Theocracy - Knowledge

3723:(but with many lingering traces extending into the modern era), Massachusetts colonies operated as strict theocracies, in which every white resident was required to belong to the Congregational (Puritan) Church. The leaders of the communities generally believed that they were carrying out the will of God, and they were often ministers. No religious deviation was tolerated. Any members of other sects were (initially) dispatched to Rhode Island. Later other forms of religious discrimination were uniformly practiced with governmental approval. (Today's Massachusetts and Maine formed one single colony/state until 1820.) 34: 3357: 2911: 834: 2185:, and entrance is allowed only with express permission from the monks. The number of daily visitors to Mount Athos is restricted, with all visitors required to obtain an entrance permit. Only men are permitted to visit, and Eastern Orthodox Christians take precedence in the issuing of permits. Residents of Mount Athos must be men aged 18 and over who are members of the Eastern Orthodox Church and also either monks or workers. 6563: 4436:(Hong Kong: Philopsychy Press, 1993), introduced these more precise uses of the terms in arguing that theocracy (in this pure sense) is the only political system defended in the Bible. While Palmquist defends theocracy in this pure form as a viable (though "non-political") political system, he warns that what normally goes by this name is actually ecclesiocracy, the most dangerous of all political systems. 3279:. The term properly refers to the head of a thearchy (a kingdom of gods), but the more specific "theocrat" carries associations of a strong priesthood that would be generally inaccurate in describing imperial China. Others reserve the use of the word "thearch" to describe the legendary figures of Chinese prehistory while continuing to use "emperor" to describe historical rulers. 2569:. We abide by the Amir's view even if he alone takes this view. There will not be a head of state. Instead, there will be an Amir al-Mu'minin. Mullah Omar will be the highest authority, and the government will not be able to implement any decision to which he does not agree. General elections are incompatible with 2612:. Like other Islamic states, it maintains religious laws and has religious courts to interpret all aspects of law. According to Iran's constitution, "all civil, penal, financial, economic, administrative, cultural, military, political, and other laws and regulations must be based on Islamic criteria." 5807:

In 1911, capitalising on the collapse of the Qing dynasty in China, Mongolia attempted to make itself 'more independent of China'. At this time, as almost a third of Mongolia's male population were Buddhist monks, the Mongols established a theocratic khanate and installed the 8th Bogd Gegeen – the

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The constitution of the Byzantine Empire was based on the conviction that it was the earthly copy of the Kingdom of Heaven. Just as God ruled in Heaven, so the Emperor, made in His image, should rule on earth and carry out his commandments. ...It saw itself as a universal empire. Ideally, it should

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does not allow politics or political parties. That is why we give no salaries to officials or soldiers, just food, clothes, shoes, and weapons. We want to live a life like the Prophet lived 1400 years ago, and jihad is our right. We want to recreate the time of the Prophet, and we are only carrying

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Having a state religion is not sufficient to mean that a state is a theocracy in the narrow sense of the term. Many countries have a state religion without the government directly deriving its powers from a divine authority or a religious authority which is directly exercising governmental powers.

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who presided over the government in exile from its founding. In August of that year, Lobsang Sangay received 55 percent of 49,189 votes, defeating his nearest rival Tethong Tenzin Namgyal by 8,646 votes, becoming the second popularly elected Kalön Tripa. The Dalai Lama announced that his political

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education." Several of them, such as the Minister of Health and Governor of the State bank, were primarily military commanders who were ready to leave their administrative posts to fight when needed. Military reverses that trapped them behind lines or led to their deaths increased the chaos in the

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and to be accompanied outside their households by male relatives; those who violated these restrictions were punished. Men were forbidden to shave their beards and required to let them grow and keep them long according to the Taliban's liking, and to wear turbans outside their households.

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The Taliban were reluctant to share power, and since their ranks were overwhelmingly Pashtun they ruled as overlords over the 60% of Afghans from other ethnic groups. In local government, such as the Kabul city council or Herat, Taliban loyalists, not locals, dominated, even when the

2101:, "has the fullness of legislative, executive and judicial powers." Although the laws of Vatican City come from the secular laws of Italy, under article 3 of the Law of the Sources of the Law, a provision is made for the application of the "laws promulgated by the Kingdom of Italy". 2519:), together with what they believed to be the early Islamic model. Discussion was followed by a building of a consensus by the "believers". Before capturing Kabul, there was talk of stepping aside once a government of "good Muslims" took power, and law and order were restored. 5226:

In order to fulfill the responsibilities of the judiciary power in all the matters concerning judiciary, administrative and executive areas, the Leader shall appoint a just Mujtahid well versed in judiciary affairs and possessing prudence, and administrative

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theocracy. The church controlled education and healthcare, books and films were censored, drive-in movie theatres were illegal, religion had strong influence over civil law (for example, only churches could conduct marriages, and divorce was banned), and

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with Islam as its official religion. However, some critiques describe Saudi Arabia as an Islamic theocracy. Religious minorities do not have the right to practice their religion openly. Conversion from Islam to another religion is punishable by death as

2001:, reflecting the view that "God himself is recognized as the head" of the state. The common, generic use of the term, as defined above in terms of rule by a church or analogous religious leadership, may be more accurately described as an ecclesiocracy. 5893: 2685:. It can also approve or reject candidates who want to run for the Presidency, Parliament, and the Assembly of Experts. The council supervises elections, and can allow or ban investigations into elections. Six of the twelve council members are 3678:

In 1849 the Saints organized a secular government in Utah, although many ecclesiastical leaders maintained their positions of secular power. The Mormons also petitioned Congress to have Deseret admitted into the Union as a state. However, the

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embrace all the peoples of the Earth who, ideally, should all be members of the one true Christian Church, its own Orthodox Church. Just as man was made in God's image, so man's kingdom on Earth was made in the image of the Kingdom of Heaven.

3117:. Prior to 1642, particular monasteries and monks had held considerable power throughout Tibet but had not achieved anything approaching complete control, and their power continued in a diffuse, feudal system after the ascension of the Fifth 5808:

highest-ranked lama of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia – as the Bogd Khaan (or 'Holy Ruler'). He was to rule Mongolia till his death in 1924, afterwhich Mongolia proclaimed itself a republic and adopted its first socialist-style Constitution.

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in Article 19 of the Charter of the Tibetans in exile and relevant articles. The Dalai Lama had previously referred to the Kalön Tripa as Sikyong, and this usage was cited as the primary justification for the name change. According to

2089:, an assembly of high-ranking clergy. The pope is elected for life, and either dies in office, or in extremely rare situations may resign. The cardinals are appointed by the popes, who thereby choose the electors of their successors. 3476:

Jennifer Fretland VanVoorst argues that "the Byzantine Empire became a theocracy in the sense that Christian values and ideals were the foundation of the empire's political ideals and heavily entwined with its political goals".

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is governed by officially recognized religious bodies who each provide marriage services for their respected adherents, yet no form of civil marriage (free of religion) exists, nor marriage by non-recognized minority religions.

3555:(1509–64) was a theocracy. On the one hand, Calvin's theology clearly called for separation between church and state. Other historians have stressed the enormous political power wielded on a daily basis by the clerics. 3691:

appointed Brigham Young as governor (in office 1851 to 1858)). In this situation, Young still stood as head of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as well as of Utah's secular government.

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article 109 of the constitution states that among the "essential qualifications and conditions for the Leader" are "scholarship, as required for performing the functions of mufti in different fields of fiqh"

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Voting is limited to cardinals under 80 years of age. A Secretary for Relations with States, directly responsible for international relations, is appointed by the pope. The Vatican legal system is rooted in

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The term "Islamic republic" has come to mean several different things, at times contradictory. To some Muslim religious leaders in the Middle East and Africa who advocate it, an Islamic republic is a

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in Afghanistan; the Taliban succeeded in nearly eradicating opium production (99%) by 2001. Under the Taliban governance of Afghanistan, both drug users and dealers were severely prosecuted.

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Likewise theocratic is the regime and leadership of the Ideational tribes of Polynesia or Samoa. The ruling stratum, the aristocracy, and the chief there derive their power from 'holiness' (

3749:, who founded the empire, avoided imposing the Zoroastrian faith on the inhabitants of conquered territory. Cyrus's kindness towards Jews has been cited as sparking Zoroastrian influence on 6297: 3171:. However, from the first historical Emperor on, this was largely ceremonial and tradition quickly established it as a posthumous dignity, like the Roman institution. The situation before 2866:. According to Ashley J. Tellis and Michael Wills, this amendment to the preamble was an indication of the unique North Korean characteristic of being a theocratic state based on the 5259: 2805:, and that the name change "ensures historical continuity and legitimacy of the traditional leadership from the Fifth Dalai Lama". The online Dharma Dictionary translates sikyong ( 5371:(On August 20, 2001, Venerable Professor Samdhong Rinpoche was elected Kalon Tripa (Prime Minister) of the Tibetan Government in Exile, receiving 84.5% of the popular exile vote.) 5665: 4590: 2757:'s suggestion, the parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration began considering a proposal to remove the Dalai Lama's role as head of state in favor of an elected leader. 3628:, campaigned for Smith, saying, "He it is that God of Heaven designs to save this nation from destruction and preserve the Constitution." The campaign ended when Smith was 2007:

A related phenomenon is a secular government co-existing with a state religion or delegating some aspects of civil law to religious communities. For example, in Israel,

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Batbold, Amarsanaa; Unurbayar, Chadraabal (16 December 2021). "The 1924 Constitution: Towards the Modernisation of Mongolia". In Tan, Kevin Y. L.; Ng, Michael (eds.).

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functioned as the state religion, with formalized worship. The Persian kings were known to be pious Zoroastrians and they ruled with a Zoroastrian form of law called

6125: 6473:); are regarded as incarnated deities; are ascribed all the supersensory halo of power; in brief, the regime and leadership have the essential traits of theocracy. 3639:

After severe persecution, the Mormons left the United States and resettled in a remote part of what is now Utah, (then part of Mexico). However the United States

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or other non-Pashtun tongues. Critics complained that this "lack of local representation in urban administration made the Taliban appear as an occupying force."

3399:(ظِلُّ النبی ٱلله) or "Sayeh Nabi-e- Khuda" in Persian which means "Shadow of God´s Prophet" in English to denote their representation of God on Earth. Emperor 3121:. Power in Tibet was held by a number of traditional élites, including members of the nobility, the heads of the major Buddhist sects (including their various 1680: 6582: – Rachel Tabachnik, Dr. John MacArthur, Dr. Martin Erdmann, Rudolf Ebertshäuser, Sarah Leslie, Discernment Ministries Inc. u.v.m, Eds (English + German) 3209:, the royal clan of Shang were not eliminated but instead moved to a ceremonial capital where they were charged to continue the performance of their rituals. 9781: 2553:, for the first time in 60 years. Wrapping himself in the relic, he appeared on the roof of a building in the center of Kandahar while hundreds of Pashtun 5184: 2981:. Through this line of descent, the emperor was seen as a living god who was the supreme leader of the Japanese people. This status only changed with the 2832:

Since few theocracies exist in the modern world, the word "theocracy" is now used as a descriptive term for a government which enforces a state religion.

