6110:
5935:
6096:
6035:
5763:
6138:
3891:
2215:
6068:
5735:
2071:
5852:
6047:
6016:
5420:
2017:
1621:
4251:
3819:
5626:
4521:
5380:
5010:
2269:
1819:
5803:
4287:
1981:
5459:
2863:
5824:
4053:
4413:
1747:
2197:
5446:
2341:
5867:
1471:. Under such a system, executive power is shared by an elected head of state (a president) and a legislature-appointed head of government (a prime minister or premier). The amount of power each figure holds may vary, and a semi-presidential system may lean closer to one system over the other. The president typically retains authority over foreign policy in a semi-presidential system. A pure presidential system may also have mechanisms that resemble those of a parliamentary system as part of
3693:
4539:
5775:
5231:
3747:
3565:
3457:
5298:
4557:
5669:
5599:
4395:
2611:
6082:
5529:
5285:
4467:
4107:
3981:
3909:
1891:
5036:
4971:
4143:
3547:
3475:
2323:
2107:
1513:
802:
5682:
5547:
4125:
27:
9804:
9288:
9277:
5974:
5947:
5789:
5573:
5490:
5258:
5244:
4984:
4593:
4377:
4305:
4089:
3963:
3367:
3277:
3007:
2935:
2125:
1999:
1693:
1657:
5049:
4359:
3403:
3169:
3151:
1359:
potential candidates. This allows presidents the ability to select cabinet members based as much or more on their ability and competency to lead a particular department as on their loyalty to the president, as opposed to parliamentary cabinets, which might be filled by legislators chosen for no better reason than their perceived loyalty to the prime minister. Supporters of the presidential system note that parliamentary systems are prone to disruptive "
5166:
4179:
3656:
3637:
3493:
3133:
5702:
5324:
5101:
5075:
4893:
4629:
3999:
3295:
2755:
2683:
2575:
1585:
1711:
5433:
5350:
5218:
5088:
4719:
4035:
3711:
3349:
3205:
2665:
2413:
2251:
1945:
1873:
1837:
6001:
5586:
5407:
5140:
4958:
4701:
4341:
4323:
4215:
4017:
3783:
3619:
3223:
2395:
2089:
1963:
2449:
6124:
5749:
5612:
5394:
5179:
5114:
5023:
4919:
4503:
4431:
3529:
3331:
3097:
2881:
2809:
2719:
2701:
2359:
2287:
2143:
1927:
1909:
1801:
1729:
1675:
1603:
5921:
5838:
5516:
5311:
4647:
4611:
4575:
4071:
3927:
3837:
3421:
3385:
3079:
3061:
2503:
2377:
2233:
1639:
1549:
1531:
4765:
5272:
4997:
4449:
3945:
3043:
2989:
2917:
2827:
2629:
2179:
5885:
5640:
5503:
5337:
5205:
5153:
5127:
4880:
4683:
4485:
3873:
3675:
3583:
3313:
3187:
2971:
2593:
2557:
1783:
1567:
5899:
4197:
2647:
2485:
5988:
5715:
5560:
5472:
5192:
5062:
4945:
4906:
4665:
4269:
3801:
3511:
3439:
3259:
3115:
2953:
2539:
2305:
2053:
1765:
2521:
3601:
2431:
2161:
5961:
3729:
3241:
3025:
2791:
2773:
2035:
4233:
4932:
3765:
1855:
3855:
2467:
2845:
4161:
2899:
2737:
9816:
1286:, maintained that a single chief executive would provide for greater public accountability than a group and thereby protect against tyranny by making it plain who was responsible for executive actions. He also submitted that a singular chief executive was necessary to ensure promptness and consistency and guard against deadlock, which could be essential in times of national emergency.
1187:
democratic nature of presidential elections, the advantages of separation of powers, the efficiency of a unitary executive, and the stability provided by fixed-terms. Opponents of presidential systems cite the potential for gridlock, the difficulty of changing leadership, and concerns that a unitary executive can give way to a dictatorship.
4746:
Subnational governments may be structured as presidential systems. All of the state governments in the United States use the presidential system, even though this is not constitutionally required. In these cases instead of the title of
President the role has the title of Governor. On a local level, a
1437:
stated that an official should be elected based on "his unbiased opinion, his mature judgment, his enlightened conscience", and therefore should reflect on the arguments for and against certain policies and then do what he believes is best for his constituents and country as a whole, even if it means
1404:
The consistency of a presidency may be seen as beneficial during times of crisis. When in a time of crisis, countries may be better off being led by a president with a fixed term than rotating premierships. Some critics, however, argue that the presidential system is weaker because it does not allow
1384:
Fixed-terms in a presidential system may also be considered a check on the powers of the executive, contrasting parliamentary systems, which may allow the prime minister to call elections whenever they see fit or orchestrate their own vote of no confidence to trigger an election when they cannot get
1379:
The danger that zero-sum presidential elections pose is compounded by the rigidity of the president's fixed term in office. Winners and losers are sharply defined for the entire period of the presidential mandate ... losers must wait four or five years without any access to executive power and
1317:
said of the
American system, "the executive is crippled by not getting the law it needs, and the legislature is spoiled by having to act without responsibility: the executive becomes unfit for its name, since it cannot execute what it decides on; the legislature is demoralized by liberty, by taking
1393:
Unlike in parliamentary systems, the legislature does not have the power to recall a president under the presidential system. However, presidential systems may have methods to remove presidents under extraordinary circumstances, such as a president committing a crime or becoming incapacitated. In
1226:
Separation of powers is sometimes held up as an advantage, in that each branch may scrutinize the actions of the other. This is in contrast with a parliamentary system, where the majority party in the legislature that also serves as the executive is unlikely to scrutinize its own actions. Writing
1293:
when the president and the legislature are in opposition. This rarely happens in a parliamentary system, as the prime minister is always a member of the party in power. This gridlock is common occurrence, as the electorate often expects more rapid results than are possible from new policies and
1450:
The separation of the executive and the legislature is the key difference between a presidential system and a parliamentary system. The presidential system elects a head of government independently of the legislature, while in contrast, the head of government in a parliamentary system answers
1400:
The inability to remove a president early is also the subject of criticism. Even if a president is "proved to be inefficient, even if he becomes unpopular, even if his policy is unacceptable to the majority of his countrymen, he and his methods must be endured until the moment comes for a new
1358:
Proponents of the presidential system also argue that stability extends to the cabinets chosen under the system. In most parliamentary systems, cabinets must be drawn from within the legislative branch. Under the presidential system, cabinet members can be selected from a much larger pool of
1186:
There are several characteristics that are unique to presidential systems or prominent in countries that use presidential systems. The defining aspect of presidential systems is the separation of powers that divides the executive and the legislature. Advocates of presidential systems cite the
1345:
Presidential systems are typically understood as having a head of government elected by citizens to serve one or more fixed-terms. Fixed-terms are praised for providing a level of stability that other systems lack. Although most parliamentary governments go long periods of time without a no
1243:
Another stated benefit of the separation of powers is the ability of the legislature to enforce limits on the powers of the executive. In a parliamentary system, if important legislation proposed by the incumbent prime minister and his cabinet is "voted down" by a majority of the members of
1375:, presidential systems have fallen into authoritarianism in nearly every country they've been attempted. The list of the world's 22 older democracies includes only two countries (Costa Rica and the United States) with presidential systems. Yale political scientist Juan Linz argues that:
1370:
Some political scientists dispute this concept of stability, arguing that presidential systems have difficulty sustaining democratic practices and that they have slipped into authoritarianism in many of the countries in which they have been implemented. According to political scientist
1256:
When an action is within the scope of a president's power, a presidential system can respond more rapidly to emerging situations than parliamentary ones. A prime minister, when taking action, needs to retain the support of the legislature, but a president is often less constrained. In
5370:
The following countries have presidential systems where the post of prime minister (official title may vary) exists alongside that of the president. The president is still both the head of state and government and the prime minister's role is mostly to assist the president.
1298:, argue that in such cases of gridlock, presidential systems do not offer voters the kind of accountability seen in parliamentary systems, and that this inherent political instability can cause democracies to fail, as seen in such cases as Brazil and
1205:
is elected to work alongside, but not as a part of, the legislature. There are several types of powers that are traditionally delegated to the president. Under a presidential system, the president may have the power to challenge legislation through a
1432:
criticizes the office of the
President of the United States as essentially undemocratic and characterizes presidentialism as worship of the president by citizens, which she believes undermines civic participation. British-Irish philosopher and MP
1451:
directly to the legislature. Presidential systems necessarily operate under the principle of structural separation of powers, while parliamentary systems do not; however, the degree of functional separation of powers exhibited in each varies โ
1336:
used in the United States. This aspect of presidential systems is sometimes touted as more democratic, as it provides a broader mandate for the president. Once elected, a president typically remains in office until the conclusion of a term.
1235:
said "don't think a
Watergate couldn't happen here, you just wouldn't hear about it." The extent of this effect is debated. Some commentators argue that the effect is mitigated when the president's party is in power, while others note that
4747:
presidential system might be organized with the office of Mayor acting as the president. Some countries without a presidential system at the national level use a form of this system at a subnational or local level. One example is
6891:
1385:
a legislative item passed. The presidential model is said to discourage this sort of opportunism, and instead forces the executive to operate within the confines of a term they cannot alter to suit their own needs.
1495:
and presidential power scores. The table below shows for individual countries the V-Dem presidentialism index, where higher values indicate higher concentration of political power in the hands of one individual.
1350:
have all experienced difficulties maintaining stability. When parliamentary systems have multiple parties, and governments are forced to rely on coalitions, as they often do in nations that use a system of
1463:
require it. Heads of government under the presidential system do not depend on the approval of the legislature as they do in a parliamentary system (with the exception of mechanisms such as impeachment).
1134:
from the
Netherlands in 1945. While it nominally used a presidential system, it was in effect a dictatorship where the president controlled all branches of government. A true presidential system was
1491:
Presidentialism metrics allow a quantitative comparison of the strength of presidential system characteristics for individual countries. Presidentialism metrics include the presidentialism index in
6438:
A presidential republic (1960โ1991, 2023-present), military dictatorship (1968โ1991,1991โ1992, 2012, 2020-present) single-party state (1960โ1968, 1974โ1991) semi-presidential republic (1991โ2023).
8745:
1144:
in the 1950s and 1960s brought with it significant expansion of the presidential system. During this time, several new presidential republics were formed in Africa. Cyprus, the
Maldives, and
70:
1309:
said "the president blames
Congress, the Congress blames the president, and the public remains confused and disgusted with government in Washington". Years before becoming president,
1409:
argues that the ideal ruler in times of calm is different from the ideal ruler in times of crisis, criticizing the presidential system for having no mechanism to make such a change.
9177:
1130:
in the formation of a presidential government. However, the early years of the South Korean presidency were marked by dictatorial control. At the same time, Indonesia declared
6509:
and the Rada's ability to dismiss the government by a vote of no confidence. Both of these provisions were restored upon the passage of a permanent constitution in 1996.
1332:
In a presidential system, the president is elected independently of the legislature. This may be done directly through a popular vote or indirectly such as through the
8738:
1148:
also adopted the presidential system following decolonization. Pakistan and
Bangladesh did so as well, but they changed their governmental systems shortly afterward.
1395:
1380:
patronage. The zero-sum game in presidential regimes raises the stakes of presidential elections and inevitably exacerbates their attendant tension and polarization.
1167:
in 1991, the presidential system was adopted by the new states that were created, though most of them adopted other governmental systems over the following decades.
110:
1151:
Several more countries adopted the presidential system in the final decades of the 20th century. A modified version of the presidential system was implemented in
917:. Likewise, the title is sometimes used by other systems. It originated from a time when such a person personally presided over the governing body, as with the
8664:
1099:
as its first president. Latin
American presidential systems have experienced varying levels of stability, with many experiencing periods of dictatorial rule.
