038: 16970: 16895: 16847: 16672: 16631: 16626: 16606: 16596: 15749: 15357: 15216: 15008: 14938: 14842: 14200: 14168: 14140: 13662: 13330: 13278: 13228: 12988:. Heinemann Advanced History (First ed.). Oxford: Heinemann. p. 2. 9915:

A political history of the world : three thousand years of war and peace

8590:

A political history of the world : three thousand years of war and peace

8526:

A political history of the world : three thousand years of war and peace

8435:

A political history of the world : three thousand years of war and peace

8056:

A political history of the world : three thousand years of war and peace

8037:, Issues 13–19, Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1922, p. 55. 7962:

A political history of the world : three thousand years of war and peace

7903:

A political history of the world : three thousand years of war and peace

7537:

scattered throughout Latin America have also recently occurred including the

7453: 7422: 7403: 7378: 7346: 7334: 7260: 7224: 7099: 7047: 7035: 7019: 6991: 6959: 6947: 6698: 6674: 6360: 6341: 6115: 6075: 6046:

in 1955 in response to NATO. Major crises of this phase included the 1948–49

5982: 5958: 5522: 5482: 5463: 5404: 5264: 5228: 5161: 5078: 5074: 5038:

Inspired by the rebellions in the 1820s and 1830s against the outcome of the

4877: 4763: 4556: 4540: 4449: 4263: 4111: 3880: 3795: 3689: 3681: 3581: 3562: 3558: 3461: 3339: 3080: 3056: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3008: 3001: 2852: 2750: 2553: 2529: 2486: 2482: 2386: 2364: 2336: 2320: 2296: 2269: 2225: 2019: 1995: 1850: 1767: 1747: 1653: 1464: 1346: 1317: 1247: 1159: 1075: 750: 641: 394: 372: 347: 177: 11637: 8281:

The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution

7776:

The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution

7430: 6032:

military alliance in 1949 in the apprehension of a Soviet attack and termed

5557:. Fascist movements grew in strength elsewhere in Europe. Hungarian fascist 5291:, none of the great powers were knocked out of the war until 1918. The 1917 4090: 3969: 3802:

at the end of the 900's. In 1025, they attacked rival commercial kingdom of

3763:, as well as the Islamic caliphate. The Pala Empire had risen around 750 in 2944: 1958:

Rome suffered from various internal disturbances and instabilities. In 133,

1762:

were the dominant powers of Greece. The former was eventually supplanted by

1538:. The Mesopotamians also innovated in governance by writing the first laws. 16955: 16890: 16842: 16837: 16769: 16646: 16641: 15759: 15568: 15473: 15337: 15166: 15151: 14877: 14414: 13091: 12523: 11325: 10228:

Political history of the world : three thousand years of war and peace

8307:"The Maritime, Highland, Forest Dynamic and the Origins of Complex Culture" 7695: 7487: 7434: 7382: 7350: 6887: 6709:

area escalated into armed resistance, with Pakistan's actions presented as

6634: 6546: 6364: 6238: 5994: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5954: 5731:(along with other countries later on). Following the onset of campaigns in 5688: 5680: 5664: 5660: 5654: 5606: 5554: 5550: 5474: 5459: 5400: 5392: 5047: 4999: 4842: 4790: 4506: 4490: 4323: 4123: 4107: 4000: 3973: 3949: 3929: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3732: 3720: 3422: 3414: 3150: 3132: 3120: 3024: 2985: 2965: 2949: 2928:, while the other partners in the alliance had taken subsidiary roles. The 2917: 2901: 2865: 2848: 2829: 2705:

in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Towards the Atlantic coast, the

2589: 2449: 2410: 2390: 2374: 2344: 2324: 2312: 2245: 2221: 2210: 2148: 2116: 2029: 1936: 1870: 1602:

who raised an army of over 300,000. This allowed the empire to spread over

1599: 1362: 1325: 1209: 1175: 772: 745: 157: 14773: 14485:"Resurgence of the 'Pink Tide'? Revisiting Left Politics in Latin America" 13586: 13255:"Counting the Rwandan Victims of War and Genocide: Concluding Reflections" 11328:

may have lessened local resistance to the Arab expansion (Haldon , 49–50).

3891:

had 200,000 troops under its command, but was defeated by little over 600

3096: 2886:. from the victorious factions of a civil war fought between the city of 2091:(244–249) was six years. Nevertheless, external expansion continued, with 16807: 16782: 16616: 16566: 15733: 15666: 15483: 15402: 15186: 15161: 15111: 15023: 14983: 14978: 14958: 14953: 14943: 14928: 14923: 14271: 13120:

In 1914 the only independent states in Africa were Liberia and Abyssinia.

11633: 8400: 8370: 7637: 7486:

that resulted in Rousseff's departure and the rise of her Vice President

7386: 7342: 7214: 7183: 7059: 7031: 6999: 6916: 6735:

grew on average by seven percent per year, while Russia also experienced

6531: 6503: 6402: 6230: 6163: 6079: 6063: 6043: 6038: 6010: 5974: 5900: 5720: 5340: 5210: 5090: 4963: 4532: 4512: 4473: 4306:(1556–1605). The neglect of northern defences allowed the Persians under 4295: 4271: 4252: 4209: 3989: 3945: 3896: 3784: 3752: 3740: 3716: 3390: 3299: 3210: 3147: 3100: 2961: 2933: 2817: 2786: 2730: 2658: 2601: 2565: 2557: 2509: 2502: 2478: 2469: 2461: 2457: 2445: 2422: 2378: 2340: 2285: 2206: 2198: 2124: 2011: 1963: 1962:

was killed alongside hundreds of supporters after trying to redistribute

1858: 1806: 1701: 1685: 1595: 1558: 1444: 1440: 1416: 1350: 1301: 1277: 1259: 951: 946: 816: 666: 461: 426: 329: 317: 182: 14410:"Is Shinzo Abe's 'new nationalism' a throwback to Japanese imperialism?" 13852:

Lopes, Dawisson Belém; de Faria, Carlos Aurélio Pimenta (Jan–Apr 2016).

13751:

Lopes, Dawisson Belém; de Faria, Carlos Aurélio Pimenta (Jan–Apr 2016).

13707:

Lopes, Dawisson Belém; de Faria, Carlos Aurélio Pimenta (Jan–Apr 2016).

12893:

The First Settlement: The Convict Village that Founded Australia 1788-90

10842: 10832: 10815: 7672: 6919:. Hu sought to improve socio-economic equality domestically through the 4452:. Over the next eight years, these and other states participated in the 2841: 587: 16980: 16862: 16802: 16591: 15949: 15488: 15417: 15307: 15226: 15211: 15191: 15003: 14973: 14963: 14933: 14808: 13016: 12830:(illustrated and revised 2007 ed.). Cherrytree Books. p. 20. 12641: