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29:
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1907:
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little to develop the country's nonoil economy, and after the boom the country faced a major recession as a result.Years before his sons began shopping for jets, Heydarov worked as the head of
Azerbaijan's customs agency, where—according to US diplomats— he built his influence and benefited President Aliyev through such means as creating import monopolies for certain products and allocating them to business people loyal to the regime.
2277:, who usually represent wealthy individuals and families who have amassed great assets through the usage of political favoritism, special interest legislation, monopolies, special tax breaks, state intervention, subsidies or outright graft. This type of economic system of political spoils is sometimes referred to as
4006:
During the price boom, Azerbaijan's annual oil revenues rose from $ 5.5 billion in 2007 to $ 23 billion in 2011. Fueled by these riches, Aliyev used government contracts, loans, and other channels to enrich his allies and build a robust and pervasive kleptocracy. These money flows did relatively
2304:
In addition, the money that kleptocrats steal is diverted from funds earmarked for public amenities such as the building of hospitals, schools, roads, parks – having further adverse effects on the quality of life of citizens. The informal oligarchy that results from a kleptocratic elite subverts
2114:
Third, financial transactions conducted by the kleptocrat in a
Western country complete the integration of the funds. Once a kleptocrat has purchased an asset this can then be resold, providing a defensible albeit illegal origin of the funds. This is known as money laundering and is illegal
1852:
government funds at the expense of the wider population. One feature of political-based socioeconomic thievery is that there is often no public announcement explaining or apologizing for misappropriations, nor any legal charges or punishment levied against the offenders.
4044:
The parliamentary assembly of the
Council of Europe (Pace) has been accused of turning a blind eye to corruption, after allegations that a former senior member was paid €2.39m (£2.06m) to engineer votes to protect the kleptocratic regime of Azerbaijan's president, Ilham
2009:. According to L.K. Samuels, one reason governmental bodies subscribe to theft-prone policies is to lay the groundwork for the socialization of labor and property, thus permitting kleptocrats to make a populace "subservient to an institutionalized authority." Journalist
2339:
released a list of ten self-enriching leaders in the two decades previous to the report. Transparency
International acknowledged that they were "not necessarily the 10 most corrupt leaders" and noting that "very little is known about the amounts actually embezzled".
2087:
are taken advantage of by kleptocratic
Russians and Chinese, exploiting legal and financial loopholes in the West to facilitate transnational money laundering. The kleptocratic financial system typically comprises four steps according to one opinion.
2272:
Other forms of a thievery society that can induce a "culture of systematic fraud" has been described as "political and corporate kleptomania." In this case the plunder and looting enriches not only high government officials, but a narrow class of
2059:
to obscure the corrupt origins of their wealth and safeguard it from domestic threats such as economic instability and predatory kleptocratic rivals. They are then able to secure this wealth in assets and investments within more stable
2297:. Kleptocratic governance typically ruins prospects of foreign investment and drastically weakens the domestic market and cross-border trade. As kleptocracies often embezzle money from their citizens by misusing funds derived from
2023:—German for a "plunder" or "robber economy"—is viewed as a specific form of kleptocracy in which the whole economy of the state is based on robbing (looting and plundering) conquered territories. Jensen and McBay call attention to
2035:, which they describe as being "internally based on... slave labor" and "externally based on continuing conquest and systematic plunder of colonies and subjugated territories" (rather than "actually producing things").
2064:, where it can then be stored for personal use, returned to the country of origin to support the kleptocrat's domestic activities, or deployed elsewhere to protect and project the regime's interests overseas.
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3244:
4706:
19:
This article is about the term for systematic corruption and thievery by the state or state-sanctioned corruption. For a state with ties to or aid from organized crime syndicates, see
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1987:. Lack of oversight can be caused or exacerbated by the ability of the kleptocratic officials to control both the supply of public funds and the means of disbursal for those funds.
4131:
3146:
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Currently, there are only around 1,200 money laundering convictions per year in the United States and money launderers face a less than five percent chance of conviction.
2017:, argued that country was emerging from "40 years of a Communist thievocracy that has obliterated not only economic progress but also the idea of a modern economy."
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4146:"Nicolás Maduro Moros and 14 Current and Former Venezuelan Officials Charged with Narco-Terrorism, Corruption, Drug Trafficking and Other Criminal Charges"
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219:
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Azerbaijan has been described as a kleptocracy for its use of oil-revenue to enrich an oligarch class, including that of the ruling Aliyev dynasty.
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has suggested it could be a consensus of estimates, that money laundering made up 2–5 percent of the global economy in 1998. Kleptocrats engage in
4020:
2951:
Greenberg, Paul (November 12, 1989) "Invasion: Here Come the
Debtors," Congressional Record: Extensions of Remarks, p. 31757, as reported in the
4159:
3395:
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3280:
4908:
5011:
4991:
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169:
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3810:
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4122:
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3420:
2725:
The political role of the diaspora media in the mediation of the
Zimbabwean crisis : a case study of The Zimbabwean – 2008 to 2010
2124:
Fourth, according to a
British tabloid, kleptocrats may use their illegally laundered funds to engage in reputation laundering, hiring
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3307:
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to conceal the origins and ownership of the funds. Multiple interlocking networks of anonymous shell companies may be created and
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estimates that law enforcement fails in 99.9% of cases to detect money laundering by kleptocrats and other financial criminals.
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4873:
2155:
First, the United States does not have a beneficial ownership registry, and kleptocrats take advantage of this privacy benefit.
2005:
To some observers, kleptocratic societies allow the politically connected to redirect wealth to those deemed worthier by state
2289:
The effects of a kleptocratic regime or government on a nation are typically adverse in regards to the welfare of the state's
2140:
found the United States was the leading victim of illegal incorporation of entities involved in money laundering schemes. The
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4691:
3619:
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2694:
2625:
931:
646:
159:
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annually in illicit financial outflows. A 2016 study found that $ 12 trillion had been siphoned out of the kleptocracies of
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4815:
4745:
4276:
3686:
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591:
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149:
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4221:
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Second, kleptocrats take advantage of incorporation agents, lawyers, and realtors to unknowingly launder their money.
1946:
164:
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4951:
761:
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Jensen, Derrick (2024). "Excerpt from What we Leave Behind, Collapse of Rome (p. 374), From chapter "Collapse"".
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915:
696:
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Cooley, Alexander; Sharman, J. C. (September 2017). "Transnational
Corruption and the Globalized Individual".
2109:
Second, kleptocrats violate
Western laws when they illegally transfer funds into the Western financial system.
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Kleptocrats abuse the freedoms found in Western countries by transferring funds out of a kleptocracy and into
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have undue influence in the governance of a state. For instance, the term was used to describe the regime of
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1269:
691:
686:
505:
2301:, or engage heavily in money laundering schemes, they tend to heavily degrade quality of life for citizens.
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4890:
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4335:
3833:"National Strategy Against High-Level Corruption: Coordinating International Efforts to Combat Kleptocracy"
2368:
2325:
2324:, faced allegations of involvement in a large-scale financial scandal related to the state investment fund
1924:
1880:. Also, kleptocrats often export much of their profits to foreign nations in anticipation of losing power.
1841:
3590:
2052:
2010:
1463:
978:
249:
4701:
2433:
2336:
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2051:, which "depends on the services of the world's largest banks and expert financial professionals". The
1284:
545:
314:
304:
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1876:, and special favors from lobbyists and corporations, or they simply direct state funds to themselves
1864:(rule by a small elite). In a kleptocracy, corrupt politicians enrich themselves secretly outside the
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813:
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365:
319:
214:
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jurisdictions for money laundering and asset security. Since 2011, more than $ 1 trillion has left
1979:
governments in which external oversight is impossible or does not exist. They can also be found in
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274:
71:
28:
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estimates that $ 300 billion is laundered annually in the United States in violation of US law.
1998:
and extravagances as they see fit. Many kleptocratic rulers secretly transfer public funds into
4471:
3020:
The Despot's Guide to Wealth Management: On the International Campaign against Grand Corruption
2459:
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2013:, in writing in 1989 against the idea of the United States sending substantial foreign aid to
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to suppress journalistic scrutiny of their political connections and origins of their wealth.
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1999:
1702:
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126:
106:
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2555:
2423:
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854:
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47:
8:
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with drug trafficking, as well as many officials and head figures of his administration.
2169:
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818:
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651:
560:
525:
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450:
425:
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324:
289:
254:
244:
224:
4089:
3449:
2588: – Corruption where private interests influence a state's decision-making processes
5109:
4902:
4584:
4444:
4389:
4243:
4100:
3813:. Bureau of International Information Programs, U.S. State Department. December 6, 2006
3765:"Comparing crony capitalism around the world: The Economist's crony-capitalism index",
3748:
3374:
3260:
3166:
3078:
2869:
2483:
2420:
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2072:
1264:
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1024:
879:
808:
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209:
86:
3832:
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4028:
3901:
3872:
3752:
3170:
3082:
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3023:
2974:
2877:
2861:
2024:
1980:
1697:
1418:
1249:
1201:
1029:
962:
3448:. Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative, The World Bank. October 24, 2011. Archived from
2504:
had $ 731 million in his personal bank accounts when his ruling-party alliance
2462:
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by illegally abusing the United States' liberal economic structure for two reasons.
4966:
4676:
4647:
4534:
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4454:
4434:
4209:
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2513:
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to be a particularly favored method, especially by Chinese and Russian kleptocrats.
2097:
2056:
2048:
2044:
1984:
1849:
1530:
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1423:
1297:
1039:
1019:
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4622:
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4201:
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4187:
4169:
4160:"US indicts Nicolás Maduro and other top Venezuelan leaders for drug trafficking"
3992:
3528:
3476:"The peculiarities of the US financial system make it ideal for money laundering"
2808:
2658:
2609:
2509:
2449:
2178:
2093:
1968:
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1714:
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140:
76:
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3552:
OCCRP announces 2015 Organized Crime and Corruption ‘Person of the Year’ Award
3551:
3056:
5088:
4601:
4544:
4239:
4191:
4032:
3858:
Hodess, Robin; Inowlocki, Tania; Rodriguez, Diana; Wolfe, Toby, eds. (2004).
3767:
3074:
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2565:
2552:
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2068:
1782:
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1234:
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81:
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3715:
The Global Nexus: Political Economies, Connectivity, and the Social Sciences
3569:"United States' measures to combat money laundering and terrorist financing"
3308:"How Anonymous Shell Companies Finance Insurgents, Criminals, and Dictators"
4642:
4594:
4589:
4549:
4449:
4419:
4370:
4164:
3717:, London and Hackensack, NJ, World Scientific Publishing, pp. 170–171<
2635:
2603:
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2061:
2028:
2006:
1960:
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to expropriate the wealth of the people and land they govern, typically by
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1582:
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1545:
1521:
1511:
1448:
1337:
1157:
1081:
37:
3949:"Justice Dept. Rejects Account of How Malaysia's Leader Acquired Millions"
3162:
2666: – Use of power by government officials for illegitimate private gain
2240:
Demonstration banner with text in Czech: "Demokracie místo kleptokracie" (
2043:
Contemporary studies have identified 21st century kleptocracy as a global
4606:
4564:
4524:
4491:
4374:
3868:
3787:. Office for Public Sector Studies, Institute of Latin American Studies,
3245:"Unholy Alliance: Kleptocratic Authoritarians and their Western Enablers"
3219:"Analysis | How today's despots and kleptocrats hide their stolen wealth"
2501:
2487:
2469:
2397:
2365:
2317:
2313:
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2294:
2226:
2116:
1995:
1964:
1865:
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1645:
1587:
1458:
1322:
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96:
20:
4120:
Rashbaum, William K.; Weiser, Benjamin; Benner, Katie (March 26, 2020).
3664:
3065:
2856:
1736:
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4880:
Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia
4574:
4529:
4486:
4285:
4123:"Venezuelan Leader Maduro is Charged in the U.S. With Drug Trafficking"
4021:"Council of Europe urged to investigate Azerbaijan bribery allegations"
3193:"Offshore finance: more than $ 12tn siphoned out of emerging countries"
2885:
2558:
2274:
2137:
1931: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1857:
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1438:
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1111:
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in May 2010, which described the source of his wealth as "mysterious".
2002:
in foreign countries to provide for themselves if removed from power.