8731:
1305:
It is easy for either the president or the legislature to escape blame by shifting it to the other. Describing the United States, former
Treasury Secretary
6313:
5812:
1425:. This is in contrast to most parliamentary governments where the head of state is separate from the head of government and plays a largely symbolic role.
7061:
Depauw, Sam; Martin, Shane (2008). "Legislative party discipline and cohesion in comparative perspective". In Giannetti, Daniela; Benoit, Kenneth (eds.).
4863:
7500:
1159:
serves as the head of state and is the absolute power in this country. In 1981, Palau achieved independence and adopted a presidential system. When the
1064:
advocated for a unitary executive figure that would become the role of the president. The United States became the first presidential republic when the
7359:
7599:
228:
1087:
after that of the United States, and the presidential system became the dominant political system in the Americas. Following several decades of
8911:
103:: Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature
1107:
Following the pattern of other Spanish colonies, the Philippines established the first presidential system in Asia in 1898, but it fell under
9182:
9172:
6811:
6447:
A one-party presidential republic (1960โ1978), military dictatorship (1978โ1992, 2005โ2007, 2008โ2009) semi-presidential republic since 1992.
7238:
6040:
922:
7533:
5538:
9281:
9192:
1248:. The presidential system has no such mechanism, and the legislature has little incentive to appease the president beyond saving face.
830:
9324:
9247:
7712:
6056:
1283:
1041:
6589:
Sundquist, James L. (1997). "The U.S. Presidential System as a Model for the World". In Baaklini, Abdo I.; Desfosses, Helen (eds.).
8808:
8609:
1455:
such as the Netherlands, Sweden and Slovakia forbid members of the legislature from serving in the executive simultaneously, while
4829:
9541:
1131:
4801:
9187:
9128:
8798:
4741:
1175:
6477:
All South Korean constitutions since 1963 provided for a strong executive Presidency; in addition, the formally-authoritarian
7592:
7373:
7104:
1092:
1076:
1057:
918:
20:
9222:
9207:
7009:
7005:"Decision Making in Political Systems: Veto Players in Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, Multicameralism and Multipartyism"
5768:
4808:
4782:
1002:
6911:
9202:
9138:
925:, prior to the executive function being split into a separate branch of government. It may also be used by presidents in
221:
7940:
9257:
8906:
6979:
6538:
6187:
9237:
9232:
9212:
9037:
7324:
7257:
Riggs, Fred W. (1997). "Presidentialism versus Parliamentarism: Implications for Representativeness and Legitimacy".
7127:
6115:
5940:
5908:
4848:
4815:
1065:
698:
7552:
9820:
9291:
9227:
8759:
8196:
7585:
6486:
2220:
1201:
The presidential system is defined by the separation of the executive branch from other aspects of government. The
304:
9262:
6143:
6101:
5740:
1439:
1333:
1164:
4797:
9197:
8954:
8642:
8445:
6987:
6823:
6680:
6620:
6602:
4786:
1299:
1061:
823:
693:
471:
319:
214:
1025:. Additional executive officials such as constables and messengers were then appointed. At the same time, the
9868:
9601:
9455:
9317:
9108:
8576:
7507:
7393:
7365:
1135:
1115:. The presidential system was restored after the United States granted the Philippines independence in 1946.
708:
3896:
9217:
8773:
8698:
8631:
8450:
8176:
7120:
Government in America: People, Politics, and Policy, AP* Edition โ 2016 Presidential Election, 17th Edition
6406:
6346:
6338:
6296:
860:
457:
289:
260:
9873:
9684:
9242:
9123:
9004:
8884:
8703:
8598:
7707:
7004:
6841:
6207:
1352:
1170:
The presidential system continues to be adopted in the 21st century. Following its independence in 2011,
1108:
1014:
761:
113:: Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it
9853:
9156:
9118:
8949:
8708:
8587:
6870:
6367:
6276:
6264:
6239:
6231:
6167:
1363:" where legislators are moved between portfolios, whereas in presidential system cabinets (such as the
1006:
294:
265:
100:
8723:
6489:, nominally counterbalanced by a vote of no confidence. Both of these provisions were retained by the
1355:, extremist parties can theoretically use the threat of leaving a coalition to further their agendas.
9709:
9661:
9251:
8675:
7867:
7656:
1123:
899:
816:
421:
9808:
9704:
9513:
9460:
9310:
9103:
8653:
8086:
7892:
7148:
6815:
6568:
Vile, M. J. (1967). The separation of powers. In: Greene, J. P., & Pole, J. R. (Eds.). (2008).
6482:
6465:
6410:
6211:
6191:
6171:
5425:
2022:
1468:
1112:
926:
876:
536:
426:
7300:"Conceptual homogenization of a heterogeneous field: Presidentialism in comparative perspective".
7236:
Sargentich, Thomas O. (1993). "The Presidential and Parliamentary Models of National Government".
9405:
8994:
8934:
8859:
8151:
7676:
7398:
6494:
6490:
6390:
6280:
5481:
4822:
4775:
1492:
466:
139:
50:
6931:
Adar, Sinem; Seufert, Gรผnter (2021). "Turkey's Presidential System after Two and a Half Years".
172:: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended
9863:
9440:
7945:
7882:
7877:
7534:"The Executive Authorities and the Legislature in the Political Structure of the Hong Kong SAR"
7184:
6756:
6422:
6394:
6309:
6292:
6243:
6021:
1824:
1347:
1156:
1018:
930:
895:
864:
703:
645:
591:
179:
129:
60:
9553:
9496:
9390:
9375:
8999:
8959:
8823:
8788:
8755:
8558:
8056:
7792:
7558:
6916:
6461:
6272:
6260:
6235:
3824:
1364:
1245:
523:
356:
1313:
famously wrote "how is the schoolmaster, the nation, to know which boy needs the whipping?"
9536:
9054:
8989:
8899:
8889:
8191:
7852:
7424:"Neopatrimonialism and Democracy: An Empirical Investigation of Africa's Political Regimes"
6719:
6382:
6203:
6183:
4526:
1196:
1022:
965:
903:
872:
633:
504:
494:
479:
406:
324:
39:
8:
9858:
9789:
9558:
9546:
9503:
9113:
9071:
9025:
8939:
8879:
8620:
8236:
8061:
7935:
7872:
6754:
Ker-Lindsay, James (2006). "Presidential Power and Authority in the Republic of Cyprus".
6478:
6268:
6163:
4418:
2814:
1472:
1327:
1290:
1272:
745:
655:
509:
361:
299:
6889:
Diehl, Katharina; van der Horst, Judith (2013). "The New Electoral Law in South Sudan".
1438:
short-term backlash. Thus defenders of presidential systems hold that sometimes what is
948:, with 17 of its 22 sovereign states being presidential republics, the exceptions being
9754:
9093:
9081:
9076:
9032:
8982:
8839:
8818:
8813:
8347:
8166:
8091:
7862:
7651:
7641:
7449:
7282:
7274:
7177:
7026:
6773:
6736:
6699:
6656:
6505:
An interim constitution passed in 1995 removed the President's ability to dissolve the
6026:
5015:
3661:
3642:
2274:
1476:
1456:
1452:
1418:
1215:
1202:
1096:
1045:
985:
981:
961:
953:
949:
868:
856:
852:
783:
376:
81:
Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature
906:, where the head of government comes to power by gaining the confidence of an elected
9848:
9656:
9636:
9581:
9133:
9088:
9064:
9047:
8944:
8929:
8894:
8844:
8512:
8475:
8406:
8357:
8231:
7960:
7671:
7453:
7369:
7320:
7286:
7123:
6983:
6819:
6777:
6703:
6660:
6598:
6534:
6350:
6342:
6334:
5857:
5451:
2508:
2346:
1306:
1259:
1228:
1122:
established presidential systems in two countries. After the United States ended the
1069:
778:
452:
314:
309:
270:
243:
149:
7030:
6740:
6555:
902:
the president except in extraordinary cases. A presidential system contrasts with a
19:"Presidential Republic" redirects here. For the period in the history of Chile, see
9716:
9563:
9531:
9508:
9344:
9098:
9059:
9020:
8522:
8377:
8066:
8046:
7980:
7950:
7925:
7887:
7666:
7480:
7439:
7431:
7266:
7157:
7046:
7018:
6850:
6765:
6728:
6689:
6648:
5926:
5912:
3698:
1276:
1237:
1088:
1030:
1013:, established a system that utilized an independent executive branch. Each year, a
957:
728:
484:
338:
125:
7559:
Presidential Control of High Courts in Latin America: A Long-term View (1904-2006)
1475:. The legislature may have oversight of some of the president's decisions through
9779:
9769:
9726:
9676:
9626:
9621:
9616:
9486:
9481:
9425:
9415:
9354:
9349:
9042:
8977:
8849:
8362:
8116:
8096:
8051:
7837:
6946:
6457:
6371:
5872:
4058:
3570:
1360:
1268:
1264:
1010:
938:
806:
788:
613:
598:
159:
44:
Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature
1467:
The presidential system and the parliamentary system can also be blended into a
1214:
crimes, authority over foreign policy, authority to command the military as the
9764:
9733:
9721:
9689:
9631:
9596:
9591:
9523:
9385:
9380:
9333:
8854:
8793:
8783:
8778:
8532:
8527:
8411:
8181:
8106:
8010:
7975:
7626:
7355:
7270:
6854:
6618:
McCarthy, Daniel J. (1987). "James Wilson and the Creation of the Presidency".
6506:
6256:
5674:
4544:
2202:
1483:
may allow the legislature to remove the president under drastic circumstances.
1460:
1429:
1406:
1314:
1310:
1141:
1034:
969:
684:
603:
557:
499:
169:
7485:
7468:
7022:
6769:
6694:
6675:
9842:
9774:
9699:
9651:
9476:
9435:
9430:
9410:
9400:
8553:
8161:
8020:
7812:
7742:
7646:
7469:"Maximizing the Reliability of Cross-National Measures of Presidential Power"
6354:
6330:
6227:
6087:
5303:
4562:
2616:
1422:
1232:
1145:
1080:
1026:
886:. In a presidential system, the head of government is directly or indirectly
883:
608:
586:
561:
391:
90:
9759:
9694:
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9641:
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7681:
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but repealed upon the transition to democracy and the establishment of the
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5290:
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4112:
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1434:
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1119:
1084:
977:
944:
The presidential system is the dominant form of government in the mainland
371:
7577:
7423:
7161:
6732:
6652:
1044:
in 1787. Drawing inspiration from the previous colonial governments, from
1040:
The first true presidential system was developed during the United States
9611:
9586:
9420:
9370:
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8470:
8287:
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3752:
3552:
3480:
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2868:
2328:
1518:
1480:
1171:
1127:
1053:
980:. By contrast, there are very few presidential republics in Europe, with
973:
907:
891:
675:
640:
543:
531:
396:
7361:
Bad for Democracy: How the Presidency Undermines the Power of the People
6639:
Sondrol, Paul (2005). "The Presidentialist Tradition in Latin America".
801:
9784:
9666:
9606:
9395:
8753:
8292:
8221:
8111:
8030:
8015:
7995:
7807:
7777:
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7737:
7612:
7278:
5979:
5952:
5794:
5780:
5578:
5495:
5263:
5249:
5054:
4989:
4789: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4598:
4382:
4364:
4310:
4094:
3968:
3408:
3372:
3282:
3174:
3156:
3012:
2940:
2130:
2004:
1698:
1662:
1372:
1049:
765:
755:
750:
489:
351:
32:
7444:
6717:
Valenzuela, Arturo (2004). "Latin American Presidencies Interrupted".
1060:
developed what is now known as the presidential system. Most notably,
941:, whether popularly elected or not, are also often called presidents.