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organization with a state-like internal structure. According to its charter, the position of head of state of the Central Tibetan Administration belongs

2530:. Mullah Omar visited the capital, Kabul, only twice while in power. Instead of an election, their leader's legitimacy came from an oath of allegiance (" 1045: 862: 6391: 5523: 5079:

While articles One and Two vest sovereignty in God, article six "mandates popular elections for the presidency and the Majlis, or parliament." source:

2019:: (1) government of a state by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided; and (2) a state governed by a theocracy. 5217: 5083: 9734: 5167: 5129: 4551:

An annex to the treaty of Sèvres of 1920 constituted the twenty monasteries of Mount Athos into a theocratic republic under the suzerainty of Greece

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In an ecclesiocracy, the religious leaders assume a leading role in the state, but do not claim that they are instruments of divine revelation.

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Jacobsen, Thorkild (Ed) (1939),"The Sumerian King List" (Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago; Assyriological Studies, No. 11., 1939)

5423: 7888: 3856: 6937: 6493:. INU societal research, vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. 6360: 2240:. Pakistan first adopted the title under the constitution of 1956. Mauritania adopted it on 28 November 1958. Iran adopted it after the 1979 1546: 5695: 5158: 2722:. Muhammad Al-Atawneh describes the current Saudi regime as a ‘theo-monarchy, that draws power from long-standing religio-cultural norms.' 2605: 2565:

Decisions are based on the advice of the Amir-ul Momineen. For us, consultation is not necessary. We believe that this is in line with the

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to a living emperor acknowledged his office and rule as divinely approved and constitutional: his Principate should therefore demonstrate

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Calvin's Doctrine of the State: A Reformed Doctrine and Its American Trajectory, The Revolutionary War, and the Founding of the Republic

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are recognized as supreme ruling authorities, giving divine guidance to human intermediaries who manage the government's daily affairs.

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was forbidden. Taking photographs and displaying pictures or portraits was forbidden, as it was considered by the Taliban as a form of

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bureaucrats" were replaced "with Pashtuns, whether qualified or not." Consequently, the ministries "by and large ceased to function."

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ii. §17 (1814) IV. 340: "He ordained our government to be what, by a strained expression, may be termed a Theocracy", translating

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In addition, Iran has a religious ruler and many religious officials in powerful governmental positions. The head of state, or "

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and without consulting other parts of the country. One such instance is the rejection of Loya Jirga decision about expulsion of

8892: 4505: 2867: 1933:. Josephus argued that while mankind had developed many forms of rule, most could be subsumed under the following three types: 1438: 1403: 1280: 1210: 1156: 3069: 3025:. The Israelites regarded the Judges as representatives of God to dispense His judgement, and were often themselves prophets. 2313:. Areas under the Taliban's direct control were mainly Afghanistan's major cities and highways. Tribal khans and warlords had 8880: 7302: 6548: 6526: 6498: 6230: 5999: 5940: 5835: 5766: 5726: 5584: 5552: 5368: 4823: 4480: 4248: 2638: 1704: 5494: 5449: 9767: 6821: 4752: 6092: 5406: 5383: 5103: 2633:, a role he has held since 1989. The Leader appoints the heads of many powerful governmental positions: the commanders of 9581: 9491: 6976: 6605: 6427: 4378:). The Greek term is explicitly coined by Josephus and isn't attested elsewhere in Ancient Greek; Josephus marks it as a 3010: 2697:) or not. The other six members are lawyers appointed by the chief justice, who is a cleric and appointed by the Leader. 1969: 1556: 1325: 1250: 1080: 1025: 9606: 4407: 3792:

had features of a theocracy. During his rule, "unchristian" books, statues, poetry, and other items were burned (in the

7881: 6585: 4867: 3225: 3154: 2750:, which was ruled by the Dalai Lamas and their ministers, with a specific role reserved for a class of monk officials. 2193: 1295: 1270: 1165: 1055: 848: 7646: 5635: 4748:"Where Have All the Flowers Gone?: Evaluation of the Taliban Crackdown Against Opium Poppy Cultivation in Afghanistan" 4528: 7271: 6522: 6455: 5793: 5253: 4900: 4689: 2650: 2197: 2189: 2134:. There have been almost 1,800 years of a continuous Christian presence on Mount Athos, and it has a long history of 2110: 1714: 1620: 1433: 1373: 1330: 1310: 1235: 1180: 1175: 1070: 1040: 938: 6447:

Social and Cultural Dynamics: A Study of Change in Major Systems of Art, Truth, Ethics, Law and Social Relationships

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On 20 September 2012, the 15th Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile unanimously voted to change the title of Kalön Tripa to

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Quinn, D. Michael (2002). "National Culture, Personality, and Theocracy in the Early Mormon Culture of Violence".

2422: 9866: 8507: 8358: 6801: 4563: 3675:, instituted a governmental system combining biblical theocracy with mid-19th-century American political ideals. 3283: 2457: 2426: 1851: 1655: 1468: 1463: 1388: 1315: 1275: 1255: 1245: 1195: 1142: 1122: 1090: 1035: 1020: 733: 6150: 10216: 9708: 9561: 8447: 7744: 6864: 6598: 3837: 3134: 2731: 2291: 1805: 1536: 1501: 1478: 1448: 1423: 1418: 1393: 1383: 1378: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1335: 1260: 1170: 1127: 1075: 1030: 1005: 987: 923: 540: 495: 6381: 6261: 3566:(1484–1531) built a political system that many scholars have called a theocracy, while others have denied it. 1660: 9748: 9621: 8843: 7874: 4429: 3948: 2690: 2682: 1761: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1473: 1458: 1453: 1443: 1408: 1398: 1320: 1305: 1285: 1205: 1190: 1185: 1137: 1132: 1117: 1112: 1010: 366: 10201: 10145: 9646: 9641: 9335: 8373: 8006: 7805: 7173: 6996: 6982: 5214: 5080: 3983: 3876: 3233: 3047: 1998: 1972:); the meaning "priestly or religious body wielding political and civil power" was first recorded in 1825. 1605: 1571: 1561: 1551: 1506: 1428: 1265: 1230: 1220: 1200: 1085: 1065: 1015: 6509: 5162: 5126: 4451: 10160: 10140: 9849: 9661: 9656: 9441: 7834: 7724: 7456: 7344: 7108: 7087: 6155: 6100: 5754: 4015: 3844: 3640: 2797:, "Sikyong" translates to "political leader", as distinct from "spiritual leader". Foreign affairs Kalön 2598: 2278:, and the state does not necessarily have to be a monarchy, as many Middle Eastern states presently are. 2094: 1822: 1625: 1541: 1516: 1511: 1240: 1050: 560: 75: 5191: 2498:... mysterious, secretive, and dictatorial." They did not hold elections, as their spokesman explained: 2166:

in 1912. However, it was formally recognized as part of Greece only after a diplomatic dispute with the

10211: 10135: 9970: 8326: 7986: 7500: 7240: 7197: 6788: 6681: 6567: 6035: 5915: 4815: 4114: 3880: 3458: 3416: 2453: 1844: 943: 381: 24: 8643: 6444:(29 September 2017) . "Fluctuation of the Theocratic and Secular Forms of Government and Leadership". 1911: 10181: 9834: 9759: 8690: 8633: 8218: 7651: 6911: 4278: 4231:

Wintrobe, Ronald; Padovano, Fabio (2009). "Theocracy, Natural Spiritual Monopoly, and Dictatorship".

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administered the region both spiritually and temporally through the highly organized and centralized

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direct control over various small towns, villages, and rural areas. The Taliban sought to establish

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of 1857–1858, the replacement of Young by an outside Federal Territorial Governor, intense federal

3348:'s direct descendants). In both cases, caliphs theoretically combine religious and secular powers. 2863: 2318: 2305:

in 1996. By the end of 2000, the Taliban controlled 90% of the country, aside from the opposition (

2202: 2048: 1953: 1945:. However, according to Josephus, the government of the Jews was unique. Josephus offered the term 1817: 1675: 1665: 898: 131: 6752: 6352: 4603:

Mount Athos is one of the world's few remaining theocratic states, alongside Iran and the Vatican.

2561:!" (Commander of the Faithful), in a pledge of support. Taliban spokesman Mullah Wakil explained: 10014: 9947: 9871: 9844: 9511: 9431: 8848: 8437: 8348: 7795: 7017: 6413: 5630: 4681: 3793: 3420: 3383:, who were the spiritual guides of the Timurid and Mughal Emperors. The Emperors believed in the 2649:, the attorney general (indirectly through the chief justice), special tribunals, and members of 789: 356: 9245: 5687: 2926: 10053: 9888: 8838: 8818: 8668: 8338: 7966: 7472: 7437: 7202: 6757: 4717: 4084: 4057: 3821: 2616: 2178: 1793: 1756: 1741: 804: 371: 8705: 6220: 5574: 4803: 9878: 9861: 8992: 8947: 8758: 8353: 7839: 7355: 7309: 7068: 7010: 6806: 6777: 5930: 5827: 5391: 5032:

Iran and the West : cultural perceptions from the Sasanian Empire tothe Islamic Republic

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Biblical Theocracy: A vision of the biblical foundations for a Christian political philosophy

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and by this virtue to be the ultimate intermediaries between God and mankind in every time (

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who are dealing with defense and foreign affairs. He also co-appoints the 12 jurists of the

10019: 9501: 9381: 9150: 8957: 8798: 8725: 8417: 8378: 8363: 7897: 7546: 7416: 7003: 6737: 6696: 6621: 5473: 4161: 4047: 3988: 3892: 3888: 3765: 3454: 2998: 2693:, whether the faqih believes that the bill is in accordance with Islamic laws and customs ( 2467: 2378: 2354: 2086: 1766: 1735: 903: 8972: 5520:"International Support Groups Meet in Dharamsala to Deal with Critical Situation In Tibet" 3512: 1918:), meaning "to rule". Thus the meaning of the word in Greek was "rule by god(s)" or human 8: 10155: 10065: 9883: 9798: 9691: 9571: 9541: 9461: 8987: 8927: 8248: 8168: 7762: 7704: 7443: 7251: 7146: 7102: 6966: 6956: 6932: 6927: 6816: 6762: 6747: 6722: 6194: 5742: 5051: 4052: 3900: 3781: 3720: 3652: 3613: 3408: 3018: 2982: 2922: 2661: 2558: 2310: 1778: 913: 878: 723: 632: 589: 376: 141: 44: 8735: 4305: 1907: 10191: 10186: 9703: 9698: 9681: 9676: 9145: 8653: 8590: 7824: 7752: 7719: 7676: 7671: 7378: 7218: 7192: 7092: 7073: 7039: 7025: 6831: 6782: 6767: 6742: 6195:"General Smith's Views on the Powers and Policy of the Government of the United States" 6172: 6117: 6073: 5861: 5324: 5316: 4074: 4010: 3896: 3852: 3680: 3633: 3356: 2855: 2601: 2522:

As the Taliban's power grew, decisions were made by Mullah Omar without consulting the

2461: 2259: 2241: 2155: 2008: 1800: 1719: 968: 361: 146: 121: 9135: 7079: 6961: 3616:, Oregon, and parts of Canada, the securing of international rights on the high seas, 3109:

to consolidate political power and to center control around his office as head of the

2582:-speaking Taliban could not communicate with roughly half of the population who spoke 10206: 10120: 9822: 9812: 9666: 9611: 9451: 9240: 8902: 8828: 8803: 8605: 8407: 7709: 7656: 7601: 7539: 7510: 7451: 7397: 7334: 7324: 7281: 7266: 7151: 7131: 7121: 6990: 6951: 6732: 6714: 6701: 6544: 6518: 6494: 6451: 6226: 6176: 5995: 5936: 5831: 5789: 5762: 5722: 5580: 5364: 5328: 5308: 5249: 4896: 4829: 4819: 4685: 4355: 4244: 4000: 3812: 3732: 3536: 3388: 3299: 3241: 3164: 2994: 2958: 2871: 2765: 2626: 2546: 2449: 2442:

was made compulsory and those who did not respect the religious obligation after the

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Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language (1989 edition).