4496:
4424:
4384:
4365:
2828:
Acemoglu, Daron; Verdier, Thierry; Robinson, James A. (May 1, 2004).
2646:
2569:
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1972:
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1812:
1801:
1790:
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1091:
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1003:
998:
3784:
Bureaucratic-authoritarianism and the Forest Sector in Latin America
3421:"The Rise of Kleptocracy: Laundering Cash, Whitewashing Reputations"
1906:
4569:
4539:
4309:
4057:
Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations,
3744:
3396:"'Reputation laundering' is lucrative business for London PR firms"
3124:"Money Laundering: the Importance of International Countermeasures"
2210:
1991:
1976:
1877:
1540:
1101:
1071:
1014:
131:
101:
66:
4231:
3620:"Missing the bigger picture? Russian money in the UK's tax havens"
4481:
4379:
3968:"Mahathir Mohamad, Leading Malaysia Again at 92, Is on a Mission"
2612: – Political-science term for a politically unstable country
2443:
2391:
2358:
2290:
2115:
throughout the Western world. Research has shown the purchase of
1342:
1179:
1169:
61:
2594: – Situation when a party is involved in multiple interests
4809:
3687:"Dutch banks accused of aiding Russian money laundering scheme"
2544:
2222:
2214:
2129:
2076:
2014:
1873:
1506:
116:
4769:
4429:
4254:
3988:"Crude Intentions: How Oil Corruption Contaminates the World"
3857:
2417:
2378:
2343:
In descending order of amount allegedly stolen (converted to
2092:
First, kleptocrats or those operating on their behalf create
2080:
1893:
of 1819: "Titular ornaments, common to Spanish kleptocracy."
1818:
1807:
1796:
1785:
3871:
in association with Transparency International. p. 13.
2695:"The Trauma of Ascending to Presidency Through the Backdoor"
2193:
Other Western jurisdictions favoured by kleptocrats include
2100:
appointed to further conceal the kleptocrat as the ultimate
4414:
3247:. World Affairs. Archived from the original on July 2, 2016
2830:"Kleptocracy and Divide-and-Rule: A Model of Personal Rule"
2430:
2257:
2245:
4805:
Special Investigation Service of the Republic of Lithuania
3283:. United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. Archived from
2940:
Killing History: The False Left-Right Political Spectrum,
2535:
is a society in which criminals involved in the trade of
2516:, in part because of allegations of participating in the
5002:
International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities
3851:
2136:
In a 2011 forensic study of grand corruption cases, the
3145:
Walker, Christopher; Aten, Melissa (January 15, 2018).
2827:
2221:
which are particularly favoured by kleptocrats include
3665:"Cyprus defends reputation on Russia money laundering"
3331:"Analysis | How money laundering works in real estate"
2267:
4799:
Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program
4758:
Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)
3524:"Rich and powerful: Obama and the global super-elite"
2147:
This kleptocratic financial system flourishes in the
1889:, the first use in English occurs in the publication
4740:
Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory
4119:
3147:"The Rise of Kleptocracy: A Challenge for Democracy"
4941:
Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011
4074:
Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy: A Report
3022:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 1.
2549:
United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
4121:
3923:"WikiLeaks cables condemn Russia as 'mafia state'"
3438:
3217:Cooley, Alex; Sharman, Jason (November 14, 2017).
2966:
2896:. Paper presented as the Marshall Lecture at the
1994:as a source of personal wealth, spending funds on
3356:"Towers of Secrecy: Piercing the Shell Companies"
2606: – State that has lost its ability to govern
5086:
3556:Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project
2900:'s annual meetings in Stockholm, August 24, 2003
2717:
2715:
1990:Kleptocratic rulers often treat their country's
4076:. S. Prt. Vol. 100–165. Washington, D.C.:
2993:
2842:(2–3). Oxford University Press (OUP): 162–192.
2823:
2821:
4909:Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption
4776:Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption
4707:UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society Organisations
3369:. Collection of 9 articles from 2015 and 2016.
3157:(1). National Endowment for Democracy: 20–24.
2547:in a report prepared by a subcommittee of the
4270:
3561:
3216:
3042:
2712:
2638: – Government run by the least qualified
2128:firms to present a positive public image and
1759:
939:
5012:United Nations Convention against Corruption
4992:Inter-American Convention Against Corruption
4105:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3920:
2835:Journal of the European Economic Association
2818:
2670:United Nations Convention against Corruption
1959:Kleptocracies are generally associated with
170:United Nations Convention against Corruption
5050:Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity
4885:Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission
4729:Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission
3591:"Countering International Money Laundering"
2964:
2508:lost the 14th election to opposition party
2305:democracy (or any other political format).
2176:according to the British tabloid newspaper
4897:National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine
4793:Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau
4277:
4263:
3144:
2332:In early 2004, the German anti-corruption
1766:
1752:
946:
932:
3121:
3064:
2855:
2757:
2721:
2649: – Book by Tom Burgis published 2020
1947:Learn how and when to remove this message
983:List of countries by system of government
5100:Pejorative terms for forms of government
4827:Independent Corrupt Practices Commission
4078:United States Government Printing Office
3642:"Financial Secrecy Index – 2018 Results"
3470:
3242:
2926:"Oxford English Dictionary: Kleptocracy"
2792:. Oxford University Press. 1st ed. 1909.
2312:
2248:for Real Democracy NOW, Moravian Square]
2244:instead of kleptocracy); peace rally in
2235:
2163:
27:
4869:Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission
4734:Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)
3965:
3946:
3891:
3662:
3501:"FACT Sheet: Anonymous Shell Companies"
3305:
3190:
3122:Camdessus, Michel (February 10, 1998).
3017:
2992:Also available as an author excerpt at
2201:, and its dependencies, especially the
5087:
4957:Freedom of information laws by country
4874:Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau
4186:
4018:
3617:
3393:
3099:. Journal of Democracy. Archived from
2802:"Zanu thievocracy knows no boundaries"
1828:, "power, rule"), also referred to as
4821:Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar
4763:Commission Against Corruption (Macau)
4692:International Anti-Corruption Academy
4258:
4019:Rankin, Jennifer (February 1, 2017).
3894:Putin's Kleptocracy: Who Owns Russia?
3780:
3726:
3521:
2965:Jensen, Derrick; McBay, Aric (2009).