26:
8496:
8416:
8335:
8310:
8272:
8201:
8076:
7985:
7920:
7845:
7832:
7817:
7802:
7772:
7752:
7066:
6868:
Hale, Henry E. (2012). "Two Decades of Post-Soviet Regime Dynamics".
6594:
6591:
Designs for Democratic Stability: Studies in Viable Constitutionalism
5707:
5329:
5171:
5106:
5080:
4898:
4634:
4184:
4004:
3498:
3300:
3138:
2760:
2688:
2580:
1626:
1590:
1295:
1218:, and authority over advisors and employees of the executive branch.
650:
548:
431:
386:
366:
121:
6947:"Turkey elections: How powerful will the next Turkish president be?"
4764:
1294:
switches to a different party at the next election. Critics such as
8460:
8216:
8071:
8005:
7930:
7897:
7797:
7686:
7608:
6006:
5591:
5438:
5412:
5385:
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4022:
3788:
3716:
3624:
3354:
3228:
3210:
2670:
2418:
2400:
2256:
2094:
1968:
1950:
1878:
1842:
1716:
945:
934:
887:
773:
733:
416:
401:
381:
250:
205:
9302:
5655:
4870:
4754:
9749:
8803:
8502:
8267:
8226:
8171:
8146:
8000:
7822:
7722:
6839:
Shuster, Donald R. (1983). "Elections in the Republic of Palau".
6129:
5843:
5754:
5617:
5521:
5399:
5316:
5184:
5119:
5028:
4976:
4924:
4652:
4616:
4580:
4508:
4436:
4076:
3932:
3842:
3534:
3426:
3390:
3336:
3102:
3084:
3066:
2886:
2724:
2706:
2526:
2454:
2382:
2364:
2292:
2238:
2148:
2112:
1932:
1914:
1806:
1752:
1734:
1680:
1644:
1608:
1554:
1536:
688:
346:
197:
4864:
List of countries by system of government ยง Presidential systems
8507:
8342:
8297:
7636:
7631:
6052:
5890:
5808:
5645:
5508:
5365:
5342:
5277:
5210:
5158:
5132:
5002:
4937:
4885:
4751:, where the national government uses the parliamentary system.
4688:
4490:
4454:
4292:
4238:
3950:
3878:
3860:
3770:
3680:
3588:
3318:
3192:
3048:
2994:
2976:
2922:
2832:
2634:
2598:
2562:
2472:
2184:
1986:
1860:
1788:
1572:
1275:
were constrained by the need to maintain the confidence of the
1211:
1001:
The presidential system has its roots in the governance of the
738:
680:
578:
6808:
Who Rules Iran? The Structure of Power in the Islamic Republic
1428:
The president's status is sometimes the subject of criticism.
162:: Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party
7564:
5992:
5904:
5720:
5565:
5477:
5197:
5067:
4950:
4911:
4748:
4670:
4274:
4202:
4166:
3806:
3516:
3444:
3264:
3120:
2958:
2904:
2850:
2742:
2652:
2544:
2490:
2310:
2076:
2058:
1770:
1282:
James Wilson, who advocated for a presidential system at the
1075:
During the 1810s and 1820s, Spanish colonies in the Americas
7044:
Schlesinger, Arthur (1974). "No Way to Curb the Executive".
9491:
5965:
5829:
5604:
4400:
3734:
3606:
3246:
3030:
2796:
2778:
2436:
2166:
2040:
1207:
1152:
933:, largely ceremonial in most cases, are called presidents.
6308:
De facto Presidential system in 1948โ1991 under a de jure
6230:
in 1990โ1991, Soviet age and after independence, it was a
1079:, and several new Spanish-speaking governments emerged in
1005:
of the 17th century in what is now the United States. The
188: Dependent territories and places without governments
142:: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power
8303:
6464:(1974โ1993, 1996โ1999, 1999, 2010โ2011, 2023-present), a
1021:, as well as several assistants, analogous to modern day
7561:, in Journal of Politics in Latin America, Hamburg 2009.
1072:
became the first president under a presidential system.
6912:"Turkey's new presidential system and a changing west"
6374:
in 1918โ1930, a presidential republic in 1930โ1933, a
1412:
1037:
served as an executive leader similar to a president.
1318:
decisions of which others will suffer the effects".
1240:
is not as strictly enforced in presidential systems.
1155:
following constitutional reform in 1989 in which the
182:: No constitutionally defined basis to current regime
7146:
Linz, Juan (1990). "The perils of presidentialism".
6314:
Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion
1417:
In many cases, the president is elected as both the
7302:Comparing Nations: Concepts, Strategies, Substance
7176:
6892:Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America
6888:
1440:wisest may not always be the most popular decision
1405:a transfer of power in the event of an emergency.
1251:
1174:adopted a presidential system. In 2018, after the
882:This head of government is in most cases also the
71:Parliamentary republic with an executive president
8814:Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister
6976:Presidential Institutions and Democratic Politics
6485:established a presidential power to dissolve the
132:holds significant executive and legislative power
9840:
7117:
6460:presidential republic (1960โ1974, 1989โ1993), a
5726:
1388:
5656:Presidential system in administrative divisions
4871:Presidential republics without a prime minister
4755:States with a presidential system of government
898:to the legislature, and the legislature cannot
7421:
7179:Constitutional Reform and Effective Government
7063:Intra-Party Politics and Coalition Governments
6973:
6641:International Journal of Public Administration
1289:Conversely, a presidential system can produce
996:
913:Not all presidential systems use the title of
9318:
8739:
8665:Autonomous types of first-tier administration
7593:
7422:Sigman, Rachel; Lindberg, Staffan I. (2017).
7394:"Why cult of presidency is bad for democracy"
7191:
6909:
6812:The Washington Institute for Near East Policy
1029:underwent a brief period of republicanism as
824:
222:
7553:The Great Debate: Parliament versus Congress
7382:
7317:How Democratic Is the American Constitution?
7239:American University International Law Review
7118:George, Edwards; Warrenberg, Martin (2016).
7060:
5366:Presidential republics with a prime minister
5362:Non-UN members or observers are in italics.
7607:
7348:
7043:
6930:
6790:
6753:
6584:
6582:
6580:
6578:
6299:in 1975โ1991, and parliamentary since 1991.
5651:Non-UN members or observers are in italics.
203:
195:
9325:
9311:
8860:Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary
8746:
8732:
7600:
7586:
7466:
7235:
7209:
7207:
6716:
6673:
6468:republic (1993โ1996, 1999โ2010, 2011โ2023)
4735:
1486:
875:. This system was first introduced in the
831:
817:
229:
215:
7484:
7443:
7174:
7103:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYoo2019 (
6693:
6588:
5863:
4849:Learn how and when to remove this message
1321:
7557:Castagnola, Andrea/Pรฉrez-Liรฑรกn, Anรญbal:
7417:
7415:
7122:. Pearson Higher Education. p. 16.
7002:
6617:
6575:
6012:
1346:confidence vote, Italy, Israel, and the
1178:, Turkey adopted a presidential system.
25:
7204:
7183:. Brookings Institution Press. p.
7079:
6838:
6638:
6210:are elected directly by the people via
6190:are elected directly by the people via
6170:are elected directly by the people via
5694:Special administrative regions of China
1445:
1190:
9841:
7388:
7354:
7259:International Political Science Review
6805:
6791:Heath-Brown, Nick (2015). "Maldives".
6570:A companion to the American Revolution
6529:"Varieties of public representation".
4742:State governments of the United States
1457:Westminster-type parliamentary systems
1221:
1176:2017 Turkish constitutional referendum
31:World's states coloured by systems of
9306:
8727:
7581:
7568:
7501:"CONSTITUIรรO DA REPรBLICA DE ANGOLA"
7412:
7256:
7231:
7229:
7227:
7225:
7141:
7139:
6969:
6967:
6910:Kiriลci, Kemal; Toygรผr, Ilke (2019).
1102:
1095:the presidential system in 1889 with
919:President of the Continental Congress
9815:
7531:
7473:British Journal of Political Science
7467:Doyle, David; Elgie, Robert (2016).
7314:
7145:
7010:British Journal of Political Science
6867:
6533:. Cambridge University Press. 2010.
4787:adding citations to reliable sources
4758:
1267:argued that British prime ministers
1009:, permitted to govern themselves in
9332:
8819:Speaker / President of the assembly
7339:
7213:
7098:
6553:
1413:Head of government as head of state
1244:parliament then it is considered a
13:
8907:International development minister
7222:
7136:
7111:
6980:The Johns Hopkins University Press
6964:
6676:"Presidentialism in Latin America"
6429:), and presidential again in 2021.
14:
9885:
9282:Government ministers by portfolio
9038:Ministry of Education and Culture
7546:
6933:Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik
6556:"Plymouth Colony Legal Structure"
5661:Dependencies of the United States
1367:), cabinet shuffles are unusual.
1066:Constitution of the United States
699:Biology and political orientation
21:Presidential Republic (1925โ1973)
9814:
9803:
9802:
9287:
9286:
9276:
9275:
6572:, Ch. 87. John Wiley & Sons.
6136:
6122:
6108:
6094:
6080:
6066:
6045:
6033:
6014:
6009:(1958โ1973,1978โ1985, 2001โ2002)
5999:
5986:
5972:
5959:
5945:
5933:
5919:
5897:
5883:
5865:
5850:
5836:
5822:
5801:
5787:
5773:
5761:
5747:
5733:
5713:
5700:
5680:
5667:
5638:
5624:
5610:
5597:
5584:
5571:
5558:
5545:
5527:
5514:
5501:
5488:
5470:
5457:
5444:
5431:
5418:
5405:
5392:
5378:
5348:
5335:
5322:
5309:
5296:
5283:
5270:
5256:
5242:
5229:
5216:
5203:
5190:
5177:
5164:
5151:
5138:
5125:
5112:
5099:
5086:
5073:
5060:
5047:
5034:
5021:
5008:
4995:
4982:
4969:
4956:
4943:
4930:
4917:
4904:
4891:
4878:
4862:This section is an excerpt from
4763:
4717:
4699:
4681:
4663:
4645:
4627:
4609:
4591:
4573:
4555:
4537:
4519:
4501:
4483:
4465:
4447:
4429:
4411:
4393:
4375:
4357:
4339:
4321:
4303:
4285:
4267:
4249:
4231:
4213:
4195:
4177:
4159:
4141:
4123:
4105:
4087:
4069:
4051:
4033:
4015:
3997:
3979:
3961:
3943:
3925:
3907:
3889:
3871:
3853:
3835:
3817:
3799:
3781:
3763:
3745:
3727:
3709:
3691:
3673:
3654:
3635:
3617:
3599:
3581:
3563:
3545:
3527:
3509:
3491:
3473:
3455:
3437:
3419:
3401:
3383:
3365:
3347:
3329:
3311:
3293:
3275:
3257:
3239:
3221:
3203:
3185:
3167:
3149:
3131:
3113:
3095:
3077:
3059:
3041:
3023:
3005:
2987:
2969:
2951:
2933:
2915:
2897:
2879:
2861:
2843:
2825:
2807:
2789:
2771:
2753:
2735:
2717:
2699:
2681:
2663:
2645:
2627:
2609:
2591:
2573:
2555:
2537:
2519:
2501:
2483:
2465:
2447:
2429:
2411:
2393:
2375:
2357:
2339:
2321:
2303:
2285:
2267:
2249:
2231:
2221:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2213:
2195:
2177:
2159:
2141:
2123:
2105:
2087:
2069:
2051:
2033:
2015:
1997:
1979:
1961:
1943:
1925:
1907:
1889:
1871:
1853:
1835:
1817:
1799:
1781:
1763:
1745:
1727:
1709:
1691:
1673:
1655:
1637:
1619:
1601:
1583:
1565:
1547:
1529:
1511:
1083:. These countries modeled their
1048:, and from philosophers such as
800:
8610:Social and political philosophy
7525:
7493:
7460:
7333:
7308:
7293:
7250:
7168:
7092:
7073:
7054:
7037:
6996:
6939:
6924:
6903:
6882:
6861:
6832:
6799:
6784:
6499:
6471:
6450:
6441:
6432:
6400:
6360:
6319:
6302:
6286:
6249:
6217:
6197:
6177:
6157:
5741:Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
4774:needs additional citations for
1505:Presidentialism Index for 2021
1453:dualistic parliamentary systems
1394:some countries, presidents are
1252:Efficiencies and inefficiencies
202:systems of government, not the
8955:Ministry of trade and industry
8446:Political history of the world
7569:
7532:Chen, Albert Hung Yee (n.d.).