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for fifteen years before being crushed following the 1864 fall of the rebel capital

9900: 9790: 9671: 9601: 9371: 9290: 9285: 9210: 9185: 9130: 9120: 9110: 9080: 9060: 9050: 8917: 8912: 8870: 8813: 8610: 8293: 8288: 8263: 8208: 8183: 7846: 7767: 7757: 7641: 7636: 7515: 7432: 7329: 7291: 7055: 6922: 6857: 6826: 6796: 6673: 6643: 6312: 6164: 6109: 5300: 5285:"Is Saudi Arabia a Theocracy? Religion and Governance in Contemporary Saudi Arabia" 4765: 4665: 4345: 4236: 4089: 3968: 3943: 3841: 3825: 3688: 3644: 3601: 3590:

The question of theocracy has been debated extensively by historians regarding the

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should be selected or elected by Muslims or by their representatives. Followers of

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were also forbidden, and the birds were killed according to the Taliban's ruling.

2353:. The Taliban forbade pork and alcohol, many types of consumer technology such as 9925: 9910: 9829: 9794: 9728: 9401: 9320: 9280: 9250: 9235: 9200: 9195: 9165: 9140: 9125: 9100: 9085: 9020: 8997: 8982: 8967: 8952: 8823: 8778: 8763: 8753: 8575: 8570: 8427: 8422: 8402: 8390: 7480: 7286: 7116: 7097: 7031: 6811: 6450:(revised and abridged by the author ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. p. 477. 6445: 6441: 6270: 5907: 5783: 5544: 5498: 5456: 5410: 5387: 5344:

Is Saudi Arabia a Theocracy? Religion and Governance in Contemporary Saudi Arabia

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was allowed, and von Leiden had 17 wives. In 1535, the Prince-Bishop of Münster,

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1045 BCE) essentially functioned as a theocracy, declaring the ruling family the

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to describe this polity in which a god was sovereign and the god's word was law.

1834: 1751: 838: 811: 667: 657: 454: 351: 5850:"Mughal Court Rituals: The Symbolism of Imperial Authority During Akbar's Reign" 2597:

has been described as a "theocratic republic" by various sources, including the

10058: 9718: 9626: 9616: 9345: 9220: 9205: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9115: 9090: 9045: 9025: 8887: 8858: 8833: 8788: 8768: 8730: 8685: 8565: 8555: 8412: 8243: 8056: 7666: 7565: 7427: 7389: 7212: 7049: 6882: 6872: 6851: 6662: 5991: 5688:"3-1 Emperor, Imperial Rescript Denying His Divinity (Professing His Humanity)" 5413:, Articles 19, 30, & 31 of the Constitution of Tibet, retrieved 2010-03-19. 5403: 5380: 5099: 4199: 4156: 3963: 3860: 3816: 3736: 3700: 3684: 3508: 3469:. The emperor, regarded as God's representative on earth, ruled as an absolute 3372: 3368: 3298:. His theocratic state fought one of the most destructive wars in history, the 2826: 2802: 2798: 2747: 2290:

first ruled Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001 and since their reinstatement of the

2182: 2167: 2159: 2151: 2070: 2015:

According to Merriam-Webster's Dictionary, there are two meanings for the word

1891: 1699: 958: 816: 747: 652: 485: 399: 7819: 5304: 4350: 4333: 2894:

cities were probably theocratic and were most likely headed by a priest-king (

10175: 10043: 9935: 9651: 9481: 9391: 9340: 9310: 9300: 9230: 9225: 9215: 9075: 9065: 9055: 9030: 8897: 8875: 8793: 8700: 8673: 8658: 8600: 8283: 7621: 7614: 7576: 7339: 7207: 7168: 7156: 7044: 6877: 6836: 6772: 6657: 6250: 5312: 4863: 4585: 4404: 4359: 4104: 4094: 3973: 3891:

into fighting the Ottoman Empire that had occupied all of Montenegro (as the

3708: 3672: 3664: 3625: 3585: 3466: 3462: 3424: 3384: 3380: 3198: 3186: 3172: 3168: 3079: 3051: 3034: 2735: 2714: 2402: 2267: 2215: 2078: 1964:'s commentary. The first recorded English use was in 1622, with the meaning " 1610: 973: 963: 933: 703: 598: 500: 490: 331: 37: 7586: 4414:"A form of civil government in which God himself is recognized as the head." 4240: 2746:, a religious hierarch. In this respect, it continues the traditions of the 2608:

has been described as a "hybrid" of "theocratic and democratic elements" by

9952: 9920: 9839: 9631: 9315: 9305: 9295: 9160: 9155: 9095: 9070: 9040: 9035: 8942: 8937: 8783: 8663: 8397: 8333: 8203: 8193: 8188: 8107: 8097: 8041: 7931: 7851: 7730: 7714: 7505: 7495: 7363: 7136: 6236: 6190: 6016: 5957: 5625: 5602: 5360: 4849: 4785: 4193: 3769: 3707:, and accession by Utah to statehood, the apparent temporal aspects of LDS 3597: 3376: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3206: 2710: 2630: 2550: 2491: 2225: 2074: 2058: 1788: 1783: 1771: 1746: 752: 679: 673: 647: 642: 618: 608: 545: 434: 254: 178: 6168: 6113: 2513:

They modeled their decision-making process on the Pashtun tribal council (

10087: 10080: 10007: 9895: 9855: 9330: 9325: 9260: 9255: 9105: 8977: 8932: 8922: 8715: 8710: 8648: 8585: 8368: 8343: 8268: 8228: 8198: 8173: 8153: 8132: 8112: 8092: 8082: 8051: 7916: 7737: 7596: 7490: 7373: 7163: 7141: 7126: 6691: 6667: 6317: 5788:. Constitutionalism in Asia. Oxford: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 211. 5658:"Ancient Egypt - The king and ideology: administration, art, and writing" 4042: 4037: 3938: 3772:

were increasingly built, and intolerance towards other faiths prevailed.

3660: 3552: 3341: 3325: 3245: 3229: 3213: 3106: 3086: 3065: 2851: 2772: 2761: 2418: 2370: 2350: 2328: 2171: 2135: 2127: 1985: 1957: 1929:

in the first century AD to describe the characteristic government of the

1919: 757: 742: 684: 555: 419: 218: 213: 193: 183: 173: 6121: 6077: 5865: 5320: 5284: 3824:

were persecuted. This theocracy ended in 1960 with the beginning of the

3205:

after a word for their deceased ancestors. After their overthrow by the

2910: 833: 10125: 10097: 10075: 9985: 9713: 9521: 9421: 9270: 9190: 8962: 8853: 8695: 8638: 8615: 8580: 8529: 8519: 8487: 8432: 8258: 8238: 8163: 8127: 8031: 8016: 7941: 7866: 7628: 7529: 7485: 6846: 6841: 6590: 5849: 4379: 4109: 3953: 3848: 3663:

was still a part of Mexico and had no secular government. As a result,

3617: 3520: 3516: 3504: 3500: 3333: 3287: 3264: 3118: 3060: 2743: 2386: 2323: 2271: 2237: 1965: 918: 762: 718: 713: 708: 694: 535: 326: 208: 203: 67: 9789: 7661: 5717:

Davidson, Ronald M. (2004). "Tibet". In Buswell, Robert E. Jr. (ed.).

3800:

was made a capital offense, and other Christian practices became law.

2801:

stated that the term "Sikyong" has had a precedent dating back to the

10048: 10024: 9980: 9975: 9915: 9817: 9411: 9350: 8907: 8550: 8477: 8462: 8383: 8303: 8298: 8223: 8178: 8158: 8122: 8102: 8087: 7951: 7911: 7591: 5296: 5245: 4811: 4188: 4183: 3933: 3915: 3847:

from 1516 until 1852. The principality was located around modern-day

3757: 3470: 3404: 3400: 3319: 3014: 2978: 2531: 2435: 2366: 2263: 2139: 1942: 1938: 1875: 565: 459: 449: 444: 429: 424: 414: 288: 249: 238: 233: 188: 156: 100: 95: 3671:. This original organization, based upon Joseph Smith's concept of 3559: 3465:

and the ultimate authority over the ecclesiastical authorities, the

2309:) strongholds which were primarily found in the northeast corner of 9990: 9905: 9686: 9265: 9002: 8595: 8560: 8534: 8514: 8467: 8278: 8233: 8117: 8021: 8011: 7976: 7946: 7607: 7465: 7368: 7349: 6892: 6727: 6707: 6298:"God and the People: Theodemocracy in Nineteenth-Century Mormonism" 5974:(Cambridge: Cambridge Press, 2003; 1st printing 1977), 1–2, 162–63. 4761: 4500: 4383: 4173: 4151: 4099: 4062: 3978: 3789: 3761: 3696: 3648: 3532: 3428: 3360: 3345: 3138: 3098: 2990: 2946: 2719: 2539: 2535: 2495: 2471: 2298: 2274:

of the state is required to be compatible with some or all laws of

2233: 2062: 2037: 1994: 1934: 637: 198: 168: 111: 40: 6573: 6093:"The Separation of Church and State in Mormon Theory and Practice" 5241:

Dispute Resolution in Islamic Finance: Alternatives to Litigation?