2626:International Anti-Corruption Academy
160:International Anti-Corruption Academy
5040:2012 Indian anti-corruption movement
5035:2011 Indian anti-corruption movement
4816:Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission
4746:National Anti-Corruption Observatory
4134:from the original on March 26, 2020.
3663:Rettman, Andrew (October 27, 2017).
3328:
2973:. Seven Stories Press. p. 374.
2600: – Form of political corruption
2172:was listed among the twenty richest
2083:, and developing economies. Western
1929:adding citations to reliable sources
1900:
4962:The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013
4857:National Anticorruption Directorate
4851:Anti-Corruption General Directorate
3306:Vittori, Jodi (September 7, 2017).
2782:
2526:
2494:serves as the "head of the clan".
2268:Political and corporate kleptomania
2038:
150:International Anti-Corruption Court
13:
4687:Group of States Against Corruption
4197:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism
3980:
3966:Paddock, Richard (June 14, 2018).
3947:Paddock, Richard (July 22, 2016).
3394:Sweney, Mark (September 5, 2017).
2722:Matsilele, Trust (December 2013).
2655: – 2016 document leak scandal
2621:Group of States Against Corruption
1896:
155:Group of States Against Corruption
14:
5121:
4863:Investigative Committee of Russia
3837:United States Department of State
3618:Worthy, Murray (April 29, 2008).
3503:. FACT Coalition. August 16, 2017
2631:International Anti-Corruption Day
165:International Anti-Corruption Day
5055:Russian anti-corruption campaign
5045:Anti-austerity movement in Spain
4952:Foreign Extortion Prevention Act
3921:Luke Harding (January 1, 2010).
3329:Bump, Philip (January 4, 2018).
3243:Gershman, Carl (June 30, 2016).
3191:Stewart, Heather (May 8, 2016).
2452:($ 114 million to $ 200 million)
2426:($ 300 million to $ 800 million)
1905:
1735:
220:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4891:Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera
4752:National Supervisory Commission
4152:
4138:
4113:
4050:
4012:
3959:
3940:
3914:
3885:
3825:
3803:
3774:
3759:
3720:
3707:
3679:
3656:
3634:
3611:
3583:
3544:
3522:David, Usborne (May 19, 2010).
3515:
3493:
3464:
3413:
3387:
3348:
3322:
3299:
3273:
3236:
3210:
3184:
3138:
3115:
3089:
3036:
3011:
2958:
2085:professional services providers
1916:needs additional citations for
4839:Investigation Task Force Sweep
4833:National Accountability Bureau
4305:Corruption in local government
4293:Corruption in different fields
4284:
4080:(published 1989). p. 83.
4059:Committee on Foreign Relations
3310:. Council on Foreign Relations
3007:– via DerrickJensen.org.
2945:
2932:
2918:
2795:
2687:
2478:($ 78 million to $ 80 million)
2361:($ 15 billion to $ 35 billion)
1856:Kleptocracy is different from
1444:Intergovernmental organisation
1399:Separation of church and state
1:
4947:Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
4845:Central Anticorruption Bureau
3861:Global Corruption Report 2004
3789:University of Texas at Austin
3733:Supreme Court Economic Review
2898:European Economic Association
2790:The Oxford English Dictionary
2749:: CS1 maint: date and year (
2675:
2512:led by former Prime Minister
2374:($ 5 billion to $ 10 billion)
5007:OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
4997:International asset recovery
4781:Central Vigilance Commission
4336:Corruption Perceptions Index
3281:"The Money-Laundering Cycle"
2400:($ 2 billion to $ 5 billion)
2326:1Malaysia Development Berhad
1824:
1813:
1802:
1791:
1241:(socio-political ideologies)
7:
5065:2017–2019 Romanian protests
2579:
2308:
2053:International Monetary Fund
1309:(socio-economic ideologies)
979:List of forms of government
10:
5126:
5070:2017–2018 Russian protests
4702:Transparency International
4677:Global Financial Integrity
4214:10.4135/9781412965811.n163
4190:(2008). "Kleptocracy". In
3713:Wazir Johan Karim (2020),
3571:. fatf-gafi. December 2016
3379:: CS1 maint: postscript (
2910:: CS1 maint: postscript (
2848:10.1162/154247604323067916
2807:February 19, 2020, at the
2484:political system in Russia
2337:Transparency International
2322:Prime Minister of Malaysia
2284:
1860:(rule by the richest) and
1840:leaders (kleptocrats) use
1819:
1808:
1797:
1786:
18:
5030:2011 Azerbaijani protests
5020:
4980:
4931:
4922:
4715:
4669:
4660:
4615:
4517:
4507:Offshore financial centre
4358:
4349:
4328:
4310:Interest group corruption
4292:
3781:Guess, George M. (1984).
3265:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3057:10.1017/S1537592717000937
2769:Dictionary.com Unabridged
2568:charged the president of
2293:, political affairs, and
2229:, and its dependency the
2094:anonymous shell companies
1886:Oxford English Dictionary
1430:(geo-cultural ideologies)
4972:Whistleblower protection
4460:Cryptocurrency and crime
3045:Perspectives on Politics
2728:(Thesis). Stellenbosch:
2499:Malaysian Prime Minister
2486:has been described as a
2000:hidden personal accounts
4341:Economics of corruption
3892:Dawisha, Karen (2014).
3811:"Combating Kleptocracy"
3727:Rubin, Paul H. (2015).
3018:Sharman, J. C. (2017).
2942:Freeland Press, p. 484.
2730:Stellenbosch University
2217:. Jurisdictions in the
2168:Montenegro's president
1693:Administrative division
1637:International relations
72:Economics of corruption
4967:UK Bribery Act of 2010
4723:Oficina Anticorrupción
4472:Noble cause corruption
4329:Measures of corruption
2329:
2264:
2203:British Virgin Islands
2183:
2142:Department of Treasury
2027:'s description of the
592:Bosnia and Herzegovina
41:
4697:Mo Ibrahim Foundation
4477:Professional courtesy
4440:Honest services fraud
4200:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
3839:Bureau Public Affairs
3644:. Tax Justice Network
3163:10.1353/jod.2018.0001
3103:on September 26, 2018
2938:Samuels, L.K. (2019)
2345:United States dollars
2316:
2239:
2167:
1703:Democratic transition
1566:Self-governing colony
1163:Military dictatorship
178:Corruption by country
127:State-corporate crime
107:Pyrrhic defeat theory
31:
5105:Wealth concentration
5095:Political corruption
4661:Institutions dealing
4395:Conflict of interest
4320:Political corruption
4208:. pp. 272–273.