6747:
6710:
6681:Latin American Research Review
6667:
6632:
6621:Presidential Studies Quarterly
6611:
6562:
6547:
6522:
1340:
859:, typically with the title of
694:Theories of political behavior
320:Political history of the world
1:
9602:Needle and syringe programmes
9456:Universal access to education
9109:Ministry of religious affairs
7366:University of Minnesota Press
6974:von Mettenheim, Kurt (1997).
6793:The Statesman's Yearbook 2016
6516:
6491:Fifth Republic's constitution
5727:Former presidential republics
1389:Limited mechanisms of removal
1068:came into force in 1789, and
709:Critique of political economy
152:: Monarch has unlimited power
111:Assembly-independent republic
8451:History of political thought
1124:Japanese occupation of Korea
290:Outline of political science
140:Semi-constitutional monarchy
7:
9685:Publicly funded health care
9124:Ministry of social security
9005:Ministry of water resources
8885:Ministry of foreign affairs
8754:Common types of government
7428:V-Dem Working Paper 2017:56
1353:proportional representation
1181:
997:Development in the Americas
86: Presidential republic
63:with a ceremonial president
10:
9890:
9157:Minister without portfolio
9119:Ministry of social affairs
8950:Ministry of infrastructure
7364:. Minneapolis, Minnesota:
7271:10.1177/019251297018003003
6855:10.1177/003231878303500108
6674:Mainwaring, Scott (1990).
6368:semi-presidential republic
6277:semi-presidential republic
6265:semi-presidential republic
6240:semi-presidential republic
6232:semi-presidential republic
4861:
4739:
1325:
1194:
991:
968:. It is also prevalent in
867:that is separate from the
295:Index of politics articles
101:Semi-presidential republic
18:
9798:
9742:
9710:National health insurance
9675:
9662:Supervised injection site
9572:
9522:
9469:
9363:
9340:
9271:
9208:Communications ministries
9165:
9149:
9013:
8968:
8920:
8868:
8832:
8766:
8694:
8687:
8546:
8488:
8436:
8429:
8397:
8390:
8330:
8323:
8258:
8249:
8132:
8125:
8039:
7908:
7695:
7657:National unity government
7619:
7575:
7486:10.1017/S0007123414000465
7340:Balfour. "Introduction".
7319:. Yale University Press.
7175:Sundquist, James (1992).
7080:Kennedy, John F. (1940).
7023:10.1017/S0007123400007225
7003:Tsebelis, George (1995).
6806:Buchta, Wilfried (2000).
6770:10.1080/13629390500490379
6695:10.1017/S0023879100023256
1479:, and mechanisms such as
1284:constitutional convention
1042:Constitutional Convention
988:being the only examples.
927:semi-presidential systems
53:with a ceremonial monarch
9705:Single-payer health care
9514:Universal basic services
9461:Universal basic services
9203:Climate change ministers
9104:Ministry of home affairs
8087:Environmental regulation
7893:Representative democracy
7342:The English Constitution
7315:Dahl, Robert A. (2001).
7216:The English Constitution
7214:Balfour. "The Cabinet".
7199:Congressional Government
7149:The Journal of Democracy
6816:Konrad Adenauer Stiftung
6531:Political Representation
6329:and after independence,
6212:double simultaneous vote
6192:double simultaneous vote
6172:double simultaneous vote
6150:
5426:Central African Republic
4563:United States of America
2023:Central African Republic
1469:semi-presidential system
1263:, future U.S. president
9406:Public good (economics)
9292:Ministries by portfolio
9263:Public works ministries
8995:Ministry of electricity
8935:Ministry of the economy
8809:Office of the president
8152:Uncodified constitution
7677:Administrative division
7399:San Francisco Chronicle
6281:hereditary dictatorship
5482:Prime Cabinet Secretary
4736:Subnational governments
1493:V-Dem Democracy indices
1487:Presidentialism metrics
1396:subject to term limits.
931:parliamentary republics
849:single executive system
704:Political organisations
467:International relations
305:Politics by subdivision
51:Constitutional monarchy
9228:Environment ministries
9198:Agriculture ministries
9193:Presidents of assembly
9188:Deputy prime ministers
6757:Mediterranean Politics
6554:Fennell, Christopher.
6395:parliamentary republic
6310:parliamentary republic
6244:parliamentary republic
5995:(1960โ1974, 1989โ1993)
5860:(1995โ2004; 2005โ2011)
5783:(1990โ1991, 1992โ2016)
1825:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1382:
1348:French Fourth Republic
1322:Presidential elections
236:
204:
196:
194:this chart represents
180:Provisional government
61:Parliamentary republic
9554:Public infrastructure
9391:Public administration
9376:Free-culture movement
9223:Environment ministers
9129:Minister for Veterans
9000:Ministry of Petroleum
8960:Ministry of transport
8799:Deputy First Minister
8789:Deputy prime minister
8643:aspects of capitalism
8559:History of philosophy
8057:Unemployment benefits
7793:Military dictatorship
7162:10.1353/jod.2005.0026
6733:10.1353/jod.2004.0075
6653:10.1081/PAD-200055210
6462:military dictatorship
6273:presidential republic
6261:presidential republic
6236:presidential republic
4798:"Presidential system"
3897:Sao Tome and Principe
3825:Republic of the Congo
1377:
1365:United States Cabinet
1246:vote of no confidence
784:Political campaigning
524:Public administration
357:Collective leadership
210:degree of democracy.
40:Parliamentary systems
29:
9869:Separation of powers
9218:Education ministries
9055:Information minister
8990:Environment minister
8900:Ministry of interior
8890:Immigration minister
8577:Political ideologies
7853:Parliamentary system
7436:10.2139/ssrn.3066654
7201:(1885), pp. 186โ187.
6720:Journal of Democracy
6558:. Histarch.uiuc.edu.
6383:parliamentary system
4783:improve this article
4527:United Arab Emirates
1446:Comparative politics
1231:, former British MP
1197:Separation of powers
1191:Separation of powers
1113:SpanishโAmerican War
1019:colonial legislature
929:. Heads of state of
904:parliamentary system
873:separation of powers
871:in systems that use
634:Separation of powers
505:Political psychology
480:Comparative politics
458:political scientists
445:Academic disciplines
325:Political philosophy
9790:Public viewing area
9559:Public water system
9547:Municipal broadband
9504:Public broadcasting
9114:Ministry of science
9072:Ministry of justice
9065:Ministry of housing
9026:Ministry of culture
8940:Ministry of finance
8880:Ministry of defence
8699:Forms of government
8632:Conservatism navbox
8237:Legislative council
8062:National healthcare
7936:Christian democracy
7858:Presidential system
7713:Countries by system
7392:(August 22, 2008).
6479:Yushin Constitution
6393:in 1945โ1949 and a
6391:military occupation
6275:in 1992โ2016 and a
6242:in 2013โ2018 and a
4419:Trinidad and Tobago
1473:checks and balances
1328:Fixed-term election
1273:Neville Chamberlain
1222:Checks and balances
1077:sought independence
1033:, during which the
923:early United States
845:presidential system
807:Politics portal
656:Election commission
627:Government branches
510:Political sociology
362:Confessional system
300:Politics by country
77:Presidential system
9874:Types of democracy
9755:Government auction
9441:Public procurement
9258:Interior ministers
9139:Minister for women
9094:Ministry of sports
9082:Ministry of labour
9077:Minister of labour
9048:Ministry of health
9033:Education minister
8983:Ministry of energy
8840:Secretary of state
8704:Types of democracy
8599:Political spectrum
8212:Legislative bodies
8167:Head of government
8092:Banking regulation
7652:Federal government
7642:Central government
6597:. pp. 53โ72.
6385:in 1933โ1945 as a
5016:Dominican Republic
2275:Dominican Republic
1477:advice and consent
1419:head of government
1216:Commander-in-chief
1203:head of government
1103:As a global system
1097:Deodoro da Fonseca
1046:English Common Law
1017:was chosen by the
869:legislative branch
857:head of government
853:form of government
490:Political analysis
422:Semi-parliamentary
237:
16:Form of government
9854:Political systems
9836:
9835:
9830:
9829:
9657:Public university
9637:Public open space
9582:Drinking fountain
9542:Telecommunication
9300:
9299:
9248:Health ministries
9243:Forest ministries
9238:Foreign ministers
9233:Finance ministers
9213:Defence ministers
9134:Ministry of women
9089:Regional minister
8971:natural resources
8945:Industry minister
8930:Commerce minister
8895:Interior minister
8871:foreign affairs /
8845:Minister of state
8721:
8720:
8717:
8716:
8709:Political parties
8588:Political culture
8513:International law
8484:
8483:
8476:U.S. Constitution
8425:
8424:
8407:Political science
8386:
8385:
8358:Political parties
8319:
8318:
8245:
8244:
7961:Constitutionalism
7672:County government
7375:978-0-8166-5677-6
7086:Wilfred Funk, Inc
7082:Why England Slept
6982:. pp. 2โ15.
6842:Political Science
6487:National Assembly
6466:semi-presidential
6411:Semi-presidential
6353:in 2011โ2019 and
6351:Semi-presidential
6345:in 2004โ2005 and
6343:semi-presidential
6335:semi-presidential
6279:in 2016. Under a
5809:Republic of China
5452:Equatorial Guinea
4859:
4858:
4851:
4833:
4733:
4732:
2347:Equatorial Guinea
1334:electoral college
1307:C. Douglas Dillon
1260:Why England Slept
1229:Watergate scandal
1070:George Washington
841:
840:
789:Political parties
729:Electoral systems
453:Political science
427:Semi-presidential
339:Political systems
315:Political history
310:Political economy
150:Absolute monarchy
9881:
9818:
9817:
9806:
9805:
9717:Social insurance
9564:Waste management
9532:Electric utility
9509:Public transport
9426:Public ownership
9345:Municipalization
9327:
9320:
9313:
9304:
9303:
9290:
9289:
9279:
9278:
9099:Tourism minister
9060:Housing minister
9021:Culture minister
8748:
8741:
8734:
8725:
8724:
8692:
8691:
8680:
8676:World government
8674:
8669:
8663:
8658:
8652:
8647:
8641:
8636:
8630:
8625:
8619:
8614:
8608:
8603:
8597:
8592:
8586:
8581:
8575:
8523:World government
8434:
8433:
8395:
8394:
8378:Environmentalism
8328:
8327:
8256:
8255:
8130:
8129:
8067:Public education
8047:Social insurance
7981:Environmentalism
7951:Communitarianism
7926:Authoritarianism
7888:Direct Democracy
7667:Local government
7602:
7595:
7588:
7579:
7578:
7566:
7565:
7541:
7540:
7538:
7529:
7523:
7522:
7520:
7518:
7513:on 28 March 2012
7512:
7506:. Archived from
7505:
7497:
7491:
7490:
7488:
7464:
7458:
7457:
7447:
7419:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7406:
7386:
7380:
7379:
7352:
7346:
7345:
7337:
7331:
7330:
7312:
7306:
7305:
7297:
7291:
7290:
7254:
7248:
7247:
7233:
7220:
7219:
7211:
7202:
7195:
7189:
7188:
7182:
7172:
7166:
7165:
7143:
7134:
7133:
7115:
7109:
7108:
7101:, pp. 55โ57
7096:
7090:
7089:
7077:
7071:
7070:
7058:
7052:
7051:
7047:The New Republic
7041:
7035:
7034:
7000:
6994:
6993:
6971:
6962:
6961:
6959:
6958:
6943:
6937:
6936:
6928:
6922:
6921:
6907:
6901:
6900:
6886:
6880:
6879:
6871:Demokratizatsiya
6865:
6859:
6858:
6836:
6830:
6829:
6803:
6797:
6796:
6788:
6782:
6781:
6751:
6745:
6744:
6714:
6708:
6707:
6697:
6671:
6665:
6664:
6636:
6630:
6629:
6615:
6609:
6608:
6586:
6573:
6566:
6560:
6559:
6551:
6545:
6544:
6526:
6510:
6503:
6497:
6475:
6469:
6454:
6448:
6445:
6439:
6436:
6430:
6404:
6398:
6364:
6358:
6323:
6317:
6306:
6300:
6290:
6284:
6271:in 1991โ1992, a
6263:in 1990โ1991, a
6253:
6247:
6238:in 1998โ2013, a
6234:in 1991โ1998, a
6221:
6215:
6201:
6195:
6181:
6175:
6161:
6142:
6140:
6139:
6128:
6126:
6125:
6114:
6112:
6111:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6086:
6084:
6083:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6051:
6049:
6048:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6024:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6005:
6003:
6002:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5978:
5976:
5975:
5964:
5963:
5962:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5939:
5937:
5936:
5925:
5923:
5922:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5889:
5887:
5886:
5875:
5871:
5869:
5868:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5828:
5826:
5825:
5807:
5805:
5804:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5779:
5777:
5776:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5753:
5751:
5750:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5719:
5717:
5716:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5673:
5671:
5670:
5644:
5642:
5641:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5603:
5601:
5600:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5507:
5505:
5504:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5437:
5435:
5434:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4854:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4834:
4832:
4791:
4767:
4759:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3699:Papua New Guinea
3696:
3695:
3694:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3010:
3009:
3008:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1499:
1498:
1442:and vice versa.