5081:

July 27, 2009, "Iran, Islam and the Rule of Law". Francis Fukuyama

4833: 4581:"What is behind Vladimir Putin's curious interest in Mount Athos?" 4424: 2686: 10150: 10070: 9723: 9636: 8524: 8492: 8482: 8253: 8213: 8046: 7971: 7956: 7936: 7534: 7521: 7383: 7261: 6579: 6576:, etext of a book by Stephen Palmquist (Philopsychy Press, 1993). 6151:"The Power and the Peculiarity: The Paradoxes of Early Mormonism" 4969:

Interview with Taliban spokesman Mullah Wakil in Arabic magazine

4808:

Drugs Politics: Managing Disorder in the Islamic Republic of Iran

4677: 4134: 4124: 3884: 3750: 3307: 3202: 3142: 2898:), assisted by a council of elders including both men and women. 2665: 2484: 2394: 2335: 2287: 2224:

is the name given to several states that are officially ruled by

2077:

was formally created and recognised as an independent state from

893: 439: 276: 266: 48: 4718:"US Country Report on Human Rights Practices – Afghanistan 2001" 4334:"The Relationship between Religion and State in Hegel's Thought" 10092: 10029: 9995: 9942: 8472: 8273: 8061: 8036: 8026: 7996: 7981: 7296: 6562: 5357:

Samdhong Rinpoche: Uncompromising Truth for a Compromised World

4892:

Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia

3808: 3797: 3548: 3412: 3329: 3075: 2974: 2954: 2814: 2670: 2642: 2579: 2554: 2542: 2504: 2480: 2476: 2430: 2406: 2343: 2275: 2116: 603: 5271:

Saudi Arabia is a leading Islamic theocracy in the world today

4382:

coinage by calling it a "strained expression". W. Whiston tr.

3760:(312 to 63 BCE), Zoroastrianism became autonomous. During the 3248:

in 206 BCE, an emperor's words were considered sacred edicts (

2734:, colloquially known as the Tibetan government in exile, is a 2170:

was no longer an obstacle, after the latter's collapse during

10035: 8502: 7991: 7926: 4391: 3647:

was short-lived. Its original borders stretched from western

3524: 3122: 3110: 3082: 2950: 2891: 2881: 2859: 2846: 2621: 2515: 2509:

out what the Afghan people have wanted for the past 14 years.

2494:

described the Taliban government as "a secret society run by

2444: 2439: 2382: 2374: 2302: 2256: 2143: 1988: 1961: 1901: 1895: 1879: 5522:. Central Tibetan Administration. 2012-11-16. Archived from 3539:, recaptured the city, ending the existence of the kingdom. 2689:

and have the power to approve or reject all bills passed by

2475:

national administration. At the national level, "all senior

2456:. In 2000, the Taliban leader Mullah Omar officially banned 8497: 7921: 5102:. International Constitutional Law (ICL). 24 October 1979. 3741: 3392: 3375:

were regarded as intermediaries of their subordinaries and

3337: 3125:), and various large and influential monastic communities. 3022: 3001:

in order for Japan to reorganize into a democratic nation.

2594: 2583: 2398: 2390: 2346: 2229: 2082: 6535:

Baslez, Marie-Françoise and Schwentzel, Christian-Georges.

6222:

Exiles in a Land of Liberty: Mormons in America, 1830–1846

5894:"Main Elements and Structure of the Mughal Administration" 3863:

overlordship and transformed the parish of Cetinje into a

16:"Hierocracy" redirects here. For the medieval theory, see 8066: 7961: 6386: 5055: 4562:

Joint Declaration No. 5 attached to the Final Act of the

4455: 4374: 3254:) and his written proclamations "directives from above" ( 1930: 1906:) meaning "the rule of God". This, in turn, derives from 5000:

Iran: Stuck in Transition (The Contemporary Middle East)

3531:

were punished by death. Despite the pietistic ideology,

2870:. Kim Il-sung, who died in 1994, remains North Korea's " 6340:

Mormons in American Politics: From Persecution to Power

5573:

Tellis, Ashley J.; Wills, Michael (30 September 2007).

5470:"Tibetan Parliament changes 'Kalon Tripa' to 'Sikyong'" 3328:

branch of Islam stipulates that, as a head of state, a

2820: 2262:. They see it as a compromise between a purely Islamic 2190:

a community consisting of members of the 20 monasteries

6537:

Les dieux et le pouvoir: aux origines de la théocratie

5749:

Prisoners of Shangri-La: Tibetan Buddhism and the West

5238:

Trakic, Adnan; Benson, John; Ahmed, Pervaiz K (2019).

4307:

Against Apion by Flavius Josephus, Book II, Chapter 17

3879:. The system was transformed into a hereditary one by 2969:

The Japanese people have historically venerated their

2158:

in 1095. Greece wrestled control of the area from the

3703:, the eventual resolution of controversies regarding 3655:

coast. When the Mormons arrived in the valley of the

2957:. While not considered equal to other members of the 2668:, who are Islamic scholars competent in interpreting 2138:, which dates back to at least 800 AD. The origin of 2073:

signed with the Italian Government, the new state of

4948:, p. 43 Interview with Mullah Wakil, March 1996 2294:

in 2021, Afghanistan is an Islamic theocracy again.

7179:

Relations between the Catholic Church and the state

6491:

Global communication without universal civilization

6225:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 203. 5847: 5626:""pharaoh | Definition, History, & Facts"" 4393:ὡς δ'ἄν τίς εἴποι, βιασάμενος τὸν λόγον, θεοκρατίαν 4235:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 83–118. 3542: 2270:. In their conception of the Islamic republic, the 1952:Josephus' definition was widely accepted until the 5824:The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions 5746: 3594:communities in Illinois and (especially) in Utah. 3294:, who portrayed himself as the younger brother of 2858:where the government's official state ideology is 2835: 2817:who ruled Tibet during the Dalai Lama's minority. 5237: 4929: 4927: 4914: 4912: 4741: 4739: 3831: 2725: 2625:(scholar of Islamic law) and has more power than 2321:and to impose a strict interpretation of Islamic 10173: 5781: 4230: 3113:school. This form of government is known as the 2809:) as "secular ruler; regime, regent". The title 6070:The John Whitmer Historical Association Journal 5566: 4981: 4979: 4496:"Researching the Law of the Vatican City State" 3768:was reformed, image-use in worship was banned, 3580:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 5495:"Kalon Tripa to be now referred to as Sikyong" 4924: 4909: 4797: 4795: 4736: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4494:Young, Stephen; Shea, Alison (November 2007). 4221:The imperial cult in Roman Britain-Google docs 3857:Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral 3815:(1936-1939 and 1944-1959) had attributes of a 2286:Afghanistan was an Islamic theocracy when the 9775: 7882: 6910: 6606: 4745: 4674:The Taliban Phenomenon: Afghanistan 1994–1997 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 3914:identified theocratic régimes in traditional 3255: 3249: 3105:allied with the military power of the Mongol 2142:at Mount Athos can be traced back to a royal 1852: 856: 8388: 5576:Domestic Political Change and Grand Strategy 5497:. Tibetan Review. 2012-09-22. Archived from 5159:Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran 5127:Chapter 8 – The Leader or Leadership Council 4976: 4746:Farrell, Graham; Thorne, John (March 2005). 3775: 3569: 3351: 3054:and some members of their families with the 2470:ministers and deputies were mullahs with a " 2327:, along with the religious edicts of Mullah 2177:Mount Athos is specifically exempt from the 1968:government under divine inspiration" (as in 8324: 5572: 4792: 3387:to be the rightful spiritual successors of 3290:was a heterodox Christian theocracy led by 3021:before the institution of a monarchy under 2878:dating from 1912, the year of Kim's birth. 2427:forbidden to attend schools or universities 9782: 9768: 7889: 7875: 6613: 6599: 5928: 5854:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 5830:John Wiley & Sons (Chichester), 2012. 5785:Constitutional Foundings in Northeast Asia 5424:"Lobsang Sangay chosen for political work" 5282: 5185:"Understanding Iran's Assembly of Experts" 5046: 5044: 5042: 4664: 4617: 3643:and would not accept polygamy. The Mormon 2882:Historic societies with theocratic aspects 2780:authority would be transferred to Sangay. 2681:, has the power to reject bills passed by 2331:, upon the entire country of Afghanistan. 2081:. The head of state of the Vatican is the 1859: 1845: 863: 849: 7694: 7564: 6353:"ZOROASTRIANISM - JewishEncyclopedia.com" 6316: 4493: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4349: 3887:from 1697 to 1735. He united the several 3513:theocratic kingdom in the city of Münster 3494: 3336:, however, believe a Caliph should be an 3224:who ordered the heavens and earth and to 3141:(1911–19) featured a Buddhist theocratic 1616:Female genital mutilation laws by country 80:List of countries by system of government 30:Form of government with religious leaders 7896: 7415: 6620: 6090: 5906: 5818: 5816: 5721:. Macmillan Reference. pp. 851–59. 5716: 5710: 5609: 5145:"Who's in Charge?" by Ervand Abrahamian 3527:was abolished and any violations of the 3355: 2868:personality cult surrounding Kim Il Sung 2643:major religious and economic foundations 2545:. On 4 April 1996, Mullah Omar had "the 2027: 32: 9472:Reflections on the Revolution in France 6440: 5039: 3867:theocracy, ruling it as Metropolitans ( 3714: 2365:, as well as most forms of art such as 2200:. The monastic community is led by the 2181:required by Greece's membership of the 2115:Mount Athos is a mountain peninsula in 1890:The word theocracy originates from the 51:and orb (first half of 1st century AD). 10174: 7239: 6488: 6048: 5983: 5929:Van Voorst, Jennifer Fretland (2012). 5092: 4985: 4957: 4945: 4933: 4918: 4895:. Yale University Press. p. 100. 4888: 4801: 4578: 4439: 3610:independent for U.S. president in 1844 3547:Historians debate the extent to which 2945:Ancient Egyptian society regarded its 2209: 2022: 9763: 7870: 7784: 7693: 7563: 7414: 7238: 6909: 6632: 6594: 6394:from the original on 25 November 2020 6295: 6189: 6148: 6067: 6029: 5813: 5741: 5735: 4481:Fundamental Law of Vatican City State 4331: 3403:in particular took over the title of 2999:declared that he was not a living god 2768:, who was elected on 20 August 2001. 2651:the supreme national security council 2639:national radio and television network 2452:was banned. Thieves were punished by 2338:, the Taliban regime interpreted the 2228:, including the Islamic Republics of 2130:under the direct jurisdiction of the 6822:Religious views on same-sex marriage 6633: 6580:Dominionism, sacralism and theocracy 6218: 5638:from the original on 19 January 2023 5593:from the original on 19 January 2023 4870:from the original on 7 February 2012 4864:"Afghanistan, Opium and the Taliban" 4840:from the original on 19 January 2023 4753:International Journal of Drug Policy 4698:from the original on 19 January 2023 4579:Norman, Jeremy (10 September 2016). 2905: 2821:States with official state religions 2783: 2334:During the five-year history of the 1956:era, when the term took on negative 9582:The End of History and the Last Man 9492:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 6382:"Zoroastrianism under Persian rule" 6338:Luke Perry and Christopher Cronin, 6032:The Christian polity of John Calvin 5935:. Compass Point Books. p. 14. 5139: 5106:from the original on 21 August 2018 5035:. 2018 – via Benchmark Books. 5019:. 2004 – via Benchmark Books. 4776:from the original on 15 August 2021 4593:from the original on 1 October 2016 4224: 3562:, Switzerland, Protestant reformer 3515:in Westphalia. They established an 3434: 2989:in 1945: on 1 January 1946 Emperor 2949:as divine and associated them with 2713:defines itself as a sovereign Arab 2629:. Iran's current Supreme Leader is 2373:, male and female participation in 13: 6482: 5719:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism 5668:from the original on 17 April 2021 5487: 4724:from the original on 10 March 2021 4710: 4670:"The Taliban's Religious Attitude" 4526: 4508:from the original on 13 April 2018 4233:The Political Economy of Theocracy 3419:, his first cousin and son in law 3379:by virtue of the blessings of the 3163:Similar to the Roman Emperor, the 3155:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors 2301:, the Taliban eventually captured 2154:in 972, and reaffirmed by Emperor 14: 10228: 6555: 6414:"C'était le temps des Ayatollahs" 3701:prosecution of LDS Church leaders 3004: 2198:Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2179:free movement of people and goods 2111:Monastic community of Mount Athos 1925:The term was initially coined by 1621:Legal aspects of ritual slaughter 939:Catholic priests in public office 9552:The Open Society and Its Enemies 6687:Constitutional references to God 6650:Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry 6561: 6541:Presses Universitaires de Rennes 6428:"Sortir en famille au ciné-parc" 5698:from the original on 13 May 2021 5404:The Charter of Tibetans in-Exile 5381:The Charter of Tibetans in-Exile 4804:"Crisis as an Idiom for Reforms" 3620:, and the re-establishment of a 3543:Geneva and Zürich (16th century) 3441:Byzantine Empire § Religion 3167:was historically held to be the 2909: 2901: 2775:position was subordinate to the 1993:, "rule of God", a term used by 832: 8359:Family as a model for the state 6802:Religious rejection of politics 6434: 6420: 6406: 6374: 6363:from the original on 2020-05-17 6345: 6332: 6289: 6276: 6255: 6244: 6212: 6201:from the original on 2011-08-07 6183: 6142: 6131:from the original on 2023-01-19 6084: 6061: 6042: 6023: 6008:from the original on 2023-01-19 5977: 5964: 5949:from the original on 2023-01-19 5922: 5900: 5886: 5872: 5841: 5775: 5680: 5650: 5618: 5555:from the original on 2023-01-19 5537: 5512: 5462: 5442: 5416: 5397: 5374: 5349: 5335:from the original on 2022-10-20 5276: 5262:from the original on 2023-01-19 5231: 5208: 5177: 5152: 5118: 5073: 5062:from the original on 2021-01-10 5023: 5007: 4991: 4963: 4951: 4939: 4882: 4856: 4608: 4572: 4556: 4541:from the original on 2018-11-29 4520: 4487: 4473: 4462:from the original on 2022-01-26 4452:"CIA World Factbook – Holy See" 4372:English form the 17th century ( 4314:from the original on 2020-02-15 3875:). The first prince-bishop was 3519:régime of "New Jerusalem" with 3284:Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace 3228:credited with the invention of 3177: 2836:States with an ambiguous status 2700: 2347:school of Islamic jurisprudence 9709:Separation of church and state 9607:Collectivism and individualism 9562:The Origins of Totalitarianism 7745:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 6865:Separation of church and state 6284:Brigham Young: Pioneer Prophet 4417: 4398: 4366: 4325: 4298: 4266: 4257: 4215: 3838:Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro 3832:Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro 3780:The short rule (1494–1498) of 3726: 3551:, Switzerland, in the days of 3523:and millenarian expectations. 3244:, etc. Even after the fall of 3201:and calling the chief sky god 3101:Tibet began in 1642, when the 2840: 2732:Central Tibetan Administration 2726:Central Tibetan Administration 2454:amputating their hands or feet 2438:were systematically executed. 2405:were closed and repurposed as 2292:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 2281: 2104: 1806:Christian countercult movement 1715:Oriental Orthodox Christianity 924:Separation of church and state 541:Intergovernmental organisation 496:Separation of church and state 1: 9749:Category:Political philosophy 9622:Critique of political economy 5283:Al-Atawneh, Muhammad (2009). 5003:. 2017 – via Routledge. 4208: 3313: 3194: 3190: 3048:Imperial cult of ancient Rome 3040: 2660:The Leader is elected by the 2573:and therefore we reject them. 2188:Athos is governed jointly by 2097:. The Bishop of Rome, as the 1975: 1710:Eastern Orthodox Christianity 1651:Traditional African religions 10146:Social dominance orientation 9647:Institutional discrimination 9642:History of political thought 8374:Negative and positive rights 6997:German Christians (movement) 6983:Evangelical environmentalism 5848:Shivram, Balkrishan (2006). 5459:, The Telegraph, 08 Aug 2011 4770:10.1016/j.drugpo.2004.07.007 3984:Rule according to higher law 3906: 3764:period (224 to 651 CE), the 3395:). They thus used the title 3344:(the "Family of the House", 2874:" and the country adopted a 2813:had previously been used by 2429:, were requested to observe 2349:and the religious edicts of 2266:and secular nationalism and 1999:kingdoms of Israel and Judah 1910:(theos), meaning "god", and 1902: 1885: 1606:Apostasy in Islam by country 338:(socio-political ideologies) 7: 10161:List of totalitarian states 10141:Right-wing authoritarianism 9657:Justification for the state 9442:Two Treatises of Government 7835:Religious aspects of Nazism 7088:Christian reconstructionism 6305:Journal of Church and State 6156:Reviews in American History 6101:Journal of Church and State 5755:University of Chicago Press 5052:"CIA World Factbook – Iran" 4720:. State.gov. 4 March 2002. 4016:Christian reconstructionism 3921: 3859:, whose bishops defied the 3845:ecclesiastical principality 3421:Prince Nizamuddin Naqshband 3220:were originally applied to 3128: 2760:The first directly elected 2042: 1960:and was barely salvaged by 1626:Religious male circumcision 406:(socio-economic ideologies) 76:List of forms of government 10: 10233: 10136:Left-wing authoritarianism 9971:Authoritarian conservatism 8327:Bellum omnium contra omnes 7501:Jewish political movements 6977:Christian environmentalism 6789:Religion and peacebuilding 6357:www.jewishencyclopedia.com 6036:Cambridge University Press 5916:Cambridge University Press 5838:Accessed 22 December 2013. 4816:Cambridge University Press 4392: 4321:– via gutenberg.org. 4115:Political aspects of Islam 3583: 3573: 3499:Between 1533 and 1535 the 3438: 3317: 3152: 3097:Unified religious rule in 3032: 2844: 2824: 2748:former government of Tibet 2213: 2108: 2057:on 20 September 1870, the 2046: 2031: 1989: 1896: 25:Theocracy (disambiguation) 22: 15: 10113: 9963: 9835:Counterintelligence state 9805: 9744: 9594: 9363: 9011: 8744: 8624: 8543: 8455: 8446: 8312: 8146: 8075: 7904: 7791: 7785: 7780: 7700: 7689: 7572: 7559: 7423: 7410: 7247: 7234: 6918: 6912:Christianity and politics 6905: 6639: 6628: 6586:"Is Judaism a Theocracy?" 6219:Winn, Kenneth H. (1990). 6149:Brown, Robert E. (2013). 