4063:United States Senate
3898:Simon & Schuster
3452:on November 21, 2018
3446:"The Puppet Masters"
3425:Journal of Democracy
3151:Journal of Democracy
2969:What We Leave Behind
2664:Political corruption
2592:Conflict of interest
2424:Jean-Claude Duvalier
2073:developing countries
1971:, or other forms of
1925:improve this article
1878:and their associates
48:Political corruption
4502:Offshore investment
4095:on October 7, 2016.
3335:The Washington Post
3287:on November 3, 2019
3223:The Washington Post
2815:, December 20, 2008
1981:liberal democracies
1742:Politics portal
1627:Supranational union
1536:Dependent territory
1449:National government
34:Corrupt Legislation
4903:Warioba Commission
4841:(Papua New Guinea)
4585:Regulatory capture
4390:Commercial bribery
4128:The New York Times
3953:The New York Times
3729:"Crony Capitalism"
3474:(March 16, 2018).
3360:The New York Times
2411:Slobodan Milošević
2330:
2265:
2184:
2117:luxury real estate
87:Influence peddling
54:Forms and concepts
42:
16:Form of government
5082:
5081:
5078:
5077:
4918:
4917:
4656:
4655:
4633:Election security
4580:Political scandal
4315:Police corruption
4172:. March 26, 2020.
4148:. March 26, 2020.
4065:(December 1988).
3599:. August 23, 2017
2098:nominee directors
1957:
1956:
1949:
1883:According to the
1806:, "I steal", and
1776:
1775:
1727:
1726:
1698:Democracy indices
1673:
1672:
1476:
1475:
1285:Semi-presidential
1210:
1209:
956:
955:
923:
922:
230:Equatorial Guinea
5117:
4929:
4928:
4667:
4666:
4648:Vote suppression
4535:Crony capitalism
4465:Hawala and crime
4455:Money laundering
4435:Graft (politics)
4415:Confidence trick
4356:
4355:
4350:Forms or aspects
4279:
4272:
4265:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4174:
4173:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4125:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4104:
4096:
4094:
4088:. Archived from
4071:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4041:
4039:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4003:
4001:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3867:. Sterling, VA:
3866:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3778:
3772:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3724:
3718:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3695:. March 21, 2017
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3622:. Global Witness
3615:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3565:
3559:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3378:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3264:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3068:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2997:Collapse of Rome
2991:
2989:
2987:
2972:
2962:
2956:
2955:, Nov. 20, 1989.
2953:Washington Times
2949:
2943:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2909:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2884:. Archived from
2859:
2825:
2816:
2799:
2793:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2748:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2719:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2691:
2642:Kleptocracy Tour
2533:narcokleptocracy
2527:Narcokleptocracy
2514:Mahathir Mohamad
2506:Barisan Nasional
2490:where president
2437:Alberto Fujimori
2385:Mobutu Sese Seko
2372:Ferdinand Marcos
2279:crony capitalism
2255:
2126:public relations
2102:beneficial owner
2057:money laundering
2049:money laundering
2045:financial system
2039:Financial system
1985:crony capitalism
1952:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1932:
1909:
1901:
1850:misappropriating
1827:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1740:
1739:
1687:
1686:
1531:Associated state
1489:
1488:
1464:Internationalism
1454:World government
1431:
1310:
1242:
1223:
1222:
1197:Free association
1184:
1145:
1064:
1007:
995:
994:
958:
957:
948:
941:
934:
916:Papua New Guinea
697:Northern Ireland
184:
183:
44:
43:
5125:
5124:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5074:
5022:
5016:
4984:
4982:
4976:
4933:
4924:Anti-corruption
4914:
4711:
4663:with corruption
4662:
4652:
4628:Electoral fraud
4623:Ballot stuffing
4611:
4513:
4351:
4345:
4324:
4300:Corporate crime
4288:
4283:
4224:
4181:Further reading
4178:
4177:
4170:TheGuardian.com
4158:
4157:
4153:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4118:
4114:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4069:
4055:
4051:
4037:
4035:
4017:
4013:
3999:
3997:
3993:Oxford Academic
3986:
3985:
3981:
3964:
3960:
3945:
3941:
3931:
3929:
3919:
3915:
3908:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3864:
3856:
3852:
3842:
3840:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3816:
3814:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3794:
3792:
3779:
3775:
3764:
3760:
3725:
3721:
3712:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3670:
3668:
3661:
3657:
3647:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3625:
3623:
3616:
3612:
3602:
3600:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3574:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3549:
3545:
3535:
3533:
3529:The Independent
3520:
3516:
3506:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3484:
3482:
3472:Grassley, Chuck
3469:
3465:
3455:
3453:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3429:
3427:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3404:
3402:
3392:
3388:
3372:
3371:
3364:
3362:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3327:
3323:
3313:
3311:
3304:
3300:
3290:
3288:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3258:
3257:
3250:
3248:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3225:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3199:
3189:
3185:
3175:
3173:
3143:
3139:
3129:
3127:
3120:
3116:
3106:
3104:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3016:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2963:
2959:
2950:
2946:
2937:
2933:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2903:
2902:
2891:
2889:
2888:on May 24, 2012
2826:
2819:
2809:Wayback Machine
2800:
2796:
2788:"Kleptocracy".