1361:cabinet shuffles
1238:party discipline
1109:American control
1031:the Protectorate
1003:British colonies
939:one-party states
865:executive branch
833:
826:
819:
805:
804:
595:
540:
495:Political theory
485:Election science
475:
461:
239:
238:
231:
224:
217:
209:
201:
187:
177:
167:
157:
147:
137:
119:
108:
98:
85:
68:
58:
48:
9889:
9888:
9884:
9883:
9882:
9880:
9879:
9878:
9839:
9838:
9837:
9832:
9831:
9826:
9794:
9780:Public security
9770:Public offering
9738:
9727:Social security
9677:Social services
9671:
9627:Public hospital
9622:Public computer
9617:Public bookcase
9568:
9518:
9487:Law enforcement
9482:Fire department
9465:
9416:Public interest
9359:
9355:Progressive tax
9350:Nationalization
9336:
9334:Public services
9331:
9301:
9296:
9267:
9183:Prime ministers
9178:Vice presidents
9161:
9145:
9043:Health minister
9009:
8978:Energy minister
8970:
8964:
8922:
8916:
8872:
8870:
8864:
8850:Deputy minister
8828:
8762:
8752:
8722:
8713:
8683:
8678:
8672:
8667:
8661:
8656:
8654:Western culture
8650:
8645:
8639:
8634:
8628:
8623:
8617:
8612:
8606:
8601:
8595:
8590:
8584:
8579:
8573:
8542:
8480:
8421:
8402:Fields of study
8382:
8363:Advocacy groups
8315:
8251:
8241:
8121:
8117:Street cleaning
8097:Food inspection
8052:Law enforcement
8035:
7904:
7838:Totalitarianism
7691:
7615:
7606:
7571:
7549:
7544:
7536:
7530:
7526:
7516:
7514:
7510:
7503:
7499:
7498:
7494:
7465:
7461:
7420:
7413:
7404:
7402:
7387:
7383:
7376:
7368:. p. 248.
7356:Nelson, Dana D.
7353:
7349:
7338:
7334:
7327:
7313:
7309:
7304:: 72โ152. 1994.
7299:
7298:
7294:
7255:
7251:
7234:
7223:
7212:
7205:
7196:
7192:
7173:
7169:
7144:
7137:
7130:
7116:
7112:
7102:
7097:
7093:
7078:
7074:
7059:
7055:
7042:
7038:
7001:
6997:
6990:
6972:
6965:
6956:
6954:
6945:
6944:
6940:
6929:
6925:
6908:
6904:
6887:
6883:
6866:
6862:
6837:
6833:
6826:
6804:
6800:
6789:
6785:
6752:
6748:
6715:
6711:
6672:
6668:
6637:
6633:
6616:
6612:
6605:
6587:
6576:
6567:
6563:
6552:
6548:
6541:
6528:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6514:
6513:
6504:
6500:
6483:Fourth Republic
6476:
6472:
6455:
6451:
6446:
6442:
6437:
6433:
6405:
6401:
6372:Weimar Republic
6365:
6361:
6324:
6320:
6307:
6303:
6291:
6287:
6254:
6250:
6222:
6218:
6202:
6198:
6182:
6178:
6162:
6158:
6153:
6137:
6135:
6123:
6121:
6109:
6107:
6095:
6093:
6081:
6079:
6067:
6065:
6046:
6044:
6034:
6032:
6015:
6013:
6000:
5998:
5987:
5985:
5973:
5971:
5960:
5958:
5946:
5944:
5934:
5932:
5920:
5918:
5898:
5896:
5884:
5882:
5866:
5864:
5851:
5849:
5837:
5835:
5823:
5821:
5802:
5800:
5788:
5786:
5774:
5772:
5762:
5760:
5748:
5746:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5714:
5712:
5701:
5699:
5681:
5679:
5668:
5666:
5658:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5639:
5637:
5625:
5623:
5611:
5609:
5598:
5596:
5585:
5583:
5572:
5570:
5559:
5557:
5546:
5544:
5528:
5526:
5515:
5513:
5502:
5500:
5489:
5487:
5471:
5469:
5458:
5456:
5445:
5443:
5432:
5430:
5419:
5417:
5406:
5404:
5393:
5391:
5379:
5377:
5368:
5360:
5349:
5347:
5336:
5334:
5323:
5321:
5310:
5308:
5297:
5295:
5284:
5282:
5271:
5269:
5257:
5255:
5243:
5241:
5230:
5228:
5217:
5215:
5204:
5202:
5191:
5189:
5178:
5176:
5165:
5163:
5152:
5150:
5139:
5137:
5126:
5124:
5113:
5111:
5100:
5098:
5087:
5085:
5074:
5072:
5061:
5059:
5048:
5046:
5035:
5033:
5022:
5020:
5009:
5007:
4996:
4994:
4983:
4981:
4970:
4968:
4957:
4955:
4944:
4942:
4931:
4929:
4918:
4916:
4905:
4903:
4892:
4890:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4867:
4855:
4844:
4838:
4835:
4792:
4790:
4780:
4768:
4757:
4744:
4738:
4718:
4716:
4700:
4698:
4682:
4680:
4664:
4662:
4646:
4644:
4628:
4626:
4610:
4608:
4592:
4590:
4574:
4572:
4556:
4554:
4538:
4536:
4520:
4518:
4502:
4500:
4484:
4482:
4466:
4464:
4448:
4446:
4430:
4428:
4412:
4410:
4394:
4392:
4376:
4374:
4358:
4356:
4340:
4338:
4322:
4320:
4304:
4302:
4286:
4284:
4268:
4266:
4250:
4248:
4232:
4230:
4214:
4212:
4196:
4194:
4178:
4176:
4160:
4158:
4142:
4140:
4124:
4122:
4106:
4104:
4088:
4086:
4070:
4068:
4059:Solomon Islands
4052:
4050:
4034:
4032:
4016:
4014:
3998:
3996:
3980:
3978:
3962:
3960:
3944:
3942:
3926:
3924:
3908:
3906:
3890:
3888:
3872:
3870:
3854:
3852:
3836:
3834:
3818:
3816:
3800:
3798:
3782:
3780:
3764:
3762:
3746:
3744:
3728:
3726:
3710:
3708:
3692:
3690:
3674:
3672:
3655:
3653:
3636:
3634:
3618:
3616:
3600:
3598:
3582:
3580:
3571:North Macedonia
3564:
3562:
3546:
3544:
3528:
3526:
3510:
3508:
3492:
3490:
3474:
3472:
3456:
3454:
3438:
3436:
3420:
3418:
3402:
3400:
3384:
3382:
3366:
3364:
3348:
3346:
3330:
3328:
3312:
3310:
3294:
3292:
3276:
3274:
3258:
3256:
3240:
3238:
3222:
3220:
3204:
3202:
3186:
3184:
3168:
3166:
3150:
3148:
3132:
3130:
3114:
3112:
3096:
3094:
3078:
3076:
3060:
3058:
3042:
3040:
3024:
3022:
3006:
3004:
2988:
2986:
2970:
2968:
2952:
2950:
2934:
2932:
2916:
2914:
2898:
2896:
2880:
2878:
2862:
2860:
2844:
2842:
2826:
2824:
2808:
2806:
2790:
2788:
2772:
2770:
2754:
2752:
2736:
2734:
2718:
2716:
2700:
2698:
2682:
2680:
2664:
2662:
2646:
2644:
2628:
2626:
2610:
2608:
2592:
2590:
2574:
2572:
2556:
2554:
2538:
2536:
2520:
2518:
2502:
2500:
2484:
2482:
2466:
2464:
2448:
2446:
2430:
2428:
2412:
2410:
2394:
2392:
2376:
2374:
2358:
2356:
2340:
2338:
2322:
2320:
2304:
2302:
2286:
2284:
2268:
2266:
2250:
2248:
2232:
2230:
2214:
2212:
2196:
2194:
2178:
2176:
2160:
2158:
2142:
2140:
2124:
2122:
2106:
2104:
2088:
2086:
2070:
2068:
2052:
2050:
2034:
2032:
2016:
2014:
1998:
1996:
1980:
1978:
1962:
1960:
1944:
1942:
1926:
1924:
1908:
1906:
1890:
1888:
1872:
1870:
1854:
1852:
1836:
1834:
1818:
1816:
1800:
1798:
1782:
1780:
1764:
1762:
1746:
1744:
1728:
1726:
1710:
1708:
1692:
1690:
1674:
1672:
1656:
1654:
1638:
1636:
1620:
1618:
1602:
1600:
1584:
1582:
1566:
1564:
1548:
1546:
1530:
1528:
1512:
1510:
1489:
1448:
1415:
1391:
1343:
1330:
1324:
1300:Allende's Chile
1269:Stanley Baldwin
1265:John F. Kennedy
1254:
1224:
1210:, the power to
1199:
1193:
1184:
1105:
1011:Plymouth Colony
999:
994:
837:
799:
794:
793:
724:
723:
714:
713:
671:
670:
661:
660:
629:
628:
619:
618:
614:Public interest
599:Domestic policy
589:
582:
581:
570:
569:
534:
527:
526:
515:
514:
476:
469:
462:
455:
447:
446:
437:
436:
342:
341:
330:
329:
285:
284:
275:
244:Politics series
235:
190:
189:
185:
183:
175:
173:
165:
163:
160:One-party state
155:
153:
145:
143:
135:
133:
117:
115:
114:
106:
104:
96:
88:
87:
83:
74:
73:
66:
64:
56:
54:
46:
37:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9887:
9877:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9834:
9833:
9828:
9827:
9825:
9824:
9812:
9799:
9796:
9795:
9793:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9777:
9772:
9767:
9765:Public holiday
9762:
9757:
9752:
9746:
9744:
9740:
9739:
9737:
9736:
9734:Youth services
9731:
9730:
9729:
9724:
9722:Social pension
9714:
9713:
9712:
9702:
9697:
9692:
9690:Public housing
9687:
9681:
9679:
9673:
9672:
9670:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9632:Public library
9629:
9624:
9619:
9614:
9609:
9604:
9599:
9597:Infrastructure
9594:
9592:Free education
9589:
9584:
9578:
9576:
9570:
9569:
9567:
9566:
9561:
9556:
9551:
9550:
9549:
9539:
9534:
9528:
9526:
9524:Public utility
9520:
9519:
9517:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9501:
9500:
9499:
9497:Savings system
9492:Postal service
9489:
9484:
9479:
9473:
9471:
9470:Basic services
9467:
9466:
9464:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9388:
9386:Product sample
9383:
9381:Free newspaper
9378:
9373:
9367:
9365:
9361:
9360:
9358:
9357:
9352:
9347:
9341:
9338:
9337:
9330:
9329:
9322:
9315:
9307:
9298:
9297:
9295:
9294:
9284:
9272:
9269:
9268:
9266:
9265:
9260:
9255:
9245:
9240:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9220:
9215:
9210:
9205:
9200:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9169:
9167:
9163:
9162:
9160:
9159:
9153:
9151:
9147:
9146:
9144:
9143:
9142:
9141:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9086:
9085:
9084:
9074:
9069:
9068:
9067:
9057:
9052:
9051:
9050:
9040:
9035:
9030:
9029:
9028:
9017:
9015:
9011:
9010:
9008:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8986:
8985:
8974:
8972:
8969:Environment /
8966:
8965:
8963:
8962:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8926:
8924:
8923:infrastructure
8918:
8917:
8915:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8903:
8902:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8876:
8874:
8866:
8865:
8863:
8862:
8857:
8855:Undersecretary
8852:
8847:
8842:
8836:
8834:
8830:
8829:
8827:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8794:First minister
8791:
8786:
8784:Prime minister
8781:
8779:Vice president
8776:
8770:
8768:
8764:
8763:
8751:
8750:
8743:
8736:
8728:
8719:
8718:
8715:
8714:
8712:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8695:
8689:
8685:
8684:
8682:
8681:
8670:
8659:
8648:
8637:
8626:
8615:
8604:
8593:
8582:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8550:
8548:
8544:
8543:
8541:
8540:
8535:
8533:European Union
8530:
8528:United Nations
8525:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8492:
8490:
8486:
8485:
8482:
8481:
8479:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8437:
8431:
8427:
8426:
8423:
8422:
8420:
8419:
8414:
8412:Urban planning
8409:
8404:
8398:
8392:
8388:
8387:
8384:
8383:
8381:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8331:
8325:
8321:
8320:
8317:
8316:
8314:
8313:
8308:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8259:
8253:
8247:
8246:
8243:
8242:
8240:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8182:Prime minister
8179:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8133:
8127:
8123:
8122:
8120:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8107:Traffic lights
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8043:
8041:
8037:
8036:
8034:
8033:
8028:
8026:Theoreticians:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8011:Fundamentalism
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7976:Egalitarianism
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7912:
7910:
7906:
7905:
7903:
7902:
7901:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7855:
7850:
7841:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7699:
7697:
7693:
7692:
7690:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7623:
7621:
7617:
7616:
7605:
7604:
7597:
7590:
7582:
7576:
7573:
7572:
7563:
7562:
7555:
7548:
7547:External links
7545:
7543:
7542:
7524:
7492:
7479:(4): 731โ741.