5305:10.1080/00263200802586105 4351:10.1017/S0263523200002032 4279:Oxford English Dictionary 4027:Cuius regio, eius religio 3811:under the premiership of 3803: 3788:priest, over the city of 3776:Florence under Savonarola 3636:, jail on June 27, 1844. 3606:Latter Day Saint movement 3570:Deseret (LDS Church, USA) 3453:324–1453) operated under 3352:Timurid and Mughal Empire 3256: 3250: 3216:to form his new title of 3115:dual system of government 2985:following the end of the 2973:as the descendant of the 2862:which centers around the 2753:On 14 March 2011, at the 2707:Basic Law of Saudi Arabia 2549:" taken from its shrine, 2132:Primate of Constantinople 1611:Blasphemy laws by country 527:(geo-cultural ideologies) 10131:Inverted totalitarianism 10003:Authoritarian capitalism 9532:The Revolt of the Masses 7801:Disestablishmentarianism 7064:Christian libertarianism 6972:Christian egalitarianism 6933:Christian anti-communism 6515:Harvard University Press 6510:Constitutional Theocracy 6091:Williams, J. D. (1967). 6055:Toronto University Press 5984:Larson, Mark J. (2009). 5086:January 2, 2015, at the 4802:Ghiabi, Maziyar (2019). 4006:Christian fundamentalism 3148: 3092: 3068:. The official offer of 2964: 2953:, and after death, with 2886: 2641:, the heads of powerful 2061:including Rome with the 2049:Politics of Vatican City 1970:ancient Israel and Judah 1046:Central African Republic 899:Religious discrimination 10197:Religion and government 10015:Authoritarian socialism 9512:The Communist Manifesto 8438:Tyranny of the majority 8349:Consent of the governed 7796:American civil religion 7705:Buddhist anti-communism 7018:Protestant Reich Church 6049:Walton, Robert (1967). 5972:The Byzantine Theocracy 5912:The Byzantine Theocracy 5662:Encyclopedia Britannica 5631:Encyclopedia Britannica 5450:Lobsang Sangay: profile 5394:, retrieved 2010-03-19. 4889:Rashid, Ahmed (2010) . 4682:Oxford University Press 4241:10.1057/9780230620063_5 3794:Bonfire of the Vanities 3483:The Byzantine Theocracy 3423:a paternal grandson of 3340:chosen by God from the 3212:The titles combined by 3028: 2589: 2387:recreational activities 2342:in accordance with the 2069:. In 1929, through the 1801:New religious movements 1547:Palestinian territories 790:Administrative division 734:International relations 8389: 8339:Clash of civilizations 8325: 7647:Hindu environmentalism 7473:Revisionist Maximalism 6952:Christian anti-Zionism 6938:Christian anti-Masonry 6758:Religious anti-Zionism 6753:Religious anti-Masonry 5289:Middle Eastern Studies 5147:London Review of Books 4282:. 2015. Archived from 4085:Islamic fundamentalism 4058:Temporal power (papal) 3851:. It emerged from the 3669:Melchizedek Priesthood 3511:erected a short-lived 3495:Münster (16th century) 3492: 3415:) of the contemporary 3411:through the blessing ( 3364: 2637:, the director of the 2575: 2511: 1794:Religious antisemitism 52: 10217:Religion and politics 9879:Dominant-party system 8354:Divine right of kings 7840:Creativity (religion) 7695:Buddhism and politics 7566:Hinduism and politics 7257:Human Rights in Islam 7174:Political Catholicism 7080:Christian peacemaking 7069:Christian nationalism 7011:Positive Christianity 6962:Christian corporatism 6807:Religious segregation 6778:Religious nationalism 6296:Mason, P. Q. (2011). 6169:10.1353/rah.2013.0063 6030:Höpfl, Harro (1985). 5692:National Diet Library 5392:Constitution of Tibet 5100:"Iran – Constitution" 4529:"The "Holy Mountain"" 4405:Catholic Encyclopedia 4179:Divine right of kings 4147:Jewish fundamentalism 4033:Divine Right of Kings 3959:Divine command theory 3855:, later known as the 3687:, and U.S. President 3487: 3461:was both the head of 3425:Khwaja Khawand Mahmud 3359: 3153:Further information: 3033:Further information: 2647:chief justice of Iran 2627:the president of Iran 2563: 2500: 2409:. Celebration of the 2032:Further information: 2028:Christian theocracies 1878:in which one or more 1643:Religious persecution 800:Democratic transition 663:Self-governing colony 260:Military dictatorship 36: 18:Hierocracy (medieval) 9502:Democracy in America 8881:political philosophy 8864:political philosophy 8679:political philosophy 8508:political philosophy 8418:Separation of powers 8379:Night-watchman state 8364:Monopoly on violence 7898:Political philosophy 7830:Neopaganist feminism 7725:Buddhist nationalism 7547:World Agudath Israel 7417:Judaism and politics 7277:Islamic anti-Zionism 7272:Islamic anti-Masonry 7004:National Catholicism 6812:Religious separatism 6738:Organized secularism 6697:Engaged Spirituality 6622:Religion in politics 6570:at Wikimedia Commons 6489:Ankerl, Guy (2000). 5932:The Byzantine Empire 5880:"Power & Desire" 5579:. NBR. p. 128. 5390:, Article 20 of the 5215:Constitution of Iran 5136:Constitution of Iran 4818:. pp. 101–102. 4332:Moked, Oran (2004). 4162:Kach and Kahane Chai 4048:National Catholicism 3989:Nontheistic religion 3893:Sanjak of Montenegro 3889:tribes of Montenegro 3766:Zoroastrian calendar 3719:From 1620 until the 3715:Massachusetts Colony 3641:took control in 1848 3624:. Smith's top aide, 3367:The Emperors of the 3267:translate the title 3182:BCE) is less clear. 2993:, at the request of 2664:which is made up of 2534:"), in imitation of 2087:College of Cardinals 2065:were annexed by the 904:Religious censorship 23:For other uses, see 10202:Right-wing politics 10066:Ecoauthoritarianism 9884:Illiberal democracy 9692:Right-wing politics 9572:A Theory of Justice 9542:The Road to Serfdom 9462:The Social Contract 8169:Christian democracy 7763:Humanistic Buddhism 7438:Jewish anti-Zionism 7252:Hui pan-nationalism 7147:Liberation theology 7103:Christian socialism 6967:Christian democracy 6957:Christian communism 6928:Christian anarchism 6817:Religious socialism 6763:Religious communism 6748:Religious anarchism 6723:Freedom of religion 6114:10.1093/jcs/9.2.238 6051:Zwingli's Theocracy 5896:. 29 November 2014. 5822:Nadeau, Randall L. 4921:, pp. 101–102. 4423:Stephen Palmquist, 4053:Religious socialism 3901:southeastern Europe 3822:Jehovah's Witnesses 3782:Girolamo Savonarola 3721:American Revolution 3695:After the abortive 3653:southern California 3614:annexation of Texas 3604:and founder of the 3481:writes in his book 3457:, meaning that the 3056:divinely sanctioned 3009:In biblical times, 2983:Occupation of Japan 2923:High Priest of Amun 2662:Assembly of Experts 2423:banned from working 2311:Badakhshan Province 2255:under a particular 2244:that overthrew the 2210:Islamic theocracies 2196:, appointed by the 2194:Civil Administrator 2023:Current theocracies 914:Religious pluralism 879:Freedom of religion 839:Politics portal 724:Supranational union 633:Dependent territory 546:National government 9704:Political violence 9699:Political theology 9682:Left-wing politics 9677:Political spectrum 7825:Khalistan movement 7753:Buddhist socialism 7720:Buddhist modernism 7677:Uniform civil code 7379:Political quietism 7241:Islam and politics 7219:Neo-ultramontanism 7193:Sphere sovereignty 7093:Christian republic 7074:Christian pacifism 7040:Christian humanism 7026:Christian feminism 6832:Secular liberalism 6783:Religious pacifism 6768:Religious humanism 6743:Political religion 6574:Biblical Theocracy 6416:. 2 November 2009. 6318:10.1093/jcs/csq135 6269:2017-12-07 at the 5868:– via JSTOR. 5455:2023-01-19 at the 5409:2021-01-10 at the 5386:2021-01-10 at the 5220:2008-04-10 at the 5170:2010-11-23 at the 5132:2010-11-23 at the 4684:. pp. 34–43. 4432:2012-04-14 at the 4410:2017-07-16 at the 4075:Iranian Revolution 4011:Christian Identity 3897:Montenegro Vilayet 3853:Eparchy of Cetinje 3735:(550 to 330 BCE), 3711:receded markedly. 3681:Compromise of 1850 3634:Carthage, Illinois 3427:and maternally of 3365: 3286:(1851 to 1864) in 3271:(usually rendered 3263:As a result, some 2925:. You can help by 2856:socialist republic 2260:form of government 2242:Iranian Revolution 2156:Alexios I Komnenos 969:Confessional state 53: 10212:Religious studies 10169: 10168: 10121:Democracy indices 9813:Absolute monarchy 9757: 9756: 9667:Philosophy of law 9612:Conflict theories 9452:The Spirit of Law 9359: 9358: 8408:Original position 7864: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7814: 7776: 7775: 7747: 7740: 7733: 7710:Buddhist feminism 7685: 7684: 7657:Indigenous Aryans 7652:Integral humanism 7631: 7624: 7617: 7610: 7602:Hindu nationalism 7555: 7554: 7524: 7511:Jewish secularism 7475: 7468: 7452:Jewish Autonomism 7446: 7406: 7405: 7398:Two-nation theory 7392: 7358: 7335:Islamic socialism 7319: 7312: 7305: 7282:Islamic democracy 7267:Islamic anarchism 7230: 7229: 7221: 7187: 7152:Maronite politics 7132:Dominion Theology 7122:Christian Zionism 7111: 7082: 7058: 7034: 7020: 7013: 7006: 6999: 6991:Christian fascism 6985: 6946: 6901: 6900: 6867: 6860: 6791: 6733:Identity politics 6717: 6715:Womanist theology 6710: 6702:Feminist theology 6676: 6652: 6566:Media related to 6549:978-2-7535-4864-0 6527:978-0-674-04819-5 6500:978-2-88155-004-1 6232:978-0-8078-4300-0 6191:Smith, Joseph Jr. 6001:978-1-60608-073-3 5994:. pp. 1–20. 5970:Steven Runciman, 5942:978-0-7565-4565-9 5836:978-1-4051-9031-2 5768:978-0-226-49311-4 5728:978-0-02-865910-7 5586:978-0-9713938-8-2 5369:978-1-933316-20-8 5355:Donovan Roebert, 5149:, 6 November 2008 4825:978-1-108-47545-7 4666:Matinuddin, Kamal 4567:-accession treaty 4527:Miller, William. 4250:978-1-349-37763-3 4001:Christian fascism 3813:Maurice Duplessis 3733:Achaemenid Empire 3537:Franz von Waldeck 3300:Taiping Rebellion 3165:Chinese sovereign 2995:Douglas MacArthur 2959:Egyptian pantheon 2943: 2942: 2872:Eternal President 2784:Change to Sikyong 2771:Before 2011, the 2766:Samdhong Rinpoche 2547:Cloak of Muhammad 2458:opium cultivation 2307:Northern Alliance 2126:consisting of 20 2085:, elected by the 1984:derives from the 1869: 1868: 1705:Jehovah's Witness 1681:post–Cold War era 1633: 1632: 988:Status by country 909:Religious liberty 873: 872: 824: 823: 795:Democracy indices 770: 769: 573: 572: 382:Semi-presidential 307: 306: 10224: 10182:Authoritarianism 10020:Marxism–Leninism 9901:Managerial state 9784: 9777: 9770: 9761: 9760: 9672:Political ethics 9662:Machiavellianism 9602:Authoritarianism 9587: 9577: 9567: 9557: 9547: 9537: 9527: 9517: 9507: 9497: 9487: 9477: 9467: 9457: 9447: 9437: 9427: 9417: 9407: 9397: 9387: 9377: 8453: 8452: 8394: 8330: 8320:Balance of power 8294:Social democracy 8289:Social Darwinism 8264:Multiculturalism 8209:Environmentalism 8184:Communitarianism 7891: 7884: 7877: 7868: 7867: 7847:Personality cult 7810: 7782: 7781: 7768:Secular Buddhism 7758:Engaged Buddhism 7743: 7736: 7729: 7691: 7690: 7642:Hindu revivalism 7637:Hindu revolution 7627: 7620: 7613: 7606: 7561: 7560: 7520: 7516:Jewish socialism 7471: 7464: 7457:Jewish democracy 7442: 7433:Jewish anarchism 7412: 7411: 7388: 7354: 7330:Islamic republic 7325:Islamic pacifism 7315: 7308: 7301: 7292:Islamic feminism 7236: 7235: 7217: 7183: 7107: 7078: 7056:Evangelical left 7054: 7030: 7016: 7009: 7002: 6995: 6981: 6942: 6923:Blaine Amendment 6907: 6906: 6863: 6858:Secular religion 6856: 6827:Secular humanism 6797:Religious police 6787: 6713: 6706: 6674:Clerical fascism 6672: 6648: 6644:Anti-clericalism 6634:General concepts 6630: 6629: 6615: 6608: 6601: 6592: 6591: 6565: 6534: 6504: 6476: 6475: 6466: 6464: 6442:Sorokin, Pitirim 6438: 6432: 6431: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6378: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6368: 6349: 6343: 6342:(ABC-CLIO, 2012) 6336: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6321:. Archived from 6320: 6302: 6293: 6287: 6282:John G. Turner, 6280: 6274: 6259: 6253: 6248: 6242: 6241:, quote on p 203 6240: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6206: 6187: 6181: 6180: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6136: 6130: 6097: 6088: 6082: 6081: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6046: 6040: 6039: 6027: 6021: 6020: 6014: 6013: 5981: 5975: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5908:Runciman, Steven 5904: 5898: 5897: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5876: 5870: 5869: 5845: 5839: 5820: 5811: 5810: 5804: 5802: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5752: 5743:Lopez, Donald S. 5739: 5733: 5732: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5684: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5622: 5616: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5600: 5598: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5560: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5531: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5506: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5472:. 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Josephus 1905: 1899: 1898: 1861: 1854: 1847: 993: 992: 929:Anti-clericalism 875: 874: 865: 858: 851: 837: 836: 784: 783: 628:Associated state 586: 585: 561:Internationalism 551:World government 528: 407: 339: 320: 319: 294:Free association 281: 242: 161: 104: 92: 91: 55: 54: 10232: 10231: 10227: 10226: 10225: 10223: 10222: 10221: 10172: 10171: 10170: 10165: 10109: 9959: 9926:Socialist state 9911:One-party state 9830:Communist state 9801: 9788: 9758: 9753: 9740: 9729:Totalitarianism 9590: 9585: 9575: 9565: 9555: 9545: 9535: 9525: 9515: 9505: 9495: 9485: 9475: 9465: 9455: 9445: 9435: 9425: 9415: 9405: 9402:Treatise on Law 9395: 9385: 9375: 9355: 9013: 9007: 8746: 8740: 8626: 8620: 8539: 8442: 8428:State of nature 8423:Social contract 8403:Ordered liberty 8391:Noblesse oblige 8308: 8142: 8071: 7900: 7895: 7865: 7856: 7787: 7772: 7696: 7681: 7597:Hindu modernism 7568: 7551: 7496:Jewish pacifism 7481:Jewish feminism 7461:Jewish fascism 7419: 7402: 7345:Islamic Zionism 7287:Islamic fascism 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2034:Christian state 2030: 2025: 1978: 1922:(s) of god(s). 