2787:
2783:
2774:
2772:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2742:
2741:
2734:
2732:
2720:
2713:
2703:
2701:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2659:Paradise Papers
2610:Banana republic
2582:
2529:
2510:Pakatan Harapan
2465:($ 100 million)
2450:Pavlo Lazarenko
2439:($ 600 million)
2311:
2287:
2270:
2249:
2179:The Independent
2041:
1969:military juntas
1953:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1922:
1910:
1899:
1897:Characteristics
1842:political power
1772:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1715:Democratisation
1708:Autocratization
1684:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1631:
1592:
1571:Tributary state
1561:Satellite state
1516:
1486:
1485:Power structure
1478:
1477:
1429:
1428:
1410:
1381:
1367:
1358:Totalitarianism
1308:
1307:
1289:
1240:
1239:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1182:
1174:
1139:
1131:
1062:
1054:
1001:
992:
991:Source of power
969:Basic forms of
963:Politics series
952:
796:Central America
692:North Macedonia
141:Anti-corruption
77:Electoral fraud
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5123:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5026:
5024:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4988:
4986:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4937:
4935:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4906:
4900:
4894:
4888:
4882:
4877:
4871:
4866:
4860:
4854:
4848:
4842:
4836:
4830:
4824:
4818:
4813:
4807:
4802:
4796:
4790:
4784:
4778:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4726:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4682:Global Witness
4679:
4673:
4671:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4638:Gerrymandering
4635:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4555:Ghost soldiers
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4368:
4362:
4360:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4282:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4223:978-1412965804
4222:
4206:Cato Institute
4192:Hamowy, Ronald
4176:
4175:
4151:
4137:
4112:
4049:
4011:
3979:
3973:New York Times
3958:
3939:
3913:
3907:978-1476795195
3906:
3884:
3877:
3850:
3824:
3802:
3773:
3758:
3745:10.1086/686474
3719:
3706:
3678:
3655:
3633:
3610:
3596:FACT Coalition
3582:
3560:
3543:
3514:
3492:
3463:
3437:
3412:
3386:
3347:
3321:
3298:
3272:
3235:
3209:
3183:
3137:
3114:
3097:"January 2018"
3088:
3051:(3): 732–753.
3035:
3028:
3010:
2980:978-1583228678
2979:
2957:
2944:
2931:
2917:
2817:
2813:The Zimbabwean
2794:
2781:
2756:
2711:
2685:
2684:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2616:Global Witness
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2581:
2578:
2574:Nicolas Maduro
2541:Manuel Noriega
2528:
2525:
2492:Vladimir Putin
2480:
2479:
2476:Joseph Estrada
2466:
2463:Arnoldo Alemán
2453:
2447:Prime Minister
2440:
2427:
2414:
2401:
2388:
2375:
2362:
2347:), they were:
2310:
2307:
2286:
2283:
2269:
2266:
2262:Czech Republic
2231:Dutch Antilles
2219:European Union
2207:Cayman Islands
2199:United Kingdom
2170:Milo Đukanović
2162:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2134:
2133:
2121:
2120:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2040:
2037:
2033:Raubwirtschaft
2025:Arnold Toynbee
2021:Raubwirtschaft
2011:Paul Greenberg
1955:
1954:
1913:
1911:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1795:, "thief", or
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1720:Hybrid regimes
1717:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1700:
1695:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1651:Regional power
1648:
1640:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1556:Puppet monarch
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1391:
1389:State religion
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1260:Constitutional
1257:
1252:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1221:
1219:Power ideology
1218:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1183:(rule by none)
1176:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1066:
1065:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1035:Representative
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1009:
1008:
993:
990:
989:
986:
985:
974:
973:
966:
965:
954:
953:
951:
950:
943:
936:
928:
925:
924:
921:
920:
919:
918:
913:
908:
900:
899:
895:
894:
893:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
839:
838:
834:
833:
832:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
798:
797:
793:
792:
791:
790:
785:
780:
772:
771:
767:
766:
765:
764:
762:United Kingdom
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
607:Czech Republic
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
571:
570:
566:
565:
564:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
360:
359:
355:
354:
353:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
189:
188:
180:
179:
175:
174:
173:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
144:
143:
137:
136:
135:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
56:
55:
51:
50:
36:, painting by
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5122:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5019:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4981:International
4979:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4887:(South Korea)
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4670:International
4668:
4665:
4659:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4602:State capture
4600:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4545:Elite capture
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4352:of corruption
4348:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4280:
4275:
4273:
4268:
4266:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4189:
4188:Machan, Tibor
4185:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4155:
4147:
4141:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4116:
4108:
4102:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4015:
4008:
3996:. p. 132
3995:
3994:
3989:
3983:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3962:
3954:
3950:
3943:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3909:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3880:
3874:
3870:
3863:
3862:
3854:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3812:
3806:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3777:
3771:, May 5, 2016
3770:
3769:
3768:The Economist
3762:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3710:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3682:
3666:
3659:
3643:
3637:
3621:
3614:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3570:
3564:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3532:. Independent
3531:
3530:
3525:
3518:
3502:
3496:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3382:
3376:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3309:
3302:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3268:
3262:
3246:
3239:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3125:
3118:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3031:
3029:9781501705519
3025:
3021:
3014:
2999:
2998:
2982:
2976:
2971:
2970:
2961:
2954:
2948:
2941:
2935:
2927:
2921:
2913:
2907:
2899:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2824:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2798:
2791:
2785:
2770:
2766:
2765:"kleptocracy"
2760:
2752:
2746:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2718:
2716:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2653:Panama Papers
2651:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2598:Elite capture
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2586:State capture
2584:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2566:United States
2564:In 2020, the
2562:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2553:Massachusetts
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2413:($ 1 billion)
2412:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2395:Head of State
2393:
2389:
2387:($ 5 billion)
2386:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2320:, the former
2319:
2315:
2306:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2188:Raymond Baker
2181:
2180:
2175:
2174:world leaders
2171:
2166:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:United States
2145:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2104:of the funds.