7459:
7411:
7381:
7374:
7347:
7332:
7325:
7307:
7292:
7249:
7221:
7203:
7190:
7167:
7135:
7128:
7110:
7091:
7072:
7053:
7036:
7017:(3): 289โ325.
6995:
6988:
6963:
6938:
6923:
6902:
6881:
6860:
6831:
6824:
6818:. p. 22.
6798:
6783:
6746:
6709:
6666:
6647:(5): 517โ530.
6631:
6610:
6603:
6574:
6561:
6546:
6540:978-0521128650
6539:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6507:Verkhovna Rada
6498:
6495:Sixth Republic
6470:
6449:
6440:
6431:
6425:in 2010โ2021 (
6417:); 1993โ2021 (
6413:in 1993โ2010 (
6409:in 1990โ1993,
6399:
6359:
6341:in 1995โ2004,
6337:in 1991โ1995,
6333:in 1990โ1991,
6318:
6301:
6295:in 1972โ1975,
6285:
6257:Azerbaijan SSR
6248:
6216:
6196:
6176:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6147:
6133:
6119:
6105:
6091:
6077:
6063:
6030:
6010:
5996:
5983:
5969:
5956:
5930:
5916:
5894:
5880:
5861:
5847:
5833:
5819:
5798:
5784:
5769:Azerbaijan SSR
5758:
5744:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5723:
5710:
5691:
5690:
5677:
5675:American Samoa
5657:
5654:
5649:
5648:
5635:
5620:
5607:
5594:
5581:
5568:
5555:
5542:
5539:Chief minister
5524:
5511:
5498:
5485:
5467:
5454:
5441:
5428:
5415:
5402:
5389:
5373:
5367:
5364:
5359:
5358:
5345:
5332:
5319:
5306:
5293:
5280:
5267:
5252:
5239:
5226:
5213:
5200:
5187:
5174:
5161:
5148:
5135:
5122:
5109:
5096:
5083:
5070:
5057:
5044:
5031:
5018:
5005:
4992:
4979:
4966:
4953:
4940:
4927:
4914:
4901:
4888:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4771:
4769:
4762:
4756:
4753:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4727:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4695:
4694:
4691:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4659:
4658:
4655:
4641:
4640:
4637:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4545:United Kingdom
4533:
4532:
4529:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4407:
4406:
4403:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4011:
4010:
4007:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3975:
3974:
3971:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2203:Czech Republic
2191:
2190:
2187:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2011:
2010:
2007:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1488:
1485:
1461:United Kingdom
1447:
1444:
1430:Dana D. Nelson
1414:
1411:
1407:Walter Bagehot
1390:
1387:
1342:
1339:
1326:Main article:
1323:
1320:
1315:Walter Bagehot
1311:Woodrow Wilson
1253:
1250:
1223:
1220:
1195:Main article:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1157:Supreme Leader
1142:Decolonization
1126:, it assisted
1104:
1101:
1091:, Brazil also
1035:Lord Protector
998:
995:
993:
990:
937:or leaders of
890:by a group of
839:
838:
836:
835:
828:
821:
813:
810:
809:
796:
795:
792:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
770:
769:
753:
748:
743:
742:
741:
731:
725:
721:
720:
719:
716:
715:
712:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
678:
672:
669:Related topics
668:
667:
666:
663:
662:
659:
658:
653:
648:
643:
637:
636:
630:
626:
625:
624:
621:
620:
617:
616:
611:
606:
604:Foreign policy
601:
596:
583:
577:
576:
575:
572:
571:
568:
567:
566:
565:
551:
546:
541:
528:
522:
521:
520:
517:
516:
513:
512:
507:
502:
500:Policy studies
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
465:
463:
451:
448:
444:
443:
442:
439:
438:
435:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
343:
337:
336:
335:
332:
331:
328:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
286:
283:Primary topics
282:
281:
280:
277:
276:
274:
273:
268:
263:
257:
254:
253:
247:
246:
234:
233:
226:
219:
211:
184:
174:
170:Military junta
164:
154:
144:
134:
130:Supreme Leader
116:
105:
95:
91:Hybrid systems
82:
65:
55:
45:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9886:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9864:Republicanism
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9846:
9844:
9823:
9822:
9813:
9811:
9810:
9801:
9800:
9797:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9775:Public sector
9773:
9771:
9768:
9766:
9763:
9761:
9758:
9756:
9753:
9751:
9748:
9747:
9745:
9741:
9735:
9732:
9728:
9725:
9723:
9720:
9719:
9718:
9715:
9711:
9708:
9707:
9706:
9703:
9701:
9700:Job guarantee
9698:
9696:
9693:
9691:
9688:
9686:
9683:
9682:
9680:
9678:
9674:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9652:Public toilet
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9642:Public school
9640:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9615:
9613:
9610:
9608:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9590:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9580:
9579:
9577:
9575:
9571:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9555:
9552:
9548:
9545:
9544:
9543:
9540:
9538:
9537:Oil & gas
9535:
9533:
9530:
9529:
9527:
9525:
9521:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9498:
9495:
9494:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9477:Civil service
9475:
9474:
9472:
9468:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9436:Public rights
9434:
9432:
9431:Public policy
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9411:Public health
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9401:Public domain
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9368:
9366:
9362:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9342:
9339:
9335:
9328:
9323:
9321:
9316:
9314:
9309:
9308:
9305:
9293:
9285:
9283:
9274:
9273:
9270:
9264:
9261:
9259:
9256:
9253:
9252:mental health
9249:
9246:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9236:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9204:
9201:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9191:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9174:
9171:
9170:
9168:
9164:
9158:
9155:
9154:
9152:
9148:
9140:
9137:
9136:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9083:
9080:
9079:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9066:
9063:
9062:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9049:
9046:
9045:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9031:
9027:
9024:
9023:
9022:
9019:
9018:
9016:
9012:
9006:
9003:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8984:
8981:
8980:
8979:
8976:
8975:
8973:
8967:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8927:
8925:
8919:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8905:
8901:
8898:
8897:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8877:
8875:
8873:public safety
8867:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8837:
8835:
8831:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8771:
8769:
8765:
8761:
8757:
8749:
8744:
8742:
8737:
8735:
8730:
8729:
8726:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8696:
8693:
8690:
8686:
8677:
8671:
8666:
8660:
8655:
8649:
8644:
8638:
8633:
8627:
8622:
8616:
8611:
8605:
8600:
8594:
8589:
8583:
8578:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8554:Human history
8552:
8551:
8549:
8545:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8498:
8494:
8493:
8491:
8489:International
8487:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8438:
8435:
8432:
8428:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8399:
8396:
8393:
8389:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8337:
8333:
8332:
8329:
8326:
8322:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8305:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8260:
8257:
8254:
8248:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8162:Head of state
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8134:
8131:
8128:
8124:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8044:
8042:
8038:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8021:Progressivism
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7913:
7911:
7907:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7868:Collaborative
7866:
7864:
7861:
7860:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7847:
7843:
7842:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7813:Republicanism
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7743:Confederation
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7700:
7698:
7694:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7647:Unitary state
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7618:
7614:
7610:
7603:
7598:
7596:
7591:
7589:
7584:
7583:
7580:
7574:
7567:
7560:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7550:
7535:
7528:
7509:
7502:
7496:
7487:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7470:
7463:
7455:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7425:
7418:
7416:
7401:
7400:
7395:
7391:
7390:Sirota, David
7385:
7377:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7362:
7357:
7351:
7343:
7336:
7328:
7326:0-300-09218-0
7322:
7318:
7311:
7303:
7296:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7276:
7272:
7268:
7264:
7260:
7253:
7246:(2): 579โ592.
7245:
7241:
7240:
7232:
7230:
7228:
7226:
7217:
7210:
7208:
7200:
7194:
7186:
7181:
7180:
7171:
7163:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7150:
7142:
7140:
7131:
7129:9780134586571
7125:
7121:
7114:
7106:
7100:
7095:
7087:
7083:
7076:
7068:
7064:
7057:
7049:
7048:
7040:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7011:
7006:
6999:
6991:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6970:
6968:
6952:
6948:
6942:
6934:
6927:
6919:
6918:
6913:
6906:
6899:(2): 215โ233.
6898:
6894:
6893:
6885:
6877:
6873:
6872:
6864:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6843:
6835:
6827:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6802:
6794:
6787:
6779:
6775:
6771:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6758:
6750:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6721:
6713:
6705:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6682:
6677:
6670:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6635:
6628:(4): 689โ696.