1888: 1865: 1835:Religion portal 1829: 1828: 1827: 1693:Catholic Church 1645: 1635: 1634: 1439:North Macedonia 1404:Northern Cyprus 1211:Northern Cyprus 990: 980: 979: 978: 954: 953: 944:Confessionalism 888: 869: 831: 826: 825: 812:Democratisation 805:Autocratization 781: 773: 772: 771: 728: 689: 668:Tributary state 658:Satellite state 613: 583: 582:Power structure 575: 574: 526: 525: 507: 478: 464: 455:Totalitarianism 405: 404: 386: 337: 336: 317: 309: 308: 303: 279: 271: 236: 228: 159: 151: 98: 89: 88:Source of power 66:Basic forms of 60:Politics series 31: 28: 21: 12: 11: 5: 10230: 10220: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10167: 10166: 10164: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10117: 10115: 10111: 10110: 10108: 10107: 10102: 10101: 10100: 10090: 10085: 10084: 10083: 10078: 10068: 10063: 10062: 10061: 10056: 10046: 10041: 10040: 10039: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10012: 10011: 10010: 10000: 9999: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9967: 9965: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9957: 9956: 9955: 9950: 9940: 9939: 9938: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9892: 9891: 9881: 9876: 9875: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9852: 9850:Constitutional 9847: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9826: 9825: 9815: 9809: 9807: 9803: 9802: 9787: 9786: 9779: 9772: 9764: 9755: 9754: 9752: 9751: 9745: 9742: 9741: 9739: 9738: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9719:Social justice 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9695: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9627:Egalitarianism 9624: 9619: 9617:Contractualism 9614: 9609: 9604: 9598: 9596: 9592: 9591: 9589: 9588: 9578: 9568: 9558: 9548: 9538: 9528: 9518: 9508: 9498: 9488: 9478: 9468: 9458: 9448: 9438: 9428: 9418: 9408: 9398: 9388: 9378: 9367: 9365: 9361: 9360: 9357: 9356: 9354: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9017: 9015: 9009: 9008: 9006: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8884: 8883: 8873: 8868: 8867: 8866: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8750: 8748: 8742: 8741: 8739: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8682: 8681: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8630: 8628: 8622: 8621: 8619: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8547: 8545: 8541: 8540: 8538: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8511: 8510: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8459: 8457: 8450: 8444: 8443: 8441: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8413:Overton window 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8322: 8316: 8314: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8244:Libertarianism 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8150: 8148: 8144: 8143: 8141: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8079: 8077: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7908: 7906: 7902: 7901: 7894: 7893: 7886: 7879: 7871: 7862: 7861: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7843: 7842: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7816: 7815: 7803: 7798: 7792: 7789: 7788: 7778: 7777: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7749: 7748: 7741: 7734: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7687: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7667:Saffronisation 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7633: 7632: 7625: 7618: 7611: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7582:Hindu feminism 7579: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7557: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7549: 7544: 7543: 7542: 7532: 7527: 7526: 7525: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7477: 7476: 7469: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7448: 7447: 7435: 7430: 7428:Halachic state 7424: 7421: 7420: 7408: 7407: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7400: 7395: 7394: 7393: 7390:Talibanization 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7360: 7359: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7321: 7320: 7313: 7306: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7232: 7231: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7224: 7223: 7222: 7213:Ultramontanism 7210: 7205: 7203:Temporal power 7200: 7195: 7190: 7189: 7188: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7160: 7159: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7113: 7112: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7084: 7083: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7050:Christian left 7047: 7042: 7037: 7036: 7035: 7023: 7022: 7021: 7014: 7007: 7000: 6988: 6987: 6986: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6948: 6947: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6903: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6883:State religion 6880: 6875: 6873:Spiritual left 6870: 6869: 6868: 6861: 6852:Secularization 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6793: 6792: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6719: 6718: 6711: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6678: 6677: 6665: 6663:Civil religion 6660: 6655: 6654: 6653: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6626: 6625: 6618: 6617: 6610: 6603: 6595: 6589: 6588: 6583: 6577: 6571: 6557: 6556:External links 6554: 6553: 6552: 6530: 6507:Hirschl, Ran. 6505: 6499: 6484: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6456: 6433: 6430:. 5 June 2020. 6419: 6405: 6373: 6344: 6331: 6328:on 2016-03-04. 6311:(3): 349–375. 6288: 6275: 6254: 6243: 6231: 6211: 6182: 6141: 6108:(2): 238–262. 6083: 6060: 6041: 6022: 6000: 5992:Wipf and Stock 5976: 5963: 5941: 5921: 5899: 5885: 5871: 5840: 5812: 5794: 5774: 5767: 5734: 5727: 5709: 5679: 5649: 5617: 5608: 5585: 5565: 5536: 5511: 5486: 5461: 5441: 5415: 5396: 5373: 5348: 5275: 5254: 5230: 5207: 5176: 5151: 5138: 5117: 5091: 5072: 5038: 5022: 5006: 4990: 4975: 4962: 4950: 4938: 4923: 4908: 4901: 4881: 4855: 4824: 4791: 4735: 4709: 4690: 4616: 4614:Griffiths 226. 4607: 4571: 4555: 4519: 4486: 4472: 4438: 4416: 4397: 4365: 4338:Hegel Bulletin 4324: 4297: 4265: 4256: 4249: 4223: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4204: 4203: 4202: 4200:State religion 4197: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4166: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4157:Halachic state 4154: 4149: 4139: 4138: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4067: 4066: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3993: 3992: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3964:Fundamentalism 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3908: 3905: 3899:) and most of 3873:prince-bishops 3861:Ottoman Empire 3833: 3830: 3817:Roman Catholic 3805: 3802: 3777: 3774: 3737:Zoroastrianism 3728: 3725: 3716: 3713: 3685:Utah Territory 3571: 3568: 3544: 3541: 3509:John of Leiden 3496: 3493: 3439:Main article: 3436: 3433: 3385:Hazrat Ishaans 3381:Hazrat Ishaans 3373:Mughal Dynasty 3353: 3350: 3318:Main article: 3315: 3312: 3302:, against the 3226:culture heroes 3199:sons of heaven 3180: 221–210 3150: 3147: 3130: 3127: 3094: 3091: 3052:Roman emperors 3030: 3027: 3006: 3005:Ancient Israel 3003: 2966: 2963: 2941: 2940: 2916: 2914: 2903: 2900: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2876:Juche calendar 2845:Main article: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2827:State religion 2825:Main article: 2822: 2819: 2803:7th Dalai Lama 2799:Dicki Chhoyang 2795:Tibetan Review 2785: 2782: 2727: 2724: 2702: 2699: 2691:the Parliament 2683:the Parliament 2617:Supreme Leader 2602:World Factbook 2591: 2588: 2403:Movie theaters 2283: 2280: 2211: 2208: 2183:European Union 2168:Russian Empire 2160:Ottoman Empire 2152:John Tzimisces 2146:issued by the 2109:Main article: 2106: 2103: 2071:Lateran Treaty 2053:Following the 2047:Main article: 2044: 2041: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 1977: 1974: 1887: 1884: 1867: 1866: 1864: 1863: 1856: 1849: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1823:Zoroastrianism 1820: 1815: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1739: 1729: 1724: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1696: 1695: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1584: 1583: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1496: 1495: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1484:United Kingdom 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1348: 1347: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1160: 1159: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1107: 1106: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1000: 999: 991: 986: 985: 982: 981: 977: 976: 971: 966: 961: 959:State religion 955: 952: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 890: 889: 886: 885: 882: 881: 871: 870: 868: 867: 860: 853: 845: 842: 841: 828: 827: 822: 821: 820: 819: 817:Hybrid regimes 814: 809: 808: 807: 797: 792: 782: 779: 778: 775: 774: 768: 767: 766: 765: 760: 755: 750: 748:Regional power 745: 737: 736: 730: 729: 727: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 698: 697: 691: 690: 688: 687: 682: 677: 670: 665: 660: 655: 653:Puppet monarch 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 622: 621: 615: 614: 612: 611: 606: 601: 593: 592: 584: 581: 580: 577: 576: 571: 570: 569: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 530: 529: 524: 523: 518: 512: 509: 508: 506: 505: 504: 503: 498: 488: 486:State religion 480: 479: 477: 476: 473: 469: 466: 465: 463: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 409: 408: 403: 402: 397: 391: 388: 387: 385: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 357:Constitutional 354: 349: 341: 340: 335: 334: 329: 323: 318: 316:Power ideology 315: 314: 311: 310: 305: 304: 302: 301: 296: 291: 283: 282: 280:(rule by none) 273: 272: 270: 269: 264: 263: 262: 252: 244: 243: 230: 229: 227: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 163: 162: 153: 152: 150: 149: 144: 139: 134: 132:Representative 129: 124: 119: 114: 106: 105: 90: 87: 86: 83: 82: 71: 70: 63: 62: 29: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10229: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10179: 10177: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10118: 10116: 10112: 10106: 10105:Shōwa Statism 10103: 10099: 10096: 10095: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10073: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10051: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10044:Caesaropapism 10042: 10038: 10037: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10017: 10016: 10013: 10009: 10006: 10005: 10004: 10001: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9973: 9972: 9969: 9968: 9966: 9962: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9945: 9944: 9941: 9937: 9936:Islamic state 9934: 9933: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9890: 9887: 9886: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9857: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9842: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9824: 9821: 9820: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9810: 9808: 9804: 9800: 9796: 9792: 9791:Authoritarian 9785: 9780: 9778: 9773: 9771: 9766: 9765: 9762: 9750: 9747: 9746: 9743: 9737: 9736: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9679: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9652:Jurisprudence 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9599: 9597: 9593: 9584: 9583: 9579: 9574: 9573: 9569: 9564: 9563: 9559: 9554: 9553: 9549: 9544: 9543: 9539: 9534: 9533: 9529: 9524: 9523: 9519: 9514: 9513: 9509: 9504: 9503: 9499: 9494: 9493: 9489: 9484: 9483: 9482:Rights of Man 9479: 9474: 9473: 9469: 9464: 9463: 9459: 9454: 9453: 9449: 9444: 9443: 9439: 9434: 9433: 9429: 9424: 9423: 9419: 9414: 9413: 9409: 9404: 9403: 9399: 9394: 9393: 9392:De re publica 9389: 9384: 9383: 9379: 9374: 9373: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9362: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9012:20th and 21st 9010: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8882: 8879: 8878: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8865: 8862: 8861: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8749: 8745:18th and 19th 8743: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8680: 8677: 8676: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8631: 8629: 8623: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8601:Nizam al-Mulk 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8548: 8546: 8542: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8509: 8506: 8505: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8458: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8445: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8329: 8328: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8311: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8284:Republicanism 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8151: 8149: 8145: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8074: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7892: 7887: 7885: 7880: 7878: 7873: 7872: 7869: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7841: 7838: 7837: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7813: 7809: 7808: 7807: 