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2062:jurisdictions
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1961:dictatorships
1951:
1948:
1940:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1914:This section
1912:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1815:
1804:
1793:
1784:
1780:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1680:
1679:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1607:Confederation
1605:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1502:Unitary state
1500:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1481:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1405:
1404:State atheism
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1394:Secular state
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1298:Authoritarian
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1275:Parliamentary
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1063:(rule by few)
1061:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1000:
997:
996:
988:
987:
984:
981:
980:
976:
975:
972:
968:
967:
964:
960:
959:
949:
944:
942:
937:
935:
930:
929:
927:
926:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
903:
902:
901:
897:
896:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
841:
840:
837:South America
836:
835:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
800:
799:
795:
794:
789:
788:United States
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
775:
774:
773:
770:North America
769:
768:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
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122:State capture
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30:
26:
22:
4812:(Madagascar)
4736:(Bangladesh)
4643:Vote pairing
4595:Rent-setting
4590:Rent-seeking
4559:
4550:Failed state
4450:Match fixing
4420:Embezzlement
4399:Corporation
4371:Black market
4196:
4180:
4179:
4165:The Guardian
4163:
4154:
4140:
4127:
4115:
4090:the original
4073:
4052:
4043:
4036:. Retrieved
4025:The Guardian
4024:
4014:
4005:
3998:. Retrieved
3991:
3982:
3971:
3961:
3952:
3942:
3932:November 16,
3930:. Retrieved
3927:The Guardian
3926:
3916:
3893:
3887:
3860:
3853:
3841:. Retrieved
3827:
3817:November 15,
3815:. Retrieved
3805:
3795:February 12,
3793:. Retrieved
3783:
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3761:
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3732:
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3709:
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3690:
3681:
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3667:. euobserver
3658:
3646:. Retrieved
3636:
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3613:
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3594:
3585:
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3563:
3546:
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3527:
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3505:. Retrieved
3495:
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3479:
3466:
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3450:the original
3440:
3428:. Retrieved
3424:
3415:
3403:. Retrieved
3400:The Guardian
3399:
3389:
3363:. Retrieved
3359:
3350:
3338:. Retrieved
3334:
3324:
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3301:
3289:. Retrieved
3285:the original
3275:
3249:. Retrieved
3238:
3226:. Retrieved
3222:
3212:
3200:. Retrieved
3197:The Guardian
3196:
3186:
3174:. Retrieved
3154:
3150:
3140:
3128:. Retrieved
3117:
3105:. Retrieved
3101:the original
3091:
3066:10072/386929
3048:
3044:
3038:
3019:
3013:
3001:. Retrieved
2996:
2984:. Retrieved
2968:
2960:
2952:
2947:
2939:
2934:
2920:
2906:cite journal
2892:November 15,
2890:. Retrieved
2886:the original
2857:1721.1/63819
2839:
2833:
2812:
2797:
2789:
2784:
2773:, retrieved
2768:
2759:
2733:. Retrieved
2724:
2702:. Retrieved
2699:Modern Ghana
2698:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2636:Kakistocracy
2604:Failed state
2563:
2532:
2530:
2522:
2518:1MDB scandal
2496:
2481:
2342:
2331:
2303:
2299:tax payments
2295:civil rights
2288:
2271:
2195:South Africa
2192:
2185:
2177:
2146:
2135:
2066:
2042:
2032:
2029:Roman Empire
2020:
2019:
2007:apparatchiks
2004:
1996:luxury goods
1989:
1958:
1943:
1934:
1923:Please help
1918:verification
1915:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1855:
1829:
1778:
1777:
1656:Middle power
1583:Vassal state
1577:Buffer state
1575:
1551:Puppet state
1546:Protectorate
1522:Client state
1512:Principality
1338:Distributism
1280:Presidential
1158:Dictatorship
1086:
1082:Gerontocracy
1004:rule by many
977:
961:Part of the
546:Turkmenistan
315:South Africa
305:Sierra Leone
91:
38:Elihu Vedder
33:
32:Detail from
25:
4985:and efforts
4983:instruments
4934:enforcement
4876:(Singapore)
4789:(Indonesia)
4725:(Argentina)
4607:State crime
4565:Mafia state
4560:Kleptocracy
4525:Clientelism
4492:Tax evasion
4375:Grey market
4038:January 24,
4000:January 23,
3869:Pluto Press
3791:. p. 5
3739:: 105–120.
3536:October 19,
2775:November 1,
2745:cite thesis
2551:chaired by
2502:Najib Razak
2488:Mafia state
2398:Sani Abacha
2318:Najib Razak
2250: [
2227:Netherlands
1965:oligarchies
1937:August 2024
1866:rule of law
1830:thievocracy
1779:Kleptocracy
1661:Great power
1646:Small power
1588:Viceroyalty
1459:Nationalism
1323:Colonialism
1303:Libertarian
1265:Directorial
1142:rule by one
1122:Technocracy
1117:Stratocracy
1097:Meritocracy
1087:Kleptocracy
1077:Aristocracy
911:New Zealand
814:El Salvador
804:Costa Rica
752:Switzerland
687:Netherlands
516:South Korea
506:Philippines
496:North Korea
366:Afghanistan
320:South Sudan
97:Mafia state