6627:
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6423:Parliamentary
6420:
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6408:
6403:
6396:
6392:
6388:
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6380:
6377:
6373:
6369:
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6355:parliamentary
6352:
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6331:parliamentary
6328:
6322:
6315:
6311:
6305:
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6293:Parliamentary
6289:
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6278:
6274:
6270:
6266:
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6228:parliamentary
6226:
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5304:United States
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4807:
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4800: โ
4799:
4795:
4794:Find sources:
4788:
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4772:This section
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2617:Guinea-Bissau
2607:
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2062:
2060:
2049:
2048:
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2031:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2006:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1923:
1922:
1918:
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1424:
1423:head of state
1420:
1410:
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1398:
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1233:Woodrow Wyatt
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1146:South Vietnam
1143:
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1125:
1121:
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1110:
1100:
1098:
1094:
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1086:
1085:constitutions
1082:
1081:Latin America
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:British Isles
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
972:and southern
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
884:head of state
880:
878:
877:United States
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
834:
829:
827:
822:
820:
815:
814:
812:
811:
808:
803:
798:
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790:
787:
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780:
777:
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772:
767:
763:
759:
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749:
747:
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736:
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730:
727:
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710:
707:
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697:
695:
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690:
686:
682:
679:
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665:
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652:
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639:
638:
635:
632:
631:
623:
622:
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612:
610:
609:Civil society
607:
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602:
600:
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587:Public policy
585:
584:
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441:
440:
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423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
407:Parliamentary
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
392:Hybrid regime
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
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363:
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94:
92:
80:
78:
72:
62:
52:
43:
41:
35:
34:
28:
22:
9819:
9807:
9760:Public float
9695:Job creation
9647:Public space
9574:Public works
9451:Public value
9446:Public trust
8679:}}
8673:{{
8668:}}
8662:{{
8657:}}
8651:{{
8646:}}
8640:{{
8635:}}
8629:{{
8624:}}
8618:{{
8613:}}
8607:{{
8602:}}
8596:{{
8591:}}
8585:{{
8580:}}
8574:{{
8568:
8564:Civilization
8517:
8495:
8465:
8455:
8440:
8401:
8373:Civil rights
8367:
8352:
8334:
8302:
8282:
8278:Town meeting
8262:
8211:
8186:
8156:
8142:Constitution
8136:
8101:
8081:
8025:
7971:Distributism
7956:Conservatism
7941:Collectivism
7909:Philosophies
7883:Cosmopolitan
7878:Conservative
7857:
7844:
7717:
7708:Govt systems
7702:
7682:Municipality
7661:
7527:
7515:. Retrieved
7508:the original
7495:
7476:
7472:
7462:
7427:
7403:. Retrieved
7397:
7384:
7360:
7350:
7341:
7335:
7316:
7310:
7301:
7295:
7262:
7258:
7252:
7243:
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7215:
7198:
7193:
7178:
7170:
7153:
7147:
7119:
7113:
7094:
7081:
7075:
7062:
7056:
7045:
7039:
7014:
7008:
6998:
6975:
6955:. Retrieved
6953:. 2018-06-25
6950:
6941:
6932:
6926:
6915:
6905:
6896:
6890:
6884:
6875:
6869:
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6807:
6801:
6792:
6786:
6761:
6755:
6749:
6724:
6718:
6712:
6685:
6679:
6669:
6644:
6640:
6634:
6625:
6619:
6613:
6590:
6569:
6564:
6549:
6530:
6524:
6501:
6473:
6458:single-party
6452:
6443:
6434:
6426:
6418:
6414:
6407:Presidential
6402:
6387:Nazi Germany
6379:dictatorship
6376:totalitarian
6362:
6347:presidential
6339:presidential
6327:Georgian SSR
6321:
6304:
6297:presidential
6288:
6269:independence
6251:
6225:Armenian SSR
6219:
6199:
6179:
6159:
6060:
5877:
5876:(1930โ1933)
5816:
5693:
5692:
5660:
5659:
5632:Transnistria
5622:
5535:Sierra Leone
5376:
5369:
5361:
5291:Turkmenistan
5254:
4845:
4836:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4793:
4781:Please help
4776:verification
4773:
4745:
4473:Turkmenistan
4113:South Africa
3987:Sierra Leone
3915:Saudi Arabia
1897:Burkina Faso
1490:
1466:
1459:such as the
1449:
1435:Edmund Burke
1427:
1416:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1383:
1378:
1369:
1357:
1344:
1331:
1304:
1288:
1281:
1258:
1255:
1242:
1225:
1200:
1185:
1169:
1161:Soviet Union
1150:
1140:
1132:independence
1120:World War II
1117:
1106:
1074:
1062:James Wilson
1039:
1000:
978:Central Asia
943:
914:
912:
881:
848:
844:
842:
537:street-level
412:Presidential
411:
372:Dictatorship
242:Part of the
191:
89:
76:
75:
38:
30:
9612:Public bank
9587:Free clinic
9421:Public land
9371:Common good
8921:Economics /
8538:World Court
8471:Magna Carta
8288:Legislation
8250:Governance
8207:Legislature
8082:Regulation:
7991:Familialism
7966:Corporatism
7946:Communalism
7916:Agrarianism
7828:Technocracy
7788:Meritocracy
7783:Kleptocracy
7763:Ergatocracy
7758:Electocracy
7748:Colonialism
7733:Bureaucracy
7728:Aristocracy
6878:(2): 71โ77.
6849:: 117โ132.
6727:(4): 5โ19.
6688:: 157โ179.
6357:since 2019.
6349:2005โ2011.
6259:, it was a
6208:legislature
6188:legislature
6168:legislature
6146:(1990โ1991)
6132:(1995โ1996)
6118:(1990โ1991)
6116:Turkmen SSR
6104:(1990โ1991)
6090:(1955โ1975)
6076:(1963โ1972)
6074:South Korea
5982:(1960โ1978)
5968:(1960โ1992)
5955:(1990โ1993)
5941:Kirghiz SSR
5929:(1960โ1963)
5893:(1973โ1974)
5846:(1938โ1940)
5832:(1902โ1959)
5797:(1975โ1991)
5757:(1998โ2013)
5743:(2004โ2021)
5688:Puerto Rico
5553:South Korea
5465:Ivory Coast
5237:Philippines
5055:Gambia, The
5042:El Salvador
4383:Timor-Leste
4257:Switzerland
4149:South Sudan
4131:South Korea
3753:Philippines
3664:(West Bank)
3553:North Korea
3481:New Zealand
3463:Netherlands
2869:Ivory Coast
2329:El Salvador
1519:Afghanistan
1481:impeachment
1401:election".
1341:Fixed-terms
1172:South Sudan
1136:established
1128:South Korea
1118:The end of
1111:due to the
1054:Montesquieu
974:West Africa
908:legislature
896:responsible
894:and is not
863:, leads an
855:in which a
676:Sovereignty
641:Legislature
544:Technocracy
532:Bureaucracy
397:Meritocracy
377:Directorial
9859:Presidents
9843:Categories
9785:Public use
9667:Urban park
9607:Public art
9396:Public bad
9173:Presidents
8869:Defence /
8767:Leadership
8760:ministries
8688:Categories
8621:liberalism
8569:Templates:
8466:Documents:
8441:Overviews:
8293:Regulation
8222:Parliament
8126:Components
8112:Sanitation
8102:Municipal:
8031:John Locke
8016:Liberalism
7996:Fanaticism
7808:Plutocracy
7778:Geniocracy
7768:Federalism
7738:Capitalism
7613:government
7570:Government
7445:2077/54296
7405:2009-09-20
7265:(3): 258.
6989:0801853133
6957:2022-03-01
6825:0944029361
6604:0765600528
6517:References
6312:under the
6283:since 1993
5980:Mauritania
5953:Kyrgyzstan
5795:Bangladesh
5781:Azerbaijan
5579:Tajikistan
5496:Kyrgyzstan
5264:Somaliland
5250:Seychelles
4990:Costa Rica
4839:April 2024
4809:newspapers
4740:See also:
4599:Uzbekistan
4365:The Gambia
4311:Tajikistan
4095:Somaliland
3969:Seychelles
3409:Mozambique
3373:Montenegro
3283:Mauritania
3175:Madagascar
3157:Luxembourg
3013:Kyrgyzstan
2941:Kazakhstan
2131:Costa Rica
2005:Cape Verde
1699:Bangladesh
1663:Azerbaijan
1373:Fred Riggs
1227:about the
1050:John Locke
766:Governance
756:Government
751:Federalism
352:City-state
124:republic (
122:Theocratic
33:government
8774:President
8756:ministers
8497:Diplomacy
8417:Sociology
8348:Campaigns
8336:Elections
8311:Precedent
8283:Outcomes:
8273:Committee
8252:processes
8202:Judiciary
8177:President
8137:Documents
8077:Espionage
8040:Functions
7986:Extremism
7921:Anarchism
7873:Consensus
7863:Cellular
7846:Democracy
7833:Theocracy
7818:Socialism
7803:Oligarchy
7773:Feudalism
7753:Communism
7620:Overviews
7454:158437511
7287:145450791
7156:: 51โ69.
7067:Routledge
6917:Brookings
6778:145444372
6764:: 21โ37.
6704:252947271
6661:153822718
6595:Routledge
6204:President
6184:President
6164:President
6144:Uzbek SSR
6102:Tajik SSR
6057:1991โ1992
5913:1957โ1986
5909:1859โ1957
5813:1948โ1991
5708:Hong Kong
5330:Venezuela
5172:Nicaragua
5107:Indonesia
5081:Guatemala
4899:Argentina
4635:Venezuela
4185:Sri Lanka
4005:Singapore
3662:Palestine
3643:Palestine
3499:Nicaragua
3301:Mauritius
3139:Lithuania
2761:Indonesia
2689:Hong Kong
2581:Guatemala
1627:Australia
1591:Argentina
1296:Juan Linz
1165:dissolved
1138:in 1998.
1058:delegates
935:Dictators
915:president
861:president
746:Unitarism
734:Elections
722:Subseries
651:Judiciary
646:Executive
549:Adhocracy
432:Theocracy
387:Feudalism
367:Democracy
9849:Republic
9809:Category
9743:See also
9364:Concepts
8824:Minister
8461:Suffrage
8391:Academic
8324:Politics
8263:Process:
8232:Assembly
8217:Congress
8197:Ministry
8072:Military
8006:Feminism
7931:Centrism
7898:Republic
7798:Monarchy
7718:Systems:
7687:Township
7609:Politics
7517:3 August
7358:(2008).
7197:Wilson,
7099:Yoo 2019
7031:18060081
6951:BBC News
6814:and the
6741:51825804
6419:de facto
6397:in 1949.
6381:under a
6246:in 2018.