7806:Imperial cult 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7790: 7783: 7779: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7746: 7742: 7739: 7735: 7732: 7728: 7727: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7699: 7692: 7688: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7630: 7626: 7623: 7622:Panun Kashmir 7619: 7616: 7615:Hindu Rashtra 7612: 7609: 7605: 7604: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7577:Akhand Bharat 7575: 7574: 7571: 7567: 7562: 7558: 7548: 7545: 7541: 7538: 7537: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7523: 7519: 7518: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7474: 7470: 7467: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7445: 7441: 7440: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7425: 7422: 7418: 7413: 7409: 7399: 7396: 7391: 7387: 7386: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7357: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7340:Islamic state 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7318: 7317:In South Asia 7314: 7311: 7307: 7304: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7246: 7242: 7237: 7233: 7220: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7208:Theodemocracy 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7186: 7182: 7181: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7169:Pillarisation 7167: 7165: 7162: 7158: 7157:Phoenicianism 7155: 7154: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7110: 7106: 7105: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7081: 7077: 7076: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7057: 7053: 7052: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7045:Christian law 7043: 7041: 7038: 7033: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7024: 7019: 7015: 7012: 7008: 7005: 7001: 6998: 6994: 6993: 6992: 6989: 6984: 6980: 6979: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6945: 6941: 6940: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6917: 6913: 6908: 6904: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6878:State atheism 6876: 6874: 6871: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6855: 6854: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6837:Secular state 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6790: 6786: 6785: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6773:Religious law 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6716: 6712: 6709: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6675: 6671: 6670: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6658:Caesaropapism 6656: 6651: 6647: 6646: 6645: 6642: 6641: 6638: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6616: 6611: 6609: 6604: 6602: 6597: 6596: 6593: 6587: 6584: 6581: 6578: 6575: 6572: 6569: 6564: 6560: 6559: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6531: 6528: 6524: 6523:0-674-04819-9 6520: 6516: 6512: 6511: 6506: 6502: 6496: 6492: 6487: 6486: 6474: 6472: 6459: 6457:9781351490603 6453: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6437: 6429: 6423: 6415: 6409: 6393: 6389: 6388: 6383: 6377: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6348: 6341: 6335: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6299: 6292: 6285: 6279: 6272: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6258: 6252: 6251:Carthage Jail 6247: 6238: 6234: 6228: 6224: 6223: 6215: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6186: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6163:(3): 451–57. 6162: 6158: 6157: 6152: 6145: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6102: 6094: 6087: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6064: 6056: 6052: 6045: 6037: 6033: 6026: 6018: 6007: 6003: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5988: 5980: 5973: 5967: 5959: 5948: 5944: 5938: 5934: 5933: 5925: 5917: 5914:. Cambridge: 5913: 5909: 5903: 5895: 5889: 5881: 5875: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5844: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5819: 5817: 5809: 5797: 5795:9781509940202 5791: 5787: 5786: 5778: 5770: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5751: 5750: 5744: 5738: 5730: 5724: 5720: 5713: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5683: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5653: 5637: 5633: 5632: 5627: 5621: 5612: 5604: 5592: 5588: 5582: 5578: 5577: 5569: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5545:"srid skyong" 5540: 5526:on 2012-11-21 5525: 5521: 5515: 5501:on 2013-10-17 5500: 5496: 5490: 5476:on 2019-05-02 5475: 5471: 5465: 5458: 5454: 5451: 5445: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5400: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5382: 5377: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5345: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5279: 5272: 5261: 5257: 5255:9781351188890 5251: 5247: 5243: 5242: 5234: 5228: 5223: 5219: 5216: 5211: 5197:on 2007-06-30 5193: 5186: 5180: 5173: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5148: 5142: 5135: 5131: 5128: 5121: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5085: 5082: 5076: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5034: 5033: 5026: 5018: 5017: 5010: 5002: 5001: 4994: 4987: 4982: 4980: 4973:, 1996-10-23. 4972: 4966: 4959: 4954: 4947: 4942: 4935: 4930: 4928: 4920: 4915: 4913: 4904: 4902:9780300163681 4898: 4894: 4893: 4885: 4869: 4865: 4859: 4851: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4798: 4796: 4787: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4754: 4749: 4742: 4740: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4697: 4693: 4691:0-19-579274-2 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4611: 4604: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4586:The Spectator 4582: 4575: 4568: 4566: 4559: 4552: 4540: 4536: 4535: 4530: 4523: 4507: 4503: 4502: 4497: 4490: 4483: 4482: 4476: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4435: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4420: 4413: 4409: 4406: 4401: 4389: 4388:Against Apion 4385: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4313: 4309: 4308: 4301: 4285: 4281: 4280: 4275: 4269: 4260: 4252: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4227: 4218: 4214: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4171: 4170: 4167: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4143: 4140: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4105:Islamofascism 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4095:Islamic state 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4071: 4068: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3998: 3997: 3994: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3974:Religious law 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3904: 3903:at the time. 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3843: 3840:existed as a 3839: 3829: 3827: 3823: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3724: 3722: 3712: 3710: 3709:theodemocracy 3706: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3674: 3673:theodemocracy 3670: 3666: 3665:Brigham Young 3662: 3659:in 1847, the 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3635: 3632:while in the 3631: 3627: 3626:Brigham Young 3623: 3622:national bank 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3593: 3587: 3586:Theodemocracy 3581: 3577: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3491: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3467:patriarchates 3464: 3463:civil society 3460: 3456: 3448: 3442: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3417:Hazrat Ishaan 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3188: 3187:Shang dynasty 3183: 3174: 3170: 3169:Son of Heaven 3166: 3160: 3156: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3081: 3077: 3076:pious respect 3073: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3036: 3035:Imperial cult 3026: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2937: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2917:This section 2915: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2902:Ancient Egypt 2899: 2897: 2893: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2833: 2828: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2756: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2736:Tibetan exile 2733: 2723: 2721: 2716: 2715:Islamic state 2712: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2518: 2517: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2428: 2425:, girls were 2424: 2421:. Women were 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2330: 2329:Mohammed Omar 2326: 2325: 2320: 2319:law and order 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2268:republicanism 2265: 2261: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2217: 2216:Islamic state 2207: 2205: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2112: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2079:Fascist Italy 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2050: 2039: 2035: 2020: 2018: 2013: 2010: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1987: 1983: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1954:Enlightenment 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1893: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1874:is a form of 1873: 1862: 1857: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1843: 1842: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1720:Protestantism 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1677: 1676:Christophobia 1674: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1638: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1498: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1148:United States 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1104:South America 1101: 1098: 1097: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1003: 1002: 1001: 998: 995: 994: 989: 984: 983: 975: 974:Atheist state 972: 970: 967: 965: 964:Secular state 962: 960: 957: 956: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 934:School prayer 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 891: 884: 883: 880: 877: 876: 866: 861: 859: 854: 852: 847: 846: 844: 843: 840: 835: 830: 829: 818: 815: 813: 810: 806: 803: 802: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 787: 786: 785: 777: 776: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 740: 739: 738: 735: 732: 731: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 704:Confederation 702: 701: 700: 699: 696: 693: 692: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 675: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 625: 624: 623: 620: 617: 616: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 599:Unitary state 597: 596: 595: 594: 591: 588: 587: 579: 578: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 533: 532: 531: 522: 519: 517: 514: 513: 511: 510: 502: 501:State atheism 499: 497: 494: 493: 492: 491:Secular state 489: 487: 484: 483: 482: 481: 474: 471: 470: 468: 467: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 412: 411: 410: 401: 398: 396: 395:Authoritarian 393: 392: 390: 389: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 372:Parliamentary 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 344: 343: 342: 333: 330: 328: 325: 324: 322: 321: 313: 312: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 286: 285: 284: 278: 275: 274: 268: 265: 261: 258: 257: 256: 253: 251: 248: 247: 246: 245: 240: 235: 232: 231: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 166: 165: 164: 160:(rule by few) 158: 155: 154: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 109: 108: 107: 102: 97: 94: 93: 85: 84: 81: 78: 77: 73: 72: 69: 65: 64: 61: 57: 56: 50: 46: 42: 39: 38:Roman emperor 35: 26: 19: 10034: 9948:Majoritarian 9930: 9921:Police state 9889:Totalitarian 9854: 9840:Dictatorship 9795:totalitarian 9733: 9632:Elite theory 9580: 9570: 9560: 9550: 9540: 9530: 9520: 9510: 9500: 9490: 9480: 9470: 9460: 9450: 9440: 9430: 9420: 9410: 9400: 9390: 9380: 9370: 8669:Guicciardini 8625:Early modern 8448:Philosophers 8398:Open society 8334:Body politic 8204:Distributism 8194:Conservatism 8189:Confucianism 8137: 8108:Gerontocracy 8098:Dictatorship 8052:Sovereignty‎ 8042:Ruling class 7932:Emancipation 7917:Citizenship‎ 7852:State Shinto 7812:Ancient Rome 7731:969 Movement 7715:Buddhist law 7506:Jewish right 7364:Islamization 7198:Subsidiarity 7185:In Argentina 7137:Febronianism 6887: 6536: 6508: 6490: 6470: 6468: 6461:. Retrieved 6446: 6436: 6422: 6408: 6396:. Retrieved 6385: 6376: 6365:. Retrieved 6356: 6347: 6339: 6334: 6323:the original 6308: 6304: 6291: 6283: 6278: 6262: 6257: 6246: 6237:Google Books 6235:– via 6221: 6214: 6203:. Retrieved 6185: 6160: 6154: 6144: 6133:. Retrieved 6105: 6099: 6086: 6069: 6063: 6050: 6044: 6031: 6025: 6017:Google Books 6015:– via 6010:. Retrieved 5986: 5979: 5971: 5966: 5958:Google Books 5956:– via 5951:. Retrieved 5931: 5924: 5911: 5902: 5888: 5874: 5857: 5853: 5843: 5823: 5806: 5799:. Retrieved 5784: 5777: 5748: 5737: 5718: 5712: 5700:. Retrieved 5691: 5682: 5670:. Retrieved 5661: 5652: 5640:. Retrieved 5629: 5620: 5611: 5603:Google Books 5601:– via 5595:. Retrieved 5575: 5568: 5557:. Retrieved 5548: 5539: 5528:. Retrieved 5524:the original 5514: 5503:. Retrieved 5499:the original 5489: 5478:. Retrieved 5474:the original 5464: 5448:Dean Nelson 5444: 5432:. Retrieved 5430:. 2011-04-27 5427: 5418: 5399: 5376: 5361:World Wisdom 5356: 5351: 5343: 5337:. 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