92:Kleptocracy
21:Mafia state
5089:Categories
5060:Yo Soy 132
4905:(Tanzania)
4835:(Pakistan)
4748:(Cameroon)
4575:Plutocracy
4530:Coronelism
4487:Slush fund
4286:Corruption
4232:2008009151
3878:074532231X
3003:August 10,
2986:August 10,
2676:References
2559:John Kerry
2470:Philippine
2457:Nicaraguan
2366:Philippine
2353:Indonesian
2275:plutocrats
2138:World Bank
1973:autocratic
1868:, through
1858:plutocracy
1846:embezzling
1834:government
1666:Superpower
1622:Superstate
1617:Federation
1612:Devolution
1598:Federalism
1439:City-state
1112:Plutocracy
1107:Particracy
971:government
682:Montenegro
672:Luxembourg
551:Uzbekistan
531:Tajikistan
471:Kazakhstan
466:Kyrgyzstan
416:East Timor
386:Bangladesh
376:Azerbaijan
112:Slush fund
5110:Oligarchy
5023:movements
4943:(pending)
4911:(Vietnam)
4899:(Ukraine)
4859:(Romania)
4853:(Romania)
4829:(Nigeria)
4823:(Myanmar)
4801:(Liberia)
4772:(Croatia)
4742:(Burundi)
4616:Elections
4497:Tax haven
4425:Extortion
4385:Collusion
4366:Baksheesh
4248:241369017
4240:750831024
4101:cite book
4033:0261-3077
3843:August 8,
3753:225085891
3375:cite news
3261:cite news
3171:201780159
3083:148724584
3075:1537-5927
2866:1542-4766
2735:April 24,
2704:April 24,
2647:Kleptopia
2570:Venezuela
2537:narcotics
2473:President
2460:President
2444:Ukrainian
2434:President
2421:President
2408:President
2382:President
2369:President
2356:President
2242:Democracy
2047:based on
1891:Indicator
1870:kickbacks
1862:oligarchy
1493:Unitarism
1469:Globalism
1375:Religious
1363:Tribalism
1353:Socialism
1348:Feudalism
1333:Despotism
1328:Communism
1318:Anarchism
1255:Communist
1202:Stateless
1192:Anarchism
1153:Despotism
1137:Autocracy
1127:Theocracy
1092:Kritarchy
1060:Oligarchy
1045:Socialist
999:Democracy
906:Australia
890:Venezuela
845:Argentina
829:Nicaragua
667:Lithuania
521:Sri Lanka
511:Singapore
431:Indonesia
275:Mauritius
4932:Laws and
4865:(Russia)
4847:(Poland)
4795:(Latvia)
4754:(China)
4716:National
4570:Nepotism
4540:Cronyism
4445:Kickback
4132:Archived
4086:19806126
4067:"Panama"
3699:July 19,
3692:NL Times
3671:July 19,
3648:July 19,
3626:July 19,
3603:July 19,
3575:July 19,
3507:July 19,
3485:July 19,
3456:July 19,
3430:July 19,
3405:July 19,
3365:July 19,
3340:July 19,
3314:July 19,
3291:July 19,
3251:July 19,
3228:July 19,
3202:July 19,
3176:July 19,
3130:July 19,
3107:July 19,
2805:Archived
2580:See also
2431:Peruvian
2405:Yugoslav
2392:Nigerian
2309:Examples
2211:Guernsey
1992:treasury
1977:nepotist
1541:Dominion
1270:Legalist
1250:Absolute
1235:Republic
1230:Monarchy
1102:Noocracy
1072:Anocracy
1025:Economic
1015:Demarchy
875:Paraguay
865:Colombia
824:Honduras
737:Slovenia
732:Slovakia
712:Portugal
597:Bulgaria
536:Thailand
501:Pakistan
481:Malaysia
401:Cambodia
350:Zimbabwe
330:Tanzania
240:Ethiopia
205:Cameroon
200:Botswana
132:Throffer
102:Nepotism
67:Cronyism
5021:Protest
4893:(Spain)
4783:(India)
4482:Scandal
4380:Bribery
4359:General
4194:(ed.).
4045:Aliyev.
2874:7846928
2556:Senator
2497:Former
2468:Former
2455:Former
2442:Former
2429:Former
2418:Haitian
2416:Former
2403:Former
2390:Former
2379:Zairian
2377:Former
2364:Former
2359:Suharto
2351:Former
2328:(1MDB).
2291:economy
2285:Effects
2130:lawyers
2069:Western
1838:corrupt
1832:, is a
1814:-kratía
1809:-κρατία
1792:kléptēs
1787:κλέπτης
1683:Related
1378:Secular
1343:Fascism
1180:Anarchy
1170:Tyranny
1030:Liberal
898:Oceania
885:Uruguay
870:Ecuador
850:Bolivia
757:Ukraine
717:Romania
677:Moldova
647:Ireland
642:Iceland
637:Hungary
627:Germany
617:Finland
612:Denmark
602:Croatia
587:Belgium
582:Austria
577:Albania
556:Vietnam
486:Myanmar
476:Lebanon
421:Georgia
381:Bahrain
371:Armenia
335:Tunisia
310:Somalia
300:Senegal
295:Nigeria
285:Namibia
280:Morocco
265:Liberia
260:Lesotho
235:Eritrea
215:Comoros
62:Bribery
4810:BIANCO
4246:
4238:
4230:
4220:
4084:
4031:
3904:
3875:
3751:
3480:Quartz
3169:
3081:
3073:
3026:
2977:
2882:476093
2880:
2872:
2864:
2771:, n.d.
2545:Panama
2225:, the
2223:Cyprus
2215:Jersey
2213:, and
2205:, the
2197:, the
2077:Russia
2015:Poland
1874:bribes
1836:whose
1825:krátos
1820:κράτος
1803:kléptō
1798:κλέπτω
1781:(from
1507:Empire
1419:Global
1050:Others
1040:Social
1020:Direct
855:Brazil
783:Mexico
778:Canada
747:Sweden
727:Serbia
722:Russia
707:Poland
702:Norway
662:Latvia
657:Kosovo
632:Greece
622:France
569:Europe
541:Turkey
461:Kuwait
456:Jordan
446:Israel
411:Cyprus
396:Brunei
391:Bhutan
345:Zambia
340:Uganda
270:Malawi
195:Angola
187:Africa
117:Simony
40:(1896)
4770:USKOK
4518:State
4430:Fraud
4408:Shell
4403:Dummy
4244:S2CID
4093:(PDF)
4070:(PDF)
3865:(PDF)
3749:S2CID
3167:S2CID
3126:. IMF
3079:S2CID
2870:S2CID
2681:Notes
2254:]
2081:China
1983:with
1817:from
1783:Greek
1424:Local
860:Chile
819:Haiti
742:Spain
652:Italy
561:Yemen
526:Syria
491:Nepal
451:Japan
426:India
406:China
325:Sudan
290:Niger
255:Kenya
245:Ghana
225:Egypt
4236:OCLC
4228:LCCN
4218:ISBN
4202:Sage
4107:link
4082:OCLC
4040:2024
4029:ISSN
4002:2024
3934:2022
3902:ISBN
3873:ISBN
3845:2008
3819:2016
3797:2018
3701:2018
3673:2018
3650:2018
3628:2018
3605:2018
3577:2018
3538:2016
3509:2018
3487:2018
3458:2018
3432:2018
3407:2018
3381:link
3367:2018
3342:2018
3316:2018
3293:2018
3267:link
3253:2018
3230:2018
3204:2018
3178:2018
3132:2018
3109:2018
3071:ISSN
3024:ISBN
3005:2024
2988:2024
2975:ISBN
2912:link
2894:2017
2878:SSRN
2862:ISSN
2777:2016
2751:link
2737:2021
2706:2021
2482:The
2258:Brno
2246:Brno
1975:and
880:Peru
809:Cuba
441:Iraq
436:Iran
358:Asia
210:Chad
4787:KPK
4210:doi
3741:doi
3554:".
3159:doi
3061:hdl
3053:doi
2852:hdl
2844:doi
2543:in
2334:NGO
2031:as
1927:by
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