6061:de facto
6007:Pakistan
5878:de facto
5817:de facto
5592:Tanzania
5439:Djibouti
5413:Cameroon
5386:Abkhazia
5356:Zimbabwe
5224:Paraguay
5146:Maldives
5094:Honduras
4964:Colombia
4725:Zimbabwe
4707:Zanzibar
4347:Thailand
4329:Tanzania
4221:Suriname
4041:Slovenia
4023:Slovakia
3789:Portugal
3717:Paraguay
3625:Pakistan
3355:Mongolia
3229:Maldives
3211:Malaysia
2671:Honduras
2419:Ethiopia
2401:Eswatini
2257:Djibouti
2095:Colombia
1969:Cameroon
1951:Cambodia
1879:Bulgaria
1843:Botswana
1717:Barbados
1421:and the
1291:gridlock
1182:Features
1089:monarchy
1023:cabinets
1015:governor
1007:Pilgrims
966:Suriname
946:Americas
892:citizens
774:Ideology
592:doctrine
553:Service
417:Republic
402:Monarchy
382:Federacy
271:Category
251:Politics
206:de facto
9821:Commons
9750:Commons
8804:Premier
8547:Related
8503:Embassy
8456:Reforms
8430:History
8368:Issues:
8353:Groups:
8268:Hearing
8227:Council
8192:Cabinet
8187:Bodies:
8172:Monarch
8147:Charter
8001:Fascism
7823:Statism
7723:Anarchy
7696:Systems
7662:Levels:
7279:1601343
6481:of the
6427:de jure
6415:de jure
6370:as the
6325:as the
6255:as the
6223:as the
6130:Ukraine
5927:Katanga
5873:Germany
5858:Georgia
5844:Estonia
5755:Armenia
5618:Tunisia
5522:Senegal
5400:Burundi
5317:Uruguay
5185:Nigeria
5120:Liberia
5029:Ecuador
4977:Comoros
4925:Bolivia
4823:scholar
4653:Vietnam
4617:Vanuatu
4581:Uruguay
4509:Ukraine
4437:Tunisia
4077:Somalia
3933:Senegal
3843:Romania
3535:Nigeria
3427:Namibia
3391:Morocco
3337:Moldova
3103:Liberia
3085:Lesotho
3067:Lebanon
2887:Jamaica
2815:Ireland
2725:Iceland
2707:Hungary
2527:Germany
2509:Georgia
2455:Finland
2383:Estonia
2365:Eritrea
2293:Ecuador
2239:Denmark
2149:Croatia
2113:Comoros
1933:Burundi
1915:Myanmar
1807:Bolivia
1753:Belgium
1735:Belarus
1681:Bahrain
1645:Austria
1609:Armenia
1555:Algeria
1537:Albania
1502:Country
1277:Commons
1093:adopted
992:History
976:and in
970:Central
921:in the
900:dismiss
888:elected
851:, is a
779:Culture
689:Country
347:Anarchy
261:Outline
198:de jure
9280:
9014:Social
8912:Europe
8833:Titles
8518:World:
8508:Treaty
8343:Voting
8298:Zoning
8157:Roles:
7703:Lists:
7637:Empire
7632:Nation
7452:
7372:
7323:
7285:
7277:
7126:
7029:
6986:
6822:
6776:
6739:
6702:
6659:
6601:
6537:
6267:after
6141:
6127:
6113:
6099:
6085:
6071:
6053:Russia
6050:
6038:
6025:(1935โ
6022:Poland
6019:
6004:
5977:
5950:
5938:
5924:
5902:
5891:Greece
5888:
5870:
5855:
5841:
5827:
5806:
5792:
5778:
5766:
5752:
5738:
5718:
5705:
5685:
5672:
5646:Uganda
5643:
5629:
5615:
5602:
5589:
5576:
5563:
5550:
5532:
5519:
5509:Rwanda
5506:
5493:
5475:
5462:
5449:
5436:
5423:
5410:
5397:
5383:
5353:
5343:Zambia
5340:
5327:
5314:
5301:
5288:
5278:Turkey
5275:
5261:
5247:
5234:
5221:
5211:Panama
5208:
5195:
5182:
5169:
5159:Mexico
5156:
5143:
5133:Malawi
5130:
5117:
5104:
5091:
5078:
5065:
5052:
5039:
5026:
5013:
5003:Cyprus
5000:
4987:
4974:
4961:
4948:
4938:Brazil
4935:
4922:
4909:
4896:
4886:Angola
4883:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4796:
4729:0.592
4723:
4711:0.591
4705:
4693:0.277
4689:Zambia
4687:
4675:0.884
4669:
4657:0.726
4651:
4639:0.958
4633:
4621:0.102
4615:
4603:0.905
4597:
4585:0.045
4579:
4567:0.078
4561:
4549:0.062
4543:
4531:0.835
4525:
4513:0.597
4507:
4495:0.411
4491:Uganda
4489:
4477:0.907
4471:
4459:0.722
4455:Turkey
4453:
4441:0.113
4435:
4423:0.113
4417:
4405:0.804
4399:
4381:
4369:0.131
4363:
4351:0.419
4345:
4327:
4315:0.943
4309:
4293:Taiwan
4291:
4279:0.922
4273:
4261:0.013
4255:
4239:Sweden
4237:
4225:0.126
4219:
4207:0.692
4201:
4189:0.252
4183:
4171:0.031
4165:
4153:0.881
4147:
4135:0.076
4129:
4111:
4099:0.599
4093:
4081:0.756
4075:
4063:0.216
4057:
4045:0.159
4039:
4027:0.047
4021:
4009:0.298
4003:
3991:0.296
3985:
3973:0.055
3967:
3955:0.404
3951:Serbia
3949:
3937:0.236
3931:
3919:0.814
3913:
3901:0.213
3895:
3883:0.738
3879:Rwanda
3877:
3865:0.898
3861:Russia
3859:
3847:0.184
3841:
3829:0.779
3823:
3811:0.716
3805:
3793:0.056
3787:
3775:0.361
3771:Poland
3769:
3751:
3739:0.094
3733:
3721:0.258
3715:
3703:0.197
3697:
3685:0.297
3681:Panama
3679:
3667:0.585
3660:
3648:0.807
3645:(Gaza)
3641:
3629:0.286
3623:
3611:0.574
3605:
3593:0.015
3589:Norway
3587:
3569:
3557:0.986
3551:
3533:
3515:
3503:0.987
3497:
3485:0.016
3479:
3467:0.028
3461:
3449:0.213
3443:
3431:0.207
3425:
3413:0.442
3407:
3395:0.348
3389:
3377:0.246
3371:
3359:0.207
3353:
3341:0.122
3335:
3323:0.369
3319:Mexico
3317:
3305:0.194
3299:
3281:
3269:0.131
3263:
3251:0.623
3245:
3233:0.211
3227:
3215:0.354
3209:
3197:0.136
3193:Malawi
3191:
3179:0.677
3173:
3161:0.092
3155:
3143:0.025
3137:
3125:0.479
3119:
3107:0.296
3101:
3089:0.123
3083:
3071:0.539
3065:
3053:0.036
3049:Latvia
3047:
3029:
3017:0.614
3011:
2999:0.317
2995:Kuwait
2993:
2981:0.296
2977:Kosovo
2975:
2963:0.132
2957:
2945:0.807
2939:
2923:Jordan
2921:
2909:0.135
2903:
2891:0.084
2885:
2873:0.532
2867:
2855:0.089
2849:
2833:Israel
2831:
2813:
2801:0.484
2795:
2783:0.812
2777:
2765:0.206
2759:
2747:0.227
2741:
2729:0.051
2723:
2711:0.288
2705:
2693:0.569
2687:
2675:0.402
2669:
2657:0.706
2651:
2639:0.276
2635:Guyana
2633:
2621:0.413
2615:
2603:0.764
2599:Guinea
2597:
2585:0.351
2579:
2563:Greece
2561:
2543:
2531:0.033
2525:
2513:0.282
2507:
2495:0.752
2489:
2477:0.068
2473:France
2471:
2459:0.022
2453:
2441:0.525
2435:
2423:0.735
2417:
2405:0.707
2399:
2387:0.033
2381:
2369:0.977
2363:
2351:0.966
2345:
2333:0.855
2327:
2315:0.494
2309:
2297:0.397
2291:
2279:0.181
2273:
2261:0.751
2255:
2243:0.012
2237:
2225:0.689
2219:
2201:
2189:0.151
2185:Cyprus
2183:
2171:0.806
2165:
2153:0.107
2147:
2135:0.033
2129:
2117:0.833
2111:
2099:0.133
2093:
2081:0.891
2075:
2063:0.019
2057:
2045:0.929
2039:
2027:0.618
2021:
2009:0.098
2003:
1987:Canada
1985:
1973:0.873
1967:
1949:
1937:0.801
1931:
1919:0.879
1913:
1901:0.314
1895:
1877:
1865:0.136
1861:Brazil
1859:
1847:0.176
1841:
1829:0.327
1823:
1811:0.535
1805:
1793:0.117
1789:Bhutan
1787:
1775:0.419
1769:
1757:0.051
1751:
1733:
1721:0.091
1715:
1703:0.711
1697:
1685:0.917
1679:
1667:0.965
1661:
1649:0.047
1643:
1625:
1613:0.297
1607:
1595:0.203
1589:
1577:0.627
1573:Angola
1571:
1559:0.807
1553:
1535:
1523:0.934
1517:
1212:pardon
1056:, the
986:Turkey
982:Cyprus
962:Guyana
954:Belize
950:Canada
739:voting
681:Polity
579:Policy
558:Public
472:theory
186:
178:
176:
168:
166:
158:
156:
148:
146:
138:
136:
120:
118:
109:
107:
99:
97:
84:
69:
67:
59:
57:
49:
47:
9166:Lists
9150:Other
7627:State
7537:(PDF)
7511:(PDF)
7504:(PDF)
7450:S2CID
7283:S2CID
7275:JSTOR
7027:S2CID
6774:S2CID
6737:S2CID
6700:S2CID
6657:S2CID
6151:Notes
6041:RSFSR
5993:Niger
5905:Haiti
5721:Macau
5566:Syria
5537:(see
5480:(see
5478:Kenya
5198:Palau
5068:Ghana
4951:Chile
4912:Benin
4830:JSTOR
4816:books
4749:Japan
4671:Yemen
4387:0.29
4333:0.15
4297:0.15
4275:Syria
4243:0.02
4203:Sudan
4167:Spain
4117:0.13
3807:Qatar
3757:0.35
3575:0.46
3539:0.36
3521:0.32
3517:Niger
3445:Nepal
3287:0.74
3265:Malta
3121:Libya
3035:0.59
2959:Kenya
2927:0.25
2905:Japan
2851:Italy
2819:0.04
2743:India
2653:Haiti
2567:0.12
2549:0.13
2545:Ghana
2491:Gabon
2311:Egypt
2207:0.09
2077:China
2059:Chile
1991:0.08
1955:0.88
1883:0.16
1771:Benin
1739:0.98
1631:0.01
1541:0.22
847:, or
762:forms
685:State
562:Civil
266:Index
192:Note:
8758:and
7611:and
7519:2011
7370:ISBN
7321:ISBN
7124:ISBN
7105:help
6984:ISBN
6820:ISBN
6599:ISBN
6535:ISBN
6389:, a
6206:and
6186:and
6166:and
6027:1939
5966:Mali
5830:Cuba
5605:Togo
4802:news
4401:Togo
3735:Peru
3607:Oman
3247:Mali
3031:Laos
2837:0.1
2797:Iraq
2779:Iran
2437:Fiji
2167:Cuba
2041:Chad
1271:and
1208:veto
1163:was
1153:Iran
1052:and
984:and
964:and
958:Peru
126:Iran
8304:Law
7481:doi
7440:hdl
7432:doi
7267:doi
7158:doi
7019:doi
6851:doi
6766:doi
6729:doi
6690:doi
6649:doi
6421:),
4785:by
956:,
128:):
9845::
7477:46
7475:.
7471:.
7448:.
7438:.
7430:.
7426:.
7414:^
7396:.
7281:.
7273:.
7263:18
7261:.
7242:.
7224:^
7206:^
7185:11
7152:.
7138:^
7084:.
7065:.
7025:.
7015:25
7013:.
7007:.
6978:.
6966:^
6949:.
6914:.
6897:46
6895:.
6876:20
6874:.
6847:35
6845:.
6810:.
6772:.
6762:11
6760:.
6735:.
6725:15
6723:.
6698:.
6686:25
6684:.
6678:.
6655:.
6645:28
6643:.
6626:17
6624:.
6593:.
6577:^
6456:A
6366:A
6059:)
5911:,
5815:)
1302:.
1279:.
960:,
952:,
910:.
879:.
843:A
764:/
687:/
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